annotate texts/XML/echo/en/Gravesande_1724_N1TU6UZF.xml @ 13:facea8c79160

DE Specs Version 2.1.1 Autumn 2011
author Klaus Thoden <kthoden@mpiwg-berlin.mpg.de>
date Thu, 02 May 2013 11:29:00 +0200
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1 <?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8"?><echo xmlns="http://www.mpiwg-berlin.mpg.de/ns/echo/1.0/" xmlns:de="http://www.mpiwg-berlin.mpg.de/ns/de/1.0/" xmlns:dcterms="http://purl.org/dc/terms" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xmlns:echo="http://www.mpiwg-berlin.mpg.de/ns/echo/1.0/" xmlns:xhtml="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml" xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" version="1.0RC">
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2 <metadata>
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3 <dcterms:identifier>ECHO:N1TU6UZF.xml</dcterms:identifier>
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4 <dcterms:creator identifier="GND:118939297">Gravesande, Willem Jakob</dcterms:creator>
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5 <dcterms:title xml:lang="en">An essay on perspective</dcterms:title>
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6 <dcterms:date xsi:type="dcterms:W3CDTF">1724</dcterms:date>
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7 <dcterms:language xsi:type="dcterms:ISO639-3">eng</dcterms:language>
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8 <dcterms:rights>CC-BY-SA</dcterms:rights>
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9 <dcterms:license xlink:href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/3.0/">CC-BY-SA</dcterms:license>
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10 <dcterms:rightsHolder xlink:href="http://www.mpiwg-berlin.mpg.de">Max Planck Institute for the History of Science, Library</dcterms:rightsHolder>
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11 </metadata>
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12 <text xml:lang="en" type="free">
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13 <div xml:id="echoid-div1" type="section" level="1" n="1"><pb file="0001" n="1"/>
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14 <pb file="0002" n="2"/>
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15 <handwritten/>
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16 <figure>
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17 <image file="0002-01" xlink:href="http://echo.mpiwg-berlin.mpg.de/zogilib?fn=/permanent/library/xxxxxxxx/figures/0002-01"/>
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18 </figure>
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19 </div>
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20 <div xml:id="echoid-div2" type="section" level="1" n="2">
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21 <head xml:id="echoid-head1" xml:space="preserve">South L<unsure/>ibrarp.</head>
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22 <p>
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23 <s xml:id="echoid-s1" xml:space="preserve">Press mark, 181 &amp; </s>
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24 <s xml:id="echoid-s2" xml:space="preserve">28</s>
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25 </p>
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26 <p>
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27 <s xml:id="echoid-s3" xml:space="preserve">Ent@in Gatalogue, ---</s>
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28 </p>
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29 <p>
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30 <s xml:id="echoid-s4" xml:space="preserve">(1860)</s>
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31 </p>
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32 <pb file="0003" n="3"/>
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33 <pb file="0004" n="4"/>
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34 <pb file="0005" n="5"/>
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35 </div>
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36 <div xml:id="echoid-div3" type="section" level="1" n="3">
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37 <head xml:id="echoid-head2" xml:space="preserve">AN <lb/>ESSAY <lb/>ON <lb/>PERSPECTIVE.</head>
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38 <p>
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39 <s xml:id="echoid-s5" xml:space="preserve">Written in French by <lb/><emph style="sc">William</emph>-<emph style="sc">James ‘s</emph> <emph style="sc">Ggravesande</emph>, <lb/>Doctor of Laws and Philoſophy; </s>
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40 <s xml:id="echoid-s6" xml:space="preserve">Profeſſor <lb/>of Mathematicks and Aſtronomy at Leyden, <lb/>and Fellow of the Royal Society at London.</s>
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41 <s xml:id="echoid-s7" xml:space="preserve"/>
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42 </p>
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43 <p>
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44 <s xml:id="echoid-s8" xml:space="preserve">And now Tranſlated into Engliſh.</s>
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45 <s xml:id="echoid-s9" xml:space="preserve"/>
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46 </p>
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47 <p>
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48 <s xml:id="echoid-s10" xml:space="preserve">LONDON:</s>
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49 <s xml:id="echoid-s11" xml:space="preserve"/>
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50 </p>
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51 <p>
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52 <s xml:id="echoid-s12" xml:space="preserve">Printed for J. </s>
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53 <s xml:id="echoid-s13" xml:space="preserve"><emph style="sc">Senex</emph>, in Fleetſtreet; </s>
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54 <s xml:id="echoid-s14" xml:space="preserve">W. </s>
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55 <s xml:id="echoid-s15" xml:space="preserve"><emph style="sc">Taylor</emph>, <lb/>in Pater-Noſter-Row; </s>
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56 <s xml:id="echoid-s16" xml:space="preserve">W. </s>
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57 <s xml:id="echoid-s17" xml:space="preserve">and J. </s>
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58 <s xml:id="echoid-s18" xml:space="preserve"><emph style="sc">Innys</emph>, in Ludgate-<lb/>ſtreet; </s>
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59 <s xml:id="echoid-s19" xml:space="preserve">J. </s>
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60 <s xml:id="echoid-s20" xml:space="preserve"><emph style="sc">Osborne</emph>, in Lombard-ſtreet; </s>
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61 <s xml:id="echoid-s21" xml:space="preserve">and E. </s>
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62 <s xml:id="echoid-s22" xml:space="preserve"><emph style="sc">Ssymon</emph>, <lb/>in Cornhill. </s>
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63 <s xml:id="echoid-s23" xml:space="preserve">M <emph style="sc">DCC XXIV</emph>.</s>
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64 <s xml:id="echoid-s24" xml:space="preserve"/>
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65 </p>
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66 <pb file="0006" n="6"/>
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67 <handwritten/>
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68 </div>
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69 <div xml:id="echoid-div4" type="section" level="1" n="4">
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70 <head xml:id="echoid-head3" xml:space="preserve">MAX-<gap/>-INSTITUT <lb/>FOR WISSE<gap/>ESCHICHTE <lb/>Bibliothek</head>
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71 <handwritten/>
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72 <pb file="0007" n="7"/>
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73 </div>
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74 <div xml:id="echoid-div5" type="section" level="1" n="5">
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75 <head xml:id="echoid-head4" style="it" xml:space="preserve">TO <lb/>Mr. William Kent.</head>
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76 <p>
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77 <s xml:id="echoid-s25" xml:space="preserve"><emph style="sp">SIR</emph>,</s>
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78 </p>
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79 <p>
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80 <s xml:id="echoid-s26" xml:space="preserve">IN Dedicating this <lb/>Tranſlation to you, <lb/>I have deſignedly <lb/>deviated from the general <lb/>Cuſtom obſerv’d by almoſt <lb/>all Dedicators, who make <lb/>choice of ſuch Patrons that <lb/>are Great and Rich, not at all <lb/>conſidering their Merit, or <lb/>whether they underſtand any <lb/>thing of what is offer’d to <lb/>them; </s>
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81 <s xml:id="echoid-s27" xml:space="preserve">ſince I have inſcrib’d <lb/>this Treatiſe of Perſpective to <lb/>one, whoſe daily Practice is <lb/>the very Art it ſelf, and whoſe
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82 <pb file="0008" n="8"/>
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83 Merit is undoubtedly excel-<lb/>lent, as evidently appears from <lb/>your own Works.</s>
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84 <s xml:id="echoid-s28" xml:space="preserve"/>
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85 </p>
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86 <p>
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87 <s xml:id="echoid-s29" xml:space="preserve">I ſhall likewiſe be particu-<lb/>lar with regard to the Manner <lb/>of the Offering; </s>
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88 <s xml:id="echoid-s30" xml:space="preserve">being per-<lb/>ſuaded that Flattery, or even <lb/>due Praiſe, which are the com-<lb/>mon Topicks handled in De-<lb/>dications, muſt needs be offen-<lb/>ſive to an Ingenious Perſon; <lb/></s>
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89 <s xml:id="echoid-s31" xml:space="preserve">and ſo I ſhall be ſilent on theſe <lb/>Heads; </s>
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90 <s xml:id="echoid-s32" xml:space="preserve">and only crave your <lb/>Acceptance and Protection of <lb/>what is here offer’d by</s>
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91 </p>
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92 <p style="it">
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93 <s xml:id="echoid-s33" xml:space="preserve">Your Humble Servant,</s>
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94 </p>
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95 <p>
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96 <s xml:id="echoid-s34" xml:space="preserve">E. </s>
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97 <s xml:id="echoid-s35" xml:space="preserve"><emph style="sc">Stone</emph>.</s>
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98 <s xml:id="echoid-s36" xml:space="preserve"/>
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99 </p>
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100 <pb o="i" file="0009" n="9"/>
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101 </div>
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102 <div xml:id="echoid-div6" type="section" level="1" n="6">
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103 <head xml:id="echoid-head5" xml:space="preserve">The Au<emph style="sc">THOR’S</emph> <lb/>PREFACE.</head>
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104 <p style="it">
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105 <s xml:id="echoid-s37" xml:space="preserve">THE Reader will wonder, per-<lb/>haps, to find me entring into <lb/>a Path, which ſeems to have <lb/>been too much trodden already; <lb/></s>
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106 <s xml:id="echoid-s38" xml:space="preserve">and eſteem as uſeleſs a New <lb/>Eſſay, on an Art, whoſe Sub-<lb/>ject (one would think) ſhould have been <lb/>long before this Time exhauſted; </s>
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107 <s xml:id="echoid-s39" xml:space="preserve">ſince there <lb/>have been ſo many Perſons, who have writ-<lb/>ten on the ſame.</s>
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108 <s xml:id="echoid-s40" xml:space="preserve"/>
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109 </p>
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110 <p style="it">
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111 <s xml:id="echoid-s41" xml:space="preserve">The Name of Perſpective now ſeems to <lb/>ſound unple aſant in the Ears of the Publick <lb/>Enemies of Repetition; </s>
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112 <s xml:id="echoid-s42" xml:space="preserve">and it may be look d <lb/>upon as a Piece of Inadvertency, to venture <lb/>to treat again on that ſame Subject. </s>
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113 <s xml:id="echoid-s43" xml:space="preserve">Yet, <lb/>notwithst anding this, I deſire the Render to <lb/>ſuſpend his Cenſure, until he h{as} heard the
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114 <pb o="ii" file="0010" n="10" rhead="The PREFACE."/>
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115 Reaſons that induc’d me to publiſh the follow-<lb/>ing Work.</s>
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116 <s xml:id="echoid-s44" xml:space="preserve"/>
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117 </p>
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118 <p style="it">
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119 <s xml:id="echoid-s45" xml:space="preserve">Having ſome Years ago buſied my ſelf in <lb/>drawing Figures by the common Methods, I <lb/>found out ſeveral Compendiums; </s>
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120 <s xml:id="echoid-s46" xml:space="preserve">which, by <lb/>diligent working, naturally enough fall in <lb/>one’s way, without being entirely beholden <lb/>to the Induſtry of others: </s>
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121 <s xml:id="echoid-s47" xml:space="preserve">And theſe firſt <lb/>Succeſſes made me hope for others more <lb/>conſiderable; </s>
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122 <s xml:id="echoid-s48" xml:space="preserve">and ſo I thought that a more <lb/>narrow Inſpection into the Theory of Per-<lb/>ſpective, might furniſh me with Rules more <lb/>general, for making the Practice thereof <lb/>eaſy.</s>
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123 <s xml:id="echoid-s49" xml:space="preserve"/>
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124 </p>
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125 <p style="it">
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126 <s xml:id="echoid-s50" xml:space="preserve">I then thought upon ſeveral Methods to this <lb/>Purpoſe; </s>
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127 <s xml:id="echoid-s51" xml:space="preserve">but, being ſuſpicious that they were <lb/>not ſo eaſy {as} they appear’d, I have try’d <lb/>their Goodneſs, by exactly applying them to <lb/>different Subjects; </s>
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128 <s xml:id="echoid-s52" xml:space="preserve">and have nicely examin’d <lb/>all the Caſes, and order’d it ſo {as} not to be de-<lb/>ceiv’d by certain Operations, which at firſt <lb/>ſeem eaſy, but, when put in Practice, are <lb/>quite otherwiſe. </s>
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129 <s xml:id="echoid-s53" xml:space="preserve">Moreover, at convenient <lb/>Times, I look’d over the beſt Part of the <lb/>Authors of this kind, (whoſe Number is <lb/>increas’d very much, without any manner of <lb/>Neceſſity) ſome of which being advantagi-<lb/>ouſly diſtinguiſh’d among the Crowd, have <lb/>been very uſeful to me: </s>
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130 <s xml:id="echoid-s54" xml:space="preserve">But I dare affirm, <lb/>there are but a very few that give a new <lb/>Turn to the practical Part of Perſpective.</s>
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131 <s xml:id="echoid-s55" xml:space="preserve"/>
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132 </p>
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133 <pb o="iii" file="0011" n="11" rhead="The PREFACE."/>
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134 <p style="it">
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135 <s xml:id="echoid-s56" xml:space="preserve">Some content themſelves with the bare <lb/>Explication of the Theory, and have left to <lb/>the Reader the Trouble of applying the ſame <lb/>to Practice; </s>
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136 <s xml:id="echoid-s57" xml:space="preserve">or elſe have given only ſome of <lb/>the common Operations, and entertain us <lb/>with general Reflections on Painting; </s>
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137 <s xml:id="echoid-s58" xml:space="preserve">which <lb/>are indeed curio{us}, but foreign to my Pur-<lb/>poſe: </s>
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138 <s xml:id="echoid-s59" xml:space="preserve">For I intend not to make a Man a <lb/>Painter, but to render the Uſe and Exerciſe <lb/>of Perſpective eaſy to him.</s>
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139 <s xml:id="echoid-s60" xml:space="preserve"/>
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140 </p>
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141 <p style="it">
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142 <s xml:id="echoid-s61" xml:space="preserve">Other Authors, which (according to the <lb/>Bulk of their Works) might be thought to <lb/>have more carefully treated of the practical <lb/>Part of Perſpective, do indeed at firſt lay <lb/>down ſome general Rules, common to them <lb/>all; </s>
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143 <s xml:id="echoid-s62" xml:space="preserve">but are nothing the eaſier for having <lb/>paſs’d thro’ ſo many Hands; </s>
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144 <s xml:id="echoid-s63" xml:space="preserve">and that, in-<lb/>deed, becauſe they have not endeavour’d to <lb/>make them ſo. </s>
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145 <s xml:id="echoid-s64" xml:space="preserve">They thought that all Ob-<lb/>jects might be thrown into Perſpective by <lb/>theſe Rules, and therefore it would be uſe-<lb/>leſs to ſearch after others; </s>
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146 <s xml:id="echoid-s65" xml:space="preserve">and judg’d it <lb/>more neceſſary to ſhew Painters the Applica-<lb/>tion of them to an infinite Number of parti-<lb/>cular Examples; </s>
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147 <s xml:id="echoid-s66" xml:space="preserve">tho’ that Application, at <lb/>moſt, is but repeating over again the Uſe of <lb/>the Rules already preſcrib’<unsure/>d. </s>
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148 <s xml:id="echoid-s67" xml:space="preserve">But what Ad-<lb/>vantage can Painters gain from hence, if <lb/>they do not well underſtand general Opera-<lb/>tions? </s>
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149 <s xml:id="echoid-s68" xml:space="preserve">And if they do, I cannot conceive of
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150 <pb o="iv" file="0012" n="12" rhead="The PREFACE."/>
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151 what Uſe ſuch an exceſſive Variety of Exam-<lb/>ples will be to them.</s>
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152 <s xml:id="echoid-s69" xml:space="preserve"/>
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153 </p>
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154 <p style="it">
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155 <s xml:id="echoid-s70" xml:space="preserve">I believ’d then, that I might be able to <lb/>treat of this Art after another Manner: <lb/></s>
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156 <s xml:id="echoid-s71" xml:space="preserve">And altho’ I know my ſelf to be much infe-<lb/>rior to ſeveral of thoſe who have written on <lb/>this Subject; </s>
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157 <s xml:id="echoid-s72" xml:space="preserve">yet I am of Opinion, that if <lb/>Perſpective ſhould loſe any thing by me, on <lb/>account of my want of fudgment; </s>
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158 <s xml:id="echoid-s73" xml:space="preserve">yet that <lb/>may be regain’d, perhaps, (and with In-<lb/>tereſt too) by my great Diligence in this Bu-<lb/>ſineſs.</s>
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159 <s xml:id="echoid-s74" xml:space="preserve"/>
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160 </p>
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161 <p style="it">
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162 <s xml:id="echoid-s75" xml:space="preserve">I have conſider’d, moreover, that the te-<lb/>dious Particulars, inherent to the Subject on <lb/>which I have choſen to write, will always <lb/>hinder Genius’s capable of great Matters, <lb/>from undertaking a Subject ſo little worthy <lb/>their Endeavours, and ſo barren of great <lb/>Diſcoveries.</s>
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163 <s xml:id="echoid-s76" xml:space="preserve"/>
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164 </p>
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165 <p style="it">
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166 <s xml:id="echoid-s77" xml:space="preserve">Thus, hoping, on one hand, to give a new <lb/>Turn to the Practice of Perſpective, and <lb/>make it eaſier; </s>
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167 <s xml:id="echoid-s78" xml:space="preserve">and being perſuaded, on the <lb/>other, that more learned Perſons than my ſelf <lb/>will not take this Trouble upon them; </s>
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168 <s xml:id="echoid-s79" xml:space="preserve">I ven-<lb/>ture to publiſh this ſmall Work, and expoſe <lb/>it to the Taſte of the Learned World; </s>
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169 <s xml:id="echoid-s80" xml:space="preserve">from <lb/>whom I expect no other Praiſe, but what <lb/>may reaſonably be claim’d by an aſſiduo{us} Ap-<lb/>plication.</s>
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170 <s xml:id="echoid-s81" xml:space="preserve"/>
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171 </p>
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172 <pb o="v" file="0013" n="13" rhead="The PREFACE."/>
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173 <p style="it">
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174 <s xml:id="echoid-s82" xml:space="preserve">The Practice of Perſpective may be made <lb/>eaſy, by the Three following Things in this <lb/>Treatiſe: </s>
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175 <s xml:id="echoid-s83" xml:space="preserve">Viz. </s>
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176 <s xml:id="echoid-s84" xml:space="preserve">1. </s>
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177 <s xml:id="echoid-s85" xml:space="preserve">In giving ſeveral new <lb/>and eaſier Ways (than thoſe commonly uſed) <lb/>of ſolving the moſt general Problems upon <lb/>which the whole Practice is founded: </s>
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178 <s xml:id="echoid-s86" xml:space="preserve">And the <lb/>Reaſon why we have laid down ſeveral So-<lb/>lutions, is, becauſe the ſame Way is not always <lb/>equally convenient in all Caſes; </s>
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179 <s xml:id="echoid-s87" xml:space="preserve">whence it is <lb/>neceſſary to have ſeveral, that ſo we may <lb/>chuſe one beſt ſuiting our Purpoſe. </s>
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180 <s xml:id="echoid-s88" xml:space="preserve">2. </s>
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181 <s xml:id="echoid-s89" xml:space="preserve">The <lb/>general Methods, which have been us’d hi-<lb/>therto, not being practicable on ſome particu-<lb/>lar Occaſions; </s>
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182 <s xml:id="echoid-s90" xml:space="preserve">to remedy this, we have ad-<lb/>ded others to them; </s>
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183 <s xml:id="echoid-s91" xml:space="preserve">which are indeed more <lb/>difficult, but (in ſome Caſes) there is an ab-<lb/>ſolute Neceſſity for them. </s>
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184 <s xml:id="echoid-s92" xml:space="preserve">3. </s>
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185 <s xml:id="echoid-s93" xml:space="preserve">When it is ve-<lb/>ry difficult to reſolve a particular Problem, <lb/>by means of general ones; </s>
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186 <s xml:id="echoid-s94" xml:space="preserve">then we have <lb/>thought it convenient to give a particular So-<lb/>lution thereof.</s>
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187 <s xml:id="echoid-s95" xml:space="preserve"/>
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188 </p>
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189 <p style="it">
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190 <s xml:id="echoid-s96" xml:space="preserve">By this means, the Study of Perſpective <lb/>becomes indeed more difficult; </s>
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191 <s xml:id="echoid-s97" xml:space="preserve">but the Diſ-<lb/>advantage is well recompenſed by the Faci-<lb/>cility of the Practice, which we have entire-<lb/>ly had in view. </s>
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192 <s xml:id="echoid-s98" xml:space="preserve">It is true, that a few ge-<lb/>neral Rules do not ſo much burthen the Me-<lb/>mory; </s>
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193 <s xml:id="echoid-s99" xml:space="preserve">but when one has ſeveral general <lb/>ones, and alſo particular ones, by them we <lb/>can abridge Matters. </s>
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194 <s xml:id="echoid-s100" xml:space="preserve">And this Method be-
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195 <pb o="vi" file="0014" n="14" rhead="The PREFACE."/>
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196 ing purſued at first, tho’ it requires a little more <lb/>Application, does afterwards ſave a great <lb/>many Hours Study, in an Art that always <lb/>appears difficult enough.</s>
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197 <s xml:id="echoid-s101" xml:space="preserve"/>
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198 </p>
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199 <p style="it">
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200 <s xml:id="echoid-s102" xml:space="preserve">A Painter, in a ſhort Time, may learn this <lb/>Work, and make the Rules thereof familiar to <lb/>him: </s>
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201 <s xml:id="echoid-s103" xml:space="preserve">And if this Study be repeated from <lb/>time to time, for a few Days, he will find <lb/>the Benefit thereof, in diminiſhing his Labour <lb/>and Trouble.</s>
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202 <s xml:id="echoid-s104" xml:space="preserve"/>
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203 </p>
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204 <p style="it">
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205 <s xml:id="echoid-s105" xml:space="preserve">But, that any one himſelf may ſee what <lb/>I promiſe in this Eſſay; </s>
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206 <s xml:id="echoid-s106" xml:space="preserve">take the following <lb/>ſhort Abſtract thereof. </s>
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207 <s xml:id="echoid-s107" xml:space="preserve">It is divided into <lb/>Nine Chapters: </s>
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208 <s xml:id="echoid-s108" xml:space="preserve">The Firſt, being as an In-<lb/>troduction to the reſt, ſhews the Uſefulneſs <lb/>of Perſpective, and gives you the Definiti-<lb/>ons of the Terms neceſſary for underſtanding <lb/>this Treatiſe.</s>
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209 <s xml:id="echoid-s109" xml:space="preserve"/>
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210 </p>
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211 <p style="it">
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212 <s xml:id="echoid-s110" xml:space="preserve">The whole Theory is contain’d in the Se-<lb/>cond Chapter: </s>
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213 <s xml:id="echoid-s111" xml:space="preserve">Where, what has been found <lb/>moſt uſeful in that Matter, is therein re-<lb/>duced to Three general Theorems; </s>
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214 <s xml:id="echoid-s112" xml:space="preserve">viz. </s>
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215 <s xml:id="echoid-s113" xml:space="preserve">the <lb/>firſt, ſecond, and fourth: </s>
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216 <s xml:id="echoid-s114" xml:space="preserve">All the reſt is de-<lb/>duced from them, by way of Corollary. </s>
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217 <s xml:id="echoid-s115" xml:space="preserve">To <lb/>theſe Theorems, already known, are added <lb/>ſome new ones, ſerving for the Demonſtra-<lb/>tion of ſome neceſſary Propoſitions. </s>
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218 <s xml:id="echoid-s116" xml:space="preserve">Perhaps <lb/>it might be wiſh’d, that I had ſhewn the Way <lb/>that led me to the Truths which I diſcover:</s>
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219 <s xml:id="echoid-s117" xml:space="preserve">
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220 <pb o="vii" file="0015" n="15" rhead="The PREFACE."/>
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221 This I have done ſometimes; </s>
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222 <s xml:id="echoid-s118" xml:space="preserve">but it often <lb/>would have been very long and troubleſome. <lb/></s>
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223 <s xml:id="echoid-s119" xml:space="preserve">In Geometry, the eaſieſt and ſhorteſt Way, is <lb/>not always that which leads to Diſcoveries.</s>
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224 <s xml:id="echoid-s120" xml:space="preserve"/>
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225 </p>
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226 <p style="it">
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227 <s xml:id="echoid-s121" xml:space="preserve">In the following Chapter, the Practice of Per-<lb/>ſpective upon the perſpective Plane, or Picture, <lb/>conſider’d as upright, is explain’d: </s>
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228 <s xml:id="echoid-s122" xml:space="preserve">Wherein, <lb/>among the different Ways laid down for the <lb/>Solution of general Problems, you will find <lb/>ſome effected by a Ruler only; </s>
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229 <s xml:id="echoid-s123" xml:space="preserve">ſo that after <lb/>ſome Preparations, all Kinds of Objects may <lb/>be drawn without Compaſſes, and that eaſier <lb/>than by the common Operations. </s>
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230 <s xml:id="echoid-s124" xml:space="preserve">In that <lb/>Problem, to find the Appearance of a Point <lb/>out of the Geometrical Plane, it is commonly <lb/>conſider’d as the Extremity of a Perpendicu-<lb/>lar, whoſe Repreſentation muſt first be found, <lb/>before that of the Point can be had. </s>
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231 <s xml:id="echoid-s125" xml:space="preserve">But here <lb/>we avoid this round-about Way, and ſhew how <lb/>to find the Appearance of the Point given, <lb/>without being obliged to find the Perſpective <lb/>of its Seat.</s>
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232 <s xml:id="echoid-s126" xml:space="preserve"/>
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233 </p>
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234 <p style="it">
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235 <s xml:id="echoid-s127" xml:space="preserve">As to the Appearance of a Cone and Cy-<lb/>linder, we determine the viſible Portions of <lb/>the Baſe, and by this means avoid the uſe-<lb/>leſs Operations which the common Way is <lb/>ſubject to. </s>
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236 <s xml:id="echoid-s128" xml:space="preserve">It is very difficult, if not impoſ-<lb/>ſible, to throw a Sphere into Perſpective, by <lb/>means of general Problems; </s>
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237 <s xml:id="echoid-s129" xml:space="preserve">and in the Re-<lb/>preſentation of the Torus of a Column, it is
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238 <pb o="viii" file="0016" n="16" rhead="The PREFACE."/>
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239 ſtill difficulter: </s>
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240 <s xml:id="echoid-s130" xml:space="preserve">Whence we are obliged to <lb/>give particular Methods for the Reſolution of <lb/>theſe two Problems.</s>
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241 <s xml:id="echoid-s131" xml:space="preserve"/>
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242 </p>
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243 <p style="it">
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244 <s xml:id="echoid-s132" xml:space="preserve">The reſt of the Third Chapter is concern-<lb/>ing Inclin’d Lines, and how to find their Ap-<lb/>pearance by the Accidental Point.</s>
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245 <s xml:id="echoid-s133" xml:space="preserve"/>
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246 </p>
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247 <p style="it">
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248 <s xml:id="echoid-s134" xml:space="preserve">The Fourth Chapter ſhews the Manner of <lb/>working on a perſpective Plane, to be view’d <lb/>afar off, very obliquely, or which muſt ſtand <lb/>in an high Place. </s>
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249 <s xml:id="echoid-s135" xml:space="preserve">Theſe different Situations <lb/>require new Rules: </s>
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250 <s xml:id="echoid-s136" xml:space="preserve">For if the common Me-<lb/>thods were to be uſed here, the perſpective <lb/>Plane muſt be ſo large, as that it would be <lb/>impoſſible to work upon it.</s>
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251 <s xml:id="echoid-s137" xml:space="preserve"/>
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252 </p>
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253 <p style="it">
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254 <s xml:id="echoid-s138" xml:space="preserve">In the Two following Chapters, we treat <lb/>of the perſpective Plane, conſider’d as Hori-<lb/>zontal, or Inclin’d: </s>
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255 <s xml:id="echoid-s139" xml:space="preserve">Where there are laid <lb/>down ſeveral general Ways of working; <lb/></s>
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256 <s xml:id="echoid-s140" xml:space="preserve">which, together with thoſe of the foregoing <lb/>Chapters, will ſuffice (in my Opinion) for <lb/>throwing any Object whatſoever into Perſpe-<lb/>ctive, with Eaſe enough.</s>
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257 <s xml:id="echoid-s141" xml:space="preserve"/>
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258 </p>
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259 <p style="it">
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260 <s xml:id="echoid-s142" xml:space="preserve">In the Seventh Chapter, which treats of <lb/>Shadows, there is nothing particular, but <lb/>what may be ſeen elſewhere: </s>
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261 <s xml:id="echoid-s143" xml:space="preserve">But that lit-<lb/>tle we have ſaid concerning this Matter, is <lb/>enough for giving an Idea of them, which <lb/>the Reading of what goes before will make <lb/>eaſy.</s>
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262 <s xml:id="echoid-s144" xml:space="preserve"/>
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263 </p>
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264 <pb o="ix" file="0017" n="17" rhead="The PREFACE."/>
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265 <p style="it">
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266 <s xml:id="echoid-s145" xml:space="preserve">In the Eighth Chapter, are laid down <lb/>ſome Mechanical ways for making the Uſe of <lb/>Perſpective eaſy, by means of Rulers and <lb/>Threads, (eaſily to be gotten by any body, <lb/>and not difficult to be put in practice) they <lb/>being eaſier to uſe than any of the Inſtru-<lb/>ments that have hitherto been invented for <lb/>this Purpoſe.</s>
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267 <s xml:id="echoid-s146" xml:space="preserve"/>
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268 </p>
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269 <p style="it">
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270 <s xml:id="echoid-s147" xml:space="preserve">The laſt Chapter ſhews the Uſefulneſs of <lb/>Perſpective in Dialling.</s>
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271 <s xml:id="echoid-s148" xml:space="preserve"/>
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272 </p>
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273 <p style="it">
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274 <s xml:id="echoid-s149" xml:space="preserve">Such is the Plan of this ſinall Work; <lb/></s>
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275 <s xml:id="echoid-s150" xml:space="preserve">wherein I have not ſo much endeavour’d to <lb/>advance Curioſities, as Things of real Uſe; </s>
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276 <s xml:id="echoid-s151" xml:space="preserve"><lb/>hoping that, without making a Shew of Skill <lb/>ill beſtow’d, I ſhall make my Book good enough, <lb/>if by its Uſe I make it neceſſary. </s>
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277 <s xml:id="echoid-s152" xml:space="preserve">For which <lb/>Reaſon, I have endeavour’d to lay down the <lb/>whole, ſo as to be underſtood by thoſe who <lb/>have only read the Elements of Euclid. </s>
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278 <s xml:id="echoid-s153" xml:space="preserve">And <lb/>tho’ I have deviated from this Rule in ſome <lb/>few Place; </s>
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279 <s xml:id="echoid-s154" xml:space="preserve">they are printed in Italick, that <lb/>ſo they may be paſs’d over without any Hin-<lb/>drance to the Learner.</s>
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280 <s xml:id="echoid-s155" xml:space="preserve"/>
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281 </p>
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282 <p style="it">
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283 <s xml:id="echoid-s156" xml:space="preserve">Here I muſt not forget to mention, that in <lb/>Reviſing this Eſſay, I had the Happineſs of <lb/>meeting with an able Painter; </s>
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284 <s xml:id="echoid-s157" xml:space="preserve">who has ſe-<lb/>r<unsure/>iouſly conſider’d every Thing of his Profeſ-<lb/>ſion, neceſſary to be known, among which,
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285 <pb o="x" file="0018" n="18" rhead="The PREFACE."/>
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286 Perſpective was not neglected. </s>
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287 <s xml:id="echoid-s158" xml:space="preserve">He has car-<lb/>ried the Matter farther than could have been <lb/>reaſonably expected from one ignorant of <lb/>Mathematicks; </s>
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288 <s xml:id="echoid-s159" xml:space="preserve">and I am indebted to him <lb/>for ſeveral Obſervations, which I my ſelf <lb/>ſhould perhaps have never thought on.</s>
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289 <s xml:id="echoid-s160" xml:space="preserve"/>
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290 </p>
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291 </div>
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292 <div xml:id="echoid-div7" type="section" level="1" n="7">
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293 <head xml:id="echoid-head6" xml:space="preserve">ERRATA.</head>
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294 <p>
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295 <s xml:id="echoid-s161" xml:space="preserve">Page 74. </s>
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296 <s xml:id="echoid-s162" xml:space="preserve">1. </s>
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297 <s xml:id="echoid-s163" xml:space="preserve">17. </s>
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298 <s xml:id="echoid-s164" xml:space="preserve">for x, r. </s>
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299 <s xml:id="echoid-s165" xml:space="preserve">in X.</s>
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300 <s xml:id="echoid-s166" xml:space="preserve"/>
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301 </p>
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302 <p>
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303 <s xml:id="echoid-s167" xml:space="preserve">P. </s>
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304 <s xml:id="echoid-s168" xml:space="preserve">83. </s>
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305 <s xml:id="echoid-s169" xml:space="preserve">1. </s>
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306 <s xml:id="echoid-s170" xml:space="preserve">28. </s>
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307 <s xml:id="echoid-s171" xml:space="preserve">for that, r. </s>
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308 <s xml:id="echoid-s172" xml:space="preserve">that for.</s>
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309 <s xml:id="echoid-s173" xml:space="preserve"/>
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310 </p>
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311 <p>
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312 <s xml:id="echoid-s174" xml:space="preserve">P. </s>
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313 <s xml:id="echoid-s175" xml:space="preserve">88. </s>
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314 <s xml:id="echoid-s176" xml:space="preserve">1. </s>
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315 <s xml:id="echoid-s177" xml:space="preserve">8. </s>
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316 <s xml:id="echoid-s178" xml:space="preserve">for Tube, r. </s>
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317 <s xml:id="echoid-s179" xml:space="preserve">Table.</s>
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318 <s xml:id="echoid-s180" xml:space="preserve"/>
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319 </p>
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320 <pb o="1" file="0019" n="19"/>
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321 </div>
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322 <div xml:id="echoid-div8" type="section" level="1" n="8">
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323 <head xml:id="echoid-head7" xml:space="preserve">AN <lb/>ESSAY <lb/>ON <lb/>PERSPECTIVE.</head>
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324 <head xml:id="echoid-head8" xml:space="preserve">CHAP. I. <lb/><emph style="sc">Definitions</emph>.</head>
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325 <p>
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326 <s xml:id="echoid-s181" xml:space="preserve">1. </s>
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327 <s xml:id="echoid-s182" xml:space="preserve"><emph style="sp">PERSPECTIVE</emph> teaches us <lb/>the Manner of Delineating by <lb/>Mathematical Rules; </s>
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328 <s xml:id="echoid-s183" xml:space="preserve">that is, it <lb/>ſhews us how to draw geometri-<lb/>cally upon a Plane, the Repre-<lb/>ſentations of Objects according <lb/>to their Dimenſions and different Situations; </s>
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329 <s xml:id="echoid-s184" xml:space="preserve">in <lb/>ſuch manner, that the ſaid Repreſentations pro-<lb/>duce the ſame Effects upon our Eyes, as the Ob-<lb/>jects whereof they are the Pictures.</s>
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330 <s xml:id="echoid-s185" xml:space="preserve"/>
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331 </p>
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332 <pb o="2" file="0020" n="20" rhead="An ESSAY"/>
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333 <p>
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334 <s xml:id="echoid-s186" xml:space="preserve">In order to underſtand well how Mathema-<lb/>ticks may be apply’d to Drawing; </s>
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335 <s xml:id="echoid-s187" xml:space="preserve">let us ſup-<lb/>poſe a Man A, viewing an Object; </s>
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336 <s xml:id="echoid-s188" xml:space="preserve">and be-<lb/>
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337 <anchor type="note" xlink:label="note-0020-01a" xlink:href="note-0020-01"/>
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338 tween him and the Object he looks at, let us <lb/>imagine a tranſparent Plane C. </s>
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339 <s xml:id="echoid-s189" xml:space="preserve">Suppoſe more-<lb/>over, that Lines be drawn upon this Plane, as <lb/>in D, which cover the Bounds of the Object B <lb/>in reſpect of the Spectator A, and each Part that <lb/>he ſees thereof. </s>
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340 <s xml:id="echoid-s190" xml:space="preserve">Now, ſince all Objects are ſeen <lb/>by the Rays of Light coming from every of <lb/>their Points, and terminating at the Eye, and <lb/>not otherwiſe; </s>
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341 <s xml:id="echoid-s191" xml:space="preserve">and ſince that here all the Rays <lb/>proceeding from the Object B, likewiſe paſs <lb/>thro’ every Point of the Repreſentation D; </s>
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342 <s xml:id="echoid-s192" xml:space="preserve">it is <lb/>manifeſt, that this Repreſentation will have the <lb/>ſame Effect upon the Spectator’s Eye, as the <lb/>ſaid Object B hath. </s>
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343 <s xml:id="echoid-s193" xml:space="preserve">Now, by means of Geo-<lb/>metry, we can find the Points of the Figure D, <lb/>on the Plane C, placed in a given Situation, <lb/>thro’ which the Rays coming from the Object B <lb/>to the Eye of the Spectator A, do paſs; </s>
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344 <s xml:id="echoid-s194" xml:space="preserve">and <lb/>theſe Points are the Interſections of the Rays <lb/>and the Plane. </s>
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345 <s xml:id="echoid-s195" xml:space="preserve">Alſo, (as others have very well <lb/>obſerv’d) a Perſpective Plane, or Picture in Paint-<lb/>ing, may be conceiv’d as a Window, upon which <lb/>the Objects ſeen thro’ it are repreſented.</s>
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346 <s xml:id="echoid-s196" xml:space="preserve"/>
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347 </p>
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348 <div xml:id="echoid-div8" type="float" level="2" n="1">
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349 <note position="left" xlink:label="note-0020-01" xlink:href="note-0020-01a" xml:space="preserve">Fig. 1.</note>
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350 </div>
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351 <p>
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352 <s xml:id="echoid-s197" xml:space="preserve">Now, without Mathematicks, this Repreſen-<lb/>tation cannot be well found: </s>
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353 <s xml:id="echoid-s198" xml:space="preserve">For when Objects <lb/>are drawn by only viewing, or looking at them; <lb/></s>
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354 <s xml:id="echoid-s199" xml:space="preserve">their true Repreſentations after this way, will <lb/>be very often miſs’d on; </s>
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355 <s xml:id="echoid-s200" xml:space="preserve">whereas, by Geome-<lb/>try, we can always obtain them.</s>
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356 <s xml:id="echoid-s201" xml:space="preserve"/>
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357 </p>
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358 <p>
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359 <s xml:id="echoid-s202" xml:space="preserve">This Obſervation only, is ſufficient to eſta-<lb/>bliſh the Neceſſity of Perſpective: </s>
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360 <s xml:id="echoid-s203" xml:space="preserve">Tho’ there are <lb/>ſome Painters, who (according to the common <lb/>Maxim) affirm, That what they do not know <lb/>of this Art, is not worth the Pains of learn-<lb/>ing.</s>
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361 <s xml:id="echoid-s204" xml:space="preserve"/>
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362 </p>
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363 <pb o="3" file="0021" n="21" rhead="on PERSPECTIVE."/>
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364 <p>
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365 <s xml:id="echoid-s205" xml:space="preserve">Hitherto I have endeavour’d to give an Idea <lb/>of Perſpective in general: </s>
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366 <s xml:id="echoid-s206" xml:space="preserve">But there is yet ano-<lb/>ther particular Signification of this Word, which <lb/>it is neceſſary ſhould be explain’d, as well as <lb/>the other Terms of the Art, which are laid down <lb/>in the following Definitions; </s>
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367 <s xml:id="echoid-s207" xml:space="preserve">and which every <lb/>one, that intends to underſtand this Treatiſe, <lb/>ought to be well acquainted with.</s>
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368 <s xml:id="echoid-s208" xml:space="preserve"/>
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369 </p>
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370 <p style="it">
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371 <s xml:id="echoid-s209" xml:space="preserve">2. </s>
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372 <s xml:id="echoid-s210" xml:space="preserve">The Perſpective, Repreſentation, or Appearance of <lb/>
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373 <anchor type="note" xlink:label="note-0021-01a" xlink:href="note-0021-01"/>
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374 an Object, (for theſe Three Words are ſynoni-<lb/>mous) * is the Figure which the Rays, by which an <lb/>Object is perceiv’d, form in paſſing thro’ the tranſpa-<lb/>rent Plane: </s>
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375 <s xml:id="echoid-s211" xml:space="preserve">And the Perſpective of a Point, is the <lb/>Interſection of a Ray proceeding from that Point, <lb/>and the tranſparent Plane. </s>
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376 <s xml:id="echoid-s212" xml:space="preserve">Which Interſection is <lb/>a Point: </s>
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377 <s xml:id="echoid-s213" xml:space="preserve">As the Figure D in the tranſparent <lb/>
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378 <anchor type="note" xlink:label="note-0021-02a" xlink:href="note-0021-02"/>
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379 Plane C, is the Perſpective of the Object B; </s>
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380 <s xml:id="echoid-s214" xml:space="preserve">and <lb/>the Point e, in the ſame Plane, is the Perſpective <lb/>of the Point E, in that Object.</s>
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381 <s xml:id="echoid-s215" xml:space="preserve"/>
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382 </p>
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383 <div xml:id="echoid-div9" type="float" level="2" n="2">
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384 <note position="right" xlink:label="note-0021-01" xlink:href="note-0021-01a" xml:space="preserve">Def. 1.</note>
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385 <note position="right" xlink:label="note-0021-02" xlink:href="note-0021-02a" xml:space="preserve">Fig. 1.</note>
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386 </div>
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387 <p style="it">
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388 <s xml:id="echoid-s216" xml:space="preserve">The Plane parallel to the Horizon, upon which <lb/>
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389 <anchor type="note" xlink:label="note-0021-03a" xlink:href="note-0021-03"/>
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390 the Spectator [ſtands, or] is placed, as likewiſe the <lb/>Objects that he views, is call’d the Geometrical Plane. <lb/></s>
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391 <s xml:id="echoid-s217" xml:space="preserve">As A B C D.</s>
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392 <s xml:id="echoid-s218" xml:space="preserve"/>
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393 </p>
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394 <div xml:id="echoid-div10" type="float" level="2" n="3">
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395 <note position="right" xlink:label="note-0021-03" xlink:href="note-0021-03a" xml:space="preserve">Def. 2.</note>
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396 </div>
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397 <note position="right" xml:space="preserve">Fig. 2.</note>
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398 <p>
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399 <s xml:id="echoid-s219" xml:space="preserve">A Perſpective Plane [or Picture] is that which <lb/>
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400 <anchor type="note" xlink:label="note-0021-05a" xlink:href="note-0021-05"/>
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401 is placed between the Spectator and the Object, upon <lb/>which the Objects are drawn: </s>
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402 <s xml:id="echoid-s220" xml:space="preserve">As F G R T. </s>
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403 <s xml:id="echoid-s221" xml:space="preserve">This <lb/>is commonly perpendicular to the Geometrical <lb/>Plane, and conſequently to the Horizon; </s>
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404 <s xml:id="echoid-s222" xml:space="preserve">becauſe <lb/>Pictures have generally this Situation: </s>
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405 <s xml:id="echoid-s223" xml:space="preserve">But yet <lb/>it may be ſometimes inclin’d, and even parallel <lb/>to the Geometrical Plane, according as one <lb/>would diſpoſe the Deſign, or Picture that we are <lb/>working. </s>
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406 <s xml:id="echoid-s224" xml:space="preserve">And for this Reaſon, in the follow-<lb/>ing Chapter, we have laid down General Theo-<lb/>rems, and their Corollaries, agreeing to all theſe
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407 <pb o="4" file="0022" n="22" rhead="An ESSAY"/>
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408 different Situations of the Perſpective Plane, [or <lb/>Picture] which ought to be well obſerv’d.</s>
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409 <s xml:id="echoid-s225" xml:space="preserve"/>
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410 </p>
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411 <div xml:id="echoid-div11" type="float" level="2" n="4">
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412 <note position="right" xlink:label="note-0021-05" xlink:href="note-0021-05a" xml:space="preserve">Def. 3.</note>
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413 </div>
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414 <p style="it">
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415 <s xml:id="echoid-s226" xml:space="preserve">The Interſection of the Perſpective Plane and the <lb/>
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416 <anchor type="note" xlink:label="note-0022-01a" xlink:href="note-0022-01"/>
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417 Geometrical Plane, is call’d the Baſe-Line: </s>
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418 <s xml:id="echoid-s227" xml:space="preserve">As <lb/>F G.</s>
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419 <s xml:id="echoid-s228" xml:space="preserve"/>
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420 </p>
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421 <div xml:id="echoid-div12" type="float" level="2" n="5">
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422 <note position="left" xlink:label="note-0022-01" xlink:href="note-0022-01a" xml:space="preserve">Def. 4.</note>
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423 </div>
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424 <p>
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425 <s xml:id="echoid-s229" xml:space="preserve">The different Situation of the Eye, alters the <lb/>Repreſentation of Objects in the perſpective Plane; <lb/></s>
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426 <s xml:id="echoid-s230" xml:space="preserve">for the Rays proceeding from the Object, and <lb/>concurring in ſome other Point, will likewiſe fall <lb/>upon the Perſpective Plane in different Places. </s>
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427 <s xml:id="echoid-s231" xml:space="preserve">And <lb/>for determining this Situation of the Eye, in re-<lb/>ſpect to the Perſpective Plane, we ſuppoſe,</s>
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428 </p>
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429 <p style="it">
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430 <s xml:id="echoid-s232" xml:space="preserve">A Plane parallel to the Horizon, paſſing thro’ the <lb/>
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431 <anchor type="note" xlink:label="note-0022-02a" xlink:href="note-0022-02"/>
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432 Eye, and every way extending it ſelf; </s>
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433 <s xml:id="echoid-s233" xml:space="preserve">and this is <lb/>call’d the Horizontal Plane: </s>
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434 <s xml:id="echoid-s234" xml:space="preserve">As OMVNL.</s>
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435 <s xml:id="echoid-s235" xml:space="preserve"/>
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436 </p>
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437 <div xml:id="echoid-div13" type="float" level="2" n="6">
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438 <note position="left" xlink:label="note-0022-02" xlink:href="note-0022-02a" xml:space="preserve">Def. 5.</note>
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439 </div>
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440 <p style="it">
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441 <s xml:id="echoid-s236" xml:space="preserve">The Interſection of this Plane and the Perſpective <lb/>
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442 <anchor type="note" xlink:label="note-0022-03a" xlink:href="note-0022-03"/>
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443 Plane, is the Horizontal Line. </s>
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444 <s xml:id="echoid-s237" xml:space="preserve">As M V N.</s>
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445 <s xml:id="echoid-s238" xml:space="preserve"/>
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446 </p>
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447 <div xml:id="echoid-div14" type="float" level="2" n="7">
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448 <note position="left" xlink:label="note-0022-03" xlink:href="note-0022-03a" xml:space="preserve">Def. 6.</note>
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449 </div>
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450 <p style="it">
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451 <s xml:id="echoid-s239" xml:space="preserve">The Perpendicular drawn from the Eye to the Ho-<lb/>
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452 <anchor type="note" xlink:label="note-0022-04a" xlink:href="note-0022-04"/>
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453 rizontal Line, is the principal Ray. </s>
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454 <s xml:id="echoid-s240" xml:space="preserve">As O V.</s>
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455 <s xml:id="echoid-s241" xml:space="preserve"/>
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456 </p>
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457 <div xml:id="echoid-div15" type="float" level="2" n="8">
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458 <note position="left" xlink:label="note-0022-04" xlink:href="note-0022-04a" xml:space="preserve">Def. 7.</note>
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459 </div>
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460 <p style="it">
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461 <s xml:id="echoid-s242" xml:space="preserve">The Point V, wherein the ſaid Perpendicular meets <lb/>
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462 <anchor type="note" xlink:label="note-0022-05a" xlink:href="note-0022-05"/>
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463 the Horizontal Line, is the Point of Sight, or prin-<lb/>cipal Point.</s>
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464 <s xml:id="echoid-s243" xml:space="preserve"/>
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465 </p>
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466 <div xml:id="echoid-div16" type="float" level="2" n="9">
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467 <note position="left" xlink:label="note-0022-05" xlink:href="note-0022-05a" xml:space="preserve">Def. 8.</note>
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468 </div>
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469 <p>
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470 <s xml:id="echoid-s244" xml:space="preserve">Note, There is a Perpendicular, let fall from <lb/>the Eye upon the Geometrical Plane, meaſuring <lb/>the Height of the Eye.</s>
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471 <s xml:id="echoid-s245" xml:space="preserve"/>
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472 </p>
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473 <p style="it">
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474 <s xml:id="echoid-s246" xml:space="preserve">The Point S, wherein the ſaid Perpendicular meets <lb/>
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475 <anchor type="note" xlink:label="note-0022-06a" xlink:href="note-0022-06"/>
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476 the Geometrical Plane, is the Station-Point.</s>
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477 <s xml:id="echoid-s247" xml:space="preserve"/>
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478 </p>
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479 <div xml:id="echoid-div17" type="float" level="2" n="10">
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480 <note position="left" xlink:label="note-0022-06" xlink:href="note-0022-06a" xml:space="preserve">Def. 9.</note>
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481 </div>
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482 <p style="it">
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483 <s xml:id="echoid-s248" xml:space="preserve">The Plane paſſing thro’ the aforeſaid Perpendicular, <lb/>
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484 <anchor type="note" xlink:label="note-0022-07a" xlink:href="note-0022-07"/>
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485 and the principal Ray, is call’d the Vertical Plane. <lb/></s>
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486 <s xml:id="echoid-s249" xml:space="preserve">As SOLI.</s>
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487 <s xml:id="echoid-s250" xml:space="preserve"/>
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488 </p>
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489 <div xml:id="echoid-div18" type="float" level="2" n="11">
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490 <note position="left" xlink:label="note-0022-07" xlink:href="note-0022-07a" xml:space="preserve">Def. 10.</note>
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491 </div>
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492 <pb o="5" file="0023" n="23" rhead="on PERSPECTIVE."/>
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493 <p style="it">
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494 <s xml:id="echoid-s251" xml:space="preserve">The Interſection V H of this Plane, and the Per-<lb/>
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495 <anchor type="note" xlink:label="note-0023-01a" xlink:href="note-0023-01"/>
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496 ſpective Plane, is the Vertical Line.</s>
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497 <s xml:id="echoid-s252" xml:space="preserve"/>
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498 </p>
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499 <div xml:id="echoid-div19" type="float" level="2" n="12">
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500 <note position="right" xlink:label="note-0023-01" xlink:href="note-0023-01a" xml:space="preserve">Def. 11.</note>
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501 </div>
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502 <p style="it">
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503 <s xml:id="echoid-s253" xml:space="preserve">And S H I, the Interſection of it, and the Geo-<lb/>
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504 <anchor type="note" xlink:label="note-0023-02a" xlink:href="note-0023-02"/>
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505 metrical Plane, is the Station Line.</s>
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506 <s xml:id="echoid-s254" xml:space="preserve"/>
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507 </p>
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508 <div xml:id="echoid-div20" type="float" level="2" n="13">
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509 <note position="right" xlink:label="note-0023-02" xlink:href="note-0023-02a" xml:space="preserve">Def. 12.</note>
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510 </div>
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511 <p style="it">
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512 <s xml:id="echoid-s255" xml:space="preserve">Points of Diſtance, are two Points in the Hori-<lb/>
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513 <anchor type="note" xlink:label="note-0023-03a" xlink:href="note-0023-03"/>
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514 zontal Line, each way diſtant from the Point of Sight <lb/>by the length of the principal Ray; </s>
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515 <s xml:id="echoid-s256" xml:space="preserve">as MN.</s>
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516 <s xml:id="echoid-s257" xml:space="preserve"/>
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517 </p>
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518 <div xml:id="echoid-div21" type="float" level="2" n="14">
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519 <note position="right" xlink:label="note-0023-03" xlink:href="note-0023-03a" xml:space="preserve">Def. 13.</note>
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520 </div>
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521 <p style="it">
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522 <s xml:id="echoid-s258" xml:space="preserve">The Geometrical Line, is a Line, that paſſes <lb/>
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523 <anchor type="note" xlink:label="note-0023-04a" xlink:href="note-0023-04"/>
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524 through the Station Point, and is parallel to the baſe <lb/>Line, as A B.</s>
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525 <s xml:id="echoid-s259" xml:space="preserve"/>
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526 </p>
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527 <div xml:id="echoid-div22" type="float" level="2" n="15">
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528 <note position="right" xlink:label="note-0023-04" xlink:href="note-0023-04a" xml:space="preserve">Def. 14.</note>
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529 </div>
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530 <p style="it">
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531 <s xml:id="echoid-s260" xml:space="preserve">The Seat of an Object, is the Concurrence of Per-<lb/>
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532 <anchor type="note" xlink:label="note-0023-05a" xlink:href="note-0023-05"/>
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533 pendiculars let fall from every of its Points upon the <lb/>Geometrical Plane, and the ſaid Plane.</s>
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534 <s xml:id="echoid-s261" xml:space="preserve"/>
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535 </p>
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536 <div xml:id="echoid-div23" type="float" level="2" n="16">
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537 <note position="right" xlink:label="note-0023-05" xlink:href="note-0023-05a" xml:space="preserve">Def. 15.</note>
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538 </div>
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539 <p style="it">
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540 <s xml:id="echoid-s262" xml:space="preserve">The Direction of a Line inclined to the Geometri-<lb/>
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541 <anchor type="note" xlink:label="note-0023-06a" xlink:href="note-0023-06"/>
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542 cal Plane, is the Interſection of the ſaid Plane, and <lb/>another Plane perpendicular thereto, paſſing through <lb/>the ſaid inclined Line.</s>
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543 <s xml:id="echoid-s263" xml:space="preserve"/>
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544 </p>
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545 <div xml:id="echoid-div24" type="float" level="2" n="17">
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546 <note position="right" xlink:label="note-0023-06" xlink:href="note-0023-06a" xml:space="preserve">Def. 16.</note>
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547 </div>
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548 </div>
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549 <div xml:id="echoid-div26" type="section" level="1" n="9">
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550 <head xml:id="echoid-head9" xml:space="preserve">CHAP. II.</head>
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551 <head xml:id="echoid-head10" style="it" xml:space="preserve">The Theory of Perſpective.</head>
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552 <head xml:id="echoid-head11" xml:space="preserve"><emph style="sc">Lemma</emph>.</head>
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553 <p>
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554 <s xml:id="echoid-s264" xml:space="preserve">3. </s>
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555 <s xml:id="echoid-s265" xml:space="preserve">THE Perſpective, or Appearance of a <lb/>Right Line, as A B, which being con-<lb/>tinued, does not paſsthrough the Eye O, is like-<lb/>
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556 <anchor type="note" xlink:label="note-0023-07a" xlink:href="note-0023-07"/>
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557 wiſe a right Line: </s>
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558 <s xml:id="echoid-s266" xml:space="preserve">For the Rays, by which the <lb/>Line A B is perceived, form a Plane cutting <lb/>the perſpective Plane; </s>
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559 <s xml:id="echoid-s267" xml:space="preserve">and the common Section <lb/>of theſe two Planes is a right Line, as a b.</s>
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560 <s xml:id="echoid-s268" xml:space="preserve"/>
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561 </p>
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562 <div xml:id="echoid-div26" type="float" level="2" n="1">
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563 <note position="right" xlink:label="note-0023-07" xlink:href="note-0023-07a" xml:space="preserve">Fig. 3.</note>
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564 </div>
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565 <pb o="6" file="0024" n="24" rhead="An ESSAY"/>
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566 </div>
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567 <div xml:id="echoid-div28" type="section" level="1" n="10">
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568 <head xml:id="echoid-head12" xml:space="preserve"><emph style="sc">Theorem</emph> I.</head>
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569 <p style="it">
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570 <s xml:id="echoid-s269" xml:space="preserve">4. </s>
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571 <s xml:id="echoid-s270" xml:space="preserve">The Repreſentation of a Line Parallel to the <lb/>
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572 <anchor type="note" xlink:label="note-0024-01a" xlink:href="note-0024-01"/>
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573 perſpective Plane, is parallel to the Line whereof it is <lb/>the Repreſentation.</s>
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574 <s xml:id="echoid-s271" xml:space="preserve"/>
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575 </p>
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576 <div xml:id="echoid-div28" type="float" level="2" n="1">
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577 <note position="left" xlink:label="note-0024-01" xlink:href="note-0024-01a" xml:space="preserve">Fig. 3.</note>
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578 </div>
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579 <p>
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580 <s xml:id="echoid-s272" xml:space="preserve">Let A B be a Line Parallel to the perſpective <lb/>Plane; </s>
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581 <s xml:id="echoid-s273" xml:space="preserve">we are to prove that a b its Repreſentati-<lb/>on is Parallel thereto.</s>
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582 <s xml:id="echoid-s274" xml:space="preserve"/>
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583 </p>
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584 <p>
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585 <s xml:id="echoid-s275" xml:space="preserve">Theſe two Lines A B and a b, will never <lb/>meet each other, becauſe a b is in the perſpective <lb/>Plane, and A B is ſuppoſed parallel to the ſaid <lb/>Plane. </s>
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586 <s xml:id="echoid-s276" xml:space="preserve">But they are alſo in one and the ſame <lb/>Plane, becauſe a b is the Interſection of the per-<lb/>ſpective Plane, and the Plane O A B, paſſing <lb/>through the Eye and the Line A B; </s>
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587 <s xml:id="echoid-s277" xml:space="preserve">and there-<lb/>fore they are parallel between themſelves: </s>
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588 <s xml:id="echoid-s278" xml:space="preserve">Which <lb/>was to be demonſtrated.</s>
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589 <s xml:id="echoid-s279" xml:space="preserve"/>
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590 </p>
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591 </div>
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592 <div xml:id="echoid-div30" type="section" level="1" n="11">
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593 <head xml:id="echoid-head13" xml:space="preserve"><emph style="sc">Corollary</emph> I.</head>
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594 <p style="it">
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595 <s xml:id="echoid-s280" xml:space="preserve">5. </s>
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596 <s xml:id="echoid-s281" xml:space="preserve">The Appearance of a Line, parallel to the baſe <lb/>Line, is alſo parallel to the ſaid baſe Line.</s>
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597 <s xml:id="echoid-s282" xml:space="preserve"/>
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598 </p>
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599 <p>
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600 <s xml:id="echoid-s283" xml:space="preserve">For the baſe Line, and the Repreſentation <lb/>being parallel to the ſame Line, are parallel to <lb/>one another.</s>
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601 <s xml:id="echoid-s284" xml:space="preserve"/>
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602 </p>
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603 </div>
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604 <div xml:id="echoid-div31" type="section" level="1" n="12">
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605 <head xml:id="echoid-head14" xml:space="preserve"><emph style="sc">Corollary</emph> II.</head>
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606 <p style="it">
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607 <s xml:id="echoid-s285" xml:space="preserve">6. </s>
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608 <s xml:id="echoid-s286" xml:space="preserve">The Repreſentation of a Line parallel to the <lb/>vertical Line, is parallel to the ſaid vertical Line, and <lb/>conſequently perpendicular to the baſe Line. </s>
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609 <s xml:id="echoid-s287" xml:space="preserve">This <lb/>is demonſtrated as in the laſt Corollary.</s>
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610 <s xml:id="echoid-s288" xml:space="preserve"/>
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611 </p>
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612 </div>
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613 <div xml:id="echoid-div32" type="section" level="1" n="13">
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614 <head xml:id="echoid-head15" xml:space="preserve"><emph style="sc">Corollary</emph> III.</head>
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615 <p style="it">
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616 <s xml:id="echoid-s289" xml:space="preserve">7. </s>
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617 <s xml:id="echoid-s290" xml:space="preserve">The Appearances of Lines parallel to the per-<lb/>ſpective Plane, and equally inclin’d the ſame Way upon
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618 <pb o="7" file="0025" n="25" rhead="on PERSPECTIVE."/>
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619 the Geometrical Plane, make Angles with the baſe <lb/>Line, equal to thoſe Angles that the Lines whereof <lb/>they are the Appearances, make with the Parallels <lb/>to the baſe Line, which cut them; </s>
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620 <s xml:id="echoid-s291" xml:space="preserve">and conſequently <lb/>the ſaid Appearances are parallel between them-<lb/>ſelves.</s>
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621 <s xml:id="echoid-s292" xml:space="preserve"/>
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622 </p>
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623 <p>
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624 <s xml:id="echoid-s293" xml:space="preserve">This is evident, becauſe the Appearances of <lb/>Lines parallel to the baſe Line, are parallel to <lb/>the ſaid Line; </s>
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625 <s xml:id="echoid-s294" xml:space="preserve">and the Appearances of the in-<lb/>clined Lines are parallel to theſe Lines.</s>
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626 <s xml:id="echoid-s295" xml:space="preserve"/>
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627 </p>
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628 </div>
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629 <div xml:id="echoid-div33" type="section" level="1" n="14">
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630 <head xml:id="echoid-head16" xml:space="preserve"><emph style="sc">Theorem</emph> II.</head>
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631 <p style="it">
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632 <s xml:id="echoid-s296" xml:space="preserve">8, 9. </s>
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633 <s xml:id="echoid-s297" xml:space="preserve">The Repreſentation of a Figure, parallel to <lb/>the perſpective Plane, is ſimilar to the ſaid Figure; </s>
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634 <s xml:id="echoid-s298" xml:space="preserve">and <lb/>the Sides of the ſaid Figure are to their Repreſen-<lb/>tations, as the Diſtance of the Eye from the Plane <lb/>of the Figure, to the Diſtance of the Eye from the <lb/>perſpective Plane.</s>
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635 <s xml:id="echoid-s299" xml:space="preserve"/>
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636 </p>
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637 <p>
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638 <s xml:id="echoid-s300" xml:space="preserve">The given Figure is A B C D. </s>
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639 <s xml:id="echoid-s301" xml:space="preserve">We are firſt to <lb/>
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640 <anchor type="note" xlink:label="note-0025-01a" xlink:href="note-0025-01"/>
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641 prove, that its Repreſentation a b c d, is ſimilar <lb/>thereto; </s>
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642 <s xml:id="echoid-s302" xml:space="preserve">that is, that the correſponding Angles <lb/>of theſe two Figures A B C D, a b c d, are equal, <lb/>and their Sides proportional.</s>
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643 <s xml:id="echoid-s303" xml:space="preserve"/>
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644 </p>
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645 <div xml:id="echoid-div33" type="float" level="2" n="1">
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646 <note position="right" xlink:label="note-0025-01" xlink:href="note-0025-01a" xml:space="preserve">Fig. 4.</note>
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647 </div>
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648 <p>
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649 <s xml:id="echoid-s304" xml:space="preserve">I. </s>
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650 <s xml:id="echoid-s305" xml:space="preserve">The Angles are equal, becauſe <anchor type="note" xlink:href="" symbol="*"/> the Lines
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651 <anchor type="note" xlink:label="note-0025-02a" xlink:href="note-0025-02"/>
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652 of which the two Figures conſiſt, are parallel be-<lb/>tween themſelves.</s>
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653 <s xml:id="echoid-s306" xml:space="preserve"/>
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654 </p>
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655 <div xml:id="echoid-div34" type="float" level="2" n="2">
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656 <note symbol="*" position="right" xlink:label="note-0025-02" xlink:href="note-0025-02a" xml:space="preserve">4.</note>
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657 </div>
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658 <p>
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659 <s xml:id="echoid-s307" xml:space="preserve">II. </s>
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660 <s xml:id="echoid-s308" xml:space="preserve">In the ſimilar Triangles A D O, and a d o, <lb/>we have <lb/>A D: </s>
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661 <s xml:id="echoid-s309" xml:space="preserve">a d : </s>
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662 <s xml:id="echoid-s310" xml:space="preserve">: </s>
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663 <s xml:id="echoid-s311" xml:space="preserve">O D : </s>
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664 <s xml:id="echoid-s312" xml:space="preserve">O d.</s>
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665 <s xml:id="echoid-s313" xml:space="preserve"/>
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666 </p>
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667 <p>
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668 <s xml:id="echoid-s314" xml:space="preserve">And in the ſimilar Triangles O D C, and O d c, <lb/>we have <lb/>D C : </s>
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669 <s xml:id="echoid-s315" xml:space="preserve">d c : </s>
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670 <s xml:id="echoid-s316" xml:space="preserve">: </s>
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671 <s xml:id="echoid-s317" xml:space="preserve">O D : </s>
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672 <s xml:id="echoid-s318" xml:space="preserve">O d. <lb/></s>
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673 <s xml:id="echoid-s319" xml:space="preserve">then <lb/>A D: </s>
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674 <s xml:id="echoid-s320" xml:space="preserve">a d : </s>
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675 <s xml:id="echoid-s321" xml:space="preserve">: </s>
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676 <s xml:id="echoid-s322" xml:space="preserve">D c : </s>
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677 <s xml:id="echoid-s323" xml:space="preserve">d c. </s>
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678 <s xml:id="echoid-s324" xml:space="preserve"><lb/>altern. </s>
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679 <s xml:id="echoid-s325" xml:space="preserve"><lb/>A D : </s>
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680 <s xml:id="echoid-s326" xml:space="preserve">D C : </s>
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681 <s xml:id="echoid-s327" xml:space="preserve">: </s>
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682 <s xml:id="echoid-s328" xml:space="preserve">a d : </s>
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683 <s xml:id="echoid-s329" xml:space="preserve">d c.</s>
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684 <s xml:id="echoid-s330" xml:space="preserve"/>
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685 </p>
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686 <p>
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687 <s xml:id="echoid-s331" xml:space="preserve">And conſequently the Sides A D, and D C of <lb/>the Figure A B C D, are Proportional to the
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688 <pb o="8" file="0026" n="26" rhead="An ESSAY"/>
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689 Sides a d and d c of the Figure a b c d. </s>
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690 <s xml:id="echoid-s332" xml:space="preserve">The <lb/>ſame may be demonſtrated of the other Sides; <lb/></s>
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691 <s xml:id="echoid-s333" xml:space="preserve">and therefore the Figures are ſimilar.</s>
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692 <s xml:id="echoid-s334" xml:space="preserve"/>
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693 </p>
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694 <p>
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695 <s xml:id="echoid-s335" xml:space="preserve">Now to prove the other Part of the Theorem: <lb/></s>
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696 <s xml:id="echoid-s336" xml:space="preserve">If a perpendicular be ſuppoſed to be let fall from <lb/>the Eye upon the Plane of the Figure, and con-<lb/>tinued as is neceſſary; </s>
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697 <s xml:id="echoid-s337" xml:space="preserve">it is evident, that O D, <lb/>will be to O d, as this Perpendicular, which <lb/>meaſures the Diſtance from the Eye to the Plane <lb/>of the Figure, is to the Diſtance of the Eye <lb/>from the Perſpective Plane, which is meaſur’d <lb/>by the Part of the perpendicular, contain’d be-<lb/>tween the Eye and the perſpective Plane. </s>
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698 <s xml:id="echoid-s338" xml:space="preserve">Now <lb/>this before was manifeſt; </s>
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699 <s xml:id="echoid-s339" xml:space="preserve">viz. </s>
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700 <s xml:id="echoid-s340" xml:space="preserve">that <lb/>O D : </s>
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701 <s xml:id="echoid-s341" xml:space="preserve">O d : </s>
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702 <s xml:id="echoid-s342" xml:space="preserve">: </s>
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703 <s xml:id="echoid-s343" xml:space="preserve">A D : </s>
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704 <s xml:id="echoid-s344" xml:space="preserve">a d :</s>
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705 <s xml:id="echoid-s345" xml:space="preserve"/>
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706 </p>
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707 <p>
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708 <s xml:id="echoid-s346" xml:space="preserve">Whence there is the ſame Proportion between <lb/>A d one of the Sides of the Figure, and A D its <lb/>Appearance, as the Theorem expreſſes. </s>
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709 <s xml:id="echoid-s347" xml:space="preserve">The <lb/>ſame may be demonſtrated of the other Sides of <lb/>the Figure. </s>
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710 <s xml:id="echoid-s348" xml:space="preserve">Which was to be demonſtrated.</s>
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711 <s xml:id="echoid-s349" xml:space="preserve"/>
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712 </p>
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713 </div>
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714 <div xml:id="echoid-div36" type="section" level="1" n="15">
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715 <head xml:id="echoid-head17" xml:space="preserve"><emph style="sc">Corollary</emph> I.</head>
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716 <p style="it">
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717 <s xml:id="echoid-s350" xml:space="preserve">10. </s>
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718 <s xml:id="echoid-s351" xml:space="preserve">If from a Point in the Geometrical Plane, three <lb/>right Lines proceed, which are equal between them-<lb/>ſelves, and parallel to the perſpective Plane; </s>
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719 <s xml:id="echoid-s352" xml:space="preserve">the firſt <lb/>of which is in the Geometrical Plane, the ſecond ele-<lb/>vated Perpendicular to the firſt, and the third in-<lb/>clined to it; </s>
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720 <s xml:id="echoid-s353" xml:space="preserve">the Appearances of theſe three right <lb/>Lines are equal.</s>
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721 <s xml:id="echoid-s354" xml:space="preserve"/>
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722 </p>
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723 <p>
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724 <s xml:id="echoid-s355" xml:space="preserve">This will appear clear enough in conſidering <lb/>the Lines as a Figure parallel to the perſpective <lb/>Plane; </s>
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725 <s xml:id="echoid-s356" xml:space="preserve">and ſo conſequently they will have the <lb/>ſame Proportion as their Appearances.</s>
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726 <s xml:id="echoid-s357" xml:space="preserve"/>
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727 </p>
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728 <p>
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729 <s xml:id="echoid-s358" xml:space="preserve">Note, The firſt of the aforeſaid Lines is always <lb/>parallel to the baſe Line; </s>
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730 <s xml:id="echoid-s359" xml:space="preserve">and the ſecond, when <lb/>the perſpective Plane is perpendicular or up-
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731 <pb file="0027" n="27"/>
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732 <pb file="0027a" n="28"/>
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733 <anchor type="figure" xlink:label="fig-0027a-01a" xlink:href="fig-0027a-01"/>
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734 <anchor type="figure" xlink:label="fig-0027a-02a" xlink:href="fig-0027a-02"/>
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735 <anchor type="figure" xlink:label="fig-0027a-03a" xlink:href="fig-0027a-03"/>
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736 <anchor type="figure" xlink:label="fig-0027a-04a" xlink:href="fig-0027a-04"/>
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737 <pb file="0028" n="29"/>
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738 <pb o="9" file="0029" n="30" rhead="on PERSPECTIVE."/>
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739 right, is alſo perpendicular to the Geometrical <lb/>Plane, and the third is then in the Direction of the <lb/>firſt.</s>
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740 <s xml:id="echoid-s360" xml:space="preserve"/>
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741 </p>
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742 <div xml:id="echoid-div36" type="float" level="2" n="1">
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743 <figure xlink:label="fig-0027a-01" xlink:href="fig-0027a-01a">
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744 <caption xml:id="echoid-caption1" style="it" xml:space="preserve">fronting page 8<lb/>Plate 1.<lb/>Fig. 1.</caption>
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745 <variables xml:id="echoid-variables1" xml:space="preserve">C A D B e E</variables>
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746 </figure>
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747 <figure xlink:label="fig-0027a-02" xlink:href="fig-0027a-02a">
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748 <caption xml:id="echoid-caption2" xml:space="preserve">Fig. 2.</caption>
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749 <variables xml:id="echoid-variables2" xml:space="preserve">M T O V R L A N D F S I H B G C</variables>
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750 </figure>
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751 <figure xlink:label="fig-0027a-03" xlink:href="fig-0027a-03a">
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752 <caption xml:id="echoid-caption3" style="it" xml:space="preserve">Fig. 3.</caption>
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753 <variables xml:id="echoid-variables3" xml:space="preserve">O b B F a A G</variables>
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754 </figure>
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755 <figure xlink:label="fig-0027a-04" xlink:href="fig-0027a-04a">
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756 <caption xml:id="echoid-caption4" style="it" xml:space="preserve">Fig. 4.</caption>
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757 <variables xml:id="echoid-variables4" xml:space="preserve">c C b d F B D a A G</variables>
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758 </figure>
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759 </div>
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760 </div>
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761 <div xml:id="echoid-div38" type="section" level="1" n="16">
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762 <head xml:id="echoid-head18" xml:space="preserve"><emph style="sc">Corollary</emph> II.</head>
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763 <p style="it">
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764 <s xml:id="echoid-s361" xml:space="preserve">11. </s>
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765 <s xml:id="echoid-s362" xml:space="preserve">If tworight Lines, equal between themſelves, and <lb/>parallel to the perſpective Planes, be equally diſtant <lb/>from the perſpective Plane, their Appearances will be <lb/>equal.</s>
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766 <s xml:id="echoid-s363" xml:space="preserve"/>
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767 </p>
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768 <p>
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769 <s xml:id="echoid-s364" xml:space="preserve">For, becauſe they are in a Plane, parallel to <lb/>the perſpective Plane, they will have the ſame <lb/>Proportion to each other, as their Repreſentations.</s>
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770 <s xml:id="echoid-s365" xml:space="preserve"/>
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771 </p>
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772 </div>
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773 <div xml:id="echoid-div39" type="section" level="1" n="17">
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774 <head xml:id="echoid-head19" xml:space="preserve"><emph style="sc">Theorem</emph> III.</head>
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775 <p style="it">
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776 <s xml:id="echoid-s366" xml:space="preserve">12. </s>
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777 <s xml:id="echoid-s367" xml:space="preserve">If a Line parallel to the Perſpective Plane, be <lb/>view’d by two Eyes, both being in a Plane, parallel <lb/>to the perſpective Plane, the Repreſentations of the <lb/>ſaid Line will be equal.</s>
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778 <s xml:id="echoid-s368" xml:space="preserve"/>
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779 </p>
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780 <p>
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781 <s xml:id="echoid-s369" xml:space="preserve">If we ſuppoſe a Plane, parallel to the Per-<lb/>ſpective Plane, to paſs through the propoſed <lb/>Line, this Proportion will be had; </s>
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782 <s xml:id="echoid-s370" xml:space="preserve"><anchor type="note" xlink:href="" symbol="*"/> viz. </s>
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783 <s xml:id="echoid-s371" xml:space="preserve">As the
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784 <anchor type="note" xlink:label="note-0029-01a" xlink:href="note-0029-01"/>
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785 Diſtance of the Eyes from this Plane, is to their <lb/>Diſtance from the Perſpective Plane, ſo is the <lb/>given Line to the Repreſentation thereof. </s>
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786 <s xml:id="echoid-s372" xml:space="preserve">But <lb/>the three firſt Terms of this Proportion are <lb/>the ſame for each of the Eyes, which are <lb/>in one and the ſame Plane parallel to the Per-<lb/>ſpective Plane: </s>
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787 <s xml:id="echoid-s373" xml:space="preserve">Therefore, the fourth Term of <lb/>the Proportion will likewiſe be the ſame in both <lb/>Caſes: </s>
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788 <s xml:id="echoid-s374" xml:space="preserve">Which was to be demonſtrated.</s>
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789 <s xml:id="echoid-s375" xml:space="preserve"/>
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790 </p>
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791 <div xml:id="echoid-div39" type="float" level="2" n="1">
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792 <note symbol="*" position="right" xlink:label="note-0029-01" xlink:href="note-0029-01a" xml:space="preserve">9.</note>
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793 </div>
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794 </div>
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795 <div xml:id="echoid-div41" type="section" level="1" n="18">
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796 <head xml:id="echoid-head20" xml:space="preserve"><emph style="sc">Theorem</emph> IV.</head>
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797 <p style="it">
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798 <s xml:id="echoid-s376" xml:space="preserve">13. </s>
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799 <s xml:id="echoid-s377" xml:space="preserve">If a right Line, being continued, meets the per-<lb/>ſpective Piane in one Point, the Appearance thereof <lb/>will be a Part of the Line drawn from the ſaid Point <lb/>in the perſpective Plane, to another Point, whereat
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800 <pb o="10" file="0030" n="31" rhead="An ESSAY"/>
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801 a right Line drawn from the Eye parallel to the pro-<lb/>poſed Line, terminates.</s>
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802 <s xml:id="echoid-s378" xml:space="preserve"/>
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803 </p>
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804 <p>
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805 <s xml:id="echoid-s379" xml:space="preserve">The Line C D being continued, will meet<unsure/> <lb/>
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806 <anchor type="note" xlink:label="note-0030-01a" xlink:href="note-0030-01"/>
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807 the perſpective Plane in the Point E. </s>
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808 <s xml:id="echoid-s380" xml:space="preserve">We are <lb/>to prove, that its Appearance is a Part of the <lb/>Line E H, drawn from the Point E, to the <lb/>Point H, whereat the Line O H proceeding <lb/>from the Eye parallel to the given Line C D, <lb/>terminates.</s>
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809 <s xml:id="echoid-s381" xml:space="preserve"/>
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810 </p>
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811 <div xml:id="echoid-div41" type="float" level="2" n="1">
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812 <note position="left" xlink:label="note-0030-01" xlink:href="note-0030-01a" xml:space="preserve">Fig. 5.</note>
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813 </div>
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814 <p>
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815 <s xml:id="echoid-s382" xml:space="preserve">The Interſection of the perſpective Plane, <lb/>and the Plane O D C, is the Repreſentation of the <lb/>given Line. </s>
