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Removing DESpecs directory which deserted to git
author Klaus Thoden <kthoden@mpiwg-berlin.mpg.de>
date Wed, 29 Nov 2017 16:55:37 +0100
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1 <?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8"?><echo xmlns="http://www.mpiwg-berlin.mpg.de/ns/echo/1.0/" xmlns:de="http://www.mpiwg-berlin.mpg.de/ns/de/1.0/" xmlns:dcterms="http://purl.org/dc/terms" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xmlns:echo="http://www.mpiwg-berlin.mpg.de/ns/echo/1.0/" xmlns:xhtml="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml" xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" version="1.0RC">
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2 <metadata>
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3 <dcterms:identifier>ECHO:FA4H1833.xml</dcterms:identifier>
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4 <dcterms:creator identifier="GND:118645048">Ampère, A.M.</dcterms:creator>
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5 <dcterms:title xml:lang="de">Natürliches System aller Naturwissenschaften. Eine Begegnung deutscher und französischer Speculation.</dcterms:title>
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6 <dcterms:date xsi:type="dcterms:W3CDTF">1844</dcterms:date>
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7 <dcterms:language xsi:type="dcterms:ISO639-3">deu</dcterms:language>
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8 <dcterms:rights>CC-BY-SA</dcterms:rights>
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9 <dcterms:license xlink:href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/3.0/">CC-BY-SA</dcterms:license>
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10 <dcterms:rightsHolder xlink:href="http://www.mpiwg-berlin.mpg.de">Max Planck Institute for the History of Science, Library</dcterms:rightsHolder>
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11 <log>http://echo.mpiwg-berlin.mpg.de/ECHOdocuView?mode=imagepath&amp;url=/mpiwg/online/permanent/library/FA4H1833/pageimg&amp;viewMode=images</log>
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12 </metadata>
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14 <text xml:lang="de" type="free"><!-- style="fr" -->
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15 <div xml:id="echoid-div1" type="section" level="1" n="1"><pb file="0001" n="1"/><pb file="0002" n="2"/><pb file="0003" n="3"/>
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16 </div>
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17 <div xml:id="echoid-div2" type="section" level="1" n="2">
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18 <head xml:id="echoid-head1" xml:space="preserve"><emph style="bf">Natürliches Syſtem</emph> <lb/><emph style="sp">aller <lb/><emph style="bf">Naturwiſſenſchaften.</emph></emph></head>
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19 <head xml:id="echoid-head2" xml:space="preserve"><emph style="sp">Eine Begegnung</emph> <lb/><emph style="bf">deutſcher und franzöſiſcher Speculation.</emph></head>
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20 <head xml:id="echoid-head3" xml:space="preserve">Aus dem Franzöſiſchen des <emph style="bf">A. M. Ampère</emph> im Auszug bearbeitet <lb/>und mit critiſchen Noten begleitet <lb/><emph style="sp">von</emph> <lb/><emph style="bf">Dr. G. Widenmann,</emph> <lb/>practiſchem Arzt.</head>
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21 <head xml:id="echoid-head4" xml:space="preserve"><emph style="bf">Stuttgart.</emph> <lb/><emph style="sp">Verlag von Ebner &amp; Seubert</emph>. <lb/><emph style="bf">1844.</emph></head>
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25 <pb file="0004" n="4"/>
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26 <p>
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27 <s xml:id="echoid-s1" xml:space="preserve">Gedruckt auf einer Schnellpreſſe bei K. </s>
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28 <s xml:id="echoid-s2" xml:space="preserve">Fr. </s>
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29 <s xml:id="echoid-s3" xml:space="preserve"><emph style="sp">Hering</emph> &amp; </s>
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30 <s xml:id="echoid-s4" xml:space="preserve">Comp.</s>
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31 <s xml:id="echoid-s5" xml:space="preserve"/>
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32 </p>
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34 <pb file="0005" n="5"/>
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35 </div>
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36 <div xml:id="echoid-div3" type="section" level="1" n="3">
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37 <head xml:id="echoid-head5" xml:space="preserve"><emph style="bf">Einleitung des Herausgebers.</emph></head>
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38 <p>
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39 <s xml:id="echoid-s6" xml:space="preserve">Gegen den überwiegenden Einfluß, den franzöſiſche Philo-<lb/>ſophie und Geiſtesbildung im vorigen Iahrhundert auf Deutſch-<lb/>land ausgeübt hat, bildet die Gegenwart einen ſeltſamen Contraſt, <lb/>da man jetzt in Frankreich deutſche Philoſophie ſtudirt, in Deutſch-<lb/>land aber von den Bewegungen der Philoſophie in Frankreich keine, <lb/>oder nur höchſt oberflächliche Notiz nimmt. </s>
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40 <s xml:id="echoid-s7" xml:space="preserve">Der Grund dieſer <lb/>Erſcheinung liegt darin, daß ſeit 60 Iahren die deutſche Philoſophie <lb/>durch die Größen ihrer Probleme und die Unermüdlichkeit ihrer <lb/>Forſchungen eine gebietende Stellung in den Kreiſen der Wiſſenſchaft <lb/>errungen hat, während die franzöſiſche Philoſophie, nach der Auf-<lb/>ſtellung ihrer materialiſtiſchen Lehren, ſcheinbar keine weitere Ent-<lb/>wicklung hatte. </s>
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41 <s xml:id="echoid-s8" xml:space="preserve">Ich ſage &#132;<emph style="sp">ſcheinbar</emph>&#148;, denn es fand dennoch <lb/>eine ſolche Fortentwicklung ſtatt, und das vorliegende Werk hat <lb/>den Zweck, die neueſte Stufe dieſer Entwicklung in das verdiente <lb/>Licht zu ſtellen.</s>
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42 <s xml:id="echoid-s9" xml:space="preserve"/>
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43 </p>
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44 <p>
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45 <s xml:id="echoid-s10" xml:space="preserve">Die neuere franzöſiſche Philoſophie hat, wie die neuere deutſche, <lb/>ihren Urſprung in dem Umſchwung, den das Denken am Ende des <lb/>vorigen Iahrhunderts erfahren, nachdem es Iahrhunderte lang in <lb/>ſpeciellem Arbeiten und Lernen verſenkt war. </s>
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46 <s xml:id="echoid-s11" xml:space="preserve">Man fing an, einen <lb/>
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47 <pb o="IV" file="0006" n="6"/>
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48 Ueberblick über das Ganze, die Grenzen und den Zuſammenhang <lb/>der verſchiedenen Gebiete zu ſuchen, und die Philoſophie begann <lb/>nach einer Weltanſchauung zu ſtreben, die Alles in ſich faſſen und <lb/>erklären, und ebendamit von aller Autorität frei ſein ſollte. </s>
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49 <s xml:id="echoid-s12" xml:space="preserve">Dieſe <lb/>neue Tendenz mußte in verſchiedener Form ſich äußern, je nachdem <lb/>der active organiſirende, der eigentlich ſpeculative Verſtand oder der <lb/>receptive Verſtand überwog, der nur Gegebenes aufnimmt, ordnet <lb/>und ſcharfſinnig combinirt.</s>
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50 <s xml:id="echoid-s13" xml:space="preserve"/>
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51 </p>
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52 <p>
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53 <s xml:id="echoid-s14" xml:space="preserve">Wenn das Erſtere, wie in Deutſchland, der Fall iſt, ſo legt der <lb/>Geiſt vor Allem den Organismus ſeiner Denkverhältniſſe an die <lb/>Welt der Objecte, und aus dem Verhältniſſe beider reſultirt die <lb/>weitere Entwicklung. </s>
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54 <s xml:id="echoid-s15" xml:space="preserve">Iſt der Organismus der Categorieen noch <lb/>unreif und ſchief, ſo kann man auf zweierlei Arten verfahren. </s>
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55 <s xml:id="echoid-s16" xml:space="preserve">Ent-<lb/>weder geſteht man ſich offen den Widerſtreit zwiſchen Denken und <lb/>Sein; </s>
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56 <s xml:id="echoid-s17" xml:space="preserve">aber man gibt, getrieben von dem autonomiſchen Character <lb/>der Zeit, dem erſteren Recht, vernichtet ſkeptiſch die reale Erkenntniß, <lb/>wie Kant, und behauptet, wie Fichte, idealiſtiſch das Ich, als die <lb/>einzige Realität. </s>
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57 <s xml:id="echoid-s18" xml:space="preserve">Oder aber man fingirt gewaltſam eine Ueber-<lb/>einſtimmung zwiſchen Denken und Welt; </s>
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58 <s xml:id="echoid-s19" xml:space="preserve">man thut den empiriſchen <lb/>Thatſachen ſo lange Zwang an, bis ſie in die unfertigen Categorieen <lb/>des Geiſtes paſſen, wie Schelling und Hegel thaten. </s>
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59 <s xml:id="echoid-s20" xml:space="preserve">Sie wollten <lb/>zwiſchen der Philoſophie und Erfahrung eine Vermittlung finden; <lb/></s>
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60 <s xml:id="echoid-s21" xml:space="preserve">aber dieſe Vermittlung iſt unmöglich, ſo lange nicht der richtige <lb/>Organismus der Categorieen vollendet iſt. </s>
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61 <s xml:id="echoid-s22" xml:space="preserve">Erſt dann wird das <lb/>Denken auf ungezwungene Art mit der Welt in Einklang, und das <lb/><emph style="sp">Eine</emph>, wahre reale Syſtem gefunden ſein.</s>
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62 <s xml:id="echoid-s23" xml:space="preserve"/>
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63 </p>
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64 <p>
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65 <s xml:id="echoid-s24" xml:space="preserve">Anders iſt die Sache im zweiten Fall. </s>
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66 <s xml:id="echoid-s25" xml:space="preserve">Wenn, wie bei den <lb/>Franzoſen, das receptive Erkennen, die ſenſuale Richtung, das <lb/>Uebergewicht hat, ſo geht der Verſtand, ohne critiſches Zagen an <lb/>die objective Welt, und im Drang nach Einheit alles Wiſſens, will <lb/>er ſie als ein Ganzes, als aus einem Guße entſtanden, begreifen. <lb/></s>
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67 <s xml:id="echoid-s26" xml:space="preserve">
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68 <pb o="V" file="0007" n="7"/>
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69 So lang aber nicht durch Vollendung der empiriſchen Analyſe die <lb/>Mannigfaltigkeit der Welt in eine alleserklärende Einheit verknüpft <lb/>iſt, mußte die neue Weltanſchauung das Beſondere, ſtatt es zu <lb/>erklären, ignoriren. </s>
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70 <s xml:id="echoid-s27" xml:space="preserve">&#132;Natur,&#148; &#132;Materie&#148; hieß der letzte Grund <lb/>alles Daſeins; </s>
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71 <s xml:id="echoid-s28" xml:space="preserve">aber nicht die ſenſualiſtiſche Färbung dieſer Begriffe, <lb/>ſondern ihre <emph style="sp">Leerheit</emph> war ihr eigentlicher Mangel. </s>
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72 <s xml:id="echoid-s29" xml:space="preserve">Man faßte <lb/>das Ganze abſtract, und der Reichthum des Beſondern fiel als un-<lb/>organiſches Aggregat auseinander. </s>
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73 <s xml:id="echoid-s30" xml:space="preserve">Dieß iſt unter andern Formen <lb/>daſſelbe Verhältniß, welches die deutſche Philoſophie in den Idea-<lb/>lismus trieb; </s>
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74 <s xml:id="echoid-s31" xml:space="preserve">aber der empiriſche Geiſt der Franzoſen ſchlug den <lb/>entgegengeſetzten Weg ein, und warf ſich auf die Analyſe des Be-<lb/>ſondern, und wenn in Deutſchland der Idealismus, ſeiner feind-<lb/>ſeligen Stellung gegen die Welt der Objecte ungeachtet, doch immer <lb/>noch Philoſophie war, ſo ſchien dieſe, die Bemühung um das All-<lb/>gemeine, in Frankreich erloſchen, ſobald ſich der Geiſt ausſchließlich <lb/>zu der empiriſchen Forſchung gewendet hatte. </s>
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75 <s xml:id="echoid-s32" xml:space="preserve">Aber unter ver-<lb/>änderter Geſtalt machte ſich auch in Frankreich das philoſophiſche <lb/>Bedürfniß nach Einheit alles Wiſſens wieder geltend, indem man <lb/>die Geſammtheit des beſondern in ein Ganzes zuſammenfaßte, <lb/>claſſificirte, und dieſer ariſtoteteliſche Weg, von der Vielheit zur <lb/>Einheit, iſt um nichts minder ſpeculativ, als der umgekehrte Weg, <lb/>den man in Deutſchland einſchlug.</s>
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76 <s xml:id="echoid-s33" xml:space="preserve"/>
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77 </p>
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78 <p>
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79 <s xml:id="echoid-s34" xml:space="preserve">Um von dieſem Punkt aus die weiteren Phaſen der fran-<lb/>zöſiſchen Philoſophie richtig zu beurtheilen, muß man im Auge <lb/>behalten, daß man bei der Claſſification eines empiriſchen Materials <lb/>auf doppelte Weiſe verfahren kann, auf <emph style="sp">künſtliche</emph> Art, wenn <lb/>man einſeitig und willkührlich ausgewählte Merkmale zu Ein-<lb/>theilungsgründen macht, oder auf <emph style="sp">natürliche</emph> Art, wenn man <lb/>den ganzen Inhalt der einzutheilenden Objecte zur Grundlage der <lb/>Eintheilung nimmt. </s>
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80 <s xml:id="echoid-s35" xml:space="preserve">Dieſes, das natürliche Syſtem allein, läßt <lb/>den wirklichen Organismus der Dinge erkennen, und iſt deßhalb <lb/>
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81 <pb o="VI" file="0008" n="8"/>
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82 ein <emph style="sp">ſpeculatives</emph> Syſtem. </s>
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83 <s xml:id="echoid-s36" xml:space="preserve">Dieſer Gegenſatz des künſtlichen und <lb/>natürlichen Syſtems, den man bis jetzt blos bei den ſpeciellen Ein-<lb/>theilungen der Naturreiche zu hören gewohnt war, tritt bei den <lb/>Franzoſen in der Anwendung auf das Ganze des Wiſſens auf und <lb/>beſtimmt die Perioden ihres ferneren Philoſophirens, ja er iſt, <lb/>weſentlich betrachtet, daſſelbe, was in Deutſchland der Gegenſatz <lb/>des ſubjectiven und des ſogenannten objectiven Idealismus iſt.</s>
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84 <s xml:id="echoid-s37" xml:space="preserve"/>
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85 </p>
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86 <p>
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87 <s xml:id="echoid-s38" xml:space="preserve">Wie in Deutſchland der ſubjective Idealismus dem objectiven <lb/>vorausging, ſo mußten, der Natur der Sache nach, die künſtlichen <lb/>Syſteme aller Wiſſenſchaften dem natürlichen Syſtem vorangehen. <lb/></s>
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88 <s xml:id="echoid-s39" xml:space="preserve">Solche künſtlichen Syſteme finden wir bei Baco, bei den Encyclo-<lb/>pädiſten, und Andern. </s>
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89 <s xml:id="echoid-s40" xml:space="preserve">Das Système figuré des connaissances hu-<lb/>maines, das an der Spitze der Encyclopädie ſteht, iſt nur eine Copie <lb/>von Baco’s Eintheilung. </s>
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90 <s xml:id="echoid-s41" xml:space="preserve">Den erſten Schritt zum <emph style="sp">natürlichen</emph> <lb/>Syſtem hat <emph style="sp">Ampère</emph> gethan. </s>
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91 <s xml:id="echoid-s42" xml:space="preserve">Er verwirft die künſtlichen Syſteme <lb/>Baco’s und der Encyclopädie und erklärt es ausdrücklich für ſein <lb/>Hauptbeſtreben, ein natürliches Syſtem alles Wiſſens aufzuſtellen. </s>
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92 <s xml:id="echoid-s43" xml:space="preserve"><lb/>Dadurch iſt er nun ganz auf dem Boden der <emph style="sp">Speculation</emph>. </s>
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93 <s xml:id="echoid-s44" xml:space="preserve">Ob <lb/>er jenes Ziel erreicht habe, dieß auszumachen, iſt hier nicht der <lb/>Ort; </s>
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94 <s xml:id="echoid-s45" xml:space="preserve">aber der Leſer kann fragen, ob er auch der rechte Mann zu <lb/>einem ſolchen Geſchäft geweſen ſei. </s>
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95 <s xml:id="echoid-s46" xml:space="preserve">Es mögen darum einige No-<lb/>tizen aus ſeinem Leben hier ihre Stelle finden.</s>
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96 <s xml:id="echoid-s47" xml:space="preserve"/>
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97 </p>
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98 <p>
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99 <s xml:id="echoid-s48" xml:space="preserve">Ampère iſt geboren im Iahr 1775. </s>
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100 <s xml:id="echoid-s49" xml:space="preserve">Mathematiſche Studien <lb/>bildeten die Grundlage ſeiner Bildung. </s>
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101 <s xml:id="echoid-s50" xml:space="preserve">Er wurde ſchon in jun-<lb/>gen Iahren des mathematiſchen Wiſſens vollkommen Herr, be-<lb/>ſonders auch der Anwendung der höheren Rechnungsarten auf <lb/>Mechanik und Phyſik. </s>
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102 <s xml:id="echoid-s51" xml:space="preserve">Seine Iugend fiel in die Zeit der Ent-<lb/>deckungen Lavoiſier’s und Davy’s, er beſchäftigte ſich auch auf das <lb/>Eifrigſte mit der Chemie und war Lehrer der letztern in Aix. <lb/></s>
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103 <s xml:id="echoid-s52" xml:space="preserve">Später kam er als Profeſſor der höhern Analyſe nach Lyon, und <lb/>von dort ging er nach Paris, wo er zuerſt Repetitor der Analyſe <lb/>
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104 <pb o="VII" file="0009" n="9"/>
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105 in der polytechniſchen Schule und ſpäter Profeſſor der Mathe-<lb/>matik und Phyſik ebenbaſelbſt wurde. </s>
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106 <s xml:id="echoid-s53" xml:space="preserve">Im Iahr 1814 trat er an <lb/>Boſſuet’s Stelle in die Academie und ſtarb als Generalſtudien-<lb/>inſpector. </s>
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107 <s xml:id="echoid-s54" xml:space="preserve">Von ihm ſtammt das durch ſeine Allgemeinheit und <lb/>mathematiſche Schärfe großartige Geſetz über die gegenſeitige An-<lb/>ziehung und Abſtoßung zweier von electriſchen Strömungen be-<lb/>ſeelten Metalldrähte. </s>
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108 <s xml:id="echoid-s55" xml:space="preserve">Neben dieſen mathematiſchen und phyſica-<lb/>liſchen Studien zieht ſich aber durch ſein ganzes Leben ein unge-<lb/>meines Streben nach allgemeinem Wiſſen. </s>
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109 <s xml:id="echoid-s56" xml:space="preserve">In den meiſten Wiſſen-<lb/>ſchaften war er Autodidact. </s>
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110 <s xml:id="echoid-s57" xml:space="preserve">Er machte Studien in der Botanik <lb/>und Zoologie, in den alten Sprachen, Geſchichte u. </s>
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111 <s xml:id="echoid-s58" xml:space="preserve">ſ. </s>
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112 <s xml:id="echoid-s59" xml:space="preserve">f.</s>
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113 <s xml:id="echoid-s60" xml:space="preserve">; er war <lb/>auch Dichter, und von dem Iahr 1803 an, wo er ſchon in Paris <lb/>war, beſchäftigte er ſich mit Pſychologie und Metaphyſik. </s>
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114 <s xml:id="echoid-s61" xml:space="preserve">Seine <lb/>Genoſſen in dieſen Beſtrebungen waren Cabanis, de Tracy, Dége-<lb/>rando, Maine de Biron. </s>
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115 <s xml:id="echoid-s62" xml:space="preserve">Er ſelbſt erzählt den Beginn ſeiner pſycho-<lb/>logiſchen Studien mit den Worten: </s>
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116 <s xml:id="echoid-s63" xml:space="preserve">“c’est en 1803, que je commençai <lb/>à m’occuper presque exclussivement de recherches sur les phénomènes <lb/>aussi variés, qu’intéressants, que l’intelligence humaine offre à l’obser-<lb/>vation, <emph style="sp">qui saitse soustraire à l’influence des habitudes</emph>.</s>
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117 <s xml:id="echoid-s64" xml:space="preserve">” <lb/>Im Iahr 1820 war er ſchon daran, ein Schema der pſychologiſch-<lb/>metaphyſiſchen Begriffe zu vollenden, als ihn die bekannte Oerſtedti-<lb/>ſche Entdeckung zu phyſicaliſchen Unterſuchungen rief, in Folge <lb/>deren er ſpäter das vorerwähnte wichtige Geſetz fand. </s>
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118 <s xml:id="echoid-s65" xml:space="preserve">Dieß Schema <lb/>der metaphyſiſchen Grundbegriffe iſt auch in unſerem Werke im <lb/>Auszug gegeben und ſteht in genauem Zuſammenhang mit den <lb/>vier Geſichtspunkten, welche nach Ampère den Schlüſſel zu der <lb/>ganzen encyclopädiſchen Eintheilung des menſchlichen Wiſſens bil-<lb/>den. </s>
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119 <s xml:id="echoid-s66" xml:space="preserve">Den erſten Verſuch des natürlichen Syſtems aller Wiſſen-<lb/>ſchaften hatte er ſchon im Iahr 1804 entworfen. </s>
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120 <s xml:id="echoid-s67" xml:space="preserve">Den Abriß <lb/>des vollendeten Syſtems gibt das im Iahr 1834 erſchienene Werk: <lb/></s>
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121 <s xml:id="echoid-s68" xml:space="preserve">“Essai sur la philosophie des sciences,” das wir hier im Auszug <lb/>
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122 <pb o="VIII" file="0010" n="10"/>
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123 mittheilen, welches aber nur den erſten Theil, die Naturwiſſen-<lb/>ſchaften, in encyclopädiſcher Eintheilung, enthält, da er an der <lb/>Herausgabe des zweiten Bandes, welcher die geiſtigen Wiſſenſchaften <lb/>enthalten ſollte, durch den Tod verhindert wurde. </s>
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124 <s xml:id="echoid-s69" xml:space="preserve">So ſchloß er <lb/>alſo mit dem, was ſchon ſeine früheſten Iahre beſchäftigt hatte; </s>
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125 <s xml:id="echoid-s70" xml:space="preserve">denn <lb/>als Knabe ſchon hat er die Encyclopädie mit Begierde verſchlungen <lb/>und wußte ſie faſt auswendig; </s>
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126 <s xml:id="echoid-s71" xml:space="preserve">und es beſtätigt ſich alſo an ſeiner <lb/>perſönlichen Entwicklung die aufgeſtellte Behauptung, daß ency-<lb/>clopädiſche Zuſammenfaſſung des empiriſchen Materials die Grund-<lb/>lage geworden ſei für die weitere Entwicklung der franzöſiſchen <lb/>Philoſophie.</s>
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127 <s xml:id="echoid-s72" xml:space="preserve"/>
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128 </p>
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129 <p>
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130 <s xml:id="echoid-s73" xml:space="preserve"><emph style="sp">Ampère</emph> iſt der originelle franzöſiſche Philoſoph, der in <lb/>der nationalen Fortbildung der franzöſiſchen Philoſophie den letzten <lb/>wichtigen Knotenpunkt bildet, nicht Couſin, nicht dieſe Eklectiker in <lb/>Frankreich, welche an dem Tiſch der deutſchen Philoſophie hungrig <lb/>ſchmarotzen. </s>
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131 <s xml:id="echoid-s74" xml:space="preserve">Dieß letztere iſt auch ganz überflüſſig, da die fran-<lb/>zöſiſche Philoſophie nur durch ihre Methode einen Gegenſatz macht <lb/>gegen die deutſche, während ſie ſich, den Reſultaten nach, auf ihrem <lb/>ſelbſtſtändigen Wege der deutſchen Philoſophie in kühner Weiſe <lb/>nahe kommt. </s>
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132 <s xml:id="echoid-s75" xml:space="preserve">Durch eine empiriſche Grundlage traten dem fran-<lb/>zöſiſchen Philoſophiren die verſchiedenen Weltgebiete, deren Unter-<lb/>ſchied der abſtracte Materialismus vernichtet hatte, wieder deutlich <lb/>auseinander, und dennoch werden, durch die Conſequenz der na-<lb/>türlichen Eintheilung, ſämmtliche Gebiete wieder auf einen oberſten <lb/>Punkt bezogen. </s>
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133 <s xml:id="echoid-s76" xml:space="preserve">Ia der Alles beherrſchende Eintheilungsgrund, <lb/>der ſämmtliche Gebiete in eine Einheit verknüpft, und mittelſt deſſen <lb/>dieſelben wieder auf aprioriſche Weiſe abgeleitet werden können, <lb/>liegt bei Ampère in der nothwendigen Stufenfolge der menſchlichen <lb/>Erkenntniß, und ſo iſt alſo bei ihm das <emph style="sp">Geſetz des Denkens <lb/>auch das Geſetz, wornach ſich die Welt in ihre ver-<lb/>ſchiedenen Gebiete zerlegt</emph> — ein Satz, wodurch die fran-<lb/>
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134 <pb o="IX" file="0011" n="11"/>
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135 zöſiſche Philoſophie vollſtändig mit den objectiv-idealiſtiſchen Sy-<lb/>ſtemen Deutſchlands zuſammentrifft.</s>
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136 <s xml:id="echoid-s77" xml:space="preserve"/>
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137 </p>
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138 <p>
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139 <s xml:id="echoid-s78" xml:space="preserve">Trotz aller Aehnlichkeit in den Reſultaten jedoch iſt die Art, <lb/>wie er dazu kam, originell franzöſiſch. </s>
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140 <s xml:id="echoid-s79" xml:space="preserve">Ein univerſeller Wiſſens-<lb/>durſt treibt Ampère in alle <emph style="sp">ſpecielle</emph> Gebiete, in allen Fächern <lb/>macht er ſeine empiriſchen Studien, und erſt nachdem er ſich dieſe <lb/>Totalität des <emph style="sp">Stoffes</emph> errungen, macht ſich <emph style="sp">hintenher</emph> das <lb/>Bedürfniß bemerklich, denſelben überſichtlich zu ordnen. </s>
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141 <s xml:id="echoid-s80" xml:space="preserve">Er greift <lb/>nach den Claſſificationen ſeiner Vorgänger, aber ſie verletzen ſein <lb/>Wahrheitsgefühl, indem ſie den Beſtimmungen und Definitionen, <lb/>die er aus ſeinen <emph style="sp">beſondern</emph> Forſchungen gewonnen, wider-<lb/>ſprechen. </s>
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142 <s xml:id="echoid-s81" xml:space="preserve">Er wirft die Objecte und Gebiete ſo lange hin und her, <lb/>bis ſie endlich in einer Ordnung erſcheinen, die mit ſeinem <emph style="sp">empi-<lb/>riſchen</emph> Wiſſen von ihnen übereinſtimmt. </s>
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143 <s xml:id="echoid-s82" xml:space="preserve">Aber noch fehlt es <lb/>ihm an einem Schlüſſel, welcher das ganze Syſtem beherrſcht. <lb/></s>
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144 <s xml:id="echoid-s83" xml:space="preserve"><emph style="sp">Zufällig</emph> entdeckt er, daß auch die höheren und höchſten Grup-<lb/>pen auf dieſelbe Weiſe ſich unter einander gliedern, wie die ver-<lb/>ſchiedenen Geſichtspunkte, nach welchen die Erkenntniß einen ſpe-<lb/>ciellen Gegenſtand ſtufenmäßig auffaßt und begreift. </s>
