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  <property name="title" value="BERNHARD KLEEBERG" type="text" />
  <property name="author" value="Bernhard Kleeberg" type="text" />
  <property name="operator" value="Hartmut Kern" type="text" />
  <property name="creationTime" value="Tue, 27 Jan 2004 14:46:00 CET" type="date" />
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<part>
  <par class="WEB_title">Raising the Standard of Living. History of a Concept, ca. 1750–1900</par>
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          <par class="Normal" xml:lang="en">Fill out this column or leave cells blank</par>
          <par class="Normal" xml:lang="en">* cells with a star has to be filled out</par>
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          <par class="xdata_00">Title of activity</par>
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          <par class="WEB_normal">Raising the Standard of Living. History of a Concept, ca. 1750–1900</par>
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          <par class="xdata_01">Responsible</par>
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          <par class="WEB_normal">Bernhard Kleeberg</par>
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          <par class="xdata_02">Department/Research Group</par>
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          <par class="WEB_normal"> Dep. II / “Knowledge and Belief”</par>
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          <par class="xdata_03">Names of historical scientists and scholars</par>
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          <par class="WEB_normal">Adam Smith, Thomas R. Malthus, Adam Müller, David Ricardo, Thomas Carlyle, Karl Marx, John Stewart Mill</par>
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          <par class="xdata_04">Timeline date</par>
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          <par class="WEB_normal">1750–1900</par>
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          <par class="xdata_05">Sort Number for department list</par>
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          <par class="WEB_normal">II.?</par>
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          <par class="xdata_06">Keywords from the Institute's short list</par>
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          <par class="WEB_normal">Epistemic categories</par>
          <par class="WEB_normal">Continuity and discontinuity</par>
          <par class="WEB_normal">Knowledge systems</par>
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          <par class="xdata_07">Short title of activity</par>
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          <par class="WEB_normal">“Raising the Standard of Living”</par>
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          <par class="xdata_08">Other involved scholars</par>
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          <par class="xdata_09">This research activity is part of the activity</par>
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          <par class="WEB_normal">“Knowledge and Belief”</par>
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          <par class="xdata_10">Research activities covered by this activity</par>
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          <par class="xdata_11">Related items at the digital research library</par>
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          <par class="xdata_12">Cooperation partners</par>
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          <par class="xdata_13">Funding Institutions</par>
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  <section level="1">
    <heading class="WEB_project_header" level="1" xml:lang="en">The Concept of the raising standard of living</heading>
    <par class="WEB_normal">The project studies the emergence and transformations of the concept of raising the standard of living. It analyzes the shift from cyclical to progressive concepts within different areas of knowledge (economic theory, moral philosophy, political and social practices).</par>
    <par class="WEB_normal">Raising one’s standard of living seems a desire so familiar to us that we don’t hesitate to judge it common to people at any place and time. Nevertheless this belief in the possibility and desirability of a general economic amelioration is not self-evident at all: Within anti-materialistic thought or cyclical theories of changes between wealth and poverty for instance, no general progress is conceivable. </par>
    <par class="WEB_normal">In my current project I am therefore studying the concept of raising the standard of living as a historical phenomenon that emerges and is being transformed within a polycentric order of different kinds of knowledge: Economic theory, moral philosophy as well as political and social practices. </par>
    <par class="WEB_normal">Enlightenment thought since about 1750 provides the idea that in a society that has wisely been created by God (“Book of Society”), the welfare of its members will automatically increase. Although this idea can be found more often around 1800, objections from population theory and moral theology were more influential. </par>
    <par class="WEB_normal">By the 1840s this situation changes: Economic and social developments, technical progress and the end of the pauperism-crisis lead to new expectations of wealth in industrialized societies. In addition, developmental thinking in the sciences as well as tendencies of standardization and normalization provided a cognitive basis for certainty in economic diagnosis and prognosis. This made the success of practical actions to increase the standard of living probable. </par>
    <par class="WEB_normal">The project deals with epistemological differentiations of “knowledge” about the standard of living, trying to get a grip on relations between social expectations, practical knowledge, theoretical orders of knowledge and basic religious confidence: It analyzes how knowledge about the raising standard of living is constituted, used, and transmitted, how it differs from discipline to discipline, between social areas, and between national contexts. </par>
    <section level="2">
      <heading class="WEB_related_pub" level="2">Related Publications</heading>
      <par class="Normal" xml:lang="en">[Link auf die Projektdarstellung]</par>
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