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816 <s xml:id="echoid-s383" xml:space="preserve">Now the Plane O D C, is a Part of the <lb/>Plane paſſing through the parallels O H and EC.</s>
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817 <s xml:id="echoid-s384" xml:space="preserve"/>
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818 </p>
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819 <p>
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820 <s xml:id="echoid-s385" xml:space="preserve">Therefore, this Repreſentation is a Part of the <lb/>Interſection of the laſt mentioned Plane, and <lb/>perſpective Plane; </s>
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821 <s xml:id="echoid-s386" xml:space="preserve">which Interſection is E H.</s>
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822 <s xml:id="echoid-s387" xml:space="preserve"/>
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823 </p>
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824 </div>
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825 <div xml:id="echoid-div43" type="section" level="1" n="19">
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826 <head xml:id="echoid-head21" xml:space="preserve"><emph style="sc">Corollary</emph> I.</head>
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827 <p style="it">
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828 <s xml:id="echoid-s388" xml:space="preserve">14. </s>
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829 <s xml:id="echoid-s389" xml:space="preserve">All Lines parallel between themſelves, and be-<lb/>ing produced, do fall upon the perſpective Plane, have <lb/>Repreſentations, which being produced, will all con-<lb/>cur in one Point.</s>
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830 <s xml:id="echoid-s390" xml:space="preserve"/>
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831 </p>
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832 <p>
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833 <s xml:id="echoid-s391" xml:space="preserve">This is evident, becauſe but only one Line <lb/>O H can be drawn from the Eye O, to the per-<lb/>ſpective Plane, parallel to the ſaid Parallels, and <lb/>becauſe all their Repreſentations are Parts of <lb/>Lines concurring in the Point H.</s>
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834 <s xml:id="echoid-s392" xml:space="preserve"/>
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835 </p>
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836 <p style="it">
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837 <s xml:id="echoid-s393" xml:space="preserve">And this Point is called the accidental Point of the <lb/>
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838 <anchor type="note" xlink:label="note-0030-02a" xlink:href="note-0030-02"/>
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839 ſaid Parallels.</s>
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840 <s xml:id="echoid-s394" xml:space="preserve"/>
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841 </p>
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842 <div xml:id="echoid-div43" type="float" level="2" n="1">
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843 <note position="left" xlink:label="note-0030-02" xlink:href="note-0030-02a" xml:space="preserve">Def. 17.</note>
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844 </div>
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845 </div>
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846 <div xml:id="echoid-div45" type="section" level="1" n="20">
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847 <head xml:id="echoid-head22" xml:space="preserve"><emph style="sc">Corollary</emph> II.</head>
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848 <p style="it">
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849 <s xml:id="echoid-s395" xml:space="preserve">15. </s>
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850 <s xml:id="echoid-s396" xml:space="preserve">Two or more parallel Lines, which being produ-<lb/>ced, do fall on the perſpective Plane, parallel to the Geo-<lb/>metrical Plane, have their accidental Point in the <lb/>Horizontal Line.</s>
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851 <s xml:id="echoid-s397" xml:space="preserve"/>
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852 </p>
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853 <pb o="11" file="0031" n="32" rhead="on PERSPECTIVE."/>
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854 <p>
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855 <s xml:id="echoid-s398" xml:space="preserve">For the Horizontal Plane, is parallel to the <lb/>Geometrical Plane.</s>
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856 <s xml:id="echoid-s399" xml:space="preserve"/>
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857 </p>
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858 </div>
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859 <div xml:id="echoid-div46" type="section" level="1" n="21">
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860 <head xml:id="echoid-head23" xml:space="preserve"><emph style="sc">Corollary</emph> III.</head>
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861 <p style="it">
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862 <s xml:id="echoid-s400" xml:space="preserve">16. </s>
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863 <s xml:id="echoid-s401" xml:space="preserve">The Repreſentations of all Lines parallel to <lb/>the ſtation Line, concur in the Point of Sight.</s>
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864 <s xml:id="echoid-s402" xml:space="preserve"/>
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865 </p>
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866 <p>
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867 <s xml:id="echoid-s403" xml:space="preserve">This follows, becauſe the principal Ray is <lb/>parallel to the ſaid Lines.</s>
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868 <s xml:id="echoid-s404" xml:space="preserve"/>
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869 </p>
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870 </div>
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871 <div xml:id="echoid-div47" type="section" level="1" n="22">
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872 <head xml:id="echoid-head24" xml:space="preserve"><emph style="sc">Corollary</emph> IV.</head>
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873 <p style="it">
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874 <s xml:id="echoid-s405" xml:space="preserve">17. </s>
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875 <s xml:id="echoid-s406" xml:space="preserve">Two or more equal Lines being perpendicular, <lb/>or equally inclined the ſame Way, to the ſame Line pa-<lb/>rallel to the Station Line, have their Repreſentations <lb/>concurring in the principal Point.</s>
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876 <s xml:id="echoid-s407" xml:space="preserve"/>
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877 </p>
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878 <p>
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879 <s xml:id="echoid-s408" xml:space="preserve">Becauſe all theſe Lines are parallel and equal, <lb/>the Line paſſing through their Vertices, is pa-<lb/>rallel to that paſſing through their Baſes, and <lb/>this being parallel to the Station Line, it fol-<lb/>lows, <anchor type="note" xlink:href="" symbol="*"/> that the Appearances of the ſaid equal
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880 <anchor type="note" xlink:label="note-0031-01a" xlink:href="note-0031-01"/>
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881 and parallel Lines concur in the principal <lb/>Point.</s>
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882 <s xml:id="echoid-s409" xml:space="preserve"/>
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883 </p>
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884 <div xml:id="echoid-div47" type="float" level="2" n="1">
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885 <note symbol="*" position="right" xlink:label="note-0031-01" xlink:href="note-0031-01a" xml:space="preserve">16.</note>
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886 </div>
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887 </div>
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888 <div xml:id="echoid-div49" type="section" level="1" n="23">
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889 <head xml:id="echoid-head25" xml:space="preserve"><emph style="sc">Theorem</emph> V.</head>
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890 <p style="it">
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891 <s xml:id="echoid-s410" xml:space="preserve">18. </s>
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892 <s xml:id="echoid-s411" xml:space="preserve">The Appearance of an indefinite Line does not <lb/>alter, when the Eye moves in a Line parallel to a <lb/>propoſed Line.</s>
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893 <s xml:id="echoid-s412" xml:space="preserve"/>
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894 </p>
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895 <p>
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896 <s xml:id="echoid-s413" xml:space="preserve">The Repreſentation of this Line, is the In-<lb/>terſection of the perſpective Plane, and a Plane <lb/>paſſing through the Eye and the ſaid Line. </s>
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897 <s xml:id="echoid-s414" xml:space="preserve">Now <lb/>the Eye remains in the ſame Plane, when it <lb/>moves in a Line parallel to the propoſed Line; <lb/></s>
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898 <s xml:id="echoid-s415" xml:space="preserve">and conſequently the Appearance of this laſt <lb/>Line, will not be changed by that Motion.</s>
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899 <s xml:id="echoid-s416" xml:space="preserve"/>
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900 </p>
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901 <p>
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902 <s xml:id="echoid-s417" xml:space="preserve">Note, This Demonſtration doth not extend <lb/>to any particular Part of the given Line, but on-<lb/>ly to the Line in general.</s>
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903 <s xml:id="echoid-s418" xml:space="preserve"/>
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904 </p>
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905 <pb o="12" file="0032" n="33" rhead="An ESSAY"/>
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906 </div>
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907 <div xml:id="echoid-div50" type="section" level="1" n="24">
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908 <head xml:id="echoid-head26" xml:space="preserve"><emph style="sc">Theorem</emph> VI.</head>
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909 <p style="it">
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910 <s xml:id="echoid-s419" xml:space="preserve">19. </s>
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911 <s xml:id="echoid-s420" xml:space="preserve">Let A C be a Line inclined to the Geometrical <lb/>Plane, and O D another Line drawn parallel to <lb/>A C, from the Eye to the perſpective Plane. </s>
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912 <s xml:id="echoid-s421" xml:space="preserve">Now <lb/>
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913 <anchor type="note" xlink:label="note-0032-01a" xlink:href="note-0032-01"/>
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914 if B A be drawn in the Geometrical Plane, pa-<lb/>rallel to the baſe Line, and likewiſe D E, in the <lb/>perſpective Plane, parallel to the ſaid Line, ſo that <lb/>B A be to A C, as E d to D O. </s>
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915 <s xml:id="echoid-s422" xml:space="preserve">I ſay, the Ap-<lb/>pearance of the Line B C, paſſing through the Point <lb/>B, and the Extremity of the Line A C, being con-<lb/>tinued, will meet the Point E.</s>
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916 <s xml:id="echoid-s423" xml:space="preserve"/>
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917 </p>
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918 <div xml:id="echoid-div50" type="float" level="2" n="1">
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919 <note position="left" xlink:label="note-0032-01" xlink:href="note-0032-01a" xml:space="preserve">Fig. 6.</note>
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920 </div>
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921 <p>
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922 <s xml:id="echoid-s424" xml:space="preserve">Now to prove this; </s>
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923 <s xml:id="echoid-s425" xml:space="preserve">it is evident, <anchor type="note" xlink:href="" symbol="*"/> that we
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924 <anchor type="note" xlink:label="note-0032-02a" xlink:href="note-0032-02"/>
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925 need but demonſtrate, that O E is parallel to <lb/>B C: </s>
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926 <s xml:id="echoid-s426" xml:space="preserve">And this may be done in the following <lb/>Manner:</s>
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927 <s xml:id="echoid-s427" xml:space="preserve"/>
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928 </p>
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929 <div xml:id="echoid-div51" type="float" level="2" n="2">
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930 <note symbol="*" position="left" xlink:label="note-0032-02" xlink:href="note-0032-02a" xml:space="preserve">13.</note>
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931 </div>
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932 <p>
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933 <s xml:id="echoid-s428" xml:space="preserve">A B is parallel to E D, and A C to O D; <lb/></s>
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934 <s xml:id="echoid-s429" xml:space="preserve">whence the Angle (E D O) of the Triangle <lb/>O E D, is equal to the Angle (B A C) of the <lb/>Triangle A C B: </s>
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935 <s xml:id="echoid-s430" xml:space="preserve">And ſo theſe two Triangles <lb/>are ſimilar; </s>
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936 <s xml:id="echoid-s431" xml:space="preserve">becauſe they have alſo their Sides <lb/>Proportional. </s>
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937 <s xml:id="echoid-s432" xml:space="preserve">But ſince theſe two ſimilar Tri-<lb/>angles, have two of their Sides parallel, the <lb/>third B C is alſo parallel to O E; </s>
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938 <s xml:id="echoid-s433" xml:space="preserve">which was to be <lb/>demonſtrated.</s>
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939 <s xml:id="echoid-s434" xml:space="preserve"/>
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940 </p>
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941 </div>
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942 <div xml:id="echoid-div53" type="section" level="1" n="25">
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943 <head xml:id="echoid-head27" xml:space="preserve"><emph style="sc">Corollary</emph>.</head>
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944 <p>
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945 <s xml:id="echoid-s435" xml:space="preserve">20. </s>
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946 <s xml:id="echoid-s436" xml:space="preserve">If A B be made equal to A C, and E D to D O, <lb/>the Appearance of B C will paſs thro’ the Point E,</s>
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947 </p>
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948 </div>
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949 <div xml:id="echoid-div54" type="section" level="1" n="26">
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950 <head xml:id="echoid-head28" xml:space="preserve">CHAP. III.</head>
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951 <p style="it">
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952 <s xml:id="echoid-s437" xml:space="preserve">The Practice of Perſpective upon the Per-<lb/>ſpective Plane, ſuppoſed to be perpendicu-<lb/>lar, or upright.</s>
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953 <s xml:id="echoid-s438" xml:space="preserve"/>
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954 </p>
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955 <p>
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956 <s xml:id="echoid-s439" xml:space="preserve">IN order to give a diſtinct Idea of the Theory, I <lb/>have hitherto conſider’d the Geometrical Plane, <lb/>as it were the Ground upon which the Spectator
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957 <pb o="13" file="0033" n="34" rhead="on PERSPECTIVE."/>
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958 and the Objects ſtand; </s>
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959 <s xml:id="echoid-s440" xml:space="preserve">and the Perſpective <lb/>Plane, as a Window between the Spectator and <lb/>the Objects, in which the Objects are requir’d <lb/>to be repreſented. </s>
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960 <s xml:id="echoid-s441" xml:space="preserve">But, in Practice, this Matter <lb/>muſt be quite otherwiſe conceiv’d; </s>
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961 <s xml:id="echoid-s442" xml:space="preserve">which I <lb/>ſhall now endeavour to explain as clear as poſ-<lb/>ſible.</s>
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962 <s xml:id="echoid-s443" xml:space="preserve"/>
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963 </p>
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964 <p>
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965 <s xml:id="echoid-s444" xml:space="preserve">Suppoſe then, that a Painter has a mind to <lb/>draw upon his Perſpective Plane, or Picture, <lb/>(whoſe Bigneſs is as he thinks fit) a Proſpect of <lb/>a Country, wherein are Trees, Houſes, Rivers, &amp; </s>
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966 <s xml:id="echoid-s445" xml:space="preserve">c. <lb/></s>
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967 <s xml:id="echoid-s446" xml:space="preserve">Now, from what has been ſaid, this Country <lb/>will be his Geometrical Plane; </s>
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968 <s xml:id="echoid-s447" xml:space="preserve">and he ought to <lb/>conſider his Perſpective Plane as a Window, up-<lb/>on which the Points thro’ which the Rays com-<lb/>ing from all the Points of the Objects towards <lb/>the Eye, muſt be found. </s>
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969 <s xml:id="echoid-s448" xml:space="preserve">But theſe Interſections <lb/>of the Rays and the Window cannot be deter-<lb/>min’d, unleſs by Lines being drawn in the Geo-<lb/>metrical Plane to the Baſe Line.</s>
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970 <s xml:id="echoid-s449" xml:space="preserve"/>
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971 </p>
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972 <p>
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973 <s xml:id="echoid-s450" xml:space="preserve">Now, it is impoſſible for Painters to draw Lines <lb/>of this Nature on the Ground; </s>
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974 <s xml:id="echoid-s451" xml:space="preserve">wherefore they <lb/>uſe another more convenient Geometrical Plane <lb/>thus. </s>
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975 <s xml:id="echoid-s452" xml:space="preserve">At the Foot of their Perſpective Plane, <lb/>they place a Plane, upon which are drawn in <lb/>Minature the Baſes of Houſes and Trees, which <lb/>are in the Country to be repreſented; </s>
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976 <s xml:id="echoid-s453" xml:space="preserve">and the <lb/>Seats of the Points which, in the Objects, are <lb/>elevated above the Country; </s>
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977 <s xml:id="echoid-s454" xml:space="preserve">always obſerving, <lb/>that there be the ſame Diſpoſition between the <lb/>Objects and their different Parts, upon this new <lb/>Geometrical Plane, as the Objects truly have in <lb/>the Country to be repreſented.</s>
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978 <s xml:id="echoid-s455" xml:space="preserve"/>
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979 </p>
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980 <p>
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981 <s xml:id="echoid-s456" xml:space="preserve">Now, to determine the Magnitude of the <lb/>Space the Figures muſt take up upon this Geo-<lb/>metrical Plane, a Painter muſt firſt chuſe the <lb/>Diſpoſition of his Eye in reſpect to the Perſpe-
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982 <pb o="14" file="0034" n="35" rhead="An ESSAY"/>
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983 ctive Plane; </s>
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984 <s xml:id="echoid-s457" xml:space="preserve">and then (from the Station Point, <lb/>thro’ the Extremities of the Perſpective Plane) <lb/>he muſt draw right Lines; </s>
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985 <s xml:id="echoid-s458" xml:space="preserve">which will limit the <lb/>Space wherein the Figures muſt be placed; </s>
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986 <s xml:id="echoid-s459" xml:space="preserve">ſince <lb/>the Rays of Figures, without thoſe Lines coming <lb/>towards the Eye, will not paſs thro’ the Perſpe-<lb/>ctive Plane.</s>
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987 <s xml:id="echoid-s460" xml:space="preserve"/>
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988 </p>
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989 <p>
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990 <s xml:id="echoid-s461" xml:space="preserve">21. </s>
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991 <s xml:id="echoid-s462" xml:space="preserve">The Figures being thus drawn on the Geo-<lb/>metrical Plane, the next Thing is to find their Ap-<lb/>pearance upon the Perſpective Plane. </s>
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992 <s xml:id="echoid-s463" xml:space="preserve">Now, <lb/>theſe Figures are made up of either ſtraight <lb/>Lines, or crooked ones. </s>
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993 <s xml:id="echoid-s464" xml:space="preserve">To find the Repreſen-<lb/>tation of a ſtraight Line, its Extremes need on-<lb/>ly be ſought: </s>
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994 <s xml:id="echoid-s465" xml:space="preserve">And to have the Appearance of a <lb/>crooked Line, ſeveral Points thereof need only <lb/>be found. </s>
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995 <s xml:id="echoid-s466" xml:space="preserve">Since all this is equally applicable <lb/>to Figures, as well in the Geometrical Plane, <lb/>as thoſe above it; </s>
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996 <s xml:id="echoid-s467" xml:space="preserve">it follows, that the whole Bu-<lb/>ſineſs of Perſpective conſiſts in only finding the <lb/>Repreſentation of a Point.</s>
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997 <s xml:id="echoid-s468" xml:space="preserve"/>
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998 </p>
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999 <p>
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1000 <s xml:id="echoid-s469" xml:space="preserve">And to find this Repreſentation in the follow-<lb/>ing Problems, we only uſe certain Lines drawn <lb/>in the Geometrical and Horizontal Planes; <lb/></s>
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1001 <s xml:id="echoid-s470" xml:space="preserve">which, by their Interſection with the Baſe and <lb/>Horizontal Lines, ſhew the manner of drawing <lb/>new Lines upon the Perſpective Plane, which <lb/>determine the propos’d Appearances. </s>
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1002 <s xml:id="echoid-s471" xml:space="preserve">Now, it <lb/>is plain, that in finding the ſaid Interſections, it <lb/>is not neceſſary to place the Perſpective Plane <lb/>perpendicular to the Geometrical and Horizontal <lb/>Planes; </s>
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1003 <s xml:id="echoid-s472" xml:space="preserve">which would render the Work extream-<lb/>ly laborious: </s>
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1004 <s xml:id="echoid-s473" xml:space="preserve">Whence the Perſpective and Hori-<lb/>zontal Planes may be conſider’d as lying upon <lb/>the Geometrical Plane, and ſo coinciding there-<lb/>with.</s>
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1005 <s xml:id="echoid-s474" xml:space="preserve"/>
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1006 </p>
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1007 <p>
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1008 <s xml:id="echoid-s475" xml:space="preserve">The Perſpective Plane may lye upon the Geo-<lb/>metrical Plane two ways; </s>
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1009 <s xml:id="echoid-s476" xml:space="preserve">viz. </s>
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1010 <s xml:id="echoid-s477" xml:space="preserve">Either upon the <lb/>Face reſpecting the Objects, or upon that next
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1011 <pb o="15" file="0035" n="36" rhead="on PERSPECTIVE."/>
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1012 to the Eye. </s>
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1013 <s xml:id="echoid-s478" xml:space="preserve">Now, as in the latter Situation, <lb/>Repreſentatious are drawn upon the Face of the <lb/>Perſpective Plane next to the Object, the Per-<lb/>ſpective Plane lying down upon its other Face; <lb/></s>
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1014 <s xml:id="echoid-s479" xml:space="preserve">what ought to be on the Right Hand, appears on <lb/>the Left; </s>
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1015 <s xml:id="echoid-s480" xml:space="preserve">and that on the Left, appears on the <lb/>Right; </s>
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1016 <s xml:id="echoid-s481" xml:space="preserve">producing exactly the ſame Effect, as <lb/>looking thro’ the Back-ſide of a Paper, at a Pi-<lb/>cture drawn thereon.</s>
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1017 <s xml:id="echoid-s482" xml:space="preserve"/>
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1018 </p>
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1019 <p>
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1020 <s xml:id="echoid-s483" xml:space="preserve">Yet, notwithſtanding this Deficiency, we pre-<lb/>fer the latter way of the Perſpective Plane’s ly-<lb/>ing down to the former, for the following Rea-<lb/>ſons.</s>
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1021 <s xml:id="echoid-s484" xml:space="preserve"/>
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1022 </p>
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1023 <p>
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1024 <s xml:id="echoid-s485" xml:space="preserve">1. </s>
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1025 <s xml:id="echoid-s486" xml:space="preserve">When the Perſpective Plane lies down in <lb/>the former manner, it lies upon the Part of the <lb/>Geometrical Plane wherein Figures have been <lb/>drawn; </s>
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1026 <s xml:id="echoid-s487" xml:space="preserve">which, together with the new Lines that <lb/>muſt be drawn, cauſes a very great Confuſion, <lb/>and always obliges one to copy his Work. </s>
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1027 <s xml:id="echoid-s488" xml:space="preserve">An <lb/>Inconveniency which the latter Method is ſel-<lb/>dom ſubject to.</s>
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1028 <s xml:id="echoid-s489" xml:space="preserve"/>
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1029 </p>
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1030 <p>
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1031 <s xml:id="echoid-s490" xml:space="preserve">2. </s>
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1032 <s xml:id="echoid-s491" xml:space="preserve">We work with much more Eaſe in the <lb/>manner I have choſen.</s>
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1033 <s xml:id="echoid-s492" xml:space="preserve"/>
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1034 </p>
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1035 <p>
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1036 <s xml:id="echoid-s493" xml:space="preserve">Finally, The Default we have obſerv’d, may <lb/>ſeveral ways be remedied. </s>
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1037 <s xml:id="echoid-s494" xml:space="preserve">For, in drawing up-<lb/>on the Geometrical Plane, we need but place <lb/>that on the Right Hand which we have a mind <lb/>ſhould appear on the Left; </s>
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1038 <s xml:id="echoid-s495" xml:space="preserve">or if the Geometri-<lb/>cal Plane be drawn upon Paper, it may be oil’d, <lb/>or dipp’d in Varniſh, which will render it tran-<lb/>ſparent; </s>
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1039 <s xml:id="echoid-s496" xml:space="preserve">and then the Back-ſide of the Paper <lb/>may be thrown into Perſpective.</s>
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1040 <s xml:id="echoid-s497" xml:space="preserve"/>
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1041 </p>
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1042 <p>
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1043 <s xml:id="echoid-s498" xml:space="preserve">If all this be not found convenient, the ſaid <lb/>Default may be eaſily corrected geometrically, <lb/>in copying the Work after the Drawings are fi-<lb/>niſhed. </s>
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1044 <s xml:id="echoid-s499" xml:space="preserve">And this may be yet eaſier done, if <lb/>the Figures are expoſed before a Looking-glaſs;</s>
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1045 <s xml:id="echoid-s500" xml:space="preserve">
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1046 <pb o="16" file="0036" n="37" rhead="An ESSAY"/>
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1047 for then, what is on the Right, will appear on <lb/>the Left.</s>
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1048 <s xml:id="echoid-s501" xml:space="preserve"/>
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1049 </p>
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1050 <p>
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1051 <s xml:id="echoid-s502" xml:space="preserve">Therefore, I lay my Perſpective Plane upon <lb/>the Geometrical Plane; </s>
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1052 <s xml:id="echoid-s503" xml:space="preserve">ſo that it be between <lb/>the Horizontal Plane, and the Figures requir’d <lb/>to be thrown into Perſpective.</s>
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1053 <s xml:id="echoid-s504" xml:space="preserve"/>
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1054 </p>
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1055 </div>
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1056 <div xml:id="echoid-div55" type="section" level="1" n="27">
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1057 <head xml:id="echoid-head29" xml:space="preserve"><emph style="sc">Problem</emph> I.</head>
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1058 <p style="it">
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1059 <s xml:id="echoid-s505" xml:space="preserve">22. </s>
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1060 <s xml:id="echoid-s506" xml:space="preserve">To find the Appearance of a Point, which is in <lb/>the Geometrical Plane.</s>
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1061 <s xml:id="echoid-s507" xml:space="preserve"/>
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1062 </p>
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1063 <p>
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1064 <s xml:id="echoid-s508" xml:space="preserve">Let Z be the Geometrical Plane, I E the Baſe <lb/>
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1065 <anchor type="note" xlink:label="note-0036-01a" xlink:href="note-0036-01"/>
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1066 Line, D V the Horizontal Line, V the Point <lb/>of Sight, D one of the Points of Diſtance, and <lb/>A the given Point.</s>
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1067 <s xml:id="echoid-s509" xml:space="preserve"/>
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1068 </p>
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1069 <div xml:id="echoid-div55" type="float" level="2" n="1">
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1070 <note position="left" xlink:label="note-0036-01" xlink:href="note-0036-01a" xml:space="preserve">Fig. 7.</note>
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1071 </div>
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1072 </div>
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1073 <div xml:id="echoid-div57" type="section" level="1" n="28">
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1074 <head xml:id="echoid-head30" xml:space="preserve"><emph style="sc">Operation</emph>.</head>
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1075 <p>
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1076 <s xml:id="echoid-s510" xml:space="preserve">From the Point A, let fall the Perpendicular <lb/>A B upon the Baſe Line; </s>
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1077 <s xml:id="echoid-s511" xml:space="preserve">and from the Point of <lb/>Concurrence B, draw the Line B V to the Point <lb/>of Sight; </s>
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1078 <s xml:id="echoid-s512" xml:space="preserve">then aſſume B E in the Baſe Line <lb/>equal to B A, and from the Point E draw the <lb/>Line E D to the Point of Diſtance D: </s>
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1079 <s xml:id="echoid-s513" xml:space="preserve">And the <lb/>Point (a), the Interſection of B V and E D, is <lb/>the Repreſentation ſought.</s>
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1080 <s xml:id="echoid-s514" xml:space="preserve"/>
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1081 </p>
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1082 </div>
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1083 <div xml:id="echoid-div58" type="section" level="1" n="29">
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1084 <head xml:id="echoid-head31" xml:space="preserve"><emph style="sc">Demonstration</emph>.</head>
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1085 <p>
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1086 <s xml:id="echoid-s515" xml:space="preserve">23. </s>
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1087 <s xml:id="echoid-s516" xml:space="preserve">The Appearance of the Line A B, is <anchor type="note" xlink:href="" symbol="*"/> a Part
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1088 of the Line B V. </s>
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1089 <s xml:id="echoid-s517" xml:space="preserve">Now, if we conceive a Line <lb/>
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1090 <anchor type="note" xlink:label="note-0036-02a" xlink:href="note-0036-02"/>
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1091 iſſuing from the Eye towards the Point D, and <lb/>another from the Point A towards the Point E; <lb/></s>
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1092 <s xml:id="echoid-s518" xml:space="preserve">theſe two Lines will be parallel, becauſe they <lb/>are in parallel Planes, aud each make half a <lb/>right Angle with the Perſpective Plane; </s>
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1093 <s xml:id="echoid-s519" xml:space="preserve">whence
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1094 <pb file="0037" n="38"/>
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1095 <pb file="0037a" n="39"/>
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1096 <anchor type="figure" xlink:label="fig-0037a-01a" xlink:href="fig-0037a-01"/>
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1097 <anchor type="figure" xlink:label="fig-0037a-02a" xlink:href="fig-0037a-02"/>
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1098 <anchor type="figure" xlink:label="fig-0037a-03a" xlink:href="fig-0037a-03"/>
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1099 <pb file="0038" n="40"/>
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1100 <pb o="17" file="0039" n="41" rhead="on PERSPECTIVE."/>
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1101 the Appearance of the Line A E, is <anchor type="note" xlink:href="" symbol="*"/> a Part of
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1102 <anchor type="note" xlink:label="note-0039-01a" xlink:href="note-0039-01"/>
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1103 the Line E D. </s>
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1104 <s xml:id="echoid-s520" xml:space="preserve">Now, ſince the Point A is in <lb/>the two Lines A B, A E; </s>
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1105 <s xml:id="echoid-s521" xml:space="preserve">the Appearance of <lb/>the ſaid Point will likewiſe be in the Appear-<lb/>ances of the aforeſaid two Lines, and conſequent-<lb/>ly is in the Point a, the common Section of B V <lb/>and E D.</s>
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1106 <s xml:id="echoid-s522" xml:space="preserve"/>
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1107 </p>
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1108 <div xml:id="echoid-div58" type="float" level="2" n="1">
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1109 <note symbol="*" position="left" xlink:label="note-0036-02" xlink:href="note-0036-02a" xml:space="preserve">16.</note>
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1110 <figure xlink:label="fig-0037a-01" xlink:href="fig-0037a-01a">
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1111 <caption xml:id="echoid-caption5" style="it" xml:space="preserve">Plate 2.<lb/>page 16.<lb/>Fig. 5.</caption>
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1112 <variables xml:id="echoid-variables5" xml:space="preserve">@ O H F c d E D C G</variables>
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1113 </figure>
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1114 <figure xlink:label="fig-0037a-02" xlink:href="fig-0037a-02a">
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1115 <caption xml:id="echoid-caption6" style="it" xml:space="preserve">Fig. 6.</caption>
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1116 <variables xml:id="echoid-variables6" xml:space="preserve">E D O @ c F a b A C B G</variables>
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1117 </figure>
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1118 <figure xlink:label="fig-0037a-03" xlink:href="fig-0037a-03a">
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1119 <caption xml:id="echoid-caption7" style="it" xml:space="preserve">Fig. 7.</caption>
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1120 <variables xml:id="echoid-variables7" xml:space="preserve">D F H V C X a I B G E Z A</variables>
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1121 </figure>
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1122 <note symbol="*" position="right" xlink:label="note-0039-01" xlink:href="note-0039-01a" xml:space="preserve">13.</note>
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1123 </div>
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1124 </div>
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1125 <div xml:id="echoid-div60" type="section" level="1" n="30">
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1126 <head xml:id="echoid-head32" xml:space="preserve"><emph style="sc">Remarks</emph>.</head>
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1127 <p>
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1128 <s xml:id="echoid-s523" xml:space="preserve">24. </s>
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1129 <s xml:id="echoid-s524" xml:space="preserve">If the Diſtance of the Eye be ſo great, that <lb/>one of the Points of Diſtance cannot be deno-<lb/>ted upon the horizontal Line; </s>
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1130 <s xml:id="echoid-s525" xml:space="preserve">another Point, F, <lb/>muſt be uſed, diſtant from the Point of Sight <lb/>by about one third, or fourth Part of the Di-<lb/>ſtance of the Eye. </s>
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1131 <s xml:id="echoid-s526" xml:space="preserve">But then, a correſpondent <lb/>Part of the Perpendicular A B muſt be likewiſe <lb/>taken, and laid off from B to G, in the Baſe <lb/>Line.</s>
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1132 <s xml:id="echoid-s527" xml:space="preserve"/>
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1133 </p>
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1134 <p>
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1135 <s xml:id="echoid-s528" xml:space="preserve">25. </s>
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1136 <s xml:id="echoid-s529" xml:space="preserve">And in this manner may the Repreſentation <lb/>of a very diſtant Point be found, if its Diſtance <lb/>from the Perſpective Plane be known, together <lb/>with the Place wherein a Perpendicular drawn <lb/>from that Point cuts the Baſe Line. </s>
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1137 <s xml:id="echoid-s530" xml:space="preserve">For, having <lb/>firſt drawn a Line, as B V, from the ſaid Point <lb/>of Concurrence to the Point of Sight, then B E <lb/>muſt be aſſum’d in the Baſe Line; </s>
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1138 <s xml:id="echoid-s531" xml:space="preserve">for Example, <lb/>equal to the tenth Part of the Diſtance of the <lb/>Point whoſe Repreſentation is ſought; </s>
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1139 <s xml:id="echoid-s532" xml:space="preserve">and V H <lb/>in the Horizontal Line, likewiſe equal to the <lb/>tenth Part of the Eye’s Diſtance. </s>
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1140 <s xml:id="echoid-s533" xml:space="preserve">Then C, the <lb/>Interſection of B V and E H, will be the Appear-<lb/>ance ſought.</s>
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1141 <s xml:id="echoid-s534" xml:space="preserve"/>
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1142 </p>
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1143 <p>
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1144 <s xml:id="echoid-s535" xml:space="preserve">Note, By this Method may be found the Deep-<lb/>nings in Pictures.</s>
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1145 <s xml:id="echoid-s536" xml:space="preserve"/>
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1146 </p>
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1147 <p>
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1148 <s xml:id="echoid-s537" xml:space="preserve">The Appearance of the Point A may yet be <lb/>otherwiſe found, without drawing the Line B V <lb/>from the Point A, in taking B I equal to B A,
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1149 <pb o="18" file="0040" n="42" rhead="An ESSAY"/>
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1150 and drawing a Line from the Point I to the <lb/>other Point of Diſtance; </s>
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1151 <s xml:id="echoid-s538" xml:space="preserve">which, by its Inter-<lb/>ſection with E D, will give the Appearance of <lb/>the Point A.</s>
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1152 <s xml:id="echoid-s539" xml:space="preserve"/>
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1153 </p>
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1154 </div>
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1155 <div xml:id="echoid-div61" type="section" level="1" n="31">
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1156 <head xml:id="echoid-head33" xml:space="preserve"><emph style="sc">Method</emph> II.</head>
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1157 <p>
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1158 <s xml:id="echoid-s540" xml:space="preserve">26. </s>
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1159 <s xml:id="echoid-s541" xml:space="preserve">γ is the Horizontal Plane, X the Perſpe-<lb/>ctive Plane, Z the Geometrical Plane, O the Eye, <lb/>D C the Horizontal Line, B E the Baſe Line, and <lb/>A the given Point.</s>
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1160 <s xml:id="echoid-s542" xml:space="preserve"/>
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1161 </p>
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1162 <note position="left" xml:space="preserve">Fig. 8.</note>
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1163 </div>
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1164 <div xml:id="echoid-div62" type="section" level="1" n="32">
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1165 <head xml:id="echoid-head34" xml:space="preserve"><emph style="sc">Operation</emph>.</head>
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1166 <p>
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1167 <s xml:id="echoid-s543" xml:space="preserve">Draw a Line from the Point A, to the Eye O, cut-<lb/>ting the Baſe Line in the Point B, and the Horizon-<lb/>tal Line in the Point C: </s>
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1168 <s xml:id="echoid-s544" xml:space="preserve">Then aſſume B E in the <lb/>Baſe Line, equal to B A; </s>
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1169 <s xml:id="echoid-s545" xml:space="preserve">and C D in the Hori-<lb/>zontal Line, equal to C O; </s>
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1170 <s xml:id="echoid-s546" xml:space="preserve">and join the Points <lb/>E and D, by a Line cutting the Line A O in <lb/>the Point a; </s>
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1171 <s xml:id="echoid-s547" xml:space="preserve">which will be the Appearance <lb/>ſought.</s>
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1172 <s xml:id="echoid-s548" xml:space="preserve"/>
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1173 </p>
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1174 </div>
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1175 <div xml:id="echoid-div63" type="section" level="1" n="33">
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1176 <head xml:id="echoid-head35" xml:space="preserve"><emph style="sc">Demonstration</emph>.</head>
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1177 <p>
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1178 <s xml:id="echoid-s549" xml:space="preserve">27. </s>
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1179 <s xml:id="echoid-s550" xml:space="preserve">The Triangle O D C in the Horizontal <lb/>Plane, is ſimilar to the Triangle A B E in the <lb/>Geometrical Plane; </s>
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1180 <s xml:id="echoid-s551" xml:space="preserve">and conſequently A B is pa-<lb/>rallel to O C, and A E to O D. </s>
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1181 <s xml:id="echoid-s552" xml:space="preserve">But the Appear-<lb/>ance of A muſt <anchor type="note" xlink:href="" symbol="*"/> be in the Lines B C, and E D;</s>
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1182 <s xml:id="echoid-s553" xml:space="preserve">
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1183 <anchor type="note" xlink:label="note-0040-02a" xlink:href="note-0040-02"/>
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1184 and therefore it will be in a, their Interſection.</s>
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1185 <s xml:id="echoid-s554" xml:space="preserve"/>
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1186 </p>
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1187 <div xml:id="echoid-div63" type="float" level="2" n="1">
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1188 <note symbol="*" position="left" xlink:label="note-0040-02" xlink:href="note-0040-02a" xml:space="preserve"><unsure/>13.</note>
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1189 </div>
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1190 </div>
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1191 <div xml:id="echoid-div65" type="section" level="1" n="34">
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1192 <head xml:id="echoid-head36" xml:space="preserve"><emph style="sc">Remarks</emph>.</head>
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1193 <p>
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1194 <s xml:id="echoid-s555" xml:space="preserve">28. </s>
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1195 <s xml:id="echoid-s556" xml:space="preserve">If the Place wherein the Eye ought to be in <lb/>the Horizontal Plane be not known, but the Point <lb/>of Sight is; </s>
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1196 <s xml:id="echoid-s557" xml:space="preserve">then, to find the Place of the Eye, <lb/>a Perpendicular muſt be rais’d from the Point of
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1197 <pb o="19" file="0041" n="43" rhead="on PERSPECTIVE."/>
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1198 Sight to the Horizontal Line, equal in Length <lb/>to the principal Ray; </s>
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1199 <s xml:id="echoid-s558" xml:space="preserve">and the Extremity of this <lb/>Perpendicular will be the Point ſought.</s>
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1200 <s xml:id="echoid-s559" xml:space="preserve"/>
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1201 </p>
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1202 <p>
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1203 <s xml:id="echoid-s560" xml:space="preserve">If nothing is determin’d, the Place of the Eye <lb/>may be taken at pleaſure in the Horizontal <lb/>Plane.</s>
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1204 <s xml:id="echoid-s561" xml:space="preserve"/>
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1205 </p>
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1206 </div>
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1207 <div xml:id="echoid-div66" type="section" level="1" n="35">
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1208 <head xml:id="echoid-head37" xml:space="preserve"><emph style="sc">Method</emph> III.</head>
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1209 <p>
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1210 <s xml:id="echoid-s562" xml:space="preserve">29. </s>
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1211 <s xml:id="echoid-s563" xml:space="preserve">The ſame Things being given as in the <lb/>precedent Method, about the Eye O, as a Cen-<lb/>ter; </s>
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1212 <s xml:id="echoid-s564" xml:space="preserve">deſcribe the Arc of a Circle I H, touching <lb/>
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1213 <anchor type="note" xlink:label="note-0041-01a" xlink:href="note-0041-01"/>
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1214 the Horizontal Line.</s>
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1215 <s xml:id="echoid-s565" xml:space="preserve"/>
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1216 </p>
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1217 <div xml:id="echoid-div66" type="float" level="2" n="1">
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1218 <note position="right" xlink:label="note-0041-01" xlink:href="note-0041-01a" xml:space="preserve">Fig. 9.</note>
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1219 </div>
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1220 </div>
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1221 <div xml:id="echoid-div68" type="section" level="1" n="36">
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1222 <head xml:id="echoid-head38" xml:space="preserve"><emph style="sc">Operation</emph>.</head>
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1223 <p>
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1224 <s xml:id="echoid-s566" xml:space="preserve">About the given Point A, as a Center, de-<lb/>ſcribe the Arc of a Circle L C, touching the Baſe <lb/>Line: </s>
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1225 <s xml:id="echoid-s567" xml:space="preserve">Then draw two Lines, C H and L I, <lb/>touching the two Circles L C and H I; </s>
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1226 <s xml:id="echoid-s568" xml:space="preserve">and the <lb/>Point a, the Interſection of the ſaid two Lines, <lb/>will be the Appearance ſought.</s>
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1227 <s xml:id="echoid-s569" xml:space="preserve"/>
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1228 </p>
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1229 </div>
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1230 <div xml:id="echoid-div69" type="section" level="1" n="37">
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1231 <head xml:id="echoid-head39" xml:space="preserve"><emph style="sc">Demonstration</emph>.</head>
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1232 <p>
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1233 <s xml:id="echoid-s570" xml:space="preserve">30. </s>
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1234 <s xml:id="echoid-s571" xml:space="preserve">To demonſtrate this, draw the Line A B <lb/>perpendicular to the Baſe Line; </s>
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1235 <s xml:id="echoid-s572" xml:space="preserve">O V perpendi-<lb/>cular to the Horizontal Line; </s>
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1236 <s xml:id="echoid-s573" xml:space="preserve">and A C, O H <lb/>perpendicular to the Tangent H C. </s>
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1237 <s xml:id="echoid-s574" xml:space="preserve">All theſe <lb/>Perpendiculars will cut the Lines to which they <lb/>are perpendicular, in the Points wherein theſe <lb/>laſt touch the Circle L B C, or H V I. </s>
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1238 <s xml:id="echoid-s575" xml:space="preserve">Like-<lb/>wiſe draw the Line A E from the given Point <lb/>A, to the Point E, wherein the Line H C cuts <lb/>the Baſe Line. </s>
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1239 <s xml:id="echoid-s576" xml:space="preserve">Finally, draw O D, from the <lb/>Eye O to the Point D, wherein the ſaid Line <lb/>HC cuts the Horizontal Line.</s>
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1240 <s xml:id="echoid-s577" xml:space="preserve"/>
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1241 </p>
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1242 <pb o="20" file="0042" n="44" rhead="An ESSAY"/>
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1243 <p>
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1244 <s xml:id="echoid-s578" xml:space="preserve">Now, it is evident, <anchor type="note" xlink:href="" symbol="*"/> that to prove the Ap-
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1245 <anchor type="note" xlink:label="note-0042-01a" xlink:href="note-0042-01"/>
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1246 pearance of A is in the Line C H, we need but <lb/>demonſtrate that O D is parallel to A E; </s>
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1247 <s xml:id="echoid-s579" xml:space="preserve">which <lb/>may be done thus:</s>
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1248 <s xml:id="echoid-s580" xml:space="preserve"/>
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1249 </p>
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1250 <div xml:id="echoid-div69" type="float" level="2" n="1">
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1251 <note symbol="@" position="left" xlink:label="note-0042-01" xlink:href="note-0042-01a" xml:space="preserve">27.</note>
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1252 </div>
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1253 <p>
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1254 <s xml:id="echoid-s581" xml:space="preserve">Becauſe the Triangles O G V, and A B F, are <lb/>ſimilar. <lb/></s>
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1255 <s xml:id="echoid-s582" xml:space="preserve">A F: </s>
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1256 <s xml:id="echoid-s583" xml:space="preserve">A B:</s>
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1257 <s xml:id="echoid-s584" xml:space="preserve">: O G: </s>
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1258 <s xml:id="echoid-s585" xml:space="preserve">O V: </s>
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1259 <s xml:id="echoid-s586" xml:space="preserve"><lb/>altern. </s>
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1260 <s xml:id="echoid-s587" xml:space="preserve"><lb/>A F: </s>
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1261 <s xml:id="echoid-s588" xml:space="preserve">O G:</s>
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1262 <s xml:id="echoid-s589" xml:space="preserve">: A B: </s>
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1263 <s xml:id="echoid-s590" xml:space="preserve">O V: </s>
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1264 <s xml:id="echoid-s591" xml:space="preserve"><lb/>Divid. </s>
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1265 <s xml:id="echoid-s592" xml:space="preserve">and altern. </s>
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1266 <s xml:id="echoid-s593" xml:space="preserve">the firſt <lb/>Proportion. </s>
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1267 <s xml:id="echoid-s594" xml:space="preserve"><lb/>AF—AB (=CF): </s>
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1268 <s xml:id="echoid-s595" xml:space="preserve">O G—O V=HG:</s>
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1269 <s xml:id="echoid-s596" xml:space="preserve">:AB:</s>
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1270 <s xml:id="echoid-s597" xml:space="preserve">OV.</s>
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1271 <s xml:id="echoid-s598" xml:space="preserve"/>
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1272 </p>
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1273 <p>
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1274 <s xml:id="echoid-s599" xml:space="preserve">But becauſe the Triangles E C F, H G D are <lb/>ſimilar. <lb/></s>
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1275 <s xml:id="echoid-s600" xml:space="preserve">C F: </s>
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1276 <s xml:id="echoid-s601" xml:space="preserve">H G :</s>
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1277 <s xml:id="echoid-s602" xml:space="preserve">: E F : </s>
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1278 <s xml:id="echoid-s603" xml:space="preserve">G D.</s>
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1279 <s xml:id="echoid-s604" xml:space="preserve"/>
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1280 </p>
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1281 <p>
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1282 <s xml:id="echoid-s605" xml:space="preserve">Now, by obſerving the two laſt Proportions of <lb/>the other two Triangles, <lb/>E F: </s>
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1283 <s xml:id="echoid-s606" xml:space="preserve">G D:</s>
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1284 <s xml:id="echoid-s607" xml:space="preserve">: A F: </s>
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1285 <s xml:id="echoid-s608" xml:space="preserve">O G, <lb/>And the Angle A F E, being equal to the Angle <lb/>O G D, the Triangles A E F and O D G are <lb/>ſimilar; </s>
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1286 <s xml:id="echoid-s609" xml:space="preserve">and therefore A E is parallel to O D: <lb/></s>
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1287 <s xml:id="echoid-s610" xml:space="preserve">Which was to be demonſtrated.</s>
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1288 <s xml:id="echoid-s611" xml:space="preserve"/>
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1289 </p>
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1290 <p>
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1291 <s xml:id="echoid-s612" xml:space="preserve">After the ſame manner we prove, that the <lb/>Appearance of the Point A is in the Line L I, <lb/>and conſequently is in the Interſection of this <lb/>Line and HC.</s>
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1292 <s xml:id="echoid-s613" xml:space="preserve"/>
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1293 </p>
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1294 </div>
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1295 <div xml:id="echoid-div71" type="section" level="1" n="38">
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1296 <head xml:id="echoid-head40" xml:space="preserve"><emph style="sc">Remark</emph>.</head>
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1297 <p>
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1298 <s xml:id="echoid-s614" xml:space="preserve">Altho’ this Method appears more difficult than <lb/>the precedent one, as to the Geometrical Conſi-<lb/>deration thereof, yet the Operation is eaſier, if <lb/>the Points are not too far diſtant from the Baſe <lb/>Line: </s>
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1299 <s xml:id="echoid-s615" xml:space="preserve">For Lines may well enough be drawn by <lb/>Gueſs, or Sight only, to touch Circles, and Cir-<lb/>cles to touch Lines.</s>
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1300 <s xml:id="echoid-s616" xml:space="preserve"/>
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1301 </p>
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1302 <pb file="0043" n="45"/>
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1303 <pb file="0043a" n="46"/>
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1304 <figure>
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1305 <caption xml:id="echoid-caption8" style="it" xml:space="preserve">Plate. 3.<lb/>page 20<lb/>Fig. 8.</caption>
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1306 <variables xml:id="echoid-variables8" xml:space="preserve">O Y D C X æ B E Z A</variables>
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1307 </figure>
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1308 <figure>
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1309 <caption xml:id="echoid-caption9" style="it" xml:space="preserve">Fig. 9.</caption>
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1310 <variables xml:id="echoid-variables9" xml:space="preserve">O I Y H G D V X a B E F C Z L A</variables>
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1311 </figure>
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1312 <pb file="0044" n="47"/>
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1313 <pb o="21" file="0045" n="48" rhead="on PERSPECTIVE."/>
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1314 </div>
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1315 <div xml:id="echoid-div72" type="section" level="1" n="39">
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1316 <head xml:id="echoid-head41" xml:space="preserve"><emph style="sc">Method</emph>. IV.</head>
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1317 <p>
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1318 <s xml:id="echoid-s617" xml:space="preserve">31. </s>
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1319 <s xml:id="echoid-s618" xml:space="preserve">Draw the Line F O G through the Eye O, <lb/>parallel to the Baſe Line, then aſſume F O in <lb/>
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1320 <anchor type="note" xlink:label="note-0045-01a" xlink:href="note-0045-01"/>
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1321 this Line, equal to the Height of the Eye, and <lb/>O G equal to the Length of the principal Ray. <lb/></s>
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1322 <s xml:id="echoid-s619" xml:space="preserve">A is the given Point.</s>
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1323 <s xml:id="echoid-s620" xml:space="preserve"/>
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1324 </p>
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1325 <div xml:id="echoid-div72" type="float" level="2" n="1">
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1326 <note position="right" xlink:label="note-0045-01" xlink:href="note-0045-01a" xml:space="preserve">Fig. 10.</note>
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1327 </div>
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1328 </div>
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1329 <div xml:id="echoid-div74" type="section" level="1" n="40">
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1330 <head xml:id="echoid-head42" xml:space="preserve"><emph style="sc">Operation</emph>, <lb/>Without Compaſſes.</head>
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1331 <p>
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1332 <s xml:id="echoid-s621" xml:space="preserve">From the given Point A, draw the Lines AO, <lb/>A F, to the Points O and F, and from the <lb/>Point E, wherein A F cuts the Baſe Line, draw <lb/>the Line E G to the Point G; </s>
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1333 <s xml:id="echoid-s622" xml:space="preserve">then the Point a, <lb/>the Interſection of A O, and E G, is the Repre-<lb/>ſentation ſought.</s>
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1334 <s xml:id="echoid-s623" xml:space="preserve"/>
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1335 </p>
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1336 </div>
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1337 <div xml:id="echoid-div75" type="section" level="1" n="41">
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1338 <head xml:id="echoid-head43" xml:space="preserve"><emph style="sc">Demonstration</emph>.</head>
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1339 <p>
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1340 <s xml:id="echoid-s624" xml:space="preserve">Let fall the perpendicular G M from the Point <lb/>G, upon the Baſe Line, and through the Eye O, <lb/>draw the Line O D to the Point D, the Inter-<lb/>ſection of the Horizontal Line, and the Line G E.</s>
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1341 <s xml:id="echoid-s625" xml:space="preserve"/>
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1342 </p>
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1343 <p>
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1344 <s xml:id="echoid-s626" xml:space="preserve">Then becauſe the Triangles G D L, G E M are <lb/>fimilar, <lb/>G D: </s>
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1345 <s xml:id="echoid-s627" xml:space="preserve">G E:</s>
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1346 <s xml:id="echoid-s628" xml:space="preserve">: G L: </s>
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1347 <s xml:id="echoid-s629" xml:space="preserve">G M. <lb/></s>
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1348 <s xml:id="echoid-s630" xml:space="preserve">But G O is equal to G L, and G F to L M. </s>
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1349 <s xml:id="echoid-s631" xml:space="preserve"><lb/>whence <lb/>G D: </s>
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1350 <s xml:id="echoid-s632" xml:space="preserve">G E:</s>
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1351 <s xml:id="echoid-s633" xml:space="preserve">: G O: </s>
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1352 <s xml:id="echoid-s634" xml:space="preserve">G F.</s>
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1353 <s xml:id="echoid-s635" xml:space="preserve"/>
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1354 </p>
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1355 <p>
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1356 <s xml:id="echoid-s636" xml:space="preserve">And conſequenely the Triangles G O D: </s>
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1357 <s xml:id="echoid-s637" xml:space="preserve">and <lb/>G F E, are ſimilar, and the Lines O D, and <lb/>A E F, are parallel between themſelves; </s>
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1358 <s xml:id="echoid-s638" xml:space="preserve">and <lb/>therefore <anchor type="note" xlink:href="" symbol="*"/> the Appearance of A E, is a Part
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1359 <anchor type="note" xlink:label="note-0045-02a" xlink:href="note-0045-02"/>
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1360 of the Line E D G. </s>
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1361 <s xml:id="echoid-s639" xml:space="preserve">It has alſo been prov’d<anchor type="note" xlink:href="" symbol="*"/>,
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1362 <anchor type="note" xlink:label="note-0045-03a" xlink:href="note-0045-03"/>
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1363 that the Repreſentation of the Point A, is in the <lb/>Line A O; </s>
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1364 <s xml:id="echoid-s640" xml:space="preserve">therefore i@ is in a the Interſection
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1365 <pb o="22" file="0046" n="49" rhead="An ESSAY"/>
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1366 of this laſt Line, and the Line E D G, which was <lb/>to be demonſtrated.</s>
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1367 <s xml:id="echoid-s641" xml:space="preserve"/>
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1368 </p>
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1369 <div xml:id="echoid-div75" type="float" level="2" n="1">
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1370 <note symbol="*" position="right" xlink:label="note-0045-02" xlink:href="note-0045-02a" xml:space="preserve">13</note>
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1371 <note symbol="*" position="right" xlink:label="note-0045-03" xlink:href="note-0045-03a" xml:space="preserve">27.</note>
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1372 </div>
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1373 </div>
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1374 <div xml:id="echoid-div77" type="section" level="1" n="42">
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1375 <head xml:id="echoid-head44" xml:space="preserve"><emph style="sc">Remarks</emph>.</head>
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1376 <p>
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1377 <s xml:id="echoid-s642" xml:space="preserve">33. </s>
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1378 <s xml:id="echoid-s643" xml:space="preserve">By this Demonſtration it appears, that there <lb/>is no Neceſſity in taking G O exactly equal to <lb/>the Eye’s Diſtance, and O F equal to its Height: <lb/></s>
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1379 <s xml:id="echoid-s644" xml:space="preserve">But it is ſufficient if they have the ſame Propor-<lb/>tion, as the aforeſaid Diſtance has to the Height. </s>
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1380 <s xml:id="echoid-s645" xml:space="preserve"><lb/>Likewiſe there is no Neceſſity in aſſuming the <lb/>Points G and F, in a Line parallel to the Baſe <lb/>Line; </s>
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1381 <s xml:id="echoid-s646" xml:space="preserve">for any other Line paſſing through the <lb/>Eye O may be uſed at Pleaſure. </s>
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1382 <s xml:id="echoid-s647" xml:space="preserve">For Example, <lb/>let g O f be a Line any how drawn through the <lb/>Eye O, and take the Point g at Pleaſure in this <lb/>Line, through which draw alſo the Line g N I <lb/>at Pleaſure, cutting the Horizontal Line in N, <lb/>and the Baſe Line in I; </s>
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1383 <s xml:id="echoid-s648" xml:space="preserve">and draw the Line O N, <lb/>and through the Point I, draw the Line I f pa-<lb/>rallelthereto, cutting the Line g O f in f.</s>
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1384 <s xml:id="echoid-s649" xml:space="preserve"/>
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1385 </p>
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1386 <p>
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1387 <s xml:id="echoid-s650" xml:space="preserve">This being done, the Points g and f may be <lb/>uſed inſtead of G and F: </s>
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1388 <s xml:id="echoid-s651" xml:space="preserve">for among all the <lb/>Lines that can be drawn (as G N I) it is mani-<lb/>ſeſt, that g N will always be to g I:</s>
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1389 <s xml:id="echoid-s652" xml:space="preserve">: g O: </s>
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1390 <s xml:id="echoid-s653" xml:space="preserve">g f, <lb/>which is ſufficient for the Demonſtration.</s>
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1391 <s xml:id="echoid-s654" xml:space="preserve"/>
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1392 </p>
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1393 <p>
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1394 <s xml:id="echoid-s655" xml:space="preserve">If the Point f be firſt determin’d, the Point g <lb/>muſt be found by an Operation quite contrary <lb/>to that we have laid down.</s>
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1395 <s xml:id="echoid-s656" xml:space="preserve"/>
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1396 </p>
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1397 <p>
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1398 <s xml:id="echoid-s657" xml:space="preserve">34. </s>
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1399 <s xml:id="echoid-s658" xml:space="preserve">When nothing is determinate, we <lb/>may (a Baſe Line being firſt drawn) take at <lb/>Pleaſure, in another Line any how drawn, <lb/>the three Points g O f; </s>
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1400 <s xml:id="echoid-s659" xml:space="preserve">ſo that in this Caſe, there <lb/>is no Manner of Neceſſity to uſe Compaſſes, in <lb/>throwing any Figure whatſoever, which is on <lb/>the Geometrical Plane, into Perſpective. </s>
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1401 <s xml:id="echoid-s660" xml:space="preserve">But <lb/>if after having thus work’d, the Point of Sight, <lb/>Height and Diſtance of the Eye be requir’d, the
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1402 <pb o="23" file="0047" n="50" rhead="on PERSPECTIVE."/>
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1403 Perpendiculars f P, O H, muſt be let fall from <lb/>the Points f and O, on the Baſe Line, and the <lb/>Line P g drawn; </s>
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1404 <s xml:id="echoid-s661" xml:space="preserve">then the Point V, wherein it <lb/>cuts the Perpendicular O H, is the Point of Sight <lb/>ſought, and the Parts O V, and V H determine <lb/>the Height and Diſtance of the Eye.</s>
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1405 <s xml:id="echoid-s662" xml:space="preserve"/>
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1406 </p>
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1407 </div>
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1408 <div xml:id="echoid-div78" type="section" level="1" n="43">
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1409 <head xml:id="echoid-head45" xml:space="preserve"><emph style="sc">Method</emph> V.</head>
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1410 <p style="it">
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1411 <s xml:id="echoid-s663" xml:space="preserve">35. </s>
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1412 <s xml:id="echoid-s664" xml:space="preserve">When the Appearance of a Point is known,</s>
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1413 </p>
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1414 <p>
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1415 <s xml:id="echoid-s665" xml:space="preserve">Let A be a Point in the Geometrical Plane, <lb/>
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1416 <anchor type="note" xlink:label="note-0047-01a" xlink:href="note-0047-01"/>
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1417 and a its Repreſentation in the perſpective Plane, <lb/>it is requir’d to find the Appearance of the <lb/>Point B.</s>
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1418 <s xml:id="echoid-s666" xml:space="preserve"/>
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1419 </p>
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1420 <div xml:id="echoid-div78" type="float" level="2" n="1">
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1421 <note position="right" xlink:label="note-0047-01" xlink:href="note-0047-01a" xml:space="preserve">Fig. 11.</note>
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1422 </div>
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1423 </div>
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1424 <div xml:id="echoid-div80" type="section" level="1" n="44">
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1425 <head xml:id="echoid-head46" xml:space="preserve"><emph style="sc">Operation</emph>, <lb/>Without Compaſſes.</head>
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1426 <p>
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1427 <s xml:id="echoid-s667" xml:space="preserve">Draw a Line from the Point B to the Eye O, <lb/>and another from the Point E, wherein the <lb/>ſaid Line continued, cuts the Baſe Line, to the <lb/>Point A; </s>
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1428 <s xml:id="echoid-s668" xml:space="preserve">then draw the Line E a, and where <lb/>it cuts B O, is the Point b ſought.</s>
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1429 <s xml:id="echoid-s669" xml:space="preserve"/>
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1430 </p>
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1431 </div>
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1432 <div xml:id="echoid-div81" type="section" level="1" n="45">
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1433 <head xml:id="echoid-head47" xml:space="preserve"><emph style="sc">Demonstration</emph>.</head>
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1434 <p>
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1435 <s xml:id="echoid-s670" xml:space="preserve">The Point E is its own Repreſentation; </s>
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1436 <s xml:id="echoid-s671" xml:space="preserve">and <lb/>becauſe the Point a is the Repreſentation of A, <lb/>the Line E a is that of E A. </s>
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1437 <s xml:id="echoid-s672" xml:space="preserve">Now ſince the <lb/>Point B is in the Line E A, the Appearance of <lb/>this Point will be likewiſe in E a, as alſo <anchor type="note" xlink:href="" symbol="*"/> in
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1438 <anchor type="note" xlink:label="note-0047-02a" xlink:href="note-0047-02"/>
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1439 B O; </s>
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1440 <s xml:id="echoid-s673" xml:space="preserve">therefore it is in b the Interſection of the <lb/>Lines E a, and B O.</s>
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1441 <s xml:id="echoid-s674" xml:space="preserve"/>
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1442 </p>
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1443 <div xml:id="echoid-div81" type="float" level="2" n="1">
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1444 <note symbol="*" position="right" xlink:label="note-0047-02" xlink:href="note-0047-02a" xml:space="preserve">27.</note>
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1445 </div>
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1446 </div>
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1447 <div xml:id="echoid-div83" type="section" level="1" n="46">
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1448 <head xml:id="echoid-head48" xml:space="preserve"><emph style="sc">Remark</emph>.</head>
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1449 <p>
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1450 <s xml:id="echoid-s675" xml:space="preserve">37. </s>
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1451 <s xml:id="echoid-s676" xml:space="preserve">If the Point A be in the Line B O, or <lb/>the Line B A be parallel, or a very little inclined <lb/>to the Baſe Line, we cannot then uſe this Me-
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1452 <pb o="24" file="0048" n="51" rhead="An ESSAY"/>
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1453 thod, unleſs by Means of the Point A, the Ap-<lb/>pearance of ſome other Point taken at Pleaſure <lb/>upon the Geometrical Plane be found, by Means <lb/>of which, the Appearance of the Point B may <lb/>be afterwards gotten; </s>
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1454 <s xml:id="echoid-s677" xml:space="preserve">but in theſe Caſes, the <lb/>ſhorteſt Way, is to uſe ſome one of the precedent <lb/>Methods.</s>
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1455 <s xml:id="echoid-s678" xml:space="preserve"/>
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1456 </p>
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1457 </div>
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1458 <div xml:id="echoid-div84" type="section" level="1" n="47">
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1459 <head xml:id="echoid-head49" xml:space="preserve"><emph style="sc">Corollary</emph>.</head>
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1460 <p>
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1461 <s xml:id="echoid-s679" xml:space="preserve">38. </s>
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1462 <s xml:id="echoid-s680" xml:space="preserve">It appears from this Method, that when <lb/>the Repreſentations of two Points are found, <lb/>the Appearance of any third Point whatſoever <lb/>may be had, without having any Regard to the <lb/>Situation of the Eye; </s>
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1463 <s xml:id="echoid-s681" xml:space="preserve">becauſe two Lines as E a <lb/>may be drawn, whoſe Interſection will be the <lb/>Point ſought.</s>
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1464 <s xml:id="echoid-s682" xml:space="preserve"/>
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1465 </p>
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1466 </div>
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1467 <div xml:id="echoid-div85" type="section" level="1" n="48">
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1468 <head xml:id="echoid-head50" xml:space="preserve"><emph style="sc">Method</emph> VI.</head>
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1469 <p>
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1470 <s xml:id="echoid-s683" xml:space="preserve">39. </s>
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1471 <s xml:id="echoid-s684" xml:space="preserve">The ſame things being given, as in the <lb/>
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1472 <anchor type="note" xlink:label="note-0048-01a" xlink:href="note-0048-01"/>
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1473 ſecond Method, let F C be the Geometrical Line.</s>
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1474 <s xml:id="echoid-s685" xml:space="preserve"/>
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1475 </p>
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1476 <div xml:id="echoid-div85" type="float" level="2" n="1">
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1477 <note position="left" xlink:label="note-0048-01" xlink:href="note-0048-01a" xml:space="preserve">Fig. 12.</note>
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1478 </div>
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1479 </div>
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1480 <div xml:id="echoid-div87" type="section" level="1" n="49">
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1481 <head xml:id="echoid-head51" xml:space="preserve"><emph style="sc">Operation</emph>.</head>
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1482 <p>
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1483 <s xml:id="echoid-s686" xml:space="preserve">Draw two Lines A F and A C from the given <lb/>Point A at Pleaſure, cutting the Baſe Line in the <lb/>Points E and B, and interſecting the Geometri-<lb/>cal Line in the Points F and C. </s>
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1484 <s xml:id="echoid-s687" xml:space="preserve">From theſe <lb/>two laſt Points draw the Lines F O and C O to <lb/>the Eye; </s>
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1485 <s xml:id="echoid-s688" xml:space="preserve">then draw E a through the Point E, <lb/>parallel to F O, and B a through the Point B, <lb/>parallel to C O, and the Point a the Interſection <lb/>of theſe two Lines will be that ſought.</s>
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1486 <s xml:id="echoid-s689" xml:space="preserve"/>
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1487 </p>
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1488 <p>
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1489 <s xml:id="echoid-s690" xml:space="preserve">Note, We might firſt have drawn the Lines <lb/>O F and O C at Pleaſure, and then have drawn <lb/>the Lines AC and A F through their Concur-
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1490 <pb file="0049" n="52"/>
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1491 <pb file="0049a" n="53"/>
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1492 <anchor type="figure" xlink:label="fig-0049a-01a" xlink:href="fig-0049a-01"/>
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1493 <pb file="0050" n="54"/>
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1494 <pb o="25" file="0051" n="55" rhead="on PERSPECTIVE."/>
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1495 rence with the Geometrical Line; </s>
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1496 <s xml:id="echoid-s691" xml:space="preserve">which would <lb/>come to the ſame thing.</s>
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1497 <s xml:id="echoid-s692" xml:space="preserve"/>
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1498 </p>
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1499 <div xml:id="echoid-div87" type="float" level="2" n="1">
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1500 <figure xlink:label="fig-0049a-01" xlink:href="fig-0049a-01a">
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1501 <caption xml:id="echoid-caption10" xml:space="preserve">Plate 4.<lb/>Page 24.<lb/>Fig. 10.</caption>
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1502 <variables xml:id="echoid-variables10" xml:space="preserve">f F O G g V D N L a P E H I M A</variables>
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1503 </figure>
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1504 </div>
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1505 </div>
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1506 <div xml:id="echoid-div89" type="section" level="1" n="50">
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1507 <head xml:id="echoid-head52" xml:space="preserve"><emph style="sc">Demonstration</emph>.</head>
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1508 <p>
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1509 <s xml:id="echoid-s693" xml:space="preserve">Firſt continue the Line E a, until it meets <lb/>the Horizontal Line in D, and draw a Line <lb/>from D to the Eye, and another through the Eye <lb/>parallel to the Baſe Line.</s>
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1510 <s xml:id="echoid-s694" xml:space="preserve"/>
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1511 </p>
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1512 <p>
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1513 <s xml:id="echoid-s695" xml:space="preserve">Then the Parallels O M and F C are at the <lb/>ſame Diſtance from each other, as L D is from <lb/>E B; </s>
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1514 <s xml:id="echoid-s696" xml:space="preserve">whence it follows, that F O is equal to E D, <lb/>and therefore O D is parallel to A F. </s>
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1515 <s xml:id="echoid-s697" xml:space="preserve">Whence <anchor type="note" xlink:href="" symbol="*"/>
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1516 <anchor type="note" xlink:label="note-0051-01a" xlink:href="note-0051-01"/>
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1517 the Appearance of E A, is a Part of E D. </s>
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1518 <s xml:id="echoid-s698" xml:space="preserve">And <lb/>after the ſame Manner we prove, that the Re-<lb/>preſentation of B A is a Part of B a.</s>
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1519 <s xml:id="echoid-s699" xml:space="preserve"/>
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1520 </p>
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1521 <div xml:id="echoid-div89" type="float" level="2" n="1">
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1522 <note symbol="*" position="right" xlink:label="note-0051-01" xlink:href="note-0051-01a" xml:space="preserve">13:</note>
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1523 </div>
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1524 </div>
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1525 <div xml:id="echoid-div91" type="section" level="1" n="51">
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1526 <head xml:id="echoid-head53" xml:space="preserve"><emph style="sc">Remarks</emph>.</head>
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1527 <p>
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1528 <s xml:id="echoid-s700" xml:space="preserve">40. </s>
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1529 <s xml:id="echoid-s701" xml:space="preserve">When there are no Lines drawn, and we <lb/>would uſe this Method, the Horizontal Line <lb/>may be laid aſide; </s>
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1530 <s xml:id="echoid-s702" xml:space="preserve">and then having firſt drawn <lb/>the Geometrical Line, whoſe Diſtance from <lb/>the Baſe Line is equal to the Length of the Ray, <lb/>we aſſume the Diſtance from the Eye to the <lb/>Geometrical Line, equal to the Height of the <lb/>Eye.</s>
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1531 <s xml:id="echoid-s703" xml:space="preserve"/>
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1532 </p>
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1533 <p>
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1534 <s xml:id="echoid-s704" xml:space="preserve">Although this Method appears uſeleſs, as being <lb/>more difficult than the precedent ones, yet in <lb/>the Eighth Chapter we have ſhewn the Uſe that <lb/>may be drawn from it.</s>
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1535 <s xml:id="echoid-s705" xml:space="preserve"/>
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1536 </p>
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1537 </div>
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1538 <div xml:id="echoid-div92" type="section" level="1" n="52">
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1539 <head xml:id="echoid-head54" xml:space="preserve"><emph style="sc">Corollary</emph>.</head>
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1540 <p>
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1541 <s xml:id="echoid-s706" xml:space="preserve">41. </s>
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1542 <s xml:id="echoid-s707" xml:space="preserve">It follows from this Demonſtration, that <lb/>the Appearances of Lines paſſing through the <lb/>Station Point, are all perpendicular to the Baſe <lb/>Line; </s>
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1543 <s xml:id="echoid-s708" xml:space="preserve">for if the Perpendicular O S be let fall
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1544 <pb o="26" file="0052" n="56" rhead="An ESSAY"/>
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1545 from the Eye O upon the Baſe Line, the Appear-<lb/>ances of all Lines paſſing through S, will be <lb/>perpendicular to the Baſe Line; </s>
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1546 <s xml:id="echoid-s709" xml:space="preserve">but the ſaid <lb/>Point S is the Station Point. </s>
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1547 <s xml:id="echoid-s710" xml:space="preserve">Whence, &amp;</s>
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1548 <s xml:id="echoid-s711" xml:space="preserve">c.</s>
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1549 <s xml:id="echoid-s712" xml:space="preserve"/>
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1550 </p>
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1551 </div>
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1552 <div xml:id="echoid-div93" type="section" level="1" n="53">
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1553 <head xml:id="echoid-head55" xml:space="preserve"><emph style="sc">Problem</emph> II.</head>
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1554 <p style="it">
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1555 <s xml:id="echoid-s713" xml:space="preserve">42. </s>
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1556 <s xml:id="echoid-s714" xml:space="preserve">To throw a Line in the Geometrical Plane <lb/>into Perſpective.</s>
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1557 <s xml:id="echoid-s715" xml:space="preserve"/>
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1558 </p>
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1559 <p>
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1560 <s xml:id="echoid-s716" xml:space="preserve">It has been ſhewn <anchor type="note" xlink:href="" symbol="*"/>, that to have the Repre-
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1561 <anchor type="note" xlink:label="note-0052-01a" xlink:href="note-0052-01"/>
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1562 ſentation of a right Line, the Perſpective of <lb/>the Extremes of the ſaid Line, need only be <lb/>found; </s>
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1563 <s xml:id="echoid-s717" xml:space="preserve">and although it is difficult to find <anchor type="note" xlink:href="" symbol="*"/> the
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1564 <anchor type="note" xlink:label="note-0052-02a" xlink:href="note-0052-02"/>
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1565 Repreſentation of two Points, nevertheleſs I <lb/>ſhall ſhew here how to find more eaſy the Re-<lb/>preſentation of a Line in ſome Caſes.</s>
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1566 <s xml:id="echoid-s718" xml:space="preserve"/>
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1567 </p>
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1568 <div xml:id="echoid-div93" type="float" level="2" n="1">
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1569 <note symbol="*" position="left" xlink:label="note-0052-01" xlink:href="note-0052-01a" xml:space="preserve">21.</note>
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1570 <note symbol="*" position="left" xlink:label="note-0052-02" xlink:href="note-0052-02a" xml:space="preserve">22.</note>
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1571 </div>
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1572 <p>
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1573 <s xml:id="echoid-s719" xml:space="preserve">1. </s>
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1574 <s xml:id="echoid-s720" xml:space="preserve">Let A B be a Line parallel to the Baſe <lb/>
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1575 <anchor type="note" xlink:label="note-0052-03a" xlink:href="note-0052-03"/>
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1576 Line: </s>
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1577 <s xml:id="echoid-s721" xml:space="preserve">To draw the Repreſentation of which, <lb/>having firſt found the Point a the Appearance <lb/>of A, one of the Ends of the given Line; </s>
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1578 <s xml:id="echoid-s722" xml:space="preserve">af-<lb/>terwards through that Appearance, draw a Pa-<lb/>rallel to the Baſe Line; </s>
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1579 <s xml:id="echoid-s723" xml:space="preserve">then the Line B O, <lb/>drawn from B to the Eye O, will cut the ſaid <lb/>parallel in the Point b, and b a will be the Re-<lb/>preſentation ſought.</s>
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1580 <s xml:id="echoid-s724" xml:space="preserve"/>
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1581 </p>
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1582 <div xml:id="echoid-div94" type="float" level="2" n="2">
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1583 <note position="left" xlink:label="note-0052-03" xlink:href="note-0052-03a" xml:space="preserve">Fig. 13.</note>
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1584 </div>
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1585 <p>
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1586 <s xml:id="echoid-s725" xml:space="preserve">43. </s>
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1587 <s xml:id="echoid-s726" xml:space="preserve">2. </s>
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1588 <s xml:id="echoid-s727" xml:space="preserve">Let C G be a Line, which continued <lb/>out, cuts the baſe Line in E. </s>
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1589 <s xml:id="echoid-s728" xml:space="preserve">Now to draw the <lb/>Appearance thereof; </s>
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1590 <s xml:id="echoid-s729" xml:space="preserve">through the Eye O, draw a <lb/>Line parallel thereto, cutting the Horizontal <lb/>Line in D, and joyn the Points E and D, by <lb/>the Line E D, which cut in the Points c and g, <lb/>by Lines drawn from C and G to the Eye; </s>
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1591 <s xml:id="echoid-s730" xml:space="preserve">then <lb/>the Part c g of the Line E D, is the Appearance <lb/>ſought.</s>
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1592 <s xml:id="echoid-s731" xml:space="preserve"/>
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1593 </p>
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1594 </div>
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1595 <div xml:id="echoid-div96" type="section" level="1" n="54">
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1596 <head xml:id="echoid-head56" xml:space="preserve"><emph style="sc">Remark</emph>.</head>
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1597 <p>
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1598 <s xml:id="echoid-s732" xml:space="preserve">If the Lines G O and C O cut E D very ob-<lb/>liquely, and ſo their Interſection cannot be ex-
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1599 <pb file="0053" n="57"/>
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1600 <pb file="0053a" n="58"/>
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1601 <anchor type="figure" xlink:label="fig-0053a-01a" xlink:href="fig-0053a-01"/>
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1602 <anchor type="figure" xlink:label="fig-0053a-02a" xlink:href="fig-0053a-02"/>
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1603 <pb file="0054" n="59"/>
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1604 <pb o="27" file="0055" n="60" rhead="on PERSPECTIVE."/>
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1605 actly determined, this Method ought not then to <lb/>be uſed.</s>
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1606 <s xml:id="echoid-s733" xml:space="preserve"/>
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1607 </p>
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1608 <div xml:id="echoid-div96" type="float" level="2" n="1">
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1609 <figure xlink:label="fig-0053a-01" xlink:href="fig-0053a-01a">
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1610 <caption xml:id="echoid-caption11" style="it" xml:space="preserve">Plate 5.<lb/>page 26.<lb/>Fig. 11.</caption>
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1611 <variables xml:id="echoid-variables11" xml:space="preserve">O Y b X a E Z A B</variables>
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1612 </figure>
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1613 <figure xlink:label="fig-0053a-02" xlink:href="fig-0053a-02a">
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1614 <caption xml:id="echoid-caption12" style="it" xml:space="preserve">Fig. 12.</caption>
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1615 <variables xml:id="echoid-variables12" xml:space="preserve">M O Y F S C L D X a E B Z A</variables>
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1616 </figure>
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1617 </div>
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1618 </div>
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1619 <div xml:id="echoid-div98" type="section" level="1" n="55">
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1620 <head xml:id="echoid-head57" xml:space="preserve"><emph style="sc">Problem</emph> III.</head>
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1621 <p style="it">
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1622 <s xml:id="echoid-s734" xml:space="preserve">44. </s>
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1623 <s xml:id="echoid-s735" xml:space="preserve">To find the Appearance of the Diviſions of a <lb/>Line in the Geometrical Plane.</s>
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1624 <s xml:id="echoid-s736" xml:space="preserve"/>
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1625 </p>
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1626 <p>
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1627 <s xml:id="echoid-s737" xml:space="preserve">Let A B be a Line, whoſe Appearance is ab. <lb/></s>
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1628 <s xml:id="echoid-s738" xml:space="preserve">
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1629 <anchor type="note" xlink:label="note-0055-01a" xlink:href="note-0055-01"/>
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1630 Now to find the Repreſentation of the Diviſions <lb/>of this Line, there muſt be Lines drawn from <lb/>the Diviſions of the Line to the Eye, whoſe <lb/>Interſections with a b will give the Points <lb/>ſought.</s>
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1631 <s xml:id="echoid-s739" xml:space="preserve"/>
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1632 </p>
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1633 <div xml:id="echoid-div98" type="float" level="2" n="1">
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1634 <note position="right" xlink:label="note-0055-01" xlink:href="note-0055-01a" xml:space="preserve">Fig. 14.</note>
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1635 </div>
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1636 <p>
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1637 <s xml:id="echoid-s740" xml:space="preserve">Note, When theſe Lines very obliquely cut <lb/>a b, the following Way ought to uſed.</s>
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1638 <s xml:id="echoid-s741" xml:space="preserve"/>
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1639 </p>
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1640 </div>