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145 <s xml:id="echoid-s84" xml:space="preserve">So hat alſo <lb/>Ampère wohl am Ende ein natürliches Syſtem, er hat für daſſelbe <lb/>in den Categorien des Denkens die beherrſchende Einheit gefun-<lb/>den, aber es iſt ein zufälliges geniales Aperçu, und das erſte trei-<lb/>bende Motio war zunächſt blos das Streben nach Totalität des <lb/><emph style="sp">Materials</emph>, des gegebenen <emph style="sp">Stoffes</emph>. </s>
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146 <s xml:id="echoid-s85" xml:space="preserve">Wenn ein Deutſcher <lb/>einen ſolchen Fund macht, ſo bringt er denſelben in Beziehung <lb/>mit den höchſten Fragen des Daſeins, er glaubt auf heiligem <lb/>Boden zu ſtehen; </s>
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147 <s xml:id="echoid-s86" xml:space="preserve">der franzöſiſche Ampère dagegen ſetzt pünktlich <lb/>die Vortheile auseinander, welche aus einem natürlichen Syſtem <lb/>für das practiſche Leben entſpringen, wie man durch daſſelbe be-<lb/>fähigt werde, eine Bibliothek zweckmäßig zu ordnen, oder die Lehr-<lb/>curſe einer Bildungsanſtalt, die Sectionen einer gelehrten Körper-<lb/>
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148 <pb o="X" file="0012" n="12"/>
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149 ſchaft ſachgemäß einzutheilen. </s>
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150 <s xml:id="echoid-s87" xml:space="preserve">— So machen die verſchiedenen Be-<lb/>rufe der beiden Nationen da am ſchärfſten ſich geltend, wo ſie der <lb/>Sache nach in Eins zuſammentreffen.</s>
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151 <s xml:id="echoid-s88" xml:space="preserve"/>
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152 </p>
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153 <p>
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154 <s xml:id="echoid-s89" xml:space="preserve">Bei dem nachſtehenden Auszug des Ampère’ſchen Werkes <lb/>ſchien es mir zweckmäßig, von der Ordnung des Originals ab-<lb/>zuweichen. </s>
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155 <s xml:id="echoid-s90" xml:space="preserve">Ich beginne mit dem Begriff des &#132;<emph style="sp">natürlichen <lb/>Syſtems</emph>,&#148; welchen Ampère in der Einleitung ſeines Werks <lb/>aufſtellt. </s>
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156 <s xml:id="echoid-s91" xml:space="preserve">Dann werde ich das eigenthümliche Eintheilungsprincip, <lb/>welches dem Ampère’ſchen Syſtem zu Grunde liegt, und den Weg, <lb/>wie Ampère daſſelbe entdeckt hat, und die verſchiedenen weitgreifen-<lb/>den Anwendungen, welche er von demſelben macht, auseinander-<lb/>ſetzen, und zu dieſem Ende den weſentlichen Inhalt der Vorrede <lb/>Ampère’s und einer vor dem eigentlichen Texte des Werks ſtehenden <lb/>Note wiedergeben. </s>
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157 <s xml:id="echoid-s92" xml:space="preserve">Auf dieſe Darſtellung des Grundprincips ſeines <lb/>Syſtems laſſe ich dieſes ſelbſt folgen, ſo weit es in dem vorliegenden <lb/>Werke enthalten iſt, und den Schluß des Ganzen bilden critiſche <lb/>Bemerkungen über Ampère’s Syſtem und die wichtigen Beziehun-<lb/>gen, welche daſſelbe zur gegenwärtigen Phaſe der deutſchen Phi-<lb/>loſophie hat.</s>
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158 <s xml:id="echoid-s93" xml:space="preserve"/>
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159 </p>
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160
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161 <pb file="0013" n="13"/>
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162 </div>
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163 <div xml:id="echoid-div4" type="section" level="1" n="4">
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164 <head xml:id="echoid-head6" xml:space="preserve"><emph style="bf">Inhaltsanzeige.</emph></head>
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165 <note position="right" xml:space="preserve"> <lb/> # Seite <lb/>Einleitung des Verfaſſers # <emph style="bf">V-XII</emph> <lb/>Ampère’s Begriff einer Claſſification alles Wiſſens überhaupt und <lb/> # eines natürlichen Syſtems alles Wiſſens ins Beſondere # 1 <lb/>Plan des Werks # 11 <lb/>Eintheilungsprincip Ampère’s und die Art, wie er es entdeckte # 17 <lb/>Ampère’s Zuſatz zu ſeinem Eintheilungsprincip # 31 <lb/>Ampère’s natürliche Claſſification aller Wiſſenſchaften # 41 <lb/><emph style="sp">Erſtes Kapitel</emph>. Cosmologiſche Wiſſenſchaften, welche es nur <lb/> # mit den Begriffen von Größe und Maas zu thun haben # 41 <lb/><emph style="sp">Zweites Kapitel</emph>. Cosmologiſche Wiſſenſchaften, welche die <lb/> # unorganiſchen Eigenſchaften der Körper und ihre Anordnung <lb/> # auf dem Erdball zum Gegenſtand haben # 66 <lb/><emph style="sp">Drittes Kapitel</emph>. Cosmologiſche Wiſſenſchaften, die ſich auf <lb/> # lebendige Weſen, Pflanzen und Thiere, beziehen # 77 <lb/><emph style="sp">Viertes Kapitel</emph>. Mediciniſche Wiſſenſchaften # 84 <lb/><emph style="sp">Fünftes Kapitel</emph>. Definitionen und Eintheilung der verſchie-<lb/> # denen Provinzen der cosmopolitiſchen Wiſſenſchaften # 88 <lb/>Tabelle aller Naturwiſſenſchaften erſter Ordnung # 102 <lb/>Critik der Ampère’ſchen Claſſification # 103 <lb/></note>
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166
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167 <pb file="0014" n="14"/>
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168
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169 <pb o="1" file="0015" n="15"/>
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170 </div>
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171 <div xml:id="echoid-div5" type="section" level="1" n="5">
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172 <head xml:id="echoid-head7" xml:space="preserve"><emph style="bf">Ampère’s Begriff einer Claſſification Alles Wiſſens überhaupt und</emph> <lb/><emph style="bf">eines <emph style="sp">natürlichen</emph> Syſtems Alles Wiſſens insbeſondere.</emph></head>
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173 <p>
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174 <s xml:id="echoid-s94" xml:space="preserve">Sobald der Menſch über einen Gegenſtand ſich eine <lb/>Anzahl von Begriffen gebildet hat, ſo fühlt er das Bedürf-<lb/>niß, ſie nach einer beſtimmten Ordnung zuſammenzuſtellen, <lb/>um dieſelben ſicherer zu beſitzen, um ſie wiederfinden und <lb/>andern mittheilen zu können. </s>
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175 <s xml:id="echoid-s95" xml:space="preserve">Dies iſt der Urſprung der <lb/>Eintheilungen, welche außer den ebengenannten noch andere <lb/>Vortheile gewähren. </s>
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176 <s xml:id="echoid-s96" xml:space="preserve">Sie vermehren nämlich die Summe <lb/>unſeres Wiſſens über irgend einen Gegenſtand, indem ſie <lb/>uns nöthigen, denſelben von verſchiedenen Seiten zu be-<lb/>trachten, und neue Beziehungen an ihm aufzuſuchen, die <lb/>außerdem unentdeckt geblieben wären.</s>
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177 <s xml:id="echoid-s97" xml:space="preserve"/>
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178 </p>
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179 <p>
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180 <s xml:id="echoid-s98" xml:space="preserve">Längſt hat man den Vortheil eingeſehen, welchen eine <lb/>allgemeine Eintheilung aller Wiſſenſchaften und Künſte haben <lb/>könnte, und man kennt die Arbeiten, welche Baco, d’Alem-<lb/>bert und viele Andere zu dieſem Zwecke unternommen haben. <lb/></s>
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181 <s xml:id="echoid-s99" xml:space="preserve">Dieſe Verſuche hatten jedoch nicht den gewünſchten Erfolg, <lb/>wofür ſich verſchiedene Gründe anführen laſſen. </s>
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182 <s xml:id="echoid-s100" xml:space="preserve">Zu Baco’s <lb/>Zeit war noch in keiner Wiſſenſchaft eine Claſſification, <lb/>welche auf die wahren Beziehungen ihrer Gegenſtände ge-<lb/>gründet geweſen wäre, und von einer natürlichen Einthei-<lb/>lung hatte man keine Ahnung. </s>
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183 <s xml:id="echoid-s101" xml:space="preserve">Wie Baco machten auch die <lb/>Späteren ſich keine andere Aufgabe, als die Aggregate von <lb/>Kenntniſſen, die der Zufall zuſammengeführt, und denen die <lb/>Laune des Sprachgebrauchs Namen gegeben hatte, in eine <lb/>Ordnung zu bringen. </s>
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184 <s xml:id="echoid-s102" xml:space="preserve">Man ſah die doppelte Nothwendig-<lb/>keit nicht ein, daß man zuerſt <emph style="sp">ſämmtliche</emph> Wahrheiten <lb/>
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185 <pb o="2" file="0016" n="16"/>
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186 auf die <emph style="sp">richtige</emph> Art gruppiren, und daß man jeder ſolchen <lb/>Gruppe einen neuen Namen geben müſſe, wenn ſie noch <lb/>keinen habe. </s>
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187 <s xml:id="echoid-s103" xml:space="preserve">Zudem ging man von einem ganz willkürlichen <lb/>Eintheilungsprincip aus. </s>
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188 <s xml:id="echoid-s104" xml:space="preserve">So iſt es z. </s>
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189 <s xml:id="echoid-s105" xml:space="preserve">B. </s>
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190 <s xml:id="echoid-s106" xml:space="preserve">in dem von <lb/>Baco entlehnten Schema Alles Wiſſens, das an der Spitze <lb/>der Encyclopädie ſteht; </s>
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191 <s xml:id="echoid-s107" xml:space="preserve">hier ſind drei oberſte Abtheilungen <lb/>gebildet, entſprechend den drei Grundvermögen, auf welche <lb/>man damals das geiſtige Leben des Menſchen glaubte zu-<lb/>rückführen zu können: </s>
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192 <s xml:id="echoid-s108" xml:space="preserve">Gedächtniß, Vernunft und Einbil-<lb/>dungskraft. </s>
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193 <s xml:id="echoid-s109" xml:space="preserve">Soll die darauf gebaute Eintheilung eine gute <lb/>ſeyn, ſo dürfen zum Mindeſten nicht ganz heterogene Wiſ-<lb/>ſenſchaften in dieſelbe Abtheilung zuſammengeſtellt werden, <lb/>noch weniger dürfen ſolche, welche durch zahlreiche Analo-<lb/>gieen einander nahe ſtehen, in ganz verſchiedene Abtheilungen <lb/>gebracht werden.</s>
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194 <s xml:id="echoid-s110" xml:space="preserve"/>
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195 </p>
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196 <p>
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197 <s xml:id="echoid-s111" xml:space="preserve">Nun bedarf es aber blos eines Blicks auf jenes Sy-<lb/>ſtem, um ſich zu überzeugen, wie ganz fremdartige Wiſſen-<lb/>ſchaften neben einander ſtehen, die Beſchreibung der Mine-<lb/>ralien, Pflanzen, Thiere, Elemente neben der politiſchen <lb/>Geſchichte, während die Mineralogie, Botanik, Zoologie, <lb/>Chemie, welche von den erſteren gar nicht oder höchſtens <lb/>durch den Geſichtspunkt verſchieden ſind, unter denen man <lb/>ganz gleiche Objekte betrachtet, in einer andern der drei <lb/>Hauptabtheilungen, bei der Metaphyſik, Logik und Mathe-<lb/>matik ſtehen. </s>
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198 <s xml:id="echoid-s112" xml:space="preserve">Ebenſo unnatürlich iſt die Zoologie von der <lb/>Botanik getrennt, und zwiſchen beide Wiſſenſchaften die <lb/>Aſtronomie, die Meteorologie und Mineralogie eingeſchoben, <lb/>die ihrerſeits wieder durch die Zoologie von den phyſikaliſch-<lb/>mathematiſchen Wiſſenſchaften getrennt ſind.</s>
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199 <s xml:id="echoid-s113" xml:space="preserve"/>
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200 </p>
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201 <p>
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202 <s xml:id="echoid-s114" xml:space="preserve">Nicht bei allen Eintheilungen zeigen ſich vielleicht ſo <lb/>in die Augen fallende Anomalieen, aber überall kommen <lb/>Zuſammenſtellungen vor, deren Grund man nicht abſieht, <lb/>überall werden Wiſſenſchaften von einander getrennt, deren <lb/>Aehnlichkeit vor Augen liegt. </s>
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203 <s xml:id="echoid-s115" xml:space="preserve">Manchmal geht die Ver-<lb/>wirrung wirklich ins Abenteuerliche. </s>
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204 <s xml:id="echoid-s116" xml:space="preserve">So ſteht z. </s>
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205 <s xml:id="echoid-s117" xml:space="preserve">B. </s>
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206 <s xml:id="echoid-s118" xml:space="preserve">in <lb/>
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207 <pb o="3" file="0017" n="17"/>
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208 einer ganz neuen Eintheilung die Mathematik zwiſchen der <lb/>Chemie und Anatomie; </s>
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209 <s xml:id="echoid-s119" xml:space="preserve">die Phyſik, welche doch die Mathe-<lb/>matik ſo nöthig hat, ſteht <emph style="sp">vor</emph> dieſen Wiſſenſchaften, und <lb/>hinter der Zoologie und Botanik; </s>
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210 <s xml:id="echoid-s120" xml:space="preserve">ſie iſt durch dieſe beiden <lb/>von der Mineralogie und Geologie getrennt, die doch mit <lb/>der Phyſik in ſo naher Beziehung ſtehen. </s>
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211 <s xml:id="echoid-s121" xml:space="preserve">Die Aſtronomie <lb/>endlich, die noch enger mit der Mathematik verwandt, ja <lb/>nur eine unmittelbare Anwendung derſelben iſt, ſteht am <lb/>Anfang des ganzen Syſtems, weil ſie die <emph style="sp">einfachſte</emph> und <lb/>am <emph style="sp">leichteſten zu faſſende</emph> Wiſſenſchaft ſei; </s>
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212 <s xml:id="echoid-s122" xml:space="preserve">und das <lb/>nennt der Verfaſſer &#132;die Wiſſenſchaften in natürliche Fa-<lb/>milien zuſammenſtellen, um leicht von einer zur andern <lb/>übergehen zu können, und ſich ſo wenig als möglich wie-<lb/>derholen zu müſſen.</s>
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213 <s xml:id="echoid-s123" xml:space="preserve">&#148;</s>
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214 </p>
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215 <p>
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216 <s xml:id="echoid-s124" xml:space="preserve">Nach ſo vielen unglücklichen Verſuchen iſt man bis <lb/>jetzt erſt in den naturhiſtoriſchen Wiſſenſchaften zu Einthei-<lb/>lungen gekommen, welche eine ſtrengere Prüfung aushalten <lb/>können; </s>
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217 <s xml:id="echoid-s125" xml:space="preserve">auch liegt es in der Natur der Sache, daß gerade <lb/>dieſe zuerſt einen gewiſſen Grad von Vollendung erreichten, <lb/>weil die in denſelben betrachteten Gegenſtände ſcharf be-<lb/>ſtimmte Charaktere an ſich tragen, die man nur ausſprechen <lb/>darf, um die Gruppen zu einem natürlichen Syſteme zu <lb/>haben. </s>
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218 <s xml:id="echoid-s126" xml:space="preserve">Will man aber in das ungeheure Reich des menſch-<lb/>lichen Wiſſens eine Ordnung bringen, ſo liegt die Schwie-<lb/>rigkeit darin, zu beſtimmen, was man unter einer <emph style="sp">Wiſſen-<lb/>ſchaft</emph> verſteht.</s>
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219 <s xml:id="echoid-s127" xml:space="preserve"/>
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220 </p>
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221 <p>
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222 <s xml:id="echoid-s128" xml:space="preserve">Man trennt gewöhnlich die Wiſſenſchaften von den <lb/>Kü<unsure/>nſten. </s>
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223 <s xml:id="echoid-s129" xml:space="preserve">Dieſer Unterſchied beruht darauf, daß in den <lb/>Wiſſenſchaften der Menſch blos <emph style="sp">erkennt</emph>, bei den Künſten <lb/>aber erkennt und handelt; </s>
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224 <s xml:id="echoid-s130" xml:space="preserve">denn wenn der Phyſiker die Ei-<lb/>genſchaften des Goldes erkennt, ſeine Schmelzbarkeit, ſeine <lb/>Hämmerbarkeit u. </s>
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225 <s xml:id="echoid-s131" xml:space="preserve">ſ. </s>
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226 <s xml:id="echoid-s132" xml:space="preserve">f.</s>
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227 <s xml:id="echoid-s133" xml:space="preserve">, ſo muß auch der Goldarbeiter ſei-<lb/>nerſeits die Mittel kennen, daſſelbe zu gießen, zu ſchlagen, <lb/>in Draht zu ziehen u. </s>
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228 <s xml:id="echoid-s134" xml:space="preserve">ſ. </s>
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229 <s xml:id="echoid-s135" xml:space="preserve">f.</s>
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230 <s xml:id="echoid-s136" xml:space="preserve">, in dem einen, wie in dem an-<lb/>dern Fall findet alſo <emph style="sp">Erkenntniß</emph> ſtatt. </s>
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231 <s xml:id="echoid-s137" xml:space="preserve">Handelt es ſich <lb/>
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232 <pb o="4" file="0018" n="18"/>
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233 alſo um eine Eintheilung aller Wahrheiten, ſo giebt es <lb/>keinen weſentlichen Unterſchied zwiſchen Künſten und Wiſ-<lb/>ſenſchaften, und die erſteren müſſen ebenſogut in die Ein-<lb/>theilung aufgenommen werden, wie die andern. </s>
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234 <s xml:id="echoid-s138" xml:space="preserve">Die Künſte <lb/>haben jedoch nur inſofern eine Stelle in der Claſſification, <lb/>als man das Verfahren und die Inſtrumente <emph style="sp">kennen <lb/>lernt</emph>, die dabei in Anwendung kommen, und gänzlich ab-<lb/>ſieht von der praktiſchen Ausübung; </s>
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235 <s xml:id="echoid-s139" xml:space="preserve">denn dieſe hängt von <lb/>der Geſchicklichkeit des Arbeiters ab, und hat nichts zu <lb/>ſchaffen mit den mehr oder weniger vollſtändigen Kennt-<lb/>niſſen, die er erworben, da ihn dieſe nur zu einem <emph style="sp">wiſ-<lb/>ſenſchaftlich gebildeten</emph> Arbeiter machen.</s>
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236 <s xml:id="echoid-s140" xml:space="preserve"/>
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237 </p>
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238 <p>
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239 <s xml:id="echoid-s141" xml:space="preserve">In Beziehung auf die Erkenntniß iſt alſo jede Kunſt <lb/>und jede Wiſſenſchaft eine Gruppe von Wahrheiten, welche <lb/>durch die Vernunft bewieſen, durch äußere oder innere Er-<lb/>fahrung gewonnen werden, und durch einen gemeinſamen <lb/>Charakter verbunden ſind, mag nun dieſer darin beſtehen, <lb/>daß man es mit gleichartigen Gegenſtänden zu thun, oder <lb/>daß man verſchiedene Gegenſtände unter demſelben Geſichts-<lb/>punkt betrachtet.</s>
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240 <s xml:id="echoid-s142" xml:space="preserve"/>
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241 </p>
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242 <p>
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243 <s xml:id="echoid-s143" xml:space="preserve">Man kann ſagen, der Philoſoph müſſe bei der Ein-<lb/>theilung alles Wiſſens die einzelnen Wahrheiten als das <lb/>anſehen, was für den Naturhiſtoriker die verſchiedenen Arten <lb/>von Pflanzen und Thieren ſind. </s>
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244 <s xml:id="echoid-s144" xml:space="preserve">Wie dieſer die nächſtſte-<lb/>henden Arten in Gattungen, die ähnlichſten Gattungen in <lb/>Familien, die Familien in Ordnungen, die Ordnungen in <lb/>Claſſen u. </s>
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245 <s xml:id="echoid-s145" xml:space="preserve">ſ. </s>
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246 <s xml:id="echoid-s146" xml:space="preserve">f. </s>
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247 <s xml:id="echoid-s147" xml:space="preserve">gruppirt, ſo muß der Philoſoph aus den <lb/>Wahrheiten, die er eintheilen will, Gruppen von verſchie-<lb/>denen Ordnungen und Graden bilden. </s>
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248 <s xml:id="echoid-s148" xml:space="preserve">Die Gruppen, welche <lb/>die einander am nächſten ſtehenden Wahrheiten enthalten, <lb/>werden den Gattungen der Naturgeſchichte entſprechen, und <lb/>Wiſſenſchaften der niederſten Ordnung heißen. </s>
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249 <s xml:id="echoid-s149" xml:space="preserve">Dieſe werden <lb/>in Wiſſenſchaften der nächſt höheren Ordnung vereinigt, wie <lb/>die Gattungen in Familien. </s>
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250 <s xml:id="echoid-s150" xml:space="preserve">Mehrere ſolcher Wiſſenſchaften <lb/>zuſammen, bilden abermals eine Wiſſenſchaft von noch aus-<lb/>
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251 <pb o="5" file="0019" n="19"/>
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252 gedehnterem Umfang, welche den Ordnungen entſpricht, und <lb/>ſo immer höher hinauf, bis man endlich zu den zwei großen <lb/>Hauptabtheilungen aller Wahrhciten, Natur und Geiſt, <lb/>kommt, wie die Naturgeſchichte zuletzt bei der oberſten Zwei-<lb/>theilung, Thier- und Pflanzenreich, anlangt.</s>
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253 <s xml:id="echoid-s151" xml:space="preserve"/>
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254 </p>
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255 <p>
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256 <s xml:id="echoid-s152" xml:space="preserve">Wir ſehen bei der Claſſification der natürlichen Arten <lb/>ein doppeltes Moment: </s>
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257 <s xml:id="echoid-s153" xml:space="preserve">1) Vereinigung der Arten zu Gat-<lb/>tungen, 2) Claſſification der Gattungen; </s>
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258 <s xml:id="echoid-s154" xml:space="preserve">ebenſo haben wir <lb/>auch bei Eintheilung aller Wahrheiten ein doppeltes Ge-<lb/>ſchäft; </s>
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259 <s xml:id="echoid-s155" xml:space="preserve">1) Vereinigung dieſer Wahrheiten in Wiſſenſchaften <lb/>der unterſten Ordnung, 2) Eintheilung dieſer Wiſſenſchaften. <lb/></s>
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260 <s xml:id="echoid-s156" xml:space="preserve">Wären, wie es bei den Pflanzen durch Bernard de Iuſſieu <lb/>geſchehen iſt, die menſchlichen Erkenntniſſe ſchon in Wiſſen-<lb/>ſchaften von weiterem Umfang, entſprechend den Pflanzen-<lb/>familien vereinigt, ſo würde nur noch die Eintheilung dieſer <lb/>Wiſſenſchaften zu finden ſein, wie das Werk Iuſſieu’s durch <lb/>den Erben ſeines Namens und Genies in der Claſſification <lb/>der Familien vollendet wurde.</s>
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261 <s xml:id="echoid-s157" xml:space="preserve"/>
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262 </p>
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263 <p>
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264 <s xml:id="echoid-s158" xml:space="preserve">Werden mehrere Wiſſenſchaften einer gewiſſen Ordnung <lb/>in eine Wiſſenſchaft der nächſt höhern Ordnung zuſammen-<lb/>gefaßt, ſo kann der Unterſchied zwiſchen denſelben ein dop-<lb/>pelter ſein: </s>
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265 <s xml:id="echoid-s159" xml:space="preserve">entweder enthält die niedere Wiſſenſchaft nur <lb/>einen Theil der Gegenſtände, welche in der höheren zu einer <lb/>Geſammtheit vereinigt ſind, oder aber enthält jede niedere <lb/>die Geſammtheit der Objecte, aber nur unter einem beſon-<lb/>dern Geſichtspunkt. </s>
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266 <s xml:id="echoid-s160" xml:space="preserve">Der erſte Fall findet z. </s>
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267 <s xml:id="echoid-s161" xml:space="preserve">B. </s>
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268 <s xml:id="echoid-s162" xml:space="preserve">ſtatt, wenn <lb/>man die Zoologie in die Lehre von den Säugethieren, Vö-<lb/>geln, Inſekten u. </s>
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269 <s xml:id="echoid-s163" xml:space="preserve">ſ. </s>
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270 <s xml:id="echoid-s164" xml:space="preserve">f. </s>
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271 <s xml:id="echoid-s165" xml:space="preserve">trennt; </s>
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272 <s xml:id="echoid-s166" xml:space="preserve">der zweite Fall findet ſtatt, <lb/>wenn man ſagt, die Zoologie beſteht aus der Zoographie, <lb/>aus der vergleichenden Anatomie u. </s>
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273 <s xml:id="echoid-s167" xml:space="preserve">ſ. </s>
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274 <s xml:id="echoid-s168" xml:space="preserve">f.</s>
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275 <s xml:id="echoid-s169" xml:space="preserve">, wo jede Wiſſen-<lb/>ſchaft das ganze Thierreich, aber nur aus einem beſondern <lb/>Geſichtspunkt umfaßt.</s>
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276 <s xml:id="echoid-s170" xml:space="preserve"/>
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277 </p>
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278 <p>
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279 <s xml:id="echoid-s171" xml:space="preserve">Man hat natürliche und künſtliche Syſteme unterſchie-<lb/>den. </s>
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280 <s xml:id="echoid-s172" xml:space="preserve">Bei dieſen letzteren reichen einige willkührlich gewählte <lb/>Merkmale hin, für jeglichen Gegenſtand die Stelle im Sy-<lb/>
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281 <pb o="6" file="0020" n="20"/>
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282 ſtem zu beſtimmen; </s>
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283 <s xml:id="echoid-s173" xml:space="preserve">die übrigen läßt man fallen, und ſo <lb/>werden oft die Gegenſtände auf die ſonderbarſte Weiſe zu-<lb/>ſammengeſtellt oder von einander getrennt. </s>
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284 <s xml:id="echoid-s174" xml:space="preserve">Bei den natür-<lb/>lichen Eintheilungen dagegen werden alle weſentlichen Cha-<lb/>ractere eines Gegenſtandes zuſammengefaßt und die Bedeu-<lb/>tung derſelben gegen einander abgewogen; </s>
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285 <s xml:id="echoid-s175" xml:space="preserve">und dies Geſchäft <lb/>iſt erſt dann zu Ende, wenn die Gegenſtände, welche die <lb/>größſte Aehnlichkeit zeigen, auch am nächſten beiſammen <lb/>ſtehen; </s>
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286 <s xml:id="echoid-s176" xml:space="preserve">deßgleichen die Gruppen, die man aus jenen Ob-<lb/>jecten bildet; </s>
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287 <s xml:id="echoid-s177" xml:space="preserve">und wenn von einer Gruppe zur nächſtſtehen-<lb/>den ein gewiſſer Uebergang nachgewieſen werden kann.</s>
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288 <s xml:id="echoid-s178" xml:space="preserve"/>
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289 </p>
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290 <p>
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291 <s xml:id="echoid-s179" xml:space="preserve">Da die künſtlichen Syſteme auf willkührlich gewählte <lb/>Charactere ſich ſtützen, ſo kann man ſolche nach Laune und <lb/>Belieben aufſtellen. </s>
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292 <s xml:id="echoid-s180" xml:space="preserve">Weit entfernt aber, zu dem Fortſchritt <lb/>der Wiſſenſchaften etwas beizutragen, bringen dieſe Syſteme, <lb/>die wie die Wellen des Meeres kommen und gehen, nichts <lb/>als Verwirrung in unſer Wiſſen. </s>
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293 <s xml:id="echoid-s181" xml:space="preserve">Wer ihnen folgt, richtet <lb/>ſeine Aufmerkſamkeit blos auf <emph style="sp">die</emph> Seite der Objecte, welche <lb/>bei der Eintheilung zur Sprache kommen. </s>