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1641 <div xml:id="echoid-div100" type="section" level="1" n="56">
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1642 <head xml:id="echoid-head58" xml:space="preserve"><emph style="sc">Method</emph>. II.</head>
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1643 <p>
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1644 <s xml:id="echoid-s742" xml:space="preserve">45. </s>
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1645 <s xml:id="echoid-s743" xml:space="preserve">To find the Repreſentations of the Di-<lb/>viſions of the Line G C, make choice of the <lb/>
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1646 <anchor type="note" xlink:label="note-0055-02a" xlink:href="note-0055-02"/>
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1647 Point D at Pleaſure without this Line, and find <lb/>
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1648 <anchor type="note" xlink:href="" symbol="*"/> the Repreſentation d thereof; </s>
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1649 <s xml:id="echoid-s744" xml:space="preserve">then draw Lines
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1650 <anchor type="note" xlink:label="note-0055-03a" xlink:href="note-0055-03"/>
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1651 through the propoſed Diviſions to the Point D; <lb/></s>
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1652 <s xml:id="echoid-s745" xml:space="preserve">and from the Points wherein theſe Lines con-<lb/>tinued out cut the Baſe Line, draw other Lines <lb/>through the Repreſentation d, which will cut c g <lb/>the Repreſentation of C G in the Points ſought.</s>
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1653 <s xml:id="echoid-s746" xml:space="preserve"/>
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1654 </p>
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1655 <div xml:id="echoid-div100" type="float" level="2" n="1">
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1656 <note position="right" xlink:label="note-0055-02" xlink:href="note-0055-02a" xml:space="preserve">Fig. 14.</note>
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1657 <note symbol="*" position="right" xlink:label="note-0055-03" xlink:href="note-0055-03a" xml:space="preserve">21.</note>
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1658 </div>
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1659 </div>
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1660 <div xml:id="echoid-div102" type="section" level="1" n="57">
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1661 <head xml:id="echoid-head59" xml:space="preserve"><emph style="sc">Problem</emph> IV.</head>
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1662 <p style="it">
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1663 <s xml:id="echoid-s747" xml:space="preserve">46. </s>
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1664 <s xml:id="echoid-s748" xml:space="preserve">To throw a Polygon, or any other regular <lb/>Figure on the Geometrical Plane into Perſpective.</s>
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1665 <s xml:id="echoid-s749" xml:space="preserve"/>
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1666 </p>
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1667 <p>
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1668 <s xml:id="echoid-s750" xml:space="preserve">The Repreſentation of any Kinds of Figures <lb/>may be found <anchor type="note" xlink:href="" symbol="*"/> by any one of the Methods of
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1669 <anchor type="note" xlink:label="note-0055-04a" xlink:href="note-0055-04"/>
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1670 Problem I. </s>
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1671 <s xml:id="echoid-s751" xml:space="preserve">the fourth in general is the eaſieſt; <lb/></s>
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1672 <s xml:id="echoid-s752" xml:space="preserve">and may be firſt uſed in finding <anchor type="note" xlink:href="" symbol="*"/> the Repre-
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1673 <anchor type="note" xlink:label="note-0055-05a" xlink:href="note-0055-05"/>
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1674 ſentations of Points, or ſometimes of one <lb/>only; </s>
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1675 <s xml:id="echoid-s753" xml:space="preserve">and then the fifth Method ſerves <anchor type="note" xlink:href="" symbol="*"/> for
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1676 <anchor type="note" xlink:label="note-0055-06a" xlink:href="note-0055-06"/>
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1677 <pb o="28" file="0056" n="61" rhead="An ESSAY"/>
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1678 ſinding the reſt. </s>
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1679 <s xml:id="echoid-s754" xml:space="preserve">But yet the Work may be <lb/>ſhorten’d by the two precedent Problems, as we <lb/>ſhall ſhew in the following Examples.</s>
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1680 <s xml:id="echoid-s755" xml:space="preserve"/>
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1681 </p>
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1682 <div xml:id="echoid-div102" type="float" level="2" n="1">
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1683 <note symbol="*" position="right" xlink:label="note-0055-04" xlink:href="note-0055-04a" xml:space="preserve">21.</note>
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1684 <note symbol="*" position="right" xlink:label="note-0055-05" xlink:href="note-0055-05a" xml:space="preserve">22.</note>
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1685 <note symbol="*" position="right" xlink:label="note-0055-06" xlink:href="note-0055-06a" xml:space="preserve">31.</note>
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1686 </div>
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1687 </div>
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1688 <div xml:id="echoid-div104" type="section" level="1" n="58">
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1689 <head xml:id="echoid-head60" xml:space="preserve"><emph style="sc">Example</emph> I.</head>
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1690 <p style="it">
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1691 <s xml:id="echoid-s756" xml:space="preserve">To throw a Pentagon having one Side parallel to <lb/>the Baſe Line, into Perſpective.</s>
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1692 <s xml:id="echoid-s757" xml:space="preserve"/>
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1693 </p>
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1694 <p>
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1695 <s xml:id="echoid-s758" xml:space="preserve">Let A B C D E, be the propoſed Pentagon, <lb/>
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1696 <anchor type="note" xlink:label="note-0056-01a" xlink:href="note-0056-01"/>
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1697 wherein draw the Line B D which will be paral-<lb/>lel to A E, becauſe the Pentagon is a regular <lb/>one.</s>
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1698 <s xml:id="echoid-s759" xml:space="preserve"/>
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1699 </p>
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1700 <div xml:id="echoid-div104" type="float" level="2" n="1">
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1701 <note position="left" xlink:label="note-0056-01" xlink:href="note-0056-01a" xml:space="preserve">Fig. 15.</note>
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1702 </div>
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1703 <p>
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1704 <s xml:id="echoid-s760" xml:space="preserve">Now find <anchor type="note" xlink:href="" symbol="*"/> the Repreſentation of the ſaid two
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1705 <anchor type="note" xlink:label="note-0056-02a" xlink:href="note-0056-02"/>
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1706 Lines A E and B D, and you will have the Re-<lb/>preſentation of four of the Corners of the Pen-<lb/>tagon; </s>
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1707 <s xml:id="echoid-s761" xml:space="preserve">and to determine the Repreſentation of <lb/>the fifth Corner, find <anchor type="note" xlink:href="" symbol="*"/> the Appearance of a
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1708 <anchor type="note" xlink:label="note-0056-03a" xlink:href="note-0056-03"/>
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1709 Line drawn from C to E, which in this Example <lb/>is parallel to A B, which is ſuppoſed parallel <lb/>to the Baſe Line.</s>
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1710 <s xml:id="echoid-s762" xml:space="preserve"/>
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1711 </p>
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1712 <div xml:id="echoid-div105" type="float" level="2" n="2">
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1713 <note symbol="*" position="left" xlink:label="note-0056-02" xlink:href="note-0056-02a" xml:space="preserve">42.</note>
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1714 <note symbol="*" position="left" xlink:label="note-0056-03" xlink:href="note-0056-03a" xml:space="preserve">43.</note>
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1715 </div>
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1716 </div>
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1717 <div xml:id="echoid-div107" type="section" level="1" n="59">
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1718 <head xml:id="echoid-head61" xml:space="preserve"><emph style="sc">Example</emph> II.</head>
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1719 <p style="it">
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1720 <s xml:id="echoid-s763" xml:space="preserve">To throw a Parallelogram, divided into ſeveral <lb/>other Parallelograms into Perſpective.</s>
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1721 <s xml:id="echoid-s764" xml:space="preserve"/>
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1722 </p>
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1723 <p>
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1724 <s xml:id="echoid-s765" xml:space="preserve">Let A B C D be a Parallelogram, divided <lb/>
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1725 <anchor type="note" xlink:label="note-0056-04a" xlink:href="note-0056-04"/>
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1726 into ſeveral other Parallelograms.</s>
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1727 <s xml:id="echoid-s766" xml:space="preserve"/>
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1728 </p>
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1729 <div xml:id="echoid-div107" type="float" level="2" n="1">
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1730 <note position="left" xlink:label="note-0056-04" xlink:href="note-0056-04a" xml:space="preserve">Fig. 17.</note>
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1731 </div>
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1732 <p>
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1733 <s xml:id="echoid-s767" xml:space="preserve">Draw the Line O G thro’ the Eye O parallel to <lb/>the Side A D, cutting the Horizontal Line in G; <lb/></s>
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1734 <s xml:id="echoid-s768" xml:space="preserve">likewiſe draw O F parallel to the Side A B cutting <lb/>the Horizontal Line in F, and produce the Sides <lb/>of the Parallelogram, and the Lines dividing it, <lb/>to the Baſe Line; </s>
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1735 <s xml:id="echoid-s769" xml:space="preserve">then from the Points wherein <lb/>A D and C B, and the Lines parallel thereto <lb/>cut the Baſe Line, draw Lines to the Point G. </s>
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1736 <s xml:id="echoid-s770" xml:space="preserve"><lb/>Alſo from the Points wherein A B and C D and <lb/>their parallels cut the ſaid Line, draw Lines to <lb/>the Point F, whoſe Interſections with theſe
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1737 <pb o="29" file="0057" n="62" rhead="on PERSPECTIVE."/>
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1738 drawn to the Point G, will give the Appearance <lb/>ſought.</s>
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1739 <s xml:id="echoid-s771" xml:space="preserve"/>
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1740 </p>
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1741 </div>
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1742 <div xml:id="echoid-div109" type="section" level="1" n="60">
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1743 <head xml:id="echoid-head62" xml:space="preserve"><emph style="sc">Remarks</emph>.</head>
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1744 <p>
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1745 <s xml:id="echoid-s772" xml:space="preserve">When this Method cannot be us’d, the Per-<lb/>ſpective of the Diviſions dividing the Sides of <lb/>the Parallelogram, mufl be found <anchor type="note" xlink:href="" symbol="*"/>. </s>
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1746 <s xml:id="echoid-s773" xml:space="preserve">And we are
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1747 <anchor type="note" xlink:label="note-0057-01a" xlink:href="note-0057-01"/>
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1748 often oblig’d to have recourſe to this Expedient, <lb/>notwithſtanding the accidental Points, G and F, <lb/>being had. </s>
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1749 <s xml:id="echoid-s774" xml:space="preserve">And this happens, when the Paralle-<lb/>logram is ſo far diſtant from the perſpective <lb/>Plane, that its Sides being produc’d, cannot meet <lb/>the Baſe Line.</s>
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1750 <s xml:id="echoid-s775" xml:space="preserve"/>
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1751 </p>
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1752 <div xml:id="echoid-div109" type="float" level="2" n="1">
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1753 <note symbol="*" position="right" xlink:label="note-0057-01" xlink:href="note-0057-01a" xml:space="preserve">44.</note>
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1754 </div>
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1755 <p>
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1756 <s xml:id="echoid-s776" xml:space="preserve">47. </s>
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1757 <s xml:id="echoid-s777" xml:space="preserve">Note, moreover, that this one Example <lb/>is ſufficient to ſhew how to throw any Kinds of <lb/>Figures in the Geometrical Plane into Perſpe-<lb/>ctive. </s>
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1758 <s xml:id="echoid-s778" xml:space="preserve">To effect which, we circumſcribe any <lb/>Parallelogram about the Figures, which we di-<lb/>vide into ſeveral others: </s>
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1759 <s xml:id="echoid-s779" xml:space="preserve">Then we throw this <lb/>Parallelogram (thus divided) into Perſpective, <lb/>and transfer the given Figure therein, ſo that it <lb/>may have the ſame Situation with reſpect to <lb/>the little Parallelograms in the perſpective Plane, <lb/>as it had in regard to the ſmall Parallelograms <lb/>in the Geometrical Plane.</s>
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1760 <s xml:id="echoid-s780" xml:space="preserve"/>
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1761 </p>
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1762 </div>
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1763 <div xml:id="echoid-div111" type="section" level="1" n="61">
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1764 <head xml:id="echoid-head63" xml:space="preserve"><emph style="sc">Example</emph> III.</head>
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1765 <head xml:id="echoid-head64" style="it" xml:space="preserve">48. To throw a circle into Perſpective.</head>
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1766 <p>
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1767 <s xml:id="echoid-s781" xml:space="preserve">The Repreſentation of ſeveral Points of a <lb/>
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1768 <anchor type="note" xlink:label="note-0057-02a" xlink:href="note-0057-02"/>
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1769 Circle, or any other Curve Line requir’d to be <lb/>thrown into perſpective, muſt be <anchor type="note" xlink:href="" symbol="*"/> found, This
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1770 <anchor type="note" xlink:label="note-0057-03a" xlink:href="note-0057-03"/>
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1771 may be well enough done, by drawing ſeveral <lb/>Chords in the Circle, or Curve, parallel between <lb/>themſelves, the Repreſentations of which muſt <lb/>be found <anchor type="note" xlink:href="" symbol="*"/>; </s>
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1772 <s xml:id="echoid-s782" xml:space="preserve">then the Extremities of thoſe Re-
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1773 <anchor type="note" xlink:label="note-0057-04a" xlink:href="note-0057-04"/>
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1774 <pb o="30" file="0058" n="63" rhead="An ESSAY"/>
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1775 preſentations being join’d, will give the Perſpe-<lb/>ctive ſought. </s>
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1776 <s xml:id="echoid-s783" xml:space="preserve">The ſame may be done, in draw-<lb/>ing the Chords thro’a Point, whoſe Repreſenta-<lb/>tion is known.</s>
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1777 <s xml:id="echoid-s784" xml:space="preserve"/>
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1778 </p>
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1779 <div xml:id="echoid-div111" type="float" level="2" n="1">
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1780 <note position="right" xlink:label="note-0057-02" xlink:href="note-0057-02a" xml:space="preserve">Fig. 16.</note>
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1781 <note symbol="*" position="right" xlink:label="note-0057-03" xlink:href="note-0057-03a" xml:space="preserve">21.</note>
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1782 <note symbol="*" position="right" xlink:label="note-0057-04" xlink:href="note-0057-04a" xml:space="preserve">43.</note>
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1783 </div>
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1784 </div>
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1785 <div xml:id="echoid-div113" type="section" level="1" n="62">
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1786 <head xml:id="echoid-head65" xml:space="preserve"><emph style="sc">Remarks</emph>.</head>
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1787 <p style="it">
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1788 <s xml:id="echoid-s785" xml:space="preserve">49. </s>
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1789 <s xml:id="echoid-s786" xml:space="preserve">Let G I be the Geometrical Line; </s>
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1790 <s xml:id="echoid-s787" xml:space="preserve">and thro’ <lb/>
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1791 <anchor type="note" xlink:label="note-0058-01a" xlink:href="note-0058-01"/>
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1792 the Center P of the Circle, whoſe Perſpective is <lb/>ſought, let fall the Perpendicular P F upon the ſaid <lb/>Line G I, which biſect in the Point R. </s>
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1793 <s xml:id="echoid-s788" xml:space="preserve">About R, <lb/>as a Center, and with the Radius R P, deſcribe an <lb/>Arc of a Circle M P N, cutting the given Circle in <lb/>the Points M and N. </s>
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1794 <s xml:id="echoid-s789" xml:space="preserve">Now, if the Perſpective of <lb/>L H and N M be found, the two Conjugate Dia-<lb/>meters of an Ellipſis, which is the Repreſentation of <lb/>the given Circle, will be bad. </s>
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1795 <s xml:id="echoid-s790" xml:space="preserve">And, an Ellipſis may <lb/>be drawn by ſome one of the Methods laid down by <lb/>thoſe who have treated of Conick Sections.</s>
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1796 <s xml:id="echoid-s791" xml:space="preserve"/>
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1797 </p>
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1798 <div xml:id="echoid-div113" type="float" level="2" n="1">
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1799 <note position="left" xlink:label="note-0058-01" xlink:href="note-0058-01a" xml:space="preserve">Fig. 16.</note>
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1800 </div>
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1801 <p style="it">
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1802 <s xml:id="echoid-s792" xml:space="preserve">I ſhall not ſpend time here in demonſtrating the <lb/>Truth of this. </s>
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1803 <s xml:id="echoid-s793" xml:space="preserve">See Prop. </s>
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1804 <s xml:id="echoid-s794" xml:space="preserve">10. </s>
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1805 <s xml:id="echoid-s795" xml:space="preserve">lib. </s>
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1806 <s xml:id="echoid-s796" xml:space="preserve">2. </s>
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1807 <s xml:id="echoid-s797" xml:space="preserve">of the great <lb/>Latin Treatiſe of Conic Sections, written by M. </s>
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1808 <s xml:id="echoid-s798" xml:space="preserve">de <lb/>la Hire; </s>
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1809 <s xml:id="echoid-s799" xml:space="preserve">the Demonſtration of which may be here <lb/>apply’d. </s>
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1810 <s xml:id="echoid-s800" xml:space="preserve">If we conſider, 1. </s>
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1811 <s xml:id="echoid-s801" xml:space="preserve">That Lines drawn from <lb/>the Points M and N to the Point F, will touch the <lb/>Circle in the ſaid Points M and N. </s>
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1812 <s xml:id="echoid-s802" xml:space="preserve">2. </s>
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1813 <s xml:id="echoid-s803" xml:space="preserve">That the <lb/>viſual Rays, going from the Eye towards all the Parts <lb/>of the Circumference of the Circle, form a Cone, <lb/>3. </s>
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1814 <s xml:id="echoid-s804" xml:space="preserve">That the Appearance of the Circle, is the Section <lb/>of a Cone, made by the perſpective Plane. </s>
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1815 <s xml:id="echoid-s805" xml:space="preserve">Finally, <lb/>That the Line G I ought to be conceiv’d, as being <lb/>the Interſection of the Geometrical Plane, and a <lb/>Plane paſſing thro’ the Eye parallel to the perſpective <lb/>Plane.</s>
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1816 <s xml:id="echoid-s806" xml:space="preserve"/>
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1817 </p>
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1818 <pb file="0059" n="64"/>
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1819 <pb file="0059a" n="65"/>
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1820 <figure>
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1821 <caption xml:id="echoid-caption13" style="it" xml:space="preserve">Plate 6.<lb/>page 28.<lb/>Fig. 13.</caption>
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1822 <variables xml:id="echoid-variables13" xml:space="preserve">O D c b a g E G B A C</variables>
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1823 </figure>
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1824 <figure>
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1825 <caption xml:id="echoid-caption14" style="it" xml:space="preserve">Fig. 14.</caption>
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1826 <variables xml:id="echoid-variables14" xml:space="preserve">O b 1 2 3 a c 1 2 3 g D A C 3 1 2 2 1 3 B G</variables>
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1827 </figure>
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1828 <pb file="0060" n="66"/>
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1829 <pb file="0061" n="67"/>
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1830 <pb file="0061a" n="68"/>
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1831 <figure>
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1832 <caption xml:id="echoid-caption15" style="it" xml:space="preserve">page 28.<lb/>Plate. 7<lb/>Fig. 16<lb/>Fig. 15</caption>
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1833 <variables xml:id="echoid-variables15" xml:space="preserve">O G F I V<lb/>l d c e m n b a h <lb/>B A H M N C E P D L</variables>
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1834 </figure>
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1835 <pb file="0062" n="69"/>
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1836 <pb o="31" file="0063" n="70" rhead="on PERSPECTIVE."/>
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1837 </div>
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1838 <div xml:id="echoid-div115" type="section" level="1" n="63">
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1839 <head xml:id="echoid-head66" xml:space="preserve"><emph style="sc">Prob</emph>. V.</head>
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1840 <head xml:id="echoid-head67" style="it" xml:space="preserve">50. To find the Repreſentation of a Point, elevated <lb/>above the Geometrical Planc.</head>
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1841 <p>
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1842 <s xml:id="echoid-s807" xml:space="preserve">Let G S be the Geometrical Line, and S the <lb/>
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1843 <anchor type="note" xlink:label="note-0063-01a" xlink:href="note-0063-01"/>
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1844 Station Point: </s>
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1845 <s xml:id="echoid-s808" xml:space="preserve">Make S F, in the Geometrical <lb/>Line, equal to the Height of the Eye; </s>
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1846 <s xml:id="echoid-s809" xml:space="preserve">and let <lb/>A be the Seat of the given Line.</s>
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1847 <s xml:id="echoid-s810" xml:space="preserve"/>
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1848 </p>
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1849 <div xml:id="echoid-div115" type="float" level="2" n="1">
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1850 <note position="right" xlink:label="note-0063-01" xlink:href="note-0063-01a" xml:space="preserve">Fig. 18.</note>
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1851 </div>
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1852 </div>
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1853 <div xml:id="echoid-div117" type="section" level="1" n="64">
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1854 <head xml:id="echoid-head68" xml:space="preserve"><emph style="sc">Operation</emph>.</head>
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1855 <p>
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1856 <s xml:id="echoid-s811" xml:space="preserve">Aſſume F C in the Geometrical Line, equal to <lb/>the Height of the Eye, above the Geometrical <lb/>Plane: </s>
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1857 <s xml:id="echoid-s812" xml:space="preserve">Then draw Lines from the Point A to <lb/>the Points S and C, and on the Point B, the In-<lb/>terſection of the Line AS and the Baſe Line, <lb/>raiſe the Perpendicular BI to the Baſe Line, <lb/>equal to E B, plus FC; </s>
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1858 <s xml:id="echoid-s813" xml:space="preserve">and the Point I will be <lb/>the Perſpective ſought.</s>
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1859 <s xml:id="echoid-s814" xml:space="preserve"/>
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1860 </p>
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1861 </div>
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1862 <div xml:id="echoid-div118" type="section" level="1" n="65">
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1863 <head xml:id="echoid-head69" xml:space="preserve"><emph style="sc">Demonstration</emph>.</head>
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1864 <p>
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1865 <s xml:id="echoid-s815" xml:space="preserve">51. </s>
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1866 <s xml:id="echoid-s816" xml:space="preserve">Let us ſuppoſe a Plane to paſs thro’ the <lb/>given Point, and the Eye perpendicular to the <lb/>Geometrical Plane; </s>
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1867 <s xml:id="echoid-s817" xml:space="preserve">then it is manifeſt, that the <lb/>Interſection of theſe two Planes is the Line <lb/>A B S, and the Interſection of the ſaid ſuppos’d <lb/>Plane and the perſpective Plane, is B I. </s>
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1868 <s xml:id="echoid-s818" xml:space="preserve">Now, <lb/>let X be this ſuppos’d Plane; </s>
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1869 <s xml:id="echoid-s819" xml:space="preserve">a, b, s, the Point <lb/>
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1870 <anchor type="note" xlink:label="note-0063-02a" xlink:href="note-0063-02"/>
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1871 mark’d with the ſame Letters in the precedent <lb/>Figure, bi the Interſection of this Plane and <lb/>the perſpective Plane; </s>
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1872 <s xml:id="echoid-s820" xml:space="preserve">O the Eye, and D the <lb/>propos’d Point: </s>
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1873 <s xml:id="echoid-s821" xml:space="preserve">We are to prove, that if O D <lb/>be drawn, the Line B I of the precedent Figure <lb/>will be equal to b i in this Figure.</s>
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1874 <s xml:id="echoid-s822" xml:space="preserve"/>
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1875 </p>
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1876 <div xml:id="echoid-div118" type="float" level="2" n="1">
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1877 <note position="right" xlink:label="note-0063-02" xlink:href="note-0063-02a" xml:space="preserve">Fig. 19.</note>
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1878 </div>
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1879 <pb o="32" file="0064" n="71" rhead="An ESSAY"/>
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1880 <p>
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1881 <s xml:id="echoid-s823" xml:space="preserve">To demonſtrate which, draw the Line D L M <lb/>thro’ the Point D, parallel to a b s. </s>
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1882 <s xml:id="echoid-s824" xml:space="preserve">Then, be-<lb/>cauſe the Triangles D M O and D L i are ſimi-<lb/>lar, we have,</s>
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1883 </p>
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1884 <p>
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1885 <s xml:id="echoid-s825" xml:space="preserve">D M = as: </s>
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1886 <s xml:id="echoid-s826" xml:space="preserve">D L = ab:</s>
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1887 <s xml:id="echoid-s827" xml:space="preserve">: M O: </s>
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1888 <s xml:id="echoid-s828" xml:space="preserve">L i. </s>
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1889 <s xml:id="echoid-s829" xml:space="preserve">Again, <lb/>in the precedent Figure, the Triangles A S C and <lb/>A B E are ſimilar: </s>
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1890 <s xml:id="echoid-s830" xml:space="preserve">Whence, <lb/>A S: </s>
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1891 <s xml:id="echoid-s831" xml:space="preserve">A B:</s>
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1892 <s xml:id="echoid-s832" xml:space="preserve">: C S: </s>
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1893 <s xml:id="echoid-s833" xml:space="preserve">E B.</s>
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1894 <s xml:id="echoid-s834" xml:space="preserve"/>
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1895 </p>
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1896 <p>
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1897 <s xml:id="echoid-s835" xml:space="preserve">The three firſt Terms of theſe two Progreſſions <lb/>are the ſame: </s>
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1898 <s xml:id="echoid-s836" xml:space="preserve">For CS is equal to M O, ſince <lb/>they are each the Difference of the Height of the <lb/>Eye, and that of the given Point; </s>
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1899 <s xml:id="echoid-s837" xml:space="preserve">and conſe-<lb/>quently, E B is equal to L i: </s>
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1900 <s xml:id="echoid-s838" xml:space="preserve">But B I was made <lb/>equal to B E, pl{us} FC the Height of the given <lb/>Point above the Geometrical Plane; </s>
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1901 <s xml:id="echoid-s839" xml:space="preserve">and b i is <lb/>equal to Li, pl{us} b L; </s>
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1902 <s xml:id="echoid-s840" xml:space="preserve">which being equal to aD, <lb/>is likewiſe the Height of the given Point above <lb/>the Geometrical Plane; </s>
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1903 <s xml:id="echoid-s841" xml:space="preserve">whence the Lines B I <lb/>and b i are equal. </s>
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1904 <s xml:id="echoid-s842" xml:space="preserve">Which was to be demon-<lb/>ſtrated.</s>
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1905 <s xml:id="echoid-s843" xml:space="preserve"/>
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1906 </p>
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1907 <p>
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1908 <s xml:id="echoid-s844" xml:space="preserve">Note, When the Height of the given Point is <lb/>greater than the Height of the Eye, E B muſt <lb/>be taken from that firſt Height, to have the <lb/>Magnitude of B I.</s>
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1909 <s xml:id="echoid-s845" xml:space="preserve"/>
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1910 </p>
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1911 </div>
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1912 <div xml:id="echoid-div120" type="section" level="1" n="66">
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1913 <head xml:id="echoid-head70" xml:space="preserve"><emph style="sc">Prob</emph>. VI.</head>
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1914 <head xml:id="echoid-head71" style="it" xml:space="preserve">52. To throm a Pyramid, or Cone, into Perſpective.</head>
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1915 <p>
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1916 <s xml:id="echoid-s846" xml:space="preserve">Now, to throw a Pyramid into perſpective, <lb/>
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1917 <anchor type="note" xlink:label="note-0064-01a" xlink:href="note-0064-01"/>
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1918 the Appearance of its Baſe <anchor type="note" xlink:href="" symbol="*"/> and Center muſt be
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1919 <anchor type="note" xlink:label="note-0064-02a" xlink:href="note-0064-02"/>
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1920 found <anchor type="note" xlink:href="" symbol="*"/>: </s>
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1921 <s xml:id="echoid-s847" xml:space="preserve">After which, Lines muſt be drawn from
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1922 <anchor type="note" xlink:label="note-0064-03a" xlink:href="note-0064-03"/>
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1923 the Repreſentation of the Vertex, to the Ap-<lb/>pearance of thoſe Angles of the Baſe that are <lb/>viſible; </s>
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1924 <s xml:id="echoid-s848" xml:space="preserve">and then the Perſpective ſought will be <lb/>had.</s>
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1925 <s xml:id="echoid-s849" xml:space="preserve"/>
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1926 </p>
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1927 <div xml:id="echoid-div120" type="float" level="2" n="1">
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1928 <note position="left" xlink:label="note-0064-01" xlink:href="note-0064-01a" xml:space="preserve">Fig. 20.</note>
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1929 <note symbol="*" position="left" xlink:label="note-0064-02" xlink:href="note-0064-02a" xml:space="preserve">46.</note>
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1930 <note symbol="*" position="left" xlink:label="note-0064-03" xlink:href="note-0064-03a" xml:space="preserve">50.</note>
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1931 </div>
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1932 <p>
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1933 <s xml:id="echoid-s850" xml:space="preserve">And to throw a Cone into perſpective, the <lb/>
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1934 <anchor type="note" xlink:label="note-0064-04a" xlink:href="note-0064-04"/>
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1935 Repreſentation of its Baſe <anchor type="note" xlink:href="" symbol="*"/> and Vertex muſt be
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1936 <anchor type="note" xlink:label="note-0064-05a" xlink:href="note-0064-05"/>
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1937 <pb o="33" file="0065" n="72" rhead="on PERSPECTIVE."/>
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1938 firſt found <anchor type="note" xlink:href="" symbol="*"/>; </s>
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1939 <s xml:id="echoid-s851" xml:space="preserve">and then if Lines be drawn from
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1940 <anchor type="note" xlink:label="note-0065-01a" xlink:href="note-0065-01"/>
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1941 the Repreſentation of the Vertex touching the <lb/>Repreſentation of the Baſe, the Repreſentation <lb/>of the Cone will be had.</s>
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1942 <s xml:id="echoid-s852" xml:space="preserve"/>
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1943 </p>
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1944 <div xml:id="echoid-div121" type="float" level="2" n="2">
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1945 <note position="left" xlink:label="note-0064-04" xlink:href="note-0064-04a" xml:space="preserve">Fig. 21.</note>
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1946 <note symbol="*" position="left" xlink:label="note-0064-05" xlink:href="note-0064-05a" xml:space="preserve">46.</note>
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1947 <note symbol="*" position="right" xlink:label="note-0065-01" xlink:href="note-0065-01a" xml:space="preserve">47.</note>
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1948 </div>
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1949 <p>
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1950 <s xml:id="echoid-s853" xml:space="preserve">But ſince, according to this Manner, we are <lb/>obliged to find the Perſpective of all the Baſe; <lb/></s>
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1951 <s xml:id="echoid-s854" xml:space="preserve">whereas it often cannot be all ſeen; </s>
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1952 <s xml:id="echoid-s855" xml:space="preserve">we may de-<lb/>termine, by the following Method, what Part <lb/>of the Baſe is viſible, and ſo only find the Re-<lb/>preſentation thereof. </s>
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1953 <s xml:id="echoid-s856" xml:space="preserve">And then, to compleat <lb/>the Cone, we draw Lines from the Extremities <lb/>of the viſible Part of the Baſe, to the Repreſen-<lb/>tation of the Vertex.</s>
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1954 <s xml:id="echoid-s857" xml:space="preserve"/>
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1955 </p>
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1956 </div>
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1957 <div xml:id="echoid-div123" type="section" level="1" n="67">
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1958 <head xml:id="echoid-head72" style="it" xml:space="preserve">53. To determine the viſible Part of the Baſe of <lb/>a Cone.</head>
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1959 <p>
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1960 <s xml:id="echoid-s858" xml:space="preserve">Let the Circle L I F be the Baſe of a Cone <lb/>
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1961 <anchor type="note" xlink:label="note-0065-02a" xlink:href="note-0065-02"/>
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1962 in the Geometrical Plane, and A the Center <lb/>thereof.</s>
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1963 <s xml:id="echoid-s859" xml:space="preserve"/>
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1964 </p>
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1965 <div xml:id="echoid-div123" type="float" level="2" n="1">
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1966 <note position="right" xlink:label="note-0065-02" xlink:href="note-0065-02a" xml:space="preserve">Fig. 21.</note>
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1967 </div>
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1968 </div>
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1969 <div xml:id="echoid-div125" type="section" level="1" n="68">
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1970 <head xml:id="echoid-head73" xml:space="preserve"><emph style="sc">Operation</emph>.</head>
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1971 <p>
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1972 <s xml:id="echoid-s860" xml:space="preserve">Aſſume P Q ſomewhere in the Baſe Line, <lb/>equal to the Semidiameter of the Circle L F; <lb/></s>
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1973 <s xml:id="echoid-s861" xml:space="preserve">and from the Point P, raiſe P D G perpendicu-<lb/>lar to the Baſe Line, meeting the Horizontal <lb/>Line in G; </s>
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1974 <s xml:id="echoid-s862" xml:space="preserve">and in this Perpendicular, make <lb/>P D equal to the Height of the Cone; </s>
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1975 <s xml:id="echoid-s863" xml:space="preserve">and draw <lb/>the Line Q D H, meeting the Horizontal Line <lb/>in H. </s>
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1976 <s xml:id="echoid-s864" xml:space="preserve">Then, about the Point A as a Center, <lb/>and with the Radius G H, draw the Circle B C E; </s>
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1977 <s xml:id="echoid-s865" xml:space="preserve"><lb/>and from the ſaid Point A, draw a Line to the <lb/>Station Point S: </s>
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1978 <s xml:id="echoid-s866" xml:space="preserve">Biſect A S in R; </s>
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1979 <s xml:id="echoid-s867" xml:space="preserve">and about <lb/>R, as a Center, with the Radius R A, deſcribe <lb/>the Circular Arc B A C, cutting the Circle BEC <lb/>in the Points B and C. </s>
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1980 <s xml:id="echoid-s868" xml:space="preserve">Draw the Lines B A F, <lb/>and C A L; </s>
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1981 <s xml:id="echoid-s869" xml:space="preserve">and the viſible Portion, (L I F) of
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1982 <pb o="34" file="0066" n="73" rhead="An ESSAY"/>
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1983 the Circular Baſe of the Cone will be deter-<lb/>min’d.</s>
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1984 <s xml:id="echoid-s870" xml:space="preserve"/>
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1985 </p>
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1986 </div>
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1987 <div xml:id="echoid-div126" type="section" level="1" n="69">
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1988 <head xml:id="echoid-head74" xml:space="preserve"><emph style="sc">Demonstration</emph>.</head>
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1989 <p style="it">
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1990 <s xml:id="echoid-s871" xml:space="preserve">To prove this, draw the Lines B C and L F, cut-<lb/>ting the Line A S in the Points N and M; </s>
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1991 <s xml:id="echoid-s872" xml:space="preserve">and make <lb/>the Line G n equal to A N, and draw the Line <lb/>n D m. </s>
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1992 <s xml:id="echoid-s873" xml:space="preserve">It is now manifeſt, that if the Cone be <lb/>continued out above its Vertex, (that is, if the oppo-<lb/>ſite Cone be form’d) it will cut the Horizontal Plane <lb/>in a Circle equal to B E C, whoſe Seat will be BEC: <lb/></s>
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1993 <s xml:id="echoid-s874" xml:space="preserve">So that the Point S, in reſpect of B E C, is in the <lb/>ſame Situation as the Eye hath, with reſpect to the <lb/>Circle form’d in the Horizontal Plane, by the Conti-<lb/>nuation of the Cone. </s>
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1994 <s xml:id="echoid-s875" xml:space="preserve">Whence it follows, that B C <lb/>is the Seat of the viſible Portion of that Circle. </s>
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1995 <s xml:id="echoid-s876" xml:space="preserve">For, <lb/>by Conſtruction, B and C are the Points of Contact <lb/>of the Tangents to the Circle B E C, which paſs <lb/>thro’ the Point S; </s>
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1996 <s xml:id="echoid-s877" xml:space="preserve">becauſe the Angle ABS, which <lb/>is in a Semicircle, is a right one.</s>
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1997 <s xml:id="echoid-s878" xml:space="preserve"/>
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1998 </p>
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1999 <p style="it">
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2000 <s xml:id="echoid-s879" xml:space="preserve">Now, if a Plane be conceiv’d, as paſſing thro’ ſome <lb/>Points in the Horizontal Plane, whoſe Seats are <lb/>B and C, and which cuts the two oppoſite Cones <lb/>thro’ their Vertex; </s>
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2001 <s xml:id="echoid-s880" xml:space="preserve">it is evident, that this Plane <lb/>continued, will cut the Geometrical Plane in a Line <lb/>parallel to B N C; </s>
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2002 <s xml:id="echoid-s881" xml:space="preserve">and that this Line upon the <lb/>ſaid Plane, will determine the viſible Part of the <lb/>Cone’s Baſe. </s>
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2003 <s xml:id="echoid-s882" xml:space="preserve">So, ſince G n was made equal to <lb/>A N, we have only to prove, that P m is equal to <lb/>A M: </s>
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2004 <s xml:id="echoid-s883" xml:space="preserve">For, it follows from thence, that L M F is <lb/>the Common Section of the Geometrical Plane, and <lb/>the Plane which we have here imagin’d.</s>
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2005 <s xml:id="echoid-s884" xml:space="preserve"/>
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2006 </p>
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2007 <p style="it">
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2008 <s xml:id="echoid-s885" xml:space="preserve">The Triangles D Q P and G H D are ſimilar, whence <lb/>D G: </s>
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2009 <s xml:id="echoid-s886" xml:space="preserve">D P:</s>
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2010 <s xml:id="echoid-s887" xml:space="preserve">: G H: </s>
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2011 <s xml:id="echoid-s888" xml:space="preserve">P Q.</s>
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2012 <s xml:id="echoid-s889" xml:space="preserve"/>
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2013 </p>
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2014 <pb o="35" file="0067" n="74" rhead="on PERSPECTIVE."/>
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2015 <p style="it">
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2016 <s xml:id="echoid-s890" xml:space="preserve">And the Triangles D P m and D G n are ſimilar: <lb/></s>
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2017 <s xml:id="echoid-s891" xml:space="preserve">Wherefore <lb/>D G: </s>
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2018 <s xml:id="echoid-s892" xml:space="preserve">D P: </s>
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2019 <s xml:id="echoid-s893" xml:space="preserve">G n:</s>
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2020 <s xml:id="echoid-s894" xml:space="preserve">: P m. </s>
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2021 <s xml:id="echoid-s895" xml:space="preserve"><lb/>And <lb/>G H: </s>
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2022 <s xml:id="echoid-s896" xml:space="preserve">P Q:</s>
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2023 <s xml:id="echoid-s897" xml:space="preserve">: G n: </s>
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2024 <s xml:id="echoid-s898" xml:space="preserve">P m.</s>
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2025 <s xml:id="echoid-s899" xml:space="preserve"/>
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2026 </p>
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2027 <p style="it">
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2028 <s xml:id="echoid-s900" xml:space="preserve">The Triangles B A N and L A M are ſimilar: <lb/></s>
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2029 <s xml:id="echoid-s901" xml:space="preserve">Therefore, <lb/>BA: </s>
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2030 <s xml:id="echoid-s902" xml:space="preserve">AL:</s>
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2031 <s xml:id="echoid-s903" xml:space="preserve">: AN: </s>
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2032 <s xml:id="echoid-s904" xml:space="preserve">AM. </s>
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2033 <s xml:id="echoid-s905" xml:space="preserve"><lb/>But the three firſt Terms of the two laſt Proportions, <lb/>are equal between themſelves; </s>
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2034 <s xml:id="echoid-s906" xml:space="preserve">whence P m is alſo <lb/>equal to A M. </s>
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2035 <s xml:id="echoid-s907" xml:space="preserve">Which was to be demonſtrated.</s>
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2036 <s xml:id="echoid-s908" xml:space="preserve"/>
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2037 </p>
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2038 </div>
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2039 <div xml:id="echoid-div127" type="section" level="1" n="70">
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2040 <head xml:id="echoid-head75" xml:space="preserve"><emph style="sc">Remarks</emph>.</head>
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2041 <p>
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2042 <s xml:id="echoid-s909" xml:space="preserve">54. </s>
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2043 <s xml:id="echoid-s910" xml:space="preserve">When the Height of the Cone is greater <lb/>than the Height of the Eye, the Points, G and <lb/>H, will fall below the Point D; </s>
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2044 <s xml:id="echoid-s911" xml:space="preserve">in which Caſe, <lb/>the Lines A B and A C muſt be produc’d, till <lb/>they cut the Circle in the Points l and f, oppo-<lb/>ſite to L and F: </s>
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2045 <s xml:id="echoid-s912" xml:space="preserve">Then lIf will be the viſible <lb/>Part of the Baſe.</s>
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2046 <s xml:id="echoid-s913" xml:space="preserve"/>
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2047 </p>
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2048 <p>
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2049 <s xml:id="echoid-s914" xml:space="preserve">When the Cone is inclin’d, ſo that T (for Ex-<lb/>ample) is the Seat of its Vertex; </s>
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2050 <s xml:id="echoid-s915" xml:space="preserve">AT muſt be <lb/>drawn: </s>
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2051 <s xml:id="echoid-s916" xml:space="preserve">And then having aſſum’d P D equal to <lb/>the perpendicular Height of the Cone, and Pt <lb/>equal to A T; </s>
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2052 <s xml:id="echoid-s917" xml:space="preserve">the Line t D x muſt be drawn; <lb/></s>
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2053 <s xml:id="echoid-s918" xml:space="preserve">and the Part T X, taken in A T, equal to G x. </s>
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2054 <s xml:id="echoid-s919" xml:space="preserve"><lb/>Alſo, X S muſt be drawn, and A s, equal and <lb/>parallel thereto.</s>
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2055 <s xml:id="echoid-s920" xml:space="preserve"/>
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2056 </p>
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2057 <p>
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2058 <s xml:id="echoid-s921" xml:space="preserve">This being done; </s>
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2059 <s xml:id="echoid-s922" xml:space="preserve">the ſame Method muſt be <lb/>apply’d here, that I have laid down for the up-<lb/>right Cone; </s>
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2060 <s xml:id="echoid-s923" xml:space="preserve">with this Difference only, that the <lb/>Point s muſt be us’d inſtead of the Station Point <lb/>S. </s>
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2061 <s xml:id="echoid-s924" xml:space="preserve">But when the Height of the Cone is greater <lb/>than the Height of the Eye, the Point X muſt <lb/>be aſſum’d in the Line T A, between the Points <lb/>T and A.</s>
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2062 <s xml:id="echoid-s925" xml:space="preserve"/>
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2063 </p>
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2064 <pb o="36" file="0068" n="75" rhead="An ESSAY"/>
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2065 <p style="it">
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2066 <s xml:id="echoid-s926" xml:space="preserve">The Reaſon of this is evident, from the Demon-<lb/>ſtration of the upright Cone: </s>
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2067 <s xml:id="echoid-s927" xml:space="preserve">For, it is manifeſt, that <lb/>X is the Seat of the Center of the Circle, which the <lb/>Cone continued forms in the Horizontal Plane; </s>
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2068 <s xml:id="echoid-s928" xml:space="preserve">and <lb/>conſequently, the Point s, in regard to the Circle BED, <lb/>is in the ſame Situation as the Eye is, in reſpect of <lb/>the Interſection of the continued Cone, and the Hori-<lb/>zontal Plane.</s>
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2069 <s xml:id="echoid-s929" xml:space="preserve"/>
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2070 </p>
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2071 <p>
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2072 <s xml:id="echoid-s930" xml:space="preserve">Note, moreover, that a Cone can ſcarcely ever <lb/>be thrown into Perſpective, by the common Me-<lb/>thod, ſo exact as by this.</s>
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2073 <s xml:id="echoid-s931" xml:space="preserve"/>
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2074 </p>
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2075 </div>
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2076 <div xml:id="echoid-div128" type="section" level="1" n="71">
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2077 <head xml:id="echoid-head76" xml:space="preserve"><emph style="sc">Problem</emph> VII.</head>
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2078 <head xml:id="echoid-head77" style="it" xml:space="preserve">55. To find the Perſpective of a Line, perpendicular <lb/>to the Geometrical Plane.</head>
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2079 <p>
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2080 <s xml:id="echoid-s932" xml:space="preserve">It is requir’d to find the Appearance of a Line <lb/>
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2081 <anchor type="note" xlink:label="note-0068-01a" xlink:href="note-0068-01"/>
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2082 equal to B C, and perpendicular to the Geome-<lb/>trical Plane, in the Point A.</s>
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2083 <s xml:id="echoid-s933" xml:space="preserve"/>
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2084 </p>
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2085 <div xml:id="echoid-div128" type="float" level="2" n="1">
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2086 <note position="left" xlink:label="note-0068-01" xlink:href="note-0068-01a" xml:space="preserve">Fig. 22.</note>
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2087 </div>
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2088 </div>
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2089 <div xml:id="echoid-div130" type="section" level="1" n="72">
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2090 <head xml:id="echoid-head78" xml:space="preserve"><emph style="sc">Operation</emph>.</head>
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2091 <p>
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2092 <s xml:id="echoid-s934" xml:space="preserve">Aſſume E D, any where in the Baſe Line, <lb/>equal to B C; </s>
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2093 <s xml:id="echoid-s935" xml:space="preserve">and from the Points D and E, <lb/>draw D F and E F to ſome Point F, taken at <lb/>pleaſure in the Horizontal Line. </s>
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2094 <s xml:id="echoid-s936" xml:space="preserve">Then having <lb/>found <anchor type="note" xlink:href="" symbol="*"/> a, the Repreſentation of the Point A;</s>
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2095 <s xml:id="echoid-s937" xml:space="preserve">
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2096 <anchor type="note" xlink:label="note-0068-02a" xlink:href="note-0068-02"/>
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2097 draw a H parallel to the Baſe Line, and aI per-<lb/>pendicular thereto: </s>
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2098 <s xml:id="echoid-s938" xml:space="preserve">And if aI be made equal to <lb/>G H, the ſaid a I will be the Perſpective <lb/>ſought.</s>
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2099 <s xml:id="echoid-s939" xml:space="preserve"/>
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2100 </p>
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2101 <div xml:id="echoid-div130" type="float" level="2" n="1">
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2102 <note symbol="*" position="left" xlink:label="note-0068-02" xlink:href="note-0068-02a" xml:space="preserve">22.</note>
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2103 </div>
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2104 </div>
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2105 <div xml:id="echoid-div132" type="section" level="1" n="73">
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2106 <head xml:id="echoid-head79" xml:space="preserve"><emph style="sc">Demonstration</emph>.</head>
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2107 <p>
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2108 <s xml:id="echoid-s940" xml:space="preserve">56. </s>
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2109 <s xml:id="echoid-s941" xml:space="preserve">The Appearance of the ſaid Line, is <anchor type="note" xlink:href="" symbol="*"/> per-
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2110 <anchor type="note" xlink:label="note-0068-03a" xlink:href="note-0068-03"/>
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2111 pendicular to the Baſe Line, and equal <anchor type="note" xlink:href="" symbol="*"/> to the
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2112 <anchor type="note" xlink:label="note-0068-04a" xlink:href="note-0068-04"/>
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2113 Perſpective of the Line A L, drawn from the
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2114 <pb file="0069" n="76"/>
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2115 <pb file="0069a" n="77"/>
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2116 <anchor type="figure" xlink:label="fig-0069a-01a" xlink:href="fig-0069a-01"/>
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2117 <pb file="0070" n="78"/>
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2118 <pb file="0071" n="79"/>
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2119 <pb file="0071a" n="80"/>
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2120 <anchor type="figure" xlink:label="fig-0071a-01a" xlink:href="fig-0071a-01"/>
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2121 <anchor type="figure" xlink:label="fig-0071a-02a" xlink:href="fig-0071a-02"/>
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2122 <anchor type="figure" xlink:label="fig-0071a-03a" xlink:href="fig-0071a-03"/>
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2123 <anchor type="figure" xlink:label="fig-0071a-04a" xlink:href="fig-0071a-04"/>
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2124 <pb file="0072" n="81"/>
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2125 <pb file="0073" n="82"/>
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2126 <pb file="0073a" n="83"/>
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2127 <anchor type="figure" xlink:label="fig-0073a-01a" xlink:href="fig-0073a-01"/>
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2128 <anchor type="figure" xlink:label="fig-0073a-02a" xlink:href="fig-0073a-02"/>
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2129 <anchor type="figure" xlink:label="fig-0073a-03a" xlink:href="fig-0073a-03"/>
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2130 <pb file="0074" n="84"/>
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2131 <pb o="37" file="0075" n="85" rhead="on PERSPECTIVE."/>
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2132 Point A parallel to the Baſe Line, and made e-<lb/>qual to B C. </s>
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2133 <s xml:id="echoid-s942" xml:space="preserve">Now if from the Extremities of <lb/>the ſaid Line A L, Perpendiculars are let fall, <lb/>meeting the Baſe Line in the Points P and M, <lb/>and from theſe Points, Lines are drawn to the <lb/>Point of Sight V; </s>
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2134 <s xml:id="echoid-s943" xml:space="preserve">then a N will likewiſe be <anchor type="note" xlink:href="" symbol="*"/>
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2135 <anchor type="note" xlink:label="note-0075-01a" xlink:href="note-0075-01"/>
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2136 the Perſpective of A L; </s>
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2137 <s xml:id="echoid-s944" xml:space="preserve">and ſince P M is equal <lb/>to D E, a N will be likewiſe equal to G H, and <lb/>conſequently a N will be likewiſe equal to a I, <lb/>which is equal to G H.</s>
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2138 <s xml:id="echoid-s945" xml:space="preserve"/>
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2139 </p>
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2140 <div xml:id="echoid-div132" type="float" level="2" n="1">
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2141 <note symbol="*" position="left" xlink:label="note-0068-03" xlink:href="note-0068-03a" xml:space="preserve">6.</note>
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2142 <note symbol="*" position="left" xlink:label="note-0068-04" xlink:href="note-0068-04a" xml:space="preserve">10.</note>
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2143 <figure xlink:label="fig-0069a-01" xlink:href="fig-0069a-01a">
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2144 <caption xml:id="echoid-caption16" style="it" xml:space="preserve">page 36.<lb/>Plate 8<lb/>Fig. 17</caption>
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2145 <variables xml:id="echoid-variables16" xml:space="preserve">O G F c d b a A B D C</variables>
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2146 </figure>
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2147 <figure xlink:label="fig-0071a-01" xlink:href="fig-0071a-01a">
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2148 <caption xml:id="echoid-caption17" style="it" xml:space="preserve">Page 36.<lb/>Plate 9<lb/>Fig. 18.</caption>
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2149 <variables xml:id="echoid-variables17" xml:space="preserve">G F C S V I E B A</variables>
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2150 </figure>
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2151 <figure xlink:label="fig-0071a-02" xlink:href="fig-0071a-02a">
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2152 <caption xml:id="echoid-caption18" style="it" xml:space="preserve">Fig. 19.</caption>
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2153 <variables xml:id="echoid-variables18" xml:space="preserve">O i M X L D @ b a</variables>
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2154 </figure>
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2155 <figure xlink:label="fig-0071a-03" xlink:href="fig-0071a-03a">
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2156 <caption xml:id="echoid-caption19" style="it" xml:space="preserve">Fig. 20.</caption>
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2157 <variables xml:id="echoid-variables19" xml:space="preserve">S x G n H S V D l R f Q m P t</variables>
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2158 </figure>
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2159 <figure xlink:label="fig-0071a-04" xlink:href="fig-0071a-04a">
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2160 <caption xml:id="echoid-caption20" style="it" xml:space="preserve">Fig. 21.</caption>
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2161 <variables xml:id="echoid-variables20" xml:space="preserve">I X f T L B N A C l M E F</variables>
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2162 </figure>
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2163 <figure xlink:label="fig-0073a-01" xlink:href="fig-0073a-01a">
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2164 <caption xml:id="echoid-caption21" style="it" xml:space="preserve">page 38<lb/>Plate 10.<lb/>Fig. 22.</caption>
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2165 <variables xml:id="echoid-variables21" xml:space="preserve">V F I N a G H M P D E B C L A</variables>
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2166 </figure>
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2167 <figure xlink:label="fig-0073a-02" xlink:href="fig-0073a-02a">
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2168 <caption xml:id="echoid-caption22" style="it" xml:space="preserve">Fig. 23.</caption>
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2169 <variables xml:id="echoid-variables22" xml:space="preserve">O F I H a G D E B C L A M</variables>
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2170 </figure>
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2171 <figure xlink:label="fig-0073a-03" xlink:href="fig-0073a-03a">
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2172 <caption xml:id="echoid-caption23" style="it" xml:space="preserve">Fig. 24.</caption>
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2173 <variables xml:id="echoid-variables23" xml:space="preserve">@ o f X a e A</variables>
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2174 </figure>
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2175 <note symbol="*" position="right" xlink:label="note-0075-01" xlink:href="note-0075-01a" xml:space="preserve">5, 16.</note>
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2176 </div>
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2177 </div>
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2178 <div xml:id="echoid-div134" type="section" level="1" n="74">
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2179 <head xml:id="echoid-head80" xml:space="preserve"><emph style="sc">Method</emph> II.</head>
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2180 <p>
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2181 <s xml:id="echoid-s946" xml:space="preserve">57. </s>
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2182 <s xml:id="echoid-s947" xml:space="preserve">The ſame Things being given, as in the <lb/>precedent Method, about the Point A, as a <lb/>
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2183 <anchor type="note" xlink:label="note-0075-02a" xlink:href="note-0075-02"/>
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2184 Center, and with the Radius B C, deſcribe the <lb/>Arc of a Circle L M, and draw the Line O L <lb/>from the Eye touching it; </s>
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2185 <s xml:id="echoid-s948" xml:space="preserve">then about a, (which <lb/>is the Repreſentation of A) as a Center deſcribe <lb/>the Circular Arc G I touching the Line L O, <lb/>and cutting another Line drawn through a Per-<lb/>pendicular to the Baſe Line in the Point I: </s>
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2186 <s xml:id="echoid-s949" xml:space="preserve">I <lb/>ſay the Point I is the Extremity of the Repre-<lb/>ſentation ſought.</s>
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2187 <s xml:id="echoid-s950" xml:space="preserve"/>
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2188 </p>
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2189 <div xml:id="echoid-div134" type="float" level="2" n="1">
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2190 <note position="right" xlink:label="note-0075-02" xlink:href="note-0075-02a" xml:space="preserve">Fig. 23.</note>
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2191 </div>
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2192 </div>
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2193 <div xml:id="echoid-div136" type="section" level="1" n="75">
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2194 <head xml:id="echoid-head81" xml:space="preserve"><emph style="sc">Demonstration</emph>.</head>
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2195 <p>
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2196 <s xml:id="echoid-s951" xml:space="preserve">To prove this, let fall the Perpendiculars A L <lb/>and a G upon the Line O L, which will meet <lb/>the ſaid Line in the Points wherein it touches <lb/>the circular Arcs M L and G I.</s>
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2197 <s xml:id="echoid-s952" xml:space="preserve"/>
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2198 </p>
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2199 <p>
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2200 <s xml:id="echoid-s953" xml:space="preserve">Alſo aſſume D E in the Baſe Line equal to B C <lb/>or A L, and draw the Line D F; </s>
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2201 <s xml:id="echoid-s954" xml:space="preserve">then through a, <lb/>draw a H parallel to the Baſe Line.</s>
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2202 <s xml:id="echoid-s955" xml:space="preserve"/>
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2203 </p>
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2204 <p>
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2205 <s xml:id="echoid-s956" xml:space="preserve">Now let us conſider the Figure X, which re-<lb/>
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2206 <anchor type="note" xlink:label="note-0075-03a" xlink:href="note-0075-03"/>
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diff changeset
2207 preſents a Plane paſſing through the Eye and <lb/>the Point A of the foregoing Figure, wherein <lb/>O f here, repreſents O F there; </s>
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2208 <s xml:id="echoid-s957" xml:space="preserve">f e here, F E
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diff changeset
2209 <pb o="38" file="0076" n="86" rhead="An ESSAY"/>
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diff changeset
2210 there; </s>
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diff changeset
2211 <s xml:id="echoid-s958" xml:space="preserve">and finally e A here, E A in that Fi-<lb/>gure.</s>
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2212 <s xml:id="echoid-s959" xml:space="preserve"/>
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2213 </p>
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diff changeset
2214 <div xml:id="echoid-div136" type="float" level="2" n="1">
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diff changeset
2215 <note position="right" xlink:label="note-0075-03" xlink:href="note-0075-03a" xml:space="preserve">Fig. 24.</note>
22d6a63640c6 moved texts from SVN https://it-dev.mpiwg-berlin.mpg.de/svn/mpdl-project-content/trunk/texts/eXist/
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2216 </div>
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2217 <p>
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2218 <s xml:id="echoid-s960" xml:space="preserve">This being ſuppoſed, o f is parallel <anchor type="note" xlink:href="" symbol="*"/> to e A,
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diff changeset
2219 <anchor type="note" xlink:label="note-0076-01a" xlink:href="note-0076-01"/>
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diff changeset
2220 and conſequently the Triangle o f a is ſimilar <lb/>to the Triangle a e A, and therefore we have this <lb/>Proportion.</s>
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2221 <s xml:id="echoid-s961" xml:space="preserve"/>
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2222 </p>
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diff changeset
2223 <div xml:id="echoid-div137" type="float" level="2" n="2">
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diff changeset
2224 <note symbol="*" position="left" xlink:label="note-0076-01" xlink:href="note-0076-01a" xml:space="preserve">27.</note>
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2225 </div>
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2226 <p style="it">
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2227 <s xml:id="echoid-s962" xml:space="preserve">o f: </s>
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2228 <s xml:id="echoid-s963" xml:space="preserve">f a:</s>
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2229 <s xml:id="echoid-s964" xml:space="preserve">: A e: </s>
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diff changeset
2230 <s xml:id="echoid-s965" xml:space="preserve">e o. <lb/></s>
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diff changeset
2231 <s xml:id="echoid-s966" xml:space="preserve">Comp.</s>
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diff changeset
2232 <s xml:id="echoid-s967" xml:space="preserve"/>
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2233 </p>
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2234 <p style="it">
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2235 <s xml:id="echoid-s968" xml:space="preserve">o f + a f: </s>
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2236 <s xml:id="echoid-s969" xml:space="preserve">f a:</s>
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diff changeset
2237 <s xml:id="echoid-s970" xml:space="preserve">: A e + e a: </s>
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2238 <s xml:id="echoid-s971" xml:space="preserve">e a. <lb/></s>
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2239 <s xml:id="echoid-s972" xml:space="preserve">Altern.</s>
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diff changeset
2240 <s xml:id="echoid-s973" xml:space="preserve"/>
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2241 </p>
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2242 <p style="it">
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2243 <s xml:id="echoid-s974" xml:space="preserve">o f + a f: </s>
22d6a63640c6 moved texts from SVN https://it-dev.mpiwg-berlin.mpg.de/svn/mpdl-project-content/trunk/texts/eXist/
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2244 <s xml:id="echoid-s975" xml:space="preserve">A e + e a:</s>
22d6a63640c6 moved texts from SVN https://it-dev.mpiwg-berlin.mpg.de/svn/mpdl-project-content/trunk/texts/eXist/
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2245 <s xml:id="echoid-s976" xml:space="preserve">: f a: </s>
22d6a63640c6 moved texts from SVN https://it-dev.mpiwg-berlin.mpg.de/svn/mpdl-project-content/trunk/texts/eXist/
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2246 <s xml:id="echoid-s977" xml:space="preserve">e a. <lb/></s>
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2247 <s xml:id="echoid-s978" xml:space="preserve">Comp. </s>
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2248 <s xml:id="echoid-s979" xml:space="preserve">and Perm.</s>
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2249 <s xml:id="echoid-s980" xml:space="preserve"/>
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2250 </p>
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2251 <p style="it">
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2252 <s xml:id="echoid-s981" xml:space="preserve">o f + f a + Ae + e a : </s>
22d6a63640c6 moved texts from SVN https://it-dev.mpiwg-berlin.mpg.de/svn/mpdl-project-content/trunk/texts/eXist/
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2253 <s xml:id="echoid-s982" xml:space="preserve">o f + f a :</s>
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2254 <s xml:id="echoid-s983" xml:space="preserve">: f a + e a : </s>
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2255 <s xml:id="echoid-s984" xml:space="preserve">f a.</s>
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2256 <s xml:id="echoid-s985" xml:space="preserve"/>
22d6a63640c6 moved texts from SVN https://it-dev.mpiwg-berlin.mpg.de/svn/mpdl-project-content/trunk/texts/eXist/
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2257 </p>
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2258 <p>
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2259 <s xml:id="echoid-s986" xml:space="preserve">This laſt Proportion being reduced to the pre-<lb/>cedent Figure, we ſhall have this,</s>
22d6a63640c6 moved texts from SVN https://it-dev.mpiwg-berlin.mpg.de/svn/mpdl-project-content/trunk/texts/eXist/
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2260 </p>
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2261 <p style="it">
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2262 <s xml:id="echoid-s987" xml:space="preserve">O A : </s>
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2263 <s xml:id="echoid-s988" xml:space="preserve">o a : </s>
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2264 <s xml:id="echoid-s989" xml:space="preserve">: </s>
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2265 <s xml:id="echoid-s990" xml:space="preserve">F D : </s>
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2266 <s xml:id="echoid-s991" xml:space="preserve">F a.</s>
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2267 <s xml:id="echoid-s992" xml:space="preserve"/>
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2268 </p>
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2269 <p>
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2270 <s xml:id="echoid-s993" xml:space="preserve">Again, becauſe the Triangles O A L and O a G <lb/>are ſimilar, we ſhall have</s>
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2271 </p>
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2272 <p style="it">
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2273 <s xml:id="echoid-s994" xml:space="preserve">O A: </s>
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2274 <s xml:id="echoid-s995" xml:space="preserve">O a : </s>
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2275 <s xml:id="echoid-s996" xml:space="preserve">: </s>
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2276 <s xml:id="echoid-s997" xml:space="preserve">A L : </s>
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2277 <s xml:id="echoid-s998" xml:space="preserve">a G.</s>
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2278 <s xml:id="echoid-s999" xml:space="preserve"/>
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2279 </p>
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2280 <p>
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2281 <s xml:id="echoid-s1000" xml:space="preserve">And ſince the Triangle F E D and F a H are <lb/>ſimilar;</s>
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2282 <s xml:id="echoid-s1001" xml:space="preserve"/>
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2283 </p>
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2284 <p style="it">
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2285 <s xml:id="echoid-s1002" xml:space="preserve">F E : </s>
22d6a63640c6 moved texts from SVN https://it-dev.mpiwg-berlin.mpg.de/svn/mpdl-project-content/trunk/texts/eXist/
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2286 <s xml:id="echoid-s1003" xml:space="preserve">F a : </s>
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2287 <s xml:id="echoid-s1004" xml:space="preserve">: </s>
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2288 <s xml:id="echoid-s1005" xml:space="preserve">D E : </s>
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2289 <s xml:id="echoid-s1006" xml:space="preserve">H a.</s>
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2290 <s xml:id="echoid-s1007" xml:space="preserve"/>
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2291 </p>
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2292 <p>
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2293 <s xml:id="echoid-s1008" xml:space="preserve">And ſo if theſe three laſt Propoſitions be con-<lb/>ſider’d, we ſhall have</s>
22d6a63640c6 moved texts from SVN https://it-dev.mpiwg-berlin.mpg.de/svn/mpdl-project-content/trunk/texts/eXist/
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2294 </p>
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2295 <p style="it">
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2296 <s xml:id="echoid-s1009" xml:space="preserve">A L : </s>
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2297 <s xml:id="echoid-s1010" xml:space="preserve">a G : </s>
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2298 <s xml:id="echoid-s1011" xml:space="preserve">: </s>
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2299 <s xml:id="echoid-s1012" xml:space="preserve">D E : </s>
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2300 <s xml:id="echoid-s1013" xml:space="preserve">H a.</s>
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2301 <s xml:id="echoid-s1014" xml:space="preserve"/>
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2302 </p>
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2303 <p>
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2304 <s xml:id="echoid-s1015" xml:space="preserve">But D E was made equal to A L, and there-<lb/>fore a G or a I is alſo equal to a H, which is <anchor type="note" xlink:href="" symbol="*"/> e-
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2305 <anchor type="note" xlink:label="note-0076-02a" xlink:href="note-0076-02"/>
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2306 qual to the Repreſentation ſought. </s>
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2307 <s xml:id="echoid-s1016" xml:space="preserve">Which was <lb/>to be demonſtrated.</s>
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2308 <s xml:id="echoid-s1017" xml:space="preserve"/>
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2309 </p>
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2310 <div xml:id="echoid-div138" type="float" level="2" n="3">
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2311 <note symbol="*" position="left" xlink:label="note-0076-02" xlink:href="note-0076-02a" xml:space="preserve">56.</note>
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2312 </div>
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2313 </div>
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2314 <div xml:id="echoid-div140" type="section" level="1" n="76">
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2315 <head xml:id="echoid-head82" xml:space="preserve"><emph style="sc">Method</emph> III.</head>
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2316 <p>
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2317 <s xml:id="echoid-s1018" xml:space="preserve">58. </s>
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2318 <s xml:id="echoid-s1019" xml:space="preserve">Near one of the Sides of the perſpective <lb/>
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2319 <anchor type="note" xlink:label="note-0076-03a" xlink:href="note-0076-03"/>
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2320 Plane, raiſe the Perpendicular C B to the Baſe <lb/>Line, equal to the Height of the Eye, in which <lb/>take B L equal in length to twice the Perpen-<lb/>dicular, whoſe Perſpective is requir’d. </s>
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2321 <s xml:id="echoid-s1020" xml:space="preserve">Let S be
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2322 <pb o="39" file="0077" n="87" rhead="on PERSPECTIVE."/>
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2323 the Station Point, and A the Point wherein the <lb/>Perpendicular meets the Geometrical Plane.</s>
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2324 <s xml:id="echoid-s1021" xml:space="preserve"/>
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2325 </p>
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2326 <div xml:id="echoid-div140" type="float" level="2" n="1">
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2327 <note position="left" xlink:label="note-0076-03" xlink:href="note-0076-03a" xml:space="preserve">Fig. 25.</note>
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2328 </div>
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2329 </div>
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2330 <div xml:id="echoid-div142" type="section" level="1" n="77">
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2331 <head xml:id="echoid-head83" xml:space="preserve"><emph style="sc">Operation</emph>, <lb/>Without Compaſſes.</head>
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2332 <p>
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2333 <s xml:id="echoid-s1022" xml:space="preserve">Having firſt found <anchor type="note" xlink:href="" symbol="*"/> the Perſpective a of the
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2334 <anchor type="note" xlink:label="note-0077-01a" xlink:href="note-0077-01"/>
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diff changeset
2335 Point A, draw the Line A S cutting the Baſe <lb/>Line in E, through which Point E draw the <lb/>Line Ea; </s>
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2336 <s xml:id="echoid-s1023" xml:space="preserve">then from the Point B draw a Line <lb/>B a to the Point a, cutting the Horizontal Line <lb/>in F. </s>
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2337 <s xml:id="echoid-s1024" xml:space="preserve">Again through F draw a Line to the <lb/>Point L, cutting E a in I; </s>
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2338 <s xml:id="echoid-s1025" xml:space="preserve">and a I is the Repre-<lb/>ſentation ſought.</s>
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2339 <s xml:id="echoid-s1026" xml:space="preserve"/>
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2340 </p>
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2341 <div xml:id="echoid-div142" type="float" level="2" n="1">
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2342 <note symbol="*" position="right" xlink:label="note-0077-01" xlink:href="note-0077-01a" xml:space="preserve">31.</note>
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2343 </div>
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2344 </div>
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2345 <div xml:id="echoid-div144" type="section" level="1" n="78">
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2346 <head xml:id="echoid-head84" xml:space="preserve"><emph style="sc">Demonstration</emph>.</head>
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2347 <p>
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2348 <s xml:id="echoid-s1027" xml:space="preserve">To prove this, let G N be a Perpendicular to <lb/>the Baſe Line drawn from the Point G, wherein <lb/>the ſaid Baſe Line is cut by the Line B F; </s>
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2349 <s xml:id="echoid-s1028" xml:space="preserve">alſo <lb/>let G D be equal to the Perpendicular whoſe Ap-<lb/>pearance is ſought, and a H parallel to the Baſe <lb/>Line.</s>
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2350 <s xml:id="echoid-s1029" xml:space="preserve"/>
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2351 </p>
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2352 <p>
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2353 <s xml:id="echoid-s1030" xml:space="preserve">It is plain that the Perſpective of E A is <lb/>E a: </s>
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2354 <s xml:id="echoid-s1031" xml:space="preserve">But E A paſſes through the Station Point; <lb/></s>
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2355 <s xml:id="echoid-s1032" xml:space="preserve">and conſequently <anchor type="note" xlink:href="" symbol="*"/> its Repreſentation is perpen-
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2356 <anchor type="note" xlink:label="note-0077-02a" xlink:href="note-0077-02"/>
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2357 dicular to the Baſe Line; </s>
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2358 <s xml:id="echoid-s1033" xml:space="preserve">therefore <anchor type="note" xlink:href="" symbol="*"/> we are only
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2359 <anchor type="note" xlink:label="note-0077-03a" xlink:href="note-0077-03"/>
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2360 to prove, that a I is equal to a H.</s>
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2361 <s xml:id="echoid-s1034" xml:space="preserve"/>
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2362 </p>
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2363 <div xml:id="echoid-div144" type="float" level="2" n="1">
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2364 <note symbol="*" position="right" xlink:label="note-0077-02" xlink:href="note-0077-02a" xml:space="preserve">41.</note>
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2365 <note symbol="*" position="right" xlink:label="note-0077-03" xlink:href="note-0077-03a" xml:space="preserve">56.</note>
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2366 </div>
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2367 <p>
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2368 <s xml:id="echoid-s1035" xml:space="preserve">Now the Triangles B G C and B F M are ſimi-<lb/>lar; </s>
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2369 <s xml:id="echoid-s1036" xml:space="preserve">and ſo</s>
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2370 </p>
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2371 <p style="it">
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2372 <s xml:id="echoid-s1037" xml:space="preserve">B C : </s>
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2373 <s xml:id="echoid-s1038" xml:space="preserve">B M :</s>
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2374 <s xml:id="echoid-s1039" xml:space="preserve">: B G: </s>
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2375 <s xml:id="echoid-s1040" xml:space="preserve">B F.</s>
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2376 <s xml:id="echoid-s1041" xml:space="preserve"/>
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2377 </p>
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2378 <p>
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2379 <s xml:id="echoid-s1042" xml:space="preserve">But B M by Conſtruction is the double of B C; <lb/></s>
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2380 <s xml:id="echoid-s1043" xml:space="preserve">whence B F is alſo the double of B G, which, <lb/>conſequently, is equal to G F.</s>
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2381 <s xml:id="echoid-s1044" xml:space="preserve"/>
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2382 </p>
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2383 <p>
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2384 <s xml:id="echoid-s1045" xml:space="preserve">Becauſe the Triangles F G N and F B L are <lb/>ſimilar, therefore</s>
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2385 </p>
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2386 <p style="it">
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2387 <s xml:id="echoid-s1046" xml:space="preserve">F G : </s>
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2388 <s xml:id="echoid-s1047" xml:space="preserve">F B : </s>
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2389 <s xml:id="echoid-s1048" xml:space="preserve">: </s>
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diff changeset
2390 <s xml:id="echoid-s1049" xml:space="preserve">G N : </s>
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diff changeset
2391 <s xml:id="echoid-s1050" xml:space="preserve">B L.</s>
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diff changeset
2392 <s xml:id="echoid-s1051" xml:space="preserve"/>
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2393 </p>
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diff changeset
2394 <pb o="40" file="0078" n="88" rhead="An ESSAY"/>
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2395 <p>
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2396 <s xml:id="echoid-s1052" xml:space="preserve">Now we have proved, that F G is the half of <lb/>F B, therefore G N is likewiſe equal to the half <lb/>of B L, and conſequently equal to the Height <lb/>of the ſuppoſed Perpendicular.</s>
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2397 <s xml:id="echoid-s1053" xml:space="preserve"/>
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2398 </p>
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2399 <p>
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2400 <s xml:id="echoid-s1054" xml:space="preserve">Again, the ſimilar Triangles F G N and F a I <lb/>give</s>
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2401 </p>
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2402 <p style="it">
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2403 <s xml:id="echoid-s1055" xml:space="preserve">F G : </s>
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2404 <s xml:id="echoid-s1056" xml:space="preserve">F a : </s>
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2405 <s xml:id="echoid-s1057" xml:space="preserve">: </s>
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2406 <s xml:id="echoid-s1058" xml:space="preserve">G N : </s>
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2407 <s xml:id="echoid-s1059" xml:space="preserve">a I.</s>
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diff changeset
2408 <s xml:id="echoid-s1060" xml:space="preserve"/>
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2409 </p>
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2410 <p>
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2411 <s xml:id="echoid-s1061" xml:space="preserve">But F G : </s>
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2412 <s xml:id="echoid-s1062" xml:space="preserve">F a : </s>
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2413 <s xml:id="echoid-s1063" xml:space="preserve">: </s>
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2414 <s xml:id="echoid-s1064" xml:space="preserve">G D : </s>
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2415 <s xml:id="echoid-s1065" xml:space="preserve">a H; </s>
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2416 <s xml:id="echoid-s1066" xml:space="preserve">becauſe the Tri-<lb/>angles F G D and F a H are ſimilar.</s>
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2417 <s xml:id="echoid-s1067" xml:space="preserve"/>
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2418 </p>
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2419 <p>
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2420 <s xml:id="echoid-s1068" xml:space="preserve">Whence</s>
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2421 </p>
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2422 <p style="it">
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2423 <s xml:id="echoid-s1069" xml:space="preserve">G N : </s>
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2424 <s xml:id="echoid-s1070" xml:space="preserve">a I : </s>
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diff changeset
2425 <s xml:id="echoid-s1071" xml:space="preserve">: </s>
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2426 <s xml:id="echoid-s1072" xml:space="preserve">G D : </s>
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2427 <s xml:id="echoid-s1073" xml:space="preserve">a H.</s>
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2428 <s xml:id="echoid-s1074" xml:space="preserve"/>
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2429 </p>
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2430 <p>
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2431 <s xml:id="echoid-s1075" xml:space="preserve">Now becauſe G N has been proved to be e-<lb/>qual to the Perpendicular, whoſe Perſpective is <lb/>requir’d and D G is ſuppoſed equal to that Per-<lb/>pendicular; </s>
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2432 <s xml:id="echoid-s1076" xml:space="preserve">it follows, that G N and G D are <lb/>equal; </s>
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2433 <s xml:id="echoid-s1077" xml:space="preserve">and therefore a I and a H are alſo equal. <lb/></s>
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2434 <s xml:id="echoid-s1078" xml:space="preserve">Q E D.</s>
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2435 <s xml:id="echoid-s1079" xml:space="preserve"/>
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2436 </p>
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2437 </div>
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2438 <div xml:id="echoid-div146" type="section" level="1" n="79">
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2439 <head xml:id="echoid-head85" xml:space="preserve"><emph style="sc">Scholium</emph>.</head>
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2440 <p>
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2441 <s xml:id="echoid-s1080" xml:space="preserve">I might have aſſumed C P equal to the Perpen-<lb/>dicular, and uſed the Points C and P inſtead of <lb/>B and L. </s>
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2442 <s xml:id="echoid-s1081" xml:space="preserve">But uſing the ſaid Points B and L is <lb/>better: </s>
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2443 <s xml:id="echoid-s1082" xml:space="preserve">For when the Points C and P are uſed, <lb/>the Horizontal Line muſt almoſt always be con-<lb/>tinued, that ſo a Line drawn through the Points <lb/>c and a may cut it; </s>
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2444 <s xml:id="echoid-s1083" xml:space="preserve">moreover this Interſection <lb/>will ſometimes be at an infinite Diſtance; </s>
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2445 <s xml:id="echoid-s1084" xml:space="preserve">where-<lb/>as in uſing the Point B, M N can never be <lb/>greater than thrice the Breadth of the Deſign to <lb/>be drawn.</s>
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2446 <s xml:id="echoid-s1085" xml:space="preserve"/>
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2447 </p>
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2448 </div>
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2449 <div xml:id="echoid-div147" type="section" level="1" n="80">
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2450 <head xml:id="echoid-head86" xml:space="preserve"><emph style="sc">Corollary</emph>.</head>
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2451 <p>
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2452 <s xml:id="echoid-s1086" xml:space="preserve">The ſixth Problem may be ſolv’d by this; <lb/></s>
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2453 <s xml:id="echoid-s1087" xml:space="preserve">for a Point elevated above the Geometrical <lb/>Plane, may be conceived as the Extremity of a <lb/>Perpendicular to the Geometrical Plane.</s>
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2454 <s xml:id="echoid-s1088" xml:space="preserve"/>
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2455 </p>
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2456 <pb o="41" file="0079" n="89" rhead="on PERSPECTIVE."/>
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2457 </div>
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2458 <div xml:id="echoid-div148" type="section" level="1" n="81">
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2459 <head xml:id="echoid-head87" xml:space="preserve"><emph style="sc">Problem</emph> VIII.</head>
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2460 <p style="it">
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2461 <s xml:id="echoid-s1089" xml:space="preserve">59. </s>
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2462 <s xml:id="echoid-s1090" xml:space="preserve">To throw a Priſm or Cylinder into Perſpective, <lb/>
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2463 <anchor type="note" xlink:label="note-0079-01a" xlink:href="note-0079-01"/>
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2464 both of them being Perpendicular to the Geometri-<lb/>cal Plane.</s>
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2465 <s xml:id="echoid-s1091" xml:space="preserve"/>
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2466 </p>
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2467 <div xml:id="echoid-div148" type="float" level="2" n="1">
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2468 <note position="right" xlink:label="note-0079-01" xlink:href="note-0079-01a" xml:space="preserve">Fig. 26.</note>
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2469 </div>
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2470 <p>
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2471 <s xml:id="echoid-s1092" xml:space="preserve">Let G H I L M N be the Baſe of the Priſm <lb/>in the Geometrical Plane, and the viſible Part <lb/>thereof upon the perſpective Plane, let be n g h i; <lb/></s>
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2472 <s xml:id="echoid-s1093" xml:space="preserve">then to compleat the Repreſentation of the <lb/>Priſm, draw Perpendiculars from the Points <lb/>n g h and i to the Baſe Line, whoſe Length let <lb/>be <anchor type="note" xlink:href="" symbol="*"/> ſuch that they may repreſent Perpendicu-
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2473 <anchor type="note" xlink:label="note-0079-02a" xlink:href="note-0079-02"/>
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2474 lars to the Geometrical Plane, equal to the <lb/>Height of the Priſm, and find <anchor type="note" xlink:href="" symbol="*"/> the Perſpective
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2475 <anchor type="note" xlink:label="note-0079-03a" xlink:href="note-0079-03"/>
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2476 of the other Angular Points of the upper Sur-<lb/>face of the Priſm, in confidering them as Points <lb/>elevated above the Geometrical Plane: </s>
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2477 <s xml:id="echoid-s1094" xml:space="preserve">This <lb/>being done, if the Repreſentations of all the <lb/>ſaid Angular Points be joyn’d, the whole <lb/>Priſm will be thrown into Perſpective.</s>
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2478 <s xml:id="echoid-s1095" xml:space="preserve"/>
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2479 </p>
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2480 <div xml:id="echoid-div149" type="float" level="2" n="2">
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2481 <note symbol="*" position="right" xlink:label="note-0079-02" xlink:href="note-0079-02a" xml:space="preserve">55.</note>
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2482 <note symbol="*" position="right" xlink:label="note-0079-03" xlink:href="note-0079-03a" xml:space="preserve">50.</note>
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2483 </div>
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2484 <p>
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2485 <s xml:id="echoid-s1096" xml:space="preserve">Now to throw a Cylinder into Perſpective, <lb/>the Repreſentation of its Baſe and upper Sur-<lb/>face muſt firſt be had, by finding <anchor type="note" xlink:href="" symbol="*"/> the Appear-
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2486 <anchor type="note" xlink:label="note-0079-04a" xlink:href="note-0079-04"/>
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2487 ance of ſeveral Points of the Periphery of its <lb/>upper Surface, and then two Perpendiculars <lb/>muſt be ſo drawn to the Baſe Line, that they <lb/>may touch the Appearances of the two circular <lb/>Euds of the Cylinder, and the Appearance of <lb/>the Cylinder will be had. </s>
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2488 <s xml:id="echoid-s1097" xml:space="preserve">But to avoid uſeleſs <lb/>Operations, the viſible Part of the Baſe of the <lb/>Cylinder may be thus determin’d. </s>
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2489 <s xml:id="echoid-s1098" xml:space="preserve">Draw the <lb/>Line A S from the Point A to the Station Point S, <lb/>then this Line muſt be biſected in the Point R, <lb/>about which, as a Centre, and with the Radius <lb/>R A, the Circular Arc B A C, muſt be deſcrib’d <lb/>cutting the Baſe of the Cylinder in the Points
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2490 <pb o="42" file="0080" n="90" rhead="An ESSAY"/>
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2491 B and C, which will be the two moſt extreme <lb/>ones that can be ſeen.</s>
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2492 <s xml:id="echoid-s1099" xml:space="preserve"/>
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2493 </p>
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2494 <div xml:id="echoid-div150" type="float" level="2" n="3">
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2495 <note symbol="*" position="right" xlink:label="note-0079-04" xlink:href="note-0079-04a" xml:space="preserve">50.</note>
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2496 </div>
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2497 </div>
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2498 <div xml:id="echoid-div152" type="section" level="1" n="82">
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2499 <head xml:id="echoid-head88" style="it" xml:space="preserve">To do this another Way.</head>
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2500 <p>
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2501 <s xml:id="echoid-s1100" xml:space="preserve">61. </s>
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2502 <s xml:id="echoid-s1101" xml:space="preserve">If the upper Face of the Cylinder or Priſm <lb/>
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2503 <anchor type="note" xlink:label="note-0080-01a" xlink:href="note-0080-01"/>
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2504 be otherwiſe requir’d to be found, the ſame Things <lb/>being given as in the foregoing Method, we draw <lb/>the Line P Q in the perſpective Plane, parallel <lb/>to the Baſe Line, whoſe Diſtance therefrom we <lb/>make equal to the Height of the Priſm or Cy-<lb/>linder, whoſe Perſpective is requir’d. </s>
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2505 <s xml:id="echoid-s1102" xml:space="preserve">Then we <lb/>change its Geometrical Plane, ſo that the Baſe <lb/>Line coincides with P Q, and that in this Tran-<lb/>ſpoſition a Perpendicular to the Baſe Line coin-<lb/>cides with this ſame Perpendicular continued to-<lb/>
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2506 <anchor type="note" xlink:label="note-0080-02a" xlink:href="note-0080-02"/>
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2507 wards P Q. </s>
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2508 <s xml:id="echoid-s1103" xml:space="preserve">Finally we find <anchor type="note" xlink:href="" symbol="*"/> the Perſpective of
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2509 the Baſe of the Priſm or Cylinder, thus changed <lb/>in Situation by uſing P Q for a Baſe Line, and <lb/>the ſaid Perſpective is the Repreſentation of their <lb/>upper Faces.</s>
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2510 <s xml:id="echoid-s1104" xml:space="preserve"/>
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2511 </p>
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2512 <div xml:id="echoid-div152" type="float" level="2" n="1">
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2513 <note position="left" xlink:label="note-0080-01" xlink:href="note-0080-01a" xml:space="preserve">Fig. 26, <lb/>27.</note>
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2514 <note symbol="*" position="left" xlink:label="note-0080-02" xlink:href="note-0080-02a" xml:space="preserve">46.</note>
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2515 </div>
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2516 </div>
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2517 <div xml:id="echoid-div154" type="section" level="1" n="83">
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2518 <head xml:id="echoid-head89" xml:space="preserve"><emph style="sc">Demonstration</emph>.</head>
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2519 <p>
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2520 <s xml:id="echoid-s1105" xml:space="preserve">If we ſuppoſe the Plane of the upper Surface <lb/>of the Priſm to be continued, it will meet the <lb/>Perſpective Plane in P Q; </s>
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2521 <s xml:id="echoid-s1106" xml:space="preserve">and the upper Face <lb/>in this Plane continued, will have the ſame <lb/>Situation in Reſpect to P Q, as the Baſe hath <lb/>on the Geometrical Plane with Regard to the <lb/>Baſe Line. </s>
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2522 <s xml:id="echoid-s1107" xml:space="preserve">If then the ſaid continued Plane be <lb/>conceived to lye on the perſpective Plane, the <lb/>upper Faces of the Priſm or Cylinder, will be <lb/>as the Baſes changed in the Manner aforeſaid; <lb/></s>
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2523 <s xml:id="echoid-s1108" xml:space="preserve">therefore the Appearance of the ſaid Baſes <lb/>changed, will be that of the upper Surfaces.</s>
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2524 <s xml:id="echoid-s1109" xml:space="preserve"/>
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2525 </p>
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2526 <p>
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2527 <s xml:id="echoid-s1110" xml:space="preserve">Note, By folding the Paper it is eaſy to <lb/>tranſpoſe Figures, and when the Height of the
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2528 <pb file="0081" n="91"/>
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2529 <pb file="0081a" n="92"/>
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2530 <anchor type="figure" xlink:label="fig-0081a-01a" xlink:href="fig-0081a-01"/>
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2531 <anchor type="figure" xlink:label="fig-0081a-02a" xlink:href="fig-0081a-02"/>
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2532 <pb file="0082" n="93"/>
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2533 <pb o="43" file="0083" n="94" rhead="on PERSPECTIVE."/>
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2534 Priſm is greater than the Height of the Eye, the <lb/>precedent Method is the ſhorteſt.</s>
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2535 <s xml:id="echoid-s1111" xml:space="preserve"/>
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2536 </p>
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2537 <div xml:id="echoid-div154" type="float" level="2" n="1">
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2538 <figure xlink:label="fig-0081a-01" xlink:href="fig-0081a-01a">
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2539 <caption xml:id="echoid-caption24" style="it" xml:space="preserve">page 42<lb/>Plate 11.<lb/>Fig. 25.</caption>
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2540 <variables xml:id="echoid-variables24" xml:space="preserve">S F V M I N P H a L D E G C A B</variables>
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2541 </figure>
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2542 <figure xlink:label="fig-0081a-02" xlink:href="fig-0081a-02a">
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2543 <caption xml:id="echoid-caption25" style="it" xml:space="preserve">Fig. 26.<lb/>Fig. 27.</caption>
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2544 <variables xml:id="echoid-variables25" xml:space="preserve">S V P Q R n l g h G H B N I A C M L</variables>
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2545 </figure>
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2546 </div>
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2547 </div>
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2548 <div xml:id="echoid-div156" type="section" level="1" n="84">
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2549 <head xml:id="echoid-head90" xml:space="preserve"><emph style="sc">Problem</emph> IX.</head>
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2550 <p style="it">
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2551 <s xml:id="echoid-s1112" xml:space="preserve">62. </s>
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2552 <s xml:id="echoid-s1113" xml:space="preserve">To throw a Concave Body into Perſpective.</s>
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2553 <s xml:id="echoid-s1114" xml:space="preserve"/>
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2554 </p>
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2555 <note position="right" xml:space="preserve">Fig. 28.</note>
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2556 <p>
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2557 <s xml:id="echoid-s1115" xml:space="preserve">Having firſt ſound the Perſpective of the ſaid <lb/>Body, afterwards find the Appearance of its <lb/>Cavity, in conſidering the Cavity as a new <lb/>Body.</s>
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2558 <s xml:id="echoid-s1116" xml:space="preserve"/>
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2559 </p>
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2560 </div>
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2561 <div xml:id="echoid-div157" type="section" level="1" n="85">
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2562 <head xml:id="echoid-head91" xml:space="preserve"><emph style="sc">Problem</emph> X.</head>
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2563 <p style="it">
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2564 <s xml:id="echoid-s1117" xml:space="preserve">63. </s>
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2565 <s xml:id="echoid-s1118" xml:space="preserve">To throw a Sphere into Perſpective.</s>
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2566 <s xml:id="echoid-s1119" xml:space="preserve"/>
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2567 </p>
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2568 <note position="right" xml:space="preserve">Fig. 29.</note>
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2569 <p>
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2570 <s xml:id="echoid-s1120" xml:space="preserve">Let A be the Seat of the Centre of the Sphere; <lb/></s>
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2571 <s xml:id="echoid-s1121" xml:space="preserve">then the Point I the Perſpective of the Centre <lb/>muſt be found, <anchor type="note" xlink:href="" symbol="*"/> and the Line IV drawn to the
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2572 <anchor type="note" xlink:label="note-0083-03a" xlink:href="note-0083-03"/>
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2573 Point of Sight V. </s>
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2574 <s xml:id="echoid-s1122" xml:space="preserve">This being done, raiſe V F per-<lb/>pendicular to V I, which make equal to the <lb/>Diſtance from the Eye to the perſpective Plane; <lb/></s>
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2575 <s xml:id="echoid-s1123" xml:space="preserve">and in this Perpendicular continued, take V P <lb/>equal to the Diſtance from the Centre of the <lb/>Sphere to the perſpective Plane. </s>
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2576 <s xml:id="echoid-s1124" xml:space="preserve">Through the <lb/>Point P draw P Q parallel to V I cutting a Line <lb/>drawn from F through I, in Q; </s>
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2577 <s xml:id="echoid-s1125" xml:space="preserve">and about Q as <lb/>a Centre, with the Semidiameter of the Sphere, <lb/>draw the Circle C B, to which from the Point F, <lb/>draw the Tangents F C and F B, cutting the <lb/>Line I V in the Points G and E. </s>
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2578 <s xml:id="echoid-s1126" xml:space="preserve">On the Line <lb/>G E deſcribe the ſemicircle E D T G, wherein <lb/>draw the Line G D perpendicular to F I, which <lb/>biſect in H, and about H, as a Centre with the Ra-<lb/>dius H D, deſcribe the Arc of a Circle, L D R, cut-<lb/>ting the Line F I in the Points L and R. </s>
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2579 <s xml:id="echoid-s1127" xml:space="preserve">Take <lb/>the Chord G T in the Semicircle E D T G equal <lb/>to R L, and deſcribe a Semicircle T m G upon <lb/>G T; </s>
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2580 <s xml:id="echoid-s1128" xml:space="preserve">in which Semicircle draw ſeveral Lines, <lb/>as m n Perpendicular to G T; </s>
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2581 <s xml:id="echoid-s1129" xml:space="preserve">and cutting the
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2582 <pb o="44" file="0084" n="95" rhead="An ESSAY"/>
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2583 Line G E, in the Points p, from every of which <lb/>raiſe Perpendiculars p q, each of which muſt <lb/>be continued on each Side the Line G E, equal <lb/>to m n the Part of the correſpondent Line p m. <lb/></s>
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2584 <s xml:id="echoid-s1130" xml:space="preserve">Now if a great Number of the Points q be thus <lb/>found, and they are joyn’d by an even Hand, <lb/>you will have a Curve Line which will be the <lb/>Repreſentation ſought.</s>
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2585 <s xml:id="echoid-s1131" xml:space="preserve"/>
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2586 </p>
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2587 <div xml:id="echoid-div157" type="float" level="2" n="1">
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2588 <note symbol="*" position="right" xlink:label="note-0083-03" xlink:href="note-0083-03a" xml:space="preserve">50.</note>
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2589 </div>
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2590 </div>
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2591 <div xml:id="echoid-div159" type="section" level="1" n="86">
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2592 <head xml:id="echoid-head92" xml:space="preserve"><emph style="sc">Demonstration</emph>.</head>
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2593 <p style="it">
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2594 <s xml:id="echoid-s1132" xml:space="preserve">The Rays by which we perceive a Sphere, do form <lb/>an upright Cone, whoſe Axis paſſes through the Cen-<lb/>ter of the Sphere, and whoſe Section made by the <lb/>Perſpective Plane, is the Repreſentation ſought: </s>
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2595 <s xml:id="echoid-s1133" xml:space="preserve">from <lb/>whence it follows, that I is the Point in the Perſpe-<lb/>ctive Plane, through which the Cone’s Axis paſſes. <lb/></s>
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2596 <s xml:id="echoid-s1134" xml:space="preserve">But when an upright Cone is ſo cut by a Plane, that <lb/>the Section is an Ellipſis, as in this Caſe, the tranſ-<lb/>verſe Diameter of this Ellipſis, will paſs through <lb/>the Point of Concurrence of the ſaid Plane, and <lb/>Axis of the Cone, and that Point wherein a Per-<lb/>pendicular drawn from the Vertex of the Cone, cuts <lb/>the ſaid Plane. </s>
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2597 <s xml:id="echoid-s1135" xml:space="preserve">This will appear evident enough <lb/>to any one of but mean Knowledge in Conick Secti-<lb/>ons. </s>
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2598 <s xml:id="echoid-s1136" xml:space="preserve">Therefore the tranſverſe Axis of the Ellipſis, <lb/>which is the Repreſentation of the Sphere, is ſome <lb/>Part of V I; </s>
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2599 <s xml:id="echoid-s1137" xml:space="preserve">for the Eye is the Vertex of the Cone <lb/>formed by the viſual Rays of the Spbere.</s>
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2600 <s xml:id="echoid-s1138" xml:space="preserve"/>
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2601 </p>
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2602 <p style="it">
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2603 <s xml:id="echoid-s1139" xml:space="preserve">Now let us conceive a Plane to paſs through the <lb/>Eye, and the Line I V; </s>
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2604 <s xml:id="echoid-s1140" xml:space="preserve">this will paſs through the <lb/>Center of the Sphere: </s>
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2605 <s xml:id="echoid-s1141" xml:space="preserve">And if a Perpendicular be <lb/>let fall from the Center upon the principal Ray con-<lb/>tinued, that Part of the ſaid Ray included between <lb/>the Point of Sight, and the Point wherein this Per-<lb/>pendicular falls, which is always parallel to the Per-<lb/>ſpective Plane, will be equal to the Diſtance from <lb/>the Center of the Sphere to the Perſpective Plane,
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2606 <pb o="45" file="0085" n="96" rhead="on PERSPECTIVE."/>
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2607 and conſequently to V P. </s>
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2608 <s xml:id="echoid-s1142" xml:space="preserve">Therefore if the before-<lb/>mentioned Plane be ſuppoſed to revolve upon the Line <lb/>V I, as an Axis, until it coincides with the Per-<lb/>ſpective Plane, the Center of the Sphere will meet <lb/>the Perſpective Plane in Q, and the Eye in F; <lb/></s>
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2609 <s xml:id="echoid-s1143" xml:space="preserve">whence the Part G E of the Line I V is the tranſ-<lb/>verſe Diameter of the Ellipſis.</s>
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2610 <s xml:id="echoid-s1144" xml:space="preserve"/>
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2611 </p>
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2612 <p style="it">
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2613 <s xml:id="echoid-s1145" xml:space="preserve">Again let G D E in Figure 30, and g e f, in <lb/>
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2614 <anchor type="note" xlink:label="note-0085-01a" xlink:href="note-0085-01"/>
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2615 Figure 31 repreſent the Points denoted with the ſame <lb/>Letters in the foregoing Figure. </s>
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2616 <s xml:id="echoid-s1146" xml:space="preserve">Now if the Cone, <lb/>whoſe Profile is denoted by the Lines f g and fe be ſup-<lb/>poſed to be compleated, and to be cut by a Plane paſ-<lb/>ſing through the Line g e perpendicular to the Plane <lb/>of the Figure; </s>
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2617 <s xml:id="echoid-s1147" xml:space="preserve">we ſhall have an Ellipſis g 4 e 3 <lb/>ſimilar to that which is the ſought Repreſentation <lb/>of the Sphere. </s>
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2618 <s xml:id="echoid-s1148" xml:space="preserve">Further if the ſaid Cone be conceived <lb/>to be cut by a Plane 14 m 3 parallel to its Baſe, <lb/>and biſecting g e in n, it is manifeſt, that 3 4, the <lb/>common Section of the Circle 14 m 3, and the Ellip-<lb/>ſis g 4 e 3, is the conjugate Axis of the Ellip-<lb/>ſis. </s>
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2619 <s xml:id="echoid-s1149" xml:space="preserve">And therefore this conjugate Axis is equal <lb/>to the Line 3 4, Perpendicular in the Point n to the <lb/>Diameter 1 m of the Circle 14 m 3. </s>
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2620 <s xml:id="echoid-s1150" xml:space="preserve">Now draw <lb/>the Lines E O and G Y in Figure 30, parallel to <lb/>L M, then the Triangles E G Y and E N M are <lb/>ſimilar, whence</s>
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2621 </p>
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2622 <div xml:id="echoid-div159" type="float" level="2" n="1">
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2623 <note position="right" xlink:label="note-0085-01" xlink:href="note-0085-01a" xml:space="preserve">Fig. 30, <lb/>31.</note>
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2624 </div>
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2625 </div>
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2626 <div xml:id="echoid-div161" type="section" level="1" n="87">
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2627 <head xml:id="echoid-head93" xml:space="preserve">EG: EN:: GY: NM.</head>
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diff changeset
2628 <p>
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diff changeset
2629 <s xml:id="echoid-s1151" xml:space="preserve">But E G is twice E N; </s>
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diff changeset
2630 <s xml:id="echoid-s1152" xml:space="preserve">wherefore G Y is alſo the <lb/>double of N M, and ſo N M equal to G Z. </s>
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diff changeset
2631 <s xml:id="echoid-s1153" xml:space="preserve">After <lb/>the ſame manner we demonſtrate, that L N is equal <lb/>to X E; </s>
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diff changeset
2632 <s xml:id="echoid-s1154" xml:space="preserve">whence it follows, that G D is equal to <lb/>L M, and is ſo cut in z as L M is in N; </s>
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diff changeset
2633 <s xml:id="echoid-s1155" xml:space="preserve">and there-<lb/>fore R L or G T of Figure 29, is equal to 34 in <lb/>Figure 31; </s>
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diff changeset
2634 <s xml:id="echoid-s1156" xml:space="preserve">and conſequently equal to the conjugate <lb/>Axis of the Ellipſis to be drawn. </s>
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diff changeset
2635 <s xml:id="echoid-s1157" xml:space="preserve">On the other <lb/>Hand, it is manifeſt by Conſtruction, that ſome one <lb/>of the Perpendiculars m n, Figure 29, viz. </s>
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diff changeset
2636 <s xml:id="echoid-s1158" xml:space="preserve">that <lb/>which paſſes through the Center of the ſemicircle
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diff changeset
2637 <pb o="46" file="0086" n="97" rhead="An ESSAY"/>
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diff changeset
2638 G m T, biſects the Axis G E: </s>
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diff changeset
2639 <s xml:id="echoid-s1159" xml:space="preserve">For if a Line be <lb/>drawn from T to E, it will be perpendicular to G T, <lb/>and conſequently parallel to m n: </s>
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diff changeset
2640 <s xml:id="echoid-s1160" xml:space="preserve">Whence the con-<lb/>jugate Axis of the Curve G q E, is equal to the <lb/>conjugate Axis of the Ellipſis to be drawn: </s>
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diff changeset
2641 <s xml:id="echoid-s1161" xml:space="preserve">And <lb/>therefore we are only to prove, that the Curve paſ-<lb/>ſing through the Points q, is an Ellipſis. </s>
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diff changeset
2642 <s xml:id="echoid-s1162" xml:space="preserve">Which may <lb/>be ſbewnthus.</s>
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diff changeset
2643 <s xml:id="echoid-s1163" xml:space="preserve"/>
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diff changeset
2644 </p>
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diff changeset
2645 <p style="it">
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diff changeset
2646 <s xml:id="echoid-s1164" xml:space="preserve">The Parts G n of the Line G T, are Propor-<lb/>tional to the Parts G p of the Line G E: </s>
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diff changeset
2647 <s xml:id="echoid-s1165" xml:space="preserve">Whence <lb/>the Rectangles under G p and p E, are Proportional <lb/>to the Rectangles under G n and n T; </s>
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diff changeset
2648 <s xml:id="echoid-s1166" xml:space="preserve">but theſe laſt <lb/>Rectangles are equal to the Squares of the Ordinates <lb/>n m, which Squares are equal to the Squares of the <lb/>Ordinates p q; </s>
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diff changeset
2649 <s xml:id="echoid-s1167" xml:space="preserve">therefore theſe laſt Squares are Pro-<lb/>portional to the Rectangles under G p and p E, which <lb/>is a Property of the Ellipſis.</s>
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diff changeset
2650 <s xml:id="echoid-s1168" xml:space="preserve"/>
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diff changeset
2651 </p>
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diff changeset
2652 </div>
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diff changeset
2653 <div xml:id="echoid-div162" type="section" level="1" n="88">
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2654 <head xml:id="echoid-head94" xml:space="preserve"><emph style="sc">Definition</emph>.</head>
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diff changeset
2655 <p>
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2656 <s xml:id="echoid-s1169" xml:space="preserve">The ſemicircular Part h m of a Column, en-<lb/>
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diff changeset
2657 <anchor type="note" xlink:label="note-0086-01a" xlink:href="note-0086-01"/>
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2658 compaſſing the ſame like a Ring, is called the <lb/>Torus.</s>
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2659 <s xml:id="echoid-s1170" xml:space="preserve"/>
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diff changeset
2660 </p>
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2661 <div xml:id="echoid-div162" type="float" level="2" n="1">
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2662 <note position="left" xlink:label="note-0086-01" xlink:href="note-0086-01a" xml:space="preserve">Fig. 33.</note>
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diff changeset
2663 </div>
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2664 </div>
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2665 <div xml:id="echoid-div164" type="section" level="1" n="89">
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2666 <head xml:id="echoid-head95" xml:space="preserve"><emph style="sc">Problem</emph> XI.</head>
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2667 <p style="it">
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2668 <s xml:id="echoid-s1171" xml:space="preserve">64. </s>
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2669 <s xml:id="echoid-s1172" xml:space="preserve">To throw the Torus of a Column into Per-<lb/>ſpective.</s>
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diff changeset
2670 <s xml:id="echoid-s1173" xml:space="preserve"/>
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2671 </p>
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diff changeset
2672 <p>
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2673 <s xml:id="echoid-s1174" xml:space="preserve">Let B N C be the Baſe of the Column in the <lb/>
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2674 <anchor type="note" xlink:label="note-0086-02a" xlink:href="note-0086-02"/>
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diff changeset
2675 Geometrical Plane; </s>
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2676 <s xml:id="echoid-s1175" xml:space="preserve">draw a Line from the Cen-<lb/>ter A to the Station Point S, which biſect in the <lb/>Point R, and deſcribe the Arc of a Circle B A C <lb/>about the Point R, as a Center with the Radius R A.</s>
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diff changeset
2677 <s xml:id="echoid-s1176" xml:space="preserve"/>
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diff changeset
2678 </p>
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2679 <div xml:id="echoid-div164" type="float" level="2" n="1">
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2680 <note position="left" xlink:label="note-0086-02" xlink:href="note-0086-02a" xml:space="preserve">Fig. 32.</note>
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diff changeset
2681 </div>
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diff changeset
2682 <p>
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2683 <s xml:id="echoid-s1177" xml:space="preserve">Let X be the Profile of the Column, in which <lb/>
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2684 <anchor type="note" xlink:label="note-0086-03a" xlink:href="note-0086-03"/>
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diff changeset
2685 draw the Line z 36, through the Center of the <lb/>ſemicircle h m, parallel to the Baſe of the Co-<lb/>lumn; </s>
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2686 <s xml:id="echoid-s1178" xml:space="preserve">and in the Line s a, which goes through <lb/>the Center of the Column, parallel to its Sides,
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2687 <pb file="0087" n="98"/>
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2688 <pb file="0087a" n="99"/>
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2689 <anchor type="figure" xlink:label="fig-0087a-01a" xlink:href="fig-0087a-01"/>
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2690 <anchor type="figure" xlink:label="fig-0087a-02a" xlink:href="fig-0087a-02"/>
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2691 <anchor type="figure" xlink:label="fig-0087a-03a" xlink:href="fig-0087a-03"/>
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2692 <anchor type="figure" xlink:label="fig-0087a-04a" xlink:href="fig-0087a-04"/>
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2693 <pb file="0088" n="100"/>
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2694 <pb o="47" file="0089" n="101" rhead="on PERSPECTIVE."/>
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2695 take the Part 2 s, equal to the Height of the Eye <lb/>above the Point 2, which is in the Baſe of the <lb/>Column; </s>
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2696 <s xml:id="echoid-s1179" xml:space="preserve">likewiſe aſſume s a in the ſaid Line <lb/>equal to S A of the precedent Figure, and from the <lb/>Point a draw to a s the indefinite Perpendicular <lb/>a Y. </s>
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2697 <s xml:id="echoid-s1180" xml:space="preserve">Theſe General Preparations being made, <lb/>take at Pleaſure the ſmall equal Parts 6 i and 69 <lb/>in the Line s a; </s>
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2698 <s xml:id="echoid-s1181" xml:space="preserve">draw the Lines i h and 9 m Pa-<lb/>rallel to 63 z, and from the Point h draw the Line <lb/>h 3 4, thro’ the Center 3 of the Semicircle h m; <lb/></s>
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2699 <s xml:id="echoid-s1182" xml:space="preserve">aſſume a 5 in a Y equal to i 4, and draw the Line <lb/>5 s cutting i b in g, and 9 m in q. </s>
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2700 <s xml:id="echoid-s1183" xml:space="preserve">And, (in Figure <lb/>32.) </s>
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2701 <s xml:id="echoid-s1184" xml:space="preserve">about the Point A, as a Center, with the <lb/>Radius i h or 9 m, which are equal, deſcribe the <lb/>Circle F L M H, cutting the Arc B A C in the <lb/>Points D and E; </s>
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2702 <s xml:id="echoid-s1185" xml:space="preserve">then draw the Line D E cut-<lb/>ting the Line A S in I; </s>
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2703 <s xml:id="echoid-s1186" xml:space="preserve">aſſume I G equal to i g, <lb/>and I Q equal to 9 q; </s>
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2704 <s xml:id="echoid-s1187" xml:space="preserve">and thro’ the Points Q and <lb/>G, draw F H and L M, parallel to the Line E D, <lb/>cutting the Circle D M E F in the Points L, <lb/>M, F, and H. </s>
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2705 <s xml:id="echoid-s1188" xml:space="preserve">Now if the Repreſentations of Four <lb/>Points, whereof L M F and H, are the Seats, and <lb/>the two firſt of which is equal to 29, and of the <lb/>two others 2 i, be found*; </s>
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2706 <s xml:id="echoid-s1189" xml:space="preserve">the Repreſentation <lb/>of the ſaid four Points will be ſo many Points of <lb/>Appearance ſought. </s>
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2707 <s xml:id="echoid-s1190" xml:space="preserve">And by drawing two other <lb/>Lines, as i h and 9 m, and proceeding as be-<lb/>fore, the Repreſentation of ſo many more Points <lb/>will be had.</s>
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2708 <s xml:id="echoid-s1191" xml:space="preserve"/>
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2709 </p>
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2710 <div xml:id="echoid-div165" type="float" level="2" n="2">
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2711 <note position="left" xlink:label="note-0086-03" xlink:href="note-0086-03a" xml:space="preserve">Fig. 33.</note>
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2712 <figure xlink:label="fig-0087a-01" xlink:href="fig-0087a-01a">
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2713 <caption xml:id="echoid-caption26" style="it" xml:space="preserve">page 46<lb/>Plate 12.<lb/>Fig. 28.</caption>
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2714 </figure>
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2715 <figure xlink:label="fig-0087a-02" xlink:href="fig-0087a-02a">
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2716 <caption xml:id="echoid-caption27" style="it" xml:space="preserve">Fig. 29.</caption>
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2717 <variables xml:id="echoid-variables26" xml:space="preserve">F S V q q q E L p p p I G H q D P n n n T R m m m C B Q A</variables>
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2718 </figure>
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2719 <figure xlink:label="fig-0087a-03" xlink:href="fig-0087a-03a">
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2720 <caption xml:id="echoid-caption28" style="it" xml:space="preserve">Fig. 30.</caption>
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2721 <variables xml:id="echoid-variables27" xml:space="preserve">O X E L N M G Z Y D</variables>
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2722 </figure>
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2723 <figure xlink:label="fig-0087a-04" xlink:href="fig-0087a-04a">
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2724 <caption xml:id="echoid-caption29" style="it" xml:space="preserve">Fig. 31.</caption>
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2725 <variables xml:id="echoid-variables28" xml:space="preserve">f 3 c l n m g 4</variables>
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2726 </figure>
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2727 </div>
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2728 <p>
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2729 <s xml:id="echoid-s1192" xml:space="preserve">Note, Becauſe a part of the Torus is hid by <lb/>
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2730 <anchor type="note" xlink:label="note-0089-01a" xlink:href="note-0089-01"/>
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2731 the Column, therefore to avoid uſeleſs Operations, <lb/>a Circle muſt be deſcribed about the Center A, <lb/>with the Radius 36, cutting the Arc B C A in <lb/>the Points T and O, and the Lines STY and SOZ <lb/>muſt be drawn; </s>
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2732 <s xml:id="echoid-s1193" xml:space="preserve">then all the Points as F and H, <lb/>falling between the Lines TY and O Z are uſeleſs, <lb/>and L and M not coming under this Obſervation <lb/>muſt only be uſed; </s>
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2733 <s xml:id="echoid-s1194" xml:space="preserve">Note alſo, that there is no <lb/>neceſſity to determine Geometrically (which
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2734 <pb o="48" file="0090" n="102" rhead="An ESSAY"/>
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2735 might be done) the Point on the Semicircle <lb/>h z m, as far as the Parallels (as 9 m) are uſeful: <lb/></s>
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2736 <s xml:id="echoid-s1195" xml:space="preserve">For when theſe Parallels are uſeleſs, the Point <lb/>q will fall beyond the Point m: </s>
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2737 <s xml:id="echoid-s1196" xml:space="preserve">But then the <lb/>Perſpective of the Torus is entirely drawn alrea-<lb/>dy, if thoſe Parallels were firſt begun to be drawn <lb/>near to 6 3 z, and the others continually going <lb/>from it.</s>
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2738 <s xml:id="echoid-s1197" xml:space="preserve"/>
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2739 </p>
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2740 <div xml:id="echoid-div166" type="float" level="2" n="3">
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2741 <note position="right" xlink:label="note-0089-01" xlink:href="note-0089-01a" xml:space="preserve">Fig. 32.</note>
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2742 </div>
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2743 <p>
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2744 <s xml:id="echoid-s1198" xml:space="preserve">In order to demonſtrate this Problem, the fol-<lb/>lowing Lemma is neceſſary.</s>
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2745 <s xml:id="echoid-s1199" xml:space="preserve"/>
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2746 </p>
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2747 </div>
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2748 <div xml:id="echoid-div168" type="section" level="1" n="90">
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2749 <head xml:id="echoid-head96" xml:space="preserve"><emph style="sc">Lemma</emph>.</head>
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2750 <p>
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2751 <s xml:id="echoid-s1200" xml:space="preserve">65. </s>
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2752 <s xml:id="echoid-s1201" xml:space="preserve">If two Circles C D H E and D E F L cut <lb/>
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2753 <anchor type="note" xlink:label="note-0090-01a" xlink:href="note-0090-01"/>
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2754 each other, thro’ whoſe Centers C and B the Line <lb/>C L paſſes, and D E joyns their Interſections; <lb/></s>
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2755 <s xml:id="echoid-s1202" xml:space="preserve">then, if the Radius A C or A H be called a, and <lb/>B F or BL, b, and the Diſtance A B between the <lb/>two Centers c, I ſay A G is equal to {bb—aa/ec}—{1/2}C.</s>
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2756 <s xml:id="echoid-s1203" xml:space="preserve"/>
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2757 </p>
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2758 <div xml:id="echoid-div168" type="float" level="2" n="1">
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2759 <note position="left" xlink:label="note-0090-01" xlink:href="note-0090-01a" xml:space="preserve">Fig. 34.</note>
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2760 </div>
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2761 </div>
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2762 <div xml:id="echoid-div170" type="section" level="1" n="91">
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2763 <head xml:id="echoid-head97" xml:space="preserve"><emph style="sc">Demonstration</emph>.</head>
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2764 <p style="it">
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2765 <s xml:id="echoid-s1204" xml:space="preserve">Let us call A G, x, and G D or G E, y. <lb/></s>
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2766 <s xml:id="echoid-s1205" xml:space="preserve">Then by the Property of the Circle, if y be conceiv’d <lb/>as an Ordinate of the Circle, C D H; </s>
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2767 <s xml:id="echoid-s1206" xml:space="preserve">yy=aa—xx. </s>
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2768 <s xml:id="echoid-s1207" xml:space="preserve"><lb/>And if it be likewiſe conſider’d as an Ordinate of <lb/>the Circle F D L, yy=bb—cc—2cx—xx: </s>
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2769 <s xml:id="echoid-s1208" xml:space="preserve">Whence <lb/>aa—xx=bb—cc—2cx—xx, and ſo 2cx=bb <lb/>—aa—cc; </s>
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2770 <s xml:id="echoid-s1209" xml:space="preserve">and dividing each Side of this laſt Equa-<lb/>tion by 2c, we have a x={bb—aa/2c}{1/2} c. </s>
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2771 <s xml:id="echoid-s1210" xml:space="preserve">Which was <lb/>to be Demonſtrated.</s>
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2772 <s xml:id="echoid-s1211" xml:space="preserve"/>
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2773 </p>
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2774 <pb file="0091" n="103"/>
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2775 <pb file="0091a" n="104"/>
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2776 <figure>
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2777 <caption xml:id="echoid-caption30" style="it" xml:space="preserve">page 48.<lb/>Plate 13.<lb/>Fig. 32.</caption>
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2778 <variables xml:id="echoid-variables29" xml:space="preserve">V S R L P B D Q T M I F A E Y C G O H Z N</variables>
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2779 </figure>
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2780 <pb file="0092" n="105"/>
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2781 <pb o="49" file="0093" n="106" rhead="on PERSPECTIVE."/>
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2782 <p>
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2783 <s xml:id="echoid-s1212" xml:space="preserve">The Demonſtration of the <emph style="sc">Problem</emph>.</s>
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2784 <s xml:id="echoid-s1213" xml:space="preserve"/>
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2785 </p>
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2786 <p style="it">
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2787 <s xml:id="echoid-s1214" xml:space="preserve">66. </s>
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2788 <s xml:id="echoid-s1215" xml:space="preserve">The Torus of the Column muſt be conceiv’d as <lb/>made up of an Infinite Number of Circular Planes, <lb/>lying one upon another. </s>
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2789 <s xml:id="echoid-s1216" xml:space="preserve">And it is evident that <lb/>the Reaſon why each of thoſe Circles cannot be wholly <lb/>ſeen, is becauſe that which is immediately under it <lb/>hides a Part thereof; </s>
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2790 <s xml:id="echoid-s1217" xml:space="preserve">from whence it follows, that <lb/>if the Plane of one oſ theſe Circles be every way <lb/>continu’d, and the Circle immediately under it, be <lb/>thrown <anchor type="note" xlink:href="" symbol="*"/> into Perſpective upon it, (which Perſpective
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2791 <anchor type="note" xlink:label="note-0093-01a" xlink:href="note-0093-01"/>
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2792 is alſo a Circle) the two Points of Interſection of this <lb/>Repreſentation, and the Circle in the Plane, will deter-<lb/>mine the viſible Part of the ſaid Repreſentation; </s>
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2793 <s xml:id="echoid-s1218" xml:space="preserve">and <lb/>conſequently if the Repreſentation of theſe two Points <lb/>of Interſection be found upon the Perſpective Plane, we <lb/>ſhall have two Points of the Perſpective of the Torus of <lb/>the propoſed Column. </s>
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2794 <s xml:id="echoid-s1219" xml:space="preserve">This is what I have done in the <lb/>Solution of the Problem, as we ſhall now Analytically <lb/>demonſtrate.</s>
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2795 <s xml:id="echoid-s1220" xml:space="preserve"/>
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2796 </p>
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2797 <div xml:id="echoid-div170" type="float" level="2" n="1">
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2798 <note symbol="*" position="right" xlink:label="note-0093-01" xlink:href="note-0093-01a" xml:space="preserve">8.</note>
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2799 </div>
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2800 <p style="it">
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2801 <s xml:id="echoid-s1221" xml:space="preserve">Let O be the Eye, A M a part of the Torus of <lb/>
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2802 <anchor type="note" xlink:label="note-0093-02a" xlink:href="note-0093-02"/>
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2803 the Column, A P a Perpendicular to the Baſe paſſing <lb/>through the Center of the Column, and A B a <lb/>Parallel to the Baſe, drawn thro’ the Center B of <lb/>the Semicircle Concavity of the Torus. </s>
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2804 <s xml:id="echoid-s1222" xml:space="preserve">Let M P be <lb/>a Semidiameter of one of the Circles ſpoken of in the <lb/>the beginning of this Demonſtration. </s>
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2805 <s xml:id="echoid-s1223" xml:space="preserve">Then if the <lb/>Line m p be drawn parallel and infinitely near C M P <lb/>and the Lines m O and p O are drawn cutting M P <lb/>in D and T, it is evident that D T, which is in the <lb/>Plane of the Circle paſſing thro’ M P, will be the <lb/>Semidiameter of the Perſpective of the Circle imme-<lb/>diately underneath.</s>
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2806 <s xml:id="echoid-s1224" xml:space="preserve"/>
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2807 </p>
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2808 <div xml:id="echoid-div171" type="float" level="2" n="2">
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2809 <note position="right" xlink:label="note-0093-02" xlink:href="note-0093-02a" xml:space="preserve">Fig. 35.</note>
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2810 </div>
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2811 <p style="it">
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2812 <s xml:id="echoid-s1225" xml:space="preserve">Now let fall the Perpendicular O S from the Eye <lb/>to the Line A B, and continue the Lines M P and <lb/>m p, till they meet the ſaid Perpendicular in the Points <lb/>Q and q. </s>
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2813 <s xml:id="echoid-s1226" xml:space="preserve">Moreover, continue the Line M P to the
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2814 <pb o="50" file="0094" n="107" rhead="An ESSAY"/>
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2815 Point R, wherein it is cut by the Line m R per-<lb/>pendicular to m p. </s>
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2816 <s xml:id="echoid-s1227" xml:space="preserve">Aſſume A S = e, OQ = x, <lb/>and M P = y. </s>
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2817 <s xml:id="echoid-s1228" xml:space="preserve">Then in the ſimilar Triangles O q m, <lb/>and m R D, we have, <lb/>O q (x): </s>
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2818 <s xml:id="echoid-s1229" xml:space="preserve">q m (e + y):</s>
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2819 <s xml:id="echoid-s1230" xml:space="preserve">: m R (d x) R D: </s>
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2820 <s xml:id="echoid-s1231" xml:space="preserve">({edx + ydx/x}) <lb/>The ſimilar Triangles O p q and p T D, give, <lb/>oq (x): </s>
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2821 <s xml:id="echoid-s1232" xml:space="preserve">q p (e):</s>
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2822 <s xml:id="echoid-s1233" xml:space="preserve">: p P (d x): </s>
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2823 <s xml:id="echoid-s1234" xml:space="preserve">P T ({edx/x}) <lb/>P R is equal to y + dy, and if P T ({edx/x}) be added <lb/>to it, and then from the Aggregate be taken R D <lb/>({edx + ydx/x}) we ſhall have T D = y + dy - {ydx/x}</s>
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2824 </p>
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2825 <p style="it">
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2826 <s xml:id="echoid-s1235" xml:space="preserve">Now to find the Points of Interſection of the two <lb/>Circles, whoſe Radii are T D and P M, and Centers <lb/>diſtant from each other, by the Space T P, the Square <lb/>of T D leſs the Square of P M muſt <anchor type="note" xlink:href="" symbol="*"/> be divided by
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2827 <anchor type="note" xlink:label="note-0094-01a" xlink:href="note-0094-01"/>
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2828 Twice P T, and then half of P T muſt be taken there-<lb/>from, which may be here neglected, becauſe it is infinite-<lb/>ly ſmall in compariſon of the reſt; </s>
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2829 <s xml:id="echoid-s1236" xml:space="preserve">and we ſhall have <lb/>{xydy/dex} - {yy/e} for the Part of the Line PM included be-<lb/>tween P and the Point wherein this Line is cut by a <lb/>Line joyning the two Points of Interſection of the two <lb/>Circles.</s>
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2830 <s xml:id="echoid-s1237" xml:space="preserve"/>
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2831 </p>
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2832 <div xml:id="echoid-div172" type="float" level="2" n="3">
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2833 <note symbol="*" position="left" xlink:label="note-0094-01" xlink:href="note-0094-01a" xml:space="preserve">65.</note>
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2834 </div>
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2835 <p style="it">
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2836 <s xml:id="echoid-s1238" xml:space="preserve">Now before what I have here demonſtrated be ap-<lb/>ply’d to the Problem, we muſt obſerve, that if from <lb/>the Point M, a Line be drawn thro’ the Center B, <lb/>the Triangles M P C and m R M will be ſimilar; <lb/></s>
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2837 <s xml:id="echoid-s1239" xml:space="preserve">for the Angle m M P is the Exterior Angle of the <lb/>Triangle m R M, and the Angle m M C is a right <lb/>one. </s>
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2838 <s xml:id="echoid-s1240" xml:space="preserve">And conſequently <lb/>m R (dx): </s>
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2839 <s xml:id="echoid-s1241" xml:space="preserve">R M (d y):</s>
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2840 <s xml:id="echoid-s1242" xml:space="preserve">: M P (y): </s>
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2841 <s xml:id="echoid-s1243" xml:space="preserve">P C ({ydx/dx}).</s>
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2842 <s xml:id="echoid-s1244" xml:space="preserve"/>
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2843 </p>
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2844 <p style="it">
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2845 <s xml:id="echoid-s1245" xml:space="preserve">Now if S A = s a in the 32d and 33d Figures <lb/>
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2846 <anchor type="note" xlink:label="note-0094-02a" xlink:href="note-0094-02"/>
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2847 be repreſented by e in this Computation; </s>
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2848 <s xml:id="echoid-s1246" xml:space="preserve">as likewiſe
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2849 <pb o="51" file="0095" n="108" rhead="on PERSPECTIVE."/>
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2850 s i by x, and i h be y; </s>
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2851 <s xml:id="echoid-s1247" xml:space="preserve">it is manifeſt, that i 4 = a 5 <lb/>being Algebraially Expreſſed, will be {ydy/dx}</s>
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2852 </p>
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2853 <div xml:id="echoid-div173" type="float" level="2" n="4">
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2854 <note position="left" xlink:label="note-0094-02" xlink:href="note-0094-02a" xml:space="preserve">Fig. 32, <lb/>33.</note>
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2855 </div>
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2856 <p style="it">
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2857 <s xml:id="echoid-s1248" xml:space="preserve">Again, the ſimilar Triangles, s a 5 and s i g give <lb/>s a (e): </s>
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2858 <s xml:id="echoid-s1249" xml:space="preserve">a 5 ({ydy/dx}):</s>
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2859 <s xml:id="echoid-s1250" xml:space="preserve">: s i (x): </s>
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2860 <s xml:id="echoid-s1251" xml:space="preserve">i g ({xydx/edx}) Alſo by <lb/>the Conſtruction of Figure 32, <lb/>A S (e): </s>
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2861 <s xml:id="echoid-s1252" xml:space="preserve">A P = i h (y):</s>
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2862 <s xml:id="echoid-s1253" xml:space="preserve">: A P (y): </s>
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2863 <s xml:id="echoid-s1254" xml:space="preserve">A I ({yy/e}); <lb/></s>
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2864 <s xml:id="echoid-s1255" xml:space="preserve">Whence it follows, ſince I G = i g, that A G = <lb/>(I G - A I) = {xyd/cdx} - {yy/e}. </s>
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2865 <s xml:id="echoid-s1256" xml:space="preserve">And conſequently, H <lb/>and F are the Seats of the two Points whoſe Perſpe-<lb/>ctive is required, and thoſe Points are both in a <lb/>Plane parallel to the Geometrical Plane, which is the <lb/>height of 21 above the Geometrical Plane.</s>
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2866 <s xml:id="echoid-s1257" xml:space="preserve"/>
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2867 </p>
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2868 <p style="it">
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2869 <s xml:id="echoid-s1258" xml:space="preserve">If the precedent Calculation be apply’d to the Lower <lb/>Part of the Torus, the Expreſſion {xydy/edx} - {yy/e}, will <lb/>be chang’d into this, - {xydy/edx} - {yy/e;</s>
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2870 <s xml:id="echoid-s1259" xml:space="preserve">} which ſhews that <lb/>theſe two Quantities muſt be aſſumed on the ſame Side <lb/>of A, viz. </s>
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2871 <s xml:id="echoid-s1260" xml:space="preserve">towards S. </s>
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2872 <s xml:id="echoid-s1261" xml:space="preserve">Moreover 9 q, inthe Line <lb/>9 m, is equal to {xydy/edx}; </s>
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2873 <s xml:id="echoid-s1262" xml:space="preserve">for 98 ({ydy/e}) = i 4. <lb/></s>
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2874 <s xml:id="echoid-s1263" xml:space="preserve">Which ſhews that M and L are alſo the Seats of two <lb/>Points whoſe Perſpective muſt be found, and which are <lb/>both in a Plane parallel to the Geometrical Plane, and <lb/>above it the Height of 29.</s>
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2875 <s xml:id="echoid-s1264" xml:space="preserve"/>
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2876 </p>
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2877 </div>
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2878 <div xml:id="echoid-div175" type="section" level="1" n="92">
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2879 <head xml:id="echoid-head98" xml:space="preserve"><emph style="sc">Remarks</emph>.</head>
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2880 <p>
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2881 <s xml:id="echoid-s1265" xml:space="preserve">67. </s>
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2882 <s xml:id="echoid-s1266" xml:space="preserve">This Problem may be likewiſe ſolved in <lb/>conſidering the Torus of a Column as made up of <lb/>an infinite Number of Baſes of Cones, whoſe Al-<lb/>titudes are determin’d by the concurrence of the <lb/>Tangents of the Semicircular Concavity of the <lb/>Axis of the Column; </s>
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2883 <s xml:id="echoid-s1267" xml:space="preserve">and then determining <anchor type="note" xlink:href="" symbol="*"/> the
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2884 <anchor type="note" xlink:label="note-0095-01a" xlink:href="note-0095-01"/>
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2885 <pb o="52" file="0096" n="109" rhead="An ESSAY"/>
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2886 viſible Portions of the ſaid Baſes. </s>
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2887 <s xml:id="echoid-s1268" xml:space="preserve">Note, This <lb/>Method may be demonſtrated without Algebra, <lb/>but it would be very long.</s>
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2888 <s xml:id="echoid-s1269" xml:space="preserve"/>
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2889 </p>
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2890 <div xml:id="echoid-div175" type="float" level="2" n="1">
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2891 <note symbol="*" position="right" xlink:label="note-0095-01" xlink:href="note-0095-01a" xml:space="preserve">53.</note>
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2892 </div>
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2893 </div>
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2894 <div xml:id="echoid-div177" type="section" level="1" n="93">
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2895 <head xml:id="echoid-head99" xml:space="preserve"><emph style="sc">Problem</emph> IX.</head>
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2896 <p style="it">
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2897 <s xml:id="echoid-s1270" xml:space="preserve">68. </s>
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2898 <s xml:id="echoid-s1271" xml:space="preserve">To find the Accidental Point of ſeveral pa-<lb/>rallel Lines, which are inclin’d to the Geome-<lb/>trical Plane.</s>
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2899 <s xml:id="echoid-s1272" xml:space="preserve"/>
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2900 </p>
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2901 <p>
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2902 <s xml:id="echoid-s1273" xml:space="preserve">Let A B be the Direction of one of the Lines, <lb/>
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2903 <anchor type="note" xlink:label="note-0096-01a" xlink:href="note-0096-01"/>
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2904 whoſe accidental Point is ſought; </s>
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2905 <s xml:id="echoid-s1274" xml:space="preserve">and ECP, the <lb/>Angle that the ſaid Lines make with the Geo-<lb/>metrical Plane.</s>
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2906 <s xml:id="echoid-s1275" xml:space="preserve"/>
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2907 </p>
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2908 <div xml:id="echoid-div177" type="float" level="2" n="1">
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2909 <note position="left" xlink:label="note-0096-01" xlink:href="note-0096-01a" xml:space="preserve">Fig. 36.</note>
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2910 </div>
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2911 </div>
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2912 <div xml:id="echoid-div179" type="section" level="1" n="94">
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2913 <head xml:id="echoid-head100" xml:space="preserve"><emph style="sc">Operation</emph>.</head>
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2914 <p>
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2915 <s xml:id="echoid-s1276" xml:space="preserve">Draw a Line, O D, thro’ the Eye O, parallel <lb/>to A B, and thro’ the Point D, wherein it cuts <lb/>the Horizontal Line, and which is the acciden-<lb/>tal Point of the Directions of the given Lines, <lb/>draw D F perpendicular to the ſaid Horizontal <lb/>Line; </s>
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2916 <s xml:id="echoid-s1277" xml:space="preserve">in which aſſume D G, equal to DO. </s>
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2917 <s xml:id="echoid-s1278" xml:space="preserve">Fi-<lb/>nally, thro’ the Point G, draw the Line G F, <lb/>making an Angle with the Horizontal Line, equal <lb/>to E C P; </s>
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2918 <s xml:id="echoid-s1279" xml:space="preserve">and then the Point F, (the Interſection <lb/>of this Line) and the Perpendicular D F, is the <lb/>accidental Point ſought.</s>
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2919 <s xml:id="echoid-s1280" xml:space="preserve"/>
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2920 </p>
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2921 <p>
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2922 <s xml:id="echoid-s1281" xml:space="preserve">Note, When the Lines are inclin’d towards <lb/>the perſpective Plane, D F and G F muſt be <lb/>drawn below the Horizontal Line: </s>
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2923 <s xml:id="echoid-s1282" xml:space="preserve">And, contra-<lb/>riwiſe, when the ſaid Lines are inclin’d towards <lb/>the oppoſite Part of the perſpective Plane, the <lb/>aforeſaid Lines muſt be drawn above the ſaid <lb/>Horizontal Line, as is done here.</s>
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2924 <s xml:id="echoid-s1283" xml:space="preserve"/>
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2925 </p>
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2926 <pb file="0097" n="110"/>
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2927 <pb file="0097a" n="111"/>
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2928 <figure>
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2929 <caption xml:id="echoid-caption31" style="it" xml:space="preserve">page 52.<lb/>Plate. 14.<lb/>Fig. 34</caption>
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2930 <variables xml:id="echoid-variables30" xml:space="preserve">D C F G A B H L E</variables>
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2931 </figure>
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2932 <figure>
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2933 <caption xml:id="echoid-caption32" style="it" xml:space="preserve">Fig. 33</caption>
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2934 <variables xml:id="echoid-variables31" xml:space="preserve">S X 8 1 h 6 g 3 z q 9 m 2 4 m a 5 Y</variables>
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2935 </figure>
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2936 <figure>
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2937 <caption xml:id="echoid-caption33" style="it" xml:space="preserve">Fig. 35</caption>
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2938 <variables xml:id="echoid-variables32" xml:space="preserve">O M D P T Q R m p q B A S C</variables>
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2939 </figure>
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2940 <pb file="0098" n="112"/>
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2941 <pb o="53" file="0099" n="113" rhead="on PERSPECTIVE."/>
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2942 </div>
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2943 <div xml:id="echoid-div180" type="section" level="1" n="95">
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2944 <head xml:id="echoid-head101" xml:space="preserve"><emph style="sc">Demonstration</emph>.</head>
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2945 <p>
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2946 <s xml:id="echoid-s1284" xml:space="preserve">If a Plane be conceiv’d to paſs thro’ the Eye, <lb/>perpendicular to the Geometrical Plane, and paral-<lb/>lel to the given Lines; </s>
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2947 <s xml:id="echoid-s1285" xml:space="preserve">it is evident, that the ſaid <lb/>Plane will cut the Horizontal Plane in the Line <lb/>O D, and the perſpective Plane in D F. </s>
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2948 <s xml:id="echoid-s1286" xml:space="preserve">It is, <lb/>moreover, manifeſt, that a Line drawn thro’ the <lb/>Eye, parallel to the given Line, is in the ſaid <lb/>Plane, and (with the Line O D) makes an An-<lb/>gle, equal to the Angle E C P, below the Hori-<lb/>zontal Plane, if the Lines be inclin’d towards <lb/>the perſpective Plane, and above it, if they in-<lb/>cline to the oppoſite ſide; </s>
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2949 <s xml:id="echoid-s1287" xml:space="preserve">whence this laſt Line <lb/>makes a right-angled Triangle with O D and <lb/>D F, whoſe Angle at the Point O, is equal to <lb/>the Angle C E P. </s>
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2950 <s xml:id="echoid-s1288" xml:space="preserve">But D G F is likewiſe a <lb/>right-angled Triangle, as having the Angle at the <lb/>Point G, equal to ECP; </s>
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2951 <s xml:id="echoid-s1289" xml:space="preserve">therefore theſe two <lb/>Triangles are ſimilar. </s>
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diff changeset
2952 <s xml:id="echoid-s1290" xml:space="preserve">And ſince the Side D G <lb/>is equal to the Side D O, the Triangles are alſo <lb/>equal: </s>
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diff changeset
2953 <s xml:id="echoid-s1291" xml:space="preserve">Therefore the Line D F, being common <lb/>to theſe two Triangles; </s>
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diff changeset
2954 <s xml:id="echoid-s1292" xml:space="preserve">the Point F, is the <lb/>Point wherein the Line, paſſing thro’ the Eye <lb/>parallel to the given Line, meets the Per-<lb/>ſpective Plane: </s>
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diff changeset
2955 <s xml:id="echoid-s1293" xml:space="preserve">And this Point is <anchor type="note" xlink:href="" symbol="*"/> the acciden-
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diff changeset
2956 tal one ſought.</s>
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2957 <s xml:id="echoid-s1294" xml:space="preserve"/>
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diff changeset
2958 </p>
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diff changeset
2959 <p>
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diff changeset
2960 <s xml:id="echoid-s1295" xml:space="preserve">Note, This Demonſtration as well regards <lb/>
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diff changeset
2961 <anchor type="note" xlink:label="note-0099-01a" xlink:href="note-0099-01"/>
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diff changeset
2962 inclin’d Lines entirely ſeparate from the Geo-<lb/>metrical Plane, as thoſe that meet it in one of <lb/>their Extremes only.</s>
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diff changeset
2963 <s xml:id="echoid-s1296" xml:space="preserve"/>
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diff changeset
2964 </p>
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diff changeset
2965 <div xml:id="echoid-div180" type="float" level="2" n="1">
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2966 <note symbol="*" position="right" xlink:label="note-0099-01" xlink:href="note-0099-01a" xml:space="preserve">13, 14.</note>
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diff changeset
2967 </div>
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diff changeset
2968 </div>
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diff changeset
2969 <div xml:id="echoid-div182" type="section" level="1" n="96">
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2970 <head xml:id="echoid-head102" xml:space="preserve"><emph style="sc">Problem</emph> X.</head>
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diff changeset
2971 <p style="it">
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2972 <s xml:id="echoid-s1297" xml:space="preserve">69. </s>
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2973 <s xml:id="echoid-s1298" xml:space="preserve">To find the Repreſentation of one or more <lb/>Lines, inclin’d to the Geometrical Plane. <lb/></s>
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2974 <s xml:id="echoid-s1299" xml:space="preserve">
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diff changeset
2975 <anchor type="note" xlink:label="note-0099-02a" xlink:href="note-0099-02"/>
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diff changeset
2976 </s>
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diff changeset
2977 </p>
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diff changeset
2978 <div xml:id="echoid-div182" type="float" level="2" n="1">
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2979 <note position="right" xlink:label="note-0099-02" xlink:href="note-0099-02a" xml:space="preserve">Fig. 36.</note>
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diff changeset
2980 </div>
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diff changeset
2981 <p>
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2982 <s xml:id="echoid-s1300" xml:space="preserve">Let A be a Point given in the Geometrical <lb/>Plane; </s>
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diff changeset
2983 <s xml:id="echoid-s1301" xml:space="preserve">whereon ſtands a Line, whoſe Length, <lb/>Direction, and Angle of Inclination is known.</s>
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diff changeset
2984 <s xml:id="echoid-s1302" xml:space="preserve"/>
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diff changeset
2985 </p>
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diff changeset
2986 <pb o="54" file="0100" n="114" rhead="An ESSAY"/>
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2987 </div>
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2988 <div xml:id="echoid-div184" type="section" level="1" n="97">
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2989 <head xml:id="echoid-head103" xml:space="preserve"><emph style="sc">Operation</emph>.</head>
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2990 <p>
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2991 <s xml:id="echoid-s1303" xml:space="preserve">In ſome ſeparate Place, draw the Lines C E <lb/>and C P, making an Angle with each other <lb/>equal to the Angle of Inclination of the given <lb/>Line; </s>
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2992 <s xml:id="echoid-s1304" xml:space="preserve">and in one of theſe Lines, aſſume C E <lb/>equal to the given Line, and let fall the Perpen-<lb/>dicular E P, from the Point E upon the other <lb/>Line. </s>
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2993 <s xml:id="echoid-s1305" xml:space="preserve">Then aſſume A B, in the Direction of <lb/>the propos’d Line, equal to C P; </s>
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2994 <s xml:id="echoid-s1306" xml:space="preserve">and after ha-<lb/>ving found a, the Perſpective of A, and the <lb/>Point T <anchor type="note" xlink:href="" symbol="*"/>, the Perſpective of a Point elevated
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diff changeset
2995 <anchor type="note" xlink:label="note-0100-01a" xlink:href="note-0100-01"/>
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2996 above B, the Height of P E; </s>
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2997 <s xml:id="echoid-s1307" xml:space="preserve">join the Points a <lb/>and T by a right Line; </s>
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2998 <s xml:id="echoid-s1308" xml:space="preserve">and the ſought Appear-<lb/>ance will be had.</s>
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2999 <s xml:id="echoid-s1309" xml:space="preserve"/>
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3000 </p>
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diff changeset
3001 <div xml:id="echoid-div184" type="float" level="2" n="1">
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3002 <note symbol="*" position="left" xlink:label="note-0100-01" xlink:href="note-0100-01a" xml:space="preserve">50.</note>
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3003 </div>
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3004 </div>
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diff changeset
3005 <div xml:id="echoid-div186" type="section" level="1" n="98">
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3006 <head xml:id="echoid-head104" xml:space="preserve"><emph style="sc">Demonstration</emph>.</head>
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3007 <p>
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3008 <s xml:id="echoid-s1310" xml:space="preserve">If from the Extremity of the inclin’d Line, a <lb/>Perpendicular be let fall upon the Geometrical <lb/>Plane, the ſaid Perpendicular will meet this <lb/>Plane in the Point B, and will be equal to P E; <lb/></s>
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3009 <s xml:id="echoid-s1311" xml:space="preserve">as is evident by the Conſtruction of the Figure <lb/>C P E. </s>
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3010 <s xml:id="echoid-s1312" xml:space="preserve">But the Point T is the Repreſentation <lb/>of the Extremity of this Perpendicular; </s>
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3011 <s xml:id="echoid-s1313" xml:space="preserve">and <lb/>therefore it is alſo the Extremity of the inclin’d <lb/>Line. </s>
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3012 <s xml:id="echoid-s1314" xml:space="preserve">Which was to be demonſtrated.</s>
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3013 <s xml:id="echoid-s1315" xml:space="preserve"/>
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3014 </p>
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3015 </div>
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3016 <div xml:id="echoid-div187" type="section" level="1" n="99">
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3017 <head xml:id="echoid-head105" xml:space="preserve"><emph style="sc">Remarks</emph>.</head>
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3018 <p>
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3019 <s xml:id="echoid-s1316" xml:space="preserve">There are ſome Caſes of this Propoſition, that <lb/>may be ſhorten’d. </s>
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3020 <s xml:id="echoid-s1317" xml:space="preserve">As, 1. </s>
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3021 <s xml:id="echoid-s1318" xml:space="preserve">When there are ſeve-<lb/>ral Lines of this Kind parallel between them-<lb/>ſelves, and whoſe accidental Point can be <lb/>found <anchor type="note" xlink:href="" symbol="*"/>: </s>
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diff changeset
3022 <s xml:id="echoid-s1319" xml:space="preserve">And, 2. </s>
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3023 <s xml:id="echoid-s1320" xml:space="preserve">When an inclin’d Line is pa-
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diff changeset
3024 <anchor type="note" xlink:label="note-0100-02a" xlink:href="note-0100-02"/>
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3025 rallel to the perſpective Plane. </s>
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3026 <s xml:id="echoid-s1321" xml:space="preserve">The Manner of
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diff changeset
3027 <pb o="55" file="0101" n="115" rhead="on PERSPECTIVE."/>
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3028 making theſe Abbreviations, will be laid down <lb/>in the following Methods.</s>
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3029 <s xml:id="echoid-s1322" xml:space="preserve"/>
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3030 </p>
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3031 <div xml:id="echoid-div187" type="float" level="2" n="1">
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3032 <note symbol="*" position="left" xlink:label="note-0100-02" xlink:href="note-0100-02a" xml:space="preserve">68.</note>
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diff changeset
3033 </div>
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diff changeset
3034 </div>
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diff changeset
3035 <div xml:id="echoid-div189" type="section" level="1" n="100">
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diff changeset
3036 <head xml:id="echoid-head106" xml:space="preserve"><emph style="sc">Method</emph> II. <lb/>70. By the accidental Point of inclin’d Lines.</head>
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diff changeset
3037 <p>
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diff changeset
3038 <s xml:id="echoid-s1323" xml:space="preserve">Thro’ F, the accidental Point of the inclin’d <lb/>
22d6a63640c6 moved texts from SVN https://it-dev.mpiwg-berlin.mpg.de/svn/mpdl-project-content/trunk/texts/eXist/
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diff changeset
3039 <anchor type="note" xlink:label="note-0101-01a" xlink:href="note-0101-01"/>
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diff changeset
3040 parallel Lines, draw F H, parallel to the Baſe <lb/>Line, and equal to F G. </s>
22d6a63640c6 moved texts from SVN https://it-dev.mpiwg-berlin.mpg.de/svn/mpdl-project-content/trunk/texts/eXist/
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diff changeset
3041 <s xml:id="echoid-s1324" xml:space="preserve">And let A be the <lb/>Point, wherein one of the inclin’d Lines meets <lb/>the Geometrical Plane.</s>
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diff changeset
3042 <s xml:id="echoid-s1325" xml:space="preserve"/>
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diff changeset
3043 </p>
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diff changeset
3044 <div xml:id="echoid-div189" type="float" level="2" n="1">
22d6a63640c6 moved texts from SVN https://it-dev.mpiwg-berlin.mpg.de/svn/mpdl-project-content/trunk/texts/eXist/
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diff changeset
3045 <note position="right" xlink:label="note-0101-01" xlink:href="note-0101-01a" xml:space="preserve">Fig. 36.</note>
22d6a63640c6 moved texts from SVN https://it-dev.mpiwg-berlin.mpg.de/svn/mpdl-project-content/trunk/texts/eXist/
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diff changeset
3046 </div>
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diff changeset
3047 </div>
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diff changeset
3048 <div xml:id="echoid-div191" type="section" level="1" n="101">
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diff changeset
3049 <head xml:id="echoid-head107" xml:space="preserve"><emph style="sc">Operation</emph>.</head>
22d6a63640c6 moved texts from SVN https://it-dev.mpiwg-berlin.mpg.de/svn/mpdl-project-content/trunk/texts/eXist/
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diff changeset
3050 <p>
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diff changeset
3051 <s xml:id="echoid-s1326" xml:space="preserve">Aſſume R Q in the Baſe Line, equal to the <lb/>inclin’d Line; </s>
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parents:
diff changeset
3052 <s xml:id="echoid-s1327" xml:space="preserve">and draw Lines from the Points <lb/>R and Q, to the Point Z, taken at pleaſure in <lb/>the Horizontal Plane.</s>
22d6a63640c6 moved texts from SVN https://it-dev.mpiwg-berlin.mpg.de/svn/mpdl-project-content/trunk/texts/eXist/
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diff changeset
3053 <s xml:id="echoid-s1328" xml:space="preserve"/>
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diff changeset
3054 </p>
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diff changeset
3055 <p>
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diff changeset
3056 <s xml:id="echoid-s1329" xml:space="preserve">Thro’ a, the Perſpective of A, draw a N pa-<lb/>rallel to the Baſe Line; </s>
22d6a63640c6 moved texts from SVN https://it-dev.mpiwg-berlin.mpg.de/svn/mpdl-project-content/trunk/texts/eXist/
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parents:
diff changeset
3057 <s xml:id="echoid-s1330" xml:space="preserve">in which aſſume a L, <lb/>equal to M N; </s>
22d6a63640c6 moved texts from SVN https://it-dev.mpiwg-berlin.mpg.de/svn/mpdl-project-content/trunk/texts/eXist/
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parents:
diff changeset
3058 <s xml:id="echoid-s1331" xml:space="preserve">and draw a Line from the Point <lb/>a, to the Point F; </s>
22d6a63640c6 moved texts from SVN https://it-dev.mpiwg-berlin.mpg.de/svn/mpdl-project-content/trunk/texts/eXist/
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parents:
diff changeset
3059 <s xml:id="echoid-s1332" xml:space="preserve">and from the Point L, draw <lb/>another to the Point H. </s>
22d6a63640c6 moved texts from SVN https://it-dev.mpiwg-berlin.mpg.de/svn/mpdl-project-content/trunk/texts/eXist/
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diff changeset
3060 <s xml:id="echoid-s1333" xml:space="preserve">Then a T will be the <lb/>Perſpective ſought.</s>
22d6a63640c6 moved texts from SVN https://it-dev.mpiwg-berlin.mpg.de/svn/mpdl-project-content/trunk/texts/eXist/
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diff changeset
3061 <s xml:id="echoid-s1334" xml:space="preserve"/>
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diff changeset
3062 </p>
22d6a63640c6 moved texts from SVN https://it-dev.mpiwg-berlin.mpg.de/svn/mpdl-project-content/trunk/texts/eXist/
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diff changeset
3063 </div>
22d6a63640c6 moved texts from SVN https://it-dev.mpiwg-berlin.mpg.de/svn/mpdl-project-content/trunk/texts/eXist/
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diff changeset
3064 <div xml:id="echoid-div192" type="section" level="1" n="102">
22d6a63640c6 moved texts from SVN https://it-dev.mpiwg-berlin.mpg.de/svn/mpdl-project-content/trunk/texts/eXist/
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diff changeset
3065 <head xml:id="echoid-head108" xml:space="preserve"><emph style="sc">Demonstration</emph>.</head>
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diff changeset
3066 <p>
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diff changeset
3067 <s xml:id="echoid-s1335" xml:space="preserve">By <anchor type="note" xlink:href="" symbol="*"/> the Nature of the accidental Point, the
22d6a63640c6 moved texts from SVN https://it-dev.mpiwg-berlin.mpg.de/svn/mpdl-project-content/trunk/texts/eXist/
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parents:
diff changeset
3068 <anchor type="note" xlink:label="note-0101-02a" xlink:href="note-0101-02"/>
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diff changeset
3069 Perſpective ſought is a Part of the Line a F; <lb/></s>
22d6a63640c6 moved texts from SVN https://it-dev.mpiwg-berlin.mpg.de/svn/mpdl-project-content/trunk/texts/eXist/
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diff changeset
3070 <s xml:id="echoid-s1336" xml:space="preserve">and therefore, we are only to demonſtrate, <lb/>that the Extremity of the faid Perpendicular is in <lb/>the Line L H. </s>
22d6a63640c6 moved texts from SVN https://it-dev.mpiwg-berlin.mpg.de/svn/mpdl-project-content/trunk/texts/eXist/
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diff changeset
3071 <s xml:id="echoid-s1337" xml:space="preserve">Which may be thus done.</s>
22d6a63640c6 moved texts from SVN https://it-dev.mpiwg-berlin.mpg.de/svn/mpdl-project-content/trunk/texts/eXist/
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diff changeset
3072 <s xml:id="echoid-s1338" xml:space="preserve"/>
22d6a63640c6 moved texts from SVN https://it-dev.mpiwg-berlin.mpg.de/svn/mpdl-project-content/trunk/texts/eXist/
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diff changeset
3073 </p>
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diff changeset
3074 <div xml:id="echoid-div192" type="float" level="2" n="1">
22d6a63640c6 moved texts from SVN https://it-dev.mpiwg-berlin.mpg.de/svn/mpdl-project-content/trunk/texts/eXist/
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diff changeset
3075 <note symbol="*" position="right" xlink:label="note-0101-02" xlink:href="note-0101-02a" xml:space="preserve">14.</note>
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diff changeset
3076 </div>
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diff changeset
3077 <p>
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diff changeset
3078 <s xml:id="echoid-s1339" xml:space="preserve">Let us ſuppoſe a Line, A I, to paſs thro’ the <lb/>Point A, parallel to the Baſe Line, and equal to <lb/>the inclin’d Line. </s>
22d6a63640c6 moved texts from SVN https://it-dev.mpiwg-berlin.mpg.de/svn/mpdl-project-content/trunk/texts/eXist/
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diff changeset
3079 <s xml:id="echoid-s1340" xml:space="preserve">It is then manifeſt <anchor type="note" xlink:href="" symbol="*"/>, that
22d6a63640c6 moved texts from SVN https://it-dev.mpiwg-berlin.mpg.de/svn/mpdl-project-content/trunk/texts/eXist/
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diff changeset
3080 <anchor type="note" xlink:label="note-0101-03a" xlink:href="note-0101-03"/>
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diff changeset
3081 L is the Perſpective of I; </s>
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diff changeset
3082 <s xml:id="echoid-s1341" xml:space="preserve">and conſequently, <lb/>L H <anchor type="note" xlink:href="" symbol="*"/> is the Appearance of a Line paſſing
22d6a63640c6 moved texts from SVN https://it-dev.mpiwg-berlin.mpg.de/svn/mpdl-project-content/trunk/texts/eXist/
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diff changeset
3083 <anchor type="note" xlink:label="note-0101-04a" xlink:href="note-0101-04"/>
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diff changeset
3084 <pb o="56" file="0102" n="116" rhead="An ESSAY"/>
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diff changeset
3085 through I, and the Extremity of the propoſed <lb/>Line; </s>
22d6a63640c6 moved texts from SVN https://it-dev.mpiwg-berlin.mpg.de/svn/mpdl-project-content/trunk/texts/eXist/
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diff changeset
3086 <s xml:id="echoid-s1342" xml:space="preserve">and therefore the Perſpective of this Ex-<lb/>tremity is in the Line L H; </s>
22d6a63640c6 moved texts from SVN https://it-dev.mpiwg-berlin.mpg.de/svn/mpdl-project-content/trunk/texts/eXist/
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parents:
diff changeset
3087 <s xml:id="echoid-s1343" xml:space="preserve">which was to be <lb/>demonſtrated.</s>
22d6a63640c6 moved texts from SVN https://it-dev.mpiwg-berlin.mpg.de/svn/mpdl-project-content/trunk/texts/eXist/
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diff changeset
3088 <s xml:id="echoid-s1344" xml:space="preserve"/>
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diff changeset
3089 </p>
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diff changeset
3090 <div xml:id="echoid-div193" type="float" level="2" n="2">
22d6a63640c6 moved texts from SVN https://it-dev.mpiwg-berlin.mpg.de/svn/mpdl-project-content/trunk/texts/eXist/
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diff changeset
3091 <note symbol="*" position="right" xlink:label="note-0101-03" xlink:href="note-0101-03a" xml:space="preserve">56.</note>
22d6a63640c6 moved texts from SVN https://it-dev.mpiwg-berlin.mpg.de/svn/mpdl-project-content/trunk/texts/eXist/
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diff changeset
3092 <note symbol="*" position="right" xlink:label="note-0101-04" xlink:href="note-0101-04a" xml:space="preserve">@@</note>
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diff changeset
3093 </div>
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diff changeset
3094 <p>
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diff changeset
3095 <s xml:id="echoid-s1345" xml:space="preserve">Note, if F H had been aſſumed, the one half, <lb/>or one third, &amp; </s>
22d6a63640c6 moved texts from SVN https://it-dev.mpiwg-berlin.mpg.de/svn/mpdl-project-content/trunk/texts/eXist/
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diff changeset
3096 <s xml:id="echoid-s1346" xml:space="preserve">c. </s>
22d6a63640c6 moved texts from SVN https://it-dev.mpiwg-berlin.mpg.de/svn/mpdl-project-content/trunk/texts/eXist/
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diff changeset
3097 <s xml:id="echoid-s1347" xml:space="preserve">of what it is; </s>
22d6a63640c6 moved texts from SVN https://it-dev.mpiwg-berlin.mpg.de/svn/mpdl-project-content/trunk/texts/eXist/
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diff changeset
3098 <s xml:id="echoid-s1348" xml:space="preserve">then it is mani-<lb/>feſt <anchor type="note" xlink:href="" symbol="*"/> that R Q muſt alfo have been taken equal
22d6a63640c6 moved texts from SVN https://it-dev.mpiwg-berlin.mpg.de/svn/mpdl-project-content/trunk/texts/eXist/
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diff changeset
3099 <anchor type="note" xlink:label="note-0102-01a" xlink:href="note-0102-01"/>
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diff changeset
3100 to the one half, or third Part, &amp; </s>
22d6a63640c6 moved texts from SVN https://it-dev.mpiwg-berlin.mpg.de/svn/mpdl-project-content/trunk/texts/eXist/
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diff changeset
3101 <s xml:id="echoid-s1349" xml:space="preserve">c. </s>
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diff changeset
3102 <s xml:id="echoid-s1350" xml:space="preserve">of C E.</s>
22d6a63640c6 moved texts from SVN https://it-dev.mpiwg-berlin.mpg.de/svn/mpdl-project-content/trunk/texts/eXist/
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diff changeset
3103 <s xml:id="echoid-s1351" xml:space="preserve"/>
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3104 </p>
22d6a63640c6 moved texts from SVN https://it-dev.mpiwg-berlin.mpg.de/svn/mpdl-project-content/trunk/texts/eXist/
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diff changeset
3105 <div xml:id="echoid-div194" type="float" level="2" n="3">
22d6a63640c6 moved texts from SVN https://it-dev.mpiwg-berlin.mpg.de/svn/mpdl-project-content/trunk/texts/eXist/
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3106 <note symbol="*" position="left" xlink:label="note-0102-01" xlink:href="note-0102-01a" xml:space="preserve">19.</note>
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diff changeset
3107 </div>
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3108 </div>
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3109 <div xml:id="echoid-div196" type="section" level="1" n="103">
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3110 <head xml:id="echoid-head109" xml:space="preserve"><emph style="sc">Method</emph>. III.</head>
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diff changeset
3111 <p style="it">
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3112 <s xml:id="echoid-s1352" xml:space="preserve">71. </s>
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3113 <s xml:id="echoid-s1353" xml:space="preserve">Forinclined Lines not meeting the Geometrical <lb/>Plane.</s>
22d6a63640c6 moved texts from SVN https://it-dev.mpiwg-berlin.mpg.de/svn/mpdl-project-content/trunk/texts/eXist/
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diff changeset
3114 <s xml:id="echoid-s1354" xml:space="preserve"/>
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3115 </p>
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diff changeset
3116 <p>
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3117 <s xml:id="echoid-s1355" xml:space="preserve">Let A and B be the Seats of the Extremities of <lb/>
22d6a63640c6 moved texts from SVN https://it-dev.mpiwg-berlin.mpg.de/svn/mpdl-project-content/trunk/texts/eXist/
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diff changeset
3118 <anchor type="note" xlink:label="note-0102-02a" xlink:href="note-0102-02"/>
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3119 the given Line. </s>
22d6a63640c6 moved texts from SVN https://it-dev.mpiwg-berlin.mpg.de/svn/mpdl-project-content/trunk/texts/eXist/
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3120 <s xml:id="echoid-s1356" xml:space="preserve">Let X repreſent a Plane paſſing <lb/>through the given Line perpendicular to the <lb/>Geometrical Plane. </s>
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3121 <s xml:id="echoid-s1357" xml:space="preserve">Likewiſe let M N in this <lb/>Plane, repreſent the Line whoſe Perſpective is re-<lb/>quir’d; </s>
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3122 <s xml:id="echoid-s1358" xml:space="preserve">and let C N and P M be perpendicular to <lb/>the Geometrical Plane: </s>
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3123 <s xml:id="echoid-s1359" xml:space="preserve">Whence P C repreſents <lb/>A B, and conſequently is equal thereto.</s>
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3124 <s xml:id="echoid-s1360" xml:space="preserve"/>
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3125 </p>
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diff changeset
3126 <div xml:id="echoid-div196" type="float" level="2" n="1">
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3127 <note position="left" xlink:label="note-0102-02" xlink:href="note-0102-02a" xml:space="preserve">Fig. 37.</note>
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diff changeset
3128 </div>
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diff changeset
3129 </div>
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3130 <div xml:id="echoid-div198" type="section" level="1" n="104">
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3131 <head xml:id="echoid-head110" xml:space="preserve"><emph style="sc">Operation</emph>.</head>
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diff changeset
3132 <p>
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diff changeset
3133 <s xml:id="echoid-s1361" xml:space="preserve">Find the Point I <anchor type="note" xlink:href="" symbol="*"/>, the Perſpective of a Point,
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diff changeset
3134 <anchor type="note" xlink:label="note-0102-03a" xlink:href="note-0102-03"/>
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diff changeset
3135 above the Point A, the Height of C N; </s>
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diff changeset
3136 <s xml:id="echoid-s1362" xml:space="preserve">and <lb/>draw the Line B S, from the Point B, to the <lb/>Station Point I, cutting the Baſe Line in E; </s>
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3137 <s xml:id="echoid-s1363" xml:space="preserve">and <lb/>from the Point I, draw a Line to the accidental <lb/>Point F; </s>
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diff changeset
3138 <s xml:id="echoid-s1364" xml:space="preserve">which cut by a Perpendicular to the <lb/>Baſe Line, raiſed at the Point E; </s>
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3139 <s xml:id="echoid-s1365" xml:space="preserve">and then I T <lb/>will be the Appearance ſought.</s>
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3140 <s xml:id="echoid-s1366" xml:space="preserve"/>
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3141 </p>
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diff changeset
3142 <div xml:id="echoid-div198" type="float" level="2" n="1">
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3143 <note symbol="*" position="left" xlink:label="note-0102-03" xlink:href="note-0102-03a" xml:space="preserve">50.</note>
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diff changeset
3144 </div>
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3145 </div>
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diff changeset
3146 <div xml:id="echoid-div200" type="section" level="1" n="105">
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3147 <head xml:id="echoid-head111" xml:space="preserve"><emph style="sc">Method</emph> IV.</head>
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3148 <p style="it">
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3149 <s xml:id="echoid-s1367" xml:space="preserve">72. </s>
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3150 <s xml:id="echoid-s1368" xml:space="preserve">For inclined Lines parallel to the perſpective <lb/>Plane.</s>
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3151 <s xml:id="echoid-s1369" xml:space="preserve"/>
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3152 </p>
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diff changeset
3153 <pb file="0103" n="117"/>
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3154 <pb file="0103a" n="118"/>
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3155 <figure>
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3156 <caption xml:id="echoid-caption34" style="it" xml:space="preserve">page 56.<lb/>Plate. 15</caption>
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3157 <variables xml:id="echoid-variables33" xml:space="preserve">F H O Z D G</variables>
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3158 </figure>
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3159 <figure>
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3160 <caption xml:id="echoid-caption35" style="it" xml:space="preserve">Fig. 36</caption>
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3161 <variables xml:id="echoid-variables34" xml:space="preserve">T N M L a R Q E I A C P B</variables>
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3162 </figure>
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3163 <figure>
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3164 <caption xml:id="echoid-caption36" xml:space="preserve">Fig. 37</caption>
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3165 <variables xml:id="echoid-variables35" xml:space="preserve">F S V T I E M A N X P C B</variables>
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3166 </figure>
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3167 <pb file="0104" n="119"/>
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3168 <pb o="57" file="0105" n="120" rhead="on PERSPECTIVE."/>
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3169 <p>
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3170 <s xml:id="echoid-s1370" xml:space="preserve">The Operation of Prob. </s>
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3171 <s xml:id="echoid-s1371" xml:space="preserve">VII. </s>
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3172 <s xml:id="echoid-s1372" xml:space="preserve">muſt be uſed <lb/>here, but with this Difference (ſee Fig. </s>
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3173 <s xml:id="echoid-s1373" xml:space="preserve">of the <lb/>ſaid Prob.) </s>
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3174 <s xml:id="echoid-s1374" xml:space="preserve">that whereas a I in the ſaid Problem <lb/>is perpendicular to the Baſe Line, here it muſt <lb/>make an Angle with the Baſe Line, equal to the <lb/>Angle of Inclination of the given Lines.</s>
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3175 <s xml:id="echoid-s1375" xml:space="preserve"/>
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3176 </p>
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3177 <p>
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3178 <s xml:id="echoid-s1376" xml:space="preserve">For the Demonſtration of this, ſee n. </s>
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3179 <s xml:id="echoid-s1377" xml:space="preserve">7, and 10.</s>
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3180 <s xml:id="echoid-s1378" xml:space="preserve"/>
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3181 </p>
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3182 </div>
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3183 <div xml:id="echoid-div201" type="section" level="1" n="106">
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3184 <head xml:id="echoid-head112" xml:space="preserve"><emph style="sc">Prob</emph>. XIV.</head>
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3185 <p style="it">
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3186 <s xml:id="echoid-s1379" xml:space="preserve">73. </s>
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3187 <s xml:id="echoid-s1380" xml:space="preserve">To throw a Body into Perſpective, having <lb/>ſome one or all of its Sides inclined to the Geometri-<lb/>cal Plane.</s>
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3188 <s xml:id="echoid-s1381" xml:space="preserve"/>
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3189 </p>
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3190 <p>