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294 <s xml:id="echoid-s182" xml:space="preserve">Die natürlichen <lb/>Eintheilungen dagegen faſſen das Ganze der Gegenſtände <lb/>ins Auge, ſie nöthigen uns dadurch, dieſelben nach <emph style="sp">allen</emph> <lb/>Seiten und Beziehungen zu unterſuchen, und führen uns <lb/>hiermit zu der möglichſt umfaſſenden Kenntniß einer Sache.</s>
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295 <s xml:id="echoid-s183" xml:space="preserve"/>
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296 </p>
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297 <p>
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298 <s xml:id="echoid-s184" xml:space="preserve">Dieſe Nothwendigkeit, die Objecte ganz zu erſchöpfen, <lb/>iſt der Grund davon, daß wir dieſe Eintheilungen ändern <lb/>müſſen, ſobald wir neue Beziehungen entdecken, und dieſe <lb/>Aenderungen bringen das Syſtem ſeiner Vollendung immer <lb/>näher. </s>
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299 <s xml:id="echoid-s185" xml:space="preserve">Bei einem künſtlichen Syſteme iſt man Herr über <lb/>die Beſtimmungen deſſelben, wählt nach Belieben die Cha-<lb/>ractere der oberſten Abtheilungen, dann die für die Unter-<lb/>abtheilungen, während der Gründer eines natürlichen Sy-<lb/>ſtems bei den letzten Unterabtheilungen beginnen muß, die <lb/>nur aus wenigen Individuen beſtehen, und deren Aehnlich-<lb/>keiten am meiſten in die Augen fallen und am leichteſten <lb/>zu beſtimmen ſind. </s>
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300 <s xml:id="echoid-s186" xml:space="preserve">Durch Zuſammenſtellung dieſer niederſten <lb/>
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301 <pb o="7" file="0021" n="21"/>
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302 Unterabtheilungen nach demſelben Geſetz der größten Ver-<lb/>wandtſchaft, kommt er zu den nächſt höheren Abtheilungen, <lb/>und ſo am Ende zu den Hauptabtheilungen, mit welchen der <lb/>künſtliche Eintheiler begonnen hatte. </s>
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303 <s xml:id="echoid-s187" xml:space="preserve">Erſt wenn dieß geſche-<lb/>hen iſt, kann er die Charactere für jede Gruppe beſtimmen.</s>
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304 <s xml:id="echoid-s188" xml:space="preserve"/>
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305 </p>
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306 <p>
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307 <s xml:id="echoid-s189" xml:space="preserve">Wir haben bereits oben die beiden Momente erwähnt, <lb/>durch welche ſich eine Wiſſenſchaft beſtimmen und gegen an-<lb/>dere abgrenzen läßt, nemlich 1) die Natur der Objecte, die <lb/>man erforſcht, 2) die Geſichtspunkte, unter welchen dieß ge-<lb/>ſchieht. </s>
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308 <s xml:id="echoid-s190" xml:space="preserve">Man könnte glauben, nur die Natur der Objecte <lb/>brauche berückſichtigt zu werden, da die Wahrheiten, die <lb/>man eintheilen will, ſich zunächſt auf jene beziehen. </s>
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309 <s xml:id="echoid-s191" xml:space="preserve">Aber <lb/>dieſe Wahrheiten werden von dem menſchlichen Verſtand <lb/>erfaßt; </s>
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310 <s xml:id="echoid-s192" xml:space="preserve">die Wiſſenſchaften ſind für und durch den Menſchen, <lb/>und dieß Alles nöthigt uns, auf die verſchiedenen möglichen <lb/>Geſichtspunkte Rückſicht zu nehmen. </s>
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311 <s xml:id="echoid-s193" xml:space="preserve">An zweierlei Characteren <lb/>alſo kann man erkennen, ob die allgemeine Eintheilung alles <lb/>unſeres Wiſſens in der That eine natürliche iſt, während <lb/>nur Eine Art von Characteren, nemlich die von der Natur <lb/>der Gegenſtände abhängigen, nothwendig ſind, um allein <lb/>die Dinge ſelbſt einzutheilen. </s>
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312 <s xml:id="echoid-s194" xml:space="preserve">Hinſichtlich der erſten Art <lb/>von Characteren wird man die Eintheilung der Wiſſen-<lb/>ſchaften für gelungen halten müſſen, wenn, (mit Ausnahme <lb/>des Falls, wo die Natur der Wiſſenſchaft ſelbſt eine andere <lb/>Eintheilung nöthig macht) die aus den zuſammengehörigen <lb/>Wahrheiten gebildeten Gruppen ſo gebildet ſind, daß ſie mit <lb/>den Gruppen der Gegenſtände ſelbſt zuſammenfallen, und daß <lb/>auch die Anordnung der erſtgenannten Gruppen der natür-<lb/>lichen Ordnung der letztern entſpricht. </s>
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313 <s xml:id="echoid-s195" xml:space="preserve">Hinſichtlich der zweiten <lb/>Art von Characteren, (der ſubjectiven) müſſen noch die <lb/>weiteren Forderungen hinzugefügt werden, daß diejenigen <lb/>Wiſſenſchaften in eine Gruppe vereinigt werden, mit deren <lb/>Inhalt ſich dieſelben Menſchen beſchäftigen, da auch dieſer <lb/>Umſtand auf eine Aehnlichkeit deutet, und daß ſie in me-<lb/>thodiſcher Ordnung auf einander folgen. </s>
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314 <s xml:id="echoid-s196" xml:space="preserve">Eine ſolche Ord-<lb/>
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315 <pb o="8" file="0022" n="22"/>
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316 nung wird dann ſtattfinden, wenn man bei Durchlaufung <lb/>des Ganzen nie nöthig hat, bei andern Wiſſenſchaften Aus-<lb/>kunft zu ſuchen, als bei ſolchen, welche ſchon weiter oben <lb/>abgehandelt ſind. </s>
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317 <s xml:id="echoid-s197" xml:space="preserve">Dieß wäre dann bei den Wiſſenſchaften <lb/>daſſelbe, was Iuſſieu bei dem Pflanzenreich that; </s>
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318 <s xml:id="echoid-s198" xml:space="preserve">er ſtellte <lb/>die einfachſten Organiſationen voran und ſtieg ſtufenweiſe <lb/>zu den verwickelteren auf. </s>
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319 <s xml:id="echoid-s199" xml:space="preserve">Später hat man dieſe Ordnung <lb/>umgekehrt und mit den vollkommeneren Organiſationen be-<lb/>gonnen, und wenn es ſich um die natürliche Claſſification <lb/>der organiſchen Reiche handelt, kann man füglich beide <lb/>Methoden befolgen. </s>
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320 <s xml:id="echoid-s200" xml:space="preserve">Bei der Claſſification des menſchlichen <lb/>Wiſſens aber wird man nicht lange im Zweifel ſein, ob <lb/>man bei den einfachen oder verwickeltſten Wiſſenſchaften an-<lb/>fangen ſoll.</s>
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321 <s xml:id="echoid-s201" xml:space="preserve"/>
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322 </p>
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323 <p>
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324 <s xml:id="echoid-s202" xml:space="preserve">Dieſer Gedanke leitete mich bei den erſten Verſuchen <lb/>meiner Arbeit, ehe ich noch ahnen konnte, wie weit ſie mich <lb/>führen würde. </s>
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325 <s xml:id="echoid-s203" xml:space="preserve">Ich ſah, daß man bei jeder natürlichen <lb/>Eintheilung der Wiſſenſchaften mit den mathematiſchen an-<lb/>fangen müſſe, weil dieſe, im Vergleich mit den andern, nur <lb/>eine geringe Zahl einfacher Grundbegriffe, wie Größe, Aus-<lb/>dehnung, Bewegung, Kraft u. </s>
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326 <s xml:id="echoid-s204" xml:space="preserve">ſ. </s>
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327 <s xml:id="echoid-s205" xml:space="preserve">f. </s>
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328 <s xml:id="echoid-s206" xml:space="preserve">enthalten, ohne irgend <lb/>etwas aus andern Wiſſenſchaften entlehnen zu müſſen. </s>
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329 <s xml:id="echoid-s207" xml:space="preserve">Auf <lb/>die Mathematik müſſen diejenigen Wiſſenſchaften folgen, die <lb/>es mit den unorganiſchen Eigenſchaften der Körper zu thun <lb/>haben; </s>
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330 <s xml:id="echoid-s208" xml:space="preserve">denn für dieſe iſt bekanntlich die Mathematik die <lb/>einzige Hülfswiſſenſchaft. </s>
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331 <s xml:id="echoid-s209" xml:space="preserve">Dann erſt kommen die Wiſſen-<lb/>ſchaften des organiſchen Lebens; </s>
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332 <s xml:id="echoid-s210" xml:space="preserve">denn der Naturhiſtoriker <lb/>und Arzt braucht oft die Mathematik und Phyſik, während <lb/>der Mathematiker nie, der Phyſiker nur ſelten die natur-<lb/>hiſtoriſchen Wiſſenſchaften zu Hülfe nehmen muß. </s>
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333 <s xml:id="echoid-s211" xml:space="preserve">Unter <lb/>den organiſchen Weſen aber iſt eines, das uns allein <lb/>ebenſo ſehr in Anſpruch nimmt, als die ganze übrige Welt <lb/>zuſammen, der Menſch; </s>
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334 <s xml:id="echoid-s212" xml:space="preserve">und aus dem Studium deſſelben <lb/>entſpringen die philoſophiſchen, moraliſchen und politiſchen <lb/>Wiſſenſchaften.</s>
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335 <s xml:id="echoid-s213" xml:space="preserve"/>
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336 </p>
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337
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338 <pb o="9" file="0023" n="23"/>
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339 <p>
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340 <s xml:id="echoid-s214" xml:space="preserve">Das Studium des Menſchen kann erſt nach dem Stu-<lb/>dium der äußern Welt und Natur kommen, denn ſo gut <lb/>wir uns des Auges bedienen, ohne ſeinen Bau und die <lb/>Natur ſeiner Thätigkeiten zu kennen, ſo kann der Mathe-<lb/>matiker, der Phyſiker, der Phyſiolog das philoſophiſche Stu-<lb/>dium der Geiſtesvermögen entbehren, die bei den Meſſungen <lb/>des Raums, bei der Beobachtung und Eintheilung der in <lb/>der Welt befindlichen Weſen und Körper mitwirken. </s>
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341 <s xml:id="echoid-s215" xml:space="preserve">Der <lb/>Philoſoph dagegen muß wenigſtens überblicklich die Mathe-<lb/>matik, die Phyſik und die naturhiſtoriſchen Wiſſenſchaften <lb/>inne haben, denn dieſe geben ihm das Material für das <lb/>Studium der menſchlichen Geiſtesvermögen, deren ſchönſte <lb/>Frucht eben jene Wiſſenſchaften ſind; </s>
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342 <s xml:id="echoid-s216" xml:space="preserve">in ihnen findet er die <lb/>Methode, mittelſt deren der menſchliche Geiſt alle in denſel-<lb/>ben enthaltenen Wahrheiten entdeckte, und welchen Vorſchub <lb/>leiſtet ihm vor Allem die phyſiologiſche Kenntniß unſeres <lb/>Organismus, die ja auch einen Theil der Naturwiſſenſchaft <lb/>bildet, bei der Erforſchung der geiſtigen und ſittlichen Kräfte <lb/>im Menſchen. </s>
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343 <s xml:id="echoid-s217" xml:space="preserve">Dann können die Unterſuchungen der Hülfs-<lb/>mittel folgen, durch welche ſich die Menſchen ihre Gedanken, <lb/>Gefühle, Affecte u. </s>
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344 <s xml:id="echoid-s218" xml:space="preserve">ſ. </s>
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345 <s xml:id="echoid-s219" xml:space="preserve">f. </s>
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346 <s xml:id="echoid-s220" xml:space="preserve">mittheilen. </s>
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347 <s xml:id="echoid-s221" xml:space="preserve">Hier iſt die Stelle für <lb/>das Studium der Sprache, der Literatur und der freien <lb/>Künſte, und vor Allem der größten von Allen, der Kunſt <lb/>den Menſchen zu erziehen. </s>
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348 <s xml:id="echoid-s222" xml:space="preserve">Daß dieſe Abtheilung auf die <lb/>Unterſuchung der geiſtigen und ſittlichen Kräfte <emph style="sp">folgen</emph> <lb/>muß, iſt leicht zu erſehen, ſobald man bedenkt, daß der Phi-<lb/>loſoph die Sprache, die ihm zur feſten Bezeichnung ſeiner <lb/>Gedanken allerdings unentbehrlich iſt, dennoch nicht anders <lb/>gebraucht, als der Mathematiker die Denkgeſetze, und daß <lb/>weder der eine noch der andere die Natur ſeines Mittels <lb/>und Werkzeugs erforſcht zu haben braucht. </s>
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349 <s xml:id="echoid-s223" xml:space="preserve">Umgekehrt aber <lb/>iſt bei einem tieferen Studium der Mittel, durch welche ſich <lb/>der Menſch ſeines Gleichen mittheilt, die Kenntniß ſeiner <lb/>geiſtigen und ſittlichen Kräfte, der verſchiedenen Empfindun-<lb/>gen, deren er fähig iſt, die Einſicht in die Art, wie er ſeine
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350 <pb o="10" file="0024" n="24"/>
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351 Gedanken bildet und verknüpft, unentbehrlich. </s>
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352 <s xml:id="echoid-s224" xml:space="preserve">Auf das <lb/>Studium der Sprachen, der Literatur und freien Künſte <lb/>folgt die Unterſuchung der menſchlichen Geſellſchaften, aller <lb/>Umſtände und Thatſachen aus ihrer Vergangenheit und Ge-<lb/>genwart, der Inſtitutionen, durch welche ſie regiert werden, <lb/>und alles deſſen, was mit dieſen Dingen zuſammenhängt.</s>
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353 <s xml:id="echoid-s225" xml:space="preserve"/>
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354 </p>
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355 <p>
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356 <s xml:id="echoid-s226" xml:space="preserve">In einem ſolchen ungehemmten und ungezwungenen <lb/>Uebergang von einer Wiſſenſchaft zur andern beſteht der <lb/>Character einer guten und natürlichen Eintheilung; </s>
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357 <s xml:id="echoid-s227" xml:space="preserve">und <lb/>man wird in der angeführten Reihe von Wiſſenſchaften die <lb/>richtige Ordnung des Stufengangs nicht verkennen.</s>
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358 <s xml:id="echoid-s228" xml:space="preserve"/>
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359 </p>
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360 <p>
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361 <s xml:id="echoid-s229" xml:space="preserve">Außer den vielen practiſchen Vortheilen, welche eine <lb/>wahrhaft natürliche Eintheilung alles Wiſſens für literariſche, <lb/>pädagogiſche und wiſſenſchaftliche Inſtitute hat, laſſen ſich <lb/>auch Vortheile aufzählen, welche die Wiſſenſchaften ſelbſt <lb/>unmittelbar betreffen. </s>
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362 <s xml:id="echoid-s230" xml:space="preserve">Man weiß, wie dieſe entſtanden ſind, <lb/>und daß nur zu oft der Zufall dabei ſein Spiel getrieben. <lb/></s>
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363 <s xml:id="echoid-s231" xml:space="preserve">Diejenigen, welche alle auf einen Gegenſtand bezüglichen <lb/>Wahrheiten in eine Wiſſenſchaft vereinigen wollten, ver-<lb/>mochten es oft nicht, den ganzen Gegenſtand zu umfaſſen oder <lb/>ſich in ſeinen Grenzen zu halten; </s>
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364 <s xml:id="echoid-s232" xml:space="preserve">ſelten ſuchten ſie nach den <lb/>Beziehungen zwiſchen den beſonderen Wahrheiten, die ihnen <lb/>vorlagen, und dem Ganzen unſeres Wiſſens. </s>
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365 <s xml:id="echoid-s233" xml:space="preserve">Daher kommt <lb/>es, daß bei ſo vielen Wiſſenſchaften die Grenzen ſo ſchlecht <lb/>gezogen ſind; </s>
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366 <s xml:id="echoid-s234" xml:space="preserve">ſo hat man ſich z. </s>
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367 <s xml:id="echoid-s235" xml:space="preserve">B.</s>
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368 <s xml:id="echoid-s236" xml:space="preserve">, um die Algebra von <lb/>der Arithmetik zu trennen, blos an einen künſtlichen Unter-<lb/>ſchiedsgrund gehalten, nemlich die Verſchiedenheit der äußeren <lb/>Größenzeichen, ſtatt auf den Grundcharacter Rückſicht zu <lb/>nehmen, der auf der Natur der Operationen ſelbſt beruht, <lb/>und der ſich erſt bei den Gleichungen weſentlich ändert. </s>
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369 <s xml:id="echoid-s237" xml:space="preserve"><lb/>Ebenſo hat man die Cryſtallographie irriger Weiſe mit der <lb/>Mineralogie verbunden; </s>
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370 <s xml:id="echoid-s238" xml:space="preserve">ſie betrachtet alle Körper, welche <lb/>beſtimmte Formen zeigen, ſie mögen nun durch die Natur <lb/>oder die Kunſt hervorgebracht worden ſein; </s>
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371 <s xml:id="echoid-s239" xml:space="preserve">ſie iſt eine rein <lb/>geometriſche Wiſſenſchaft, und läßt auf die Mineralogie, <lb/>
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372 <pb o="11" file="0025" n="25"/>
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373 welche ſich auf die von der Natur in vollſtändiger Form <lb/>gelieferten Körper beſchränkt, durchaus keine weitere An-<lb/>wendung zu, als alle übrigen Zweige der Mathematik auf <lb/>die phyſiologiſchen und naturhiſtoriſchen Wiſſenſchaften. </s>
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374 <s xml:id="echoid-s240" xml:space="preserve">Die <lb/>Mineralogie ſelbſt vereinigt man gewöhnlich mit der Bo-<lb/>tanik und Zoologie, unter dem Namen Naturgeſchichte; </s>
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375 <s xml:id="echoid-s241" xml:space="preserve">ſie <lb/>darf aber, wie ich am gehörigen Orte zeigen werde, nur <lb/>als Theil der Geologie angeſehen werden; </s>
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376 <s xml:id="echoid-s242" xml:space="preserve">in den medici-<lb/>niſchen Wiſſenſchaften ſind die Grenzen der verſchiedenen <lb/>Theile willkührlich beſtimmt, und öfters ganz verkannt; </s>
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377 <s xml:id="echoid-s243" xml:space="preserve">man <lb/>iſt z. </s>
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378 <s xml:id="echoid-s244" xml:space="preserve">B. </s>
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379 <s xml:id="echoid-s245" xml:space="preserve">ſo weit gegangen, die Arzneimittellehre mit der <lb/>allgemeinen Therapie in eine Wiſſenſchaft zuſammenzuwerfen, <lb/>als ob die Kenntniß der allgemeinen Eigenſchaften der Arz-<lb/>neien zuſammenfiele mit einer zweckmäßigen Anwendung <lb/>derſelben in den Krankheiten. </s>
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380 <s xml:id="echoid-s246" xml:space="preserve">Noch größer iſt die Verwir-<lb/>rung in den philoſophiſchen Wiſſenſchaften; </s>
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381 <s xml:id="echoid-s247" xml:space="preserve">die verſchiedenen <lb/>Namen ihrer Unterabtheilungen ſind in ganz verſchiedenem <lb/>Sinne genommen worden, je nachdem der Autor ein Syſtem <lb/>hatte; </s>
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382 <s xml:id="echoid-s248" xml:space="preserve">ſo iſt z. </s>
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383 <s xml:id="echoid-s249" xml:space="preserve">B. </s>
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384 <s xml:id="echoid-s250" xml:space="preserve">eine Wiſſenſchaft nach Einigen Theil einer <lb/>andern, während andere Philoſophen dieſelbe zur allgemei-<lb/>neren, höheren machen, welche die zweite als beſonderen <lb/>Zweig in ſich begreift.</s>
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385 <s xml:id="echoid-s251" xml:space="preserve"/>
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386 </p>
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387 </div>
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388 <div xml:id="echoid-div6" type="section" level="1" n="6">
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389 <head xml:id="echoid-head8" xml:space="preserve"><emph style="bf"><emph style="sp">Plan des Werks</emph>.</emph></head>
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390 <p>
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391 <s xml:id="echoid-s252" xml:space="preserve">Ich werde mich zuerſt mit den Gruppen ſolcher Wahr-<lb/>heiten beſchäftigen, die ſowohl im Gegenſtand, als in dem <lb/>Geſichtspunkte, unter welchem man denſelben auffaßt, über-<lb/>einkommen. </s>
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392 <s xml:id="echoid-s253" xml:space="preserve">Dieſe Gruppen, die den natürlichen Pflanzen-<lb/>und Thierfamilien entſprechen, werde ich <emph style="sp">Wiſſenſchaften <lb/>dritter Ordnung</emph> nennen.</s>
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393 <s xml:id="echoid-s254" xml:space="preserve"/>
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394 </p>
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395 <p>
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396 <s xml:id="echoid-s255" xml:space="preserve">a) Ich werde nach der Reihe dieſe Wiſſenſchaften durch-<lb/>
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397 <pb o="12" file="0026" n="26"/>
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398 gehen, ich werde ſie definiren, indem ich den Gegenſtand <lb/>derſelben und den Geſichtspunkt, unter welchem er aufgefaßt <lb/>wird, auseinanderſetze; </s>
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399 <s xml:id="echoid-s256" xml:space="preserve">und wenn zwiſchen einer derſelben <lb/>und den benachbarten Wiſſenſchaften die Grenze ſich nicht <lb/>unmittelbar aus den angeführten Begriffsbeſtimmungen er-<lb/>gibt, ſo müſſen die näheren Merkmale aufgeſucht werden, <lb/>welche zur Feſtſetzung der Grenzen nothwendig ſind. </s>
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400 <s xml:id="echoid-s257" xml:space="preserve">Bei <lb/>dieſer Gelegenheit werde ich die Gründe angeben, die mich <lb/>zur Abänderung hergebrachter Unterſcheidungen bewogen, <lb/>wenn dieſe, meiner Auſicht nach, einer richtigen und natür-<lb/>lichen Grundlage entbehrten.</s>
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401 <s xml:id="echoid-s258" xml:space="preserve"/>
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402 </p>
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403 <p>
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404 <s xml:id="echoid-s259" xml:space="preserve">b) Wollte ich aber in dieſer Weiſe ohne Unterbrechung <lb/>die ganze Reihe der Wiſſenſchaften dritter Ordnung durch-<lb/>laufen, ſo würde ich den Leſer durch ein endloſes Aufzählen <lb/>ermüden, und ihm die Beziehungen zwiſchen den Wiſſen-<lb/>ſchaften, um welche es mir doch hauptſächlich zu thun iſt, <lb/>ganz aus den Augen rücken. </s>
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405 <s xml:id="echoid-s260" xml:space="preserve">Sobald ich daher alle Wiſſen-<lb/>ſchaften dritter Ordnung, welche einen gemeinſchaftlichen <lb/>beſonderen Gegenſtand haben, unter den verſchiedenen Ge-<lb/>ſichtspunkten unterſucht haben werde, ſo ſoll ein Ruhepunkt <lb/>gemacht werden, um die genannten Wiſſenſchaften in eine <lb/><emph style="sp">Wiſſenſchaft erſter Ordnung</emph> zuſammenzufaſſen. </s>
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406 <s xml:id="echoid-s261" xml:space="preserve">Da <lb/>ferner unter den Wiſſenſchaften dritter Ordnung, welche in <lb/>einer Wiſſenſchaft erſter Ordnung begriffen ſind, Einige nur <lb/>ſolche Wahrheiten enthalten, die man durch ein unmittelbares <lb/>Studium der Objecte an ſich auffindet, die andern aber die-<lb/>jenigen Wahrheiten in ſich begreifen, die ſich uns durch die <lb/>Beobachtung und Vergleichung der Veränderungen ergeben, <lb/>welche dieſe Objecte unter verſchiedenen Raum- und Zeit-<lb/>verhältniſſen bemerken laſſen, welche Beobachtung und Ver-<lb/>gleichung ſelbſt wieder zur Entdeckung der den beobachteten <lb/>Thatſachen zu Grunde liegenden Urſachen führt, ſo werde <lb/>ich jede Wiſſenſchaft erſter Ordnung in zwei <emph style="sp">Wiſſen-<lb/>ſchaften der zweiten Ordnung</emph> abtheilen, welche nun <lb/>abermals in die Wiſſenſchaften dritter Ordnung zerfallen <lb/>
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407 <pb o="13" file="0027" n="27"/>
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408 werden, die zu einer Wiſſenſchaft erſter Ordnung gehören. <lb/></s>
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409 <s xml:id="echoid-s262" xml:space="preserve">Die erſte dieſer beiden Wiſſenſchaften zweiter Ordnung iſt <lb/>das elementare Wiſſen über einen Gegenſtand; </s>
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410 <s xml:id="echoid-s263" xml:space="preserve">die zweite <lb/>enthält die tieferen Kenntniſſe, zu denen man in einer Sache <lb/>durchdringen kann.</s>
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411 <s xml:id="echoid-s264" xml:space="preserve"/>
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412 </p>
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413 <p>
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414 <s xml:id="echoid-s265" xml:space="preserve">Will man in der Vergleichung fortfahren, die ich zwi-<lb/>ſchen meiner Eintheilung der Wiſſenſchaften und der natür-<lb/>lichen Claſſification der Pflanzen und Thiere angeſtellt habe, <lb/>ſo kann man die Wiſſenſchaften erſter Ordnung mit den <lb/>Klaſſen der organiſchen Reiche, und die Wiſſenſchaften zweiter <lb/>Ordnung mit Zwiſchenabtheilungen vergleichen, welche zwi-<lb/>ſchen den Klaſſen und Familien in der Mitte ſtehen, und <lb/>welche man in den Tabellen dieſer Reiche als <emph style="sp">Ordnun-<lb/>gen</emph> aufführt.</s>
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415 <s xml:id="echoid-s266" xml:space="preserve"/>
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416 </p>
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417 <p>
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418 <s xml:id="echoid-s267" xml:space="preserve">Wenn gleich jede Wiſſenſchaft erſter Ordnung ihren be-<lb/>ſonderen Gegenſtand hat, ſo kann man doch dieſen Gegen-<lb/>ſtand wieder als einen bloßen beſondern Geſichtspunkt eines <lb/>allgemeineren Gegenſtandes anſehen, und dann bilden ſämmt-<lb/>liche Wiſſenſchaften erſter Ordnung, die ſich auf einen und <lb/>denſelben allgemeineren Gegenſtand beziehen, eine ausge-<lb/>dehntere Gruppe von Wahrheiten, und dieſe Gruppen wer-<lb/>den wir mit dem Namen &#132;<emph style="sp">Provinzen</emph>&#148; bezeichnen.</s>
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419 <s xml:id="echoid-s268" xml:space="preserve"/>
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420 </p>
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421 <p>
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422 <s xml:id="echoid-s269" xml:space="preserve">a) Sollen aber die Wiſſenſchaften erſter Ordnung in <lb/>Provinzen vereinigt werden, ſo iſt es keineswegs hinreichend, <lb/>daß die erſteren blos durch die beſonderen Definitionen der <lb/>in ihnen enthaltenen Wiſſenſchaften dritter Ordnung beſtimmt <lb/>werden; </s>
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423 <s xml:id="echoid-s270" xml:space="preserve">ſondern ſie müſſen ganz unabhängig von den Wiſ-<lb/>ſenſchaften definirt werden, welche in ihnen begriffen ſind; <lb/></s>
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424 <s xml:id="echoid-s271" xml:space="preserve">ſie müſſen ihre eigenen Charactere haben, und die Grenz-<lb/>linien gegen die benachbarten Wiſſenſchaften müſſen ſcharf <lb/>gezogen werden. </s>
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425 <s xml:id="echoid-s272" xml:space="preserve">Mit dieſer Operation muß angefangen <lb/>werden.</s>
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426 <s xml:id="echoid-s273" xml:space="preserve"/>
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427 </p>
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428 <p>
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429 <s xml:id="echoid-s274" xml:space="preserve">b) Um nun aber den S. </s>
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430 <s xml:id="echoid-s275" xml:space="preserve">12 angeführten Uebelſtand <lb/>zu vermeiden, werde ich nach Muſterung aller Wiſſenſchaften <lb/>erſter Ordnung, welche ſich auf einen und ebendenſelben all-<lb/>