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3191 <s xml:id="echoid-s1382" xml:space="preserve">The Appearances of the Lines forming the <lb/>Angles of the propoſed Body muſt be found: </s>
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3192 <s xml:id="echoid-s1383" xml:space="preserve">And <lb/>this may be eaſily done by Prob. </s>
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3193 <s xml:id="echoid-s1384" xml:space="preserve">10. </s>
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3194 <s xml:id="echoid-s1385" xml:space="preserve"><anchor type="note" xlink:href="" symbol="*"/> which
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3195 <anchor type="note" xlink:label="note-0105-01a" xlink:href="note-0105-01"/>
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3196 takes in all the Caſes. </s>
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3197 <s xml:id="echoid-s1386" xml:space="preserve">And in this Manner the <lb/>Appearance of a Pyramid, an inclined Priſm, <lb/>&amp; </s>
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3198 <s xml:id="echoid-s1387" xml:space="preserve">c. </s>
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3199 <s xml:id="echoid-s1388" xml:space="preserve">may be found. </s>
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3200 <s xml:id="echoid-s1389" xml:space="preserve">But nevertheleſs, it hap-<lb/>pens ſometimes, that the Operations of the pre-<lb/>cedent Problem may be abbreviated; </s>
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3201 <s xml:id="echoid-s1390" xml:space="preserve">as when <lb/>the Extremity of ſeveral Lines are found in one <lb/>and the ſame Line, or when inclined Lines, that <lb/>have difficult accidental Points, interſect one <lb/>another, and ſo mutually determine each other. <lb/></s>
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3202 <s xml:id="echoid-s1391" xml:space="preserve">This will appear manifeſt by the following Ex-<lb/>amples.</s>
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3203 <s xml:id="echoid-s1392" xml:space="preserve"/>
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3204 </p>
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3205 <div xml:id="echoid-div201" type="float" level="2" n="1">
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3206 <note symbol="*" position="right" xlink:label="note-0105-01" xlink:href="note-0105-01a" xml:space="preserve">69.</note>
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3207 </div>
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3208 </div>
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3209 <div xml:id="echoid-div203" type="section" level="1" n="107">
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3210 <head xml:id="echoid-head113" xml:space="preserve"><emph style="sc">Example</emph> I.</head>
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3211 <p style="it">
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3212 <s xml:id="echoid-s1393" xml:space="preserve">To throw ſeveral parallel Shores which ſtrengthen a <lb/>Wall, into Perſpective.</s>
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3213 <s xml:id="echoid-s1394" xml:space="preserve"/>
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3214 </p>
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3215 <p>
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3216 <s xml:id="echoid-s1395" xml:space="preserve">I ſuppoſe here that the Baſes of theſe Shores, <lb/>
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3217 <anchor type="note" xlink:label="note-0105-02a" xlink:href="note-0105-02"/>
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3218 which are the Places where they meet the Sur-<lb/>face of the Ground, are all in a right Line, pa-<lb/>rallel to the Side of the Wall; </s>
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3219 <s xml:id="echoid-s1396" xml:space="preserve">and then the <lb/>faid Shores may be thrown into Perſpective in <lb/>the following Manner: </s>
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3220 <s xml:id="echoid-s1397" xml:space="preserve">Having firſt found <anchor type="note" xlink:href="" symbol="*"/>
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3221 <anchor type="note" xlink:label="note-0105-03a" xlink:href="note-0105-03"/>
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3222 <pb o="58" file="0106" n="121" rhead="An ESSAY"/>
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3223 their accidental Point F, afterwards find the Re-<lb/>preſentation of their Baſes: </s>
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3224 <s xml:id="echoid-s1398" xml:space="preserve">This being done, <lb/>denote the Appearances of the Lines wherein <lb/>the Shores meet the Wall, upon the Perſpective <lb/>of the Wall; </s>
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3225 <s xml:id="echoid-s1399" xml:space="preserve">the Appearances here are the <lb/>Lines p t, r s, which repreſent Lines parallel to <lb/>the Geometrical Plane, from the Suppoſition, <lb/>that the Shores are parallel between themſelves, <lb/>and their Baſes equally diſtant from the Wall. <lb/></s>
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3226 <s xml:id="echoid-s1400" xml:space="preserve">Finally, draw Lines from the Angles of the Re-<lb/>preſentations 1 2 3 4, to the Point F, which <lb/>will be terminated by their Interſections with <lb/>p t and r s, and will give the Appearances ſought, <lb/>as you ſee in the Figure.</s>
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3227 <s xml:id="echoid-s1401" xml:space="preserve"/>
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3228 </p>
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3229 <div xml:id="echoid-div203" type="float" level="2" n="1">
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3230 <note position="right" xlink:label="note-0105-02" xlink:href="note-0105-02a" xml:space="preserve">Fig. 38.</note>
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3231 <note symbol="*" position="right" xlink:label="note-0105-03" xlink:href="note-0105-03a" xml:space="preserve">68.</note>
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3232 </div>
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3233 </div>
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3234 <div xml:id="echoid-div205" type="section" level="1" n="108">
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3235 <head xml:id="echoid-head114" xml:space="preserve"><emph style="sc">Example</emph> II.</head>
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3236 <p style="it">
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3237 <s xml:id="echoid-s1402" xml:space="preserve">To throw ſeveral parallel Roofs of a Houſe into <lb/>Perſpective.</s>
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3238 <s xml:id="echoid-s1403" xml:space="preserve"/>
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3239 </p>
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3240 <p>
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3241 <s xml:id="echoid-s1404" xml:space="preserve">Having found the accidental Points G and Q <lb/>
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3242 <anchor type="note" xlink:label="note-0106-01a" xlink:href="note-0106-01"/>
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3243 of the ſaid Roofs, in the Repreſentation of <lb/>the Wall ſuſtaining them, denote the Points <lb/>a b c d, wherein the ſaid Roofs meet the Wall: <lb/></s>
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3244 <s xml:id="echoid-s1405" xml:space="preserve">Then from the Point G draw Lines through the <lb/>Points a b c; </s>
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3245 <s xml:id="echoid-s1406" xml:space="preserve">and from the Point Q others to <lb/>the Points b c d; </s>
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3246 <s xml:id="echoid-s1407" xml:space="preserve">theſe Lines by their mutual <lb/>Interſection will determine each other, and give <lb/>the Repreſentations ſought.</s>
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3247 <s xml:id="echoid-s1408" xml:space="preserve"/>
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3248 </p>
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3249 <div xml:id="echoid-div205" type="float" level="2" n="1">
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3250 <note position="left" xlink:label="note-0106-01" xlink:href="note-0106-01a" xml:space="preserve">Fig. 39.</note>
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3251 </div>
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3252 </div>
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3253 <div xml:id="echoid-div207" type="section" level="1" n="109">
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3254 <head xml:id="echoid-head115" xml:space="preserve"><emph style="sc">Conclusion</emph>.</head>
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3255 <p>
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3256 <s xml:id="echoid-s1409" xml:space="preserve">74. </s>
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3257 <s xml:id="echoid-s1410" xml:space="preserve">From what has been already ſaid, it will <lb/>not be difficult to throw any Objects whatſoever <lb/>into Perſpective. </s>
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3258 <s xml:id="echoid-s1411" xml:space="preserve">But ſince it is very difficult, <lb/>and indeed impoſſible for a Painter to make a <lb/>Deſign entirely according to the Rules we have <lb/>preſcribed; </s>
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3259 <s xml:id="echoid-s1412" xml:space="preserve">the Number of Points to be found <lb/>being almoſt infinite: </s>
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3260 <s xml:id="echoid-s1413" xml:space="preserve">therefore the Figures
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3261 <pb file="0107" n="122"/>
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3262 <pb file="0107a" n="123"/>
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3263 <anchor type="figure" xlink:label="fig-0107a-01a" xlink:href="fig-0107a-01"/>
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3264 <pb file="0108" n="124"/>
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3265 <pb o="59" file="0109" n="125" rhead="on PERSPECTIVE."/>
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3266 drawn upon the Geometrical Plane, and the <lb/>principal Points of the Objects without the ſaid <lb/>Plane, need only be thrown into Perſpective. <lb/></s>
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3267 <s xml:id="echoid-s1414" xml:space="preserve">Which being once obtained, he may make uſe <lb/>of theſe Appearances ſo found, as a Rule where-<lb/>by the reſt may be compleated by the Eye, with-<lb/>out running the Riſque of committing ſome <lb/>conſiderable Fault, which by this Means may be <lb/>avoided.</s>
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3268 <s xml:id="echoid-s1415" xml:space="preserve"/>
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3269 </p>
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3270 <div xml:id="echoid-div207" type="float" level="2" n="1">
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3271 <figure xlink:label="fig-0107a-01" xlink:href="fig-0107a-01a">
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3272 <caption xml:id="echoid-caption37" style="it" xml:space="preserve">page 58.<lb/>Plate. 16<lb/>Fig. 39<lb/>Fig. 38</caption>
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3273 <variables xml:id="echoid-variables36" xml:space="preserve">F Q O p l r s 1 2 3 4 G</variables>
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3274 </figure>
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3275 </div>
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3276 </div>
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3277 <div xml:id="echoid-div209" type="section" level="1" n="110">
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3278 <head xml:id="echoid-head116" xml:space="preserve">CHAP. IV.</head>
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3279 <p style="it">
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3280 <s xml:id="echoid-s1416" xml:space="preserve">Of the Practice of Peſpective upon the Per-<lb/>ſpective Plane ſtill conſider’d as being upright.</s>
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3281 <s xml:id="echoid-s1417" xml:space="preserve"/>
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3282 </p>
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3283 <p>
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3284 <s xml:id="echoid-s1418" xml:space="preserve">IT often happens that Painters offend all <lb/>Rules of true Appearance when they paint <lb/>Pictures to ſtand aloft, to be ſeen Sideways, or at <lb/>a confiderable Diſtance. </s>
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3285 <s xml:id="echoid-s1419" xml:space="preserve">Their Cuſtom is to <lb/>paint Pictures to be view’d, after the ſame Man-<lb/>ner as they themſelves look at them when they <lb/>are working; </s>
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3286 <s xml:id="echoid-s1420" xml:space="preserve">whence in the following Caſes, <lb/>this Practice of theirs will be uſeleſs; </s>
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3287 <s xml:id="echoid-s1421" xml:space="preserve">and ſo to <lb/>avoid enormous Faults, they are neceſſitated to <lb/>have recourſe to Perſpective But what has been <lb/>ſaid in the laſt Chapter, does not reach theſe <lb/>particular Caſes; </s>
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3288 <s xml:id="echoid-s1422" xml:space="preserve">therefore we ſhall here add ſome <lb/>new Problems, which together with the former <lb/>ones, will take in all Caſes.</s>
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3289 <s xml:id="echoid-s1423" xml:space="preserve"/>
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3290 </p>
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3291 </div>
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3292 <div xml:id="echoid-div210" type="section" level="1" n="111">
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3293 <head xml:id="echoid-head117" xml:space="preserve"><emph style="sc">Problem</emph> I.</head>
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3294 <p style="it">
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3295 <s xml:id="echoid-s1424" xml:space="preserve">75. </s>
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3296 <s xml:id="echoid-s1425" xml:space="preserve">To throw Figures which are in the Geometri-<lb/>cal Plane into Perſpective, when the Eye is at ſo great <lb/>a Diſtance that it cannot be denoted in the Horizon-
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3297 <pb o="60" file="0110" n="126" rhead="An ESSAY"/>
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diff changeset
3298 tal Plane, or one of the Points of Diſtance on the <lb/>Horizontal Line.</s>
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3299 <s xml:id="echoid-s1426" xml:space="preserve"/>
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3300 </p>
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3301 <p>
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3302 <s xml:id="echoid-s1427" xml:space="preserve">The Repreſentation of two Points of theſe <lb/>Figures muſt be firſt found <anchor type="note" xlink:href="" symbol="*"/>; </s>
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3303 <s xml:id="echoid-s1428" xml:space="preserve">and then by Means
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3304 <anchor type="note" xlink:label="note-0110-01a" xlink:href="note-0110-01"/>
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diff changeset
3305 of theſe two Points the Appearances of others <lb/>may be had <anchor type="note" xlink:href="" symbol="*"/>.</s>
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3306 <s xml:id="echoid-s1429" xml:space="preserve"/>
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3307 </p>
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3308 <div xml:id="echoid-div210" type="float" level="2" n="1">
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3309 <note symbol="*" position="left" xlink:label="note-0110-01" xlink:href="note-0110-01a" xml:space="preserve">24.</note>
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3310 </div>
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3311 <note symbol="*" position="left" xml:space="preserve">38.</note>
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3312 </div>
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3313 <div xml:id="echoid-div212" type="section" level="1" n="112">
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3314 <head xml:id="echoid-head118" xml:space="preserve"><emph style="sc">Example</emph>.</head>
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3315 <p>
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3316 <s xml:id="echoid-s1430" xml:space="preserve">Let A B C D E, be a Pentagon, whoſe Ap-<lb/>
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3317 <anchor type="note" xlink:label="note-0110-03a" xlink:href="note-0110-03"/>
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3318 pearance is requir’d; </s>
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3319 <s xml:id="echoid-s1431" xml:space="preserve">V the Point of Sight; </s>
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3320 <s xml:id="echoid-s1432" xml:space="preserve">and <lb/>V F the ſixth Part of the Eye’s Diſtance from <lb/>the perſpective Plane. </s>
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3321 <s xml:id="echoid-s1433" xml:space="preserve">Now find <anchor type="note" xlink:href="" symbol="*"/> b and e the
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3322 <anchor type="note" xlink:label="note-0110-04a" xlink:href="note-0110-04"/>
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3323 Appearance of B and E, by means of which, <lb/>the Appearance of the Point A will be had <anchor type="note" xlink:href="" symbol="*"/>.</s>
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3324 <s xml:id="echoid-s1434" xml:space="preserve">
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3325 <anchor type="note" xlink:label="note-0110-05a" xlink:href="note-0110-05"/>
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3326 In like Manner, by means of the Repreſenta-<lb/>tion of A and E, will that of D be had; </s>
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3327 <s xml:id="echoid-s1435" xml:space="preserve">and <lb/>by uſing B and A, the Perſpective of C may be <lb/>found.</s>
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3328 <s xml:id="echoid-s1436" xml:space="preserve"/>
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3329 </p>
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3330 <div xml:id="echoid-div212" type="float" level="2" n="1">
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3331 <note position="left" xlink:label="note-0110-03" xlink:href="note-0110-03a" xml:space="preserve">Fig. 40.</note>
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3332 <note symbol="*" position="left" xlink:label="note-0110-04" xlink:href="note-0110-04a" xml:space="preserve">24.</note>
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3333 <note symbol="*" position="left" xlink:label="note-0110-05" xlink:href="note-0110-05a" xml:space="preserve">38.</note>
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3334 </div>
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3335 <p>
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3336 <s xml:id="echoid-s1437" xml:space="preserve">76. </s>
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3337 <s xml:id="echoid-s1438" xml:space="preserve">Note, the Perſpective of Lines perpendicu-<lb/>lar to the Geometrical Plane <anchor type="note" xlink:href="" symbol="*"/>; </s>
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3338 <s xml:id="echoid-s1439" xml:space="preserve">as alſo of Lines
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3339 <anchor type="note" xlink:label="note-0110-06a" xlink:href="note-0110-06"/>
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3340 inclined thereto <anchor type="note" xlink:href="" symbol="*"/>, may be found by the Methods
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3341 <anchor type="note" xlink:label="note-0110-07a" xlink:href="note-0110-07"/>
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3342 of the precedent Chapter.</s>
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3343 <s xml:id="echoid-s1440" xml:space="preserve"/>
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3344 </p>
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3345 <div xml:id="echoid-div213" type="float" level="2" n="2">
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3346 <note symbol="*" position="left" xlink:label="note-0110-06" xlink:href="note-0110-06a" xml:space="preserve">55.</note>
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3347 <note symbol="*" position="left" xlink:label="note-0110-07" xlink:href="note-0110-07a" xml:space="preserve">69.</note>
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3348 </div>
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3349 </div>
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3350 <div xml:id="echoid-div215" type="section" level="1" n="113">
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3351 <head xml:id="echoid-head119" xml:space="preserve"><emph style="sc">Problem</emph> II.</head>
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3352 <p style="it">
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3353 <s xml:id="echoid-s1441" xml:space="preserve">77. </s>
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3354 <s xml:id="echoid-s1442" xml:space="preserve">To throw Figures, which are in the Geometri-<lb/>cal Plane into Perſpective, when the Eye is ſo oblique <lb/>that it cannot be marked in the Horizontal Plane, <lb/>or the Point of Sight in the Horizontal Line.</s>
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3355 <s xml:id="echoid-s1443" xml:space="preserve"/>
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3356 </p>
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3357 <p>
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3358 <s xml:id="echoid-s1444" xml:space="preserve">We muſt proceed here according to the Di-<lb/>rections of the precedent Problem, after having <lb/>found the Perſpective of ſeveral Points of the <lb/>given Figures.</s>
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3359 <s xml:id="echoid-s1445" xml:space="preserve"/>
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3360 </p>
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3361 <p>
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3362 <s xml:id="echoid-s1446" xml:space="preserve">At any Point C, taken at Pleaſure in the Baſe <lb/>Line, draw the Perpendicular C D to the ſaid <lb/>
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3363 <anchor type="note" xlink:label="note-0110-08a" xlink:href="note-0110-08"/>
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3364 Line, and likewiſe draw the Line C E from the <lb/>ſame Point in ſuch manner, that if it could be
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3365 <pb file="0111" n="127"/>
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3366 <pb file="0111a" n="128"/>
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3367 <anchor type="figure" xlink:label="fig-0111a-01a" xlink:href="fig-0111a-01"/>
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3368 <anchor type="figure" xlink:label="fig-0111a-02a" xlink:href="fig-0111a-02"/>
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3369 <pb file="0112" n="129"/>
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3370 <pb o="61" file="0113" n="130" rhead="on PERSPECTIVE."/>
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3371 continued, it would cut the Horizontal Line in <lb/>the Point of Sight.</s>
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3372 <s xml:id="echoid-s1447" xml:space="preserve"/>
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3373 </p>
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3374 <div xml:id="echoid-div215" type="float" level="2" n="1">
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3375 <note position="left" xlink:label="note-0110-08" xlink:href="note-0110-08a" xml:space="preserve">Fig. 41.</note>
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3376 <figure xlink:label="fig-0111a-01" xlink:href="fig-0111a-01a">
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3377 <caption xml:id="echoid-caption38" style="it" xml:space="preserve">page 60.<lb/>Plate. 17</caption>
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3378 <variables xml:id="echoid-variables37" xml:space="preserve">F V</variables>
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3379 </figure>
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3380 <figure xlink:label="fig-0111a-02" xlink:href="fig-0111a-02a">
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3381 <caption xml:id="echoid-caption39" style="it" xml:space="preserve">Fig. 40</caption>
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diff changeset
3382 <variables xml:id="echoid-variables38" xml:space="preserve">c θ b e a F G H I K L A B E C D</variables>
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3383 </figure>
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3384 </div>
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3385 <p>
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3386 <s xml:id="echoid-s1448" xml:space="preserve">This is done in aſſuming C H equal to {1/3}, or <lb/>{1/4} Part, &amp;</s>
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3387 <s xml:id="echoid-s1449" xml:space="preserve">c. </s>
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3388 <s xml:id="echoid-s1450" xml:space="preserve">of the Diſtance from the Point C, <lb/>to the Foot of the vertical Line; </s>
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3389 <s xml:id="echoid-s1451" xml:space="preserve">and in raiſing <lb/>the Perpendicular H E, in the Point H, equal <lb/>to {1/3} or {1/4} Part, &amp;</s>
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3390 <s xml:id="echoid-s1452" xml:space="preserve">c. </s>
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diff changeset
3391 <s xml:id="echoid-s1453" xml:space="preserve">of the Height of the Eye. <lb/></s>
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3392 <s xml:id="echoid-s1454" xml:space="preserve">Now A is a given Point, whoſe Appearance is <lb/>ſought.</s>
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diff changeset
3393 <s xml:id="echoid-s1455" xml:space="preserve"/>
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3394 </p>
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diff changeset
3395 </div>
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diff changeset
3396 <div xml:id="echoid-div217" type="section" level="1" n="114">
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diff changeset
3397 <head xml:id="echoid-head120" xml:space="preserve"><emph style="sc">Operation</emph>.</head>
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diff changeset
3398 <p>
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diff changeset
3399 <s xml:id="echoid-s1456" xml:space="preserve">Draw a Parallel A B, through the Point A, <lb/>to the Baſe Line, meeting the Line C D in the <lb/>Point B, and let a ſecond Eye be ſuppoſed at <lb/>the ſame Height and Diſtance as the firſt; </s>
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3400 <s xml:id="echoid-s1457" xml:space="preserve">then <lb/>find <anchor type="note" xlink:href="" symbol="*"/> F G the Repreſentation of A B for this
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diff changeset
3401 <anchor type="note" xlink:label="note-0113-01a" xlink:href="note-0113-01"/>
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3402 ſecond Eye, which continue until it meets the <lb/>Line C E in b, and in this Continuation aſſume <lb/>b a equal to F G; </s>
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3403 <s xml:id="echoid-s1458" xml:space="preserve">then a will be the Perſpective <lb/>ſought.</s>
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3404 <s xml:id="echoid-s1459" xml:space="preserve"/>
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3405 </p>
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diff changeset
3406 <div xml:id="echoid-div217" type="float" level="2" n="1">
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3407 <note symbol="*" position="right" xlink:label="note-0113-01" xlink:href="note-0113-01a" xml:space="preserve">42.</note>
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3408 </div>
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3409 </div>
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3410 <div xml:id="echoid-div219" type="section" level="1" n="115">
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3411 <head xml:id="echoid-head121" xml:space="preserve"><emph style="sc">Demonstration</emph>.</head>
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3412 <p>
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3413 <s xml:id="echoid-s1460" xml:space="preserve">Becauſe the Height and Diſtance of the ſecond <lb/>Eye, is equal to the Height and Diſtance of the <lb/>firſt; </s>
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3414 <s xml:id="echoid-s1461" xml:space="preserve">the ſaid two Eyes are both in one parallel <lb/>Line A B; </s>
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3415 <s xml:id="echoid-s1462" xml:space="preserve">and conſequently <anchor type="note" xlink:href="" symbol="*"/>, the Perſpective
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3416 <anchor type="note" xlink:label="note-0113-02a" xlink:href="note-0113-02"/>
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3417 of A B muſt be a Part of F G continued, and <lb/>
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3418 <anchor type="note" xlink:label="note-0113-03a" xlink:href="note-0113-03"/>
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3419 alſo equal to F G: </s>
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3420 <s xml:id="echoid-s1463" xml:space="preserve">And therefore becauſe <anchor type="note" xlink:href="" symbol="*"/> the
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3421 Perſpective of B is in the Line C E, a b is the <lb/>
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3422 <anchor type="note" xlink:label="note-0113-04a" xlink:href="note-0113-04"/>
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3423 Perſpective of A B; </s>
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3424 <s xml:id="echoid-s1464" xml:space="preserve">and a <anchor type="note" xlink:href="" symbol="*"/>, that of A. </s>
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3425 <s xml:id="echoid-s1465" xml:space="preserve">Which
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3426 was to be demonſtrated.</s>
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3427 <s xml:id="echoid-s1466" xml:space="preserve"/>
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3428 </p>
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3429 <div xml:id="echoid-div219" type="float" level="2" n="1">
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3430 <note symbol="*" position="right" xlink:label="note-0113-02" xlink:href="note-0113-02a" xml:space="preserve">18.</note>
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3431 <note symbol="*" position="right" xlink:label="note-0113-03" xlink:href="note-0113-03a" xml:space="preserve">12.</note>
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3432 <note symbol="*" position="right" xlink:label="note-0113-04" xlink:href="note-0113-04a" xml:space="preserve">16.</note>
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3433 </div>
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3434 <p>
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3435 <s xml:id="echoid-s1467" xml:space="preserve">78. </s>
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3436 <s xml:id="echoid-s1468" xml:space="preserve">Note, as to Lines perpendicular, and inclined <lb/>to the Geometrical Plane, ſee n. </s>
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3437 <s xml:id="echoid-s1469" xml:space="preserve">76. </s>
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3438 <s xml:id="echoid-s1470" xml:space="preserve">This is <lb/>ſcarcely uſeful, unleſs for the Decorations of a <lb/>Theatre.</s>
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3439 <s xml:id="echoid-s1471" xml:space="preserve"/>
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3440 </p>
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3441 <pb o="62" file="0114" n="131" rhead="An ESSAY"/>
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3442 </div>
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3443 <div xml:id="echoid-div221" type="section" level="1" n="116">
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3444 <head xml:id="echoid-head122" xml:space="preserve"><emph style="sc">Proe</emph>. III.</head>
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3445 <p style="it">
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3446 <s xml:id="echoid-s1472" xml:space="preserve">79. </s>
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3447 <s xml:id="echoid-s1473" xml:space="preserve">To find the Repreſentation of a Figure in the <lb/>Geometrical Plane, when the Perſpective Plane is <lb/>placed above the Eye.</s>
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3448 <s xml:id="echoid-s1474" xml:space="preserve"/>
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3449 </p>
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3450 <p>
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3451 <s xml:id="echoid-s1475" xml:space="preserve">When the perſpective Plane is ſituated above <lb/>the Eye, we ſuppoſe the Geometrical Plane to <lb/>paſs through the Top of the Perſpective Plane; <lb/></s>
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3452 <s xml:id="echoid-s1476" xml:space="preserve">upon which Geometrical Plane are drawn the <lb/>Figures of Objects meeting it; </s>
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3453 <s xml:id="echoid-s1477" xml:space="preserve">as alſo the Seats <lb/>of thoſe Objects that are underneath it, by <lb/>Means of Perpendiculars; </s>
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3454 <s xml:id="echoid-s1478" xml:space="preserve">and the Height of the <lb/>Eye is here meaſur’d by a Perpendicular drawn <lb/>from the Eye to the Geometrical Plane; </s>
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3455 <s xml:id="echoid-s1479" xml:space="preserve">whence <lb/>the perſpective Plane, elevated in reſpect to the <lb/>Eye, is the ſame thing, as an Eye elevated in <lb/>regard to the perſpective Plane.</s>
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3456 <s xml:id="echoid-s1480" xml:space="preserve"/>
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3457 </p>
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3458 <p>
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diff changeset
3459 <s xml:id="echoid-s1481" xml:space="preserve">Let I L be the Baſe Line, and H the Foot of <lb/>
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diff changeset
3460 <anchor type="note" xlink:label="note-0114-01a" xlink:href="note-0114-01"/>
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diff changeset
3461 the vertical Line; </s>
22d6a63640c6 moved texts from SVN https://it-dev.mpiwg-berlin.mpg.de/svn/mpdl-project-content/trunk/texts/eXist/
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diff changeset
3462 <s xml:id="echoid-s1482" xml:space="preserve">then in the Baſe Line aſ-<lb/>ſume the Points I and L at Pleaſure, towards <lb/>the Sides of the perſpective Plane. </s>
22d6a63640c6 moved texts from SVN https://it-dev.mpiwg-berlin.mpg.de/svn/mpdl-project-content/trunk/texts/eXist/
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diff changeset
3463 <s xml:id="echoid-s1483" xml:space="preserve">Make I S <lb/>equal to {1/3} or {1/4} Part of I H, and raiſe the Per-<lb/>pendicular S X, in the Point S, to the Baſe Line, <lb/>equal to a correſpondent Part of the Height and <lb/>Diſtance of the Eye taken together; </s>
22d6a63640c6 moved texts from SVN https://it-dev.mpiwg-berlin.mpg.de/svn/mpdl-project-content/trunk/texts/eXist/
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diff changeset
3464 <s xml:id="echoid-s1484" xml:space="preserve">draw the <lb/>Line X I G, and moreover Y L Q, in aſſuming <lb/>L T equal to {1/3} or {1/4} &amp; </s>
22d6a63640c6 moved texts from SVN https://it-dev.mpiwg-berlin.mpg.de/svn/mpdl-project-content/trunk/texts/eXist/
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diff changeset
3465 <s xml:id="echoid-s1485" xml:space="preserve">c. </s>
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diff changeset
3466 <s xml:id="echoid-s1486" xml:space="preserve">of L H. </s>
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diff changeset
3467 <s xml:id="echoid-s1487" xml:space="preserve">Again draw <lb/>the Line G Q in the Geometrical Plane, pa-<lb/>rallel to the Baſe Line, and diſtant therefrom <lb/>(for Example) a third Part of the Height of <lb/>the Eye; </s>
22d6a63640c6 moved texts from SVN https://it-dev.mpiwg-berlin.mpg.de/svn/mpdl-project-content/trunk/texts/eXist/
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diff changeset
3468 <s xml:id="echoid-s1488" xml:space="preserve">draw alſo F P in the perſpective Plane, <lb/>parallel to the Baſe Line, and diſtant therefrom, <lb/>a fourth Part of the Eye’s Diſtance; </s>
22d6a63640c6 moved texts from SVN https://it-dev.mpiwg-berlin.mpg.de/svn/mpdl-project-content/trunk/texts/eXist/
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diff changeset
3469 <s xml:id="echoid-s1489" xml:space="preserve">theſe two <lb/>Lines will cut X I in G and F, and Y L in Q <lb/>and P. </s>
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diff changeset
3470 <s xml:id="echoid-s1490" xml:space="preserve">Note, if the Diſtance of G Q from the <lb/>Baſe Line, had been aſſumed equal to a fourth <lb/>Part of the Eye’s Diſtance; </s>
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diff changeset
3471 <s xml:id="echoid-s1491" xml:space="preserve">then F P muſt have
22d6a63640c6 moved texts from SVN https://it-dev.mpiwg-berlin.mpg.de/svn/mpdl-project-content/trunk/texts/eXist/
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diff changeset
3472 <pb o="63" file="0115" n="132" rhead="on PERSPECTIVE."/>
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diff changeset
3473 been drawn from the Baſe Line, equal to a fifth <lb/>Part of the Eye’s Diſtance, and ſo on. </s>
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diff changeset
3474 <s xml:id="echoid-s1492" xml:space="preserve">Now <lb/>A is a Point whoſe Repreſentation is requir’d.</s>
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diff changeset
3475 <s xml:id="echoid-s1493" xml:space="preserve"/>
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diff changeset
3476 </p>
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diff changeset
3477 <div xml:id="echoid-div221" type="float" level="2" n="1">
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diff changeset
3478 <note position="left" xlink:label="note-0114-01" xlink:href="note-0114-01a" xml:space="preserve">Fig. 42.</note>
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diff changeset
3479 </div>
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diff changeset
3480 </div>
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diff changeset
3481 <div xml:id="echoid-div223" type="section" level="1" n="117">
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diff changeset
3482 <head xml:id="echoid-head123" xml:space="preserve"><emph style="sc">Operation</emph>.</head>
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diff changeset
3483 <p>
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diff changeset
3484 <s xml:id="echoid-s1494" xml:space="preserve">Draw the Lines A F and A P, from the Point <lb/>A to the Points F and P, cutting the Baſe Line <lb/>in the Points E and B; </s>
22d6a63640c6 moved texts from SVN https://it-dev.mpiwg-berlin.mpg.de/svn/mpdl-project-content/trunk/texts/eXist/
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parents:
diff changeset
3485 <s xml:id="echoid-s1495" xml:space="preserve">then draw the Lines E G <lb/>and B Q, which continue till they interſect <lb/>each other in a, which is the Repreſentation <lb/>ſought.</s>
22d6a63640c6 moved texts from SVN https://it-dev.mpiwg-berlin.mpg.de/svn/mpdl-project-content/trunk/texts/eXist/
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diff changeset
3486 <s xml:id="echoid-s1496" xml:space="preserve"/>
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diff changeset
3487 </p>
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diff changeset
3488 </div>
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diff changeset
3489 <div xml:id="echoid-div224" type="section" level="1" n="118">
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diff changeset
3490 <head xml:id="echoid-head124" xml:space="preserve"><emph style="sc">Demonstration</emph>.</head>
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diff changeset
3491 <p>
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diff changeset
3492 <s xml:id="echoid-s1497" xml:space="preserve">Let us ſuppoſe the perſpective Plane continu-<lb/>ed, C D the Horizontal Line, and O the Eye <lb/>denoted in the Horizontal Plane. </s>
22d6a63640c6 moved texts from SVN https://it-dev.mpiwg-berlin.mpg.de/svn/mpdl-project-content/trunk/texts/eXist/
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diff changeset
3493 <s xml:id="echoid-s1498" xml:space="preserve">It is evi-<lb/>dent <anchor type="note" xlink:href="" symbol="*"/> by Conſtruction, that the Line G F con-
22d6a63640c6 moved texts from SVN https://it-dev.mpiwg-berlin.mpg.de/svn/mpdl-project-content/trunk/texts/eXist/
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diff changeset
3494 <anchor type="note" xlink:label="note-0115-01a" xlink:href="note-0115-01"/>
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diff changeset
3495 tinued, paſſes through the Eye O; </s>
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diff changeset
3496 <s xml:id="echoid-s1499" xml:space="preserve">produce the <lb/>Line G S a, until it meets the Horizontal Line <lb/>in D, and draw the Line O D. </s>
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diff changeset
3497 <s xml:id="echoid-s1500" xml:space="preserve">Let fall the <lb/>Perpendicular G N R, from the Point G upon <lb/>the Horizontal Line, which interſect in R, by <lb/>the Line O R, paſſing through the Eye parallel <lb/>to the Horizontal Line. </s>
22d6a63640c6 moved texts from SVN https://it-dev.mpiwg-berlin.mpg.de/svn/mpdl-project-content/trunk/texts/eXist/
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diff changeset
3498 <s xml:id="echoid-s1501" xml:space="preserve">Now by Conſtruction, <lb/>G M is {1/3} of M N; </s>
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diff changeset
3499 <s xml:id="echoid-s1502" xml:space="preserve">and conſequently it is {1/4} of <lb/>G N; </s>
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3500 <s xml:id="echoid-s1503" xml:space="preserve">M Z is likewiſe {1/4} of N R: </s>
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diff changeset
3501 <s xml:id="echoid-s1504" xml:space="preserve">Therefore</s>
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diff changeset
3502 </p>
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diff changeset
3503 <div xml:id="echoid-div224" type="float" level="2" n="1">
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3504 <note symbol="*" position="right" xlink:label="note-0115-01" xlink:href="note-0115-01a" xml:space="preserve">77.</note>
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diff changeset
3505 </div>
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diff changeset
3506 <p style="it">
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3507 <s xml:id="echoid-s1505" xml:space="preserve">G M: </s>
22d6a63640c6 moved texts from SVN https://it-dev.mpiwg-berlin.mpg.de/svn/mpdl-project-content/trunk/texts/eXist/
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diff changeset
3508 <s xml:id="echoid-s1506" xml:space="preserve">M Z:</s>
22d6a63640c6 moved texts from SVN https://it-dev.mpiwg-berlin.mpg.de/svn/mpdl-project-content/trunk/texts/eXist/
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diff changeset
3509 <s xml:id="echoid-s1507" xml:space="preserve">: G N: </s>
22d6a63640c6 moved texts from SVN https://it-dev.mpiwg-berlin.mpg.de/svn/mpdl-project-content/trunk/texts/eXist/
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diff changeset
3510 <s xml:id="echoid-s1508" xml:space="preserve">N R.</s>
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diff changeset
3511 <s xml:id="echoid-s1509" xml:space="preserve"/>
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diff changeset
3512 </p>
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diff changeset
3513 <p>
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3514 <s xml:id="echoid-s1510" xml:space="preserve">Compon. </s>
22d6a63640c6 moved texts from SVN https://it-dev.mpiwg-berlin.mpg.de/svn/mpdl-project-content/trunk/texts/eXist/
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diff changeset
3515 <s xml:id="echoid-s1511" xml:space="preserve">and Altern.</s>
22d6a63640c6 moved texts from SVN https://it-dev.mpiwg-berlin.mpg.de/svn/mpdl-project-content/trunk/texts/eXist/
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diff changeset
3516 <s xml:id="echoid-s1512" xml:space="preserve"/>
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diff changeset
3517 </p>
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diff changeset
3518 <p style="it">
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diff changeset
3519 <s xml:id="echoid-s1513" xml:space="preserve">G M: </s>
22d6a63640c6 moved texts from SVN https://it-dev.mpiwg-berlin.mpg.de/svn/mpdl-project-content/trunk/texts/eXist/
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diff changeset
3520 <s xml:id="echoid-s1514" xml:space="preserve">G N:</s>
22d6a63640c6 moved texts from SVN https://it-dev.mpiwg-berlin.mpg.de/svn/mpdl-project-content/trunk/texts/eXist/
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diff changeset
3521 <s xml:id="echoid-s1515" xml:space="preserve">: G M + M Z = G Z: </s>
22d6a63640c6 moved texts from SVN https://it-dev.mpiwg-berlin.mpg.de/svn/mpdl-project-content/trunk/texts/eXist/
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diff changeset
3522 <s xml:id="echoid-s1516" xml:space="preserve">G N <lb/>+ N R = G R.</s>
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diff changeset
3523 <s xml:id="echoid-s1517" xml:space="preserve"/>
22d6a63640c6 moved texts from SVN https://it-dev.mpiwg-berlin.mpg.de/svn/mpdl-project-content/trunk/texts/eXist/
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diff changeset
3524 </p>
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diff changeset
3525 <p>
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3526 <s xml:id="echoid-s1518" xml:space="preserve">Becauſe the Triangles G M I and G N C are <lb/>ſimilar, we have</s>
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diff changeset
3527 </p>
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diff changeset
3528 <p style="it">
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3529 <s xml:id="echoid-s1519" xml:space="preserve">G M: </s>
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diff changeset
3530 <s xml:id="echoid-s1520" xml:space="preserve">G N:</s>
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diff changeset
3531 <s xml:id="echoid-s1521" xml:space="preserve">: G I: </s>
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diff changeset
3532 <s xml:id="echoid-s1522" xml:space="preserve">G C.</s>
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diff changeset
3533 <s xml:id="echoid-s1523" xml:space="preserve"/>
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diff changeset
3534 </p>
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diff changeset
3535 <p>
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3536 <s xml:id="echoid-s1524" xml:space="preserve">The Triangles G Z F and G R O being alſo <lb/>ſimilar,</s>
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diff changeset
3537 </p>
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diff changeset
3538 <p style="it">
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3539 <s xml:id="echoid-s1525" xml:space="preserve">G Z: </s>
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diff changeset
3540 <s xml:id="echoid-s1526" xml:space="preserve">G R:</s>
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diff changeset
3541 <s xml:id="echoid-s1527" xml:space="preserve">: G F: </s>
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diff changeset
3542 <s xml:id="echoid-s1528" xml:space="preserve">G O.</s>
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diff changeset
3543 <s xml:id="echoid-s1529" xml:space="preserve"/>
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3544 </p>
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diff changeset
3545 <pb o="64" file="0116" n="133" rhead="An ESSAY"/>
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diff changeset
3546 <p>
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diff changeset
3547 <s xml:id="echoid-s1530" xml:space="preserve">Whence</s>
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diff changeset
3548 </p>
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diff changeset
3549 <p style="it">
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diff changeset
3550 <s xml:id="echoid-s1531" xml:space="preserve">G I: </s>
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diff changeset
3551 <s xml:id="echoid-s1532" xml:space="preserve">G C:</s>
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diff changeset
3552 <s xml:id="echoid-s1533" xml:space="preserve">: G F: </s>
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diff changeset
3553 <s xml:id="echoid-s1534" xml:space="preserve">G O.</s>
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diff changeset
3554 <s xml:id="echoid-s1535" xml:space="preserve"/>
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diff changeset
3555 </p>
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diff changeset
3556 <p>
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3557 <s xml:id="echoid-s1536" xml:space="preserve">Again, becauſe the Triangles G I E and G C D <lb/>are ſimilar, we have</s>
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diff changeset
3558 </p>
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diff changeset
3559 <p style="it">
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diff changeset
3560 <s xml:id="echoid-s1537" xml:space="preserve">G I: </s>
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diff changeset
3561 <s xml:id="echoid-s1538" xml:space="preserve">G C:</s>
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diff changeset
3562 <s xml:id="echoid-s1539" xml:space="preserve">: G E: </s>
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diff changeset
3563 <s xml:id="echoid-s1540" xml:space="preserve">G D.</s>
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diff changeset
3564 <s xml:id="echoid-s1541" xml:space="preserve"/>
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diff changeset
3565 </p>
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diff changeset
3566 <p>
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diff changeset
3567 <s xml:id="echoid-s1542" xml:space="preserve">And conſequently</s>
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3568 </p>
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diff changeset
3569 <p style="it">
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diff changeset
3570 <s xml:id="echoid-s1543" xml:space="preserve">G F: </s>
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diff changeset
3571 <s xml:id="echoid-s1544" xml:space="preserve">G O:</s>
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diff changeset
3572 <s xml:id="echoid-s1545" xml:space="preserve">: G E: </s>
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diff changeset
3573 <s xml:id="echoid-s1546" xml:space="preserve">G D.</s>
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diff changeset
3574 <s xml:id="echoid-s1547" xml:space="preserve"/>
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diff changeset
3575 </p>
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diff changeset
3576 <p>
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3577 <s xml:id="echoid-s1548" xml:space="preserve">And ſo the Triangles G F E, and G O D are <lb/>ſimilar; </s>
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diff changeset
3578 <s xml:id="echoid-s1549" xml:space="preserve">and the Line F E A is parallel to O D: <lb/></s>
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3579 <s xml:id="echoid-s1550" xml:space="preserve">Whence it follows <anchor type="note" xlink:href="" symbol="*"/>, that the Perſpective of
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3580 <anchor type="note" xlink:label="note-0116-01a" xlink:href="note-0116-01"/>
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diff changeset
3581 E A, is a Part of E a D. </s>
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3582 <s xml:id="echoid-s1551" xml:space="preserve">We demonſtrate in <lb/>the ſame Manner, that B a is the Perſpective <lb/>of B A, and ſo the Perſpective of the Point A, <lb/>the common Section of E A and B A, is a, the <lb/>Interſection of the Appearances of the ſaid two <lb/>Lines.</s>
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3583 <s xml:id="echoid-s1552" xml:space="preserve"/>
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3584 </p>
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diff changeset
3585 <div xml:id="echoid-div225" type="float" level="2" n="2">
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3586 <note symbol="*" position="left" xlink:label="note-0116-01" xlink:href="note-0116-01a" xml:space="preserve">13.</note>
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3587 </div>
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3588 </div>
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3589 <div xml:id="echoid-div227" type="section" level="1" n="119">
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3590 <head xml:id="echoid-head125" xml:space="preserve"><emph style="sc">Prob</emph>. IV.</head>
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3591 <p style="it">
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3592 <s xml:id="echoid-s1553" xml:space="preserve">80. </s>
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3593 <s xml:id="echoid-s1554" xml:space="preserve">To find the Repreſentation of a Line, per-<lb/>pendicular to the Geometrical Plane, when the per-<lb/>ſpective Plane is above the Eye.</s>
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diff changeset
3594 <s xml:id="echoid-s1555" xml:space="preserve"/>
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3595 </p>
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diff changeset
3596 <p>
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3597 <s xml:id="echoid-s1556" xml:space="preserve">In the Baſe Line B E, aſſume the Line E D, <lb/>
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diff changeset
3598 <anchor type="note" xlink:label="note-0116-02a" xlink:href="note-0116-02"/>
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diff changeset
3599 equal in Length to the propoſed Perpendicular; <lb/></s>
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3600 <s xml:id="echoid-s1557" xml:space="preserve">and draw C L, parallel to the Baſe Line, and <lb/>diſtant therefrom (for Example) {1/4} of the Height <lb/>of the Eye; </s>
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3601 <s xml:id="echoid-s1558" xml:space="preserve">make F L equal to {3/4} of D E, and <lb/>draw the Lines E L and D F. </s>
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3602 <s xml:id="echoid-s1559" xml:space="preserve">Note, if the <lb/>Diſtance from C L to B E, had been aſſumed <lb/>equal to a fifth Part of the Height of the Eye, <lb/>F L muſt have been aſſumed equal to {4/5} Parts of <lb/>E D. </s>
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3603 <s xml:id="echoid-s1560" xml:space="preserve">Now let a be the Perſpective of the Foot <lb/>of the propoſed Perpendicular; </s>
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3604 <s xml:id="echoid-s1561" xml:space="preserve">through which <lb/>draw a H parallel to the Baſe Line, and a I per-<lb/>pendicular to the ſaid Line; </s>
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3605 <s xml:id="echoid-s1562" xml:space="preserve">then make a I equal <lb/>to G H, and the propoſed Perſpective will be <lb/>had. </s>
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3606 <s xml:id="echoid-s1563" xml:space="preserve">The Demonſtration of this Operation is <lb/>manifeſt <anchor type="note" xlink:href="" symbol="*"/>, in conſidering that D F and E L
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3607 <anchor type="note" xlink:label="note-0116-03a" xlink:href="note-0116-03"/>
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3608 <pb file="0117" n="134"/>
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3609 <pb file="0117a" n="135"/>
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3610 <anchor type="figure" xlink:label="fig-0117a-01a" xlink:href="fig-0117a-01"/>
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3611 <anchor type="figure" xlink:label="fig-0117a-02a" xlink:href="fig-0117a-02"/>
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3612 <anchor type="figure" xlink:label="fig-0117a-03a" xlink:href="fig-0117a-03"/>
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3613 <pb file="0118" n="136"/>
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3614 <pb o="65" file="0119" n="137" rhead="on PERSPECTIVE."/>
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3615 being produced, will meet each other in the <lb/>Horizontal Line.</s>
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3616 <s xml:id="echoid-s1564" xml:space="preserve"/>
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3617 </p>
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3618 <div xml:id="echoid-div227" type="float" level="2" n="1">
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3619 <note position="left" xlink:label="note-0116-02" xlink:href="note-0116-02a" xml:space="preserve">Fig. 43.</note>
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3620 <note symbol="*" position="left" xlink:label="note-0116-03" xlink:href="note-0116-03a" xml:space="preserve">56.</note>
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3621 <figure xlink:label="fig-0117a-01" xlink:href="fig-0117a-01a">
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3622 <caption xml:id="echoid-caption40" style="it" xml:space="preserve">page 64<lb/>Plate. 18.</caption>
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3623 <variables xml:id="echoid-variables39" xml:space="preserve">d v</variables>
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3624 </figure>
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3625 <figure xlink:label="fig-0117a-02" xlink:href="fig-0117a-02a">
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3626 <caption xml:id="echoid-caption41" xml:space="preserve">Fig. 41</caption>
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3627 <variables xml:id="echoid-variables40" xml:space="preserve">E b a G F H C B A D</variables>
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3628 </figure>
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3629 <figure xlink:label="fig-0117a-03" xlink:href="fig-0117a-03a">
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3630 <caption xml:id="echoid-caption42" xml:space="preserve">Fig. 42</caption>
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3631 <variables xml:id="echoid-variables41" xml:space="preserve">G Q A M I S E H T B L Z F P a X Y N C D R O</variables>
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3632 </figure>
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3633 </div>
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3634 </div>
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3635 <div xml:id="echoid-div229" type="section" level="1" n="120">
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3636 <head xml:id="echoid-head126" xml:space="preserve">CHAP. V.</head>
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3637 <p style="it">
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3638 <s xml:id="echoid-s1565" xml:space="preserve">Of throwing Figures into Perſpective, when <lb/>the Perſpective Plane is conſider’d as being <lb/>inclined.</s>
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3639 <s xml:id="echoid-s1566" xml:space="preserve"/>
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3640 </p>
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3641 </div>
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3642 <div xml:id="echoid-div230" type="section" level="1" n="121">
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3643 <head xml:id="echoid-head127" xml:space="preserve"><emph style="sc">Problem</emph> I.</head>
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3644 <p style="it">
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3645 <s xml:id="echoid-s1567" xml:space="preserve">81. </s>
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3646 <s xml:id="echoid-s1568" xml:space="preserve">TO find the Perſpective of a Figure in the <lb/>
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3647 <anchor type="note" xlink:label="note-0119-01a" xlink:href="note-0119-01"/>
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3648 Geometrical Plane.</s>
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3649 <s xml:id="echoid-s1569" xml:space="preserve"/>
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3650 </p>
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3651 <div xml:id="echoid-div230" type="float" level="2" n="1">
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3652 <note position="right" xlink:label="note-0119-01" xlink:href="note-0119-01a" xml:space="preserve">Fig. 44.</note>
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3653 </div>
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3654 <p>
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3655 <s xml:id="echoid-s1570" xml:space="preserve">Let X be the Vertical Plane; </s>
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3656 <s xml:id="echoid-s1571" xml:space="preserve">S I the Station <lb/>Line, S the Station Point, and H the Interſecti-<lb/>on of the Station Line and Baſe Line. </s>
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3657 <s xml:id="echoid-s1572" xml:space="preserve">Now <lb/>draw the Vertical Line H V through the Point H, <lb/>making an Angle with S I, equal to the Angle <lb/>of Inclination of the perſpective Plane; </s>
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3658 <s xml:id="echoid-s1573" xml:space="preserve">then <lb/>raiſe the Perpendicular I O to S I, in the Sta-<lb/>tion Point S, equal to the Height of the Eye; <lb/></s>
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3659 <s xml:id="echoid-s1574" xml:space="preserve">and through the Extremity of the ſaid Perpen-<lb/>dicular, draw the principal Ray O V, paral-<lb/>lel to S I, and cutting H V in the Point of <lb/>Sight V.</s>
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3660 <s xml:id="echoid-s1575" xml:space="preserve"/>
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3661 </p>
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3662 <p>
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3663 <s xml:id="echoid-s1576" xml:space="preserve">Now it is evident, that O V determines the <lb/>Length of the principal Ray, and H V the Di-<lb/>ſtance from the Baſe Line to the Horizontal <lb/>Line; </s>
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3664 <s xml:id="echoid-s1577" xml:space="preserve">and ſince the Demonſtration of the <lb/>Problems in the aforegoing Chapters regarding <lb/>the Geometrical Plane, have alſo Relation to <lb/>the perſpective Plane being inclined, the ſaid <lb/>Problems may be here uſed; </s>
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3665 <s xml:id="echoid-s1578" xml:space="preserve">and conſequently, <lb/>this inclined perſpective Plane is reduced to a <lb/>Perpendicular one, view’d by an Eye, whoſe <lb/>Height is H V, and Diſtance O V.</s>
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3666 <s xml:id="echoid-s1579" xml:space="preserve"/>
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3667 </p>
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3668 <pb o="66" file="0120" n="138" rhead="An ESSAY"/>
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3669 </div>
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3670 <div xml:id="echoid-div232" type="section" level="1" n="122">
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3671 <head xml:id="echoid-head128" xml:space="preserve"><emph style="sc">Problem</emph> II.</head>
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3672 <p style="it">
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3673 <s xml:id="echoid-s1580" xml:space="preserve">82. </s>
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3674 <s xml:id="echoid-s1581" xml:space="preserve">To find the Appearance of a Point above the <lb/>Geometrical Plane.</s>
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3675 <s xml:id="echoid-s1582" xml:space="preserve"/>
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3676 </p>
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3677 <p>
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3678 <s xml:id="echoid-s1583" xml:space="preserve">Let H C be the Baſe Line: </s>
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3679 <s xml:id="echoid-s1584" xml:space="preserve">And let T be the <lb/>
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3680 <anchor type="note" xlink:label="note-0120-01a" xlink:href="note-0120-01"/>
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3681 accidental Point of the Lines perpendicular <lb/>to the Geometrical Plane. </s>
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3682 <s xml:id="echoid-s1585" xml:space="preserve">This Point will <lb/>be <anchor type="note" xlink:href="" symbol="*"/> in that Place of the Vertical Line, wherein
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3683 <anchor type="note" xlink:label="note-0120-02a" xlink:href="note-0120-02"/>
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3684 it is cut by the Prolongation of the Line mea-<lb/>ſuring the Height of the Eye; </s>
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3685 <s xml:id="echoid-s1586" xml:space="preserve">for this laſt <lb/>Line is parallel to the ſaid Perpendiculars. </s>
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3686 <s xml:id="echoid-s1587" xml:space="preserve">And <lb/>ſo likewiſe the aforeſaid Point is the ſame as <lb/>the Point T of Fig. </s>
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3687 <s xml:id="echoid-s1588" xml:space="preserve">44: </s>
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3688 <s xml:id="echoid-s1589" xml:space="preserve">Let V be the Point of <lb/>Sight, S the Station Point, and Q the Station <lb/>Point of the upright perſpective Plane, to which <lb/>the inclined perſpective Plane is reduced <anchor type="note" xlink:href="" symbol="*"/>. </s>
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3689 <s xml:id="echoid-s1590" xml:space="preserve">And
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3690 <anchor type="note" xlink:label="note-0120-03a" xlink:href="note-0120-03"/>
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3691 laſtly, let A be the Seat of the given Point.</s>
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3692 <s xml:id="echoid-s1591" xml:space="preserve"/>
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3693 </p>
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3694 <div xml:id="echoid-div232" type="float" level="2" n="1">
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3695 <note position="left" xlink:label="note-0120-01" xlink:href="note-0120-01a" xml:space="preserve">Fig. 45.</note>
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3696 <note symbol="*" position="left" xlink:label="note-0120-02" xlink:href="note-0120-02a" xml:space="preserve">13.</note>
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3697 <note symbol="*" position="left" xlink:label="note-0120-03" xlink:href="note-0120-03a" xml:space="preserve">81.</note>
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3698 </div>
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3699 </div>
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3700 <div xml:id="echoid-div234" type="section" level="1" n="123">
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3701 <head xml:id="echoid-head129" xml:space="preserve"><emph style="sc">Operation</emph>.</head>
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3702 <p>
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3703 <s xml:id="echoid-s1592" xml:space="preserve">Draw two Lines M P and P E ſeparately, <lb/>making a right Angle with each other; </s>
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3704 <s xml:id="echoid-s1593" xml:space="preserve">in one <lb/>of which, aſſume P E, equal to the Height of <lb/>the given Point, whoſe Perſpective is ſought; <lb/></s>
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3705 <s xml:id="echoid-s1594" xml:space="preserve">and draw the Line E M, making an Angle with <lb/>M P, equal to the Angle of Inclination of the <lb/>perſpective Plane. </s>
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3706 <s xml:id="echoid-s1595" xml:space="preserve">Again let fall the Perpen-<lb/>dicular A D from the Point A to the Baſe <lb/>Line, in which aſſume A L equal to P M, to-<lb/>wards the Baſe Line, when the perſpective <lb/>Plane is inclined towards the Objects (as we <lb/>have here ſuppoſed) but on the other Side of A, <lb/>when the perſpective Plane inclines towards the <lb/>Eye. </s>
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3707 <s xml:id="echoid-s1596" xml:space="preserve">Then from the Point A, draw a Line <lb/>to the Point S, cutting the Baſe Line in B, and <lb/>joyn the Points L and Q, by a Line cutting the <lb/>Baſe Line in C. </s>
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3708 <s xml:id="echoid-s1597" xml:space="preserve">This being done, draw the
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3709 <pb o="67" file="0121" n="139" rhead="on PERSPECTIVE."/>
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3710 Line T B X; </s>
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3711 <s xml:id="echoid-s1598" xml:space="preserve">which interſect in the Point X, <lb/>by a Perpendicular to the Baſe Line, in the <lb/>Point G; </s>
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diff changeset
3712 <s xml:id="echoid-s1599" xml:space="preserve">and then the Point X is the Appear-<lb/>ance ſought.</s>
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diff changeset
3713 <s xml:id="echoid-s1600" xml:space="preserve"/>
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diff changeset
3714 </p>
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diff changeset
3715 </div>
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diff changeset
3716 <div xml:id="echoid-div235" type="section" level="1" n="124">
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diff changeset
3717 <head xml:id="echoid-head130" xml:space="preserve"><emph style="sc">Demonstration</emph>.</head>
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diff changeset
3718 <p>
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diff changeset
3719 <s xml:id="echoid-s1601" xml:space="preserve">In Fig. </s>
22d6a63640c6 moved texts from SVN https://it-dev.mpiwg-berlin.mpg.de/svn/mpdl-project-content/trunk/texts/eXist/
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diff changeset
3720 <s xml:id="echoid-s1602" xml:space="preserve">44. </s>
22d6a63640c6 moved texts from SVN https://it-dev.mpiwg-berlin.mpg.de/svn/mpdl-project-content/trunk/texts/eXist/
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diff changeset
3721 <s xml:id="echoid-s1603" xml:space="preserve">where V, S, T, and H, repreſent <lb/>the ſame Points as thoſe that are denoted with <lb/>the ſame Letters in this Figure; </s>
22d6a63640c6 moved texts from SVN https://it-dev.mpiwg-berlin.mpg.de/svn/mpdl-project-content/trunk/texts/eXist/
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diff changeset
3722 <s xml:id="echoid-s1604" xml:space="preserve">we have, <lb/></s>
22d6a63640c6 moved texts from SVN https://it-dev.mpiwg-berlin.mpg.de/svn/mpdl-project-content/trunk/texts/eXist/
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diff changeset
3723 </p>
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diff changeset
3724 <p>
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diff changeset
3725 <s xml:id="echoid-s1605" xml:space="preserve">T H: </s>
22d6a63640c6 moved texts from SVN https://it-dev.mpiwg-berlin.mpg.de/svn/mpdl-project-content/trunk/texts/eXist/
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diff changeset
3726 <s xml:id="echoid-s1606" xml:space="preserve">H S:</s>
22d6a63640c6 moved texts from SVN https://it-dev.mpiwg-berlin.mpg.de/svn/mpdl-project-content/trunk/texts/eXist/
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diff changeset
3727 <s xml:id="echoid-s1607" xml:space="preserve">: T V: </s>
22d6a63640c6 moved texts from SVN https://it-dev.mpiwg-berlin.mpg.de/svn/mpdl-project-content/trunk/texts/eXist/
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diff changeset
3728 <s xml:id="echoid-s1608" xml:space="preserve">V O.</s>
22d6a63640c6 moved texts from SVN https://it-dev.mpiwg-berlin.mpg.de/svn/mpdl-project-content/trunk/texts/eXist/
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diff changeset
3729 <s xml:id="echoid-s1609" xml:space="preserve"/>
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diff changeset
3730 </p>
22d6a63640c6 moved texts from SVN https://it-dev.mpiwg-berlin.mpg.de/svn/mpdl-project-content/trunk/texts/eXist/
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diff changeset
3731 <p>
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diff changeset
3732 <s xml:id="echoid-s1610" xml:space="preserve">Compon. </s>
22d6a63640c6 moved texts from SVN https://it-dev.mpiwg-berlin.mpg.de/svn/mpdl-project-content/trunk/texts/eXist/
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diff changeset
3733 <s xml:id="echoid-s1611" xml:space="preserve">and altern.</s>
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diff changeset
3734 <s xml:id="echoid-s1612" xml:space="preserve"/>
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diff changeset
3735 </p>
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diff changeset
3736 <p>
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diff changeset
3737 <s xml:id="echoid-s1613" xml:space="preserve">T H: </s>
22d6a63640c6 moved texts from SVN https://it-dev.mpiwg-berlin.mpg.de/svn/mpdl-project-content/trunk/texts/eXist/
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diff changeset
3738 <s xml:id="echoid-s1614" xml:space="preserve">T V:</s>
22d6a63640c6 moved texts from SVN https://it-dev.mpiwg-berlin.mpg.de/svn/mpdl-project-content/trunk/texts/eXist/
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diff changeset
3739 <s xml:id="echoid-s1615" xml:space="preserve">: T H + H S: </s>
22d6a63640c6 moved texts from SVN https://it-dev.mpiwg-berlin.mpg.de/svn/mpdl-project-content/trunk/texts/eXist/
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diff changeset
3740 <s xml:id="echoid-s1616" xml:space="preserve">T V + V O.</s>
22d6a63640c6 moved texts from SVN https://it-dev.mpiwg-berlin.mpg.de/svn/mpdl-project-content/trunk/texts/eXist/
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diff changeset
3741 <s xml:id="echoid-s1617" xml:space="preserve"/>
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diff changeset
3742 </p>
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diff changeset
3743 <p>
22d6a63640c6 moved texts from SVN https://it-dev.mpiwg-berlin.mpg.de/svn/mpdl-project-content/trunk/texts/eXist/
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diff changeset
3744 <s xml:id="echoid-s1618" xml:space="preserve">This being apply’d to Fig. </s>
22d6a63640c6 moved texts from SVN https://it-dev.mpiwg-berlin.mpg.de/svn/mpdl-project-content/trunk/texts/eXist/
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diff changeset
3745 <s xml:id="echoid-s1619" xml:space="preserve">45. </s>
22d6a63640c6 moved texts from SVN https://it-dev.mpiwg-berlin.mpg.de/svn/mpdl-project-content/trunk/texts/eXist/
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diff changeset
3746 <s xml:id="echoid-s1620" xml:space="preserve">and it will be, <lb/>T H: </s>
22d6a63640c6 moved texts from SVN https://it-dev.mpiwg-berlin.mpg.de/svn/mpdl-project-content/trunk/texts/eXist/
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diff changeset
3747 <s xml:id="echoid-s1621" xml:space="preserve">T V:</s>
22d6a63640c6 moved texts from SVN https://it-dev.mpiwg-berlin.mpg.de/svn/mpdl-project-content/trunk/texts/eXist/
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diff changeset
3748 <s xml:id="echoid-s1622" xml:space="preserve">: T S: </s>
22d6a63640c6 moved texts from SVN https://it-dev.mpiwg-berlin.mpg.de/svn/mpdl-project-content/trunk/texts/eXist/
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diff changeset
3749 <s xml:id="echoid-s1623" xml:space="preserve">T V + V O.</s>
22d6a63640c6 moved texts from SVN https://it-dev.mpiwg-berlin.mpg.de/svn/mpdl-project-content/trunk/texts/eXist/
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diff changeset
3750 <s xml:id="echoid-s1624" xml:space="preserve"/>
22d6a63640c6 moved texts from SVN https://it-dev.mpiwg-berlin.mpg.de/svn/mpdl-project-content/trunk/texts/eXist/
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diff changeset
3751 </p>
22d6a63640c6 moved texts from SVN https://it-dev.mpiwg-berlin.mpg.de/svn/mpdl-project-content/trunk/texts/eXist/
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diff changeset
3752 <p>
22d6a63640c6 moved texts from SVN https://it-dev.mpiwg-berlin.mpg.de/svn/mpdl-project-content/trunk/texts/eXist/
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diff changeset
3753 <s xml:id="echoid-s1625" xml:space="preserve">If now T X be continued, till it cuts the Ho-<lb/>rizontal Line in F; </s>
22d6a63640c6 moved texts from SVN https://it-dev.mpiwg-berlin.mpg.de/svn/mpdl-project-content/trunk/texts/eXist/
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diff changeset
3754 <s xml:id="echoid-s1626" xml:space="preserve">we ſhall have,</s>
22d6a63640c6 moved texts from SVN https://it-dev.mpiwg-berlin.mpg.de/svn/mpdl-project-content/trunk/texts/eXist/
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diff changeset
3755 </p>
22d6a63640c6 moved texts from SVN https://it-dev.mpiwg-berlin.mpg.de/svn/mpdl-project-content/trunk/texts/eXist/
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diff changeset
3756 <p>
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diff changeset
3757 <s xml:id="echoid-s1627" xml:space="preserve">T H: </s>
22d6a63640c6 moved texts from SVN https://it-dev.mpiwg-berlin.mpg.de/svn/mpdl-project-content/trunk/texts/eXist/
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diff changeset
3758 <s xml:id="echoid-s1628" xml:space="preserve">T V:</s>
22d6a63640c6 moved texts from SVN https://it-dev.mpiwg-berlin.mpg.de/svn/mpdl-project-content/trunk/texts/eXist/
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diff changeset
3759 <s xml:id="echoid-s1629" xml:space="preserve">: T B: </s>
22d6a63640c6 moved texts from SVN https://it-dev.mpiwg-berlin.mpg.de/svn/mpdl-project-content/trunk/texts/eXist/
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diff changeset
3760 <s xml:id="echoid-s1630" xml:space="preserve">T F.</s>
22d6a63640c6 moved texts from SVN https://it-dev.mpiwg-berlin.mpg.de/svn/mpdl-project-content/trunk/texts/eXist/
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diff changeset
3761 <s xml:id="echoid-s1631" xml:space="preserve"/>
22d6a63640c6 moved texts from SVN https://it-dev.mpiwg-berlin.mpg.de/svn/mpdl-project-content/trunk/texts/eXist/
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diff changeset
3762 </p>
22d6a63640c6 moved texts from SVN https://it-dev.mpiwg-berlin.mpg.de/svn/mpdl-project-content/trunk/texts/eXist/
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diff changeset
3763 <p>
22d6a63640c6 moved texts from SVN https://it-dev.mpiwg-berlin.mpg.de/svn/mpdl-project-content/trunk/texts/eXist/
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diff changeset
3764 <s xml:id="echoid-s1632" xml:space="preserve">And conſequently,</s>
22d6a63640c6 moved texts from SVN https://it-dev.mpiwg-berlin.mpg.de/svn/mpdl-project-content/trunk/texts/eXist/
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diff changeset
3765 </p>
22d6a63640c6 moved texts from SVN https://it-dev.mpiwg-berlin.mpg.de/svn/mpdl-project-content/trunk/texts/eXist/
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diff changeset
3766 <p>
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diff changeset
3767 <s xml:id="echoid-s1633" xml:space="preserve">T B: </s>
22d6a63640c6 moved texts from SVN https://it-dev.mpiwg-berlin.mpg.de/svn/mpdl-project-content/trunk/texts/eXist/
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diff changeset
3768 <s xml:id="echoid-s1634" xml:space="preserve">T F:</s>
22d6a63640c6 moved texts from SVN https://it-dev.mpiwg-berlin.mpg.de/svn/mpdl-project-content/trunk/texts/eXist/
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diff changeset
3769 <s xml:id="echoid-s1635" xml:space="preserve">: T S: </s>
22d6a63640c6 moved texts from SVN https://it-dev.mpiwg-berlin.mpg.de/svn/mpdl-project-content/trunk/texts/eXist/
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parents:
diff changeset
3770 <s xml:id="echoid-s1636" xml:space="preserve">T V + V O.</s>
22d6a63640c6 moved texts from SVN https://it-dev.mpiwg-berlin.mpg.de/svn/mpdl-project-content/trunk/texts/eXist/
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diff changeset
3771 <s xml:id="echoid-s1637" xml:space="preserve"/>
22d6a63640c6 moved texts from SVN https://it-dev.mpiwg-berlin.mpg.de/svn/mpdl-project-content/trunk/texts/eXist/
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diff changeset
3772 </p>
22d6a63640c6 moved texts from SVN https://it-dev.mpiwg-berlin.mpg.de/svn/mpdl-project-content/trunk/texts/eXist/
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parents:
diff changeset
3773 <p>
22d6a63640c6 moved texts from SVN https://it-dev.mpiwg-berlin.mpg.de/svn/mpdl-project-content/trunk/texts/eXist/
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diff changeset
3774 <s xml:id="echoid-s1638" xml:space="preserve">Whence it follows, that if a Line be drawn <lb/>ſrom the Eye, to the Point F, it will be paral-<lb/>lel to S B A. </s>
22d6a63640c6 moved texts from SVN https://it-dev.mpiwg-berlin.mpg.de/svn/mpdl-project-content/trunk/texts/eXist/
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diff changeset
3775 <s xml:id="echoid-s1639" xml:space="preserve">Therefore <anchor type="note" xlink:href="" symbol="*"/> the Perſpective of
22d6a63640c6 moved texts from SVN https://it-dev.mpiwg-berlin.mpg.de/svn/mpdl-project-content/trunk/texts/eXist/
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diff changeset
3776 <anchor type="note" xlink:label="note-0121-01a" xlink:href="note-0121-01"/>
22d6a63640c6 moved texts from SVN https://it-dev.mpiwg-berlin.mpg.de/svn/mpdl-project-content/trunk/texts/eXist/
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parents:
diff changeset
3777 B A, is a Part of B X; </s>
22d6a63640c6 moved texts from SVN https://it-dev.mpiwg-berlin.mpg.de/svn/mpdl-project-content/trunk/texts/eXist/
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parents:
diff changeset
3778 <s xml:id="echoid-s1640" xml:space="preserve">and ſo the Repreſenta-<lb/>tion of A is in the ſaid Line. </s>
22d6a63640c6 moved texts from SVN https://it-dev.mpiwg-berlin.mpg.de/svn/mpdl-project-content/trunk/texts/eXist/
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parents:
diff changeset
3779 <s xml:id="echoid-s1641" xml:space="preserve">The Perſpective <lb/>of a Line perpendicular to the Geometrical <lb/>Plane, in the Point A, paſſes thro’ the Perſpe-<lb/>ctive of the Point A, and thro’ the Point T <anchor type="note" xlink:href="" symbol="*"/>;</s>
22d6a63640c6 moved texts from SVN https://it-dev.mpiwg-berlin.mpg.de/svn/mpdl-project-content/trunk/texts/eXist/
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diff changeset
3780 <s xml:id="echoid-s1642" xml:space="preserve">
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parents:
diff changeset
3781 <anchor type="note" xlink:label="note-0121-02a" xlink:href="note-0121-02"/>
22d6a63640c6 moved texts from SVN https://it-dev.mpiwg-berlin.mpg.de/svn/mpdl-project-content/trunk/texts/eXist/
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parents:
diff changeset
3782 therefore it is a Part of T X. </s>
22d6a63640c6 moved texts from SVN https://it-dev.mpiwg-berlin.mpg.de/svn/mpdl-project-content/trunk/texts/eXist/
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diff changeset
3783 <s xml:id="echoid-s1643" xml:space="preserve">But the given Point <lb/>is in the aſoreſaid Perpendicular: </s>
22d6a63640c6 moved texts from SVN https://it-dev.mpiwg-berlin.mpg.de/svn/mpdl-project-content/trunk/texts/eXist/
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parents:
diff changeset
3784 <s xml:id="echoid-s1644" xml:space="preserve">And ſo its Per-<lb/>ſpective is in T X.</s>
22d6a63640c6 moved texts from SVN https://it-dev.mpiwg-berlin.mpg.de/svn/mpdl-project-content/trunk/texts/eXist/
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diff changeset
3785 <s xml:id="echoid-s1645" xml:space="preserve"/>
22d6a63640c6 moved texts from SVN https://it-dev.mpiwg-berlin.mpg.de/svn/mpdl-project-content/trunk/texts/eXist/
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diff changeset
3786 </p>
22d6a63640c6 moved texts from SVN https://it-dev.mpiwg-berlin.mpg.de/svn/mpdl-project-content/trunk/texts/eXist/
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parents:
diff changeset
3787 <div xml:id="echoid-div235" type="float" level="2" n="1">
22d6a63640c6 moved texts from SVN https://it-dev.mpiwg-berlin.mpg.de/svn/mpdl-project-content/trunk/texts/eXist/
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diff changeset
3788 <note symbol="*" position="right" xlink:label="note-0121-01" xlink:href="note-0121-01a" xml:space="preserve">13.</note>
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diff changeset
3789 <note symbol="*" position="right" xlink:label="note-0121-02" xlink:href="note-0121-02a" xml:space="preserve">13, 14.</note>
22d6a63640c6 moved texts from SVN https://it-dev.mpiwg-berlin.mpg.de/svn/mpdl-project-content/trunk/texts/eXist/
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diff changeset
3790 </div>
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diff changeset
3791 <p>
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diff changeset
3792 <s xml:id="echoid-s1646" xml:space="preserve">Again; </s>
22d6a63640c6 moved texts from SVN https://it-dev.mpiwg-berlin.mpg.de/svn/mpdl-project-content/trunk/texts/eXist/
casties
parents:
diff changeset
3793 <s xml:id="echoid-s1647" xml:space="preserve">it is otherwiſe manifeſt, that the Per-<lb/>ſpective of C L, is a <anchor type="note" xlink:href="" symbol="*"/> Part of C X; </s>
22d6a63640c6 moved texts from SVN https://it-dev.mpiwg-berlin.mpg.de/svn/mpdl-project-content/trunk/texts/eXist/
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diff changeset
3794 <s xml:id="echoid-s1648" xml:space="preserve">and conſe-
22d6a63640c6 moved texts from SVN https://it-dev.mpiwg-berlin.mpg.de/svn/mpdl-project-content/trunk/texts/eXist/
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diff changeset
3795 <anchor type="note" xlink:label="note-0121-03a" xlink:href="note-0121-03"/>
22d6a63640c6 moved texts from SVN https://it-dev.mpiwg-berlin.mpg.de/svn/mpdl-project-content/trunk/texts/eXist/
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parents:
diff changeset
3796 quently, the Appearance of L is in this Line. <lb/></s>
22d6a63640c6 moved texts from SVN https://it-dev.mpiwg-berlin.mpg.de/svn/mpdl-project-content/trunk/texts/eXist/
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diff changeset
3797 <s xml:id="echoid-s1649" xml:space="preserve">Now, if a Line be ſuppos’d to be drawn from <lb/>the Point L, thro’ the propos’d Point, it will be <lb/>parallel to the Vertical Line; </s>
22d6a63640c6 moved texts from SVN https://it-dev.mpiwg-berlin.mpg.de/svn/mpdl-project-content/trunk/texts/eXist/
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parents:
diff changeset
3798 <s xml:id="echoid-s1650" xml:space="preserve">and ſo its <anchor type="note" xlink:href="" symbol="*"/> Per-
22d6a63640c6 moved texts from SVN https://it-dev.mpiwg-berlin.mpg.de/svn/mpdl-project-content/trunk/texts/eXist/
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diff changeset
3799 <anchor type="note" xlink:label="note-0121-04a" xlink:href="note-0121-04"/>
22d6a63640c6 moved texts from SVN https://it-dev.mpiwg-berlin.mpg.de/svn/mpdl-project-content/trunk/texts/eXist/
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3800 ſpective is parallel to the Baſe Line. </s>
22d6a63640c6 moved texts from SVN https://it-dev.mpiwg-berlin.mpg.de/svn/mpdl-project-content/trunk/texts/eXist/
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diff changeset
3801 <s xml:id="echoid-s1651" xml:space="preserve">And ſince
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diff changeset
3802 <pb o="68" file="0122" n="140" rhead="An ESSAY"/>
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diff changeset
3803 this Appearance paſſes thro’ that of the Point <lb/>L, it will be a Part of C X. </s>
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diff changeset
3804 <s xml:id="echoid-s1652" xml:space="preserve">But becauſe that <lb/>Line, drawn from the Point L, paſſes thro’ the <lb/>propos’d Point; </s>
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diff changeset
3805 <s xml:id="echoid-s1653" xml:space="preserve">the Repreſentation of the ſaid <lb/>Point is alſo in C X; </s>
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diff changeset
3806 <s xml:id="echoid-s1654" xml:space="preserve">and ſo in X, the common <lb/>Interſection of C X, and T X.</s>
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diff changeset
3807 <s xml:id="echoid-s1655" xml:space="preserve"/>
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diff changeset
3808 </p>
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diff changeset
3809 <div xml:id="echoid-div236" type="float" level="2" n="2">
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diff changeset
3810 <note symbol="*" position="right" xlink:label="note-0121-03" xlink:href="note-0121-03a" xml:space="preserve">41.</note>
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diff changeset
3811 <note symbol="*" position="right" xlink:label="note-0121-04" xlink:href="note-0121-04a" xml:space="preserve">6.</note>
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diff changeset
3812 </div>
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diff changeset
3813 </div>
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diff changeset
3814 <div xml:id="echoid-div238" type="section" level="1" n="125">
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diff changeset
3815 <head xml:id="echoid-head131" xml:space="preserve"><emph style="sc">Remark</emph>.</head>
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diff changeset
3816 <p>
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diff changeset
3817 <s xml:id="echoid-s1656" xml:space="preserve">83. </s>
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diff changeset
3818 <s xml:id="echoid-s1657" xml:space="preserve">If the Point T ſhould be at too great a <lb/>Diſtance; </s>
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diff changeset
3819 <s xml:id="echoid-s1658" xml:space="preserve">or if T B X, or C X, ſhould too ob-<lb/>liquely cut each other; </s>
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diff changeset
3820 <s xml:id="echoid-s1659" xml:space="preserve">the perſpective Plane <lb/>muſt then be ſuppos’d to be reduc’d <anchor type="note" xlink:href="" symbol="*"/> to a per-
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diff changeset
3821 <anchor type="note" xlink:label="note-0122-01a" xlink:href="note-0122-01"/>
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diff changeset
3822 pendicular, or upright one; </s>
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diff changeset
3823 <s xml:id="echoid-s1660" xml:space="preserve">and the Repreſen-<lb/>tation of a Point, above the Geometrical Plane, <lb/>(whoſe Seat is L, and Height M E) muſt be <lb/>found <anchor type="note" xlink:href="" symbol="*"/>.</s>
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diff changeset
3824 <s xml:id="echoid-s1661" xml:space="preserve"/>
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diff changeset
3825 </p>
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diff changeset
3826 <div xml:id="echoid-div238" type="float" level="2" n="1">
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diff changeset
3827 <note symbol="*" position="left" xlink:label="note-0122-01" xlink:href="note-0122-01a" xml:space="preserve">81.</note>
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diff changeset
3828 </div>
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diff changeset
3829 <note symbol="*" position="left" xml:space="preserve">50.</note>
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diff changeset
3830 </div>
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diff changeset
3831 <div xml:id="echoid-div240" type="section" level="1" n="126">
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diff changeset
3832 <head xml:id="echoid-head132" xml:space="preserve"><emph style="sc">Problem</emph> III.</head>
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diff changeset
3833 <p style="it">
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3834 <s xml:id="echoid-s1662" xml:space="preserve">84. </s>
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3835 <s xml:id="echoid-s1663" xml:space="preserve">To find the Repreſentation of a Line, perpendi-<lb/>cular to the Geometrical Plane`.</s>
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diff changeset
3836 <s xml:id="echoid-s1664" xml:space="preserve"/>
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3837 </p>
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diff changeset
3838 <p>
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diff changeset
3839 <s xml:id="echoid-s1665" xml:space="preserve">The Appearance of the Extremity of the Per-<lb/>
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diff changeset
3840 <anchor type="note" xlink:label="note-0122-03a" xlink:href="note-0122-03"/>
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diff changeset
3841 pendicular muſt be found <anchor type="note" xlink:href="" symbol="*"/>, in conſidering the
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diff changeset
3842 <anchor type="note" xlink:label="note-0122-04a" xlink:href="note-0122-04"/>
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diff changeset
3843 ſaid Extremity as a Point above the Geometri-<lb/>cal Plane, by the Height of the propos’d Perpendi-<lb/>cular: </s>
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3844 <s xml:id="echoid-s1666" xml:space="preserve">Then if a Line be drawn from the Point <lb/>D, to the Point of Sight; </s>
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3845 <s xml:id="echoid-s1667" xml:space="preserve">its Interſection <anchor type="note" xlink:href="" symbol="*"/> with
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3846 <anchor type="note" xlink:label="note-0122-05a" xlink:href="note-0122-05"/>
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diff changeset
3847 T X, will give the Appearance a of the Seat of <lb/>the Perpendicular propos’d.</s>
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diff changeset
3848 <s xml:id="echoid-s1668" xml:space="preserve"/>
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3849 </p>
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diff changeset
3850 <div xml:id="echoid-div240" type="float" level="2" n="1">
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3851 <note position="left" xlink:label="note-0122-03" xlink:href="note-0122-03a" xml:space="preserve">Fig. 45.</note>
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3852 <note symbol="*" position="left" xlink:label="note-0122-04" xlink:href="note-0122-04a" xml:space="preserve">82.</note>
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3853 <note symbol="*" position="left" xlink:label="note-0122-05" xlink:href="note-0122-05a" xml:space="preserve">16.</note>
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3854 </div>
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diff changeset
3855 <p>
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3856 <s xml:id="echoid-s1669" xml:space="preserve">Note, When there is a Neceſſity of having re-<lb/>courſe to the Remarks of the foregoing Problem, <lb/>in order to find the Point X; </s>
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diff changeset
3857 <s xml:id="echoid-s1670" xml:space="preserve">then the Point a <lb/>may be found, in drawing A S and D V, and <lb/>afterwards joining the Points B and X by a <lb/>Line. </s>
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3858 <s xml:id="echoid-s1671" xml:space="preserve">And when B X and D V cut each other
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diff changeset
3859 <pb file="0123" n="141"/>
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diff changeset
3860 <pb file="0123a" n="142"/>
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diff changeset
3861 <anchor type="figure" xlink:label="fig-0123a-01a" xlink:href="fig-0123a-01"/>
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3862 <anchor type="figure" xlink:label="fig-0123a-02a" xlink:href="fig-0123a-02"/>
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3863 <anchor type="figure" xlink:label="fig-0123a-03a" xlink:href="fig-0123a-03"/>
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diff changeset
3864 <pb file="0124" n="143"/>
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diff changeset
3865 <pb o="69" file="0125" n="144" rhead="on PERSPECTIVE."/>
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3866 too obliquely, recourſe muſt be had to Problem I. </s>
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diff changeset
3867 <s xml:id="echoid-s1672" xml:space="preserve"><anchor type="note" xlink:href="" symbol="*"/>,
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diff changeset
3868 <anchor type="note" xlink:label="note-0125-01a" xlink:href="note-0125-01"/>
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3869 to find the Appearance of a.</s>
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diff changeset
3870 <s xml:id="echoid-s1673" xml:space="preserve"/>
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3871 </p>
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diff changeset
3872 <div xml:id="echoid-div241" type="float" level="2" n="2">
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3873 <figure xlink:label="fig-0123a-01" xlink:href="fig-0123a-01a">
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3874 <caption xml:id="echoid-caption43" style="it" xml:space="preserve">page 68<lb/>Plate. 19<lb/>Fig. 43</caption>
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diff changeset
3875 <variables xml:id="echoid-variables42" xml:space="preserve">B D E a G H I C F L</variables>
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3876 </figure>
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diff changeset
3877 <figure xlink:label="fig-0123a-02" xlink:href="fig-0123a-02a">
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3878 <caption xml:id="echoid-caption44" style="it" xml:space="preserve">Fig. 44</caption>
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3879 <variables xml:id="echoid-variables43" xml:space="preserve">O V X S H I T</variables>
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3880 </figure>
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diff changeset
3881 <figure xlink:label="fig-0123a-03" xlink:href="fig-0123a-03a">
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3882 <caption xml:id="echoid-caption45" style="it" xml:space="preserve">Fig. 45</caption>
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3883 <variables xml:id="echoid-variables44" xml:space="preserve">Q F V X S a H B C D E L M P T A</variables>
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3884 </figure>
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3885 <note symbol="*" position="right" xlink:label="note-0125-01" xlink:href="note-0125-01a" xml:space="preserve">81.</note>
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diff changeset
3886 </div>
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diff changeset
3887 </div>
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diff changeset
3888 <div xml:id="echoid-div243" type="section" level="1" n="127">
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diff changeset
3889 <head xml:id="echoid-head133" xml:space="preserve"><emph style="sc">Method</emph> II.</head>
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diff changeset
3890 <p>
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diff changeset
3891 <s xml:id="echoid-s1674" xml:space="preserve">85. </s>
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diff changeset
3892 <s xml:id="echoid-s1675" xml:space="preserve">A is the Foot of the Perpendicular: </s>
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diff changeset
3893 <s xml:id="echoid-s1676" xml:space="preserve">The <lb/>
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diff changeset
3894 <anchor type="note" xlink:label="note-0125-02a" xlink:href="note-0125-02"/>
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diff changeset
3895 Triangle, E P M, is drawn <anchor type="note" xlink:href="" symbol="*"/> as directed: </s>
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diff changeset
3896 <s xml:id="echoid-s1677" xml:space="preserve">And
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diff changeset
3897 <anchor type="note" xlink:label="note-0125-03a" xlink:href="note-0125-03"/>
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diff changeset
3898 T is the accidental Point of the Perpendiculars, <lb/>to the Geometrical Plane.</s>
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diff changeset
3899 <s xml:id="echoid-s1678" xml:space="preserve"/>
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diff changeset
3900 </p>
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diff changeset
3901 <div xml:id="echoid-div243" type="float" level="2" n="1">
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diff changeset
3902 <note position="right" xlink:label="note-0125-02" xlink:href="note-0125-02a" xml:space="preserve">Fig. 46.</note>
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diff changeset
3903 <note symbol="*" position="right" xlink:label="note-0125-03" xlink:href="note-0125-03a" xml:space="preserve">82.</note>
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diff changeset
3904 </div>
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diff changeset
3905 </div>
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diff changeset
3906 <div xml:id="echoid-div245" type="section" level="1" n="128">
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diff changeset
3907 <head xml:id="echoid-head134" xml:space="preserve"><emph style="sc">Operation</emph>.</head>
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diff changeset
3908 <p>
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diff changeset