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431 <pb o="14" file="0028" n="28"/>
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432 gemeineren Gegenſtand beziehen, wiederum einen Ruhepunkt <lb/>machen, um denſelben in eine Provinz zuſammenzufaſſen.</s>
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433 <s xml:id="echoid-s276" xml:space="preserve"/>
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434 </p>
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435 <p>
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436 <s xml:id="echoid-s277" xml:space="preserve">Eine Provinz beſteht aus allen den Wiſſenſchaften er-<lb/>ſter Ordnung, die ſich auf einen und denſelben allgemeineren <lb/>Gegenſtand beziehen und ihn unter allen möglichen Geſichts-<lb/>punkten auffaſſen. </s>
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437 <s xml:id="echoid-s278" xml:space="preserve">Wir werden jedoch ſehen, daß es unter <lb/>dieſen Wiſſenſchaften wieder theils ſolche gibt, welche dieſen <lb/>allgemeineren Gegenſtand nur erſt an ſich ſelbſt unterſuchen; <lb/></s>
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438 <s xml:id="echoid-s279" xml:space="preserve">theils ſolche Wiſſenſchaften, welche denſelben nach den Bezie-<lb/>hungen ſeiner verſchiedenen Modificationen und Urſächlich-<lb/>keitsverhältniſſe betrachten, und die Folge davon iſt, daß jede <lb/>Provinz in zwei <emph style="sp">Kreiſe</emph> getheilt werden muß, welche die <lb/>verſchiedenen auf ein und daſſelbe allgemeinere Object be-<lb/>züglichen Wiſſenſchaften erſter Ordnung in ſich begreifen.</s>
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439 <s xml:id="echoid-s280" xml:space="preserve"/>
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440 </p>
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441 <p>
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442 <s xml:id="echoid-s281" xml:space="preserve">Da ſich endlich alle für den Menſchen erkennbaren <lb/>Wahrheiten ſchließlich auf zwei allgemeinſte Gegenſtände zu-<lb/>rückführen laſſen, die materielle Welt und den Geiſt,</s>
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443 </p>
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444 <p>
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445 <s xml:id="echoid-s282" xml:space="preserve">A. </s>
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446 <s xml:id="echoid-s283" xml:space="preserve">ſo werde ich mich zunächſt mit den Provinzen be-<lb/>ſchäftigen, welche ſich auf den erſteren dieſer beiden Haupt-<lb/>gegenſtände beziehen, um dieſelben einzutheilen, zu definiren, <lb/>und um durch genaue Unterſcheidungskennzeichen die Grenz-<lb/>linien zwiſchen denſelben zu beſtimmen.</s>
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447 <s xml:id="echoid-s284" xml:space="preserve"/>
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448 </p>
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449 <p>
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450 <s xml:id="echoid-s285" xml:space="preserve">B. </s>
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451 <s xml:id="echoid-s286" xml:space="preserve">Habe ich alle dieſe Provinzen durchgeprüft, ſo werde <lb/>ich ſie in eine Gruppe höherer Ordnung vereinigen, und <lb/>werde derſelben den Namen <emph style="sp">cosmologiſche Wiſſen-<lb/>ſchaften</emph> geben.</s>
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452 <s xml:id="echoid-s287" xml:space="preserve"/>
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453 </p>
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454 <p>
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455 <s xml:id="echoid-s288" xml:space="preserve">Ich werde ſodann ganz daſſelbe mit den Provinzen der-<lb/>jenigen Wiſſenſchaften thun, die ſich auf den menſchlichen <lb/>Geiſt beziehen, auf die Geſellſchaften, welche derſelbe ge-<lb/>gründet hat, auf die Inſtitutionen, durch welche dieſelben <lb/>regiert werden u. </s>
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456 <s xml:id="echoid-s289" xml:space="preserve">ſ. </s>
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457 <s xml:id="echoid-s290" xml:space="preserve">w.</s>
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458 <s xml:id="echoid-s291" xml:space="preserve">, und ich erhalte auf dieſe Weiſe eine <lb/>zweite Gruppe von Wahrheiten, welche ich <emph style="sp">noologiſche <lb/>Wiſſenſchaften</emph> nenne.</s>
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459 <s xml:id="echoid-s292" xml:space="preserve"/>
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460 </p>
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461 <p>
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462 <s xml:id="echoid-s293" xml:space="preserve">Iedes dieſer beiden Reiche zerfällt in zwei <emph style="sp">Hauptge-<lb/>biete</emph>. </s>
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463 <s xml:id="echoid-s294" xml:space="preserve">Bei den cosmologiſchen Wiſſenſchaften wird das erſte <lb/>
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464 <pb o="15" file="0029" n="29"/>
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465 Hauptgebiet alle auf die unorganiſche Welt bezüglichen Wahr-<lb/>heiten in ſich begreifen, und das zweite alle diejenigen, welche <lb/>es mit den organiſchen Weſen zu thun haben. </s>
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466 <s xml:id="echoid-s295" xml:space="preserve">Das erſte <lb/>Hauptgebiet der noologiſchen Wiſſenſchaften hat die Aufgabe, <lb/>den menſchlichen Geiſt und die Mittel zu erforſchen, mittelſt <lb/>deren ſich die Menſchen ihre Gedanken, ihre Gefühle, ihre <lb/>Leidenſchaften mittheilen, während ſich das zweite Hauptge-<lb/>biet mit den menſchlichen Geſellſchaften und den dieſelben <lb/>leitenden Inſtitutionen beſchäftigt.</s>
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467 <s xml:id="echoid-s296" xml:space="preserve"/>
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468 </p>
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469 <p>
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470 <s xml:id="echoid-s297" xml:space="preserve">Ich muß bei dieſer Gelegenheit bemerken, daß die Be-<lb/>ſtimmung der verſchiedenen Geſichtspunkte, unter denen man <lb/>einen beſonderen oder allgemeinen Gegenſtand auffaſſen kann, <lb/>ein halbes Licht auf meine Eintheilung werfen. </s>
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471 <s xml:id="echoid-s298" xml:space="preserve">Sie ver-<lb/>binden alle Theile unter einander, laſſen die Beziehungen <lb/>zwiſchen denſelben und ihre gegenſeitige Abhängigkeit her-<lb/>vortreten, und bilden alſo gewiſſermaßen den Schlüſſel der <lb/>Eintheilung. </s>
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472 <s xml:id="echoid-s299" xml:space="preserve">Da jedoch dieſe Eintheilung ganz unabhängig <lb/>von demſelben iſt, und beinahe ſchon vollendet war, ehe ich <lb/>entdeckte, daß man ſie mittelſt jener Geſichtspunkte ableiten <lb/>könne, ſo habe ich die Betrachtung derſelben unter dem Na-<lb/>men &#132;<emph style="sp">Bemerkungen</emph>&#148; an das Ende jedes Paragraphen <lb/>verlegt, und dieſelben mit kleineren Lettern drucken laſſen, <lb/>um dem Leſer anzudeuten, daß dieſelben zum Verſtändniß <lb/>der übrigen Partieen meines Werkes nicht unumgänglich <lb/>nothwendig ſind.</s>
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473 <s xml:id="echoid-s300" xml:space="preserve"/>
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474 </p>
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475 <p>
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476 <s xml:id="echoid-s301" xml:space="preserve">In meiner Eintheilung ging ich nur bis zu denjenigen <lb/>Wiſſenſchaften herab, die ungefähr den <emph style="sp">Familien</emph> der Na-<lb/>turhiſtoriker entſprechen. </s>
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477 <s xml:id="echoid-s302" xml:space="preserve">Hätte ich mich auch über das ver-<lb/>breiten wollen, was man etwa als Gattungen und Arten <lb/>von Wahrheiten anſehen kann, hätte ich zum Beiſpiel die <lb/>Zoologie noch weiter in ſo viele verſchiedene Wiſſenſchaften <lb/>getheilt, als in dem Thierreich Provinzen und Klaſſen ent-<lb/>halten ſind; </s>
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478 <s xml:id="echoid-s303" xml:space="preserve">hätte ich in der Geſchichte alle möglichen Un-<lb/>terabtheilungen der Zeiten und Länder verfolgen wollen, um <lb/>zuletzt mit der Specialgeſchichte einer Gegend, einer Stadt, <lb/>
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479 <pb o="16" file="0030" n="30"/>
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480 einer Auſtalt, einer Wiſſenſchaft, eines Menſchen u. </s>
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481 <s xml:id="echoid-s304" xml:space="preserve">ſ. </s>
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482 <s xml:id="echoid-s305" xml:space="preserve">w. </s>
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483 <s xml:id="echoid-s306" xml:space="preserve">zu <lb/>ſchließen, ſo würde ich mich, ohne einen weſentlichen Vortheil <lb/>in endloſen Details verwirrt haben.</s>
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484 <s xml:id="echoid-s307" xml:space="preserve"/>
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485 </p>
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486 <p>
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487 <s xml:id="echoid-s308" xml:space="preserve">Noch auf einen Punkt muß ich die Aufmerkſamkeit des <lb/>Leſers lenken; </s>
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488 <s xml:id="echoid-s309" xml:space="preserve">ich meine die Namen, womit ich die Wiſſen-<lb/>ſchaften verſchiedener Ordnungen bezeichnet habe. </s>
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489 <s xml:id="echoid-s310" xml:space="preserve">Ich war <lb/>weit entfernt, in den Endigungen der von mir gewählten <lb/>Namen eine Symmetrie erzwingen zu wollen, welche, immer <lb/>im Einklang mit den Abtheilungen der Claſſification, nichts <lb/>als dieſe Abtheilungen ſelbſt wiedergegeben hätten, nur in <lb/>dem Fall, wenn ich neue Benennungen anzunehmen genö-<lb/>thigt war, war mein Augenmerk, durch die Wahl der Worte <lb/>die Modificationen zu bezeichnen, welche aus den Characteren <lb/>folgen, auf denen die Eintheilung ruht. </s>
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490 <s xml:id="echoid-s311" xml:space="preserve">Sobald aber durch <lb/>den Sprachgebrauch Namen ein Bürgerrecht erhalten haben, <lb/>welche mit den von mir zwiſchen den verſchiedenen Wiſſen-<lb/>ſchaften gezogenen Grenzen zuſammenſtimmen, ſo habe ich <lb/>ſie gewiſſenhaft beibehalten. </s>
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491 <s xml:id="echoid-s312" xml:space="preserve">Wenn Schriftſteller, ſtatt eine <lb/>ganze Wiſſenſchaft zu umfaſſen, nur einen Theil derſelben <lb/>bearbeitet haben, und dieſem beſonderen Theil den Namen <lb/>beilegten, der eigentlich dem Ganzen gebührt hätte, und <lb/>wenn dieſer Name und die oft ſehr unrichtige Einſchränkung <lb/>ſeiner Bedeutung durch den Sprachgebrauch in Aufnahme <lb/>gebracht wurde, ſo hielt ich es dennoch für beſſer, dieſen <lb/>Namen beizubehalten und ihm eine umfaſſendere Bedeutung <lb/>zu geben, als willkührlich einen neuen Namen zu bilden.</s>
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492 <s xml:id="echoid-s313" xml:space="preserve"/>
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493 </p>
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494 <p>
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495 <s xml:id="echoid-s314" xml:space="preserve">Wenn ich aber auf Wiſſenſchaften ſtieß, die noch keinen <lb/>Namen hatten und für welche unſere Sprache keine paſſende <lb/>Umſchreibung bot, ſo war ich natürlich genöthigt, für die-<lb/>ſelben einen Namen zu bilden, wie Linne, Bernard von <lb/>Iuſſieu und alle Urheber von Claſſificationen Benennungen <lb/>für die verſchiedenen Abtheilungen, Claſſen, Ordnungen, Fa-<lb/>milien ſchaffen mußten, welche ſie aufgeſtellt hatten. </s>
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496 <s xml:id="echoid-s315" xml:space="preserve">Ich <lb/>ſchmeichle mir jedoch keineswegs, die Wiſſenſchaften, denen <lb/>ich Namen gab, auch erfunden oder entdeckt zu haben; </s>
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497 <s xml:id="echoid-s316" xml:space="preserve">ſie <lb/>
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498 <pb o="17" file="0031" n="31"/>
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499 beſtanden bereits, denn über die meiſten derſelben gibt es <lb/>zahlreiche Werke; </s>
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500 <s xml:id="echoid-s317" xml:space="preserve">denn um nur <emph style="sp">ein</emph> Beiſpiel zu geben, <lb/>exiſtirte nicht die Wiſſenſchaft, die ich Cinematik genannt <lb/>habe, ſchon vorher, ehe ich ihr dieſen Namen gab, wenig-<lb/>ſtens theilweiſe in dem Werk, das Carnot über die geo-<lb/>metriſche Bewegung ſchrieb, und in der Abhandlung von <lb/>Lanz und Bétancourt über die Zuſammenſetzung der Ma-<lb/>ſchinen?</s>
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501 <s xml:id="echoid-s318" xml:space="preserve"/>
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502 </p>
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503 <p>
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504 <s xml:id="echoid-s319" xml:space="preserve">Sind dieſe und mehrere andere Wiſſenſchaften noch <lb/>nicht vollſtändig abgehandelt, ſo wird man es mir vielleicht <lb/>Dank wiſſen, daß ich die Lücken bezeichnet habe, die auszu-<lb/>füllen, die Arbeiten, die anzufangen und zu vollenden ſind.</s>
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505 <s xml:id="echoid-s320" xml:space="preserve"/>
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506 </p>
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507 </div>
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508 <div xml:id="echoid-div7" type="section" level="1" n="7">
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509 <head xml:id="echoid-head9" xml:space="preserve"><emph style="bf">Eintheilungsprincip Ampère’s und die Art, wie er</emph> <lb/><emph style="bf">es entdeckte.</emph></head>
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510 <p>
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511 <s xml:id="echoid-s321" xml:space="preserve">Als ich mich im Iahr 1829 auf den Curſus der all-<lb/>gemeinen und der Experimentalphyſik, zu dem ich im Col-<lb/>lège de France verpflichtet bin, vorbereitete, boten ſich mir <lb/>zwei Fragen dar, die ich vor allen Dingen beantworten <lb/>mußte.</s>
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512 <s xml:id="echoid-s322" xml:space="preserve"/>
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513 </p>
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514 <p>
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515 <s xml:id="echoid-s323" xml:space="preserve">1) Was iſt allgemeine Phyſik, und wie unterſcheidet <lb/>ſie ſich mit klarer Beſtimmtheit von den andern Wiſſen-<lb/>ſchaften?</s>
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516 <s xml:id="echoid-s324" xml:space="preserve"/>
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517 </p>
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518 <p>
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519 <s xml:id="echoid-s325" xml:space="preserve">Ich glaubte dieſen Unterſchied darin zu finden, daß ſie <lb/>die unorganiſchen Eigenſchaften der Körper und ihre Er-<lb/>ſcheinungsweiſe unterſucht, abgeſehen von dem Nutzen, den <lb/>wir aus ihnen ziehen, und von den Modificationen, welche <lb/>dieſe Eigenſchaften und Erſcheinungen in verſchiedenen Zeiten, <lb/>Orten und Klimaten erleiden. </s>
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520 <s xml:id="echoid-s326" xml:space="preserve">Die &#132;<emph style="sp">unorganiſchen</emph>&#148; <lb/>Eigenſchaften der Körper, ſagte ich, um die allgemeine Phyſik <lb/>von den naturhiſtoriſchen und phyſiologiſchen Wiſſenſchaften <lb/>zu trennen; </s>
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521 <s xml:id="echoid-s327" xml:space="preserve">ich fügte bei &#132;<emph style="sp">abgeſehen von dem Nutzen, <lb/>
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522 <pb o="18" file="0032" n="32"/>
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523 den wir aus ihnen ziehen</emph>&#148; zum Unterſchied von der <lb/>Technologie; </s>
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524 <s xml:id="echoid-s328" xml:space="preserve">und durch die &#132;<emph style="sp">Ausſchließung der Mo-<lb/>dificationen, die jene Eigenſchaften und Er-<lb/>ſcheinungen in verſchiedenen Zeiten, Orten und <lb/>Klimaten erleiden</emph>&#148; ſollten auf eine genaue Art die <lb/>Grenzen beſtimmt ſein, zwiſchen der allgemeinen Phyſik <lb/>einerſeits und andrerſeits der phyſikaliſchen Geographie und <lb/>allen übrigen Wiſſenſchaften, die ſich mit der Erdkugel be-<lb/>ſchäftigen.</s>
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525 <s xml:id="echoid-s329" xml:space="preserve"/>
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526 </p>
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527 <p>
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528 <s xml:id="echoid-s330" xml:space="preserve">2) Welches ſind die verſchiedenen Zweige der ſo be-<lb/>ſtimmten allgemeinen Phyſik, die man nun nach Belieben <lb/>entweder als ebenſoviele beſondere Wiſſenſchaften anſehen <lb/>kann, oder nur als Theile der einen ausgedehnteren Wiſſen-<lb/>ſchaft, von welcher hier die Rede iſt?</s>
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529 <s xml:id="echoid-s331" xml:space="preserve"/>
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530 </p>
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531 <p>
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532 <s xml:id="echoid-s332" xml:space="preserve">Schon vorher hatte ich bemerkt, daß es bei Definition <lb/>und Eintheilung der Wiſſenſchaften keineswegs hinreiche, <lb/>blos auf die Natur der Gegenſtände ſein Augenmerk zu <lb/>richten, auf welche ſich die Wiſſenſchaften beziehen, ſondern <lb/>daß man auch auf die verſchiedenen Geſichtspunkte Rückſicht <lb/>nehmen müſſe, von denen aus man dieſe Gegenſtände be-<lb/>trachten kann. </s>
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533 <s xml:id="echoid-s333" xml:space="preserve">Ich bildete demnach aus der allgemeinen <lb/>Phyſik zwei Ordnungen von Wiſſenſchaften nach den ver-<lb/>ſchiedenen Geſichtspunkten, unter welchen man die unorgani-<lb/>ſchen Eigenſchaften der Körper betrachten kann, und theilte ſie <lb/>zunächſt ab in die <emph style="sp">allgemeine (Elementar-) Phyſik</emph> <lb/>und in die <emph style="sp">mathematiſche Phyſik</emph>. </s>
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534 <s xml:id="echoid-s334" xml:space="preserve">Die Grenzlinie <lb/>zwiſchen dieſen beiden Theilen der allgemeinen Phyſik beſtand <lb/>darin, daß ich in dem erſten alles dasjenige vereinigte, was <lb/>Beobachtung und Erfahrung uns an den Körpern, für ſich <lb/>betrachtet, kennen lehrt; </s>
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535 <s xml:id="echoid-s335" xml:space="preserve">in dem zweiten Theil aber zuerſt <lb/>die allgemeinen Geſetze, die ſich uns aus der Vergleichung <lb/>und Zuſammenſtellung theils der an den Körpern bemerk-<lb/>baren Erſcheinungen, theils der mit der Modification der <lb/>äußeren Umſtände gleichlaufenden Veränderungen dieſer Er-<lb/>ſcheinungen ergeben, ſodann die Urſachen, zu denen wir <lb/>
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536 <pb o="19" file="0033" n="33"/>
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537 durch Zerlegung der Thatſachen und Schlußfolgerungen aus <lb/>den in denſelben enthaltenen Geſetzen aufſteigen.</s>
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538 <s xml:id="echoid-s336" xml:space="preserve"/>
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539 </p>
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540 <p>
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541 <s xml:id="echoid-s337" xml:space="preserve">Wir haben ſomit zwei Hauptgeſichtspunkte nicht allein <lb/>für die allgemeine Phyſik, ſondern, wie ſich im Verlauf des <lb/>vorliegenden Werks zeigen wird, für alle Wiſſenſchaften, die, <lb/>wie die obengenannte, die Geſammtheit des auf <emph style="sp">einen</emph> Ge-<lb/>genſtand bezüglichen Wiſſens in ſich faſſen. </s>
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542 <s xml:id="echoid-s338" xml:space="preserve">Bei dem erſten <lb/>Geſichtspunkt werden die Gegenſtände an ſich betrachtet; <lb/></s>
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543 <s xml:id="echoid-s339" xml:space="preserve">bei dem zweiten in ihrer Wechſelbeziehung, d. </s>
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544 <s xml:id="echoid-s340" xml:space="preserve">h. </s>
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545 <s xml:id="echoid-s341" xml:space="preserve">es werden <lb/>durch Zuſammenſtellung der Thatſachen allgemeine Geſetze <lb/>aufgeſucht und in einen Zuſammenhang gebracht, in dem <lb/>ſie ſich gegenſeitig erklären, bis es gelingt von den Wirkun-<lb/>gen zu den Urſachen aufzuſteigen und von den entdeckten <lb/>Urſachen wieder rückwärts auf die Wirkungen zu ſchließen.</s>
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546 <s xml:id="echoid-s342" xml:space="preserve"/>
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547 </p>
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548 <p>
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549 <s xml:id="echoid-s343" xml:space="preserve">Ich bemerkte ferner, daß jeder dieſer beiden Hauptge-<lb/>ſichtspunkte wieder in zwei beſondere Geſichtspunkte zerfällt. <lb/></s>
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550 <s xml:id="echoid-s344" xml:space="preserve">So kann man, wenn nach dem erſten Hauptgeſichtspunkte <lb/>die Gegenſtände an ſich betrachtet werden, entweder bei dem, <lb/>was die unmittelbare Beobachtung gibt, ſtehen bleiben, oder <lb/>man kann etwas ſuchen, das Anfangs noch verborgen iſt, <lb/>und zu dem man erſt durch weitere Zerlegung der Objekte <lb/>durchdringt. </s>
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551 <s xml:id="echoid-s345" xml:space="preserve">Ich bildete deßhalb eine erſte Unterabtheilung <lb/>der allgemeinen Phyſik, welche alle Wahrheiten in ſich be-<lb/>greift, die ſich auf die unmittelbar wahrnehmbaren unorga-<lb/>niſchen Erſcheinungen und Eigenſchaften der Körper beziehen, <lb/>— Experimentalphyſik; </s>
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552 <s xml:id="echoid-s346" xml:space="preserve">eine zweite Unterabtheilung enthält <lb/>die Wahrheiten, die ſich mit dem, was in den Körpern ver-<lb/>borgen iſt, beſchäftigen, d. </s>
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553 <s xml:id="echoid-s347" xml:space="preserve">h. </s>
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554 <s xml:id="echoid-s348" xml:space="preserve">mit den Elementen, aus denen <lb/>ſie beſtehen, und die man nur durch Zerlegung derſelben <lb/>kennen lernen kann. </s>
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555 <s xml:id="echoid-s349" xml:space="preserve">So wurde mir die Chemie der zweite <lb/>Theil der allgemeinen Phyſik.</s>
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556 <s xml:id="echoid-s350" xml:space="preserve"/>
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557 </p>
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558 <p>
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559 <s xml:id="echoid-s351" xml:space="preserve">Bei dem zweiten Hauptgeſichtspunkt, wo es ſich um <lb/>Vergleichung und Erklärung der Thatſachen handelt, findet <lb/>eine ähnliche Unterabtheilung in zwei beſondere Geſichts-<lb/>punkte ſtatt. </s>
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560 <s xml:id="echoid-s352" xml:space="preserve">Der eine davon bezieht ſich auf die allmäh-<lb/>
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561 <pb o="20" file="0034" n="34"/>
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562 ligen Veränderungen, die ein und derſelbe Gegenſtand theils <lb/>für die unmittelbare Wahrnehmung, theils in Beziehung <lb/>auf das, was erſt durch weitere Zerlegung gefunden werden <lb/>kann, erleidet; </s>
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563 <s xml:id="echoid-s353" xml:space="preserve">man unterſucht dieſe Veränderungen, um den <lb/>dieſelben beherrſchenden Geſetzen auf die Spur zu kommen, <lb/>und wenn man ſo weit iſt, ſo vergleicht man das, was <lb/>man an einem Gegenſtand beobachtet hat, mit dem, was <lb/>man an einem anderen fand, um die ſo aufgefundenen Ge-<lb/>ſetze ſo weit zu verallgemeinern, als es die Natur der Sache <lb/>zuläßt. </s>
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564 <s xml:id="echoid-s354" xml:space="preserve">Der zweite beſondere Geſichtspunkt (oder, wenn man <lb/>die früher angegebenen zwei beſonderen Geſichtspunkte mit-<lb/>rechnet, der vierte), geht von den unter den drei vorange-<lb/>gangenen beſonderen Geſichtspunkten erhaltenen Reſultaten <lb/>aus, um die letzten Gründe der in den vorhergegangenen <lb/>Unterſuchungen aufgefundenen Thatſachen und Geſetze zu <lb/>erforſchen und um von dieſen oberſten Gründen und Urſa-<lb/>chen aus die künftigen Wirkungen vorherzuſehen und zu <lb/>berechnen. </s>
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565 <s xml:id="echoid-s355" xml:space="preserve">Ich vereinigte demgemäß in der erſten Unter-<lb/>abtheilung der mathematiſchen Phyſik das vergleichende Stu-<lb/>dium der Mittel, durch welche die Beobachtungen die größeſt-<lb/>mögliche Genauigkeit erhalten, ferner die Verbeſſerungen, <lb/>die man an den erhaltenen Reſultaten je nach der Tempe-<lb/>ratur, dem atmoſphäriſchen Druck u. </s>
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566 <s xml:id="echoid-s356" xml:space="preserve">ſ. </s>
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567 <s xml:id="echoid-s357" xml:space="preserve">w. </s>
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568 <s xml:id="echoid-s358" xml:space="preserve">anbringen muß, <lb/>die Formeln, die ſich aus der Zuſammenſtellung der erhal-<lb/>tenen Reſultate ableiten laſſen, und alle Folgerungen, zu <lb/>denen man bei Anwendung des Calculs der Dynamik auf <lb/>die genannten Formeln kommt; </s>
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569 <s xml:id="echoid-s359" xml:space="preserve">dieß iſt das Ziel der Unter-<lb/>ſuchungen, aus denen ich die beſondere Wiſſenſchaft der <lb/>Stereonomie gebildet habe. </s>
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570 <s xml:id="echoid-s360" xml:space="preserve">In der dieſer ebengenannten <lb/>Wiſſenſchaft entſprechenden zweiten Unterabtheilung ſtellte <lb/>ich Alles zuſammen, was ſich auf die letzten Gründe ſowohl <lb/>der in der Experimentalphyſik und Chemie beobachteten Er-<lb/>ſcheinungen, als der phyſikaliſch-mathematiſchen Geſetze be-<lb/>zieht, welche letztere Gründe ſich in äußerſter Verallgemei-<lb/>nerung auf die Kräfte der Anziehung und Abſtoßung zwi-<lb/>
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571 <pb o="21" file="0035" n="35"/>
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572 ſchen Molekülen der Körper unter einander, und ebenſo <lb/>zwiſchen den Atomen, aus denen die Moleküle beſtehen, zu-<lb/>rückführen laſſen.</s>
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573 <s xml:id="echoid-s361" xml:space="preserve"><anchor type="note" xlink:href="" symbol="*"/>)</s>
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574 </p>
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575 <p>
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576 <s xml:id="echoid-s362" xml:space="preserve">Ich fand ferner, daß die übrigen Wiſſenſchaften, welche <lb/>die Natur der Körper erforſchen, wie Geologie, Botanik, <lb/>Zoologie u. </s>
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577 <s xml:id="echoid-s363" xml:space="preserve">ſ. </s>
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578 <s xml:id="echoid-s364" xml:space="preserve">w. </s>
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579 <s xml:id="echoid-s365" xml:space="preserve">ſich auf natürliche Art und ganz entſpre-<lb/>chend den vorhin angeführten vier Geſichtspunkten in zwei <lb/>Theile und vier Unterabtheilungen trennen. </s>
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580 <s xml:id="echoid-s366" xml:space="preserve">Einige Zeit <lb/>nachher entdeckte ich, daß daſſelbe bei den mathematiſchen, <lb/>den phyſikaliſch mathematiſchen, den mediciniſchen und den <lb/>techniſchen Wiſſenſchaften ſtattfinde.</s>
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581 <s xml:id="echoid-s367" xml:space="preserve"/>
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582 </p>
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583 <p>
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584 <s xml:id="echoid-s368" xml:space="preserve">Immer bemerkte ich, daß die Gegenſtände dieſer ver-<lb/>ſchiedenen Wiſſenſchaften ſich unter denſelben Geſichtspunkten <lb/>betrachten laſſen, wie die Objecte der Phyſik; </s>
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585 <s xml:id="echoid-s369" xml:space="preserve">daß ſich dieſe <lb/>Geſichtspunkte ganz auf dieſelbe Weiſe wie dort zu einander <lb/>verhalten, und, ohne im Weſentlichen ſich zu ändern, höch-<lb/>ſtens Modificationen erleiden, die von der Natur der Ge-<lb/>genſtände abhängen, wie man ja dieſes auch bei den natür-<lb/>lichen Characteren, deren man ſich in der Botanik und Zoo-<lb/>logie bedient, bemerken kann. </s>
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586 <s xml:id="echoid-s370" xml:space="preserve">Der Leſer wird ſpäter ſehen, <lb/>worin dieſe Modificationen beſtehen, wenn ich im Verlauf <lb/>dieſes Werkes die fraglichen Geſichtspunkte auf die verſchie-<lb/>denen Wiſſenszweige anwende.</s>
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587 <s xml:id="echoid-s371" xml:space="preserve"/>
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588 </p>
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589 <p>
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590 <s xml:id="echoid-s372" xml:space="preserve">Im Frühjahr 1830 brachte ich eine Eintheilung der <lb/>cosmologiſchen Wiſſenſchaften zu Stande. </s>
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591 <s xml:id="echoid-s373" xml:space="preserve">Noch im Lauf <lb/>deſſelben Iahres faßte ich den Gedanken, auch die noologi-<lb/>ſchen Wiſſenſchaften zu claſſificiren.</s>
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592 <s xml:id="echoid-s374" xml:space="preserve"/>
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593 </p>
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594 <p>
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595 <s xml:id="echoid-s375" xml:space="preserve">Dieſelben zwei Hauptgeſichtspunkte ſammt ihren Unter-<lb/>abtheilungen, mittelſt deren ich bereits die Gegenſtände der <lb/>cosmologiſchen Wiſſenſchaften eingetheilt hatte, gaben mir <lb/>
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596 <anchor type="note" xlink:label="note-0035-01a" xlink:href="note-0035-01"/>
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597
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598 <pb o="22" file="0036" n="36"/>
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599 auch für die noologiſchen Wiſſenſchaften einen ganz natür-<lb/>lichen Eintheilungsgrund an die Hand.</s>
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600 <s xml:id="echoid-s376" xml:space="preserve"/>
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601 </p>
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602 <div xml:id="echoid-div7" type="float" level="2" n="1">
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603 <note symbol="*" position="foot" xlink:label="note-0035-01" xlink:href="note-0035-01a" xml:space="preserve"><emph style="sp">Anmerkung</emph>. Ueber den Unterſchied von Molekülen und Atomen <lb/>leſe man nach, <emph style="bf">Bibliothèque universelle,</emph> März 1832, Theil <emph style="bf">XLIX</emph>., <lb/><emph style="bf">pag</emph>. 225 ff., wo ſich ein von mir verfaßtes Memoire über dieſen <lb/>Punkt findet.</note>
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604 </div>
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605 <p>
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606 <s xml:id="echoid-s377" xml:space="preserve">Auf dieſe Art erhielt ich Wiſſenſchaften von verſchiede-<lb/>nen Ordnungen. </s>
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607 <s xml:id="echoid-s378" xml:space="preserve">Wiſſenſchaften der erſten Ordnung nannte <lb/>ich diejenigen, in welchen alle auf <emph style="sp">einen</emph> Gegenſtand be-<lb/>züglichen Erkenntniſſe vereinigt ſind. </s>
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608 <s xml:id="echoid-s379" xml:space="preserve">Iede Wiſſenſchaft der <lb/>erſten Ordnung theilt ſich nach den zwei Hauptgeſichts-<lb/>punkten, unter denen man einen Gegenſtand betrachten kann, <lb/>in zwei Wiſſenſchaften von der zweiten Ordnung, und jede <lb/>von dieſen beiden theilt ſich wieder in zwei Wiſſenſchaften <lb/>der dritten Ordnung, entſprechend den früher angeführten <lb/>vier ſpecielleren Geſichtspunkten.</s>
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609 <s xml:id="echoid-s380" xml:space="preserve"/>
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610 </p>
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611 <p>
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612 <s xml:id="echoid-s381" xml:space="preserve">Alle Wiſſenſchaften der zweiten und dritten Ordnung <lb/>ſind alſo in Wiſſenſchaften der erſten Ordnung vereinigt, <lb/>und ich war ſomit bei der Eintheilung des menſchlichen <lb/>Wiſſens ungefähr auf denſelben Punkt gekommen, wie Ber-<lb/>nard Iuſſieu, als er ſämmtliche damals bekannten Pflanzen-<lb/>gattungen in natürliche Familien gruppirt hatte. </s>
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613 <s xml:id="echoid-s382" xml:space="preserve">Es blieb <lb/>mir nur noch übrig, die Wiſſenſchaften der erſten Ordnung <lb/>zu claſſifiziren und in größere Abtheilungen zu vereinigen, <lb/>gerade ſo, wie der Verfaſſer der genera plantarum die na-<lb/>türlichen Familien in Klaſſen, und dieſe ſelbſt wieder in die <lb/>drei großen Haufen der Acotyledonen, Monocotyledonen und <lb/>Dicotyledonen vereinigte, welche letztere ganz mit den von <lb/>Cuvier im Thierreich gemachten Hauptabtheilungen (embran-<lb/>chements) zuſammenfallen, die wir Provinzen nennen wollen.</s>
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614 <s xml:id="echoid-s383" xml:space="preserve"/>
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615 </p>
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616 <p>
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617 <s xml:id="echoid-s384" xml:space="preserve">So entſprechen alſo die Wiſſenſchaften der dritten Ord-<lb/>nung den natürlichen Familien Iuſſieu’s, die Wiſſenſchaften <lb/>der erſten Ordnung bildeten gleichſam Klaſſen von Wahr-<lb/>heiten, und es war nur meine Aufgabe, aus dieſen Wiſſen-<lb/>ſchaften erſter Ordnung Provinzen und Reiche zu bilden. <lb/></s>
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618 <s xml:id="echoid-s385" xml:space="preserve">Vor Allem theilte ich unſer ſämmtliches Wiſſen in zwei <lb/>Reiche. </s>
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619 <s xml:id="echoid-s386" xml:space="preserve">Das eine ſollte alle Wahrheiten befaſſen, die ſich <lb/>auf die Körperwelt beziehen, das andere alles, was mit dem <lb/>menſchlichen Geiſt zuſammenhängt. </s>
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620 <s xml:id="echoid-s387" xml:space="preserve">Die Wiſſenſchaften der <lb/>
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621 <pb o="23" file="0037" n="37"/>
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622 erſten Ordnung unter die zwei Reiche einzureihen, machte <lb/>keine große Schwierigkeit; </s>
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623 <s xml:id="echoid-s388" xml:space="preserve">aber ich mußte Zwiſchenglieder <lb/>aufſuchen, damit in jedem Reiche eine natürliche Reihen-<lb/>folge die gegenſeitigen Verhältniſſe und Beziehungen jener <lb/>Wiſſenſchaften beſſer in die Augen fallen laſſe.</s>
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624 <s xml:id="echoid-s389" xml:space="preserve"/>
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625 </p>
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626 <p>
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627 <s xml:id="echoid-s390" xml:space="preserve">Sollten dieſe Unterabtheilungen natürlich ſein, ſo durften <lb/>ſie nicht nach vorgefaßten Meinungen und vorausbeſtimmten <lb/>Eintheilungsgründen gemacht werden, ſondern nach der Ge-<lb/>ſammtheit der Beziehungen aller Art, welche ſich in den <lb/>Wiſſenſchaften, die eingetheilt und geordnet werden ſollten, <lb/>auffinden ließen, und ich machte der Reihe nach Verſuche, <lb/>ſie bald zu drei, bald zu vier zu gruppiren, je nach dem <lb/>größeren oder geringeren Grad von Aehnlichkeit, welchen ſie <lb/>unter einander hatten. </s>
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628 <s xml:id="echoid-s391" xml:space="preserve">Ieder dieſer Eintheilungsverſuche <lb/>ließ mich neue Beziehungeu zwiſchen ihnen auffinden, aber <lb/>immer noch fehlte die rechte Art der Zuſammenſtellung, <lb/>welche alle dieſe Beziehungen mit der größtmöglichen Deut-<lb/>lichkeit hervortreten ließ, und erſt im Frühling 1831 wurde <lb/>mir klar, daß ich, um keine jener Beziehungen zu vernach-<lb/>läſſigen, die Wiſſenſchaften erſter Ordnung zu zwei und <lb/>zwei zuſammenſtellen müſſe, indem ich immer diejenigen, <lb/>welche die ſchlagendſten und vielfältigſten Aehnlichkeiten zeig-<lb/>ten, vereinigte; </s>
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629 <s xml:id="echoid-s392" xml:space="preserve">und daß ferner die ſo gebildeten Gruppen <lb/>wieder auf dieſelbe Art zu zwei und zwei, je die nächſtſte-<lb/>henden mit einander verbunden werden müſſen. </s>
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630 <s xml:id="echoid-s393" xml:space="preserve">Indem ich <lb/>dieſe Arbeit immer weiter fortführte, mußte ich zuletzt auf <lb/>die große Abtheilung in zwei Reiche und ſomit auf eine <lb/>conſeguent-dichotomiſche Eintheilung kommen; </s>
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631 <s xml:id="echoid-s394" xml:space="preserve">wie man auch <lb/>im Verlauf des Werkes ſelbſt finden wird, daß jedes Reich <lb/>in zwei Hauptgebiete, jedes Hauptgebiet in zwei Provinzen, <lb/>jede Provinz in zwei Kreiſe, und jeder Kreis in zwei Wiſ-<lb/>ſenſchaften der erſten Ordnung zerfällt.</s>
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632 <s xml:id="echoid-s395" xml:space="preserve"/>
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633 </p>
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634 <p>
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635 <s xml:id="echoid-s396" xml:space="preserve">Als ich einmal ſo weit war, wollte ich auch in dem <lb/>Curs, zu dem ich im Collège de France verpflichtet bin, <lb/>eine Arbeit fruchtbar machen, die nur im Intereſſe dieſes <lb/>
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636 <pb o="24" file="0038" n="38"/>
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637 Curſes begonnen worden war, aber ganz unerwartet ſolche <lb/>Reſultate hervorgerufen hatte, und ich beſtimmte Eine wö-<lb/>chentliche Lection zu einer überſichtlichen Darſtellung dieſer <lb/>Unterſuchung. </s>
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638 <s xml:id="echoid-s397" xml:space="preserve">Dabei ſah ich jedoch gleich, daß meine Arbeit <lb/>noch nicht zu Ende war. </s>
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639 <s xml:id="echoid-s398" xml:space="preserve">Es fehlte mir an genauen Cha-<lb/>racteren für die Unterſcheidung und Zuſammenſtellung der <lb/>zwiſchen die Reiche und die Wiſſenſchaften erſter Ordnung <lb/>eingeſchobenen Mittelglieder der Eintheilung. </s>
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640 <s xml:id="echoid-s399" xml:space="preserve">Es fehlte mei-<lb/>ner Claſſification noch gleichſam der Schlüſſel, den Iuſſieu <lb/>für ſeine Zuſammenſtellung der natürlichen Pflanzenfamilien <lb/>in der Zahl der Samenlappen, in der Stellung der Staub-<lb/>fäden, in der Anweſenheit oder dem Mangel einer Blumen-<lb/>krone u. </s>
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641 <s xml:id="echoid-s400" xml:space="preserve">ſ. </s>
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642 <s xml:id="echoid-s401" xml:space="preserve">w. </s>
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643 <s xml:id="echoid-s402" xml:space="preserve">gefunden hat. </s>
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644 <s xml:id="echoid-s403" xml:space="preserve">Dabei kamen aber mancherlei <lb/>Schwierigkeiten zum Vorſchein. </s>
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645 <s xml:id="echoid-s404" xml:space="preserve">Da die verſchiedenen Grup-<lb/>pen, welche ich nach natürlichen Analogieen aus den Wiſ-<lb/>ſenſchaften erſter Ordnung gebildet hatte, vorher fertig wa-<lb/>ren, ehe ich noch einen Schlüſſel für das Ganze aufſuchte, <lb/>mußte ich nothwendig dieſen letzteren ſo lange ändern, bis <lb/>ich einen fand, welcher dieſe Gruppen in ihrer natürlichen <lb/>Ordnung genau wieder hervortreten ließ. </s>
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646 <s xml:id="echoid-s405" xml:space="preserve">Ich fand auch <lb/>bald ein Mittel, die Stellung und die Charactere der Haupt-<lb/>gebiete und Provinzen zu beſtimmen; </s>
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647 <s xml:id="echoid-s406" xml:space="preserve">nicht ſo jedoch verhielt <lb/>es ſich bei den Kreiſen, in welche die Provinzen eingetheilt <lb/>wurden.</s>
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648 <s xml:id="echoid-s407" xml:space="preserve"/>
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649 </p>
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650 <p>
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651 <s xml:id="echoid-s408" xml:space="preserve">So weit war ich, als mir im Iahr 1832 der Gedanke <lb/>aufging, daß alle die Abtheilungen und Unterabtheilungen, <lb/>die ich mit ſo vieler Mühe zu Stande gebracht hatte, in <lb/>gewiſſer Weiſe a priori hätten abgeleitet werden können, und <lb/>zwar mit Hülfe eben derſelben Geſichtspunkte, die mir im <lb/>Anfang zur Abtheilung der Wiſſenſchaften erſter Ordnung <lb/>in ſolche der zweiten und dritten Ordnung gedient hatten. <lb/></s>
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652 <s xml:id="echoid-s409" xml:space="preserve">Zwar hatte ich bereits bemerkt, daß die Anwendung der ge-<lb/>nannten Geſichtspunkte auf die zwei großen Hauptobjecte <lb/>des menſchlichen Wiſſens hinreiche, um jedes dieſer beiden <lb/>Reiche in dieſelben Hauptgebiete und Provinzen abzutheilen, <lb/>
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653 <pb o="25" file="0039" n="39"/>
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654 die ſich ſchon vorher a posteriori ergeben hatten. </s>
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655 <s xml:id="echoid-s410" xml:space="preserve">Nun aber <lb/>erkannte ich auch, daß bei wiederholter Anwendung jener <lb/>Geſichtspunkte auch auf die weniger allgemeinen Gegenſtände, <lb/>die den Inhalt der Provinzen ausmachen, letztere gleichfalls <lb/>in dieſelben Kreiſe und Wiſſenſchaften erſter Ordnung ſich <lb/>zerlegen, wie ſie ſchon vorher beſtimmt waren, ehe ich auch <lb/>nur entfernt an dieſe neue Anwendungsart jener Geſichts-<lb/>punkte dachte. </s>
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656 <s xml:id="echoid-s411" xml:space="preserve">In den Anmerkungen, welche ich durch klei-<lb/>neren Druck von dem übrigen Texte des Werkes ausge-<lb/>zeichnet habe, wird man ſehen, wie ich dieſe Idee entwickle, <lb/>und mit welcher Ungezwungenheit ſie zu einem natürlichen <lb/>Syſtem der menſchlichen Erkenntniſſe führt.</s>
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657 <s xml:id="echoid-s412" xml:space="preserve"/>
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658 </p>
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659 <p>
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660 <s xml:id="echoid-s413" xml:space="preserve">Der Umſtand, daß die aus der ebengemachten Betrach-<lb/>tung hervorgehende Eintheilung unſeres Wiſſens auf eine <lb/>ſo folgerechte Weiſe mit der Claſſification zuſammentrifft, <lb/>die aus der empiriſchen Betrachtung ſämmtlicher Analogieen <lb/>der verſchiedenen Wiſſenſchaften ſich ergab, hat nothwendig <lb/>ſeinen Grund in der Natur unſeres Denkens. </s>
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661 <s xml:id="echoid-s414" xml:space="preserve">Was auch <lb/>der Gegenſtand unſerer Unterſuchungen ſein mag, phyſiſch, <lb/>logiſch oder ethiſch, ſo müſſen wir vor allen Dingen die <lb/>Thatſachen ſammeln, welche ſich für die unmittelbare Beob-<lb/>achtung ergeben; </s>
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662 <s xml:id="echoid-s415" xml:space="preserve">ſodann müſſen wir aufſuchen, was ge-<lb/>wiſſermaßen unter dieſen Thatſachen verſteckt iſt; </s>
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663 <s xml:id="echoid-s416" xml:space="preserve">und erſt, <lb/>wenn dieſe Unterſuchungen vollendet ſind, welche den in <lb/>dem erſten Hauptgeſichtspunkt vereinigten zwei beſonderen <lb/>Geſichtspunkten entſprechen, erſt dann kann man die gewon-<lb/>nenen Thatſachen mit einander vergleichen, und allgemeine <lb/>Geſetze daraus ableiten. </s>
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664 <s xml:id="echoid-s417" xml:space="preserve">Dieſe Vergleichung und Verallge-<lb/>meinerung entſpricht augenſcheinlich dem dritten beſonderen <lb/>Geſichtspunkt. </s>
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665 <s xml:id="echoid-s418" xml:space="preserve">Iſt dieß Alles geſchehen, dann kann man <lb/>endlich zu den letzten Gründen der Erſcheinungen aufſteigen, <lb/>die man unter dem erſten Geſichtspunkt beobachtete, zerlegte <lb/>und analyſirte unter dem zweiten, und unter dem dritten <lb/>verglich, ordnete und auf allgemeine Geſetze zurückführte. <lb/></s>
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666 <s xml:id="echoid-s419" xml:space="preserve">Dieſe Erforſchung der letzten Gründe alles bisher Aufge-<lb/>
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667 <pb o="26" file="0040" n="40"/>
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668 fundenen, und die Ableitung der Wirkungen aus den nach-<lb/>gewieſenen letzten Urſachen machen den vierten beſonderen <lb/>Geſichtspunkt aus, und vollenden ſo den Kreis deſſen, was <lb/>man nur irgend an einem Gegenſtand erkennen kann. </s>
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669 <s xml:id="echoid-s420" xml:space="preserve">Ich <lb/>muß mich hier begnügen mit der bloßen Andeutung der vier <lb/>Geſichtspunkte, deren Unterſchied und gegenſeitige Beziehung <lb/>gewiſſermaßen als das Princip einer Eintheilung angeſehen <lb/>werden muß, welche gleichwohl von ganz anderen ſelbſtſtän-<lb/>digen Unterſuchungen ihren Ausgang nahm. </s>
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670 <s xml:id="echoid-s421" xml:space="preserve">Erſt nach <lb/>Durchleſung des ganzen Werks wird man im Stande ſein, <lb/>die Anwendung dieſes oberſten Eintheilungsgrundes ganz <lb/>zu faſſen, und die Wichtigkeit und Fruchtbarkeit deſſelben <lb/>vollſtändig einzuſehen.</s>
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671 <s xml:id="echoid-s422" xml:space="preserve"/>
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672 </p>
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673 <p>
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674 <s xml:id="echoid-s423" xml:space="preserve">Als ich die Abfaſſung des vorliegenden Werks begonnen <lb/>hatte, fiel mir eine merkwürdige Uebereinſtimmung auf, zwi-<lb/>ſchen den genannten vier Geſichtspunkten und den vier Haupt-<lb/>epochen, welche der menſchliche Verſtand bei ſeiner allmähligen <lb/>Entwicklung zu durchlaufen hat, von den erſten Empfindungen <lb/>und Bewegungen, durch welche das Kind ſeines Daſeins be-<lb/>wußt wird und daſſelbe bethätigt, bis zu dem Zeitpunkt, wo <lb/>der Menſch, gebildet durch die Geſellſchaft von Seinesgleichen, <lb/>wie durch die Uebung von Wiſſenſchaften und Künſten, ſich <lb/>zu der höchſtmöglichen Stufe der Erkenntniß emporhebt.</s>
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675 <s xml:id="echoid-s424" xml:space="preserve"/>
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676 </p>
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677 <p>
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678 <s xml:id="echoid-s425" xml:space="preserve">Dieſe Entwicklungsgeſchichte des menſchlichen Geiſtes <lb/>war das Ergebniß einer langen Arbeit, die ich um das Iahr <lb/>1804 begann, und mit der ich noch im Iahr 1820 beſchäf-<lb/>tigt war. </s>
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679 <s xml:id="echoid-s426" xml:space="preserve">Ich unterſuchte nemlich die Vermögen des Geiſtes, <lb/>die Mittel, durch welche er das Wahre vom Falſchen unter-<lb/>ſcheidet, die Wege, die er gehen muß, um die verſchiedenen <lb/>Gegenſtände ſeines Wiſſens zu ordnen, und um ſeine Be-<lb/>griffe und Urtheile in Zuſammenhang unter einander zu <lb/>bringen; </s>
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680 <s xml:id="echoid-s427" xml:space="preserve">ich unterſuchte endlich den Urſprung unſerer Ideen; <lb/></s>
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681 <s xml:id="echoid-s428" xml:space="preserve">und ſo wurden nach und nach alle von der Philoſophie <lb/>aufgeworfenen Fragen in den Kreis meiner Erörterung ge-<lb/>zogen und die Löſung derſelben verſucht.</s>
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682 <s xml:id="echoid-s429" xml:space="preserve"/>
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683 </p>
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684
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685 <pb o="27" file="0041" n="41"/>
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686 <p>
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687 <s xml:id="echoid-s430" xml:space="preserve">Die erſte Periode geht von dem Augenblick, wo bei <lb/>dem Kinde Empfindung und Selbſtthätigkeit erwacht, bis zu <lb/>dem Zeitpunkt, wo es durch die Sprache mit der übrigen <lb/>Menſchenwelt in einen geiſtigen Wechſelverkehr tritt; </s>
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688 <s xml:id="echoid-s431" xml:space="preserve">die <lb/>zweite Periode erſtreckt ſich von der Erlernung der Sprache <lb/>bis zu den äußerſten Grenzen, welche der menſchliche Geiſt <lb/>erreichen kann, wenn es überhaupt ſolche Grenzen gibt. <lb/></s>
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689 <s xml:id="echoid-s432" xml:space="preserve">Aus der erſten Periode bewahrt uns das Gedächtniß nichts <lb/>auf, aber ich hielt es für möglich, durch bloße Schlußfolge-<lb/>rungen aus den Thatſachen unſeres Bewußtſeins, den Zeit-<lb/>raum in ſeiner ganzen Vollſtändigkeit noch einmal zu con-<lb/>ſtruiren, und als ich über dieſen Punkt ins Reine gekommen <lb/>war, bemerkte ich, daß der genannte Zeitraum, ebenſo wie <lb/>der andere, abermals in zwei beſondere Perioden zerfallen. </s>
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690 <s xml:id="echoid-s433" xml:space="preserve"><lb/>Ehe das Kind die Sprache lernt, gibt es eine Zeit, in wel-<lb/>cher es nur dasjenige auffaſſen kann, was unmittelbare Er-<lb/>ſcheinung iſt, mag nun letztere durch die äußeren Sinne <lb/>vermittelt ſein, oder durch die innere Empfindung ſeiner ei-<lb/>genen Selbſtthätigkeit; </s>
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691 <s xml:id="echoid-s434" xml:space="preserve">dieß iſt die erſte untergeordnete Pe-<lb/>riode im erſten Zeitraum. </s>
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692 <s xml:id="echoid-s435" xml:space="preserve">Die zweite untergeordnete Pe-<lb/>riode geht von dem Zeitpunkt, wo es das Daſein von Kör-<lb/>pern und von perſönlichen Weſen entdeckt, welche gleich ihm <lb/>Verſtand und Willen haben, bis zu der Epoche, wo es durch <lb/>die Sprache mit letzteren in Verkehr tritt, wo es die Zwecke <lb/>einſieht, welche die umgebenden Perſonen bei ihren Hand-<lb/>lungen haben, und wo es den Sinn ihrer Worte verſteht.</s>
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693 <s xml:id="echoid-s436" xml:space="preserve"/>
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694 </p>
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695 <p>
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696 <s xml:id="echoid-s437" xml:space="preserve">Nun beginnt der zweite Zeitraum und die dritte unter-<lb/>geordnete Periode. </s>
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697 <s xml:id="echoid-s438" xml:space="preserve">Das Kind hört einen Namen bei ver-<lb/>ſchiedenen Gegenſtänden nennen, es hört ein und daſſelbe <lb/>Wort wiederholen in verſchiedenen Satzverbindungen, deren <lb/>Sinn durch die Umſtände, unter welchen man es ausſpricht, <lb/>ihm deutlich werden muß, und es kann nun den Begriff, <lb/>welcher durch den Namen oder das Wort bezeichnet wird, <lb/>nicht anders erfaſſen, als wenn es die verſchiedenen Objecte, <lb/>die verſchiedenen Umſtände unter einander vergleicht, und <lb/>
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698 <pb o="28" file="0042" n="42"/>
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699 durch dieſe Vergleichung das Gemeinſchaftliche, das in dieſen <lb/>verſchiedenen Objecten oder Umſtänden enthalten iſt, heraus-<lb/>findet; </s>
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700 <s xml:id="echoid-s439" xml:space="preserve">denn eben dieſes, das <emph style="sp">Allgemeine</emph>, iſt es, was <lb/>durch einen Namen oder ein Wort bezeichnet wird.</s>
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701 <s xml:id="echoid-s440" xml:space="preserve"/>
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702 </p>
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703 <p>
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704 <s xml:id="echoid-s441" xml:space="preserve">Verſteht einmal der Menſch die Worte, ſo hat er eben <lb/>damit auch das Mittel, ſeine Gedanken feſtzuhalten und zu <lb/>ordnen, ſeine Urtheile auszudrücken, und er macht die Ent-<lb/>deckung, daß er, von bereits bekannten Wahrheiten ausge-<lb/>hend, andere Wahrheiten davon ableiten kann, welche mit <lb/>den erſten in dem Verhältniß gegenſeitiger Abhängigkeit ſte-<lb/>hen, ſo daß mit dem einen auch die anderen nothwendig <lb/>gegeben ſind. </s>
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705 <s xml:id="echoid-s442" xml:space="preserve">In der vierten untergeordneten Periode endlich <lb/>fand ich Alles dasjenige vereinigt, was der Menſch, bei einer <lb/>tieferen Ergründung der Dinge und Weſen, über ihre Eigen-<lb/>ſchaften und Kräfte, ſo wie auch über die letzten Gründe er-<lb/>forſchen kann, auf welche er die Thatſachen der Natur und <lb/>der geiſtigen Welt zurückführen muß.</s>
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706 <s xml:id="echoid-s443" xml:space="preserve"><anchor type="note" xlink:href="" symbol="*"/>)</s>
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707 </p>
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708 <p>
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709 <s xml:id="echoid-s444" xml:space="preserve">Die Analogie dieſer vier Perioden mit den vier Ge-<lb/>ſichtspunkten ſpringt zu ſehr in die Augen, als daß ich mich <lb/>lang dabei aufhalten ſollte. </s>
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710 <s xml:id="echoid-s445" xml:space="preserve">Sieht man nicht auf den erſten <lb/>Blick, daß die zwei Hauptperioden der Entwicklungsgeſchichte <lb/>des menſchlichen Geiſtes zuſammenfallen mit den früher be-<lb/>zeichneten zwei Hauptgeſichtspunkten? </s>
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711 <s xml:id="echoid-s446" xml:space="preserve">Und iſt es nicht ebenſo, <lb/>wenn man die vier beſonderen Perioden mit den vier unter-<lb/>
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712 <anchor type="note" xlink:label="note-0042-01a" xlink:href="note-0042-01"/>
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713
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714 <pb o="29" file="0043" n="43"/>
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715 geordneten Geſichtspunkten vergleicht? </s>