3909 <s xml:id="echoid-s1679" xml:space="preserve">Thro’ the Point a, the Appearance of A, <lb/>draw a Perpendicular to the Baſe Line; </s>
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diff changeset
3910 <s xml:id="echoid-s1680" xml:space="preserve">which <lb/>make equal <anchor type="note" xlink:href="" symbol="*"/> in Repreſentation to the Line
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diff changeset
3911 <anchor type="note" xlink:label="note-0125-04a" xlink:href="note-0125-04"/>
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diff changeset
3912 M E; </s>
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diff changeset
3913 <s xml:id="echoid-s1681" xml:space="preserve">in conſidering this laſt Line, as being <lb/>parallel to the Vertical Line. </s>
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diff changeset
3914 <s xml:id="echoid-s1682" xml:space="preserve">Then, from the <lb/>Extremity I of this Perſpective, to the Point of <lb/>Sight V, draw a Line cutting the Line T a, in <lb/>the Point X; </s>
22d6a63640c6 moved texts from SVN https://it-dev.mpiwg-berlin.mpg.de/svn/mpdl-project-content/trunk/texts/eXist/
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diff changeset
3915 <s xml:id="echoid-s1683" xml:space="preserve">which will be the Repreſentation <lb/>of the Extremity of the propos’d Line.</s>
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diff changeset
3916 <s xml:id="echoid-s1684" xml:space="preserve"/>
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diff changeset
3917 </p>
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diff changeset
3918 <div xml:id="echoid-div245" type="float" level="2" n="1">
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diff changeset
3919 <note symbol="*" position="right" xlink:label="note-0125-04" xlink:href="note-0125-04a" xml:space="preserve">55.</note>
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diff changeset
3920 </div>
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diff changeset
3921 </div>
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diff changeset
3922 <div xml:id="echoid-div247" type="section" level="1" n="129">
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diff changeset
3923 <head xml:id="echoid-head135" xml:space="preserve"><emph style="sc">Demonstration</emph>.</head>
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diff changeset
3924 <p>
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diff changeset
3925 <s xml:id="echoid-s1685" xml:space="preserve">Let us ſuppoſe a Line paſſing thro’ the Point <lb/>A, equal to M E, and parallel to the Verti-<lb/>cal Line. </s>
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diff changeset
3926 <s xml:id="echoid-s1686" xml:space="preserve">Suppoſe, moreover, that another Line <lb/>is drawn thro’ the Extremity of this Line, and <lb/>that of the propos’d Perpendicular; </s>
22d6a63640c6 moved texts from SVN https://it-dev.mpiwg-berlin.mpg.de/svn/mpdl-project-content/trunk/texts/eXist/
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diff changeset
3927 <s xml:id="echoid-s1687" xml:space="preserve">then this <lb/>laſt Line, by the Conſtruction of the Figure <lb/>M E P, will be parallel to the Station Line; <lb/></s>
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diff changeset
3928 <s xml:id="echoid-s1688" xml:space="preserve">and conſequently, its Repreſentation <anchor type="note" xlink:href="" symbol="*"/> will paſs
22d6a63640c6 moved texts from SVN https://it-dev.mpiwg-berlin.mpg.de/svn/mpdl-project-content/trunk/texts/eXist/
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diff changeset
3929 <anchor type="note" xlink:label="note-0125-05a" xlink:href="note-0125-05"/>
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diff changeset
3930 thro’ the Point of Sight; </s>
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diff changeset
3931 <s xml:id="echoid-s1689" xml:space="preserve">and its Interſection <lb/>with T a, will be the Extremity of the Repre-<lb/>ſentation ſought. </s>
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diff changeset
3932 <s xml:id="echoid-s1690" xml:space="preserve">But a I is <anchor type="note" xlink:href="" symbol="*"/> the Perſpective
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diff changeset
3933 <anchor type="note" xlink:label="note-0125-06a" xlink:href="note-0125-06"/>
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diff changeset
3934 of the firſt Line, made equal to E M; </s>
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3935 <s xml:id="echoid-s1691" xml:space="preserve">and con-<lb/>ſequently, V I is that of the ſecond. </s>
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diff changeset
3936 <s xml:id="echoid-s1692" xml:space="preserve">Which was <lb/>to be demonſtrated.</s>
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diff changeset
3937 <s xml:id="echoid-s1693" xml:space="preserve"/>
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diff changeset
3938 </p>
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diff changeset
3939 <div xml:id="echoid-div247" type="float" level="2" n="1">
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diff changeset
3940 <note symbol="*" position="right" xlink:label="note-0125-05" xlink:href="note-0125-05a" xml:space="preserve">16.</note>
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diff changeset
3941 <note symbol="*" position="right" xlink:label="note-0125-06" xlink:href="note-0125-06a" xml:space="preserve">56.</note>
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diff changeset
3942 </div>
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diff changeset
3943 <pb o="70" file="0126" n="145" rhead="An ESSAY"/>
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diff changeset
3944 <p>
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diff changeset
3945 <s xml:id="echoid-s1694" xml:space="preserve">Note, When V I and T a cut each other ve-<lb/>ry obliquely, recourſe muſt be had to the Obſer-<lb/>vation at the End of the aforegoing Method, or <lb/>the following Way may be uſed.</s>
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diff changeset
3946 <s xml:id="echoid-s1695" xml:space="preserve"/>
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diff changeset
3947 </p>
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diff changeset
3948 </div>
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diff changeset
3949 <div xml:id="echoid-div249" type="section" level="1" n="130">
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diff changeset
3950 <head xml:id="echoid-head136" xml:space="preserve"><emph style="sc">Method</emph> III.</head>
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diff changeset
3951 <p>
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diff changeset
3952 <s xml:id="echoid-s1696" xml:space="preserve">86. </s>
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diff changeset
3953 <s xml:id="echoid-s1697" xml:space="preserve">Let T be the accidental Point of the Lines <lb/>
22d6a63640c6 moved texts from SVN https://it-dev.mpiwg-berlin.mpg.de/svn/mpdl-project-content/trunk/texts/eXist/
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diff changeset
3954 <anchor type="note" xlink:label="note-0126-01a" xlink:href="note-0126-01"/>
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3955 perpendicular to the Geometrical Plane, thro’ <lb/>which Point draw a parallel to the Baſe Line, <lb/>in which aſſume T R equal to O T of Fig. </s>
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diff changeset
3956 <s xml:id="echoid-s1698" xml:space="preserve">44.</s>
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diff changeset
3957 <s xml:id="echoid-s1699" xml:space="preserve"/>
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diff changeset
3958 </p>
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diff changeset
3959 <div xml:id="echoid-div249" type="float" level="2" n="1">
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diff changeset
3960 <note position="left" xlink:label="note-0126-01" xlink:href="note-0126-01a" xml:space="preserve">Fig. 47.</note>
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diff changeset
3961 </div>
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diff changeset
3962 </div>
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diff changeset
3963 <div xml:id="echoid-div251" type="section" level="1" n="131">
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3964 <head xml:id="echoid-head137" xml:space="preserve"><emph style="sc">Operation</emph>.</head>
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diff changeset
3965 <p>
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diff changeset
3966 <s xml:id="echoid-s1700" xml:space="preserve">Aſſume D N ſomewhere in the Baſe Line, e-<lb/>qual to the propoſed Line, and draw the Lines <lb/>D F and N F to the Point F, taken at Pleaſure <lb/>in the Horizontal Line; </s>
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3967 <s xml:id="echoid-s1701" xml:space="preserve">then through the Point <lb/>a, the Appearance of A, draw the parallel a H, <lb/>to the Baſe Line, in which aſſume a Q equal <lb/>to G H. </s>
22d6a63640c6 moved texts from SVN https://it-dev.mpiwg-berlin.mpg.de/svn/mpdl-project-content/trunk/texts/eXist/
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diff changeset
3968 <s xml:id="echoid-s1702" xml:space="preserve">Then if the Lines T a, and R Q be <lb/>drawn, and continued, till they cut each other <lb/>in the Point X, a X will be the Appearance <lb/>ſought.</s>
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diff changeset
3969 <s xml:id="echoid-s1703" xml:space="preserve"/>
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diff changeset
3970 </p>
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diff changeset
3971 </div>
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3972 <div xml:id="echoid-div252" type="section" level="1" n="132">
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3973 <head xml:id="echoid-head138" xml:space="preserve"><emph style="sc">Demonstration</emph>.</head>
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3974 <p>
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3975 <s xml:id="echoid-s1704" xml:space="preserve">The Part a Q of the Line a H, is <anchor type="note" xlink:href="" symbol="*"/> the Ap-
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3976 <anchor type="note" xlink:label="note-0126-02a" xlink:href="note-0126-02"/>
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3977 pearance of a Line proceeding from A in the <lb/>Geometrical Plane, and which is equal to the <lb/>propoſed Line, and parallel to the Baſe Line; <lb/></s>
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3978 <s xml:id="echoid-s1705" xml:space="preserve">and conſequently <anchor type="note" xlink:href="" symbol="*"/>, the Line R Q paſſes through
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3979 <anchor type="note" xlink:label="note-0126-03a" xlink:href="note-0126-03"/>
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3980 the Perſpective of the Extremity of the propo-<lb/>ſed Line: </s>
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3981 <s xml:id="echoid-s1706" xml:space="preserve">And therefore X the Interſection of <lb/>R Q and T a, is the Appearance of the ſaid <lb/>Extremity.</s>
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3982 <s xml:id="echoid-s1707" xml:space="preserve"/>
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3983 </p>
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3984 <div xml:id="echoid-div252" type="float" level="2" n="1">
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3985 <note symbol="*" position="left" xlink:label="note-0126-02" xlink:href="note-0126-02a" xml:space="preserve">56.</note>
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3986 <note symbol="*" position="left" xlink:label="note-0126-03" xlink:href="note-0126-03a" xml:space="preserve">20.</note>
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3987 </div>
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3988 <pb o="71" file="0127" n="146" rhead="on PERSPECTIVE."/>
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3989 </div>
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3990 <div xml:id="echoid-div254" type="section" level="1" n="133">
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3991 <head xml:id="echoid-head139" xml:space="preserve"><emph style="sc">Remark</emph>.</head>
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3992 <p>
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3993 <s xml:id="echoid-s1708" xml:space="preserve">It is manifeſt <anchor type="note" xlink:href="" symbol="*"/>, that T R may be aſſumed
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3994 <anchor type="note" xlink:label="note-0127-01a" xlink:href="note-0127-01"/>
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3995 equal to {1/2} or {1/3} &amp; </s>
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3996 <s xml:id="echoid-s1709" xml:space="preserve">c. </s>
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3997 <s xml:id="echoid-s1710" xml:space="preserve">of what it is taken here, <lb/>provided likewiſe that then D N be aſſumed <lb/>equal to a correſpondent Part of the propoſed <lb/>Line.</s>
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3998 <s xml:id="echoid-s1711" xml:space="preserve"/>
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3999 </p>
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4000 <div xml:id="echoid-div254" type="float" level="2" n="1">
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4001 <note symbol="*" position="right" xlink:label="note-0127-01" xlink:href="note-0127-01a" xml:space="preserve">19.</note>
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4002 </div>
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4003 </div>
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4004 <div xml:id="echoid-div256" type="section" level="1" n="134">
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4005 <head xml:id="echoid-head140" xml:space="preserve"><emph style="sc">Problem</emph> IV.</head>
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4006 <p>
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4007 <s xml:id="echoid-s1712" xml:space="preserve">87. </s>
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4008 <s xml:id="echoid-s1713" xml:space="preserve">To throw a Sphere into Perſpective.</s>
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4009 <s xml:id="echoid-s1714" xml:space="preserve"/>
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4010 </p>
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4011 <p>
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4012 <s xml:id="echoid-s1715" xml:space="preserve">The Method of ſolving this Problem before <lb/>laid down <anchor type="note" xlink:href="" symbol="*"/>, muſt be uſed here, but with this
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4013 <anchor type="note" xlink:label="note-0127-02a" xlink:href="note-0127-02"/>
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4014 Difference; </s>
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4015 <s xml:id="echoid-s1716" xml:space="preserve">that inſtead of uſing the Point of <lb/>Sight, the Point wherein a Perpendicular drawn <lb/>from the Eye to the perſpective Plane, meets <lb/>the ſaid Plane, muſt be uſed. </s>
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4016 <s xml:id="echoid-s1717" xml:space="preserve">And you muſt <lb/>obſerve, that this Perpendicular meaſures the <lb/>Eye’s Diſtance from the perſpective Plane.</s>
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4017 <s xml:id="echoid-s1718" xml:space="preserve"/>
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4018 </p>
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4019 <div xml:id="echoid-div256" type="float" level="2" n="1">
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4020 <note symbol="*" position="right" xlink:label="note-0127-02" xlink:href="note-0127-02a" xml:space="preserve">63.</note>
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4021 </div>
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4022 </div>
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4023 <div xml:id="echoid-div258" type="section" level="1" n="135">
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4024 <head xml:id="echoid-head141" xml:space="preserve"><emph style="sc">Problem</emph> V.</head>
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4025 <p style="it">
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4026 <s xml:id="echoid-s1719" xml:space="preserve">88. </s>
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4027 <s xml:id="echoid-s1720" xml:space="preserve">To find the accidental Point of any Number <lb/>
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4028 <anchor type="note" xlink:label="note-0127-03a" xlink:href="note-0127-03"/>
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4029 of Lines inclined to the Geometrical Plane.</s>
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4030 <s xml:id="echoid-s1721" xml:space="preserve"/>
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4031 </p>
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4032 <div xml:id="echoid-div258" type="float" level="2" n="1">
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4033 <note position="right" xlink:label="note-0127-03" xlink:href="note-0127-03a" xml:space="preserve">Fig. 48.</note>
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4034 </div>
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4035 <p>
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4036 <s xml:id="echoid-s1722" xml:space="preserve">Let A B be the Direction of one of the in-<lb/>clined Lines, O the Eye in the Horizontal Plane, <lb/>and S the Station Point.</s>
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4037 <s xml:id="echoid-s1723" xml:space="preserve"/>
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4038 </p>
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4039 </div>
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4040 <div xml:id="echoid-div260" type="section" level="1" n="136">
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4041 <head xml:id="echoid-head142" xml:space="preserve"><emph style="sc">Operation</emph>.</head>
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4042 <p>
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4043 <s xml:id="echoid-s1724" xml:space="preserve">Draw the Line O D, thro’ the Eye O parallel <lb/>to A B, meeting the Horizontal Line in D, which <lb/>will be <anchor type="note" xlink:href="" symbol="*"/> the Accidental Point of the Directions
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4044 <anchor type="note" xlink:label="note-0127-04a" xlink:href="note-0127-04"/>
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4045 of the given Line; </s>
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4046 <s xml:id="echoid-s1725" xml:space="preserve">and thro’ the Station Point S,
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4047 <pb o="72" file="0128" n="147" rhead="An ESSAY"/>
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4048 draw S N perpendicular to the ſaid Line A B, <lb/>cutting the Baſe Line in N, and draw the Line <lb/>N D. </s>
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4049 <s xml:id="echoid-s1726" xml:space="preserve">Then about the Point D, as a Center, and <lb/>with the Radius D O, deſcribe the Circular Arc <lb/>O o: </s>
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4050 <s xml:id="echoid-s1727" xml:space="preserve">And about N, as a Center, with the Radius <lb/>N S, draw the Circular Arc S s. </s>
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4051 <s xml:id="echoid-s1728" xml:space="preserve">This being done, <lb/>draw the Line s o touching the ſaid two Arcs, <lb/>and the Line D o perpendicular to s o. </s>
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4052 <s xml:id="echoid-s1729" xml:space="preserve">Then <lb/>draw o F, making an Angle with o D, equal to <lb/>the Angle of the Inclination of the Lines given, <lb/>and cutting N D continued in F: </s>
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4053 <s xml:id="echoid-s1730" xml:space="preserve">Now I ſay F <lb/>is the Accidental Point ſought when the Lines <lb/>do not incline towards the Perſpective Plane: <lb/></s>
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4054 <s xml:id="echoid-s1731" xml:space="preserve">But if they do, o F muſt be drawn below o D.</s>
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4055 <s xml:id="echoid-s1732" xml:space="preserve"/>
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4056 </p>
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4057 <div xml:id="echoid-div260" type="float" level="2" n="1">
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4058 <note symbol="*" position="right" xlink:label="note-0127-04" xlink:href="note-0127-04a" xml:space="preserve">13, 14.</note>
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diff changeset
4059 </div>
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4060 </div>
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4061 <div xml:id="echoid-div262" type="section" level="1" n="137">
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4062 <head xml:id="echoid-head143" xml:space="preserve"><emph style="sc">Demonstration</emph>.</head>
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4063 <p>
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4064 <s xml:id="echoid-s1733" xml:space="preserve">If a Plane be ſuppoſed to paſs thro’ the Eye <lb/>parallel to theinclin’d Lines; </s>
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4065 <s xml:id="echoid-s1734" xml:space="preserve">the common Secti-<lb/>ons of this Plane, and the Horizontal and Geo-<lb/>metrical Planes, will be O D and S N. </s>
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4066 <s xml:id="echoid-s1735" xml:space="preserve">It is <lb/>now manifeſt, that if a Line be drawn in the <lb/>ſaid Plane, below the Horizontal Plane, when <lb/>the Lines incline towards the perſpective Plane, <lb/>and above it when they incline the other way, <lb/>making an Angle with O D equal to the Angle <lb/>of Inclination of the propoſed Lines; </s>
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4067 <s xml:id="echoid-s1736" xml:space="preserve">I ſay it is <lb/>manifeſt, that the ſaid Line will be parallel to <lb/>the propoſed Lines, and will meet <anchor type="note" xlink:href="" symbol="*"/> the perſpe-
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diff changeset
4068 <anchor type="note" xlink:label="note-0128-01a" xlink:href="note-0128-01"/>
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diff changeset
4069 ctive Plane in the Accidental Point ſought. </s>
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4070 <s xml:id="echoid-s1737" xml:space="preserve">If <lb/>now the before ſuppoſed Plane be conceiv’d to <lb/>turn about the Line N D, the Eye, and the <lb/>Station Point in the ſaid Plain, will then meet <lb/>the perſpective Plane in the Points o and s; </s>
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4071 <s xml:id="echoid-s1738" xml:space="preserve">for <lb/>the Lines D o and N s are equal to D O and N S, <lb/>and form right Angles with the Line s o joyning <lb/>their Extremities. </s>
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4072 <s xml:id="echoid-s1739" xml:space="preserve">Now the two Points s and o <lb/>anſwer to the Situation of the Eye and Station
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diff changeset
4073 <pb file="0129" n="148"/>
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4074 <pb file="0129a" n="149"/>
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4075 <anchor type="figure" xlink:label="fig-0129a-01a" xlink:href="fig-0129a-01"/>
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4076 <anchor type="figure" xlink:label="fig-0129a-02a" xlink:href="fig-0129a-02"/>
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4077 <pb file="0130" n="150"/>
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4078 <pb o="73" file="0131" n="151" rhead="on PERSPECTIVE."/>
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4079 Point in reſpect to each other, in the before ſup-<lb/>poſed Plane. </s>
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4080 <s xml:id="echoid-s1740" xml:space="preserve">Therefore the Line o F anſwers <lb/>@kewiſe to the Line in the ſaid Plane imagined <lb/>to be parallel to the propoſed Lines; </s>
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4081 <s xml:id="echoid-s1741" xml:space="preserve">and con-<lb/>ſequently the Point F, is that wherein the <lb/>ſaid Parallel meets the Perſpective Plane; </s>
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4082 <s xml:id="echoid-s1742" xml:space="preserve">and <lb/>therefore it is the accidental Point ſought.</s>
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4083 <s xml:id="echoid-s1743" xml:space="preserve"/>
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4084 </p>
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diff changeset
4085 <div xml:id="echoid-div262" type="float" level="2" n="1">
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4086 <note symbol="*" position="left" xlink:label="note-0128-01" xlink:href="note-0128-01a" xml:space="preserve">13, 14.</note>
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4087 <figure xlink:label="fig-0129a-01" xlink:href="fig-0129a-01a">
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4088 <caption xml:id="echoid-caption46" style="it" xml:space="preserve">page 72<lb/>Plate. 20<lb/>Fig. 46</caption>
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4089 <variables xml:id="echoid-variables45" xml:space="preserve">V I X a E M P A T</variables>
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4090 </figure>
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4091 <figure xlink:label="fig-0129a-02" xlink:href="fig-0129a-02a">
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4092 <caption xml:id="echoid-caption47" style="it" xml:space="preserve">Fig. 47</caption>
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4093 <variables xml:id="echoid-variables46" xml:space="preserve">V F X a Q G H D N A T R</variables>
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4094 </figure>
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4095 </div>
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4096 <p>
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4097 <s xml:id="echoid-s1744" xml:space="preserve">Note, Iſ the accidental Point T of Perpendi-<lb/>culars to the Geometrical Plane be found, the <lb/>Operation of this Problem may be ſhorten’d, in <lb/>drawing the Line T D, which will neceſſarily <lb/>paſs thro’ the Point N, and then the Point o will <lb/>be found by the Interſection of the Arc O o, <lb/>and a Semi-circle, whoſe Diameter is T D.</s>
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4098 <s xml:id="echoid-s1745" xml:space="preserve"/>
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4099 </p>
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4100 </div>
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4101 <div xml:id="echoid-div264" type="section" level="1" n="138">
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4102 <head xml:id="echoid-head144" xml:space="preserve"><emph style="sc">Problem</emph> VI.</head>
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4103 <p style="it">
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4104 <s xml:id="echoid-s1746" xml:space="preserve">89. </s>
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4105 <s xml:id="echoid-s1747" xml:space="preserve">To find the Perſpective of one or more Lines <lb/>inclin’d to the Geometrical Plane.</s>
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4106 <s xml:id="echoid-s1748" xml:space="preserve"/>
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4107 </p>
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4108 <p>
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4109 <s xml:id="echoid-s1749" xml:space="preserve">Let A be the Foot of a Line inclin’d to the <lb/>
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4110 <anchor type="note" xlink:label="note-0131-01a" xlink:href="note-0131-01"/>
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4111 Geometrical Plane, and a its Repreſentation. <lb/></s>
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4112 <s xml:id="echoid-s1750" xml:space="preserve">Now determine, by Means of the Triangle C P E <lb/>according to the Manner lay’d down <anchor type="note" xlink:href="" symbol="*"/> for the
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4113 <anchor type="note" xlink:label="note-0131-02a" xlink:href="note-0131-02"/>
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4114 Perſpective Plane when ſuppoſed perpendicular, <lb/>the Length A B of the Direction of the propoſed <lb/>Line. </s>
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4115 <s xml:id="echoid-s1751" xml:space="preserve">This being done, find the Point <anchor type="note" xlink:href="" symbol="*"/> X the Per-
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4116 <anchor type="note" xlink:label="note-0131-03a" xlink:href="note-0131-03"/>
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4117 ſpective of a Point above the Geometrical Plane <lb/>by the Length of P E; </s>
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4118 <s xml:id="echoid-s1752" xml:space="preserve">and then a X will be the <lb/>Perſpective ſought.</s>
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4119 <s xml:id="echoid-s1753" xml:space="preserve"/>
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4120 </p>
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4121 <div xml:id="echoid-div264" type="float" level="2" n="1">
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4122 <note position="right" xlink:label="note-0131-01" xlink:href="note-0131-01a" xml:space="preserve">Fig. 48.</note>
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4123 <note symbol="*" position="right" xlink:label="note-0131-02" xlink:href="note-0131-02a" xml:space="preserve">69.</note>
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4124 <note symbol="*" position="right" xlink:label="note-0131-03" xlink:href="note-0131-03a" xml:space="preserve">82.</note>
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4125 </div>
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4126 </div>
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4127 <div xml:id="echoid-div266" type="section" level="1" n="139">
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4128 <head xml:id="echoid-head145" xml:space="preserve"><emph style="sc">Method</emph> II.</head>
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4129 <p style="it">
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4130 <s xml:id="echoid-s1754" xml:space="preserve">90. </s>
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4131 <s xml:id="echoid-s1755" xml:space="preserve">To ſolve this Problem by the Accidental Points <lb/>of inclined Lines, and their Directions.</s>
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4132 <s xml:id="echoid-s1756" xml:space="preserve"/>
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4133 </p>
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4134 <p>
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4135 <s xml:id="echoid-s1757" xml:space="preserve">Let AB be the Direction of an inclin’d Line; </s>
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4136 <s xml:id="echoid-s1758" xml:space="preserve">D <lb/>
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4137 <anchor type="note" xlink:label="note-0131-04a" xlink:href="note-0131-04"/>
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4138 the Accidental Point of the Directions, &amp; </s>
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4139 <s xml:id="echoid-s1759" xml:space="preserve">F that of
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4140 <pb o="74" file="0132" n="152" rhead="An ESSAY"/>
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4141 the Lines themſelves, and T the Accidental Point <lb/>oſ Perpendiculars to the Geometrical Plane.</s>
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4142 <s xml:id="echoid-s1760" xml:space="preserve"/>
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4143 </p>
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4144 <div xml:id="echoid-div266" type="float" level="2" n="1">
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4145 <note position="right" xlink:label="note-0131-04" xlink:href="note-0131-04a" xml:space="preserve">Fig. 48.</note>
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4146 </div>
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4147 </div>
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4148 <div xml:id="echoid-div268" type="section" level="1" n="140">
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4149 <head xml:id="echoid-head146" xml:space="preserve"><emph style="sc">Operation</emph>.</head>
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4150 <p>
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4151 <s xml:id="echoid-s1761" xml:space="preserve">Continue the Line A B until it meets the <lb/>Baſe Line in G, and draw the Line G D, which <lb/>cut in a and b by Lines drawn from A and B to <lb/>the Eye. </s>
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4152 <s xml:id="echoid-s1762" xml:space="preserve">Then draw the Lines a F and T b In-<lb/>terſecting each other in X; </s>
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4153 <s xml:id="echoid-s1763" xml:space="preserve">and a x will be the <lb/>Appearance ſought.</s>
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4154 <s xml:id="echoid-s1764" xml:space="preserve"/>
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4155 </p>
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4156 </div>
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4157 <div xml:id="echoid-div269" type="section" level="1" n="141">
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4158 <head xml:id="echoid-head147" xml:space="preserve"><emph style="sc">Demonstration</emph>.</head>
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4159 <p>
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4160 <s xml:id="echoid-s1765" xml:space="preserve">Becauſe a b is <anchor type="note" xlink:href="" symbol="*"/> the Repreſentation of A B,
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4161 <anchor type="note" xlink:label="note-0132-01a" xlink:href="note-0132-01"/>
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4162 the Appearance of the inclin’d Line is one Part <lb/>of a F. </s>
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4163 <s xml:id="echoid-s1766" xml:space="preserve">But the Extremity of the inclin’d Line <lb/>is in a Perpendicular to the Geometrical Plane <lb/>raiſed at the Point B; </s>
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4164 <s xml:id="echoid-s1767" xml:space="preserve">therefore the Repreſen-<lb/>tation of the ſaid Extremity is in T b, and con-<lb/>ſequently x in the Interſection of this Line and <lb/>a F.</s>
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4165 <s xml:id="echoid-s1768" xml:space="preserve"/>
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4166 </p>
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4167 <div xml:id="echoid-div269" type="float" level="2" n="1">
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4168 <note symbol="*" position="left" xlink:label="note-0132-01" xlink:href="note-0132-01a" xml:space="preserve">43.</note>
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4169 </div>
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4170 </div>
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4171 <div xml:id="echoid-div271" type="section" level="1" n="142">
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4172 <head xml:id="echoid-head148" xml:space="preserve"><emph style="sc">Method</emph> III.</head>
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4173 <p>
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4174 <s xml:id="echoid-s1769" xml:space="preserve">91. </s>
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4175 <s xml:id="echoid-s1770" xml:space="preserve">Draw F H thro’ the Accidental Point of <lb/>the inclin’d Lines, parallel to the Baſe Line, <lb/>and equal to o F in Fig. </s>
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4176 <s xml:id="echoid-s1771" xml:space="preserve">48. </s>
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4177 <s xml:id="echoid-s1772" xml:space="preserve">then a is the Perpen-<lb/>
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4178 <anchor type="note" xlink:label="note-0132-02a" xlink:href="note-0132-02"/>
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4179 dicular of the Foot of the inclin’d Line whoſe <lb/>Perſpective a x may be found as directed n. </s>
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4180 <s xml:id="echoid-s1773" xml:space="preserve">70.</s>
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4181 <s xml:id="echoid-s1774" xml:space="preserve"/>
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4182 </p>
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4183 <div xml:id="echoid-div271" type="float" level="2" n="1">
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4184 <note position="left" xlink:label="note-0132-02" xlink:href="note-0132-02a" xml:space="preserve">Fig. 49.</note>
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4185 </div>
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4186 <pb file="0133" n="153"/>
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4187 <pb file="0133a" n="154"/>
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4188 <figure>
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4189 <caption xml:id="echoid-caption48" style="it" xml:space="preserve">Page 34.<lb/>Plate. 21<lb/>Fig. 48</caption>
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4190 <variables xml:id="echoid-variables47" xml:space="preserve">F O D X S b a G N A E T B P C</variables>
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4191 </figure>
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4192 <figure>
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4193 <caption xml:id="echoid-caption49" style="it" xml:space="preserve">Fig. 49</caption>
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4194 <variables xml:id="echoid-variables48" xml:space="preserve">H F O D G X a M N L R Q</variables>
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4195 </figure>
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4196 <pb file="0134" n="155"/>
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4197 <pb o="75" file="0135" n="156" rhead="on PERSPECTIVE."/>
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4198 </div>
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4199 <div xml:id="echoid-div273" type="section" level="1" n="143">
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4200 <head xml:id="echoid-head149" xml:space="preserve">CHAP. VI.</head>
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4201 <p style="it">
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4202 <s xml:id="echoid-s1775" xml:space="preserve">Of throwing Figures into Perſpective, when <lb/>the Perſpective Plane is conſider’d as being <lb/>parallel to the Geometrical Plane.</s>
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4203 <s xml:id="echoid-s1776" xml:space="preserve"/>
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4204 </p>
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4205 </div>
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4206 <div xml:id="echoid-div274" type="section" level="1" n="144">
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4207 <head xml:id="echoid-head150" xml:space="preserve"><emph style="sc">Prob</emph>. I.</head>
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4208 <p style="it">
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4209 <s xml:id="echoid-s1777" xml:space="preserve">92. </s>
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4210 <s xml:id="echoid-s1778" xml:space="preserve">To find the Perſpective of a Figure, which <lb/>is in the Geometrical Plane.</s>
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4211 <s xml:id="echoid-s1779" xml:space="preserve"/>
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4212 </p>
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4213 <p>
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4214 <s xml:id="echoid-s1780" xml:space="preserve">When the perſpective Plane is parallel to the <lb/>Horizon, we commonly conſider it, as being <lb/>it ſelf the Geometrical Plane, in which Caſe, <lb/>the Problem is fully reſolved: </s>
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4215 <s xml:id="echoid-s1781" xml:space="preserve">But when it <lb/>happens, that another Geometrical Plane is <lb/>ſuppoſed, either above or below the perſpective <lb/>Plane, upon which the Figures upon the Geo-<lb/>metrical Plane are requir’d to be drawn; </s>
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4216 <s xml:id="echoid-s1782" xml:space="preserve">we <lb/>muſt draw geometrically thereon, Figures ſimi-<lb/>lar to thoſe in the Geometrical Plane; </s>
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4217 <s xml:id="echoid-s1783" xml:space="preserve">ſo that <lb/>the Lines on the perſpective Plane, be to their <lb/>correſpondent ones on the Geometrical Plane, <lb/>as the Eye’s Diſtance from the perſpective Plane, <lb/>is to its Diſtance from the Geometrical Plane.</s>
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4218 <s xml:id="echoid-s1784" xml:space="preserve"/>
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4219 </p>
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4220 <p>
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4221 <s xml:id="echoid-s1785" xml:space="preserve">The Demonſtration of this is evident from <lb/>n. </s>
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4222 <s xml:id="echoid-s1786" xml:space="preserve">8, and 9.</s>
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4223 <s xml:id="echoid-s1787" xml:space="preserve"/>
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4224 </p>
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4225 </div>
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4226 <div xml:id="echoid-div275" type="section" level="1" n="145">
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4227 <head xml:id="echoid-head151" xml:space="preserve"><emph style="sc">Prob</emph>. II.</head>
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4228 <p style="it">
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4229 <s xml:id="echoid-s1788" xml:space="preserve">93. </s>
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4230 <s xml:id="echoid-s1789" xml:space="preserve">To find the Perſpective of a Line, perpen-<lb/>dicular to the Geometrical Plane.</s>
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4231 <s xml:id="echoid-s1790" xml:space="preserve"/>
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4232 </p>
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4233 <p>
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4234 <s xml:id="echoid-s1791" xml:space="preserve">Draw the Line O S, in which aſſume O R e-<lb/>
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4235 <anchor type="note" xlink:label="note-0135-01a" xlink:href="note-0135-01"/>
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4236 qual to the Eye’s Diſtance from the perſpective
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4237 <pb o="76" file="0136" n="157" rhead="An ESSAY"/>
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4238 Plane; </s>
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4239 <s xml:id="echoid-s1792" xml:space="preserve">and at the Points R and S, raiſe the in-<lb/>definite perpendiculars R G and S M; </s>
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4240 <s xml:id="echoid-s1793" xml:space="preserve">and aſſume <lb/>the Point M at Pleaſure on S M; </s>
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4241 <s xml:id="echoid-s1794" xml:space="preserve">from which <lb/>raiſe the Perpendicular M N, equal to the given <lb/>Line, and draw the Lines M O and N O, cutting <lb/>
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4242 <anchor type="note" xlink:label="note-0136-01a" xlink:href="note-0136-01"/>
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4243 the Line R G in the Points E and G. </s>
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4244 <s xml:id="echoid-s1795" xml:space="preserve">Then <lb/>having drawn a Line at Pleaſure in the per-<lb/>ſpective Plane through the Point T, which is <lb/>that wherein a Perpendicular falling from the <lb/>Eye on the perſpective Plane meets it, aſſume <lb/>T H in the ſaid Line, equal to R E, and T I e-<lb/>qual to R G; </s>
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4245 <s xml:id="echoid-s1796" xml:space="preserve">draw the Lines Ta, Ha, through <lb/>the Point a, the Perſpective of the Foot of the <lb/>given Perpendicular, and through the Point I, <lb/>the Line I X, parallel to Ha, and cutting Ta <lb/>in X, then a X will be the Appearance ſought.</s>
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4246 <s xml:id="echoid-s1797" xml:space="preserve"/>
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4247 </p>
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4248 <div xml:id="echoid-div275" type="float" level="2" n="1">
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4249 <note position="right" xlink:label="note-0135-01" xlink:href="note-0135-01a" xml:space="preserve">Fig. 50.</note>
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4250 <note position="left" xlink:label="note-0136-01" xlink:href="note-0136-01a" xml:space="preserve">Fig. 41.</note>
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4251 </div>
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4252 </div>
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4253 <div xml:id="echoid-div277" type="section" level="1" n="146">
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4254 <head xml:id="echoid-head152" xml:space="preserve"><emph style="sc">Demonstration</emph>.</head>
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4255 <p>
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4256 <s xml:id="echoid-s1798" xml:space="preserve">It is manifeſt <anchor type="note" xlink:href="" symbol="*"/>, that the Point T, is the acci-
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4257 <anchor type="note" xlink:label="note-0136-02a" xlink:href="note-0136-02"/>
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4258 dental Point of Lines perpendicular to the Geo-<lb/>metrical Plane; </s>
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4259 <s xml:id="echoid-s1799" xml:space="preserve">and conſequently the Per-<lb/>ſpective ſought is a Part of T a. </s>
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4260 <s xml:id="echoid-s1800" xml:space="preserve">Moreover, it <lb/>is manifeſt <anchor type="note" xlink:href="" symbol="*"/>, that if the Feet and Extremities
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4261 <anchor type="note" xlink:label="note-0136-03a" xlink:href="note-0136-03"/>
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4262 of two equal right Lines, perpendicular to the <lb/>Geometrical Plane be joyn’d by Lines, theſe <lb/>Lines of Junction will have parallel Repreſen-<lb/>tations; </s>
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4263 <s xml:id="echoid-s1801" xml:space="preserve">becauſe they are parallel to each other, <lb/>as likewiſe to the perſpective Plane. </s>
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4264 <s xml:id="echoid-s1802" xml:space="preserve">And con-<lb/>ſequently, ſince H I, by Conſtruction, is the <lb/>Perſpective of a Line perpendicular to the <lb/>Geometrical Plane, and equal to the given Line, <lb/>and H a paſſes through the Appearances of the <lb/>Foot of the ſaid Perpendicular, and the given <lb/>Perpendicular; </s>
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4265 <s xml:id="echoid-s1803" xml:space="preserve">I ſay, that X I, which is paral-<lb/>lel to Ha, and paſſes through the Extremity of <lb/>the Appeaarance H I, likewiſe paſſes through <lb/>the Extremity of the given Line; </s>
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4266 <s xml:id="echoid-s1804" xml:space="preserve">and there-
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4267 <pb file="0137" n="158"/>
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4268 <pb file="0137a" n="159"/>
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4269 <anchor type="figure" xlink:label="fig-0137a-01a" xlink:href="fig-0137a-01"/>
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4270 <anchor type="figure" xlink:label="fig-0137a-02a" xlink:href="fig-0137a-02"/>
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4271 <anchor type="figure" xlink:label="fig-0137a-03a" xlink:href="fig-0137a-03"/>
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4272 <anchor type="figure" xlink:label="fig-0137a-04a" xlink:href="fig-0137a-04"/>
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4273 <pb file="0138" n="160"/>
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4274 <pb o="77" file="0139" n="161" rhead="on PERSPECTIVE."/>
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4275 fore the Point X is the Repreſentation of the <lb/>ſaid Extremity.</s>
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4276 <s xml:id="echoid-s1805" xml:space="preserve"/>
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4277 </p>
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4278 <div xml:id="echoid-div277" type="float" level="2" n="1">
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4279 <note symbol="*" position="left" xlink:label="note-0136-02" xlink:href="note-0136-02a" xml:space="preserve">13, 14.</note>
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4280 <note symbol="*" position="left" xlink:label="note-0136-03" xlink:href="note-0136-03a" xml:space="preserve">4.</note>
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4281 <figure xlink:label="fig-0137a-01" xlink:href="fig-0137a-01a">
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4282 <caption xml:id="echoid-caption50" style="it" xml:space="preserve">Page 36<lb/>Plate 22<lb/>Fig. 50</caption>
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4283 <variables xml:id="echoid-variables49" xml:space="preserve">O R E G N S M</variables>
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4284 </figure>
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4285 <figure xlink:label="fig-0137a-02" xlink:href="fig-0137a-02a">
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4286 <caption xml:id="echoid-caption51" style="it" xml:space="preserve">Fig. 51</caption>
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4287 <variables xml:id="echoid-variables50" xml:space="preserve">I H T a X</variables>
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4288 </figure>
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4289 <figure xlink:label="fig-0137a-03" xlink:href="fig-0137a-03a">
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4290 <caption xml:id="echoid-caption52" style="it" xml:space="preserve">Fig. 52</caption>
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4291 <variables xml:id="echoid-variables51" xml:space="preserve">C D X I H G a F E L b T</variables>
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4292 </figure>
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4293 <figure xlink:label="fig-0137a-04" xlink:href="fig-0137a-04a">
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4294 <caption xml:id="echoid-caption53" style="it" xml:space="preserve">Fig. 53</caption>
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4295 <variables xml:id="echoid-variables52" xml:space="preserve">H I F T x d X L B C</variables>
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4296 </figure>
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4297 </div>
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4298 </div>
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4299 <div xml:id="echoid-div279" type="section" level="1" n="147">
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4300 <head xml:id="echoid-head153" xml:space="preserve"><emph style="sc">Corollary</emph>.</head>
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4301 <p>
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4302 <s xml:id="echoid-s1806" xml:space="preserve">94. </s>
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4303 <s xml:id="echoid-s1807" xml:space="preserve">It is manifeſt from hence, that when the <lb/>Perſpective of a Line, perpendicular to the <lb/>Geometrical Plane is once found, it is eaſy af-<lb/>terwards to find the Repreſentations of any Per-<lb/>pendiculars of the ſame Length as that.</s>
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4304 <s xml:id="echoid-s1808" xml:space="preserve"/>
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4305 </p>
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4306 </div>
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4307 <div xml:id="echoid-div280" type="section" level="1" n="148">
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4308 <head xml:id="echoid-head154" xml:space="preserve"><emph style="sc">Method</emph> II.</head>
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4309 <p style="it">
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4310 <s xml:id="echoid-s1809" xml:space="preserve">The Perſpective Plane being conſider’d as the Geo-<lb/>metrical Plane.</s>
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4311 <s xml:id="echoid-s1810" xml:space="preserve"/>
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4312 </p>
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4313 <p>
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4314 <s xml:id="echoid-s1811" xml:space="preserve">95. </s>
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4315 <s xml:id="echoid-s1812" xml:space="preserve">Let T (as in Fig. </s>
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4316 <s xml:id="echoid-s1813" xml:space="preserve">51.) </s>
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4317 <s xml:id="echoid-s1814" xml:space="preserve">be the accidental <lb/>
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4318 <anchor type="note" xlink:label="note-0139-01a" xlink:href="note-0139-01"/>
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4319 Point of perpendicular Lines to the Geometri-<lb/>cal Plane; </s>
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4320 <s xml:id="echoid-s1815" xml:space="preserve">H I the Arc of a Circle, whoſe Cen-<lb/>ter is T, and ſemidiameter the Eye’s Diſtance <lb/>from the perſpective Plane: </s>
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4321 <s xml:id="echoid-s1816" xml:space="preserve">Alſo let a be the <lb/>Point where the Perpendicular, whoſe Appear-<lb/>ance is ſought, meets the perſpective Plane, and <lb/>B C the Length of this Perpendicular.</s>
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4322 <s xml:id="echoid-s1817" xml:space="preserve"/>
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4323 </p>
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4324 <div xml:id="echoid-div280" type="float" level="2" n="1">
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4325 <note position="right" xlink:label="note-0139-01" xlink:href="note-0139-01a" xml:space="preserve">Fig. 53.</note>
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4326 </div>
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4327 </div>
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4328 <div xml:id="echoid-div282" type="section" level="1" n="149">
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4329 <head xml:id="echoid-head155" xml:space="preserve"><emph style="sc">Operation</emph>,</head>
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4330 <p>
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4331 <s xml:id="echoid-s1818" xml:space="preserve">About the Point a, as a Center, and with the <lb/>Semidiameter B C, deſcribe the Circle L F, and <lb/>draw the Line I L, or H F, touching each of the <lb/>Circles H I, and F L; </s>
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4332 <s xml:id="echoid-s1819" xml:space="preserve">and then a X or a x, is <lb/>the Appearance ſought, viz. </s>
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4333 <s xml:id="echoid-s1820" xml:space="preserve">a X, when the Per-<lb/>pendicular is above that Surface of the per-<lb/>ſpective Plane next to the Eye, and a x, when <lb/>the Perpendicular is on the oppoſite Side.</s>
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diff changeset
4334 <s xml:id="echoid-s1821" xml:space="preserve"/>
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4335 </p>
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4336 </div>
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4337 <div xml:id="echoid-div283" type="section" level="1" n="150">
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4338 <head xml:id="echoid-head156" xml:space="preserve"><emph style="sc">Demonstration</emph>.</head>
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4339 <p>
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4340 <s xml:id="echoid-s1822" xml:space="preserve">Draw the Radii a F, a L, T I, T H, to the <lb/>Points of Contact F, L, I, and H. </s>
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4341 <s xml:id="echoid-s1823" xml:space="preserve">Then be-
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4342 <pb o="78" file="0140" n="162" rhead="An ESSAY"/>
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4343 cauſe the Triangles THX and a F X are ſimilar, <lb/>TH — a F: </s>
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4344 <s xml:id="echoid-s1824" xml:space="preserve">a F : </s>
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4345 <s xml:id="echoid-s1825" xml:space="preserve">: </s>
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4346 <s xml:id="echoid-s1826" xml:space="preserve">Ta: </s>
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4347 <s xml:id="echoid-s1827" xml:space="preserve">a X.</s>
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4348 <s xml:id="echoid-s1828" xml:space="preserve"/>
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4349 </p>
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4350 <p>
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4351 <s xml:id="echoid-s1829" xml:space="preserve">And becauſe the Triangles T I x and ax L, are <lb/>alſo ſimilar, we have <lb/>TI + a L : </s>
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4352 <s xml:id="echoid-s1830" xml:space="preserve">: </s>
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4353 <s xml:id="echoid-s1831" xml:space="preserve">a L: </s>
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4354 <s xml:id="echoid-s1832" xml:space="preserve">Ta : </s>
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4355 <s xml:id="echoid-s1833" xml:space="preserve">ax.</s>
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4356 <s xml:id="echoid-s1834" xml:space="preserve"/>
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4357 </p>
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4358 <p>
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4359 <s xml:id="echoid-s1835" xml:space="preserve">Now let PM NR be the perſpective Plane, <lb/>
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4360 <anchor type="note" xlink:label="note-0140-01a" xlink:href="note-0140-01"/>
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4361 O the Eye, A Q the Perpendicular, whoſe <lb/>Perſpective is requir’d, and O t a perpendicular <lb/>let fall from the Eye upon the perſpective Plane, <lb/>and ſo t will be the ſame, as the Point T in the <lb/>aforegoing Figure, Now if the Lines O Q be <lb/>drawn, it is manifeſt that A x, or A X, is the <lb/>Perſpective of A Q, according as this Line is <lb/>above or below the perſpective Plane in reſpect <lb/>to the Eye. </s>
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4362 <s xml:id="echoid-s1836" xml:space="preserve">Then becauſe the Triangles O t x <lb/>and Q A x are ſimilar, we have <lb/>O t — A Q: </s>
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4363 <s xml:id="echoid-s1837" xml:space="preserve">A Q :</s>
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4364 <s xml:id="echoid-s1838" xml:space="preserve">: t A: </s>
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4365 <s xml:id="echoid-s1839" xml:space="preserve">Ax.</s>
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diff changeset
4366 <s xml:id="echoid-s1840" xml:space="preserve"/>
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4367 </p>
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4368 <div xml:id="echoid-div283" type="float" level="2" n="1">
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4369 <note position="left" xlink:label="note-0140-01" xlink:href="note-0140-01a" xml:space="preserve">Fig. 54.</note>
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4370 </div>
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4371 <p>
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4372 <s xml:id="echoid-s1841" xml:space="preserve">And ſince the Triangles O t X and X A Q are <lb/>ſimilar, <lb/>O t + A Q: </s>
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4373 <s xml:id="echoid-s1842" xml:space="preserve">A Q :</s>
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4374 <s xml:id="echoid-s1843" xml:space="preserve">: t A: </s>
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4375 <s xml:id="echoid-s1844" xml:space="preserve">A X.</s>
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diff changeset
4376 <s xml:id="echoid-s1845" xml:space="preserve"/>
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4377 </p>
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4378 <p>
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4379 <s xml:id="echoid-s1846" xml:space="preserve">Now Ot is equal to TH or TI of the afore-<lb/>going Figure, and AQ to a F or a L of the <lb/>ſame Figure; </s>
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4380 <s xml:id="echoid-s1847" xml:space="preserve">as likewiſe At, Ta: </s>
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4381 <s xml:id="echoid-s1848" xml:space="preserve">Therefore <lb/>if theſe two laſt Proportions be compared with <lb/>the two precedent ones, we ſhall find A x = a X, <lb/>and A X = a x; </s>
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4382 <s xml:id="echoid-s1849" xml:space="preserve">which was to be demon-<lb/>ſtrated.</s>
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diff changeset
4383 <s xml:id="echoid-s1850" xml:space="preserve"/>
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4384 </p>
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4385 </div>
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4386 <div xml:id="echoid-div285" type="section" level="1" n="151">
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4387 <head xml:id="echoid-head157" xml:space="preserve"><emph style="sc">Remarks</emph>.</head>
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4388 <p>
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4389 <s xml:id="echoid-s1851" xml:space="preserve">96. </s>
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4390 <s xml:id="echoid-s1852" xml:space="preserve">When the two Circles interſect each other, <lb/>or fall within one another, and ſo this Way be-<lb/>comes uſeleſs; </s>
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4391 <s xml:id="echoid-s1853" xml:space="preserve">a Line muſt be drawn at Pleaſure, <lb/>through the Point T, equal to the Diſtance of <lb/>the Eye from the perſpective Plane; </s>
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4392 <s xml:id="echoid-s1854" xml:space="preserve">and then a <lb/>parallel equal to the given Perpendicular muſt be <lb/>drawn to the ſaid Line through the Point a, ei-<lb/>ther towards L or F, according as the Perpen-
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4393 <pb o="79" file="0141" n="163" rhead="on PERSPECTIVE."/>
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4394 dicular is on one Side or other of the perſpective <lb/>Plane with reſpect to the Eye. </s>
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4395 <s xml:id="echoid-s1855" xml:space="preserve">And the Line <lb/>paſſing through the Extremities of the ſaid Pa-<lb/>rallels, will determine the Repreſentation ſought, <lb/>by its interſecting the Line T a, as is evident by <lb/>what is demonſtrated.</s>
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4396 <s xml:id="echoid-s1856" xml:space="preserve"/>
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4397 </p>
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4398 </div>
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4399 <div xml:id="echoid-div286" type="section" level="1" n="152">
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4400 <head xml:id="echoid-head158" xml:space="preserve"><emph style="sc">Method</emph> III.</head>
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4401 <p style="it">
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4402 <s xml:id="echoid-s1857" xml:space="preserve">97. </s>
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4403 <s xml:id="echoid-s1858" xml:space="preserve">To find the Repreſentation of ſeveral Perpen-<lb/>diculars equal in Length to ſome one, whoſe Per-<lb/>ſpective is already drawn.</s>
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4404 <s xml:id="echoid-s1859" xml:space="preserve"/>
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4405 </p>
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4406 <p>
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4407 <s xml:id="echoid-s1860" xml:space="preserve">Let H I, be the Perſpective of a Perpendicular <lb/>
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4408 <anchor type="note" xlink:label="note-0141-01a" xlink:href="note-0141-01"/>
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diff changeset
4409 to the Geometrical or Perſpective Plane. </s>
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4410 <s xml:id="echoid-s1861" xml:space="preserve">Now <lb/>about the accidental Point T, as a Center, and <lb/>with the Radius T H, deſcribe the circular Arc <lb/>H G, whoſe Chord let be equal to H I, and draw <lb/>the indefinite Line TGC, and let a and b, re-<lb/>preſent the Feet of the Perpendiculars, whoſe <lb/>Repreſentations are requir’d.</s>
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diff changeset
4411 <s xml:id="echoid-s1862" xml:space="preserve"/>
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4412 </p>
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4413 <div xml:id="echoid-div286" type="float" level="2" n="1">
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4414 <note position="right" xlink:label="note-0141-01" xlink:href="note-0141-01a" xml:space="preserve">Fig. 52.</note>
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4415 </div>
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4416 </div>
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4417 <div xml:id="echoid-div288" type="section" level="1" n="153">
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4418 <head xml:id="echoid-head159" xml:space="preserve"><emph style="sc">Operation</emph>.</head>
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4419 <p>
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4420 <s xml:id="echoid-s1863" xml:space="preserve">Deſcribe about the Center T, the Arcs b F E, <lb/>and a DC, paſſing through the Points a and b, and <lb/>draw the Lines T b and T a; </s>
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4421 <s xml:id="echoid-s1864" xml:space="preserve">in each of which <lb/>aſſume b L equal to E F, and a X equal to C D; <lb/></s>
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4422 <s xml:id="echoid-s1865" xml:space="preserve">and the ſought Repreſentations will be had.</s>
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4423 <s xml:id="echoid-s1866" xml:space="preserve"/>
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4424 </p>
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4425 </div>
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4426 <div xml:id="echoid-div289" type="section" level="1" n="154">
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4427 <head xml:id="echoid-head160" xml:space="preserve"><emph style="sc">Demonstration</emph>.</head>
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4428 <p>
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4429 <s xml:id="echoid-s1867" xml:space="preserve">If H I, and a X repreſent Perpendiculars of <lb/>the ſame Length, it follows from the Demon-<lb/>ſtration of the precedent Method, that I H is to <lb/>H T, and a X to a T as the Difference of the <lb/>ſaid Perpendiculars, and Height of the Eye, is
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4430 <pb o="80" file="0142" n="164" rhead="An ESSAY"/>
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4431 to the Length of the ſaid Perpendiculars: </s>
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4432 <s xml:id="echoid-s1868" xml:space="preserve">And <lb/>therefore</s>
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4433 </p>
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4434 </div>
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4435 <div xml:id="echoid-div290" type="section" level="1" n="155">
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4436 <head xml:id="echoid-head161" xml:space="preserve">H I: T H:: a X: a T.</head>
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4437 <p>
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4438 <s xml:id="echoid-s1869" xml:space="preserve">But in the Conſtruction of this Problem, be-<lb/>cauſe the Triangles T C D and T H G, are <lb/>ſimilar;</s>
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4439 <s xml:id="echoid-s1870" xml:space="preserve"/>
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4440 </p>
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4441 <p>
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4442 <s xml:id="echoid-s1871" xml:space="preserve">H G = H I: </s>
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4443 <s xml:id="echoid-s1872" xml:space="preserve">T H:</s>
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4444 <s xml:id="echoid-s1873" xml:space="preserve">: C D = a X: </s>
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4445 <s xml:id="echoid-s1874" xml:space="preserve">T D = a T; <lb/></s>
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4446 <s xml:id="echoid-s1875" xml:space="preserve">and conſequently H I and a X, repreſent Perpen-<lb/>diculars of the ſame Length. </s>
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4447 <s xml:id="echoid-s1876" xml:space="preserve">Which was to be <lb/>demonſtrated.</s>
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4448 <s xml:id="echoid-s1877" xml:space="preserve"/>
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4449 </p>
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4450 </div>
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4451 <div xml:id="echoid-div291" type="section" level="1" n="156">
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4452 <head xml:id="echoid-head162" xml:space="preserve"><emph style="sc">Prob</emph>. III.</head>
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4453 <p style="it">
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4454 <s xml:id="echoid-s1878" xml:space="preserve">98. </s>
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4455 <s xml:id="echoid-s1879" xml:space="preserve">To find the accidental Point of any Number <lb/>of parallel Lines inclined to the Geometrical Plane.</s>
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4456 <s xml:id="echoid-s1880" xml:space="preserve"/>
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4457 </p>
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4458 <p>
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4459 <s xml:id="echoid-s1881" xml:space="preserve">Let a b be the Perſpective of the Direction <lb/>
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4460 <anchor type="note" xlink:label="note-0142-01a" xlink:href="note-0142-01"/>
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4461 of one of the given Lines.</s>
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4462 <s xml:id="echoid-s1882" xml:space="preserve"/>
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4463 </p>
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4464 <div xml:id="echoid-div291" type="float" level="2" n="1">
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4465 <note position="left" xlink:label="note-0142-01" xlink:href="note-0142-01a" xml:space="preserve">Fig. 55.</note>
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4466 </div>
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4467 </div>
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4468 <div xml:id="echoid-div293" type="section" level="1" n="157">
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4469 <head xml:id="echoid-head163" xml:space="preserve"><emph style="sc">Operation</emph>.</head>
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4470 <p>
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4471 <s xml:id="echoid-s1883" xml:space="preserve">Draw the Line F T L, parallel to a b, through <lb/>the accidental Point T of the Lines perpendicu-<lb/>lar to the Geometrical Plane; </s>
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4472 <s xml:id="echoid-s1884" xml:space="preserve">and at the Point <lb/>T, raiſe the Perpendicular T G, which make e-<lb/>qual to the Diſtance of the Eye from the per-<lb/>ſpective Plane; </s>
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4473 <s xml:id="echoid-s1885" xml:space="preserve">then draw the Line G L, or <lb/>G F, ſo that the Angle T L G, or T F G, be e-<lb/>qual to the Angle of the Inclination of the given <lb/>Lines; </s>
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4474 <s xml:id="echoid-s1886" xml:space="preserve">and the Point L, will be the Accidental <lb/>Point ſought, if the given Lines incline to-<lb/>wards b; </s>
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4475 <s xml:id="echoid-s1887" xml:space="preserve">but if they incline towards a, F will <lb/>be the Accidental Point.</s>
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4476 <s xml:id="echoid-s1888" xml:space="preserve"/>
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4477 </p>
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4478 </div>
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4479 <div xml:id="echoid-div294" type="section" level="1" n="158">
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4480 <head xml:id="echoid-head164" xml:space="preserve"><emph style="sc">Demonstration</emph>.</head>
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4481 <p>
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4482 <s xml:id="echoid-s1889" xml:space="preserve">It is manifeſt by Conſtruction, that if T G be <lb/>ſuppoſed to be raiſed perpendicularly to the Geo-<lb/>metrical Plane, G L or G F, will be parallel to
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4483 <pb o="81" file="0143" n="165" rhead="on PERSPECTIVE."/>
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4484 the given Lines; </s>
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4485 <s xml:id="echoid-s1890" xml:space="preserve">and conſequently <anchor type="note" xlink:href="" symbol="*"/> L, or F,
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4486 <anchor type="note" xlink:label="note-0143-01a" xlink:href="note-0143-01"/>
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4487 will be the Accidental Point ſought.</s>
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4488 <s xml:id="echoid-s1891" xml:space="preserve"/>
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4489 </p>
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4490 <div xml:id="echoid-div294" type="float" level="2" n="1">
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4491 <note symbol="*" position="right" xlink:label="note-0143-01" xlink:href="note-0143-01a" xml:space="preserve">13, 14.</note>
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4492 </div>
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4493 </div>
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4494 <div xml:id="echoid-div296" type="section" level="1" n="159">
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4495 <head xml:id="echoid-head165" xml:space="preserve"><emph style="sc">Prob</emph>. IV.</head>
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4496 <p style="it">
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4497 <s xml:id="echoid-s1892" xml:space="preserve">99. </s>
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4498 <s xml:id="echoid-s1893" xml:space="preserve">To find the Repreſentation of one or more <lb/>Lines inclined to the Geometrical Plane.</s>
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4499 <s xml:id="echoid-s1894" xml:space="preserve"/>
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4500 </p>
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4501 <p>
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4502 <s xml:id="echoid-s1895" xml:space="preserve">Let a b be the Perſpective of the Direction of <lb/>
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4503 <anchor type="note" xlink:label="note-0143-02a" xlink:href="note-0143-02"/>
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4504 the given Line: </s>
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4505 <s xml:id="echoid-s1896" xml:space="preserve">Now the Length of its Directi-<lb/>on may be determin’d, by means of the Tri-<lb/>angle ECP, according to the Directions of n. </s>
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4506 <s xml:id="echoid-s1897" xml:space="preserve">69. <lb/></s>
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4507 <s xml:id="echoid-s1898" xml:space="preserve">This being done, the Line b X muſt be drawn <lb/>through the Point b, equal to E P, and this re-<lb/>preſents a Perpendicular to the Geometrical <lb/>Plane; </s>
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4508 <s xml:id="echoid-s1899" xml:space="preserve">then a X being drawn, will be the Re-<lb/>preſentation ſought.</s>
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4509 <s xml:id="echoid-s1900" xml:space="preserve"/>
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4510 </p>
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4511 <div xml:id="echoid-div296" type="float" level="2" n="1">
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4512 <note position="right" xlink:label="note-0143-02" xlink:href="note-0143-02a" xml:space="preserve">Fig. 56.</note>
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4513 </div>
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4514 </div>
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4515 <div xml:id="echoid-div298" type="section" level="1" n="160">
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4516 <head xml:id="echoid-head166" xml:space="preserve"><emph style="sc">Method</emph> II.</head>
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4517 <p style="it">
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4518 <s xml:id="echoid-s1901" xml:space="preserve">100. </s>
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4519 <s xml:id="echoid-s1902" xml:space="preserve">To ſolve the ſame Problem by means of the <lb/>accidental Points F and T, the one being that of the <lb/>Lines propoſed; </s>
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4520 <s xml:id="echoid-s1903" xml:space="preserve">and the other, that of the Perpen-<lb/>
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4521 <anchor type="note" xlink:label="note-0143-03a" xlink:href="note-0143-03"/>
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4522 diculars to the Geometrical Plane.</s>
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4523 <s xml:id="echoid-s1904" xml:space="preserve"/>
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4524 </p>
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4525 <div xml:id="echoid-div298" type="float" level="2" n="1">
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4526 <note position="right" xlink:label="note-0143-03" xlink:href="note-0143-03a" xml:space="preserve">Fig. 56.</note>
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4527 </div>
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4528 </div>
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4529 <div xml:id="echoid-div300" type="section" level="1" n="161">
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4530 <head xml:id="echoid-head167" xml:space="preserve"><emph style="sc">Operation</emph>.</head>
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4531 <p>
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4532 <s xml:id="echoid-s1905" xml:space="preserve">Draw a Line from the Point F through the <lb/>Point a, which interſect in the Point X, by ano-<lb/>ther Line drawn from the Point T through b: <lb/></s>
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4533 <s xml:id="echoid-s1906" xml:space="preserve">and then a X will be the Perſpective ſought.</s>
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4534 <s xml:id="echoid-s1907" xml:space="preserve"/>
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4535 </p>
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4536 </div>
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4537 <div xml:id="echoid-div301" type="section" level="1" n="162">
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4538 <head xml:id="echoid-head168" xml:space="preserve"><emph style="sc">Method</emph> III.</head>
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4539 <p>
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4540 <s xml:id="echoid-s1908" xml:space="preserve">101. </s>
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4541 <s xml:id="echoid-s1909" xml:space="preserve">The ſame Things being given as in the <lb/>
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4542 <anchor type="note" xlink:label="note-0143-04a" xlink:href="note-0143-04"/>
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4543 aforegoing Method, draw a I through the Point <lb/>a, equal to E P, repreſenting a Line perpendicu-<lb/>lar to the Geometrical Plane. </s>
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4544 <s xml:id="echoid-s1910" xml:space="preserve">Then draw a pa-<lb/>rallel to F T through the Point I, whoſe Inter-
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4545 <pb o="82" file="0144" n="166" rhead="An ESSAY"/>
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4546 ſection with F a, will determine a X the Repre-<lb/>ſentation ſought.</s>
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4547 <s xml:id="echoid-s1911" xml:space="preserve"/>
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4548 </p>
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4549 <div xml:id="echoid-div301" type="float" level="2" n="1">
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4550 <note position="right" xlink:label="note-0143-04" xlink:href="note-0143-04a" xml:space="preserve">Fig. 101.</note>
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4551 </div>
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4552 </div>
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4553 <div xml:id="echoid-div303" type="section" level="1" n="163">
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4554 <head xml:id="echoid-head169" xml:space="preserve"><emph style="sc">Remarks</emph>.</head>
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4555 <p>
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4556 <s xml:id="echoid-s1912" xml:space="preserve">Although we ſuppoſe the Eye in all the <lb/>Problems in this Chapter to be above the per-<lb/>ſpective Plane, yet it may likewiſe be under <lb/>the ſaid Plane; </s>
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4557 <s xml:id="echoid-s1913" xml:space="preserve">in which Cafe, the Geometrical <lb/>Plane is ſuppoſed above the Objects, as we have <lb/>already done <anchor type="note" xlink:href="" symbol="*"/> on another Occaſion.</s>
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4558 <s xml:id="echoid-s1914" xml:space="preserve"/>
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4559 </p>
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4560 <note symbol="*" position="left" xml:space="preserve">79.</note>
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4561 </div>
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4562 <div xml:id="echoid-div304" type="section" level="1" n="164">
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4563 <head xml:id="echoid-head170" xml:space="preserve">CHAP. VII.</head>
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4564 <head xml:id="echoid-head171" style="it" xml:space="preserve">Of Shadows.</head>
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4565 <p>
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4566 <s xml:id="echoid-s1915" xml:space="preserve">FIRST we muſt obſerve, with thoſe who <lb/>have already treated on this Subject, that <lb/>when a luminous Body is equal to an opaque <lb/>Body it enlightens, the Shadow of the ſaid Body <lb/>is contain’d between parallel Lines, and con-<lb/>ſequently, it is equal upon all parallel Lines <lb/>placed at any Diſtance whatſoever beyond the <lb/>opaque Body. </s>
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4567 <s xml:id="echoid-s1916" xml:space="preserve">And when the luminous Body <lb/>is leſſer than the opaque Body, the Shadow <lb/>thereof, increaſes, and is infinitely augmented. <lb/></s>
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4568 <s xml:id="echoid-s1917" xml:space="preserve">And on the contrary, when an opaque Body <lb/>is leſs than the luminous Body, the Shadow there-<lb/>of decreaſes and terminates in a Point.</s>
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4569 <s xml:id="echoid-s1918" xml:space="preserve"/>
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4570 </p>
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4571 <p>
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4572 <s xml:id="echoid-s1919" xml:space="preserve">Now becauſe the Sun is vaſtly greater than <lb/>any of the Bodies on the Earth’s Surface it en-<lb/>lightens, and is at ſo great a Diſtance therefrom, <lb/>therefore its Rays may be conſider’d as being <lb/>parallel; </s>
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4573 <s xml:id="echoid-s1920" xml:space="preserve">and conſequently, the Bodies it ſhines <lb/>upon as encloſed between parallels: </s>
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4574 <s xml:id="echoid-s1921" xml:space="preserve">And this <lb/>is the firſt Kind of Shadows I ſhall here explain;</s>
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4575 <s xml:id="echoid-s1922" xml:space="preserve">
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4576 <pb o="83" file="0145" n="167" rhead="on PERSPECTIVE."/>
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4577 after which, I ſhall touch upon thoſe continually <lb/>increaſing. </s>
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4578 <s xml:id="echoid-s1923" xml:space="preserve">What I ſhall ſay on this Matter, is <lb/>ſufficient for deſigning the Shadows of right-lin’d <lb/>Bodies; </s>
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4579 <s xml:id="echoid-s1924" xml:space="preserve">as to the Shadows of other Bodies, it <lb/>is ſo difficult to determine them Geometrically <lb/>that it is much better to examine thoſe which are <lb/>daily obſerved, and ſo imitate them.</s>
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4580 <s xml:id="echoid-s1925" xml:space="preserve"/>
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4581 </p>
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4582 <p>
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4583 <s xml:id="echoid-s1926" xml:space="preserve">I ſhall not ſay any thing concerning Shadows <lb/>terminating in a Point, becauſe their Variety <lb/>is ſo great, that they cannot be geometrically de-<lb/>termin’d. </s>
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4584 <s xml:id="echoid-s1927" xml:space="preserve">Beſides, Painters ſcarcely ever ſup-<lb/>poſe their perſpective Planes or Pictures en-<lb/>lightned after this third Manner, unleſs only <lb/>when they have a Mind to repreſent a Chamber, <lb/>wherein the Light enters through the Windows; <lb/></s>
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4585 <s xml:id="echoid-s1928" xml:space="preserve">but then the Number of Windows, their Situati-<lb/>on, and the different Reflections that the Light <lb/>ſuffers in the Chamber, produce ſo many dif-<lb/>ferent Alterations, that a Painter had better <lb/>imitate them, than have recourſe to Rules that <lb/>do not take in all Caſes. </s>
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4586 <s xml:id="echoid-s1929" xml:space="preserve">I ſhall likewiſe be ſi-<lb/>lent as to the clair-obſcure, for a ſmall Atten-<lb/>tion to daily Experience will better illuſtrate <lb/>this Matter than a long Diſcourſe thereon. </s>
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4587 <s xml:id="echoid-s1930" xml:space="preserve">Be-<lb/>ſides, it is impoſſible to furniſh general Rules <lb/>on this Subject; </s>
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4588 <s xml:id="echoid-s1931" xml:space="preserve">and likewiſe the vaſt Number <lb/>of Figures, will not permit us to ſeparately <lb/>examine them; </s>
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4589 <s xml:id="echoid-s1932" xml:space="preserve">add to all this, that a Painter <lb/>to draw the clair-obſcure, he ought to have, not <lb/>only regard to the Figures of Objects, but likwiſe <lb/>to their Colour and Matter.</s>
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4590 <s xml:id="echoid-s1933" xml:space="preserve"/>
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4591 </p>
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4592 </div>
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4593 <div xml:id="echoid-div305" type="section" level="1" n="165">
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4594 <head xml:id="echoid-head172" style="it" xml:space="preserve">Of Solar Shadows.</head>
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4595 <head xml:id="echoid-head173" xml:space="preserve"><emph style="sc">Problem</emph> I.</head>
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4596 <p style="it">
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4597 <s xml:id="echoid-s1934" xml:space="preserve">103. </s>
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4598 <s xml:id="echoid-s1935" xml:space="preserve">To find the Perſpective of the Shadow of a <lb/>Point above the Geometrical Plane, whoſe Height and <lb/>Seat is given.</s>
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4599 <s xml:id="echoid-s1936" xml:space="preserve"/>
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4600 </p>
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4601 <pb o="84" file="0146" n="168" rhead="An ESSAY"/>
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4602 <p>
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4603 <s xml:id="echoid-s1937" xml:space="preserve">Let Z be the Geometrical Plane; </s>
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4604 <s xml:id="echoid-s1938" xml:space="preserve">A the Seat <lb/>
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4605 <anchor type="note" xlink:label="note-0146-01a" xlink:href="note-0146-01"/>
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4606 of the given Point; </s>
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4607 <s xml:id="echoid-s1939" xml:space="preserve">and A B the Direction of <lb/>the Sun’s Rays.</s>
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4608 <s xml:id="echoid-s1940" xml:space="preserve"/>
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4609 </p>
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4610 <div xml:id="echoid-div305" type="float" level="2" n="1">
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4611 <note position="left" xlink:label="note-0146-01" xlink:href="note-0146-01a" xml:space="preserve">Fig. 57.</note>
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4612 </div>
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4613 </div>
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4614 <div xml:id="echoid-div307" type="section" level="1" n="166">
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4615 <head xml:id="echoid-head174" xml:space="preserve"><emph style="sc">Operation</emph>.</head>
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4616 <p>
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4617 <s xml:id="echoid-s1941" xml:space="preserve">Draw two right Lines, making a right Angle <lb/>with each other; </s>
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4618 <s xml:id="echoid-s1942" xml:space="preserve">in one of which, aſſume P E, <lb/>equal to the Height of the given Point, above <lb/>the Geometrical Plane: </s>
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4619 <s xml:id="echoid-s1943" xml:space="preserve">Then draw the Line <lb/>E C thro’ the Point E; </s>
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4620 <s xml:id="echoid-s1944" xml:space="preserve">making an Angle with <lb/>C P, equal to the Sun’s Altitude; </s>
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4621 <s xml:id="echoid-s1945" xml:space="preserve">and make A B <lb/>equal to C P. </s>
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4622 <s xml:id="echoid-s1946" xml:space="preserve">Find the Appearance of the Point <lb/>B; </s>
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4623 <s xml:id="echoid-s1947" xml:space="preserve">and the Repreſentation ſought, will be <lb/>had.</s>
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4624 <s xml:id="echoid-s1948" xml:space="preserve"/>
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4625 </p>
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4626 <p>
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4627 <s xml:id="echoid-s1949" xml:space="preserve">Note, This Operation, as likewiſe all the <lb/>others in this Chapter, regard all the Situations <lb/>of the perſpective Plane; </s>
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4628 <s xml:id="echoid-s1950" xml:space="preserve">and is ſo evident, that <lb/>there is no need of demonſtrating it.</s>
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4629 <s xml:id="echoid-s1951" xml:space="preserve"/>
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4630 </p>
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4631 </div>
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4632 <div xml:id="echoid-div308" type="section" level="1" n="167">
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4633 <head xml:id="echoid-head175" xml:space="preserve"><emph style="sc">Proe</emph>. II.</head>
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4634 <p style="it">
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4635 <s xml:id="echoid-s1952" xml:space="preserve">104. </s>
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4636 <s xml:id="echoid-s1953" xml:space="preserve">To find the Repreſentation of an elevated <lb/>Point, whoſe Appearance, as alſo that of its Seat, is <lb/>given, without uſing the Geometrical Plane.</s>
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4637 <s xml:id="echoid-s1954" xml:space="preserve"/>
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4638 </p>
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4639 <p>
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4640 <s xml:id="echoid-s1955" xml:space="preserve">Find <anchor type="note" xlink:href="" symbol="*"/> F, the accidental Point of the Sun’s
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4641 <anchor type="note" xlink:label="note-0146-02a" xlink:href="note-0146-02"/>
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4642 Rays, and D, that of their Direction: </s>
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4643 <s xml:id="echoid-s1956" xml:space="preserve">Then <lb/>
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4644 <anchor type="note" xlink:label="note-0146-03a" xlink:href="note-0146-03"/>
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4645 draw a Line from the Point D, through a, the <lb/>Perſpective of the Seat of the given Point; </s>
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4646 <s xml:id="echoid-s1957" xml:space="preserve">and <lb/>another from F, through I, the Perſpective of <lb/>the given Point: </s>
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4647 <s xml:id="echoid-s1958" xml:space="preserve">And then b, the Interſection <lb/>of the ſaid two Lines, will be the Point ſought; <lb/></s>
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4648 <s xml:id="echoid-s1959" xml:space="preserve">as is manifeſt.</s>
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4649 <s xml:id="echoid-s1960" xml:space="preserve"/>
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4650 </p>
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4651 <div xml:id="echoid-div308" type="float" level="2" n="1">
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4652 <note position="left" xlink:label="note-0146-02" xlink:href="note-0146-02a" xml:space="preserve">Fig. 58.</note>
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4653 <note symbol="*" position="left" xlink:label="note-0146-03" xlink:href="note-0146-03a" xml:space="preserve">68, 88, <lb/>98.</note>
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4654 </div>
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4655 </div>
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4656 <div xml:id="echoid-div310" type="section" level="1" n="168">
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4657 <head xml:id="echoid-head176" xml:space="preserve"><emph style="sc">Remarks</emph>.</head>
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4658 <p>
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4659 <s xml:id="echoid-s1961" xml:space="preserve"><gap/>order to find the accidental Point of any <lb/><gap/>ber of inclin’d Lines, we have ſuppos’d
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4660 <pb file="0147" n="169"/>
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4661 <pb file="0147a" n="170"/>
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4662 <anchor type="figure" xlink:label="fig-0147a-01a" xlink:href="fig-0147a-01"/>
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4663 <anchor type="figure" xlink:label="fig-0147a-02a" xlink:href="fig-0147a-02"/>
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4664 <anchor type="figure" xlink:label="fig-0147a-03a" xlink:href="fig-0147a-03"/>
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4665 <pb file="0148" n="171"/>
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4666 <pb o="85" file="0149" n="172" rhead="on PERSPECTIVE."/>
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4667 <anchor type="note" xlink:href="" symbol="*"/> one of the Directions drawn upon the Geome-
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4668 <anchor type="note" xlink:label="note-0149-01a" xlink:href="note-0149-01"/>
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4669 trical Plane; </s>
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4670 <s xml:id="echoid-s1962" xml:space="preserve">but it is ſufficient here, that the <lb/>Angle the ſaid Directions make with the Baſe <lb/>Line, be only known: </s>
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4671 <s xml:id="echoid-s1963" xml:space="preserve">And ſo, as the Problem <lb/>expreſſes it, the Geometrical Plane may be en-<lb/>tirely laid aſide.</s>
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4672 <s xml:id="echoid-s1964" xml:space="preserve"/>
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4673 </p>
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4674 <div xml:id="echoid-div310" type="float" level="2" n="1">
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4675 <figure xlink:label="fig-0147a-01" xlink:href="fig-0147a-01a">
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4676 <caption xml:id="echoid-caption54" style="it" xml:space="preserve">page 64.<lb/>Plate 23.<lb/>Fig. 54</caption>
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4677 <variables xml:id="echoid-variables53" xml:space="preserve">O M P Q t A X x Q R N</variables>
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4678 </figure>
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4679 <figure xlink:label="fig-0147a-02" xlink:href="fig-0147a-02a">
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4680 <caption xml:id="echoid-caption55" style="it" xml:space="preserve">Fig. 55</caption>
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4681 <variables xml:id="echoid-variables54" xml:space="preserve">G F b T L a</variables>
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4682 </figure>
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4683 <figure xlink:label="fig-0147a-03" xlink:href="fig-0147a-03a">
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4684 <caption xml:id="echoid-caption56" style="it" xml:space="preserve">Fig. 56</caption>
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4685 <variables xml:id="echoid-variables55" xml:space="preserve">I F a X b E T C P</variables>
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4686 </figure>
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4687 <note symbol="*" position="right" xlink:label="note-0149-01" xlink:href="note-0149-01a" xml:space="preserve">68, 88.</note>
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4688 </div>
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4689 <p>
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4690 <s xml:id="echoid-s1965" xml:space="preserve">105. </s>
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4691 <s xml:id="echoid-s1966" xml:space="preserve">When the Perſpective Plane is parallel, <lb/>the Sun’s Rays will have no accidental Point; <lb/></s>
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4692 <s xml:id="echoid-s1967" xml:space="preserve">for their Repreſentations are then parallel; </s>
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4693 <s xml:id="echoid-s1968" xml:space="preserve">in <lb/>which Caſe, one of the Parallels muſt be drawn <lb/>through the Point a, inſtead of the Line D a. </s>
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4694 <s xml:id="echoid-s1969" xml:space="preserve"><lb/>Moreover, when the Perſpective Plane is perpen-<lb/>dicular, or inclin’d, and the Sun’s Rays are pa-<lb/>rallel thereto; </s>
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4695 <s xml:id="echoid-s1970" xml:space="preserve">a Line muſt be drawn through the <lb/>Point a, parallel to the Baſe Line; </s>
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4696 <s xml:id="echoid-s1971" xml:space="preserve">as likewiſe <lb/>another Line through the Point I, parallel to the <lb/>Sun’s Rays; </s>
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4697 <s xml:id="echoid-s1972" xml:space="preserve">cutting the firſt Line in the Point <lb/>ſought.</s>
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4698 <s xml:id="echoid-s1973" xml:space="preserve"/>
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4699 </p>
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4700 </div>
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4701 <div xml:id="echoid-div312" type="section" level="1" n="169">
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4702 <head xml:id="echoid-head177" xml:space="preserve"><emph style="sc">Problem</emph> III.</head>
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4703 <p style="it">
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4704 <s xml:id="echoid-s1974" xml:space="preserve">106. </s>