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716 <s xml:id="echoid-s447" xml:space="preserve">Iſt nicht ganz klar, <lb/>daß die Periode, wo das Kind nur die unmittelbaren Er-<lb/>ſcheinungen der äußeren und inneren Welt auffaßt, dem <lb/>Geſichtspunkt entſpricht, unter welchem man ſich nur mit <lb/>dem beſchäftigt, was Natur und Geiſt der unmittelbaren <lb/>Beobachtung vor Augen ſtellen; </s>
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717 <s xml:id="echoid-s448" xml:space="preserve">ebenſo die zweite Periode, <lb/>wo das Kind die Eriſtenz körperlicher Dinge und geiſtiger <lb/>Weſen außer ſich entdeckt, dem Geſichtspunkt derjenigen <lb/>Wiſſenſchaften, welche ſich mit der Erforſchung des in den <lb/>Gegenſtänden Verſtecktliegenden beſchäftigen; </s>
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718 <s xml:id="echoid-s449" xml:space="preserve">die dritte Pe-<lb/>riode, wo das Kind, um die Sprache ſeiner Umgebungen <lb/>zu verſtehen, die Gegenſtände vergleichen und ordnen, ja <lb/>ſeine eigenen Gedanken betrachten muß, und mit der fort-<lb/>ſchreitenden Entwicklung ſeiner Vernunft aus bekannten <lb/>Wahrheiten unbekannte ableiten lernt, den Wiſſenſchaften <lb/>des dritten Geſichtspunktes, welche ſich mit Zuſammenſtellung <lb/>und Vergleichung der Thatſachen beſchäftigen; </s>
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719 <s xml:id="echoid-s450" xml:space="preserve">die vierte <lb/>Periode endlich dem vierten Geſichtspunkt, weil die Mittel, <lb/>die man ſowohl zur Bewahrheitung als zur tieferen Er-<lb/>gründung der Thatſachen anwenden muß, in beiden Fällen <lb/>auf das Gleiche hinauslaufen, nemlich die Einſicht in den <lb/>nothwendigen Zuſammenhang von Urſache und Wirkung?</s>
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720 <s xml:id="echoid-s451" xml:space="preserve"/>
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721 </p>
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722 <div xml:id="echoid-div8" type="float" level="2" n="2">
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723 <note symbol="*" position="foot" xlink:label="note-0042-01" xlink:href="note-0042-01a" xml:space="preserve"><emph style="sp">Anmerkung</emph>. Dieſe vier Perioden entſprechen vier Arten von <lb/>Begriffen, die in Verbindung mit den Erſcheinungen der äußeren <lb/>und inneren Welt, in ihren verſchiedenen Combinationen den Ur-<lb/>ſprung aller Thatſachen unſeres Bewußtſeins geben, wie ich es in <lb/>einer im Collège de France gehaltenen Vorleſung näher ausein-<lb/>andergeſetzt habe und deſſen weſentlicher Inhalt im Nachſtehenden <lb/>zu finden iſt. Ich füge blos die Bemerkung bei, daß der Menſch, <lb/>wenn er einmal eine Art von Begriffen erfaßt hat, derſelben bis an <lb/>das Ende ſeines Lebens fähig iſt, und daß ſomit ſein Geiſt, der <lb/>während der ganzen erſten Periode nur die erſte Art von Begriffen <lb/>zuläßt, die beiden erſten Arten in ſich aufnehmen kann während der <lb/>zweiten Periode, die drei erſten während der dritten, u. ſ. f.</note>
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724 </div>
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725 <p>
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726 <s xml:id="echoid-s452" xml:space="preserve">Dieſe durchgehende Analogie folgt aus der Natur un-<lb/>ſeres Geiſtes; </s>
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727 <s xml:id="echoid-s453" xml:space="preserve">denn der Gelehrte muß durchaus bei der <lb/>Unterſuchung irgend welches natürlichen oder geiſtigen Ge-<lb/>genſtandes denſelben Gang befolgen, wie die übrigen Men-<lb/>ſchen bei der allmähligen Entwicklung ihrer Einſichten.</s>
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728 <s xml:id="echoid-s454" xml:space="preserve"/>
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729 </p>
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730 <p>
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731 <s xml:id="echoid-s455" xml:space="preserve">Man würde das Ebengeſagte entſchieden mißverſtehen, <lb/>wenn man ſich etwa vorſtellen wollte, daß ich die verſchie-<lb/>denen Gruppen der in dieſem Werk definirten Wiſſenſchaften <lb/>in eine Beziehung mit den ebengenannten Perioden bringen <lb/>wollte. </s>
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732 <s xml:id="echoid-s456" xml:space="preserve">Es iſt klar, daß für das Kind vor Erlernung der <lb/>Sprache keine Wiſſenſchaft vorhanden iſt, daß alſo der Menſch <lb/>nur in den zwei letzten Perioden eine Wiſſenſchaft oder <lb/>Kunſt zu erfaſſen im Stande iſt; </s>
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733 <s xml:id="echoid-s457" xml:space="preserve">er kann es im Allgemeinen <lb/>
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734 <pb o="30" file="0044" n="44"/>
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735 nur dann erſt, wenn er ſolche Kenntniſſe beſitzt, welche alle <lb/>vier Arten von Begriffen in ſich vereinigen, wie ſie in der <lb/>Anmerkung am Ende der Vorrede näher werden bezeichnet <lb/>werden. </s>
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736 <s xml:id="echoid-s458" xml:space="preserve">Aus allem geht ſomit hervor, daß die Betrachtung <lb/>der Perioden, welchen die verſchiedenen dem menſchlichen <lb/>Wiſſen zu Grund liegenden Begriffsgattungen entſprechen, <lb/>auf keine Weiſe in die Unterſuchungen über die Eintheilung <lb/>unſerer Erkenntniſſe hereingezogen werden dürfen.</s>
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737 <s xml:id="echoid-s459" xml:space="preserve"/>
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738 </p>
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739 <p>
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740 <s xml:id="echoid-s460" xml:space="preserve">In dem philoſophiſchen Curſus, zu dem ich von 1819 <lb/>auf 20 bei der philoſophiſchen Facultät von Paris ver-<lb/>pflichtet war, entwickelte ich meine Anſichten über eine all-<lb/>gemeine Claſſification der Thatſachen des Bewußtſeins. </s>
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741 <s xml:id="echoid-s461" xml:space="preserve">Ich <lb/>hatte bereits die hauptſächlichſten Ergebniſſe meiner Arbeit <lb/>in einer pſychologiſchen Tabelle, die ich für einige wenige <lb/>Freunde drucken ließ, zuſammengeſtellt, und behielt mir vor, <lb/>dieſe wichtigen Fragen ſpäter in einer beſonderen Abhand-<lb/>lung näher zu erörtern, wovon ich damals durch phyſicaliſche <lb/>Unterſuchungen abgehalten wurde.</s>
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742 <s xml:id="echoid-s462" xml:space="preserve"/>
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743 </p>
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744 <p>
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745 <s xml:id="echoid-s463" xml:space="preserve">Betrachtungen, welche von den bisher auseinanderge-<lb/>ſetzten ganz verſchieden waren, führten mich länger als ein <lb/>Iahr nachher, als der Druck des erſten Theils dieſes Werks <lb/>faſt vollendet war, am 12. </s>
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746 <s xml:id="echoid-s464" xml:space="preserve">December 1833, zum dritten <lb/>Mal auf ganz anderen Wegen zu den gleichen Abtheilungen <lb/>und Unterabtheilungen ſämmtlicher Wahrheiten, welche un-<lb/>ſere Wiſſenſchaften und Künſte ausmachen, ganz ebenſo wie <lb/>die Eintheilung war, auf die ich gleich im Anfang kam, <lb/>und welche ich ſpäter mittelſt der öfter beſprochenen Ge-<lb/>ſichtspunkte zum zweiten Mal in ebenderſelben Ordnung <lb/>reproducirte.</s>
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747 <s xml:id="echoid-s465" xml:space="preserve"/>
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748 </p>
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749 <p>
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750 <s xml:id="echoid-s466" xml:space="preserve">Auf dieſe Betrachtungen kam ich, indem ich unterſuchte, <lb/>auf welche Art dieſe nemlichen Abtheilungen und Unterab-<lb/>theilungen, eine von der anderen ſich ableiten laſſen, und ſie <lb/>gaben mir für meine Claſſification einen neuen Schlüſſel an <lb/>die Hand, den man ganz füglich an die Stelle des bereits <lb/>angewandten ſetzen könnte. </s>
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751 <s xml:id="echoid-s467" xml:space="preserve">Von dieſen beiden Schlüſſeln <lb/>
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752 <pb o="31" file="0045" n="45"/>
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753 ſcheint mir der erſtere philoſophiſcher und fruchtbarer an <lb/>neuen Anwendungen und Ableitungen; </s>
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754 <s xml:id="echoid-s468" xml:space="preserve">er iſt wohl auch <lb/>tauglicher, meine Eintheilung dem Gedächtniß einzuprägen; <lb/></s>
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755 <s xml:id="echoid-s469" xml:space="preserve">der andere aber ſcheint mir practiſcher und leichter zu faſſen, <lb/>und wird auch deßhalb einer größeren Zahl von Leſern beſſer <lb/>zuſagen. </s>
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756 <s xml:id="echoid-s470" xml:space="preserve">Aber höchſt merkwürdig iſt es mir, daß zwei ſo <lb/>ganz verſchiedene Mittel darin zuſammentreffen, die Abthei-<lb/>lungen und Unterabtheilungen des menſchlichen Wiſſens <lb/>ganz in derſelben Ordnung zu reproduciren, wie ſie ſchon <lb/>vorher unabhängig von dem einen, wie von dem anderen, <lb/>gebildet worden waren. </s>
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757 <s xml:id="echoid-s471" xml:space="preserve">Dieſe Uebereinſtimmung iſt meines <lb/>Erachtens der ſchlagendſte Beweis, daß die Eintheilungen <lb/>in der eigenſten Natur unſeres Denkens begründet ſind. </s>
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758 <s xml:id="echoid-s472" xml:space="preserve"><lb/>Als ich den zweiten Schlüſſel entdeckte, war der Druck mei-<lb/>nes Werks ſchon zu weit vorgerückt, als daß ich noch, der <lb/>Reihe nach, alle Anwendungen hätte beifügen können; </s>
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759 <s xml:id="echoid-s473" xml:space="preserve">um <lb/>jedoch den Leſer in dieſer Beziehung zufrieden zu ſtellen, <lb/>habe ich mich entſchloſſen, am Ende des Werks einen Anhang <lb/>zu geben, in welchem ich alles, was darüber zu wiſſen nö-<lb/>thig iſt, nachholen werde.</s>
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760 <s xml:id="echoid-s474" xml:space="preserve"><anchor type="note" xlink:href="" symbol="*"/></s>
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761 </p>
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762 </div>
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763 <div xml:id="echoid-div10" type="section" level="1" n="8">
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764 <head xml:id="echoid-head10" xml:space="preserve"><emph style="bf">Buſatz Ampère’s zu ſeinem Eintheilungsprincip.</emph></head>
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765 <p>
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766 <s xml:id="echoid-s475" xml:space="preserve">Es wurde oben in einer Anmerkung davon geſprochen, <lb/>daß die vier Geſichtspunkte, welche die Grundlage der Am-<lb/>père’ſchen Eintheilung bilden, vier Gattungen von Begriffen <lb/>entſprechen, welche, angewandt auf die Erſcheinungen der <lb/>äußeren und inneren Welt in ihren verſchiedenen Combi-<lb/>
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767 <anchor type="note" xlink:label="note-0045-01a" xlink:href="note-0045-01"/>
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768
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769 <pb o="32" file="0046" n="46"/>
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770 nationen, den Urſprung aller Thatſachen des Bewußtſeins <lb/>geben. </s>
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771 <s xml:id="echoid-s476" xml:space="preserve">Da es von Intereſſe iſt, die umfaſſende Bedeutung, <lb/>welche Ampère ſelbſt ſeinen Geſichtspunkten zuſchreibt, ken-<lb/>nen zu lernen, ſo folgt hier der weſentliche Inhalt einer <lb/>Vorleſung, die er im Collège de France über den genannten <lb/>Gegenſtand gehalten hat.</s>
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772 <s xml:id="echoid-s477" xml:space="preserve"/>
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773 </p>
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774 <div xml:id="echoid-div10" type="float" level="2" n="1">
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775 <note symbol="*" position="foot" xlink:label="note-0045-01" xlink:href="note-0045-01a" xml:space="preserve">Da der Tod Ampère an der Herausgabe des zweiten Theils ver-<lb/>hinderte, ſo entbehren wir auch den oben verſprochenen Anhang; <lb/>ich ließ aber das Obige ſtehen, weil es den Gang des Verfaſſers <lb/>von einer intereſſanten Seite ſehen läßt.</note>
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776 </div>
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777 <p>
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778 <s xml:id="echoid-s478" xml:space="preserve">Die menſchlichen Gedanken beſtehen nach Ampère aus <lb/>Anſchauungen und Begriffen. </s>
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779 <s xml:id="echoid-s479" xml:space="preserve">Unter Anſchauung verſteht <lb/>er 1) Alles, was wir empfindend von außen in uns auf-<lb/>nehmen, die Sinneseindrücke, ferner die Nachbilder, welche <lb/>auch dann noch fortdauern, wenn die Umſtände, durch welche <lb/>wir die Eindrücke erhielten, aufgehört haben, und endlich <lb/>diejenige Anſchauung, welche durch Vereinigung einer un-<lb/>mittelbar gegenwärtigen Sinnesempfindung und des Nach-<lb/>bildes einer ſchon früher dageweſenen gleichen Empfindung <lb/>in uns erzeugt werden. </s>
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780 <s xml:id="echoid-s480" xml:space="preserve">Dieſe Vereinigung nennt Ampère <lb/>&#132;Concretion.</s>
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781 <s xml:id="echoid-s481" xml:space="preserve">&#148; 2) Alles, was in das Bewußtſein unſerer <lb/>eigenen Thätigkeit fällt, zunächſt das Gefühl eben dieſer <lb/>Selbſtthätigkeit, welches er <emph style="sp">Emeſtheſe</emph> (ἐμ{οῦ}, ἀίσθησις) <lb/>nennt, dann die Spur dieſes Gefühls, welche unſer Ge-<lb/>dächtniß aufbewahrt, von ihm <emph style="sp">Automneſtie</emph> (ἀυτὸς, μνῆ-<lb/>στις) genannt, und endlich diejenige Selbſtanſchauung, welche <lb/>durch Vereinigung einer wirklichen Emeſtheſe und der in <lb/>unſerem Gedächtniß aufbewahrten Spuren früherer Eme-<lb/>ſtheſen entſteht, eine Vereinigung, welche offenbar unſer em-<lb/>piriſches Selbſtbewußtſein ausmacht. </s>
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782 <s xml:id="echoid-s482" xml:space="preserve">Daraus ergibt ſich <lb/>der Unterſchied, den er zwiſchen den <emph style="sp">ſinnlichen</emph> Anſchauun-<lb/>gen und den von ihm ſogenannten Anſchauungen der in-<lb/>neren Selbſtthätigkeit macht.</s>
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783 <s xml:id="echoid-s483" xml:space="preserve"/>
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784 </p>
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785 <p>
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786 <s xml:id="echoid-s484" xml:space="preserve">Bei den Begriffen unterſcheidet er vier Arten: </s>
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787 <s xml:id="echoid-s485" xml:space="preserve">I. </s>
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788 <s xml:id="echoid-s486" xml:space="preserve">die <lb/><emph style="sp">urſprünglichen</emph> Begriffe, welche von den Vorſtellungen <lb/>unzertrennlich und in gewiſſer Art die Formen ſind, unter <lb/>denen wir ſie vollziehen müſſen, wie Raum und Bewegung <lb/>für die ſinnlichen Vorſtellungen, Zeit und Urſächlichkeit für <lb/>die Vorſtellungen der Selbſtthätigkeit.</s>
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789 <s xml:id="echoid-s487" xml:space="preserve"/>
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790 </p>
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791
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792 <pb o="33" file="0047" n="47"/>
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793 <p>
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794 <s xml:id="echoid-s488" xml:space="preserve">II. </s>
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795 <s xml:id="echoid-s489" xml:space="preserve">Die <emph style="sp">objectiven</emph> Begriffe beſtehen hinſichtlich der <lb/>ſinnlichen Vorſtellungen in dem Begriff der Materie und <lb/>der Atome, aus welchen letztere zuſammengeſetzt iſt; </s>
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796 <s xml:id="echoid-s490" xml:space="preserve">hin-<lb/>ſichtlich der Vorſtellungen der geiſtigen Selbſtthätigkeit, in <lb/>dem Begriff von der Subſtanz, welche unſeren Körper be-<lb/>wegt, und der Träger unſeres Denkens und Wollens iſt, <lb/>die wir zuerſt an uns ſelbſt erkennen, und dann auch, um <lb/>der Analogie willen in Anderen unſeres Gleichen, und am <lb/>Ende in allen belebten Weſen annehmen. </s>
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797 <s xml:id="echoid-s491" xml:space="preserve">(Ampère bemerkt <lb/>dabei, daß der erſte Begriff, den wir von dieſer Subſtanz <lb/>haben, das Ergebniß unſerer Fähigkeit iſt, unſern Körper <lb/>ſelbſtthätig zu bewegen, und daß dieſes auch der Grund ſei, <lb/>warum ſie in faſt allen Sprachen den metaphoriſchen Namen <lb/>Hauch oder Wind bekommen habe, was nichts anderes be-<lb/>deute, als unſichtbare bewegende Urſache. </s>
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798 <s xml:id="echoid-s492" xml:space="preserve">Daher komme es <lb/>auch, warum im Anfange der menſchlichen Geſellſchaft die <lb/>Menſchen überall das Daſein einer Seele angenommen ha-<lb/>ben, wo ſie Bewegungen ohne augenfällige Urſachen be-<lb/>merkten, warum Iupiter den Donner gerollt, Apollo den <lb/>Sonnenwagen geführt, Aeolus die Winde entfeſſelt, und <lb/>Dryaden die Bäume haben wachſen laſſen.)</s>
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799 <s xml:id="echoid-s493" xml:space="preserve"/>
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800 </p>
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801 <p>
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802 <s xml:id="echoid-s494" xml:space="preserve">Dieſe beiden erſten Arten von Begriffen ſind unab-<lb/>hängig von der Sprache, und es iſt klar, daß dieſes große <lb/>Mittel für die Entwicklung des Denkens nicht eher ins Le-<lb/>ben treten kann, als bis das Kind in den umgebenden Per-<lb/>ſonen ebenfalls eine bewegende, denkende und wollende Sub-<lb/>ſtanz vorausſetzt, gleich der, welche es in ſich ſelber fühlt; <lb/></s>
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803 <s xml:id="echoid-s495" xml:space="preserve">und nur der Sprache wiederum verdanken wir die beiden <lb/>anderen Arten von Begriffen, zu denen wir jetzt übergehen.</s>
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804 <s xml:id="echoid-s496" xml:space="preserve"/>
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805 </p>
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806 <p>
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807 <s xml:id="echoid-s497" xml:space="preserve">III. </s>
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808 <s xml:id="echoid-s498" xml:space="preserve">Zuerſt kommen die Begriffe, welche das Kind durch <lb/>ſeine Anſtrengungen, die Sprache der Eltern zu verſtehen, <lb/>erhält.</s>
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809 <s xml:id="echoid-s499" xml:space="preserve"/>
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810 </p>
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811 <p>
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812 <s xml:id="echoid-s500" xml:space="preserve">In Betreff der ſinnlichen Vorſtellungen ſind dieß die <lb/>von Ampère ſogenannten <emph style="sp">comparativen</emph> Begriffe, welche <lb/>man ſonſt die allgemeinen Vorſtellungen nennt. </s>
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813 <s xml:id="echoid-s501" xml:space="preserve">Hört das <lb/>
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814 <pb o="34" file="0048" n="48"/>
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815 Kind ein und daſſelbe Beiwort, z. </s>
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816 <s xml:id="echoid-s502" xml:space="preserve">B. </s>
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817 <s xml:id="echoid-s503" xml:space="preserve"><emph style="sp">roth</emph>, verſchiedenen <lb/>Gegenſtänden beilegen, einer Blume, einem Kleidungsſtoff, <lb/>einer von der Abendſonne beleuchteten Wolke, ſo wird die <lb/>Begierde, den Sinn des Worts zu verſtehen, das Kind nö-<lb/>thigen, die verſchiedenen Gegenſtände zu vergleichen, und es <lb/>wird auf dieſe Art das Gemeinſchaftliche derſelben erkennen. <lb/></s>
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818 <s xml:id="echoid-s504" xml:space="preserve">Dieſe Thätigkeit nun, durch welche es die genannte Aehn-<lb/>lichkeit auffaßt, läßt in ſeinem Gedächtniß die allgemeine <lb/>Vorſtellung &#132;roth&#148;, welche ſich an den Wortlaut knüpft. </s>
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819 <s xml:id="echoid-s505" xml:space="preserve"><lb/>Ebenſo ſucht es den Sinn der Worte zu faſſen, wenn es <lb/>die Worte &#132;<emph style="sp">gleich, größer, kleiner, doppelt, vier-<lb/>fach u. ſ. w</emph>.</s>
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820 <s xml:id="echoid-s506" xml:space="preserve">&#148; ſagen hört, und bekommt ſo die Vorſtellungen, <lb/>welche Ampère <emph style="sp">mathematiſche</emph> nennt.</s>
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821 <s xml:id="echoid-s507" xml:space="preserve"/>
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822 </p>
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823 <p>
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824 <s xml:id="echoid-s508" xml:space="preserve">Andere Begriffe derſelben Art beziehen ſich auf die <lb/>Vorſtellungen der Selbſtthätigkeit. </s>
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825 <s xml:id="echoid-s509" xml:space="preserve">So ſucht das Kind, <lb/>wenn es die Worte &#132;<emph style="sp">empfinden, wünſchen, urthei-<lb/>len, wollen</emph>&#148; hört, das Gemeinſchaftliche in den Zuſtänden <lb/>oder Thätigkeiten des Geiſtes aufzufinden, welche es mit <lb/>demſelben Namen benennen hört, und daraus entſpringen die <lb/>Begriffe, welche mehrere Pſychologen ſehr richtig <emph style="sp">reflexive <lb/>Ideen</emph> genannt haben, wobei das Wort <emph style="sp">Reflexion</emph> in <lb/>dem Locke’ſchen Sinn zu nehmen iſt. </s>
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826 <s xml:id="echoid-s510" xml:space="preserve">Ebenſo verhält es <lb/>ſich mit den Begriffen über geſellſchaftliche Verhältniſſe, über <lb/><emph style="sp">gut und böſe</emph>, über <emph style="sp">Pflicht</emph> u. </s>
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827 <s xml:id="echoid-s511" xml:space="preserve">ſ. </s>
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828 <s xml:id="echoid-s512" xml:space="preserve">w.</s>
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829 <s xml:id="echoid-s513" xml:space="preserve"/>
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830 </p>
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831 <p>
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832 <s xml:id="echoid-s514" xml:space="preserve">Es iſt zweckmäßig, dieſe verſchiedenen Arten von Be-<lb/>griffen, welche in eine und dieſelbe Periode fallen, unter <lb/>einem gemeinſchaftlichen Namen zuſammenzufaſſen. </s>
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833 <s xml:id="echoid-s515" xml:space="preserve"><emph style="sp">Ono-<lb/>matiſche</emph> Begriffe, d. </s>
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834 <s xml:id="echoid-s516" xml:space="preserve">h. </s>
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835 <s xml:id="echoid-s517" xml:space="preserve">Begriffe, die ſich auf Worte und <lb/>Namen beziehen, ſcheint der angemeſſenſte Ausdruck dafür <lb/>zu ſein.</s>
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836 <s xml:id="echoid-s518" xml:space="preserve"/>
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837 </p>
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838 <p>
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839 <s xml:id="echoid-s519" xml:space="preserve">IV. </s>
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840 <s xml:id="echoid-s520" xml:space="preserve">Die vierte Art von Begriffen endlich ſind die <emph style="sp">er-<lb/>klärenden</emph> Begriffe, mittelſt deren wir nach dem verglei-<lb/>chenden Studium der Erſcheinungen zu den letzten Urſachen <lb/>aufſteigen.</s>
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841 <s xml:id="echoid-s521" xml:space="preserve"/>
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842 </p>
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843 <p>
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844 <s xml:id="echoid-s522" xml:space="preserve">Was uns das Gedächtniß von einem Begriff aufbe-<lb/>
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845 <pb o="35" file="0049" n="49"/>
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846 wahrt, iſt eins mit dieſem Begriff ſelbſt. </s>
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847 <s xml:id="echoid-s523" xml:space="preserve">Eine ſolche Iden-<lb/>tität findet jedoch keineswegs ſtatt zwiſchen den Empfindun-<lb/>gen oder der Emeſtheſe einerſeits und den Nachbildern oder <lb/>der Automneſtie andrerſeits, und es kann nur im Traume <lb/>oder in der Narrheit geſchehen, wenn man letztere für die <lb/>erſteren nimmt. </s>
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848 <s xml:id="echoid-s524" xml:space="preserve">Bei jedem Urtheil iſt das Prädicat noth-<lb/>wendig ein Begriff und auch das Subject immer dann, <lb/>wenn ſich die Bejahung oder Verneinung nicht ausſchließlich <lb/>auf eine einzelne Thatſache der inneren oder äußeren Em-<lb/>pfindung bezieht.</s>
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849 <s xml:id="echoid-s525" xml:space="preserve"/>
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850 </p>
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851 <p>
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852 <s xml:id="echoid-s526" xml:space="preserve">Ampère macht aufmerkſam auf die Aehnlichkeit zwiſchen <lb/>dieſen beiden Arten von Erfahrung, der ſinnlichen und der <lb/>geiſtigen einerſeits und andrerſeits den zwei Hauptobjecten <lb/>alles Wiſſens, der Natur und dem Geiſt, aus denen er die <lb/>erſte Hauptabtheilung, die großen Reiche der cosmologiſchen <lb/>und noologiſchen Wiſſenſchaften bildete. </s>
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853 <s xml:id="echoid-s527" xml:space="preserve">Ebenſo auffallend <lb/>iſt die Analogie zwiſchen den vier Arten von Begriffen, den <lb/>primitiven, den objectiven, den onomatiſchen und den erklä-<lb/>renden einerſeits und andrerſeits den vier Geſichtspunkten, <lb/>nach denen jedes Reich in vier Provinzen zerfällt. </s>
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854 <s xml:id="echoid-s528" xml:space="preserve">Der <lb/>erſte Geſichtspunkt, welcher alles unmittelbare Erkennen in <lb/>ſich begreift, entſpricht den primitiven Begriffen; </s>
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855 <s xml:id="echoid-s529" xml:space="preserve">mit dem <lb/>zweiten Geſichtspunkt, welcher das hinter der Erſcheinung <lb/>Verborgenliegende zum Gegenſtand hat, fallen die objectiven <lb/>Begriffe zuſammen, mittelſt deren wir theils die den Sinnes-<lb/>eindrücken zu Grund liegende Materie, theils die bewegende, <lb/>denkende und wollende Subſtanz auffaſſen, welche der Träger <lb/>unſerer geiſtigen Lebensthätigkeiten iſt; </s>
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856 <s xml:id="echoid-s530" xml:space="preserve">der dritte Geſichts-<lb/>punkt vergleicht die Eigenſchaften der Körper und die That-<lb/>ſachen des Bewußtſeins, um allgemeine Geſetze aufzuſtellen, <lb/>und Vergleichungen ſind es auch, durch welche die onoma-<lb/>tiſchen Begriffe zu Stand kommen; </s>
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857 <s xml:id="echoid-s531" xml:space="preserve">der vierte Geſichtspunkt <lb/>endlich gründet ſich auf das Wechſelverhältniß von Urſachen <lb/>und Wirkungen, womit es auch die erklärenden Begriffe zu <lb/>thun haben.</s>
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858 <s xml:id="echoid-s532" xml:space="preserve"/>
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859 </p>
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860
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861 <pb o="36" file="0050" n="50"/>
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862 <p>
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863 <s xml:id="echoid-s533" xml:space="preserve">Demungeachtet macht ſich zwiſchen den natürlichen Claſ-<lb/>ſificationen des menſchlichen Wiſſens einerſeits und den That-<lb/>ſachen des Bewußtſeins andrerſeits ein Unterſchied bemerklich. <lb/></s>
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864 <s xml:id="echoid-s534" xml:space="preserve">Im erſten Fall nemlich, bei der Eintheilung der menſchlichen <lb/>Erkenntniſſe muß man bei der in der Natur der Objecte ge-<lb/>gründeten oberſten Unterſcheidung der zwei Reiche anfangen, <lb/>und dann zu den Unterabtheilungen der vier Provinzen über-<lb/>gehen, weil die Natur der Objecte, auf welche ſich, wie geſagt, <lb/>dieſe Unterſcheidung gründet, in dieſem Fall das Hauptaugen-<lb/>m@rk ſein muß. </s>
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865 <s xml:id="echoid-s535" xml:space="preserve">Bei der Claſſification der Thatſachen des <lb/>Bewußtſeins dagegen iſt der auf die Natur der verſchiedenen <lb/>Begriffsformen begründete Unterſchied viel wichtiger, als der-<lb/>jenige, welcher von der Natur der Objecte abhängt, und man <lb/>muß demnach die Geſammtheit jener Thatſachen in genannte <lb/>vier große Abtheilungen zerlegen, deren erſte es mit den <lb/>Vorſtellungen und primitiven Begriffen zu thun hat; </s>
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866 <s xml:id="echoid-s536" xml:space="preserve">in der <lb/>zweiten Abtheilung kommt die Unterſuchung der objectiven <lb/>Begriffe hinzu; </s>
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867 <s xml:id="echoid-s537" xml:space="preserve">die dritte verbindet damit die auf die ono-<lb/>matiſchen Begriffe bezüglichen Betrachtungen; </s>
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868 <s xml:id="echoid-s538" xml:space="preserve">der Inhalt <lb/>der vierten Abtheilung iſt das Weſen und die Entſtehungs-<lb/>art der erklärenden Begriffe; </s>
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869 <s xml:id="echoid-s539" xml:space="preserve">der auf den Gegenſatz von <lb/>innerer und äußerer Wahrnehmung gegründete Unterſchied <lb/>darf blos dazu verwendet werden, um die vier Hauptab-<lb/>theilungen je in zwei Unterabtheilungen, in zwei Gruppen <lb/>oder Syſteme von Thatſachen des Bewußtſeins zu trennen. </s>
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870 <s xml:id="echoid-s540" xml:space="preserve"><lb/>In der That entwickeln ſich auch die inneren und äußeren <lb/>Wahrnehmungen und die auf beide bezüglichen Begriffe ganz <lb/>parallel und ſtehen in ſteter Wechſelbeziehung zu einander; </s>
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871 <s xml:id="echoid-s541" xml:space="preserve"><lb/>und man kann ſich keine klare Vorſtellung von einem dieſer <lb/>acht Syſteme bilden, wenn man nicht zu gleicher Zeit das <lb/>entſprechende Syſtem erforſcht, das mit dem erſteren eine <lb/>der vier Hauptabtheilungen macht.</s>
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872 <s xml:id="echoid-s542" xml:space="preserve"/>
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873 </p>
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874 <p>
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875 <s xml:id="echoid-s543" xml:space="preserve">Dieſe Wechſelbeziehung zwiſchen Sinnesempfindung und <lb/>geiſtiger Selbſtthätigkeit iſt die Grundlage der Ideogenie, dem <lb/>vierten Theil der Pſychologie, der es mit der Erforſchung <lb/>
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876 <pb o="37" file="0051" n="51"/>
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877 des Urſprungs unſerer Begriffe und aller unſerer Erkennt-<lb/>niſſe zu thun hat.</s>
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878 <s xml:id="echoid-s544" xml:space="preserve"/>
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879 </p>
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880 <p>
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881 <s xml:id="echoid-s545" xml:space="preserve">Ehe man an die Erörterung einer Erſcheinung unſeres <lb/>Seelenlebens geht, muß man ſich vorher eine deutliche Vor-<lb/>ſtellung von derſelben nach allen ihren Seiten machen. <lb/></s>
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882 <s xml:id="echoid-s546" xml:space="preserve">Ampère hat dieß an andern Orten für die verſchiedenen <lb/>Begriffe gethan, indem er bei jedem derſelben den ideogeni-<lb/>ſchen Unterſuchungen pſychographiſche Beſtimmungen vor-<lb/>ausſchickte. </s>
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883 <s xml:id="echoid-s547" xml:space="preserve">Ampère wählt als Beiſpiel die Analyſe der ſinn-<lb/>lichen Vorſtellungen, und wir können uns nicht enthalten, <lb/>dieſe geiſtreiche Abſchweiſung im Nachſtehenden wiederzugeben.</s>
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884 <s xml:id="echoid-s548" xml:space="preserve"/>
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885 </p>
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886 <p>
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887 <s xml:id="echoid-s549" xml:space="preserve"><emph style="sp">Beiſatz</emph>. </s>
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888 <s xml:id="echoid-s550" xml:space="preserve">Unter <emph style="sp">ſinnlichen Vorſtellungen</emph> verſteht man <lb/>die Nachbilder, welche die Empfindungen in uns zurücklaſſen, welche <lb/>wir gehabt und auf die wir reagirt haben. </s>
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889 <s xml:id="echoid-s551" xml:space="preserve">Es iſt z. </s>
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890 <s xml:id="echoid-s552" xml:space="preserve">B. </s>
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891 <s xml:id="echoid-s553" xml:space="preserve">eine That-<lb/>ſache unſerer Selbſtbeobachtung, daß bei der Rückerinnerung an einen <lb/>früher bewohnten Ort in unſerem Geiſt <emph style="sp">wirklich</emph> eine Vorſtellung dieſes <lb/>Orts mit allen Formen, Farben u. </s>
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892 <s xml:id="echoid-s554" xml:space="preserve">ſ. </s>
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893 <s xml:id="echoid-s555" xml:space="preserve">w. </s>
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894 <s xml:id="echoid-s556" xml:space="preserve">ſeiner Gegenſtände entſteht, <lb/>jedoch ohne daß dieſe Nachbilder von Formen und Farben mit den Em-<lb/>pſindungen ſelbſt eins wären; </s>
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895 <s xml:id="echoid-s557" xml:space="preserve">vielmehr ſind dieß zwei von einander unter-<lb/>ſchiedene Zuſtände. </s>
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896 <s xml:id="echoid-s558" xml:space="preserve">Da im Wachſein zu gleicher Zeit die <emph style="sp">ſubjectiven <lb/>Nachbilder</emph> neben den <emph style="sp">wirklichen Empfindungen</emph> vorkommen, ſo <lb/>kommt während deſſelben eine Verwechslung nie vor, außer im Fall von <lb/>Hallucination, wo die geſunden Verhältniſſe unſerer Vorſtellungen geſtört <lb/>ſind. </s>
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897 <s xml:id="echoid-s559" xml:space="preserve">Aber im Schlaf benimmt uns die Abweſenheit der wirklichen Empfin-<lb/>dungen jedes Mittel der Vergleichung, wir nehmen die <emph style="sp">Nachbilder</emph> für <lb/>wirkliche Empfindungen und glauben zu ſehen, was wir uns nur einbilden.</s>
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898 <s xml:id="echoid-s560" xml:space="preserve"/>
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899 </p>
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900 <p>
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901 <s xml:id="echoid-s561" xml:space="preserve">Bei der Automneſtie iſt es gerade wie mit den ſinnlichen Empfin-<lb/>bungen, nur mit der Einſchränkung, daß im wachen Zuſtand die Autom-<lb/>neſtie immer mit der Emeſtheſe zu <emph style="sp">einem</emph> Selbſtbewußtſein verſchmolzen <lb/>iſt. </s>
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902 <s xml:id="echoid-s562" xml:space="preserve">In den Träumen aber, bei recht tiefem Schlaf, gibt es ſo wenig <lb/>eine Emeſtheſe als Sinnesempfindungen; </s>
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903 <s xml:id="echoid-s563" xml:space="preserve">denn die Emeſtheſe entſpringt <lb/>aus der Wirkung, welche die bewegende und denkende Subſtanz auf die <lb/>derſelben unmittelbar unterworfenen Theile des Hirns äußert, von wo <lb/>aus ſie ſich in den zur Fortleitung beſtimmten Nerven weiter fortpflanzt, <lb/>gerade wie die Empfindungen das Product ſind, welches in derſelben <lb/>Subſtanz durch Einwirkungen äußerer Urſachen auf die Sinnorgane ent-<lb/>ſteht, wenn dieſe Einwirkungen vermittelſt der leitenden Nerven auf das <lb/>Hirn fortgepflanzt werden. </s>
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904 <s xml:id="echoid-s564" xml:space="preserve">Daraus folgt, daß die einzige Spur von <lb/>Selbſtbewußtſein, die ſich etwa in den Träumen äußern kann, in der <lb/>
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905 <pb o="38" file="0052" n="52"/>
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906 Vereinigung der Automneſtieen beſteht, welche mit den Emeſtheſen der <lb/>vorangegangenen wachen Zuſtände ſich verſchmolzen haben. </s>
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907 <s xml:id="echoid-s565" xml:space="preserve">Dieſe Ver-<lb/>einigung erſcheint uns als wirkliches Selbſtbewußtſein ganz auf dieſelbe <lb/>Art, wie wir im Schlaf die Nachbilder vergangener Empfindungen für <lb/>wirkliche Empfindungen nehmen.</s>
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908 <s xml:id="echoid-s566" xml:space="preserve"/>
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909 </p>
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910 <p>
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911 <s xml:id="echoid-s567" xml:space="preserve">Man hat hierbei auf zweierlei zu merken: </s>
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912 <s xml:id="echoid-s568" xml:space="preserve">1) wenn man, halberwacht, <lb/>ſich durch eine Willensanſtrengung zum vollſtändigen Wachen bringen <lb/>will, ſo kommt die Emeſtheſe in dieſer Anſtrengung von Neuem zum <lb/>Vorſchein, um ſich für den Fall des vollſtändigen Erwachens zu behaupten; <lb/></s>
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913 <s xml:id="echoid-s569" xml:space="preserve">2) das empiriſche Selbſtbewußtſein iſt nur eine von den zahlreichen Mo-<lb/>dificationen, welche, ſeien ſie ſinnlichen Urſprungs oder von anderer Art, <lb/>in der bewegenden und denkenden Subſtanz neben einander beſtehen kön-<lb/>nen. </s>
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914 <s xml:id="echoid-s570" xml:space="preserve">Das, wodurch es ſich weſentlich von den übrigen Erſcheinungen <lb/>des Seelenlebens unterſcheidet, iſt, daß es nur in einer Thätigkeit dieſer <lb/>Subſtanz ſeibſt ſeinen Urſprung hat, nicht in einer äußeren Einwirkung; </s>
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915 <s xml:id="echoid-s571" xml:space="preserve"><lb/>die Emeſtheſe iſt darum auch die einzige Erſcheinung, die von Haus aus <lb/>mit dem Begriff der Urſächlichkeit vergeſellſchaftet iſt.</s>
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916 <s xml:id="echoid-s572" xml:space="preserve"/>
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917 </p>
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918 <p>
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919 <s xml:id="echoid-s573" xml:space="preserve">Der Urſprung der ſinnlichen Vorſtellungen beruht im Allgemeinen <lb/>darauf, daß die Empfindung nur durch die Vereinigung zweier Umſtände <lb/>zu Stande kommen kann, nemlich eines äußeren Eindrucks auf die Sinn-<lb/>organe, und einer Gegenwirkung gegen dieſen Eindruck, welche letztere <lb/>Ampère einfach <emph style="sp">Gegenwirkung</emph> nennt, wenn ſie blos organiſch, ohne <lb/>Zuthun des Willens geſchieht, und <emph style="sp">Aufmerkſamkeit</emph>, wenn ſie will-<lb/>kührlich iſt. </s>
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920 <s xml:id="echoid-s574" xml:space="preserve">In dem Nachbild beſteht der erſte Eindruck nicht mehr, und <lb/>daſſelbe entſteht blos durch die Wiederholung der Gehirnthätigkeit, in wel-<lb/>cher die Gegenwirkung beſteht.</s>
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921 <s xml:id="echoid-s575" xml:space="preserve"/>
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922 </p>
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923 <p>
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924 <s xml:id="echoid-s576" xml:space="preserve">Wenn eine <emph style="sp">einfache Gegenwirkung</emph> das Nachbild reproducirt, <lb/>geſchieht dieß ganz unabhängig vom Willen, wie man es in Träumen <lb/>und jener Art von Erinnerungen findet, die man paſſive Erinnerungen <lb/>nennen kann. </s>
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925 <s xml:id="echoid-s577" xml:space="preserve">Hat aber <emph style="sp">Aufmerkſamkeit</emph> ſtattgefunden, ſo hängt die <lb/>Hervorrufung des Nachbildes mehr oder weniger vom Willen ab.</s>
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926 <s xml:id="echoid-s578" xml:space="preserve"/>
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927 </p>
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928 <p>
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929 <s xml:id="echoid-s579" xml:space="preserve">Um ein Veiſpiel zu geben, in welchem die beiden Hauptfälle der <lb/>paſſiven Reproduction ſinnlicher Vorſtellungen vorkommen, wollen wir <lb/>annehmen, es haben zwei Sinneseindrücke auf ein Mal ſtattgefunden, und <lb/>eine und dieſelbe Gegenwirkung habe beide umfaßt; </s>
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930 <s xml:id="echoid-s580" xml:space="preserve">es habe z. </s>
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931 <s xml:id="echoid-s581" xml:space="preserve">B. </s>
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932 <s xml:id="echoid-s582" xml:space="preserve">jemand <lb/>einen Baum geſehen, an deſſen Fuß ein Thier gelagert war, und ſpäter <lb/>noch einmal den Baum, aber ohne das Thier; </s>
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933 <s xml:id="echoid-s583" xml:space="preserve">die von der erſten Gegen-<lb/>wirkung her im Hirn entſtandene Fertigkeit wird die Urſache ſein, daß <lb/>ſtatt der durch den Anblick des bloßen Baumes hervorgerufenen Gegen-<lb/>wirkung in dem Hirn die Gegenwirkung wieder entſtehen wird, welche <lb/>beim erſten Anblick gegen den Eindruck des Baums <emph style="sp">und</emph> des Thieres <lb/>zugleich ſtattfand, und daher kommt es, daß man <emph style="sp">das ganze Nach-<lb/>
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934 <pb o="39" file="0053" n="53"/>
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935 bild</emph> des durch die beiden Gegenſtände hervorgebrachten Sinneseindrucks <lb/>hat. </s>
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936 <s xml:id="echoid-s584" xml:space="preserve">Man ſollte glauben, daß aus dieſer <emph style="sp">Empfindung</emph> des Baums <lb/>in Verbindung mit der eben bezeichneten <emph style="sp">Gegenwirkung</emph>, die <emph style="sp">Em-<lb/>pfindung</emph> des Baums und <emph style="sp">zwei Nachbilder</emph>, das des Baumes <lb/>und das des Thieres, entſtehen ſollten. </s>
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937 <s xml:id="echoid-s585" xml:space="preserve">Es verhält ſich jedoch anders. <lb/></s>
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938 <s xml:id="echoid-s586" xml:space="preserve">Die Erfahrung zeigt, daß in dieſem Fall gewöhnlich nur zwei Vorſtellungen <lb/>Statt haben, die Wahrnehmung des Baums und das Nachbild des Thiers, <lb/>das durch den Anblick des Orts, den letzteres früher einnahm, wieder <lb/>auflebt. </s>
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939 <s xml:id="echoid-s587" xml:space="preserve">Dieß kommt daher, daß die Gegenwirkung gegen den <emph style="sp">wirk-<lb/>lichen Eindruck</emph> des Baums nicht verſchieden iſt von der <emph style="sp">wieder-<lb/>holten Gegenwirkung</emph>, welche die Nachbilder von Baum und <lb/>Thier hervorbringen; </s>
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940 <s xml:id="echoid-s588" xml:space="preserve">und weil es nur eine einzige Gegenwirkung iſt, ſo <lb/>verſchmelzen auch Nachbild und Empfindung des Baums in eine einzige <lb/>Vorſtellung. </s>
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941 <s xml:id="echoid-s589" xml:space="preserve">Es iſt dieß ganz daſſelbe, wie wenn auf denſelben Punkt <lb/>der Netzhaut zu gleicher Zeit ein Eindruck fällt, der für ſich roth, und <lb/>ein anderer, der für ſich blau hervorbringen würde. </s>
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942 <s xml:id="echoid-s590" xml:space="preserve">Da aber beide Ge-<lb/>genwirkungen zu gleicher Zeit auf demſelben Punkt des Drgans zuſammen-<lb/>treffen, ſo können ſie nur eine einzige Gegenwirkung erregen, aus welcher <lb/>auch nur die einfache Empfindung von Violet hervorgeht.</s>
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943 <s xml:id="echoid-s591" xml:space="preserve"/>
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944 </p>
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945 <p>
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946 <s xml:id="echoid-s592" xml:space="preserve">Dem reproducirten Nachbild des nicht vorhandenen Thiers gibt Am-<lb/>père den Namen <emph style="sp">Commemoration</emph>, und <emph style="sp">Concretion</emph> nennt <lb/>er die Vorſtellung, die man in dieſem Fall durch den Baum erhält, eine <lb/>Vorſtellung, in welcher die wirkliche Empfindung und das Nachbild einer <lb/>vergangenen Empfindung mit einander <emph style="sp">verwachſen</emph> (concrétées) ſind.</s>
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947 <s xml:id="echoid-s593" xml:space="preserve"/>
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948 </p>
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949 <p>
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950 <s xml:id="echoid-s594" xml:space="preserve">Durch den Begriff der Concretion laſſen ſich eine Menge Erſcheinungen <lb/>erklären. </s>
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951 <s xml:id="echoid-s595" xml:space="preserve">Mittelſt derſelben kann man ſich z. </s>
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952 <s xml:id="echoid-s596" xml:space="preserve">B. </s>
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953 <s xml:id="echoid-s597" xml:space="preserve">Rechenſchaft über eine <lb/>Thatſache geben, auf welche Ampère durch den berühmten Laplace auf-<lb/>merkſam gemacht wurde. </s>
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954 <s xml:id="echoid-s598" xml:space="preserve">Wenn man nemlich in der Dper von dem Ge-<lb/>ſange blos die Töne hört, aber die Worte nicht verſteht, und man wirft <lb/>die Augen auf den Tert, ſo verſteht man ſogleich dieſelben Worte, und <lb/>zwar mit einer ſolchen Deutlichkeit, daß man ſelbſt den Accent des Schau-<lb/>ſpielers, ob er Gasconier oder Normann u. </s>
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955 <s xml:id="echoid-s599" xml:space="preserve">ſ. </s>
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956 <s xml:id="echoid-s600" xml:space="preserve">f. </s>
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957 <s xml:id="echoid-s601" xml:space="preserve">iſt, unterſcheiden kann, <lb/>während man vorher, ſo lang man nur Töne vernahm, gar keine Ahnung <lb/>von letzteren hatte; </s>
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958 <s xml:id="echoid-s602" xml:space="preserve">und Ampère ſetzt hinzu, daß man ſich nicht etwa ſo <lb/>ausdrücken dürfe, man <emph style="sp">wiſſe</emph> durch den Text die geſprochenen Worte, ſon-<lb/>dern ſo, daß man ſie wirklich <emph style="sp">höre</emph>. </s>
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959 <s xml:id="echoid-s603" xml:space="preserve">Dieß kommt einzig davon her, <lb/>daß mittelſt der Commemoration und in Folge der ſeit der Erlernung des <lb/>Leſens erworbenen Fertigkeiten, die gedruckten Buchſtaben in uns die <lb/>Nachbilder der Worte hervorrufen, die nun mit den gerade gehörten ver-<lb/>worrenen Tönen verwachſen (eine Concretion bilden), ſo daß wir eine <lb/>deutliche Vorſtellung der einzelnen Silben haben, und ſelbſt den Accent <lb/>der Sänger unterſcheiden können.</s>
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960 <s xml:id="echoid-s604" xml:space="preserve"/>
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961 </p>
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962
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963 <pb o="40" file="0054" n="54"/>
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964 <p>
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965 <s xml:id="echoid-s605" xml:space="preserve">So können wir, aus demſelben Grund, keine Silbe deutlich unter-<lb/>ſcheiden, wenn wir einen Menſchen eine uns ganz unbekannte Sprache <lb/>reden hören, während wir jedes Wort verſtehen, wenn wir mit der Sprache <lb/>vertraut ſind, wegen der Concretion der eben vernommenen Töne mit <lb/>den Nachbildern derſelben Töne, die wir früher ſchon oft gehört haben.</s>
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966 <s xml:id="echoid-s606" xml:space="preserve"/>
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967 </p>
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968 <p>
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969 <s xml:id="echoid-s607" xml:space="preserve">Aus dieſer Erſcheinung erklärt ſich Ampère auch die Vorſtellung <lb/>von Erhabenheit und Vertiefungen an einem Gemälde, das doch eine ganz <lb/>ebene mit verſchiedenen Farben bedeckte Fläche iſt, auf welcher aber der <lb/>Maler die Abſtufungen von Licht und Schatten angebracht hat, wie ſie <lb/>ſich bei wirklichem Beſtehen der Vertiefungen und Erhabenheiten dem <lb/>Auge zeigen würden. </s>
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970 <s xml:id="echoid-s608" xml:space="preserve">In der That ſind bei dem Menſchen durch die lange <lb/>Gemohnheit die Vorſtellungen der Formen, welche er inſtinktmäßig an den <lb/>mit Vorſprüngen und Vertiefungen verſehenen Gegenſtänden entdeckt hat, <lb/>aufs engſte verbunden mit den Abſtufungen von Schatten und Licht, und <lb/>der Anblick letzterer weckt in ihm durch Commemoration die Vorſtellung <lb/>der Formen, welche nun mit dem unmittelbaren Eindruck verwächſt, wäh-<lb/>rend er außerdem nur die Erſcheinung einer geſärbten Fläche ohne Vor-<lb/>ſprung und Vertiefung gemacht haben würde. </s>
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971 <s xml:id="echoid-s609" xml:space="preserve">Dieß kann man ſich <lb/>leicht dadurch verſinnlichen, daß man auf einer ebenen Fläche in einer <lb/>beſtimmten gegenſeitigen Lage zwei Rhomben zeichnet, deren Winkel 60° <lb/>und 120° betragen und auf gehörige Art mit einander verbunden werden, <lb/>oder auch Parallellinien, deren Enden durch Kreisbögen verbunden ſind.</s>
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972 <s xml:id="echoid-s610" xml:space="preserve"/>
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973 </p>
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974 <p>
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975 <s xml:id="echoid-s611" xml:space="preserve">In Folge der erlangten Fertigkeiten, von denen wir ſo eben geſprochen, <lb/>ſtellt uns die erſte dieſer Zeichnungen Würfel dar, die zweite die Falten <lb/>eines Vorhangs. </s>
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976 <s xml:id="echoid-s612" xml:space="preserve">Aber durch nichts unterſcheiden ſich im erſten Fall die <lb/>vorſpringenden Winkel von denen, welche vertieft erſcheinen müſſen. </s>
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977 <s xml:id="echoid-s613" xml:space="preserve">Nichts <lb/>zeigt in dem zweiten Fall an, ob die Falten des Vorhangs ihre concave <lb/>oder ihre convere Seite dem Betrachter zukehren. </s>
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978 <s xml:id="echoid-s614" xml:space="preserve">Stellt man ſich nun <lb/>aber in der erſten Zeichnung gewiſſe Winkel als vorſpringend vor, ſo <lb/>werden dadurch die andern zu vertieften, und man faßt demgemäß auch <lb/>die Lage der Würfel auf, und ſieht dieſelben auch ſo lang auf dieſe Art, <lb/>bis durch eine neue Anſtrengung unſerer Einbildungskraft die Sache um-<lb/>gekehrt und die erſteren vertieft, die letzteren vorſpringend erſcheinen.</s>
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979 <s xml:id="echoid-s615" xml:space="preserve"/>
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980 </p>
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981 <p>
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982 <s xml:id="echoid-s616" xml:space="preserve">Ebenſo verhält es ſich bei der zweiten Zeichnung, wenn man ſich die <lb/>Falten conver denkt, ſieht man ſie auch ſo, und zwar ſo lang, bis man <lb/>ſich die Sache auf die entgegengeſetzte Art vorſtellt.</s>
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983 <s xml:id="echoid-s617" xml:space="preserve"/>
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984 </p>
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985 <p>
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986 <s xml:id="echoid-s618" xml:space="preserve">Dieß Alles iſt nur dadurch möglich, daß man durch die willkührliche <lb/>Rückerinnerung an die Formen ſich die Nachbilder erzeugt, mit welchen <lb/>die Empfindungen zuſammenſließen (concretiren).</s>
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987 <s xml:id="echoid-s619" xml:space="preserve"/>
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988 </p>
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989
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990 <pb file="0055" n="55"/>
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991 </div>
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992 <div xml:id="echoid-div12" type="section" level="1" n="9">
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993 <head xml:id="echoid-head11" xml:space="preserve"><emph style="bf">Ampère’s natürliche Claſſification aller Uatur-</emph> <lb/><emph style="bf">wiſſenſchaften.</emph><anchor type="note" xlink:href="" symbol="*"/></head>
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994 <head xml:id="echoid-head12" xml:space="preserve"><emph style="bf"><emph style="sp">Erſtes Kapitel</emph>.</emph> <lb/><emph style="bf">Cosmologiſche Wiſſenſchaften, welche es nur mit den Begriffen</emph> <lb/><emph style="bf">von Maas und Größe zu thun haben.</emph></head>
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995 <p>
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996 <s xml:id="echoid-s620" xml:space="preserve">Mit dieſen Wiſſenſchaften muß, wie ſchon früher be-<lb/>merkt wurde, die Reihe der menſchlichen Erkenntniſſe begon-<lb/>nen werden, weil man bei ihnen von den wenigſten und <lb/>einfachſten Begriffen ausgeht, ferner, weil man die in ihnen <lb/>enthaltenen Wahrheiten ſtudieren kann, ohne andere Wiſſens-<lb/>zweige zu Hülfe nehmen zu müſſen, da ja vielmehr letztere <lb/>ſich ſehr häufig auf die mathematiſchen Wiſſenſchaften ſtützen, <lb/>wie z. </s>
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997 <s xml:id="echoid-s621" xml:space="preserve">B. </s>
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998 <s xml:id="echoid-s622" xml:space="preserve">die phyſicaliſchen und technologiſchen Wiſſenſchaften <lb/>die Berechnungen und Theoreme der letzteren zur Grund-<lb/>lage haben.</s>
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999 <s xml:id="echoid-s623" xml:space="preserve"/>
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1000 </p>
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1001 </div>
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1002 <div xml:id="echoid-div13" type="section" level="1" n="10">