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4705 <s xml:id="echoid-s1975" xml:space="preserve">To find the Perſpective of the Shadow of an <lb/>elevated Point, when there is ſome Body hindring its <lb/>falling upon the Geometrical Plane.</s>
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4706 <s xml:id="echoid-s1976" xml:space="preserve"/>
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4707 </p>
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4708 <p>
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4709 <s xml:id="echoid-s1977" xml:space="preserve">The Perſpective of the Section of the Body <lb/>made by a Plane paſſing through the given Point <lb/>perpendicular to the Geometrical Plane, and pa-<lb/>rallel to the Sun’s Rays, muſt be found: </s>
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4710 <s xml:id="echoid-s1978" xml:space="preserve">And then <lb/>the Interſection of the ſaid Perſpective, and a <lb/>Line drawn from the Appearance of the given <lb/>Point to the Repreſentation of its Shadow, is the <lb/>Repreſentation ſought.</s>
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4711 <s xml:id="echoid-s1979" xml:space="preserve"/>
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4712 </p>
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4713 <pb o="86" file="0150" n="173" rhead="An ESSAY"/>
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4714 </div>
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4715 <div xml:id="echoid-div313" type="section" level="1" n="170">
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4716 <head xml:id="echoid-head178" style="it" xml:space="preserve">Of the Shadows of a ſmall Light.</head>
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4717 <head xml:id="echoid-head179" xml:space="preserve"><emph style="sc">Prob</emph>. IV.</head>
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4718 <p style="it">
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4719 <s xml:id="echoid-s1980" xml:space="preserve">107. </s>
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4720 <s xml:id="echoid-s1981" xml:space="preserve">To find the Perſpective of the Shadow of a <lb/>Point, whoſe Seat, and Height, above the Geometri-<lb/>cal Plane is known.</s>
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4721 <s xml:id="echoid-s1982" xml:space="preserve"/>
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4722 </p>
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4723 <p>
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4724 <s xml:id="echoid-s1983" xml:space="preserve">Let Z be the Geometrical Plane, A the Seat <lb/>
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4725 <anchor type="note" xlink:label="note-0150-01a" xlink:href="note-0150-01"/>
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4726 of the given Point; </s>
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4727 <s xml:id="echoid-s1984" xml:space="preserve">and C that of the Light: <lb/></s>
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4728 <s xml:id="echoid-s1985" xml:space="preserve">Draw the indefinite Line C A B; </s>
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4729 <s xml:id="echoid-s1986" xml:space="preserve">and about C, <lb/>as a Center, with a Semidiameter equal to the <lb/>Height of the Light above the Geometrical <lb/>Plane, deſcribe the Arc F: </s>
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4730 <s xml:id="echoid-s1987" xml:space="preserve">Again, about the <lb/>Point A, with a Semidiameter equal to the <lb/>Height of the given Point, deſcribe the Arc E. </s>
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4731 <s xml:id="echoid-s1988" xml:space="preserve"><lb/>This being done, draw the Line E F touching <lb/>the ſaid two Arcs, and cutting the Line C A in <lb/>B. </s>
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4732 <s xml:id="echoid-s1989" xml:space="preserve">Then if the Perſpective of B be found, the <lb/>Perſpective of the Shadow of the Point will be <lb/>had.</s>
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4733 <s xml:id="echoid-s1990" xml:space="preserve"/>
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4734 </p>
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4735 <div xml:id="echoid-div313" type="float" level="2" n="1">
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4736 <note position="left" xlink:label="note-0150-01" xlink:href="note-0150-01a" xml:space="preserve">Fig. 59.</note>
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4737 </div>
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4738 </div>
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4739 <div xml:id="echoid-div315" type="section" level="1" n="171">
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4740 <head xml:id="echoid-head180" xml:space="preserve"><emph style="sc">Problem</emph> V.</head>
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4741 <p style="it">
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4742 <s xml:id="echoid-s1991" xml:space="preserve">108. </s>
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4743 <s xml:id="echoid-s1992" xml:space="preserve">To find the Perſpective of the Shadow of an <lb/>elevated Point, the Repreſentation of which, as alſo <lb/>of its Seat being known, without uſing the Geometri-<lb/>cal Plane.</s>
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4744 <s xml:id="echoid-s1993" xml:space="preserve"/>
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4745 </p>
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4746 <p>
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4747 <s xml:id="echoid-s1994" xml:space="preserve">The Operation of Prob. </s>
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4748 <s xml:id="echoid-s1995" xml:space="preserve">3. </s>
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4749 <s xml:id="echoid-s1996" xml:space="preserve"><anchor type="note" xlink:href="" symbol="*"/> for Solar Sha-
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4750 <anchor type="note" xlink:label="note-0150-02a" xlink:href="note-0150-02"/>
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4751 dows muſt be uſed here, with this Difference; <lb/></s>
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4752 <s xml:id="echoid-s1997" xml:space="preserve">that inſtead of the accidental Point of the Sun’s <lb/>Rays, the Perſpective of the ſmall Sight muſt <lb/>be uſed; </s>
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4753 <s xml:id="echoid-s1998" xml:space="preserve">and in the Room of the accidental <lb/>Points of the Directions of the ſaid Rays, the <lb/>Perſpective of the Seat of the Light muſt be <lb/>aſſumed.</s>
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4754 <s xml:id="echoid-s1999" xml:space="preserve"/>
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4755 </p>
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4756 <div xml:id="echoid-div315" type="float" level="2" n="1">
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4757 <note symbol="*" position="left" xlink:label="note-0150-02" xlink:href="note-0150-02a" xml:space="preserve">104.</note>
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4758 </div>
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4759 <pb file="0151" n="174"/>
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4760 <pb file="0151a" n="175"/>
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4761 <figure>
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4762 <caption xml:id="echoid-caption57" style="it" xml:space="preserve">page 66.<lb/>Plate. 24.<lb/>Fig. 57</caption>
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4763 <variables xml:id="echoid-variables56" xml:space="preserve">E A Z C P B</variables>
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4764 </figure>
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4765 <figure>
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4766 <caption xml:id="echoid-caption58" style="it" xml:space="preserve">Fig. 58</caption>
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4767 <variables xml:id="echoid-variables57" xml:space="preserve">F O D I a b</variables>
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4768 </figure>
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4769 <figure>
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4770 <caption xml:id="echoid-caption59" style="it" xml:space="preserve">Fig. 59</caption>
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4771 <variables xml:id="echoid-variables58" xml:space="preserve">F E Z C A B</variables>
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4772 </figure>
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4773 <pb file="0152" n="176"/>
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4774 <pb o="87" file="0153" n="177" rhead="on PERSPECTIVE."/>
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4775 </div>
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4776 <div xml:id="echoid-div317" type="section" level="1" n="172">
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4777 <head xml:id="echoid-head181" xml:space="preserve"><emph style="sc">Remarks</emph>.</head>
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4778 <p>
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4779 <s xml:id="echoid-s2000" xml:space="preserve">What hath been obſerved <anchor type="note" xlink:href="" symbol="*"/> on the Solar Sha-
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4780 <anchor type="note" xlink:label="note-0153-01a" xlink:href="note-0153-01"/>
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4781 dows, hath no Regard to thoſe mentioned here: <lb/></s>
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4782 <s xml:id="echoid-s2001" xml:space="preserve">For it matters not in this Problem, whether the <lb/>perſpective Plane be perpendicular, inclined, or <lb/>parallel; </s>
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4783 <s xml:id="echoid-s2002" xml:space="preserve">becauſe in theſe different Situations, the <lb/>two Points that are uſed may always be found.</s>
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4784 <s xml:id="echoid-s2003" xml:space="preserve"/>
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4785 </p>
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4786 <div xml:id="echoid-div317" type="float" level="2" n="1">
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4787 <note position="right" xlink:label="note-0153-01" xlink:href="note-0153-01a" xml:space="preserve">105.</note>
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4788 </div>
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4789 <p>
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4790 <s xml:id="echoid-s2004" xml:space="preserve">Moreover, it muſt be obſerved, that the third <lb/>Problem <anchor type="note" xlink:href="" symbol="*"/> takes in the Shadows of a ſmall Sight,
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4791 <anchor type="note" xlink:label="note-0153-02a" xlink:href="note-0153-02"/>
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4792 as well as thoſe of the Sun; </s>
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4793 <s xml:id="echoid-s2005" xml:space="preserve">but not without this <lb/>Difference, that the Plane which in the third <lb/>Problem is ſuppoſed parallel to the Sun’s Rays, <lb/>ought here to be ſuppoſed to paſs through the <lb/>Light whoſe Shadows are ſought.</s>
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4794 <s xml:id="echoid-s2006" xml:space="preserve"/>
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4795 </p>
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4796 <div xml:id="echoid-div318" type="float" level="2" n="2">
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4797 <note symbol="*" position="right" xlink:label="note-0153-02" xlink:href="note-0153-02a" xml:space="preserve">106.</note>
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4798 </div>
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4799 </div>
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4800 <div xml:id="echoid-div320" type="section" level="1" n="173">
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4801 <head xml:id="echoid-head182" xml:space="preserve">CHAP. VIII.</head>
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4802 <head xml:id="echoid-head183" style="it" xml:space="preserve">Of mechanically ſhortning the Operations of <lb/>Perſpective.</head>
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4803 <head xml:id="echoid-head184" xml:space="preserve">1. WHEN the perſpective Plane is ſup-<lb/>pos’d perpendicular or upright.</head>
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4804 <head xml:id="echoid-head185" xml:space="preserve"><emph style="sc">Problem</emph> I.</head>
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4805 <p style="it">
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4806 <s xml:id="echoid-s2007" xml:space="preserve">109. </s>
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4807 <s xml:id="echoid-s2008" xml:space="preserve">To find the Repreſentations of Figures in <lb/>the Geometrical Plane.</s>
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4808 <s xml:id="echoid-s2009" xml:space="preserve"/>
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4809 </p>
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4810 <p>
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4811 <s xml:id="echoid-s2010" xml:space="preserve">Let O be the Eye, R H the Baſe Line; </s>
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4812 <s xml:id="echoid-s2011" xml:space="preserve">F and <lb/>
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4813 <anchor type="note" xlink:label="note-0153-03a" xlink:href="note-0153-03"/>
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4814 G the Points denoted with the ſame Letters in <lb/>Fig. </s>
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4815 <s xml:id="echoid-s2012" xml:space="preserve">10. </s>
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4816 <s xml:id="echoid-s2013" xml:space="preserve"><anchor type="note" xlink:href="" symbol="*"/></s>
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4817 </p>
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4818 <div xml:id="echoid-div320" type="float" level="2" n="1">
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4819 <note position="right" xlink:label="note-0153-03" xlink:href="note-0153-03a" xml:space="preserve">Fig. 60</note>
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4820 </div>
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4821 <note symbol="*" position="right" xml:space="preserve">31.</note>
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4822 <p>
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4823 <s xml:id="echoid-s2014" xml:space="preserve">Then take a Ruler and faſten to the Point G, <lb/>ſo that it may turn about the ſame in ſuch man.</s>
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4824 <s xml:id="echoid-s2015" xml:space="preserve">
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4825 <pb o="88" file="0154" n="178" rhead="An ESSAY on"/>
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4826 ner, that right Lines drawn along one of its Sides, <lb/>may paſs through the Point G. </s>
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4827 <s xml:id="echoid-s2016" xml:space="preserve">This being done, <lb/>faſten one End of a Thread, put through the Eye <lb/>of a Needle B, in the Point F; </s>
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4828 <s xml:id="echoid-s2017" xml:space="preserve">and then put the <lb/>ſaid Thread about a Pin faſten’d in the Point O; <lb/></s>
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4829 <s xml:id="echoid-s2018" xml:space="preserve">ſo that when the Thread is uſing, it may be al-<lb/>ways kept tight by means of a Plummet fix’d to <lb/>its other End, and freely hanging under the Tube. </s>
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4830 <s xml:id="echoid-s2019" xml:space="preserve"><lb/>Note, The aforeſaid Needle onght to be Braſs or <lb/>Silver, ſharp at both Ends, and having its Eye <lb/>pretty near one of them.</s>
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4831 <s xml:id="echoid-s2020" xml:space="preserve"/>
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4832 </p>
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4833 </div>
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4834 <div xml:id="echoid-div322" type="section" level="1" n="174">
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4835 <head xml:id="echoid-head186" xml:space="preserve"><emph style="sc">Operation</emph>.</head>
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4836 <p>
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4837 <s xml:id="echoid-s2021" xml:space="preserve">Let A be a Point of the Figure to be thrown <lb/>into Perſpective. </s>
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4838 <s xml:id="echoid-s2022" xml:space="preserve">Now place that of the two <lb/>Points of the Needle, which is nigheſt to the <lb/>Eye thereof, upon the ſaid Point A, and move <lb/>the Ruler G E, until it cuts the Thread A F, in <lb/>the Point E, wherein the ſaid Thread cuts the <lb/>Baſe Line; </s>
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4839 <s xml:id="echoid-s2023" xml:space="preserve">and then the Point a, wherein the <lb/>Ruler cuts the Thread A O, is the Point ſought, <lb/>and it may be marked with that Point of the <lb/>Needle fartheſt diſtant from its Eye, having firſt <lb/>preſſed the Ruler down upon the Paper and Thread, <lb/>that ſo the Plummet may not make the Thread <lb/>ſlip. </s>
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4840 <s xml:id="echoid-s2024" xml:space="preserve">And in this manner may any Number of <lb/>Points be found. </s>
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4841 <s xml:id="echoid-s2025" xml:space="preserve">This is demonſtrated in N. </s>
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4842 <s xml:id="echoid-s2026" xml:space="preserve">32. <lb/></s>
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4843 <s xml:id="echoid-s2027" xml:space="preserve">Sometimes it is more convenient to uſe the fol-<lb/>lowing Method.</s>
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4844 <s xml:id="echoid-s2028" xml:space="preserve"/>
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4845 </p>
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4846 </div>
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4847 <div xml:id="echoid-div323" type="section" level="1" n="175">
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4848 <head xml:id="echoid-head187" xml:space="preserve"><emph style="sc">Method</emph> II.</head>
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4849 <p>
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4850 <s xml:id="echoid-s2029" xml:space="preserve">110. </s>
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4851 <s xml:id="echoid-s2030" xml:space="preserve">Let O be the Eye, H E the Baſe Line, <lb/>
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4852 <anchor type="note" xlink:label="note-0154-01a" xlink:href="note-0154-01"/>
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4853 and F I the Geometrical Line. </s>
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4854 <s xml:id="echoid-s2031" xml:space="preserve">Take a Ruler <lb/>M N, having two Threads equal in Length <lb/>faſten’d to it, and about O as a Center, and with
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4855 <pb file="0155" n="179"/>
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4856 <pb file="0155a" n="180"/>
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4857 <anchor type="figure" xlink:label="fig-0155a-01a" xlink:href="fig-0155a-01"/>
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4858 <pb file="0156" n="181"/>
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4859 <pb o="89" file="0157" n="182" rhead="PERSPECTIVE."/>
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4860 the Diſtance of the two Points whereat the <lb/>Thread is faſten’d on the Ruler, deſcribe an <lb/>Arc cutting the Geometrical Line in F; </s>
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4861 <s xml:id="echoid-s2032" xml:space="preserve">then <lb/>faſten the Extremity of one of the aforeſaid <lb/>Threads in the ſaid Point F, and the Extremity <lb/>of the other in the Point O: </s>
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4862 <s xml:id="echoid-s2033" xml:space="preserve">Take moreover <lb/>another Thread, put through the Eye of a <lb/>Needle, as in the aforegoing Method; </s>
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4863 <s xml:id="echoid-s2034" xml:space="preserve">one End <lb/>of which, faſten in F, and afterwards put it a-<lb/>bout a Pin placed in O. </s>
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4864 <s xml:id="echoid-s2035" xml:space="preserve">Then the only Dif-<lb/>ference between this Way and the precedent one, <lb/>is, that the Ruler M N muſt be uſed, by always <lb/>keeping the Threads M F, and N O tight, in-<lb/>ſtead of one turning about a Point.</s>
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4865 <s xml:id="echoid-s2036" xml:space="preserve"/>
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4866 </p>
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4867 <div xml:id="echoid-div323" type="float" level="2" n="1">
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4868 <note position="left" xlink:label="note-0154-01" xlink:href="note-0154-01a" xml:space="preserve">Fig. 61.</note>
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4869 <figure xlink:label="fig-0155a-01" xlink:href="fig-0155a-01a">
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4870 <caption xml:id="echoid-caption60" style="it" xml:space="preserve">page 88.<lb/>Plate. 25.<lb/>Fig. 60</caption>
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4871 <variables xml:id="echoid-variables59" xml:space="preserve">O G F f Z L R P D I T S M a Q E R H N A C B</variables>
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4872 </figure>
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4873 </div>
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4874 <p>
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4875 <s xml:id="echoid-s2037" xml:space="preserve">For the Demonſtration of this, vide n. </s>
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4876 <s xml:id="echoid-s2038" xml:space="preserve">39.</s>
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4877 <s xml:id="echoid-s2039" xml:space="preserve"/>
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4878 </p>
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4879 </div>
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4880 <div xml:id="echoid-div325" type="section" level="1" n="176">
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4881 <head xml:id="echoid-head188" xml:space="preserve"><emph style="sc">Prob</emph>. II.</head>
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4882 <p style="it">
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4883 <s xml:id="echoid-s2040" xml:space="preserve">111. </s>
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4884 <s xml:id="echoid-s2041" xml:space="preserve">To find the Perſpective of one or more Lines <lb/>perpendicular to the Geometrical Plane.</s>
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4885 <s xml:id="echoid-s2042" xml:space="preserve"/>
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4886 </p>
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4887 <p>
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4888 <s xml:id="echoid-s2043" xml:space="preserve">Take two Rulers L C and N Z, having the <lb/>
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4889 <anchor type="note" xlink:label="note-0157-01a" xlink:href="note-0157-01"/>
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4890 four Ends of two Threads, or rather four Braſs <lb/>or Steel Wires of equal Length fixed on them, <lb/>at the Places L, I, N and M, ſo that L I be equal <lb/>to M N. </s>
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4891 <s xml:id="echoid-s2044" xml:space="preserve">Then fix one oſ theſe Rulers upon the <lb/>Edge of the perſpective Plane, perpendicular to <lb/>the Baſe Line. </s>
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4892 <s xml:id="echoid-s2045" xml:space="preserve">Now take a Thread, put thro’ <lb/>the Eye of a Needle, hang a Plummet at one <lb/>End, for the ſame Uſe as in Problem I <anchor type="note" xlink:href="" symbol="*"/>, and
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4893 <anchor type="note" xlink:label="note-0157-02a" xlink:href="note-0157-02"/>
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4894 faſten the other End to the Slider or Curſor D, <lb/>freely moveable on the Ruler L C; </s>
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4895 <s xml:id="echoid-s2046" xml:space="preserve">put this <lb/>Thread about a Pin, ſet up againſt the Ruler C L <lb/>inc, ſo that C H be equal to the Height of the Eye.</s>
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4896 <s xml:id="echoid-s2047" xml:space="preserve"/>
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4897 </p>
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4898 <div xml:id="echoid-div325" type="float" level="2" n="1">
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4899 <note position="right" xlink:label="note-0157-01" xlink:href="note-0157-01a" xml:space="preserve">Fig. 60.</note>
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4900 <note symbol="*" position="right" xlink:label="note-0157-02" xlink:href="note-0157-02a" xml:space="preserve">109.</note>
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diff changeset
4901 </div>
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4902 </div>
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4903 <div xml:id="echoid-div327" type="section" level="1" n="177">
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4904 <head xml:id="echoid-head189" xml:space="preserve"><emph style="sc">Operation</emph>.</head>
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diff changeset
4905 <p>
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4906 <s xml:id="echoid-s2048" xml:space="preserve">Let T be the Repreſentation of the Foot of a <lb/>Perpendicular. </s>
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diff changeset
4907 <s xml:id="echoid-s2049" xml:space="preserve">Move the Curſor D along C L,
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diff changeset
4908 <pb o="90" file="0158" n="183" rhead="An ESSAY"/>
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diff changeset
4909 until C D be equal to twice the Length of the <lb/>given Perpendicular. </s>
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4910 <s xml:id="echoid-s2050" xml:space="preserve">This being done, move <lb/>the Needle along the Horizontal Line, ſuppoſe <lb/>to R, until the Point of the Thread R S paſſes <lb/>through the Point T; </s>
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diff changeset
4911 <s xml:id="echoid-s2051" xml:space="preserve">then keeping the Thread <lb/>tight in this Manner, if the Ruler M N be <lb/>mov’d, till its Edge alſo paſſes through the <lb/>Point T, and P is the Point wherein the Edge of <lb/>the ſaid Ruler croſſes the Part of the Thread <lb/>R D, the Line T P will be the Repreſentation <lb/>ſought.</s>
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diff changeset
4912 <s xml:id="echoid-s2052" xml:space="preserve"/>
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diff changeset
4913 </p>
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diff changeset
4914 <p>
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4915 <s xml:id="echoid-s2053" xml:space="preserve">The Demonſtration of this is evident from <lb/>what is ſaid in n. </s>
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4916 <s xml:id="echoid-s2054" xml:space="preserve">59.</s>
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diff changeset
4917 <s xml:id="echoid-s2055" xml:space="preserve"/>
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4918 </p>
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diff changeset
4919 </div>
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diff changeset
4920 <div xml:id="echoid-div328" type="section" level="1" n="178">
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4921 <head xml:id="echoid-head190" xml:space="preserve"><emph style="sc">Method</emph> II.</head>
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4922 <p style="it">
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4923 <s xml:id="echoid-s2056" xml:space="preserve">112. </s>
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4924 <s xml:id="echoid-s2057" xml:space="preserve">When all the Perpendiculars have the ſame <lb/>Length.</s>
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diff changeset
4925 <s xml:id="echoid-s2058" xml:space="preserve"/>
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4926 </p>
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4927 <p>
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4928 <s xml:id="echoid-s2059" xml:space="preserve">Let F G be parallel to the Baſe Line, and F O <lb/>
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diff changeset
4929 <anchor type="note" xlink:label="note-0158-01a" xlink:href="note-0158-01"/>
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diff changeset
4930 equal to the Height of the Eye; </s>
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4931 <s xml:id="echoid-s2060" xml:space="preserve">aſſume F f, e-<lb/>qual to the Length of either of the given Per-<lb/>pendiculars, and faſten the Thread fixed in F, in <lb/>the Point f. </s>
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4932 <s xml:id="echoid-s2061" xml:space="preserve">Then raiſe R S perpendicular to <lb/>the Baſe Line, which make equal to F f, and <lb/>draw S Q parallel to the Baſe Line. </s>
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4933 <s xml:id="echoid-s2062" xml:space="preserve">This being <lb/>done, tranſpoſe <anchor type="note" xlink:href="" symbol="*"/> the Figures in the Geometri-
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diff changeset
4934 <anchor type="note" xlink:label="note-0158-02a" xlink:href="note-0158-02"/>
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diff changeset
4935 cal Plane, in ſuch Manner, that the Point R co-<lb/>incides with S, and R H with S Q. </s>
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4936 <s xml:id="echoid-s2063" xml:space="preserve">Then if S Q <lb/>be taken for a Baſe Line, and the Appearances <lb/>
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4937 <anchor type="note" xlink:href="" symbol="*"/> of the Feet of the Perpendiculars be found,
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4938 <anchor type="note" xlink:label="note-0158-03a" xlink:href="note-0158-03"/>
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4939 the Repreſentations of their Extremities will be <lb/>had.</s>
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4940 <s xml:id="echoid-s2064" xml:space="preserve"/>
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4941 </p>
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4942 <div xml:id="echoid-div328" type="float" level="2" n="1">
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4943 <note position="left" xlink:label="note-0158-01" xlink:href="note-0158-01a" xml:space="preserve">Fig. 60.</note>
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4944 <note symbol="*" position="left" xlink:label="note-0158-02" xlink:href="note-0158-02a" xml:space="preserve">60.</note>
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4945 <note symbol="*" position="left" xlink:label="note-0158-03" xlink:href="note-0158-03a" xml:space="preserve">109.</note>
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4946 </div>
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4947 </div>
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4948 <div xml:id="echoid-div330" type="section" level="1" n="179">
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4949 <head xml:id="echoid-head191" xml:space="preserve"><emph style="sc">Method</emph> III.</head>
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4950 <p style="it">
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4951 <s xml:id="echoid-s2065" xml:space="preserve">113. </s>
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4952 <s xml:id="echoid-s2066" xml:space="preserve">For Perpendiculars of the ſame Length.</s>
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4953 <s xml:id="echoid-s2067" xml:space="preserve"/>
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4954 </p>
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4955 <p>
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4956 <s xml:id="echoid-s2068" xml:space="preserve">The Figures in the Geometrical Plane being <lb/>
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4957 <anchor type="note" xlink:label="note-0158-04a" xlink:href="note-0158-04"/>
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4958 tranſpoſed in the Manner aforeſaid <anchor type="note" xlink:href="" symbol="*"/>, aſſume T t,
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4959 <anchor type="note" xlink:label="note-0158-05a" xlink:href="note-0158-05"/>
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4960 <pb o="91" file="0159" n="184" rhead="on PERSPECTIVE."/>
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4961 in the Perpendicular R S, continued equal to R S, <lb/>and draw f i parallel to the Baſe Line, in which <lb/>take the Point f in E I, the ſame as F in F I <anchor type="note" xlink:href="" symbol="*"/>; </s>
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4962 <s xml:id="echoid-s2069" xml:space="preserve">then
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4963 <anchor type="note" xlink:label="note-0159-01a" xlink:href="note-0159-01"/>
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4964 if the Threads which before were faſten’d in F, <lb/>being placed in f, and by uſing them thus faſten’d, <lb/>as likewiſe S Q for a Baſe Line, the Repreſen-<lb/>tations of the Feet of the Perpendiculars be <lb/>found <anchor type="note" xlink:href="" symbol="*"/>, you will have the Repreſentations of
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4965 <anchor type="note" xlink:label="note-0159-02a" xlink:href="note-0159-02"/>
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4966 their Extremities.</s>
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4967 <s xml:id="echoid-s2070" xml:space="preserve"/>
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4968 </p>
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4969 <div xml:id="echoid-div330" type="float" level="2" n="1">
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4970 <note position="left" xlink:label="note-0158-04" xlink:href="note-0158-04a" xml:space="preserve">Fig. 61.</note>
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4971 <note symbol="*" position="left" xlink:label="note-0158-05" xlink:href="note-0158-05a" xml:space="preserve">112.</note>
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4972 <note symbol="*" position="right" xlink:label="note-0159-01" xlink:href="note-0159-01a" xml:space="preserve">110.</note>
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4973 <note symbol="*" position="right" xlink:label="note-0159-02" xlink:href="note-0159-02a" xml:space="preserve">110.</note>
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4974 </div>
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4975 </div>
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4976 <div xml:id="echoid-div332" type="section" level="1" n="180">
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4977 <head xml:id="echoid-head192" style="it" xml:space="preserve">The Demonſtration of the two laſt Ways.</head>
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4978 <p>
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4979 <s xml:id="echoid-s2071" xml:space="preserve">114. </s>
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4980 <s xml:id="echoid-s2072" xml:space="preserve">If a Plane be imagined to paſs through <lb/>
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4981 <anchor type="note" xlink:label="note-0159-03a" xlink:href="note-0159-03"/>
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4982 the Extremities of the equal Perpendiculars, it <lb/>will be parallel to the Geometrical Plane, and <lb/>will meet the perſpective Plane in S Q; </s>
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4983 <s xml:id="echoid-s2073" xml:space="preserve">becauſe <lb/>R S is equal to the ſaid Perpendiculars: </s>
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4984 <s xml:id="echoid-s2074" xml:space="preserve">Moreover, <lb/>the Extremities of theſe Perpendiculars form a <lb/>Figure in this ſuppoſed Plane, ſimilar to that <lb/>which their Feet form in the Geometrical Plane; <lb/></s>
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4985 <s xml:id="echoid-s2075" xml:space="preserve">and the ſaid Figure hath the ſame Situation with <lb/>regard to the Line Q S, as that on the Geome-<lb/>trical Plane hath in reſpect of H R: </s>
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4986 <s xml:id="echoid-s2076" xml:space="preserve">And conſe-<lb/>quently, if the Figure in the Geometrical Plane <lb/>be ſo raiſed up, that it hath the ſame Reſpect to <lb/>Q S, as it had to H R, and if the Appearances <lb/>of the Feet of the propoſed Perpendiculars be <lb/>found, the Repreſentations of their Extremties <lb/>will be had. </s>
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4987 <s xml:id="echoid-s2077" xml:space="preserve">But the before ſuppoſed Tranſpo-<lb/>ſition of the Figure in the Geometrical Plane, <lb/>gives it the requiſite Situation with regard to <lb/>Q S, and the Repreſentation of the Figure <lb/>conſider’d in this new Geometrical Plane is <lb/>found <anchor type="note" xlink:href="" symbol="*"/>; </s>
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4988 <s xml:id="echoid-s2078" xml:space="preserve">becauſe S Q, is taken for the Baſe Line,
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4989 <anchor type="note" xlink:label="note-0159-04a" xlink:href="note-0159-04"/>
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4990 O f (Fig. </s>
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4991 <s xml:id="echoid-s2079" xml:space="preserve">60.) </s>
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4992 <s xml:id="echoid-s2080" xml:space="preserve">equal to the Height of the Eye <lb/>above this Plane, and fi (Fig. </s>
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4993 <s xml:id="echoid-s2081" xml:space="preserve">61.) </s>
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4994 <s xml:id="echoid-s2082" xml:space="preserve">is the Geo-<lb/>metrical Line in the ſaid Plane.</s>
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4995 <s xml:id="echoid-s2083" xml:space="preserve"/>
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4996 </p>
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4997 <div xml:id="echoid-div332" type="float" level="2" n="1">
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4998 <note position="right" xlink:label="note-0159-03" xlink:href="note-0159-03a" xml:space="preserve">Fig. 60, <lb/>and 61.</note>
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4999 <note symbol="*" position="right" xlink:label="note-0159-04" xlink:href="note-0159-04a" xml:space="preserve">32, 39.</note>
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5000 </div>
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5001 <pb o="92" file="0160" n="185" rhead="An ESSAY"/>
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5002 </div>
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5003 <div xml:id="echoid-div334" type="section" level="1" n="181">
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5004 <head xml:id="echoid-head193" style="it" xml:space="preserve">II. When the Perſpective Plane is inclined.</head>
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5005 <head xml:id="echoid-head194" xml:space="preserve"><emph style="sc">Prob</emph>. III.</head>
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5006 <p style="it">
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5007 <s xml:id="echoid-s2084" xml:space="preserve">115. </s>
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5008 <s xml:id="echoid-s2085" xml:space="preserve">To find the Repreſentation of Figures which <lb/>are in the Geometrical Plane.</s>
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5009 <s xml:id="echoid-s2086" xml:space="preserve"/>
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5010 </p>
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5011 <p>
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5012 <s xml:id="echoid-s2087" xml:space="preserve">The Operation laid down <anchor type="note" xlink:href="" symbol="*"/> for the perſpective
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5013 <anchor type="note" xlink:label="note-0160-01a" xlink:href="note-0160-01"/>
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5014 Plane being perpendicular, may be uſed here, <lb/>becauſe the inclined perſpective Plane may be <lb/>changed <anchor type="note" xlink:href="" symbol="*"/> into a perpendicular or upright one.</s>
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5015 <s xml:id="echoid-s2088" xml:space="preserve"/>
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5016 </p>
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5017 <div xml:id="echoid-div334" type="float" level="2" n="1">
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5018 <note symbol="*" position="left" xlink:label="note-0160-01" xlink:href="note-0160-01a" xml:space="preserve">109, <lb/>110.</note>
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5019 </div>
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5020 <note symbol="*" position="left" xml:space="preserve">81.</note>
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5021 </div>
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5022 <div xml:id="echoid-div336" type="section" level="1" n="182">
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5023 <head xml:id="echoid-head195" xml:space="preserve"><emph style="sc">Prob</emph>. IV.</head>
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5024 <p style="it">
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5025 <s xml:id="echoid-s2089" xml:space="preserve">116. </s>
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5026 <s xml:id="echoid-s2090" xml:space="preserve">To find the Appearances of any Number of <lb/>Lines of the ſame Length, which are perpendicular <lb/>to the Geometrical Plane.</s>
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5027 <s xml:id="echoid-s2091" xml:space="preserve"/>
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5028 </p>
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5029 <p>
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5030 <s xml:id="echoid-s2092" xml:space="preserve">Raiſe a Perpendicular R C, in ſome Point on <lb/>
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5031 <anchor type="note" xlink:label="note-0160-03a" xlink:href="note-0160-03"/>
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5032 the Baſe Line, in which aſſume R L equal in <lb/>Length to the given Lines; </s>
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5033 <s xml:id="echoid-s2093" xml:space="preserve">and draw the Line <lb/>L P, through the Point L, ſo that the Angle <lb/>L P R, be equal to the Angle of Inclination of <lb/>the perſpective Plane; </s>
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5034 <s xml:id="echoid-s2094" xml:space="preserve">then having made R S <lb/>equal to P L, and S C equal to P R, draw the <lb/>Lines S Q and C D, parallel to the Baſe Line. <lb/></s>
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5035 <s xml:id="echoid-s2095" xml:space="preserve">This being done, raiſe up the Figures of the <lb/>Geometrical Plane, ſo that the Point R coincides <lb/>with c, and the Line R H, with C D; </s>
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5036 <s xml:id="echoid-s2096" xml:space="preserve">then <lb/>proceed as is directed <anchor type="note" xlink:href="" symbol="*"/> for the perpendicular
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5037 <anchor type="note" xlink:label="note-0160-04a" xlink:href="note-0160-04"/>
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5038 perſpective Plane, in uſing S Q for the Baſe <lb/>Line.</s>
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5039 <s xml:id="echoid-s2097" xml:space="preserve"/>
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5040 </p>
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5041 <div xml:id="echoid-div336" type="float" level="2" n="1">
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5042 <note position="left" xlink:label="note-0160-03" xlink:href="note-0160-03a" xml:space="preserve">Fig. 62.</note>
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5043 <note symbol="*" position="left" xlink:label="note-0160-04" xlink:href="note-0160-04a" xml:space="preserve">112, 113.</note>
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5044 </div>
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5045 <p>
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5046 <s xml:id="echoid-s2098" xml:space="preserve">This is demonſtrated in n. </s>
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5047 <s xml:id="echoid-s2099" xml:space="preserve">114.</s>
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5048 <s xml:id="echoid-s2100" xml:space="preserve"/>
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5049 </p>
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5050 </div>
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5051 <div xml:id="echoid-div338" type="section" level="1" n="183">
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5052 <head xml:id="echoid-head196" xml:space="preserve"><emph style="sc">Remarks</emph>.</head>
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5053 <p>
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5054 <s xml:id="echoid-s2101" xml:space="preserve">The Point C muſt be aſſumed below the Point <lb/>S, when the perſpective Plane is inclined towards
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5055 <pb file="0161" n="186"/>
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5056 <pb file="0161a" n="187"/>
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5057 <anchor type="figure" xlink:label="fig-0161a-01a" xlink:href="fig-0161a-01"/>
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5058 <anchor type="figure" xlink:label="fig-0161a-02a" xlink:href="fig-0161a-02"/>
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5059 <pb file="0162" n="188"/>
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5060 <pb o="93" file="0163" n="189" rhead="on PERSPECTIVE."/>
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5061 the Eye, and above it, when the ſaid Plane is in-<lb/>clined towards the Objects. </s>
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5062 <s xml:id="echoid-s2102" xml:space="preserve">Obſerve likewiſe, <lb/>that F f of Fig. </s>
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5063 <s xml:id="echoid-s2103" xml:space="preserve">60. </s>
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5064 <s xml:id="echoid-s2104" xml:space="preserve">muſt here be aſſumed e-<lb/>qual to R S, and the Line Tt, Fig. </s>
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5065 <s xml:id="echoid-s2105" xml:space="preserve">61. </s>
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5066 <s xml:id="echoid-s2106" xml:space="preserve">muſt <lb/>be here a Part of the Line Z C continued, and <lb/>made equal to R S.</s>
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5067 <s xml:id="echoid-s2107" xml:space="preserve"/>
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5068 </p>
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5069 <div xml:id="echoid-div338" type="float" level="2" n="1">
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5070 <figure xlink:label="fig-0161a-01" xlink:href="fig-0161a-01a">
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5071 <caption xml:id="echoid-caption61" style="it" xml:space="preserve">Plate 26<lb/>Fig. 61</caption>
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5072 <variables xml:id="echoid-variables60" xml:space="preserve">O I F T N S Q S H E R M A</variables>
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5073 </figure>
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5074 <figure xlink:label="fig-0161a-02" xlink:href="fig-0161a-02a">
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5075 <caption xml:id="echoid-caption62" style="it" xml:space="preserve">Fig. 62</caption>
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5076 <variables xml:id="echoid-variables61" xml:space="preserve">C D S Q L C D R P H</variables>
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5077 </figure>
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5078 </div>
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5079 </div>
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5080 <div xml:id="echoid-div340" type="section" level="1" n="184">
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5081 <head xml:id="echoid-head197" style="it" xml:space="preserve">III. When the Perſpective Plane is Parallel or <lb/>Horizontal.</head>
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5082 <head xml:id="echoid-head198" xml:space="preserve"><emph style="sc">Prob</emph>. V.</head>
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5083 <p style="it">
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5084 <s xml:id="echoid-s2108" xml:space="preserve">117. </s>
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5085 <s xml:id="echoid-s2109" xml:space="preserve">To throw Figures which are in the Geometri-<lb/>cal Plane into Perſpective.</s>
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5086 <s xml:id="echoid-s2110" xml:space="preserve"/>
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5087 </p>
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5088 <p>
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5089 <s xml:id="echoid-s2111" xml:space="preserve">Draw the Line C F at Pleaſure, in which aſ-<lb/>
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5090 <anchor type="note" xlink:label="note-0163-01a" xlink:href="note-0163-01"/>
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5091 ſume the Point I, and make I H and I G, equal <lb/>to the Eye’s Diſtance from the perſpective <lb/>Plane: </s>
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5092 <s xml:id="echoid-s2112" xml:space="preserve">Moreover, make I C, and I F equal to <lb/>the Eye’s Diſtance from the Geometrical Plane, <lb/>or at the leaſt, let I G and I H, be to I F and I C, <lb/>as the Eye’s Diſtance from the perſpective Plane, <lb/>is to its Diſtance from the Geometrical Plane. <lb/></s>
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5093 <s xml:id="echoid-s2113" xml:space="preserve">This being done, raiſe two Perpendiculars to <lb/>the Line C F, in the Points G and H, and take <lb/>two Rulers, each of which has two equal Threads <lb/>ſo faſten’d to them, that the Diſtance P Q, and <lb/>N M be equal: </s>
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5094 <s xml:id="echoid-s2114" xml:space="preserve">Then about F and C as Centers, <lb/>with the Semidiameters M N or P Q, deſcribe <lb/>two Arcs cutting the Perpendiculars raiſed at the <lb/>Points G and H, in the Points C and D, and fix <lb/>the Extremities of the two Threads of one Ruler, <lb/>in the Points C and D, and the Threads of the <lb/>other, in the Points F and E.</s>
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5095 <s xml:id="echoid-s2115" xml:space="preserve"/>
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5096 </p>
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5097 <div xml:id="echoid-div340" type="float" level="2" n="1">
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5098 <note position="right" xlink:label="note-0163-01" xlink:href="note-0163-01a" xml:space="preserve">Fig. 63.</note>
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5099 </div>
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5100 </div>
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5101 <div xml:id="echoid-div342" type="section" level="1" n="185">
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5102 <head xml:id="echoid-head199" xml:space="preserve"><emph style="sc">Operation</emph>.</head>
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5103 <p>
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5104 <s xml:id="echoid-s2116" xml:space="preserve">Let Z be the Geometrical Plane, and A a <lb/>Point of the given Figures. </s>
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5105 <s xml:id="echoid-s2117" xml:space="preserve">Move the two
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5106 <pb o="94" file="0164" n="190" rhead="An ESSAY"/>
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5107 Rulers, keeping all the Threads tight, ſo that <lb/>the two Threads fix’d in the Points C and F, <lb/>croſs each other in the Point A; </s>
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5108 <s xml:id="echoid-s2118" xml:space="preserve">and then the <lb/>Point a, wherein the two other Threads croſs <lb/>each other, is the Perſpective ſought. </s>
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5109 <s xml:id="echoid-s2119" xml:space="preserve">And in <lb/>this Manner may the Repreſentations of any <lb/>Number of Points be ſound.</s>
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5110 <s xml:id="echoid-s2120" xml:space="preserve"/>
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5111 </p>
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5112 </div>
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5113 <div xml:id="echoid-div343" type="section" level="1" n="186">
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5114 <head xml:id="echoid-head200" xml:space="preserve"><emph style="sc">Demonstration</emph>.</head>
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5115 <p>
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5116 <s xml:id="echoid-s2121" xml:space="preserve">118. </s>
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5117 <s xml:id="echoid-s2122" xml:space="preserve">The Triangle D a E, is ſimilar to the <lb/>Triangle C A F: </s>
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5118 <s xml:id="echoid-s2123" xml:space="preserve">And becauſe all the Triangles <lb/>formed for finding the Repreſentations of diffe-<lb/>rent Points, have the ſame Baſes D E and C F, <lb/>which are between themſelves, as the Eye’s Di-<lb/>ſtance from the perſpective Plane, to its Diſtance <lb/>from the Geometrical Plane; </s>
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5119 <s xml:id="echoid-s2124" xml:space="preserve">whence their Ver-<lb/>tices form ſimilar Figures, whoſe correſpondent <lb/>Lines are in the ſame Proportion; </s>
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5120 <s xml:id="echoid-s2125" xml:space="preserve">and which <lb/>conſequently <anchor type="note" xlink:href="" symbol="*"/>, are the Appearances ſought.</s>
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5121 <s xml:id="echoid-s2126" xml:space="preserve"/>
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5122 </p>
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5123 <note symbol="*" position="left" xml:space="preserve">8, 9.</note>
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5124 </div>
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5125 <div xml:id="echoid-div344" type="section" level="1" n="187">
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5126 <head xml:id="echoid-head201" xml:space="preserve"><emph style="sc">Remarks</emph>.</head>
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5127 <p>
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5128 <s xml:id="echoid-s2127" xml:space="preserve">It will be convenient to have the two Threads <lb/>P E, and M D of one Colour, and the two <lb/>Threads Q F, and C N of another.</s>
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5129 <s xml:id="echoid-s2128" xml:space="preserve"/>
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5130 </p>
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5131 </div>
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5132 <div xml:id="echoid-div345" type="section" level="1" n="188">
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5133 <head xml:id="echoid-head202" xml:space="preserve"><emph style="sc">Prob</emph>. VI.</head>
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5134 <p style="it">
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5135 <s xml:id="echoid-s2129" xml:space="preserve">119. </s>
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5136 <s xml:id="echoid-s2130" xml:space="preserve">To find the Repreſentations of any Number <lb/>of Lines, equal and perpendicular to the Geometri-<lb/>cal Plane.</s>
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5137 <s xml:id="echoid-s2131" xml:space="preserve"/>
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5138 </p>
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5139 <p>
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5140 <s xml:id="echoid-s2132" xml:space="preserve">Let C D E F G I H, be the Points denoted <lb/>
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5141 <anchor type="note" xlink:label="note-0164-02a" xlink:href="note-0164-02"/>
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5142 with the ſame Letters in the precedent Figure, <lb/>as alſo let P Q and M N be the Rulers: </s>
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5143 <s xml:id="echoid-s2133" xml:space="preserve">More-<lb/>over, let B be the Point, wherein a Perpendicu-
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5144 <pb o="95" file="0165" n="191" rhead="on PERSPECTIVE."/>
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5145 lar drawn from the Eye to the Geometrical <lb/>Plane, meets the ſaid Plane; </s>
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5146 <s xml:id="echoid-s2134" xml:space="preserve">and T the Per-<lb/>ſpective of that Point, found by the aforegoing <lb/>Problem. </s>
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5147 <s xml:id="echoid-s2135" xml:space="preserve">Now make F L and C R, equal to the <lb/>Length of the given Lines; </s>
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5148 <s xml:id="echoid-s2136" xml:space="preserve">and about the <lb/>Points R and S, as Centers, with the Radius <lb/>M N or P Q, deſcribe two Arcs cutting the <lb/>Perpendiculars H D and G H, in the Points <lb/>X and S: </s>
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5149 <s xml:id="echoid-s2137" xml:space="preserve">Then fix the Extremities of the <lb/>Threads, which before were faſten’d to the <lb/>Points F and E, to the Points L and S; </s>
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5150 <s xml:id="echoid-s2138" xml:space="preserve">and alſo <lb/>the Extremities of thoſe two Threads, which <lb/>were before faſten’d to the Points C and D, in <lb/>the Points R and X: </s>
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5151 <s xml:id="echoid-s2139" xml:space="preserve">Then moving the two <lb/>Rulers, until the Threads S P and X M, croſs <lb/>each other in the Point T, mark the Point O, <lb/>wherein the two other Threads croſs one another, <lb/>through which, and the Point B, draw the <lb/>indefinite Line B O V: </s>
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5152 <s xml:id="echoid-s2140" xml:space="preserve">this being done, tranſ-<lb/>poſe the Lines of the Geometrical Plane, ſo that <lb/>the Point B, coincides with the Point O, and <lb/>the Line B O, with O V. </s>
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5153 <s xml:id="echoid-s2141" xml:space="preserve">And by the precedent <lb/>Problem, find the Appearances of the Feet of <lb/>the Perpendiculars, and you will have the Re-<lb/>preſentations of their Extremities.</s>
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5154 <s xml:id="echoid-s2142" xml:space="preserve"/>
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5155 </p>
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5156 <div xml:id="echoid-div345" type="float" level="2" n="1">
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5157 <note position="left" xlink:label="note-0164-02" xlink:href="note-0164-02a" xml:space="preserve">Fig. 64.</note>
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5158 </div>
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5159 </div>
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5160 <div xml:id="echoid-div347" type="section" level="1" n="189">
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5161 <head xml:id="echoid-head203" xml:space="preserve"><emph style="sc">Demonstration</emph>.</head>
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5162 <p>
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5163 <s xml:id="echoid-s2143" xml:space="preserve">If a Plane be ſuppoſed to paſs through the <lb/>Extremities of the Perpendiculars, it will be <lb/>parallel to the Geometrical Plane, and conſe-<lb/>quently, likewiſe to the perſpective Plane, be-<lb/>cauſe all the Perpendiculars are ſuppoſed equal. <lb/></s>
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5164 <s xml:id="echoid-s2144" xml:space="preserve">But the Figure formed by the Extremities of <lb/>the Perpendiculars in the ſaid Plane, is ſimilar <lb/>and equal to that form’d by their Feet in the <lb/>Geometrical Plane: </s>
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5165 <s xml:id="echoid-s2145" xml:space="preserve">and therefore, the Repre-
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5166 <pb o="96" file="0166" n="192" rhead="An ESSAY"/>
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5167 ſentation of the Figure which is in the ſecond <lb/>Plane, is likewiſe ſimilar to the Figure which is <lb/>in the Geometrical Plane, and the Lines com-<lb/>poſing this Appearance to the correſpondent <lb/>Lines in the ſecond Plane, as the Eye’s Diſtance <lb/>from the perſpective Plane, is to its Diſtance <lb/>from the before ſuppoſed Plane. </s>
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5168 <s xml:id="echoid-s2146" xml:space="preserve">But by means <lb/>of the Threads faſtned in the Manner aforeſaid, <lb/>we find the Repreſentation of a Figure, whoſe <lb/>Lines are <anchor type="note" xlink:href="" symbol="*"/> in the aforenamed Proportion:</s>
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5169 <s xml:id="echoid-s2147" xml:space="preserve">
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5170 <anchor type="note" xlink:label="note-0166-01a" xlink:href="note-0166-01"/>
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5171 Whence this Figure is the Perſpective ſought, <lb/>and is ſituated as it ought to be, with regard to <lb/>the Repreſentations of the Figures in the Geo-<lb/>metrical Plane; </s>
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5172 <s xml:id="echoid-s2148" xml:space="preserve">becauſe theſe Figures are ſo <lb/>ſlid, that the Appearance of the Perpen-<lb/>dicular in the Point B, is only a Point. </s>
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5173 <s xml:id="echoid-s2149" xml:space="preserve">The <lb/>ſaid Appearances are alſo in their proper Poſiti-<lb/>ons, becauſe the Line B Q, is made to coincide <lb/>with O N.</s>
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5174 <s xml:id="echoid-s2150" xml:space="preserve"/>
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5175 </p>
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5176 <div xml:id="echoid-div347" type="float" level="2" n="1">
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5177 <note symbol="*" position="left" xlink:label="note-0166-01" xlink:href="note-0166-01a" xml:space="preserve">118.</note>
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5178 </div>
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5179 <p style="it">
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5180 <s xml:id="echoid-s2151" xml:space="preserve">120. </s>
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5181 <s xml:id="echoid-s2152" xml:space="preserve">For Solar Shadows in all Situations of the Per-<lb/>ſpective Plane.</s>
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5182 <s xml:id="echoid-s2153" xml:space="preserve"/>
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5183 </p>
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5184 </div>
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5185 <div xml:id="echoid-div349" type="section" level="1" n="190">
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5186 <head xml:id="echoid-head204" xml:space="preserve"><emph style="sc">Prob</emph>. VII.</head>
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5187 <p style="it">
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5188 <s xml:id="echoid-s2154" xml:space="preserve">6. </s>
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5189 <s xml:id="echoid-s2155" xml:space="preserve">To find the Repreſentations of the Shadows of <lb/>any Number of Points, being at the ſame Height <lb/>above the Geometrical Plane.</s>
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5190 <s xml:id="echoid-s2156" xml:space="preserve"/>
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5191 </p>
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5192 <p>
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5193 <s xml:id="echoid-s2157" xml:space="preserve">Find <anchor type="note" xlink:href="" symbol="*"/> a Point in the Geometrical Plane, which
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5194 <anchor type="note" xlink:label="note-0166-02a" xlink:href="note-0166-02"/>
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5195 is the Shadow of one of the given Points: </s>
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5196 <s xml:id="echoid-s2158" xml:space="preserve">Tranſ-<lb/>poſe the Figures in the Geometrical Plane, ſo that <lb/>the Seat of the ſaid given Point coincides with <lb/>its Shadow; </s>
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5197 <s xml:id="echoid-s2159" xml:space="preserve">and the Line drawn through the <lb/>ſaid Seat, and the Shadow of the given Point, <lb/>coincides with its Prolongation. </s>
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5198 <s xml:id="echoid-s2160" xml:space="preserve">Then if ac-<lb/>cording to the Situation of the perſpective Plane, <lb/>the Repreſentations of the Seats of the given
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5199 <pb file="0167" n="193"/>
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5200 <pb file="0167a" n="194"/>
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5201 <anchor type="figure" xlink:label="fig-0167a-01a" xlink:href="fig-0167a-01"/>
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5202 <anchor type="figure" xlink:label="fig-0167a-02a" xlink:href="fig-0167a-02"/>
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5203 <pb file="0168" n="195"/>
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5204 <pb file="0169" n="196"/>
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5205 <pb file="0169a" n="197"/>
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5206 <anchor type="figure" xlink:label="fig-0169a-01a" xlink:href="fig-0169a-01"/>
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5207 <anchor type="figure" xlink:label="fig-0169a-02a" xlink:href="fig-0169a-02"/>
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5208 <pb file="0170" n="198"/>
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5209 <pb o="97" file="0171" n="199" rhead="on PERSPECTIVE."/>
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5210 Points be found <anchor type="note" xlink:href="" symbol="*"/>, the Repreſentations of their
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5211 <anchor type="note" xlink:label="note-0171-01a" xlink:href="note-0171-01"/>
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5212 Shadows will be had.</s>
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5213 <s xml:id="echoid-s2161" xml:space="preserve"/>
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5214 </p>
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5215 <div xml:id="echoid-div349" type="float" level="2" n="1">
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5216 <note symbol="*" position="left" xlink:label="note-0166-02" xlink:href="note-0166-02a" xml:space="preserve">103.</note>
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5217 <figure xlink:label="fig-0167a-01" xlink:href="fig-0167a-01a">
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5218 <caption xml:id="echoid-caption63" style="it" xml:space="preserve">page 96.<lb/>Plate. 27<lb/>Fig. 63</caption>
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5219 <variables xml:id="echoid-variables62" xml:space="preserve">D E C F M H I G P A Q N</variables>
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5220 </figure>
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5221 <figure xlink:label="fig-0167a-02" xlink:href="fig-0167a-02a">
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5222 <caption xml:id="echoid-caption64" style="it" xml:space="preserve">Fig. 64</caption>
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5223 <variables xml:id="echoid-variables63" xml:space="preserve">X S D E T C R L F H I G P M B O V Q N</variables>
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5224 </figure>
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5225 <figure xlink:label="fig-0169a-01" xlink:href="fig-0169a-01a">
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5226 <caption xml:id="echoid-caption65" style="it" xml:space="preserve">page 98.<lb/>Plate. 28<lb/>Fig. 65</caption>
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5227 <variables xml:id="echoid-variables64" xml:space="preserve">L M F G D H C E I A B</variables>
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5228 </figure>
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5229 <figure xlink:label="fig-0169a-02" xlink:href="fig-0169a-02a">
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5230 <caption xml:id="echoid-caption66" style="it" xml:space="preserve">Fig. 66</caption>
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5231 <variables xml:id="echoid-variables65" xml:space="preserve">A B VII VIII IV V H C VI VI P V VII IV S VIII E O I III II I XII XIX IX F D</variables>
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5232 </figure>
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5233 <note symbol="*" position="right" xlink:label="note-0171-01" xlink:href="note-0171-01a" xml:space="preserve">109, <lb/>115, 117.</note>
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5234 </div>
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5235 </div>
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5236 <div xml:id="echoid-div351" type="section" level="1" n="191">
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5237 <head xml:id="echoid-head205" xml:space="preserve">CHAP. IX.</head>
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5238 <p style="it">
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5239 <s xml:id="echoid-s2162" xml:space="preserve">The Uſe of Perſpective in Dialling; </s>
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5240 <s xml:id="echoid-s2163" xml:space="preserve">ſhewing <lb/>how to draw the Hour Lines upon any <lb/>Kind of Plane, by means of an Horizon-<lb/>tal Dial.</s>
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5241 <s xml:id="echoid-s2164" xml:space="preserve"/>
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5242 </p>
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5243 <p>
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5244 <s xml:id="echoid-s2165" xml:space="preserve">PERSPECTIVE is not only uſeſul in <lb/>drawing, but likewiſe in other Parts of Ma-<lb/>thematicks, and principally in Dialling: </s>
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5245 <s xml:id="echoid-s2166" xml:space="preserve">For if <lb/>the Extremity of the Style be conceived as the <lb/>Eye, and the Sun’s Rays as viſual Rays, all <lb/>poſſible Kinds of Dials may be drawn for the <lb/>ſame Latitude, by Means of an Horizontal Dial, <lb/>as we are now going to ſhew,</s>
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5246 </p>
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5247 <p>
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5248 <s xml:id="echoid-s2167" xml:space="preserve">121. </s>
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5249 <s xml:id="echoid-s2168" xml:space="preserve">Let A B C D be an Horizontal Dial <lb/>made for any given Latitude; </s>
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5250 <s xml:id="echoid-s2169" xml:space="preserve">E F its Style, and <lb/>
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5251 <anchor type="note" xlink:label="note-0171-02a" xlink:href="note-0171-02"/>
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diff changeset
5252 H I M L a Plane, upon which a Dial is to be <lb/>drawn. </s>
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5253 <s xml:id="echoid-s2170" xml:space="preserve">Now if this Plane be ſo ſituated, that <lb/>the Extremity of its Style F G, coincides with <lb/>the Extremity of the Style of the Horizontal <lb/>Dial; </s>
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5254 <s xml:id="echoid-s2171" xml:space="preserve">and if the Perſpective of one of the Hour <lb/>Lines of the Horizontal Dial A B C D, be found <lb/>upon the Plane H I M L, in conceiving the <lb/>Point F as the Eye, it is evident <anchor type="note" xlink:href="" symbol="*"/>, that the
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5255 <anchor type="note" xlink:label="note-0171-03a" xlink:href="note-0171-03"/>
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diff changeset
5256 Shadow of the Point F, will fall upon the ſaid <lb/>Perſpective, at the ſame Time that it falls <lb/>upon the Hour Line, whereof it is the Per-<lb/>ſpective; </s>
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5257 <s xml:id="echoid-s2172" xml:space="preserve">and conſequently, the ſaid Shadow <lb/>will ſhew the ſame Hour upon the Plane H I M L, <lb/>that it ſhews upon the Horizontal Dial: </s>
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5258 <s xml:id="echoid-s2173" xml:space="preserve">There-
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5259 <pb o="98" file="0172" n="200" rhead="An ESSAY"/>
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5260 fore the before-mention’d Perſpective will be an <lb/>Hour-Line of a Dial, drawn upon the Plane <lb/>H L M I, and whoſe Style is G F.</s>
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5261 <s xml:id="echoid-s2174" xml:space="preserve"/>
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5262 </p>
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5263 <div xml:id="echoid-div351" type="float" level="2" n="1">
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5264 <note position="right" xlink:label="note-0171-02" xlink:href="note-0171-02a" xml:space="preserve">Fig. 65.</note>
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5265 <note symbol="*" position="right" xlink:label="note-0171-03" xlink:href="note-0171-03a" xml:space="preserve">2.</note>
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5266 </div>
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5267 <p>
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5268 <s xml:id="echoid-s2175" xml:space="preserve">The ſame may be demonſtrated of the Re-<lb/>preſentations of other Hour-Lines, which form <lb/>a Dial upon the Plane H L M I.</s>
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5269 <s xml:id="echoid-s2176" xml:space="preserve"/>
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5270 </p>
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5271 <p>
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5272 <s xml:id="echoid-s2177" xml:space="preserve">We now proceed to lay down the beſt way of <lb/>determining the ſaid Repreſentations.</s>
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5273 <s xml:id="echoid-s2178" xml:space="preserve"/>
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5274 </p>
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5275 </div>
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5276 <div xml:id="echoid-div353" type="section" level="1" n="192">
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5277 <head xml:id="echoid-head206" xml:space="preserve"><emph style="sc">Prob</emph>. I.</head>
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5278 <head xml:id="echoid-head207" style="it" xml:space="preserve">122. To draw Vertical Dials.</head>
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5279 <p>
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5280 <s xml:id="echoid-s2179" xml:space="preserve">Draw the Line E O, thro’ E, the Foot of the <lb/>
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5281 <anchor type="note" xlink:label="note-0172-01a" xlink:href="note-0172-01"/>
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5282 Style of the Horizontal Dial A B F D, equal <lb/>to the Length of the Style of the Dial to be <lb/>drawn, and making an Angle with the Meri-<lb/>dian C. </s>
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5283 <s xml:id="echoid-s2180" xml:space="preserve">XII, equal to the Plane’s Declina-<lb/>tion.</s>
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5284 <s xml:id="echoid-s2181" xml:space="preserve"/>
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5285 </p>
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5286 <div xml:id="echoid-div353" type="float" level="2" n="1">
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5287 <note position="left" xlink:label="note-0172-01" xlink:href="note-0172-01a" xml:space="preserve">Fig. 66.</note>
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5288 </div>
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5289 <p>
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5290 <s xml:id="echoid-s2182" xml:space="preserve">This Angle muſt be aſſum’d towards the <lb/>Point D, when the Plane’s Declination is South-<lb/>Eaſt, as here; </s>
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5291 <s xml:id="echoid-s2183" xml:space="preserve">towards F, when the Declination <lb/>is Weſtward; </s>
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5292 <s xml:id="echoid-s2184" xml:space="preserve">towards A, when it is North-Eaſt-<lb/>wardly; </s>
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5293 <s xml:id="echoid-s2185" xml:space="preserve">and towards B, when it is North Weſt-<lb/>wardly.</s>
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5294 <s xml:id="echoid-s2186" xml:space="preserve"/>
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5295 </p>
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5296 <p>
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5297 <s xml:id="echoid-s2187" xml:space="preserve">Now, thro’ the Extremity O of the ſaid Line, <lb/>draw the Line I H, perpendicular thereto; </s>
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5298 <s xml:id="echoid-s2188" xml:space="preserve">and <lb/>the Line C P, thro’ the Center of the Dial, pa-<lb/>rallel, and equal to E O; </s>
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5299 <s xml:id="echoid-s2189" xml:space="preserve">thro’ whoſe Extre-<lb/>mity, P, draw the Line P S, parallel to H I.</s>
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5300 <s xml:id="echoid-s2190" xml:space="preserve"/>
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5301 </p>
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5302 <p>
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5303 <s xml:id="echoid-s2191" xml:space="preserve">Then, to make the Dial, draw the Line h i, <lb/>
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5304 <anchor type="note" xlink:label="note-0172-02a" xlink:href="note-0172-02"/>
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5305 in which prick down the Diviſions of the <lb/>Line H I; </s>
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5306 <s xml:id="echoid-s2192" xml:space="preserve">and in the Point o, (which is the <lb/>ſame as O) raiſe the Perpendicular o p, equal to <lb/>the Length of the Style of the Horizontal Dial <lb/>A B D F. </s>
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5307 <s xml:id="echoid-s2193" xml:space="preserve">This being done; </s>
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5308 <s xml:id="echoid-s2194" xml:space="preserve">draw a Parallel, <lb/>h i, thro’ the Extremity of this Perpendicular; <lb/></s>
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5309 <s xml:id="echoid-s2195" xml:space="preserve">on which, prick down the Diviſions of the Line
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5310 <pb o="99" file="0173" n="201" rhead="on PERSPECTIVE."/>
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5311 P S, and making the Point p be the ſame as P. <lb/></s>
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5312 <s xml:id="echoid-s2196" xml:space="preserve">then join each Diviſion of this Line, to the <lb/>correſpondent Diviſion of the Line h i; </s>
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5313 <s xml:id="echoid-s2197" xml:space="preserve">and the <lb/>Dial ſought, will be drawn: </s>
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5314 <s xml:id="echoid-s2198" xml:space="preserve">p being the Foot <lb/>of the Style, and p s the Horizontal Line.</s>
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5315 <s xml:id="echoid-s2199" xml:space="preserve"/>
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5316 </p>
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5317 <div xml:id="echoid-div354" type="float" level="2" n="2">
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5318 <note position="left" xlink:label="note-0172-02" xlink:href="note-0172-02a" xml:space="preserve">Fig. 67.</note>
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diff changeset
5319 </div>
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5320 </div>
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5321 <div xml:id="echoid-div356" type="section" level="1" n="193">
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5322 <head xml:id="echoid-head208" xml:space="preserve"><emph style="sc">Demonstration</emph>.</head>
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diff changeset
5323 <p>
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diff changeset
5324 <s xml:id="echoid-s2200" xml:space="preserve">The Baſe Line is h i; </s>
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5325 <s xml:id="echoid-s2201" xml:space="preserve">p s is the Horizontal <lb/>
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diff changeset
5326 <anchor type="note" xlink:label="note-0173-01a" xlink:href="note-0173-01"/>
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diff changeset
5327 Line; </s>
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5328 <s xml:id="echoid-s2202" xml:space="preserve">p the Point of Sight; </s>
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5329 <s xml:id="echoid-s2203" xml:space="preserve">and E O, or C P, <lb/>of Figure 66. </s>
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5330 <s xml:id="echoid-s2204" xml:space="preserve">is the Length of the principal <lb/>Ray.</s>
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diff changeset
5331 <s xml:id="echoid-s2205" xml:space="preserve"/>
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5332 </p>
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diff changeset
5333 <div xml:id="echoid-div356" type="float" level="2" n="1">
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5334 <note position="right" xlink:label="note-0173-01" xlink:href="note-0173-01a" xml:space="preserve">Fig. 66, <lb/>67.</note>
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5335 </div>
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diff changeset
5336 <p>
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5337 <s xml:id="echoid-s2206" xml:space="preserve">Now, ſuppoſe the Plane p s h i, to be ſet per-<lb/>pendicularly upon the Horizontal Dial, in ſuch <lb/>manner, that the Line h i coincides with H I, <lb/>and the Point o with O. </s>
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5338 <s xml:id="echoid-s2207" xml:space="preserve">Suppoſe, moreover, <lb/>that thro’ the Extremity of the Style, which we <lb/>conſider as the Eye, Lines are drawn in the Ho-<lb/>rizontal Plane, parallel to the Hour-Lines of <lb/>the Dial; </s>
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5339 <s xml:id="echoid-s2208" xml:space="preserve">it is evident, that theſe Lines will <lb/>meet the Horizontal Line p s, in the Point al-<lb/>ready prick’d down; </s>
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5340 <s xml:id="echoid-s2209" xml:space="preserve">and conſequently <anchor type="note" xlink:href="" symbol="*"/>, the
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5341 <anchor type="note" xlink:label="note-0173-02a" xlink:href="note-0173-02"/>
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5342 Appearances of the Hour-Lines, are the Lines <lb/>joining the Diviſions of the Lines h i and p s.</s>
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5343 <s xml:id="echoid-s2210" xml:space="preserve"/>
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5344 </p>
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5345 <div xml:id="echoid-div357" type="float" level="2" n="2">
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5346 <note symbol="*" position="right" xlink:label="note-0173-02" xlink:href="note-0173-02a" xml:space="preserve">13.</note>
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diff changeset
5347 </div>
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5348 </div>
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5349 <div xml:id="echoid-div359" type="section" level="1" n="194">
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5350 <head xml:id="echoid-head209" xml:space="preserve"><emph style="sc">Remark</emph>.</head>
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5351 <p>
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5352 <s xml:id="echoid-s2211" xml:space="preserve">If the Line H I happens to meet the Meri-<lb/>dian; </s>
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5353 <s xml:id="echoid-s2212" xml:space="preserve">the common Method, by the Horizontal <lb/>Dial, is eaſier than this.</s>
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5354 <s xml:id="echoid-s2213" xml:space="preserve"/>
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5355 </p>
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5356 </div>
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5357 <div xml:id="echoid-div360" type="section" level="1" n="195">
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5358 <head xml:id="echoid-head210" xml:space="preserve"><emph style="sc">Prob</emph>. II.</head>
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5359 <head xml:id="echoid-head211" style="it" xml:space="preserve">123. To draw inclining Dials.</head>
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5360 <p>
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5361 <s xml:id="echoid-s2214" xml:space="preserve">Theſe Dials are drawn in the ſame manner as <lb/>Vertical ones; </s>
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5362 <s xml:id="echoid-s2215" xml:space="preserve">the following Preparations being <lb/>firſt made.</s>
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5363 <s xml:id="echoid-s2216" xml:space="preserve"/>
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5364 </p>
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5365 <pb o="100" file="0174" n="202" rhead="An ESSAY"/>
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5366 <p>
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5367 <s xml:id="echoid-s2217" xml:space="preserve">Draw the Line e c, equal to the Length of <lb/>
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5368 <anchor type="note" xlink:label="note-0174-01a" xlink:href="note-0174-01"/>
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5369 the Style of the Horizontal Dial; </s>
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5370 <s xml:id="echoid-s2218" xml:space="preserve">and, at its <lb/>two Extremities raiſe the Perpendiculars e o <lb/>and c p: </s>
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5371 <s xml:id="echoid-s2219" xml:space="preserve">Then draw the Line c G, thro’ the <lb/>Point c, equal in Length to the Style of the <lb/>Dial to be drawn; </s>
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5372 <s xml:id="echoid-s2220" xml:space="preserve">making an Angle with c e, <lb/>equal to the Inclination of the Dial-Plane. </s>
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5373 <s xml:id="echoid-s2221" xml:space="preserve">Af-<lb/>ter which, draw the Line o G p, thro’ the Ex-<lb/>tremity G of the ſaid Line, perpendicular there-<lb/>to. </s>
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5374 <s xml:id="echoid-s2222" xml:space="preserve">This Preparation being finiſh’d, we uſe the <lb/>Operations of the precedent Problem, in making <lb/>E O and C P, in the Horizontal Dial, equal to <lb/>e o and c p of this Figure; </s>
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5375 <s xml:id="echoid-s2223" xml:space="preserve">and o p, in the Dial <lb/>to be drawn, equal to op of this Figure; </s>
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5376 <s xml:id="echoid-s2224" xml:space="preserve">in <lb/>which, the Point G is the Foot of the Style.</s>
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5377 <s xml:id="echoid-s2225" xml:space="preserve"/>
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5378 </p>
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5379 <div xml:id="echoid-div360" type="float" level="2" n="1">
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5380 <note position="left" xlink:label="note-0174-01" xlink:href="note-0174-01a" xml:space="preserve">Fig. 68.</note>
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5381 </div>
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5382 <p>
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5383 <s xml:id="echoid-s2226" xml:space="preserve">If it happens, in the aforeſaid Preparation, <lb/>
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5384 <anchor type="note" xlink:label="note-0174-02a" xlink:href="note-0174-02"/>
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5385 that the Line p o cuts the Line e c; </s>
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5386 <s xml:id="echoid-s2227" xml:space="preserve">E O muſt <lb/>not then be aſſum’d in the ſame Line, in the <lb/>Horizontal Dial, as otherwiſe it muſt have <lb/>been; </s>
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5387 <s xml:id="echoid-s2228" xml:space="preserve">but, in that Line, continued on the other <lb/>ſide of the Foot of the Style.</s>
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5388 <s xml:id="echoid-s2229" xml:space="preserve"/>
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5389 </p>
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5390 <div xml:id="echoid-div361" type="float" level="2" n="2">
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5391 <note position="left" xlink:label="note-0174-02" xlink:href="note-0174-02a" xml:space="preserve">Fig. 69.</note>
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5392 </div>
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5393 <p>
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5394 <s xml:id="echoid-s2230" xml:space="preserve">The Demonſtration of this Problem, is the <lb/>ſame as that of the precedent one; </s>
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diff changeset
5395 <s xml:id="echoid-s2231" xml:space="preserve">in conſider-<lb/>ing the Angle p o Q, equal to the Angle G c e, <lb/>which is equal to the Inclination of the Plane.</s>
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5396 <s xml:id="echoid-s2232" xml:space="preserve"/>
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5397 </p>
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5398 <p>
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5399 <s xml:id="echoid-s2233" xml:space="preserve">We might have further ſhewn the Uſe of <lb/>Perſpective, in facilitating the Operations of <lb/>Dialling: </s>
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5400 <s xml:id="echoid-s2234" xml:space="preserve">But this would be deviating from our <lb/>Subject; </s>
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5401 <s xml:id="echoid-s2235" xml:space="preserve">and ſo we ſhall content our ſelves with <lb/>this Short Eſſay, touching the moſt common and <lb/>uſeful Problem in Dialling.</s>
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diff changeset
5402 <s xml:id="echoid-s2236" xml:space="preserve"/>
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5403 </p>
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5404 <pb file="0175" n="203"/>
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5405 <pb file="0175a" n="204"/>
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5406 <figure>
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5407 <caption xml:id="echoid-caption67" style="it" xml:space="preserve">page 100<lb/>Plate. 29<lb/>Fig. 67</caption>
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5408 <variables xml:id="echoid-variables66" xml:space="preserve">5 6p 7 8 9 10 S V VI VII VIII IX X o XI ll l</variables>
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5409 </figure>
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5410 <figure>
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5411 <caption xml:id="echoid-caption68" style="it" xml:space="preserve">Fig. 68</caption>
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5412 <variables xml:id="echoid-variables67" xml:space="preserve">c P G e o Q</variables>
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5413 </figure>
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5414 <figure>
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5415 <caption xml:id="echoid-caption69" style="it" xml:space="preserve">Fig. 69</caption>
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5416 <variables xml:id="echoid-variables68" xml:space="preserve">P c G o e Q</variables>
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5417 </figure>
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5418 <pb file="0176" n="205"/>
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5419 <pb o="101" file="0177" n="206" rhead="on PERSPECTIVE."/>
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5420 <figure>
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5421 <image file="0177-01" xlink:href="http://echo.mpiwg-berlin.mpg.de/zogilib?fn=/permanent/library/xxxxxxxx/figures/0177-01"/>
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5422 </figure>
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5423 </div>
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5424 <div xml:id="echoid-div363" type="section" level="1" n="196">
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5425 <head xml:id="echoid-head212" style="it" xml:space="preserve">The Uſe of the <emph style="sc">Camera</emph> <emph style="sc">Obscura</emph> <lb/>in Deſigning.</head>
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5426 <head xml:id="echoid-head213" xml:space="preserve"><emph style="sc">Advertisement</emph>.</head>
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5427 <p style="it">
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5428 <s xml:id="echoid-s2237" xml:space="preserve">EVery one knows how eaſy it is by one Convex Glaſs <lb/>only, to repreſent outward Objects in any darken’d <lb/>Place, according to their natural Appearances, where <lb/>the Livelineſs of Colours, and the Diverſity of Mo-<lb/>tions, are wonderfully pleaſant to behold; </s>
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5429 <s xml:id="echoid-s2238" xml:space="preserve">and it is <lb/>ſo eaſy to make this Invention uſeful in Deſigning, <lb/>that our treating of it ſo fully as we have done, is <lb/>undoubtedly ſomething neceſſary.</s>
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5430 <s xml:id="echoid-s2239" xml:space="preserve"/>
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5431 </p>
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5432 <p style="it">
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5433 <s xml:id="echoid-s2240" xml:space="preserve">A few Hints and Obſervations ſeem to be ſufficient <lb/>for putting a diligent Perſon in the way of contriving <lb/>himſelf ſome Machine to perform the Uſes hereafter <lb/>mentioned; </s>
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5434 <s xml:id="echoid-s2241" xml:space="preserve">whence we might have let him bad the <lb/>Pleaſure of the Invention himſelf, after it was made <lb/>eaſy to him. </s>
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5435 <s xml:id="echoid-s2242" xml:space="preserve">And this indeed is what I firſt reſolv’d <lb/>upon; </s>
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5436 <s xml:id="echoid-s2243" xml:space="preserve">but afterwards conſidering that in the Con-<lb/>ſtruction of a Machine for facilitating the Buſineſs of <lb/>Deſigning, ſeveral Things cannot be foreknown till <lb/>try’d; </s>
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5437 <s xml:id="echoid-s2244" xml:space="preserve">and that much Time may be ſpent in vain, and <lb/>ſeveral Methods attempted, before one of theſe Ma-<lb/>chines can be made ſimple and uſeful, as I have found <lb/>by Experierce: </s>
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5438 <s xml:id="echoid-s2245" xml:space="preserve">Therefore, that others may not be at <lb/>this Trouble, I ſhall here lay down the Deſcription of <lb/>two Machines (hoping it will not be unacceptable) <lb/>which after ſeveral Alterations, in my Opinion, are <lb/>now made convenient enough.</s>
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5439 <s xml:id="echoid-s2246" xml:space="preserve"/>
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5440 </p>
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5441 <pb o="102" file="0178" n="207" rhead="An ESSAY"/>
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5442 <p style="it">
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5443 <s xml:id="echoid-s2247" xml:space="preserve">The firſt of theſe Machines is undoubtedly much <lb/>preferable to the other; </s>
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5444 <s xml:id="echoid-s2248" xml:space="preserve">becauſe it is firmer, and <lb/>renders the Work eaſier and exacter; </s>
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5445 <s xml:id="echoid-s2249" xml:space="preserve">and Prints may <lb/>be eaſier repreſented in it, than in the other. </s>
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5446 <s xml:id="echoid-s2250" xml:space="preserve">Add to <lb/>all this, that with a ſmall Alteration it may be made <lb/>capable of a few Uſes, which are peculiar to <lb/>the ſecond Machine; </s>
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5447 <s xml:id="echoid-s2251" xml:space="preserve">yet ſince this latter one is <lb/>much ſimpler, of a much leſs Price, and is eaſier to <lb/>be carry’d from Place to Place, I thought it conveni-<lb/>ent to lay down alſo its Deſcription in this ſmall <lb/>Tract.</s>
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5448 <s xml:id="echoid-s2252" xml:space="preserve"/>
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5449 </p>
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5450 <p style="it">
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5451 <s xml:id="echoid-s2253" xml:space="preserve">I ſhall not here take up the Reader’s Time in enu-<lb/>merating the Advantages accruing to Painters from <lb/>Machines of this Nature: </s>
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5452 <s xml:id="echoid-s2254" xml:space="preserve">But only add, that they <lb/>are of great Uſe for reducing or leſſening ſeveral ſe-<lb/>parate Objects in the ſame Picture; </s>
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5453 <s xml:id="echoid-s2255" xml:space="preserve">which therefore <lb/>may be copy’d after Nature in the moſt perfect man-<lb/>ner poſſible. </s>
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5454 <s xml:id="echoid-s2256" xml:space="preserve">It is very difficult to give ſeveral Objects <lb/>their true Bigneſs in a Picture, and to diſpoſe them <lb/>ſo as to have the ſame Point of Sight; </s>
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5455 <s xml:id="echoid-s2257" xml:space="preserve">but this is <lb/>done extremely eaſy by means of Machines; </s>
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5456 <s xml:id="echoid-s2258" xml:space="preserve">for the <lb/>Point of Sight in them will be the ſame always, as <lb/>long as the Convex Glaſs has the ſame Diſpoſition, <lb/>and the Bigneſs of the Repreſentations of Objects in <lb/>the Machines, do depend upon the Objects Diſtances <lb/>from them.</s>
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5457 <s xml:id="echoid-s2259" xml:space="preserve"/>
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5458 </p>
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5459 <p style="it">
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5460 <s xml:id="echoid-s2260" xml:space="preserve">This Invention, by Induſtry, may be certainly im-<lb/>prov’d, and the following Obſervations will be not a <lb/>little conducing thereto. </s>
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5461 <s xml:id="echoid-s2261" xml:space="preserve">1. </s>
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5462 <s xml:id="echoid-s2262" xml:space="preserve">You muſt uſe but one <lb/>Convex Glaſs; </s>
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5463 <s xml:id="echoid-s2263" xml:space="preserve">for when there are two or more, the <lb/>true Repreſentations of Objects will be loſt; </s>
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5464 <s xml:id="echoid-s2264" xml:space="preserve">which is <lb/>an Inconveniency one is alſo ſubject to, when a Con-<lb/>cave Glaſs is any ways us’d in the Conſtruction of the <lb/>Machine. </s>
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5465 <s xml:id="echoid-s2265" xml:space="preserve">2. </s>
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5466 <s xml:id="echoid-s2266" xml:space="preserve">When more than two Mirrours or Look-<lb/>ing glaſſes are us’d, the Rays, after having ſuffer’d a <lb/>triple Reflection, are ſo weaken’d, that the Objects <lb/>will not be well repreſented: </s>
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5467 <s xml:id="echoid-s2267" xml:space="preserve">And even when but two <lb/>Mirrours are us’d, they muſt be well poliſh’d 3. </s>
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5468 <s xml:id="echoid-s2268" xml:space="preserve">The
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5469 <pb o="103" file="0179" n="208" rhead="on PERSPECTIVE."/>
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5470 Mirrours muſt not be plac’d within the Machine; </s>
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5471 <s xml:id="echoid-s2269" xml:space="preserve">for <lb/>in ſuch a cloſe Place, ones Breath will ſully them; </s>
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5472 <s xml:id="echoid-s2270" xml:space="preserve">but <lb/>not the Convex Glaſs, becauſe it is encloſed in a <lb/>Tube.</s>
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5473 <s xml:id="echoid-s2271" xml:space="preserve"/>
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5474 </p>
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5475 <figure>
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5476 <image file="0179-01" xlink:href="http://echo.mpiwg-berlin.mpg.de/zogilib?fn=/permanent/library/xxxxxxxx/figures/0179-01"/>
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5477 </figure>
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5478 </div>
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5479 <div xml:id="echoid-div364" type="section" level="1" n="197">
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5480 <head xml:id="echoid-head214" style="it" xml:space="preserve">The Uſe of the <emph style="sc">Camera</emph> <emph style="sc">Obscura</emph> <lb/>in Deſigning.</head>
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5481 <head xml:id="echoid-head215" xml:space="preserve"><emph style="sc">Definition</emph>.</head>
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5482 <p style="it">
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5483 <s xml:id="echoid-s2272" xml:space="preserve">1. </s>
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5484 <s xml:id="echoid-s2273" xml:space="preserve">ACamera Obſcura is any dark Place, in which <lb/>outward Objects expoſed to Broad-Day-light, <lb/>are repreſented upon Paper, or any other white <lb/>Body.</s>
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5485 <s xml:id="echoid-s2274" xml:space="preserve"/>
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5486 </p>
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5487 <p>
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5488 <s xml:id="echoid-s2275" xml:space="preserve">The Way to repreſent Objects in the Camera <lb/>Obſcura, is to make a ſinall Hole in that ſide <lb/>thereof next to the Objects, and place a Convex-<lb/>Glaſs therein, then if a Sheet of Paper be ex-<lb/>tended in the Focus of the ſaid Glaſs, the Objects <lb/>will appear inverted upon the Paper.</s>
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5489 <s xml:id="echoid-s2276" xml:space="preserve"/>
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5490 </p>
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5491 </div>
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5492 <div xml:id="echoid-div365" type="section" level="1" n="198">
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5493 <head xml:id="echoid-head216" xml:space="preserve"><emph style="sc">Theorem</emph> I.</head>
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5494 <p style="it">
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5495 <s xml:id="echoid-s2277" xml:space="preserve">2. </s>
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5496 <s xml:id="echoid-s2278" xml:space="preserve">The Camera Obſcura gives the true Repreſen-<lb/>tation of Objects.</s>
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5497 <s xml:id="echoid-s2279" xml:space="preserve"/>
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5498 </p>
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5499 <p>
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5500 <s xml:id="echoid-s2280" xml:space="preserve">The Figures repreſented in the Camera Obſcura <lb/>are form’d (as is demonſtrated in Dioptricks) <lb/>by Rays which coming from all the Points of the <lb/>Objects, paſs through the Centre of the Glaſs: <lb/></s>
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5501 <s xml:id="echoid-s2281" xml:space="preserve">So that an Eye placed in the ſaid Centre, would <lb/>perceive the Objects by the ſaid Rays, which <lb/>conſequently by their Interſection with a Plane, <lb/>muſt give the true Repreſentation of the Objects. </s>
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5502 <s xml:id="echoid-s2282" xml:space="preserve"><lb/>But the Pyramid which the ſaid Rays forms with-
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5503 <pb o="104" file="0180" n="209" rhead="An ESSAY on"/>
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5504 out the Camera Obſcura, is ſimilar to that which <lb/>they form, after having paſſed through the Glaſs: <lb/></s>
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5505 <s xml:id="echoid-s2283" xml:space="preserve">Therefore the Rays which fall upon the Paper in <lb/>the Camera Obſcura, likewiſe give the true Re-<lb/>preſentation of the Objects thereon. </s>
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5506 <s xml:id="echoid-s2284" xml:space="preserve">Which was <lb/>to be demouſtrated.</s>
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5507 <s xml:id="echoid-s2285" xml:space="preserve"/>
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5508 </p>
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5509 <p>
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5510 <s xml:id="echoid-s2286" xml:space="preserve">Theſe Objects appear inverted, becauſe the <lb/>Rays croſs each other in paſſing through the Glaſs; <lb/></s>
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5511 <s xml:id="echoid-s2287" xml:space="preserve">thoſe coming from above going below, &amp;</s>
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5512 <s xml:id="echoid-s2288" xml:space="preserve">c.</s>
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5513 <s xml:id="echoid-s2289" xml:space="preserve"/>
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5514 </p>
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5515 </div>
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5516 <div xml:id="echoid-div366" type="section" level="1" n="199">
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5517 <head xml:id="echoid-head217" xml:space="preserve"><emph style="sc">Theorem</emph> II.</head>
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5518 <p style="it">
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5519 <s xml:id="echoid-s2290" xml:space="preserve">3. </s>
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5520 <s xml:id="echoid-s2291" xml:space="preserve">The Reflection which the Rays of Light ſuffer <lb/>upon a plain Mirrour or Speculum, before they fall <lb/>upon a Convex Glaſs, no-wiſe deforms the Repreſen-<lb/>tation of Objects.</s>
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5521 <s xml:id="echoid-s2292" xml:space="preserve"/>
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5522 </p>
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5523 <p>
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5524 <s xml:id="echoid-s2293" xml:space="preserve">This is evident: </s>
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5525 <s xml:id="echoid-s2294" xml:space="preserve">For the Speculum reflects the <lb/>Rays in the ſame Order as it receives them.</s>
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5526 <s xml:id="echoid-s2295" xml:space="preserve"/>
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5527 </p>
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5528 <p>
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5529 <s xml:id="echoid-s2296" xml:space="preserve">Now to ſhew the Uſe that may be drawn from <lb/>the Camera Obſcura in Deſigning, I ſhall here lay <lb/>down the Deſcription and Uſe of Two Machines, <lb/>which I uſe for this End.</s>
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5530 <s xml:id="echoid-s2297" xml:space="preserve"/>
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5531 </p>
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5532 </div>
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5533 <div xml:id="echoid-div367" type="section" level="1" n="200">
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5534 <head xml:id="echoid-head218" style="it" xml:space="preserve">The Deſcription of the Firſt Machine.</head>
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5535 <p>
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5536 <s xml:id="echoid-s2298" xml:space="preserve">4. </s>
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5537 <s xml:id="echoid-s2299" xml:space="preserve">This Machine is ſomething in Figure of a <lb/>Chair, (ſuch as People are carried in) the back Part <lb/>of the Top is rounded, and its Foreſide P Q ſwells <lb/>out in the middle: </s>
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5538 <s xml:id="echoid-s2300" xml:space="preserve">Vide Fig. </s>
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5539 <s xml:id="echoid-s2301" xml:space="preserve">70. </s>
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5540 <s xml:id="echoid-s2302" xml:space="preserve">which repreſents <lb/>
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5541 <anchor type="note" xlink:label="note-0180-01a" xlink:href="note-0180-01"/>
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5542 the Machine, the Side whereof oppoſite to the <lb/>Door, is ſuppoſed to be raiſed up, that ſo its In-<lb/>ſide may be ſeen.</s>
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5543 <s xml:id="echoid-s2303" xml:space="preserve"/>
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5544 </p>
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5545 <div xml:id="echoid-div367" type="float" level="2" n="1">
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5546 <note position="left" xlink:label="note-0180-01" xlink:href="note-0180-01a" xml:space="preserve">Fig. 70.</note>
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5547 </div>
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5548 <p>
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5549 <s xml:id="echoid-s2304" xml:space="preserve">5. </s>
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5550 <s xml:id="echoid-s2305" xml:space="preserve">The Board A within-ſide, ſerves as a Ta-<lb/>ble, and turns upon two Iron-pins, going into <lb/>the Wood of the Fore-ſide of the Machine, and is <lb/>ſuſtain’d by two ſmall Chains, that ſo the ſaid <lb/>Table may be lifted up; </s>
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5551 <s xml:id="echoid-s2306" xml:space="preserve">and therefore one may
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5552 <pb o="105" file="0181" n="210" rhead="PERSPECTIVE."/>
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5553 more conveniently go in at the Door in the Side <lb/>of the Machine.</s>
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5554 <s xml:id="echoid-s2307" xml:space="preserve"/>
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5555 </p>
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5556 <p>
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5557 <s xml:id="echoid-s2308" xml:space="preserve">6. </s>
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5558 <s xml:id="echoid-s2309" xml:space="preserve">There are two Tin-Tubes bent at each End, <lb/>(one of which is repreſented in Fig. </s>
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5559 <s xml:id="echoid-s2310" xml:space="preserve">76. </s>
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diff changeset
5560 <s xml:id="echoid-s2311" xml:space="preserve">becauſe <lb/>they could not be ſhewn in the Figure of the <lb/>Machine) placed in the Furniture, near the <lb/>Back-ſide of the Machine, each having one End <lb/>without the Machine. </s>
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diff changeset
5561 <s xml:id="echoid-s2312" xml:space="preserve">Theſe Tubes ſerve to give <lb/>Air to Perſons ſhut up in the Machine, yet ſo, <lb/>that no Light may enter through them.</s>
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5562 <s xml:id="echoid-s2313" xml:space="preserve"/>
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diff changeset
5563 </p>
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diff changeset
5564 <p>
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diff changeset
5565 <s xml:id="echoid-s2314" xml:space="preserve">7. </s>
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diff changeset
5566 <s xml:id="echoid-s2315" xml:space="preserve">At the Places c, c, c, c, on the Out-ſide of <lb/>the Back-part of the Machine, are four Iron-Sta-<lb/>ples, in which ſlide two Wooden Rulers D E, D E, <lb/>about 3 Inches broad, having two other thin <lb/>Rulers going through holes made at their Tops, at <lb/>the Places D, D, to which thin Rulers the Board <lb/>F is fixed; </s>
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diff changeset
5567 <s xml:id="echoid-s2316" xml:space="preserve">and ſo by this Means the ſaid Board <lb/>may be vertically moved backwards or for-<lb/>wards.</s>
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diff changeset
5568 <s xml:id="echoid-s2317" xml:space="preserve"/>
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diff changeset
5569 </p>
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diff changeset
5570 <p>
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diff changeset
5571 <s xml:id="echoid-s2318" xml:space="preserve">8. </s>
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diff changeset
5572 <s xml:id="echoid-s2319" xml:space="preserve">On the Top of the Machine, there is a <lb/>Board about 15 Inches long, and 9 Inches broad, <lb/>having an hole PMOQ quite through it, about <lb/>9 or 10 Inches long, and four Inches broad.</s>
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diff changeset
5573 <s xml:id="echoid-s2320" xml:space="preserve"/>
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diff changeset
5574 </p>
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diff changeset
5575 <p>
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diff changeset
5576 <s xml:id="echoid-s2321" xml:space="preserve">9. </s>
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5577 <s xml:id="echoid-s2322" xml:space="preserve">Upon the aforeſaid Board are fix’d two Dove-<lb/>tail’d Rulers, between which another Board ſlides <lb/>of the ſame Length as that, and whoſe breadth is <lb/>about 6 Inches. </s>
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5578 <s xml:id="echoid-s2323" xml:space="preserve">In the middle of this ſecond <lb/>Board is a round Hole about three Inches Diame-<lb/>ter, hollowed into a female Screw, in which is <lb/>fitted a Cylinder about four Inches long, which <lb/>carries the Convex Glaſs; </s>
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5579 <s xml:id="echoid-s2324" xml:space="preserve">Of which more here-<lb/>after.</s>
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diff changeset
5580 <s xml:id="echoid-s2325" xml:space="preserve"/>
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5581 </p>
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diff changeset
5582 <p>
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5583 <s xml:id="echoid-s2326" xml:space="preserve">10 The Figure X is a ſquare Box about 7 or <lb/>8 Inches broad, and 10 in height, which ſlides <lb/>upon the plain Board mentioned in Numb. </s>
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5584 <s xml:id="echoid-s2327" xml:space="preserve">8. </s>
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5585 <s xml:id="echoid-s2328" xml:space="preserve">the <lb/>Side B ſerving as a Door, is next to the fore-ſide <lb/>of the Machine, as it appears in the Figure; </s>
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5586 <s xml:id="echoid-s2329" xml:space="preserve">and
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5587 <pb o="106" file="0182" n="211" rhead="An ESSAY"/>
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5588 the Back-ſide thereof hath in it a Square ope-<lb/>ning N, each Side being about four Inches in <lb/>Length, which may be ſhut by the little Board I <lb/>ſliding between two Rulers.</s>
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5589 <s xml:id="echoid-s2330" xml:space="preserve"/>
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5590 </p>
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5591 <p>
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5592 <s xml:id="echoid-s2331" xml:space="preserve">11. </s>
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5593 <s xml:id="echoid-s2332" xml:space="preserve">Overthe ſaid Square opening, there is a Slit <lb/>parallel to the Horizon, going along the whole <lb/>Breadth of the Back-ſide of the Box; </s>
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5594 <s xml:id="echoid-s2333" xml:space="preserve">through <lb/>which Slit, a little Mirrour or Looking-Glaſs is to <lb/>be put into the Box, whoſe two Sides may ſlide be-<lb/>tween two Rulers ſo placed, that the poliſhed <lb/>Side of the Glaſs being turn’d towards the Door <lb/>B, may make an Angle of 112 {1/2} Degrees, with <lb/>the Horizon. </s>
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5595 <s xml:id="echoid-s2334" xml:space="preserve">Note, This Diſpoſition of the <lb/>Looking-glaſs could not well be repreſented in <lb/>the Figure.</s>
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5596 <s xml:id="echoid-s2335" xml:space="preserve"/>
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5597 </p>
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5598 <p>
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5599 <s xml:id="echoid-s2336" xml:space="preserve">12. </s>
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5600 <s xml:id="echoid-s2337" xml:space="preserve">The before-mention’d Mirrour hath a ſmall <lb/>Iron Plate, on the Middle of that Side which is <lb/>without the Box, (when the ſaid Looking-glaſs <lb/>is in the Diſpoſition mention’d in N. </s>
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5601 <s xml:id="echoid-s2338" xml:space="preserve">11.) </s>
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5602 <s xml:id="echoid-s2339" xml:space="preserve">being the <lb/>Baſe of a Screw faſten’d to the Middle thereof, that <lb/>ſothe Looking-glaſs may be fix’d upright (as appears <lb/>per Figure) in any Place H upon the Top of the <lb/>Machine, and vertically turn all ways; </s>
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5603 <s xml:id="echoid-s2340" xml:space="preserve">and this <lb/>is done by putting the Screw through a Hole <lb/>made in the plain Board of N. </s>
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5604 <s xml:id="echoid-s2341" xml:space="preserve">9. </s>
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5605 <s xml:id="echoid-s2342" xml:space="preserve">and through a <lb/>Slit made for this End in the plain Board of N. </s>
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5606 <s xml:id="echoid-s2343" xml:space="preserve">8. <lb/></s>
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5607 <s xml:id="echoid-s2344" xml:space="preserve">and then fixing it with the Nut R. </s>
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5608 <s xml:id="echoid-s2345" xml:space="preserve">Now when <lb/>the Mirrour is taken from this Situation, the ſaid <lb/>Slit is ſhut by a ſmall Board ſliding between two <lb/>little Rulers within the Machine. </s>
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5609 <s xml:id="echoid-s2346" xml:space="preserve">As to the Slit <lb/>mention’d N. </s>
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5610 <s xml:id="echoid-s2347" xml:space="preserve">11. </s>
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5611 <s xml:id="echoid-s2348" xml:space="preserve">it is partly ſhut by the little <lb/>Board I, when the Aperture N is open’d, and the <lb/>two Ends thereof remaining open’d, are ſhut by <lb/>two ſinall Rulers.</s>
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5612 <s xml:id="echoid-s2349" xml:space="preserve"/>
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5613 </p>
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5614 <p>
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5615 <s xml:id="echoid-s2350" xml:space="preserve">13. </s>
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5616 <s xml:id="echoid-s2351" xml:space="preserve">There are two Iron Staples on one Side of <lb/>the Box, like thoſe which are <anchor type="note" xlink:href="" symbol="*"/> on the Back-ſide
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5617 <anchor type="note" xlink:label="note-0182-01a" xlink:href="note-0182-01"/>
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5618 of the Machine; </s>
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5619 <s xml:id="echoid-s2352" xml:space="preserve">in which a Ruler going ſeveral <lb/>Inches out behind the Box X may ſlide, having
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5620 <pb o="107" file="0183" n="212" rhead="on PERSPECTIVE."/>
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5621 a Hole at its End, through which the above-men-<lb/>tion’d Screw may paſs, and ſo the Mirrour H be <lb/>fixed to any Inclination before the Aperture N.</s>
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5622 <s xml:id="echoid-s2353" xml:space="preserve"/>
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5623 </p>
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5624 <div xml:id="echoid-div368" type="float" level="2" n="2">
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5625 <note symbol="*" position="left" xlink:label="note-0182-01" xlink:href="note-0182-01a" xml:space="preserve">7.</note>
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5626 </div>
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5627 <p>
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5628 <s xml:id="echoid-s2354" xml:space="preserve">14. </s>
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5629 <s xml:id="echoid-s2355" xml:space="preserve">Beſides the Mirrour H, there is another leſſer <lb/>one, L, faſten’d near its Middle to a Ruler going <lb/>out through the Middle of the Top of the Box. <lb/></s>
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5630 <s xml:id="echoid-s2356" xml:space="preserve">This Ruler may Screw on, and ſerves to raiſe or <lb/>lower the Mirrour faſten’d to it, ſo that it may be <lb/>fixed to all Angles of Inclination.</s>
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5631 <s xml:id="echoid-s2357" xml:space="preserve"/>
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5632 </p>
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5633 </div>
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5634 <div xml:id="echoid-div370" type="section" level="1" n="201">
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5635 <head xml:id="echoid-head219" xml:space="preserve"><emph style="sc">Remarks</emph>.</head>
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5636 <p>
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5637 <s xml:id="echoid-s2358" xml:space="preserve">If the Tubes mention’d in N. </s>
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5638 <s xml:id="echoid-s2359" xml:space="preserve">6. </s>
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5639 <s xml:id="echoid-s2360" xml:space="preserve">be not thought <lb/>ſufficient for giving Air to the Machine, a ſmall <lb/>Pair of Bellows may be put under the Seat, <lb/>which may be blown by one’s Foot. </s>
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5640 <s xml:id="echoid-s2361" xml:space="preserve">And by <lb/>this means the Air within the Machine may be <lb/>continually remov’d; </s>
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5641 <s xml:id="echoid-s2362" xml:space="preserve">for the Bellows driving the <lb/>Air out of the Machine, obliges the external Air <lb/>to enter through the Tubes therein.</s>
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5642 <s xml:id="echoid-s2363" xml:space="preserve"/>
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5643 </p>
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5644 </div>
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5645 <div xml:id="echoid-div371" type="section" level="1" n="202">
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5646 <head xml:id="echoid-head220" style="it" xml:space="preserve">Uſe of the Machine.</head>
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5647 <head xml:id="echoid-head221" xml:space="preserve"><emph style="sc">Problem</emph> I.</head>
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5648 <p style="it">
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5649 <s xml:id="echoid-s2364" xml:space="preserve">15. </s>
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5650 <s xml:id="echoid-s2365" xml:space="preserve">To repreſent Objects in their natural Diſpo-<lb/>ſition.</s>
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5651 <s xml:id="echoid-s2366" xml:space="preserve"/>
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5652 </p>
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5653 <p>
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5654 <s xml:id="echoid-s2367" xml:space="preserve">When Objects are to be repreſented within the <lb/>
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5655 <anchor type="note" xlink:label="note-0183-01a" xlink:href="note-0183-01"/>
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diff changeset
5656 Machine, we extend a Sheet of Paper upon the <lb/>Table A; </s>
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5657 <s xml:id="echoid-s2368" xml:space="preserve">or, which is better, we lay a Sheet of <lb/>Paper upon another Board, ſo that it ſpreads be-<lb/>yond the Edges of the Board; </s>
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5658 <s xml:id="echoid-s2369" xml:space="preserve">then we ſqueeze <lb/>the ſaid Paper and Board into a Frame, ſo that <lb/>it be fixed therein by means of two Dove-tail’d <lb/>Rulers. </s>
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5659 <s xml:id="echoid-s2370" xml:space="preserve">This being done, we place a Convex <lb/>Glaſs in the Cylinder C, <anchor type="note" xlink:href="" symbol="*"/> which ſcrews into the
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5660 <anchor type="note" xlink:label="note-0183-02a" xlink:href="note-0183-02"/>
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5661 Top of the Machine, having its Focal Length
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5662 <pb o="108" file="0184" n="213" rhead="An ESSAY"/>
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5663 nearly equal to the Height of the Top of the <lb/>Machine above the Table: </s>
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5664 <s xml:id="echoid-s2371" xml:space="preserve">Then we open the <lb/>Aperture N at the Back-part of the Box upon the <lb/>Machine; </s>
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5665 <s xml:id="echoid-s2372" xml:space="preserve">and incline the Mirrour L, ſo as to make <lb/>an Angle of 45 deg. </s>
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5666 <s xml:id="echoid-s2373" xml:space="preserve">with the Horizon, when Ob-<lb/>jects are to be repreſented for the perpendicular <lb/>Picture. </s>
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5667 <s xml:id="echoid-s2374" xml:space="preserve">Then, if the Mirrour H be taken away, <lb/>as alſo the Board F, together with the two Ru-<lb/>lers D E and D E, we ſhall perceive the Repre-<lb/>ſentation upon the Sheet of Paper on the Table <lb/>A, of all Objects, whoſe Rays falling upon the <lb/>Looking-glaſs L, can be thereby reflected upon <lb/>the Convex Glaſs; </s>
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5668 <s xml:id="echoid-s2375" xml:space="preserve">which Convex Glaſs muſt be <lb/>rais’d or lower’d, by means of the Screw about <lb/>the Cylinder carrying it, until the ſaid Objects <lb/>appear entirely diſtinct.</s>
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5669 <s xml:id="echoid-s2376" xml:space="preserve"/>
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5670 </p>
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5671 <div xml:id="echoid-div371" type="float" level="2" n="1">
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5672 <note position="right" xlink:label="note-0183-01" xlink:href="note-0183-01a" xml:space="preserve">Fig. 70.</note>
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5673 <note symbol="*" position="right" xlink:label="note-0183-02" xlink:href="note-0183-02a" xml:space="preserve">9.</note>
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5674 </div>
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5675 <p>
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5676 <s xml:id="echoid-s2377" xml:space="preserve">16. </s>
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5677 <s xml:id="echoid-s2378" xml:space="preserve">When the ſame Objects are requir’d to be <lb/>repreſented for the inclin’d Picture, the Looking-<lb/>glaſs L muſt have half the Inclination we would <lb/>give to the Picture.</s>
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5678 <s xml:id="echoid-s2379" xml:space="preserve"/>
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5679 </p>
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5680 <p>
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5681 <s xml:id="echoid-s2380" xml:space="preserve">17. </s>
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5682 <s xml:id="echoid-s2381" xml:space="preserve">When the ſaid Objects are to be repreſent-<lb/>ed upon the Picture being parallel, the Aperture <lb/>N muſt be ſhut, and the Door B open’d; </s>
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5683 <s xml:id="echoid-s2382" xml:space="preserve">then <lb/>the Mirrour H muſt be rais’d to the Top of the <lb/>Box, in putting it in a Situation parallel to the <lb/>Horizon. </s>
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5684 <s xml:id="echoid-s2383" xml:space="preserve">This Diſpoſition of the Machine may <lb/>ferve when one is upon a Balcony, or ſome <lb/>other high Place; </s>
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5685 <s xml:id="echoid-s2384" xml:space="preserve">to deſign a Parterre under-<lb/>neath.</s>
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5686 <s xml:id="echoid-s2385" xml:space="preserve"/>
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5687 </p>
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5688 <p>
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5689 <s xml:id="echoid-s2386" xml:space="preserve">18. </s>
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5690 <s xml:id="echoid-s2387" xml:space="preserve">If we have a mind to deſign a Statue <lb/>ſtanding in a Place ſomething elevated, and it is <lb/>requir’d to be ſo repreſented, as to be painted <lb/>againſt a Cieling; </s>
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5691 <s xml:id="echoid-s2388" xml:space="preserve">the Back-ſide of the Machine <lb/>muſt be turned towards the Statue, and the Box <lb/>X ſo turned, that the Door B may face the Sta-<lb/>tue; </s>
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5692 <s xml:id="echoid-s2389" xml:space="preserve">then, the Door being open’d, the Looking-<lb/>glaſs L muſt be placed vertically, with its po-<lb/>liſh’d Side towards the Statue; </s>
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5693 <s xml:id="echoid-s2390" xml:space="preserve">and the Box mo-
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5694 <pb o="109" file="0185" n="214" rhead="on PERSPECTIVE."/>
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5695 ved backwards or forwards, or elſe the Looking-<lb/>glaſs raiſed or lower’d, until the Rays proceed-<lb/>ing from the Statue may be reflected by the Mir-<lb/>rour upon the Convex Glaſs. </s>
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5696 <s xml:id="echoid-s2391" xml:space="preserve">When theſe Alte-<lb/>rations of the Box, or Mirrour, are not ſufficient to <lb/>throw the Rays upon the Convex Glafs, the whole <lb/>Machine muſt be removed backwards or for-<lb/>wards.</s>
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5697 <s xml:id="echoid-s2392" xml:space="preserve"/>
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5698 </p>
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5699 </div>
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5700 <div xml:id="echoid-div373" type="section" level="1" n="203">
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5701 <head xml:id="echoid-head222" xml:space="preserve"><emph style="sc">Demonstration</emph>.</head>
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5702 <head xml:id="echoid-head223" style="it" xml:space="preserve">Concerning the before-mention’d Inclination of the <lb/>Mirrours.</head>
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5703 <p>
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5704 <s xml:id="echoid-s2393" xml:space="preserve">19. </s>
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5705 <s xml:id="echoid-s2394" xml:space="preserve">In order to demonſtrate, that the Mirrour <lb/>L hath been conveniently inclin’d, we need on-<lb/>ly prove, that the reflected Rays fall upon the <lb/>Table A under the ſame Angle, as the direct <lb/>Rays do upon a Plane, having the ſame Situation <lb/>as one would give to the Picture.</s>
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5706 <s xml:id="echoid-s2395" xml:space="preserve"/>
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5707 </p>
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5708 <p>
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5709 <s xml:id="echoid-s2396" xml:space="preserve">Now let A B be a Ray falling from a Point of <lb/>
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5710 <anchor type="note" xlink:label="note-0185-01a" xlink:href="note-0185-01"/>
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5711 ſome Object upon the Mirrour G H, and from <lb/>thence is reflected in the Point a upon the Table <lb/>of the Machine: </s>
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5712 <s xml:id="echoid-s2397" xml:space="preserve">We are to demonſtrate, that if <lb/>the Line D I be drawn, making an Angle with <lb/>FE equal to the Inclination of the Picture; </s>
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5713 <s xml:id="echoid-s2398" xml:space="preserve">that <lb/>is, <anchor type="note" xlink:href="" symbol="*"/> if the Angle DIE be the double of the Angle
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5714 <anchor type="note" xlink:label="note-0185-02a" xlink:href="note-0185-02"/>
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5715 D F I; </s>
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5716 <s xml:id="echoid-s2399" xml:space="preserve">I ſay, we are to demonſtrate, that the <lb/>Angle B a f is equal to the Angle BCD.</s>
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5717 <s xml:id="echoid-s2400" xml:space="preserve"/>
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5718 </p>
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5719 <div xml:id="echoid-div373" type="float" level="2" n="1">
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5720 <note position="right" xlink:label="note-0185-01" xlink:href="note-0185-01a" xml:space="preserve">Fig. 71.</note>
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5721 <note symbol="*" position="right" xlink:label="note-0185-02" xlink:href="note-0185-02a" xml:space="preserve">15, 16.</note>
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5722 </div>
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5723 <p>
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5724 <s xml:id="echoid-s2401" xml:space="preserve">The Angle DIE, by Conſtruction, is the double <lb/>of the Angle DFI; </s>
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diff changeset
5725 <s xml:id="echoid-s2402" xml:space="preserve">and conſequently this laſt Angle <lb/>is equal to the Angle I D F; </s>
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5726 <s xml:id="echoid-s2403" xml:space="preserve">and ſince the Angle <lb/>of Incidence C B D is equal to the Angle of Re-<lb/>flection a B F, the Triangle BCD is ſimilar to <lb/>the Triangle F a B: </s>
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5727 <s xml:id="echoid-s2404" xml:space="preserve">Whence it follows, that the <lb/>Angle Ba F is equal to the Angle BCD. </s>
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diff changeset
5728 <s xml:id="echoid-s2405" xml:space="preserve">Which <lb/>was to be demonſtrated.</s>
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5729 <s xml:id="echoid-s2406" xml:space="preserve"/>
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5730 </p>
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diff changeset
5731 <pb o="110" file="0186" n="215" rhead="An ESSAY"/>
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diff changeset
5732 <p>
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5733 <s xml:id="echoid-s2407" xml:space="preserve">20. </s>
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5734 <s xml:id="echoid-s2408" xml:space="preserve">Concerning what hath been ſaid of the <lb/>Picture being parallel, it muſt be obſerv’d, that <lb/>in the precedent Demonſtration, the Angle of <lb/>Inclination of the Picture in this Demonſtration <lb/>is meaſur’d next to the Objects; </s>
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5735 <s xml:id="echoid-s2409" xml:space="preserve">and if this An-<lb/>gle be diminiſh’d till it become nothing, we <lb/>ſhall have a Picture parallel to the Horizon un-<lb/>derneath the Eye. </s>
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5736 <s xml:id="echoid-s2410" xml:space="preserve">But, by the Demonſtration, <lb/>the Inclination of the Mirrour being half the In-<lb/>clination of the Picture, it follows, that the In-<lb/>clination of the Mirrour is alſo equal to nothing, <lb/>and conſequently it ought to be likewiſe parallel <lb/>to the Horizon. </s>
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5737 <s xml:id="echoid-s2411" xml:space="preserve">In the ſame manner we de-<lb/>monſtrate, that the Looking-glaſs muſt be verti-<lb/>cally ſituated, when we conſider the Picture pa-<lb/>rallel above the Eye: </s>
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5738 <s xml:id="echoid-s2412" xml:space="preserve">For to give this Situation <lb/>to the Picture, the Angle of the Inclination of <lb/>the Picture meaſur’d next to the Objects, muſt <lb/>be augmented till it be 180 Degrees, whoſe half <lb/>90 Degrees is conſequently the Inclination of the <lb/>Mirrour.</s>
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5739 <s xml:id="echoid-s2413" xml:space="preserve"/>
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5740 </p>
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5741 </div>
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5742 <div xml:id="echoid-div375" type="section" level="1" n="204">
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5743 <head xml:id="echoid-head224" xml:space="preserve"><emph style="sc">Prob</emph>. II.</head>
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5744 <p style="it">
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5745 <s xml:id="echoid-s2414" xml:space="preserve">22. </s>
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5746 <s xml:id="echoid-s2415" xml:space="preserve">To repreſent Objects, ſo that what appears on <lb/>the right Hand, ought to be on the left.</s>
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5747 <s xml:id="echoid-s2416" xml:space="preserve"/>
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5748 </p>
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diff changeset
5749 <p>
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5750 <s xml:id="echoid-s2417" xml:space="preserve">23. </s>
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5751 <s xml:id="echoid-s2418" xml:space="preserve">Having placed the Box X, in the Situation <lb/>
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5752 <anchor type="note" xlink:label="note-0186-01a" xlink:href="note-0186-01"/>
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diff changeset
5753 as per Figure, the Door B muſt be opened, and <lb/>the Aperture N ſhut; </s>
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5754 <s xml:id="echoid-s2419" xml:space="preserve">then putting the Mirrour H <lb/>in the Diſpoſition mentioned in Numb. </s>
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5755 <s xml:id="echoid-s2420" xml:space="preserve">11. </s>
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5756 <s xml:id="echoid-s2421" xml:space="preserve">raiſe <lb/>up the Mirrour L towards the Top of the Box; <lb/></s>
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5757 <s xml:id="echoid-s2422" xml:space="preserve">and incline it towards the firſt Mirrour, in ſuch <lb/>manner that it makes an Angle with the Hori-<lb/>zon of 22 {1/2} Degrees; </s>
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5758 <s xml:id="echoid-s2423" xml:space="preserve">that is, that the Top of the <lb/>Machine, after a double Reflection, appears ver-<lb/>cal in the Mirrour H.</s>
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5759 <s xml:id="echoid-s2424" xml:space="preserve"/>
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5760 </p>
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5761 <div xml:id="echoid-div375" type="float" level="2" n="1">
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5762 <note position="left" xlink:label="note-0186-01" xlink:href="note-0186-01a" xml:space="preserve">Fig. 70.</note>
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5763 </div>
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5764 <p>
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5765 <s xml:id="echoid-s2425" xml:space="preserve">24. </s>
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5766 <s xml:id="echoid-s2426" xml:space="preserve">Now if Objects are to be repreſented for <lb/>the Picture inclin’d, the Mirrour L muſt make an
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5767 <pb o="111" file="0187" n="216" rhead="on PERSPECTIVE."/>
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5768 Angle with the Horizon, equal to half the <lb/>Inclination of the Picture leſs {1/4} of a right Angle. <lb/></s>
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5769 <s xml:id="echoid-s2427" xml:space="preserve">This Angle is found exactly enough for Practice, <lb/>by inclining the Mirrour L, until the Repreſenta-<lb/>tion of the Top of the Machine, after a double Re-<lb/>flection, appears in the other Mirrour under an <lb/>Angle with the Horizon, equal to the Inclination <lb/>one would give the Picture. </s>
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5770 <s xml:id="echoid-s2428" xml:space="preserve">Note, If the Incli-<lb/>nation of the Picture be leſſer than {1/4} of 90 De-<lb/>grees, the Looking-Glaſs L muſt not be inclin’d <lb/>towards the other, as is directed, <anchor type="note" xlink:href="" symbol="*"/> but the
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5771 <anchor type="note" xlink:label="note-0187-01a" xlink:href="note-0187-01"/>
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diff changeset
5772 contrary Way, in making the Angle of the In-<lb/>clination of the Looking-Glaſs, equal to the <lb/>Difference of the Inclination of the Picture, and <lb/>{1/4} of 90 Degrees.</s>
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5773 <s xml:id="echoid-s2429" xml:space="preserve"/>
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5774 </p>
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5775 <div xml:id="echoid-div376" type="float" level="2" n="2">
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5776 <note symbol="*" position="right" xlink:label="note-0187-01" xlink:href="note-0187-01a" xml:space="preserve">23:<unsure/></note>
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5777 </div>
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5778 <p>
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5779 <s xml:id="echoid-s2430" xml:space="preserve">25. </s>
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5780 <s xml:id="echoid-s2431" xml:space="preserve">When the Objects are to be repreſented <lb/>for a parallel Picture, the Looking-Glaſs L muſt <lb/>be placed in the Diſpoſition of Numb. </s>
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5781 <s xml:id="echoid-s2432" xml:space="preserve">15. </s>
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5782 <s xml:id="echoid-s2433" xml:space="preserve">and <lb/>the Looking-Glaſs H in that mentioned, Numb. <lb/></s>
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5783 <s xml:id="echoid-s2434" xml:space="preserve">13. </s>
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5784 <s xml:id="echoid-s2435" xml:space="preserve">by inclining it towards the Horizon, under an <lb/>Angle of 45 Degrees; </s>
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diff changeset
5785 <s xml:id="echoid-s2436" xml:space="preserve">the poliſhed Side thereof <lb/>facing downwards, when the Picture is ſuppoſed <lb/>underneath the Eye; </s>
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5786 <s xml:id="echoid-s2437" xml:space="preserve">and upwards, when it is <lb/>ſuppoſed above the Eye.</s>
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5787 <s xml:id="echoid-s2438" xml:space="preserve"/>
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5788 </p>
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5789 <p>
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5790 <s xml:id="echoid-s2439" xml:space="preserve">26. </s>
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5791 <s xml:id="echoid-s2440" xml:space="preserve">This Diſpoſition of the Machine may be <lb/>likewiſe uſeſul for inclin’d Pictures, making very <lb/>ſmall Angles with the Horizon; </s>
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5792 <s xml:id="echoid-s2441" xml:space="preserve">in which Caſe, <lb/>the Inclination of one of the Looking-Glaſſes <lb/>muſt be diminiſh’d, by half of the Inclination <lb/>of the Picture.</s>
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5793 <s xml:id="echoid-s2442" xml:space="preserve"/>
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5794 </p>
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diff changeset
5795 <p style="it">
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5796 <s xml:id="echoid-s2443" xml:space="preserve">27. </s>
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5797 <s xml:id="echoid-s2444" xml:space="preserve">A Demonſtration of the Inclination of the <lb/>Mirrours.</s>
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5798 <s xml:id="echoid-s2445" xml:space="preserve"/>
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diff changeset
5799 </p>
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diff changeset
5800 <p>
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5801 <s xml:id="echoid-s2446" xml:space="preserve">We have mentioned, <anchor type="note" xlink:href="" symbol="*"/> that for a perpendicu-
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diff changeset
5802 <anchor type="note" xlink:label="note-0187-02a" xlink:href="note-0187-02"/>
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diff changeset
5803 lar Picture, one of the Mirrours muſt make an <lb/>Angle <anchor type="note" xlink:href="" symbol="*"/> of 112 {1/2} Degrees with the Horizon; </s>
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diff changeset
5804 <s xml:id="echoid-s2447" xml:space="preserve">and
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diff changeset
5805 <anchor type="note" xlink:label="note-0187-03a" xlink:href="note-0187-03"/>
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diff changeset
5806 the other, L, muſt be inclin’d towards the firſt,
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diff changeset
5807 <pb o="112" file="0188" n="217" rhead="An ESSAY"/>
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diff changeset
5808 and make an Angle of 22 {1/2} with the Horizon. <lb/></s>
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diff changeset
5809 <s xml:id="echoid-s2448" xml:space="preserve">Let MN and GH be two Mirrours in the before-<lb/>
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diff changeset
5810 <anchor type="note" xlink:label="note-0188-01a" xlink:href="note-0188-01"/>
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diff changeset
5811 mentioned Situation; </s>
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5812 <s xml:id="echoid-s2449" xml:space="preserve">we are to demonſtrate, <lb/>that if the Ray A B is parallel to the Horizon, <lb/>after being reflected in B and C, it ought to fall <lb/>perpendicularly upon the Machine. </s>
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5813 <s xml:id="echoid-s2450" xml:space="preserve">The Angle <lb/>A B N is <anchor type="note" xlink:href="" symbol="*"/> 112 {1/2} Degrees; </s>
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5814 <s xml:id="echoid-s2451" xml:space="preserve">and conſequently the
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diff changeset
5815 <anchor type="note" xlink:label="note-0188-02a" xlink:href="note-0188-02"/>
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diff changeset
5816 Angle A B M, and its equal, the Angle of Re-<lb/>flection C B G, are each 67 {1/2} Degrees. </s>
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5817 <s xml:id="echoid-s2452" xml:space="preserve">The An-<lb/>gle B P Q, is the Complement of the Angle <lb/>N B A, plus the Angle P Q B, which is <anchor type="note" xlink:href="" symbol="*"/> 22 {1/2} De-
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diff changeset
5818 <anchor type="note" xlink:label="note-0188-03a" xlink:href="note-0188-03"/>
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diff changeset
5819 grees; </s>
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5820 <s xml:id="echoid-s2453" xml:space="preserve">whence the Angle B P Q is 45 Degrees. <lb/></s>
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5821 <s xml:id="echoid-s2454" xml:space="preserve">Again, the Angle PC B is the Complement of <lb/>the two Angles C B P and B PC to 180 Degrees; </s>
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5822 <s xml:id="echoid-s2455" xml:space="preserve"><lb/>and conſequently it is 67 {1/2} Degrees, which is the <lb/>ſame as its equal, the Angle Q C a of Reflection. </s>
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5823 <s xml:id="echoid-s2456" xml:space="preserve"><lb/>And reaſoning after the ſame Manner, the An-<lb/>gle C R Q of the Triangle R C Q, is a right one. </s>
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5824 <s xml:id="echoid-s2457" xml:space="preserve"><lb/>Which was to be demonſtrated.</s>
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5825 <s xml:id="echoid-s2458" xml:space="preserve"/>
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5826 </p>
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5827 <div xml:id="echoid-div377" type="float" level="2" n="3">
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5828 <note symbol="*" position="right" xlink:label="note-0187-02" xlink:href="note-0187-02a" xml:space="preserve">22.</note>
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5829 <note symbol="*" position="right" xlink:label="note-0187-03" xlink:href="note-0187-03a" xml:space="preserve">11.</note>
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5830 <note position="left" xlink:label="note-0188-01" xlink:href="note-0188-01a" xml:space="preserve">Fig. 72.</note>
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5831 <note symbol="*" position="left" xlink:label="note-0188-02" xlink:href="note-0188-02a" xml:space="preserve">11.</note>
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5832 <note symbol="*" position="left" xlink:label="note-0188-03" xlink:href="note-0188-03a" xml:space="preserve">23.</note>
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5833 </div>
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diff changeset
5834 <p>
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5835 <s xml:id="echoid-s2459" xml:space="preserve">28. </s>
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5836 <s xml:id="echoid-s2460" xml:space="preserve">It is not abſolutely neceſſary to give the <lb/>Mirrours the aforeſaid Inclinations; </s>
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5837 <s xml:id="echoid-s2461" xml:space="preserve">for the An-<lb/>gle A B N may be aſſumed at Pleaſure, from <lb/>which muſt be taken an Angle of 135 Degrees, <lb/>to have the Inclination of the Miror G H. </s>
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5838 <s xml:id="echoid-s2462" xml:space="preserve">Ne-<lb/>vertheleſs, the Angles we have determin’d, are <lb/>the moſt advantagious for a perpendicular Pi-<lb/>cture.</s>
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5839 <s xml:id="echoid-s2463" xml:space="preserve"/>
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5840 </p>
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5841 <p>
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5842 <s xml:id="echoid-s2464" xml:space="preserve">29. </s>
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5843 <s xml:id="echoid-s2465" xml:space="preserve">When a Picture is inclin’d, and makes <lb/>
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5844 <anchor type="note" xlink:label="note-0188-04a" xlink:href="note-0188-04"/>
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5845 the Angle D I A with the Horizon, the Mirrour <lb/>M N muſt <anchor type="note" xlink:href="" symbol="*"/> keep its Situation, and the Angle
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5846 <anchor type="note" xlink:label="note-0188-05a" xlink:href="note-0188-05"/>
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diff changeset
5847 C Q R is equal to half the Angle D I A, leſs <lb/>{1/4} of a right Angle: </s>
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5848 <s xml:id="echoid-s2466" xml:space="preserve">Then I ſay, the Angle <lb/>FaC, or its equal C R Q, will be equal to the <lb/>Angle B I D. </s>
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5849 <s xml:id="echoid-s2467" xml:space="preserve">Now the Angle P B Q, is <anchor type="note" xlink:href="" symbol="*"/> 112 {1/2}.</s>
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5850 <s xml:id="echoid-s2468" xml:space="preserve">
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5851 <anchor type="note" xlink:label="note-0188-06a" xlink:href="note-0188-06"/>
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5852 Degrees; </s>
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5853 <s xml:id="echoid-s2469" xml:space="preserve">whence the Angle B P Q, which is the <lb/>Complement of P B Q, and P Q B to two right <lb/>Angles, is <anchor type="note" xlink:href="" symbol="*"/> 90 Degrees, leſs the half of the An-
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5854 <anchor type="note" xlink:label="note-0188-07a" xlink:href="note-0188-07"/>
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diff changeset
5855 gle D I A: </s>
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5856 <s xml:id="echoid-s2470" xml:space="preserve">Wherefore becauſe N B C is 67 {1/2} the
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5857 <pb o="113" file="0189" n="218" rhead="on PERSPECTIVE."/>
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5858 Angle B C P, and its equal R C Q, is 22 {1/2} plus <lb/>{1/2} of D I A. </s>
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5859 <s xml:id="echoid-s2471" xml:space="preserve">Now if the Angle R Q C be added <lb/>to this Angle, their Sum will be equal to the An-<lb/>gle D I A; </s>
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5860 <s xml:id="echoid-s2472" xml:space="preserve">whence it follows, that the Angle <lb/>C R Q is equal to D I R. </s>
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5861 <s xml:id="echoid-s2473" xml:space="preserve">Which was to be demon-<lb/>ſtrated.</s>
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5862 <s xml:id="echoid-s2474" xml:space="preserve"/>
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5863 </p>
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diff changeset
5864 <div xml:id="echoid-div378" type="float" level="2" n="4">
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5865 <note position="left" xlink:label="note-0188-04" xlink:href="note-0188-04a" xml:space="preserve">Fig. 73.</note>
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5866 <note symbol="*" position="left" xlink:label="note-0188-05" xlink:href="note-0188-05a" xml:space="preserve">24.</note>
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5867 <note symbol="*" position="left" xlink:label="note-0188-06" xlink:href="note-0188-06a" xml:space="preserve">11.</note>
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5868 <note symbol="*" position="left" xlink:label="note-0188-07" xlink:href="note-0188-07a" xml:space="preserve">27.</note>
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5869 </div>
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5870 <p>
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5871 <s xml:id="echoid-s2475" xml:space="preserve">30. </s>
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5872 <s xml:id="echoid-s2476" xml:space="preserve">If the Angle R B N be alter’d, and it be <lb/>called a, the Angle D I A, b, and the right An-<lb/>gle d; </s>
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5873 <s xml:id="echoid-s2477" xml:space="preserve">then the Angle C Q R = d + {1/2} b — a.</s>
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5874 <s xml:id="echoid-s2478" xml:space="preserve"/>
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5875 </p>
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5876 <p>
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5877 <s xml:id="echoid-s2479" xml:space="preserve">31. </s>
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5878 <s xml:id="echoid-s2480" xml:space="preserve">When a Picture is parallel, it appears ma-<lb/>
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5879 <anchor type="note" xlink:label="note-0189-01a" xlink:href="note-0189-01"/>
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5880 nifeſt, the Mirrours GH and M N being each in-<lb/>clin’d under an Angle of 45 Degrees, that a Ray, <lb/>which is perpendicular to the Horizon, likewiſe <lb/>falls, after a double Reflection, perpendicularly <lb/>upon the Table A.</s>
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5881 <s xml:id="echoid-s2481" xml:space="preserve"/>
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5882 </p>
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5883 <div xml:id="echoid-div379" type="float" level="2" n="5">
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5884 <note position="right" xlink:label="note-0189-01" xlink:href="note-0189-01a" xml:space="preserve">Fig. 74.</note>
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5885 </div>
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5886 </div>
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5887 <div xml:id="echoid-div381" type="section" level="1" n="205">
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5888 <head xml:id="echoid-head225" xml:space="preserve"><emph style="sc">Prop</emph>. III.</head>
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5889 <p style="it">
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5890 <s xml:id="echoid-s2482" xml:space="preserve">32. </s>
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5891 <s xml:id="echoid-s2483" xml:space="preserve">To repreſent Objects which are roun’d about <lb/>the Machine, and make them appear erect to the Per-<lb/>ſon ſeated within the ſame.</s>
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5892 <s xml:id="echoid-s2484" xml:space="preserve"/>
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5893 </p>
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5894 <p>
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5895 <s xml:id="echoid-s2485" xml:space="preserve">The Back-ſide of the Machine muſt be turned <lb/>towards the Sun, and the Objects behind the <lb/>ſame repreſented <anchor type="note" xlink:href="" symbol="*"/> by one Reflection only; </s>
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5896 <s xml:id="echoid-s2486" xml:space="preserve">then
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diff changeset
5897 <anchor type="note" xlink:label="note-0189-02a" xlink:href="note-0189-02"/>
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5898 their Appearance will always be clearer, altho <lb/>they be in the Shade, than the Appearance of the <lb/>Objects on the other Sides of the Machine, which <lb/>cannot be perceiv’d unleſs by a double Refle-<lb/>ction.</s>
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5899 <s xml:id="echoid-s2487" xml:space="preserve"/>
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5900 </p>
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diff changeset
5901 <div xml:id="echoid-div381" type="float" level="2" n="1">
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5902 <note symbol="*" position="right" xlink:label="note-0189-02" xlink:href="note-0189-02a" xml:space="preserve">15.</note>
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5903 </div>
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5904 <p>
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5905 <s xml:id="echoid-s2488" xml:space="preserve">33. </s>
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5906 <s xml:id="echoid-s2489" xml:space="preserve">The Objects that are on the right and left <lb/>
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5907 <anchor type="note" xlink:label="note-0189-03a" xlink:href="note-0189-03"/>
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5908 of the Machine, may be repreſented by means <lb/>of the Mirrour H, ſituated <anchor type="note" xlink:href="" symbol="*"/> as per Figure; </s>
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5909 <s xml:id="echoid-s2490" xml:space="preserve">but the
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diff changeset
5910 <anchor type="note" xlink:label="note-0189-04a" xlink:href="note-0189-04"/>
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5911 ſaid Mirrour muſt be cover’d with a Paſtboard Caſe, <lb/>having two Apertures therein; </s>
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5912 <s xml:id="echoid-s2491" xml:space="preserve">the one next to <lb/>the Objects, and the other next to the Aperture <lb/>N, of the Box X. </s>
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5913 <s xml:id="echoid-s2492" xml:space="preserve">The Reaſon of our uſing this <lb/>@recaution is, becauſe when the Mirrour is not co-<lb/>ver’d at all, it reflects the Rays of Light coming
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5914 <pb o="114" file="0190" n="219" rhead="An ESSAY"/>
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5915 Side-ways upon the Mirrour L, which being again <lb/>reflected by the ſaid Mirrour L, and going through <lb/>the Convex Glaſs, extremely weakens the Repre-<lb/>ſentation.</s>
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5916 <s xml:id="echoid-s2493" xml:space="preserve"/>
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5917 </p>
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5918 <div xml:id="echoid-div382" type="float" level="2" n="2">
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5919 <note position="right" xlink:label="note-0189-03" xlink:href="note-0189-03a" xml:space="preserve">Fig. 70.</note>
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5920 <note symbol="*" position="right" xlink:label="note-0189-04" xlink:href="note-0189-04a" xml:space="preserve">12.</note>
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5921 </div>
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5922 <p>
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5923 <s xml:id="echoid-s2494" xml:space="preserve">34. </s>
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5924 <s xml:id="echoid-s2495" xml:space="preserve">The Objects before the Machine are re-<lb/>preſented according to N. </s>
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5925 <s xml:id="echoid-s2496" xml:space="preserve">22, and 28.</s>
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5926 <s xml:id="echoid-s2497" xml:space="preserve"/>
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5927 </p>
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5928 </div>
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5929 <div xml:id="echoid-div384" type="section" level="1" n="206">
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5930 <head xml:id="echoid-head226" xml:space="preserve"><emph style="sc">Problem</emph> IV.</head>
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5931 <p style="it">
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5932 <s xml:id="echoid-s2498" xml:space="preserve">35. </s>
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5933 <s xml:id="echoid-s2499" xml:space="preserve">To repreſent Pictures or Prints.</s>
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5934 <s xml:id="echoid-s2500" xml:space="preserve"/>
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5935 </p>
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5936 <p>
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5937 <s xml:id="echoid-s2501" xml:space="preserve">If we have a mind to repreſent Pictures and <lb/>
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5938 <anchor type="note" xlink:label="note-0190-01a" xlink:href="note-0190-01"/>
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5939 Prints, they muſt be faſten’d againſt the Board <lb/>F on that Side, regarding the Back of the Ma-<lb/>chine, which muſt be ſo turned, that the Pictures <lb/>be expoſed to the Sun. </s>
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5940 <s xml:id="echoid-s2502" xml:space="preserve">Then they are repreſent-<lb/>ed in this Situation as <anchor type="note" xlink:href="" symbol="*"/> the other Objects, but
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5941 <anchor type="note" xlink:label="note-0190-02a" xlink:href="note-0190-02"/>
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5942 with this Difference, that the Convex Glaſs in the <lb/>Cylinder C muſt be changed: </s>
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5943 <s xml:id="echoid-s2503" xml:space="preserve">For if Prints are <lb/>requir’d to have their true Bigneſs, the focal Di-<lb/>ſtance of the Convex Glaſs muſt be equal to half <lb/>the Height of the Machine above the Table; <lb/></s>
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5944 <s xml:id="echoid-s2504" xml:space="preserve">that is, equal to half A C. </s>
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5945 <s xml:id="echoid-s2505" xml:space="preserve">Again, if the ſaid <lb/>Pictures or Prints are requir’d to be repreſented <lb/>greater than they really are, the focal Diſtance <lb/>of the Convex Glaſs muſt ſtill be leſſer. </s>
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5946 <s xml:id="echoid-s2506" xml:space="preserve">And <lb/>if, on the contrary, they are to be repreſented <lb/>leſſer than they really are, the focal Length of <lb/>the Glaſs muſt be greater than the Length A C. </s>
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5947 <s xml:id="echoid-s2507" xml:space="preserve"><lb/>Moreover, the proper Diſtance whereat the Pi-<lb/>ctures or Prints muſt be placed, may be found <lb/>in ſliding the Board F backwards or forwards, <lb/>until they diſtinctly appear within the Machine. </s>
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5948 <s xml:id="echoid-s2508" xml:space="preserve"><lb/>This Diſtance alſo may be determin’d by the <lb/>following Proportion:</s>
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5949 <s xml:id="echoid-s2509" xml:space="preserve"/>
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5950 </p>
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5951 <div xml:id="echoid-div384" type="float" level="2" n="1">
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5952 <note position="left" xlink:label="note-0190-01" xlink:href="note-0190-01a" xml:space="preserve">Fig. 70.</note>
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5953 <note symbol="*" position="left" xlink:label="note-0190-02" xlink:href="note-0190-02a" xml:space="preserve">15.</note>
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5954 </div>
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5955 </div>
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5956 <div xml:id="echoid-div386" type="section" level="1" n="207">
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5957 <head xml:id="echoid-head227" style="it" xml:space="preserve">As the Machine’s Height above the Table, leſs the <lb/>Glaſs’s focal Length, <lb/>is to</head>
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5958 <pb o="115" file="0191" n="220" rhead="on PERSPECTIVE."/>
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5959 </div>
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5960 <div xml:id="echoid-div387" type="section" level="1" n="208">
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5961 <head xml:id="echoid-head228" style="it" xml:space="preserve">The Height of the Machine above the Table; <lb/>So is <lb/>The Glaſſes focal Length, <lb/>to the <lb/>Diſtance of the Figure from the Glaſs.</head>
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5962 <p>
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5963 <s xml:id="echoid-s2510" xml:space="preserve">Note, The ſaid Diſtance of the Convex Glaſs <lb/>from the Figure, is meaſured by a Ray, pro-<lb/>ceeding from the Figure parallel to the Horizon, <lb/>which is perpendicularly reflected upon the Con-<lb/>vex Glaſs, by the Mirrour. </s>
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5964 <s xml:id="echoid-s2511" xml:space="preserve">Note, Moreover, that <lb/>when we have a Mind to place the Figures out <lb/>beyond the Back-ſide of the Machine, they muſt <lb/>be faſtned againſt the Side F of the Board, which <lb/>muſt be ſo turned, that the ſaid Side be next to <lb/>the Aperture N.</s>
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5965 <s xml:id="echoid-s2512" xml:space="preserve"/>
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5966 </p>
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5967 </div>
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5968 <div xml:id="echoid-div388" type="section" level="1" n="209">
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5969 <head xml:id="echoid-head229" style="it" xml:space="preserve">37 Remarks concerning the Repreſentation of Per-<lb/>ſons Faces.</head>
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5970 <p>
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5971 <s xml:id="echoid-s2513" xml:space="preserve">It is certainly very curious and uſeful to de-<lb/>ſign Perſons Faces to the Life; </s>
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5972 <s xml:id="echoid-s2514" xml:space="preserve">which by this <lb/>Machine, may be very well done in Miniature: <lb/></s>
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5973 <s xml:id="echoid-s2515" xml:space="preserve">For if the Face of any known Perſon be thus re-<lb/>preſented, by only looking at the Appearance, <lb/>we may very readily know whoſe Face it is, <lb/>when at the ſame time the Appearance of the <lb/>Whole Perſon will not take up half an Inch <lb/>upon the Paper on the Table: </s>
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5974 <s xml:id="echoid-s2516" xml:space="preserve">But it is very dif-<lb/>ficult to repreſent a Face diſtinctly as big as the <lb/>Life; </s>
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5975 <s xml:id="echoid-s2517" xml:space="preserve">for when we would repreſent a Face in its <lb/>natural Bigneſs, ſuch a Convex Glaſs as is men-<lb/>tioned in Numb. </s>
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5976 <s xml:id="echoid-s2518" xml:space="preserve">35. </s>
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5977 <s xml:id="echoid-s2519" xml:space="preserve">muſt be uſed, and the Face <lb/>placed where the Board F is <anchor type="note" xlink:href="" symbol="*"/>. </s>
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5978 <s xml:id="echoid-s2520" xml:space="preserve">But the ſaid
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5979 <anchor type="note" xlink:label="note-0191-01a" xlink:href="note-0191-01"/>
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5980 Face which then appears diſtinct enough, that ſo <lb/>the Perſon whereof it is the Repreſentation may <lb/>thereby be known, hath not its Lineaments ſuffi-<lb/>ciently enough repreſented, as to be followed by a <lb/>Painter as they ought, in order to keep the true Re-
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5981 <pb o="116" file="0192" n="221" rhead="An ESSAY on"/>
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5982 ſemblance. </s>
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5983 <s xml:id="echoid-s2521" xml:space="preserve">The Reaſon of which is, that the Li-<lb/>neaments appear lively and diſtinct within the <lb/>Machine, when the Re-union of the Rays pro-<lb/>ceeding from a given Point in the Face, happens <lb/>exactly upon the Paper in one Point only: </s>
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5984 <s xml:id="echoid-s2522" xml:space="preserve">But <lb/>the leaſt Diſtance that one Point is more than <lb/>another from the Convex Glaſs, (when the Di-<lb/>ſtance of the Face from the Glaſs is ſo ſmall, as <lb/>it muſt be to repreſent it in its natural Bigneſs) <lb/>ſo alters the Place of the ſaid Re-union, that for <lb/>different Parts of the Face, thoſe Places of Re-<lb/>union will differ about two Inches and a half. <lb/></s>
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5985 <s xml:id="echoid-s2523" xml:space="preserve">Whence it is no wonder that all the Lineaments <lb/>be not repreſented as could be wiſhed; </s>
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5986 <s xml:id="echoid-s2524" xml:space="preserve">ſince in <lb/>all Diſtances choſen, there will be always a great <lb/>many Rays, whoſe Re-union will fall above an <lb/>Inch beſides the Paper. </s>
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5987 <s xml:id="echoid-s2525" xml:space="preserve">The Confuſion ariſing <lb/>from this Diverſity, though not being very di-<lb/>ſtinguiſhable by the Eye, yet is prejudicial, and <lb/>hinders our getting the exact Reſemblance of the <lb/>Face. </s>
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5988 <s xml:id="echoid-s2526" xml:space="preserve">We have obſerved this, in order to give <lb/>an exact Idea of the Goodneſs of this Machine, <lb/>in equally ſhewing wherein it may be really <lb/>uſeful, and wherein its apparent Uſefulneſs is <lb/>ſubject to an Error rather diſcovered by Experi-<lb/>rience than Reaſon.</s>
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5989 <s xml:id="echoid-s2527" xml:space="preserve"/>
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5990 </p>
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5991 <div xml:id="echoid-div388" type="float" level="2" n="1">
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5992 <note symbol="*" position="right" xlink:label="note-0191-01" xlink:href="note-0191-01a" xml:space="preserve">35.</note>
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5993 </div>
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5994 <p>
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5995 <s xml:id="echoid-s2528" xml:space="preserve">38. </s>
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5996 <s xml:id="echoid-s2529" xml:space="preserve">We muſt not forget in all the precedent <lb/>Problems, to examine the Aperture the Convex <lb/>Glaſs ought to have; </s>
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5997 <s xml:id="echoid-s2530" xml:space="preserve">for although we cannot re-<lb/>duce this Aperture to a fixed Meaſure, yet it is <lb/>proper to obſerve the following Remarks. </s>
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5998 <s xml:id="echoid-s2531" xml:space="preserve">1. </s>
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5999 <s xml:id="echoid-s2532" xml:space="preserve">The <lb/>Convex Glaſs may commonly have the ſame <lb/>Aperture, as we would give a Perſpective Glaſs, <lb/>having the ſaid Glaſs for its Object Glaſs. </s>
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6000 <s xml:id="echoid-s2533" xml:space="preserve">2. </s>
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6001 <s xml:id="echoid-s2534" xml:space="preserve">When <lb/>Objects are very much enlightned, the ſaid A-<lb/>perture muſt be leſſened; </s>
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6002 <s xml:id="echoid-s2535" xml:space="preserve">and contrariwiſe, when <lb/>they are expoſed to a weaker Light, it muſt be <lb/>made greater; </s>
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6003 <s xml:id="echoid-s2536" xml:space="preserve">and when any Repreſentation is
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6004 <pb o="117" file="0193" n="222" rhead="PERSPECTIVE."/>
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6005 to be copyed, the Convex Glaſs muſt have the <lb/>leaſt Aperture poſſible; </s>
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6006 <s xml:id="echoid-s2537" xml:space="preserve">but yet with this Cau-<lb/>tion, that the Light coming into the Machine, <lb/>muſt not be too much extenuated. </s>
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6007 <s xml:id="echoid-s2538" xml:space="preserve">From theſe <lb/>Obſervations it is manifeſt, that we ought to be <lb/>provided with ſeveral round Pieces of Tin or <lb/>thin Braſs, having round Holes of different big-<lb/>neſſes therein, in order to give a neceſſary A-<lb/>perture to the Glaſs; </s>
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6008 <s xml:id="echoid-s2539" xml:space="preserve">or Holes of different big-<lb/>neſſes may be made in a long thin Piece of Braſs <lb/>which may ſlide upon the Convex Glaſs: </s>
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6009 <s xml:id="echoid-s2540" xml:space="preserve">Or <lb/>elſe, we may uſe a round Plate, having Holes <lb/>of different bigneſſes therein, which turning a-<lb/>bout its Centre, may bring any deſired Hole for <lb/>the Glaſſes Aperture.</s>
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6010 <s xml:id="echoid-s2541" xml:space="preserve"/>
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6011 </p>
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6012 </div>
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6013 <div xml:id="echoid-div390" type="section" level="1" n="210">
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6014 <head xml:id="echoid-head230" style="it" xml:space="preserve">A Deſcription of the Second Machine.</head>
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6015 <p>
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6016 <s xml:id="echoid-s2542" xml:space="preserve">39. </s>
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6017 <s xml:id="echoid-s2543" xml:space="preserve">This Machine is a kind of Box, the Side <lb/>
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6018 <anchor type="note" xlink:label="note-0193-01a" xlink:href="note-0193-01"/>
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6019 A C G B being open, whoſe breadth B D, and <lb/>height AB, are equal, each being about 18 Inches: <lb/></s>
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6020 <s xml:id="echoid-s2544" xml:space="preserve">Its greateſt width F B, is 10 Inches, and the Side <lb/>E F is ſloping, ſo that A E is but about 6 Inches.</s>
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6021 <s xml:id="echoid-s2545" xml:space="preserve"/>
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6022 </p>
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6023 <div xml:id="echoid-div390" type="float" level="2" n="1">
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6024 <note position="right" xlink:label="note-0193-01" xlink:href="note-0193-01a" xml:space="preserve">Fig. 78.</note>
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6025 </div>
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6026 <p>
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6027 <s xml:id="echoid-s2546" xml:space="preserve">40. </s>
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6028 <s xml:id="echoid-s2547" xml:space="preserve">The Frame G ſlides at the Bottom of the <lb/>ſaid Box, in which the Paper is <anchor type="note" xlink:href="" symbol="*"/> faſtned.</s>
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6029 <s xml:id="echoid-s2548" xml:space="preserve"/>
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6030 </p>
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6031 <note symbol="*" position="right" xml:space="preserve">15.</note>
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diff changeset
6032 <p>
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6033 <s xml:id="echoid-s2549" xml:space="preserve">41. </s>
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6034 <s xml:id="echoid-s2550" xml:space="preserve">There is a round Hole in the Middle of <lb/>the Top of the Box, in which the Cylinder <lb/>carrying the Convex Glaſs ſcrews.</s>
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6035 <s xml:id="echoid-s2551" xml:space="preserve"><anchor type="note" xlink:href="" symbol="*"/></s>
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diff changeset
6036 </p>
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diff changeset
6037 <note symbol="*" position="right" xml:space="preserve">9.</note>
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diff changeset
6038 <p>
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diff changeset
6039 <s xml:id="echoid-s2552" xml:space="preserve">42. </s>
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diff changeset
6040 <s xml:id="echoid-s2553" xml:space="preserve">The two Sticks H I and L M, ſlide in four <lb/>little Iron Staples fixed to the Inſide of the Top <lb/>of the Box, like thoſe mentioned in Numb. </s>
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diff changeset
6041 <s xml:id="echoid-s2554" xml:space="preserve">7. <lb/></s>
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diff changeset
6042 <s xml:id="echoid-s2555" xml:space="preserve">Theſe Sticks come about two Feet without the <lb/>Box, and the Diſtance of their Extremities I and <lb/>M, is equal, or ſomething greater than the <lb/>Length of the Box. </s>
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diff changeset
6043 <s xml:id="echoid-s2556" xml:space="preserve">Their Uſe is to hang a black <lb/>Cloth upon, which is faſtned to the Three Sides, <lb/>B A, A C and C D, of the opening of the Box, <lb/>that ſo the Box may be darkned, when Objects
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diff changeset
6044 <pb o="118" file="0194" n="223" rhead="An ESSAY"/>
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diff changeset
6045 are to be repreſented upon the Paper in the Frame <lb/>G.</s>
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diff changeset
6046 <s xml:id="echoid-s2557" xml:space="preserve"/>
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diff changeset
6047 </p>
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diff changeset
6048 <p>
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diff changeset
6049 <s xml:id="echoid-s2558" xml:space="preserve">43. </s>
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diff changeset
6050 <s xml:id="echoid-s2559" xml:space="preserve">There are two pieces of Wood, (one of <lb/>which is repreſented in Fig. </s>
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diff changeset
6051 <s xml:id="echoid-s2560" xml:space="preserve">77.) </s>
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diff changeset
6052 <s xml:id="echoid-s2561" xml:space="preserve">ſerving to <lb/>ſuſtain the Box upon its Support or Foot. </s>
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diff changeset
6053 <s xml:id="echoid-s2562" xml:space="preserve">One <lb/>of theſe Pieces may be faſtned to one Side of the <lb/>Support, and the other to the other Side thereof, <lb/>by means of four Iron Pins, two of which go thro <lb/>the Holes N and P in the Side of the Support, <lb/>and the Holes T and V in the Piece R, and the <lb/>other two in like manner, through Holes made <lb/>in the other Side of the Support, and the other <lb/>Piece, when we have Mind the Bottom of the <lb/>Box ſhould be parallel to the Horizon; </s>
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diff changeset
6054 <s xml:id="echoid-s2563" xml:space="preserve">but when <lb/>the Box is to be a little inclin’d, that Pin going <lb/>through the Hole P, muſt be put through the <lb/>Hole O, in the Piece R. </s>
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6055 <s xml:id="echoid-s2564" xml:space="preserve">Underſtand the ſame <lb/>of the other Piece.</s>
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6056 <s xml:id="echoid-s2565" xml:space="preserve"/>
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6057 </p>
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diff changeset
6058 <p>
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diff changeset
6059 <s xml:id="echoid-s2566" xml:space="preserve">44. </s>
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6060 <s xml:id="echoid-s2567" xml:space="preserve">We are ſometimes obliged to ſet the Box <lb/>forwarder on its Support; </s>
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diff changeset
6061 <s xml:id="echoid-s2568" xml:space="preserve">and this is done, in <lb/>uſing the Holes Q and S, inſtead of N and P. </s>
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6062 <s xml:id="echoid-s2569" xml:space="preserve">It <lb/>is likewiſe ſomething neceſſary to incline the <lb/>Box a little backwards; </s>
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6063 <s xml:id="echoid-s2570" xml:space="preserve">which may be done, by <lb/>putting the Pin in S, into the Hole X, made in <lb/>a Piece of Wood faſtned to the Back-ſide of the <lb/>Box, and the correſpondent Pin on the other Side, <lb/>into another Hole made on the other Side of the <lb/>ſaid Piece.</s>
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6064 <s xml:id="echoid-s2571" xml:space="preserve"/>
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6065 </p>
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diff changeset
6066 <p>
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6067 <s xml:id="echoid-s2572" xml:space="preserve">45. </s>
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6068 <s xml:id="echoid-s2573" xml:space="preserve">The Box ♈ ſlides upon the Top of the <lb/>Machine, and is like that already deſcribed, <anchor type="note" xlink:href="" symbol="*"/> but
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diff changeset
6069 <anchor type="note" xlink:label="note-0194-01a" xlink:href="note-0194-01"/>
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6070 with this Difference only, that it is leſſer. </s>
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6071 <s xml:id="echoid-s2574" xml:space="preserve">On <lb/>the Top of the Box are two little Staples Z Z, <lb/>in which a Ruler ſlides, having a Mirrour faſtned <lb/>to it, in the Manner as is mentioned Numb. </s>
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6072 <s xml:id="echoid-s2575" xml:space="preserve">13. <lb/></s>
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6073 <s xml:id="echoid-s2576" xml:space="preserve">and ſo by this Means the ſaid Mirrour may be <lb/>put in the ſame Situation, as that in the Figure <lb/>of the firſt Machine it hath in H.</s>
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6074 <s xml:id="echoid-s2577" xml:space="preserve"/>
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6075 </p>
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6076 <div xml:id="echoid-div391" type="float" level="2" n="2">
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6077 <note symbol="*" position="left" xlink:label="note-0194-01" xlink:href="note-0194-01a" xml:space="preserve">10, 11, <lb/>13.</note>
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6078 </div>
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6079 <pb o="119" file="0195" n="224" rhead="on PERSPECTIVE."/>
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6080 <p>
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6081 <s xml:id="echoid-s2578" xml:space="preserve">46. </s>
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6082 <s xml:id="echoid-s2579" xml:space="preserve">When we have a mind to remove this <lb/>Machine from one place to another, we lay the <lb/>Box B E C upon the croſs Pieces 2, 3, 4, 5, with <lb/>its opening A B C upwards; </s>
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6083 <s xml:id="echoid-s2580" xml:space="preserve">then we put the <lb/>little Box Y, the Ruler and Mirrour (mentioned <lb/>Numb. </s>
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6084 <s xml:id="echoid-s2581" xml:space="preserve">13.) </s>
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6085 <s xml:id="echoid-s2582" xml:space="preserve">the black Cloth, and the two Sticks <lb/>M L and I H, all into the ſaid great Box; </s>
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6086 <s xml:id="echoid-s2583" xml:space="preserve">and <lb/>afterwards partly cover it by the Frame G, <anchor type="note" xlink:href="" symbol="*"/>
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6087 <anchor type="note" xlink:label="note-0195-01a" xlink:href="note-0195-01"/>
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6088 which is ſuſtained by two very thin Rulers, and <lb/>then by another little Board, when the Frame is <lb/>not big enough. </s>
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6089 <s xml:id="echoid-s2584" xml:space="preserve">The whole Machine thus taken <lb/>to pieces, will take up no more room than the <lb/>Support itſelf doth: </s>
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6090 <s xml:id="echoid-s2585" xml:space="preserve">and ſo it is very eaſy to re-<lb/>move from Place to Place. </s>
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6091 <s xml:id="echoid-s2586" xml:space="preserve">Now when Objects <lb/>are to be repreſented in this Machine, it muſt be <lb/>put together again, as per Figure; </s>
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6092 <s xml:id="echoid-s2587" xml:space="preserve">and the black <lb/>Cloth, for a Perſon to put his Head under, hang-<lb/>ing upon the Sticks, and faſtned to the Sides of <lb/>the opening A B, A C, and C D.</s>
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6093 <s xml:id="echoid-s2588" xml:space="preserve"/>
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6094 </p>
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6095 <div xml:id="echoid-div392" type="float" level="2" n="3">
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6096 <note symbol="*" position="right" xlink:label="note-0195-01" xlink:href="note-0195-01a" xml:space="preserve">40.</note>
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6097 </div>
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6098 </div>
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6099 <div xml:id="echoid-div394" type="section" level="1" n="211">
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6100 <head xml:id="echoid-head231" style="it" xml:space="preserve">The Uſe of this Machine.</head>
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6101 <p>
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6102 <s xml:id="echoid-s2589" xml:space="preserve">47. </s>
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6103 <s xml:id="echoid-s2590" xml:space="preserve">The Uſe of this Second Machine is the <lb/>fame as that of the Firſt; </s>
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6104 <s xml:id="echoid-s2591" xml:space="preserve">but it ought to be ob-<lb/>ſerved, that when we incline <anchor type="note" xlink:href="" symbol="*"/> the Machine, the
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6105 <anchor type="note" xlink:label="note-0195-02a" xlink:href="note-0195-02"/>
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6106 Angle of Inclination of the Mirrour and Hori-<lb/>zon muſt be made leſs, by half the Inclination of <lb/>the Bottom of the Box; </s>
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6107 <s xml:id="echoid-s2592" xml:space="preserve">and when the Machine <lb/>is ſomewhat inclin’d backwards, <anchor type="note" xlink:href="" symbol="*"/> the ſaid Angle
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6108 <anchor type="note" xlink:label="note-0195-03a" xlink:href="note-0195-03"/>
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6109 muſt be made greater by a like half. </s>
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6110 <s xml:id="echoid-s2593" xml:space="preserve">You muſt <lb/>likewiſe obſerve, that when Objects are to be <lb/>repreſented for a perpendicular Picture, the Ma-<lb/>chine muſt be placed according to the former <lb/>Part of Numb. </s>
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6111 <s xml:id="echoid-s2594" xml:space="preserve">44. </s>
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6112 <s xml:id="echoid-s2595" xml:space="preserve">Prints muſt be faſtned to a <lb/>Board entirely ſeparated from the Machine, which <lb/>Board muſt be ſet upon a Support, that may <lb/>conveniently be moved backwards or forwards, <lb/>according to Neceſſity.</s>
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6113 <s xml:id="echoid-s2596" xml:space="preserve"/>
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6114 </p>
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6115 <div xml:id="echoid-div394" type="float" level="2" n="1">
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6116 <note symbol="*" position="right" xlink:label="note-0195-02" xlink:href="note-0195-02a" xml:space="preserve">43.</note>
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6117 <note symbol="*" position="right" xlink:label="note-0195-03" xlink:href="note-0195-03a" xml:space="preserve">44.</note>
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6118 </div>
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6119 <pb o="120" file="0196" n="225" rhead="An ESSAY, &amp;c."/>
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6120 </div>
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6121 <div xml:id="echoid-div396" type="section" level="1" n="212">
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6122 <head xml:id="echoid-head232" style="it" xml:space="preserve">A Demonſtration of the Inclination of the Looking-<lb/>Glaſs.</head>
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6123 <p>
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6124 <s xml:id="echoid-s2597" xml:space="preserve">48. </s>
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6125 <s xml:id="echoid-s2598" xml:space="preserve">Let A B be a Ray, proceeding from ſome <lb/>
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6126 <anchor type="note" xlink:label="note-0196-01a" xlink:href="note-0196-01"/>
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6127 Point of an Object. </s>
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6128 <s xml:id="echoid-s2599" xml:space="preserve">We are to demonſtrate, <anchor type="note" xlink:href="" symbol="*"/>
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6129 <anchor type="note" xlink:label="note-0196-02a" xlink:href="note-0196-02"/>
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6130 if the Line D I hath the Inclination given to a <lb/>Picture, and the Looking-Glaſs G H hath the In-<lb/>clination we have preſcribed, that the Angle <lb/>B a F, will be equal to the Angle B C D. </s>
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6131 <s xml:id="echoid-s2600" xml:space="preserve">Now to <lb/>prove this, draw the Line F I parallel to the Ho-<lb/>rizon, then the two Angles I D F and D F I, of <lb/>the Triangle I D F, are together equal to the <lb/>Angle D I E; </s>
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6132 <s xml:id="echoid-s2601" xml:space="preserve">but the Angle D F I, which is the <lb/>Inclination of the Looking-Glaſs, is equal <anchor type="note" xlink:href="" symbol="*"/> to
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6133 <anchor type="note" xlink:label="note-0196-03a" xlink:href="note-0196-03"/>
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6134 half the Angle D I E, leſs half the Angle I F a; <lb/></s>
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6135 <s xml:id="echoid-s2602" xml:space="preserve">and conſequently it is leſs than the Angle F D I, <lb/>by the Quantity of the whole Angle I F a: </s>
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6136 <s xml:id="echoid-s2603" xml:space="preserve"><lb/>Therefore if the Angle I F a be added to the An-<lb/>gle D F I, we ſhall have the Angle D F a, equal <lb/>to the Angle F D I: </s>
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6137 <s xml:id="echoid-s2604" xml:space="preserve">Therefore the Angle <lb/>Fa B will be <anchor type="note" xlink:href="" symbol="*"/> likewiſe equal to the Angle BCD.</s>
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6138 <s xml:id="echoid-s2605" xml:space="preserve">
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6139 <anchor type="note" xlink:label="note-0196-04a" xlink:href="note-0196-04"/>
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6140 Which was to he demonſtrated.</s>
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6141 <s xml:id="echoid-s2606" xml:space="preserve"/>
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6142 </p>
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6143 <div xml:id="echoid-div396" type="float" level="2" n="1">
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6144 <note position="left" xlink:label="note-0196-01" xlink:href="note-0196-01a" xml:space="preserve">Fig, 75.</note>
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6145 <note symbol="*" position="left" xlink:label="note-0196-02" xlink:href="note-0196-02a" xml:space="preserve">19.</note>
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6146 <note symbol="*" position="left" xlink:label="note-0196-03" xlink:href="note-0196-03a" xml:space="preserve">16. 47.</note>
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6147 <note symbol="*" position="left" xlink:label="note-0196-04" xlink:href="note-0196-04a" xml:space="preserve">19.</note>
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6148 </div>
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6149 <p>
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6150 <s xml:id="echoid-s2607" xml:space="preserve">In reaſoning nearly after the ſame Manner, <lb/>we demonſtrated what is mentioned <anchor type="note" xlink:href="" symbol="*"/> concer-
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6151 <anchor type="note" xlink:label="note-0196-05a" xlink:href="note-0196-05"/>
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6152 ning the Inclination of the Mirrour, when the <lb/>Box is inclin’d a little backwards.</s>
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6153 <s xml:id="echoid-s2608" xml:space="preserve"/>
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6154 </p>
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6155 <div xml:id="echoid-div397" type="float" level="2" n="2">
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6156 <note symbol="*" position="left" xlink:label="note-0196-05" xlink:href="note-0196-05a" xml:space="preserve">47.</note>
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6157 </div>
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6158 </div>
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6159 <div xml:id="echoid-div399" type="section" level="1" n="213">
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6160 <head xml:id="echoid-head233" xml:space="preserve">FINIS.</head>
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6161 <figure>
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6162 <image file="0196-01" xlink:href="http://echo.mpiwg-berlin.mpg.de/zogilib?fn=/permanent/library/xxxxxxxx/figures/0196-01"/>
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6163 </figure>
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6164 <pb file="0197" n="226"/>
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6165 <pb file="0197a" n="227"/>
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6166 <figure>
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6167 <caption xml:id="echoid-caption70" style="it" xml:space="preserve">Page 120<lb/>Plate. 30.<lb/><emph style="sc">Fig</emph>. 70.</caption>
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6168 <variables xml:id="echoid-variables69" xml:space="preserve">X I F B H D D P O M P R C C C C C E E Q</variables>
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6169 </figure>
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6170 <pb file="0198" n="228"/>
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6171 <pb file="0199" n="229"/>
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6172 <pb file="0199a" n="230"/>
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6173 <figure>
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6174 <caption xml:id="echoid-caption71" style="it" xml:space="preserve">Plate 31<lb/>page 120<lb/>Fig. 71</caption>
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6175 <variables xml:id="echoid-variables70" xml:space="preserve">D G C B A H F a I E</variables>
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6176 </figure>
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6177 <figure>
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6178 <caption xml:id="echoid-caption72" style="it" xml:space="preserve">Fig. 72</caption>
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6179 <variables xml:id="echoid-variables71" xml:space="preserve">P G C H A N B R Q M a F</variables>
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6180 </figure>
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6181 <figure>
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6182 <caption xml:id="echoid-caption73" style="it" xml:space="preserve">Fig. 73</caption>
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6183 <variables xml:id="echoid-variables72" xml:space="preserve">P G C H D N B I A R Q M a F</variables>
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6184 </figure>
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6185 <figure>
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6186 <caption xml:id="echoid-caption74" style="it" xml:space="preserve">Fig. 74</caption>
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6187 <variables xml:id="echoid-variables73" xml:space="preserve">G N B C H M a A</variables>
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6188 </figure>
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6189 <figure>
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6190 <caption xml:id="echoid-caption75" style="it" xml:space="preserve">Fig. 75</caption>
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6191 <variables xml:id="echoid-variables74" xml:space="preserve">D G B C A H F I E a</variables>
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6192 </figure>
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6193 <pb file="0200" n="231"/>
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6194 <pb file="0201" n="232"/>
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6195 <pb file="0201a" n="233"/>
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6196 <figure>
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6197 <caption xml:id="echoid-caption76" style="it" xml:space="preserve">page 120<lb/>Plate. 32.<lb/>Fig. 76.</caption>
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6198 </figure>
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6199 <figure>
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6200 <caption xml:id="echoid-caption77" style="it" xml:space="preserve">Fig. 77.</caption>
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6201 <variables xml:id="echoid-variables75" xml:space="preserve">R V T o</variables>
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6202 </figure>
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6203 <figure>
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6204 <caption xml:id="echoid-caption78" style="it" xml:space="preserve">Fig. 78.</caption>
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6205 <variables xml:id="echoid-variables76" xml:space="preserve">Z Z Y C M L I E A H D X G F B S Q P N 4 3 2</variables>
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6206 </figure>
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6207 <pb file="0202" n="234"/>
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6208 <pb file="0203" n="235"/>
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6209 <pb file="0204" n="236"/>
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6210 <pb file="0205" n="237"/>
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6211 </div></text>
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6212 </echo>