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1003 <head xml:id="echoid-head13" xml:space="preserve"><emph style="bf">§. 1.</emph> <lb/>Wiſſenſchaften der erſten Ordnung, welche ſich auf das Meſſen der <lb/>Größen im Allgemeinen beziehen.</head>
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1004 <p>
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1005 <s xml:id="echoid-s624" xml:space="preserve">Von den Wahrheiten, die ſich auf das Meſſen von <lb/>Größen beziehen, haben es einige mit allen möglichen Größen <lb/>
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1006 <anchor type="note" xlink:label="note-0055-01a" xlink:href="note-0055-01"/>
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1007
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1008 <pb o="42" file="0056" n="56"/>
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1009 zu thun, ſie mögen ſein, von welcher Art ſie wollen, die <lb/>andern aber mit beſonderen Arten von Größen, wie Aus-<lb/>dehnung in Raum und Zeit, Bewegungen, Kräfte. </s>
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1010 <s xml:id="echoid-s625" xml:space="preserve">Dieſe <lb/>letzteren ſetzen die erſteren voraus, deßhalb muß mit dieſen, <lb/>den allgemeinen Größen, der Anfang gemacht werden.</s>
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1011 <s xml:id="echoid-s626" xml:space="preserve"/>
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1012 </p>
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1013 <div xml:id="echoid-div13" type="float" level="2" n="1">
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1014 <note symbol="*" position="foot" xlink:label="note-0055-01" xlink:href="note-0055-01a" xml:space="preserve">Die Eintheilung Ampère’s folgt nun hier ohne Unterbrechung, und <lb/>die Einwendungen, welche ich gegen dieſelbe zu machen habe, werden <lb/>erſt am Ende des Ganzen folgen.</note>
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1015 </div>
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1016 <p>
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1017 <s xml:id="echoid-s627" xml:space="preserve">Man theilt gewöhnlich dieß Gebiet ein in Arithmetik <lb/>und Algebra, und begreift unter letzterem Namen zwei we-<lb/>ſentlich von einander verſchiedene Arten von Wahrheiten, <lb/>die ſogenannte Buchſtabenrechnung und die Rechnungsart, <lb/>welche vermittelſt der Gleichungen aus mehreren bekannten <lb/>Größen eine vorher unbekannte zu beſtimmen ſucht. </s>
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1018 <s xml:id="echoid-s628" xml:space="preserve">Die <lb/>Operationen der Buchſtabenrechnung ſind aber durchaus <lb/>nicht verſchieden von denen der gewöhnlichen Arithmetik; <lb/></s>
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1019 <s xml:id="echoid-s629" xml:space="preserve">der einzige Unterſchied, daß im einen Fall concrete Zahlen, <lb/>im andern Fall allgemeine Zahlen unter der Form von Buch-<lb/>ſtaben die Elemente der Rechnung ſind, iſt ganz außer-<lb/>weſentlich. </s>
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1020 <s xml:id="echoid-s630" xml:space="preserve">Ich habe daher die Buchſtabenrechnung und die <lb/>gewöhnliche Arithmetik in <emph style="sp">Eine</emph> Wiſſenſchaft dritter Ordnung <lb/>zuſammengeſtellt, während der zweite Theil der Algebra, die <lb/>Lehre von den Gleichungen, eine ſehr wohl zu unterſcheidende <lb/>eigene Wiſſenſchaft dritter Ordnung darſtellt.</s>
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1021 <s xml:id="echoid-s631" xml:space="preserve"/>
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1022 </p>
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1023 </div>
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1024 <div xml:id="echoid-div15" type="section" level="1" n="11">
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1025 <head xml:id="echoid-head14" xml:space="preserve">a) <emph style="sp">Aufzählung und Definitionen</emph>.</head>
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1026 <head xml:id="echoid-head15" xml:space="preserve">1) Arithmographie.</head>
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1027 <p>
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1028 <s xml:id="echoid-s632" xml:space="preserve">Iede Verbindung von Ziffern, Zeichen (die Zeichen der <lb/>Rechnungsoperationen, Addition, Subtraction, Multiplica-<lb/>tion, Diviſion, Wurzelausziehung) und Buchſtaben, heißt <lb/>eine Zahl; </s>
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1029 <s xml:id="echoid-s633" xml:space="preserve"><emph style="sp">Numeriren</emph> heißt eine Zahl angeben, welche <lb/>blos einer Verbindung von Ziffern entſpricht. </s>
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1030 <s xml:id="echoid-s634" xml:space="preserve">Eine und <lb/>dieſelbe Zahl kann durch eine Menge verſchiedener Verbin-<lb/>dungen ausgedrückt werden, und die <emph style="sp">Arithmographie</emph> <lb/>oder die Kunſt Zahlen zu ſchreiben, hat die Aufgabe, ſolche <lb/>Ausdrücke in andere gleichbedeutende zu verwandeln, bis <lb/>man endlich auf die einfachſte, und für einen gewiſſen Zweck <lb/>brauchbarſte Form kommt, ſo z. </s>
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1031 <s xml:id="echoid-s635" xml:space="preserve">B. </s>
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1032 <s xml:id="echoid-s636" xml:space="preserve">die Verwandlung der <lb/>
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1033 <pb o="43" file="0057" n="57"/>
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1034 Zahl {132/18} im 7 + {6/18}, 7 + {3/9}, 7 + {1/3}, 7,333&#133; Alle Ope-<lb/>rationen, welche zur Arithmetik und zur Buchſtabenrechnung <lb/>gehören, beſchränken ſich auf ſolche Umwandlung; </s>
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1035 <s xml:id="echoid-s637" xml:space="preserve">ſind in <lb/>einem ſolchen Ausdruck Buchſtaben enthalten, ſo wird vor-<lb/>ausgeſetzt, daß man den Werth derſelben kennt.</s>
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1036 <s xml:id="echoid-s638" xml:space="preserve"/>
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1037 </p>
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1038 </div>
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1039 <div xml:id="echoid-div16" type="section" level="1" n="12">
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1040 <head xml:id="echoid-head16" xml:space="preserve">2) Mathematiſche Analhſe.</head>
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1041 <p>
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1042 <s xml:id="echoid-s639" xml:space="preserve">In der Arithmographie ſind alſo ſämmtliche in einem <lb/>Zahlenausdruck vorkommende Größen bekannt, oder werden <lb/>als bekannt angenommen. </s>
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1043 <s xml:id="echoid-s640" xml:space="preserve">Wenn aber die Werthe eines <lb/>oder mehrerer der Buchſtaben unbekannt ſind, wenn zwiſchen <lb/>den Ausdrücken, welche dieſelben enthalten, Beziehungen ſtatt-<lb/>finden, welchen dieſe Unbekannten Genüge leiften müſſen, <lb/>und wenn man nun, dieſen Beziehungen entſprechend, die <lb/>Beſtimmung dieſer Unbekannten verlangt, ſo müſſen die Aus-<lb/>drücke, zwiſchen welchen die Beziehungen ſtattfinden, <emph style="sp">zerlegt</emph> <lb/>werden, um die Werthe jener Unbekannten zu finden, ſtatt, <lb/>wie in der Arithmographie, auf dem Weg der <emph style="sp">Zuſammen-<lb/>ſetzung</emph> die Werthe der Ausdrücke zu finden, deren Elemente <lb/>bekannt ſind. </s>
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1044 <s xml:id="echoid-s641" xml:space="preserve">Die Wiſſenſchaft dritter Ordnung, welche uns <lb/>die hiezu nöthigen Operationen lehrt, iſt der zweite Theil <lb/>der gewöhnlich ſogenannten Algebra, und der Name <emph style="sp">ma-<lb/>thematiſche Analyſe</emph> paßt ganz für denſelben, wenn <lb/>man die Natur der Operationen im Auge hat, durch welche <lb/>man zu der Beſtimmung der Unbekannten gelangt. </s>
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1045 <s xml:id="echoid-s642" xml:space="preserve">Die <lb/>ebenbeſprochenen Beziehungen laſſen ſich bekanntlich durch <lb/><emph style="sp">Gleichungen</emph> ausdrücken, und man kann den Unterſchied <lb/>dieſer Wiſſenſchaften von der Arithmographie auch ſo be-<lb/>zeichnen, daß bei letzterer die ſtufenweiſen Umwandlungen, <lb/>die man mit einem Ausdruck vornimmt, ſeinen Werth nicht <lb/>ändern, während bei den Gleichungen die Umwandlung zu <lb/>gleicher Zeit den Werth beider Seiten der Gleichung ändert, <lb/>aber ſo, daß doch immer beide Seiten einander gleich bleiben, <lb/>weil immer mit beiden Seiten die gleiche Veränderung vor-<lb/>genommen wird.</s>
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1046 <s xml:id="echoid-s643" xml:space="preserve"/>
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1047 </p>
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1048
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1049 <pb o="44" file="0058" n="58"/>
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1050 </div>
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1051 <div xml:id="echoid-div17" type="section" level="1" n="13">
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1052 <head xml:id="echoid-head17" xml:space="preserve">3) Theorie der Functionen.</head>
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1053 <p>
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1054 <s xml:id="echoid-s644" xml:space="preserve">Bis jetzt hatte man es mit Größen zu thun, welche be-<lb/>ſtimmte Werthe hatten, oder wenigſtens dafür angenommen <lb/>wurden, als ob ſie ſolche hätten, mögen nun dieſe Werthe <lb/>bekannt oder unbekannt ſein. </s>
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1055 <s xml:id="echoid-s645" xml:space="preserve">Wendet man aber die Zahlen <lb/>an als Maaß verſchiedener Arten von Größen, die von ein-<lb/>ander abhängen, ſo bemerkt man, daß die Zahlen, welche <lb/>dieſe verſchiedenen Größen ausdrücken, in Beziehungen zu <lb/>einander ſtehen, die ſich auf zwei Aufgaben reduciren laſſen. <lb/></s>
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1056 <s xml:id="echoid-s646" xml:space="preserve">1) Kennt man die Beziehungen zwiſchen den Größen, welche <lb/>ſich zu gleicher Zeit ändern, ſo kann man daraus diejenigen <lb/>Beziehungen ableiten wollen, welche zwiſchen denſelben Grö-<lb/>ßen und den <emph style="sp">Grenzen</emph> der Verhältniſſe ihrer beziehungs-<lb/>weiſen Vergrößerungen ſtattfinden, oder umgekehrt 2) wenn <lb/>man letztere Beziehungen kennt, ſo kann man die Beziehungen <lb/>der urſprünglichen, veränderlichen Größen ausfindig machen. </s>
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1057 <s xml:id="echoid-s647" xml:space="preserve"><lb/>Die mathematiſchen Geſetze, auf welchen die Auflöſung dieſer <lb/>doppelten Aufgabe beruht, machen den Inhalt der Differen-<lb/>tial- und Integralrechnung aus, und dieſe bilden mit ein-<lb/>ander eine weitere Wiſſenſchaft dritter Ordnung, die ich, nach <lb/>dem Vorgang Lagrange’s, <emph style="sp">Theorie der Functionen</emph> <lb/>nenne.</s>
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1058 <s xml:id="echoid-s648" xml:space="preserve"/>
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1059 </p>
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1060 </div>
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1061 <div xml:id="echoid-div18" type="section" level="1" n="14">
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1062 <head xml:id="echoid-head18" xml:space="preserve">4) Theorie der Wahrſcheinlichkeitsrechnung.<anchor type="note" xlink:href="" symbol="*"/></head>
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1063 <p>
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1064 <s xml:id="echoid-s649" xml:space="preserve">Will der Menſch die letzten Urſachen erforſchen, die <lb/>letzten Reſultate vorherſehen, ſo muß er die verſchiedenen <lb/>Grade der Wahrſcheinlichkeit, die auf den erſten Anblick ſo <lb/>wenig meßbar ſind, durch Zahlen ausdrücken. </s>
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1065 <s xml:id="echoid-s650" xml:space="preserve">Aus der <lb/>Geſammtheit der hierauf bezüglichen Wahrheiten bilde ich <lb/>eine vierte Wiſſenſchaft dritter Ordnung, welche unſer ſämmt-<lb/>liches Wiſſen über Meſſung der Größen im Allgemeinen <lb/>abſchließt, und welcher ich den gebräuchlichen Namen der <lb/><emph style="sp">Wahrſcheinlichkeitsrechnung</emph> laſſe.</s>
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1066 <s xml:id="echoid-s651" xml:space="preserve"/>
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1067 </p>
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1068 <note symbol="*" position="foot" xml:space="preserve">Siehe hiergegen die Bemerkungen des Herausgebers, welche unten <lb/>folgen werden.</note>
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1069
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1070 <pb o="45" file="0059" n="59"/>
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1071 </div>
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1072 <div xml:id="echoid-div19" type="section" level="1" n="15">
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1073 <head xml:id="echoid-head19" xml:space="preserve">b) <emph style="sp">Claſſification</emph>.</head>
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1074 <p>
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1075 <s xml:id="echoid-s652" xml:space="preserve">Die eben aufgezählten und definirten vier Wiſſenſchaften <lb/>machen die Geſammtheit unſerer Erkenntniſſe über das <lb/>Meſſen der allgemeinen Größen aus. </s>
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1076 <s xml:id="echoid-s653" xml:space="preserve">Sie bilden zuſammen <lb/>eine Wiſſenſchaft erſter Ordnung, die <emph style="sp">Arithmologie</emph>. </s>
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1077 <s xml:id="echoid-s654" xml:space="preserve">Von <lb/>dieſen vier Wiſſenſchaften enthalten die beiden erſteren die <lb/>einfacheren Begriffe, die beiden letzteren aber eine tiefer ein-<lb/>dringende Erkenntniß. </s>
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1078 <s xml:id="echoid-s655" xml:space="preserve">Die Arithmologie theilt ſich alſo auf <lb/>eine ganz natürliche Weiſe in zwei Wiſſenſchaften zweiter <lb/>Ordnung, deren erſtere ich die <emph style="sp">elementare Arithmo-<lb/>logie</emph> nenne, welche die Arithmographie und die mathema-<lb/>tiſche Analyſe in ſich begreift. </s>
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1079 <s xml:id="echoid-s656" xml:space="preserve">Die zweite Wiſſenſchaft <lb/>zweiter Ordnung enthält die Theorie der Functionen und <lb/>die Wahrſcheinlichkeitsrechnung; </s>
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1080 <s xml:id="echoid-s657" xml:space="preserve">ich nannte ſie <emph style="sp">Megetho-<lb/>logie</emph>, weil man hier nicht mehr Zahlen im engeren Sinn, <lb/>ſondern Größen überhaupt, welche durch Zahlen ausgedrückt <lb/>werden können, zu betrachten hat.</s>
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1081 <s xml:id="echoid-s658" xml:space="preserve"/>
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1082 </p>
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1083 <note position="right" xml:space="preserve"> <lb/>Wiſſenſchaft erſter \\ Ordnung. # Wiſſenſchaften zweiter \\ Ordnung. # Wiſſenſchaften dritter \\ Ordnung. <lb/><emph style="bf">Arithmologie.</emph> # <emph style="sp">Glementar- \\ Arithmologie</emph>. # Arithmographie. <lb/> # # Mathematiſche Analyſe. <lb/> # <emph style="sp">Megethologie</emph>. # Theorie der Functionen. <lb/> # # Wahrſcheinlichkeits- \\ rechnung. <lb/></note>
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1084 </div>
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1085 <div xml:id="echoid-div20" type="section" level="1" n="16">
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1086 <head xml:id="echoid-head20" xml:space="preserve"><emph style="sp">Anmerkungen Ampère’s</emph>.</head>
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1087 <p>
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1088 <s xml:id="echoid-s659" xml:space="preserve">Man ſieht leicht, daß ſich dieſe vier verſchiedenen Wiſſen-<lb/>ſchaften dritter Ordnung nur ſo unterſcheiden, daß ſie den <lb/>vorherbezeichneten gemeinſchaftlichen Gegenſtand unter ver-<lb/>ſchiedenen Geſichtspunkten betrachten. </s>
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1089 <s xml:id="echoid-s660" xml:space="preserve">Wenn wir in der <lb/>Arithmographie verſchiedene Ausdrücke einer und derſelben <lb/>Zahl in einander umwandeln, ſo haben wir dieſelben gleich-<lb/>ſam vor unſern Blicken, und wir ſehen unmittelbar, wenn <lb/>nicht mit dem körperlichen, doch mit dem geiſtigen Auge, <lb/>daß dieſe verſchiedenen Veränderungen den eigentlichen Werth <lb/>
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1090 <pb o="46" file="0060" n="60"/>
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1091 der Zahl nicht ändern. </s>
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1092 <s xml:id="echoid-s661" xml:space="preserve">Dieß iſt der erſte Geſichtspunkt, <lb/>wobei wir uns blos mit dem beſchäftigen, was Gegenſtand <lb/>der <emph style="sp">unmittelbaren Anſchauung</emph> werden kann. </s>
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1093 <s xml:id="echoid-s662" xml:space="preserve">Bei der <lb/>mathematiſchen Analyſe handelt es ſich nicht mehr um die <lb/>Rechnung mit Größen, deren Zuſammenſetzung wir kennen; <lb/></s>
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1094 <s xml:id="echoid-s663" xml:space="preserve">man muß dieſelben vielmehr zerlegen, um die Werthe der <lb/>unbekannten Größen zu <emph style="sp">beſtimmen</emph>, welche in den auf-<lb/>zulöſenden Gleichungen gewiſſermaßen verhüllt und verbor-<lb/>gen ſind; </s>
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1095 <s xml:id="echoid-s664" xml:space="preserve">dieß iſt der zweite Geſichtspunkt. </s>
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1096 <s xml:id="echoid-s665" xml:space="preserve">Der dritte Ge-<lb/>ſichtspunkt, der in der Theorie der Funktionen zur Geltung <lb/>kommt, iſt charakteriſirt durch die allmähligen <emph style="sp">Verände-<lb/>rungen</emph> der Größen, welche mit einander zu- und abneh-<lb/>men, und durch die <emph style="sp">Geſetze</emph>, die man aus der <emph style="sp">Verglei-<lb/>chung</emph> der beiderſeitigen Zu- oder Abnahmen ableiten kann. </s>
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1097 <s xml:id="echoid-s666" xml:space="preserve"><lb/>In der Theorie der Wahrſcheinlichkeitsrechnung endlich, welche <lb/>den vierten Geſichtspunkt ausmacht, ſucht man unbekannte <lb/>Größen zu entdecken, welche ſo zu ſagen noch verborgener <lb/>ſind, als die Unbekannten der mathematiſchen Analyſe, und <lb/>welche mit der Wechſelbeziehung von Urſachen und Wirkun-<lb/>gen in Zuſammenhang ſteht, dem großen Geſetz, dem das <lb/>ganze Weltall unterworfen iſt.</s>
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1098 <s xml:id="echoid-s667" xml:space="preserve"/>
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1099 </p>
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1100 <p>
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1101 <s xml:id="echoid-s668" xml:space="preserve">Dieſe vier Geſichtspunkte gelten nicht allein hinſichtlich <lb/>der Zahlen; </s>
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1102 <s xml:id="echoid-s669" xml:space="preserve">es wird ſich zeigen, daß ſie bei ſämmtlichen <lb/>Objecten der ſpäter noch abzuhandelnden Wiſſenſchaften vor-<lb/>kommen werden, weil es, wie ſchon früher gezeigt wurde, <lb/>für die menſchliche Vernunft weſentlich iſt, ſich nur allmählig <lb/>bis zu der vollſtändigen Erkenntniß eines Gegenſtandes zu <lb/>erheben. </s>
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1103 <s xml:id="echoid-s670" xml:space="preserve">Sie muß mit dem anfangen, was uns in dem-<lb/>ſelben gleichſam unmittelbar in die Augen fällt; </s>
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1104 <s xml:id="echoid-s671" xml:space="preserve">dann muß <lb/>ſie aufſuchen, was in denſelben Gegenſtänden tiefer verborgen <lb/>iſt. </s>
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1105 <s xml:id="echoid-s672" xml:space="preserve">Mit dieſen beiden Geſichtspunkten wären unſere Unter-<lb/>ſuchungen zu Ende, wenn die Objecte zu allen Zeiten und <lb/>an allen Orten dieſelben wären. </s>
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1106 <s xml:id="echoid-s673" xml:space="preserve">In der Natur iſt jedoch <lb/>Alles ununterbrochenen Veränderungen unterworfen, wir <lb/>vergleichen dieſelben, und leiten aus dieſer Vergleichung die <lb/>
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1107 <pb o="47" file="0061" n="61"/>
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1108 allgemeinen Geſetze jener Veränderungen ab. </s>
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1109 <s xml:id="echoid-s674" xml:space="preserve">Im vierten <lb/>Geſichtspunkt endlich, welcher Alles, was ein Menſch über <lb/>eine Sache wiſſen kann, vollendet und abſchließt, ſucht man <lb/>etwas auf, was noch in einem höheren Grad verborgen iſt, <lb/>als das Unbekannte, was den Inhalt des zweiten Geſichts-<lb/>punktes ausmacht, und in dieſe Sphäre fällt für unſere <lb/>Forſchungen Alles, was ſich auf die Verkettung von Ur-<lb/>ſachen und Wirkungen bezieht. </s>
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1110 <s xml:id="echoid-s675" xml:space="preserve">— Alles alſo, was wir ir-<lb/>gend bei der Erforſchung einer Sache, der Natur unſeres <lb/>Denkens gemäß thun können, ſchließt ſich in den vier be-<lb/>zeichneten Punkten ab; </s>
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1111 <s xml:id="echoid-s676" xml:space="preserve">Beobachtung des offen vor Augen <lb/>Liegenden, Entdeckung des Verborgenen, Vergleichung der <lb/>beobachteten Thatſachen und der an denſelben unter ver-<lb/>ſchiedenen Zeit- und Raumverhältniſſen vorgehenden Ver-<lb/>änderungen, und Feſtſtellung der daraus abzuleitenden Ge-<lb/>ſetze; </s>
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1112 <s xml:id="echoid-s677" xml:space="preserve">endlich die Erforſchung eines noch tiefer liegenden Un-<lb/>bekannten, nemlich Gntwickelung der Urſachen aus bekannten <lb/>Wirkungen, und Vorausberechnung der Wirkungen aus <lb/>bekannten Urſachen.</s>
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1113 <s xml:id="echoid-s678" xml:space="preserve"/>
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1114 </p>
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1115 <p>
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1116 <s xml:id="echoid-s679" xml:space="preserve">Da ich öfters auf dieſe Geſichtspunkte zurückkommen <lb/>werde, ſo will ich demſelben beſtimmte Namen geben, um <lb/>mich endloſer Umſchreibungen zu entheben, die den Verfaſſer <lb/>und den Leſer ermüden.</s>
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1117 <s xml:id="echoid-s680" xml:space="preserve"/>
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1118 </p>
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1119 <p>
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1120 <s xml:id="echoid-s681" xml:space="preserve">Den erſten Geſichtspunkt uenne ich demnach den <emph style="sp">au-<lb/>toptiſchen</emph>, weil derſelbe ſeinen Gegenſtand nur mittelſt <lb/>der <emph style="sp">unmittelbaren Anſchauung</emph> erfaßt.</s>
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1121 <s xml:id="echoid-s682" xml:space="preserve"/>
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1122 </p>
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1123 <p>
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1124 <s xml:id="echoid-s683" xml:space="preserve">Dem zweiten Geſichtspunkt, welcher das in einer Sache <lb/><emph style="sp">Verborgene</emph> zu beſtimmen hat, gab ich den Namen des <lb/><emph style="sp">cryptoriſtiſchen</emph>.</s>
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1125 <s xml:id="echoid-s684" xml:space="preserve"/>
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1126 </p>
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1127 <p>
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1128 <s xml:id="echoid-s685" xml:space="preserve">Da der weſentliche Character des dritten Geſichts-<lb/>punktes darin beſteht, die Veränderungen der Gegenſtände <lb/>zu unterſuchen, welche ſie in verſchiedenen Zeiten und Orten <lb/>erleiden, und aus dieſen Modificationen die Geſetze jener <lb/>Veränderungen abzuleiten, ſo werde ich dieſen Geſichtspunkt <lb/>den <emph style="sp">troponomiſchen</emph> nennen.</s>
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1129 <s xml:id="echoid-s686" xml:space="preserve"/>
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1130 </p>
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1131
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1132 <pb o="48" file="0062" n="62"/>
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1133 <p>
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1134 <s xml:id="echoid-s687" xml:space="preserve">Der vierte Geſichtspunkt endlich, welcher das Verbor-<lb/>genſte einer Sache erforſcht, wird der <emph style="sp">cryptologiſche</emph> <lb/>heißen.</s>
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1135 <s xml:id="echoid-s688" xml:space="preserve"/>
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1136 </p>
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1137 <p>
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1138 <s xml:id="echoid-s689" xml:space="preserve">Wenn ich ſage, daß dieſe Geſichtspunkte ſich in allen <lb/>Zweigen des menſchlichen Wiſſens wiederholen, ſo brauche <lb/>ich nicht erſt bemerklich zu machen, daß ſie nicht immer in <lb/>derſelben Weiſe zur Anwendung kommen. </s>
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1139 <s xml:id="echoid-s690" xml:space="preserve">In der Haupt-<lb/>ſache bleiben ſie zwar dieſelben, ſie erleiden jedoch, je nach <lb/>der Natur der Gegenſtände, auf welche man ſie anwendet, <lb/>nothwendig mancherlei Modificationen, wie dieß auch häufig <lb/>bei natürlichen Claſſificationen der Pflanzen und Thiere der <lb/>Fall iſt, in Hinſicht auf die Charactere, durch welche ſich <lb/>die verſchiedenen Gruppen unterſcheiden. </s>
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1140 <s xml:id="echoid-s691" xml:space="preserve">In der Mehrzahl <lb/>der noologiſchen Wiſſenſchaften hat z. </s>
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1141 <s xml:id="echoid-s692" xml:space="preserve">B. </s>
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1142 <s xml:id="echoid-s693" xml:space="preserve">der cryptoriſtiſche <lb/>Geſichtspunkt einen auslegenden Character, wie man es weit <lb/>ſeltener bei den cosmologiſchen Wiſſenſchaften findet. </s>
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1143 <s xml:id="echoid-s694" xml:space="preserve">In <lb/>beiden Reichen aber ſind die Veränderungen, welche bei dem <lb/>troponomiſchen Geſichtspunkt unterſucht und verglichen wer-<lb/>den, theils ſolche, welche nacheinander an einem und dem-<lb/>ſelben Gegenſtand ſtattfinden, theils aber ſolche, welche als <lb/>Modificationen an verſchiedenen Gegenſtänden vorkommen, <lb/>mögen ſie nun an verſchiedenen Orten oder in verſchiedenen <lb/>Zeiten ihre Eriſtenz haben. </s>
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1144 <s xml:id="echoid-s695" xml:space="preserve">Bei den Wiſſenſchaften, welchen <lb/>man den Namen Kunſt gibt, und deren Hauptzweck der <lb/>Nutzen iſt, ſind die möglichen Vortheile und Verluſte bei <lb/>den gewerblichen Unternehmungen die große Unbekannte, <lb/>welche beſtimmt werden muß; </s>
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1145 <s xml:id="echoid-s696" xml:space="preserve">deßwegen gehören auch die <lb/>Hülfsmittel, welche zu dieſer Beſtimmung nothwendig ſind, <lb/>in den Bereich des cryptoriſtiſchen Geſichtspunkts, während <lb/>es der cryptologiſche Geſichtspunkt hauptſächlich mit einer <lb/>andern Art von unbekannten Größen zu thun hat, nemlich <lb/>mit der Vervollkommnung der techniſchen Arbeiten.</s>
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1146 <s xml:id="echoid-s697" xml:space="preserve"/>
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1147 </p>
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1148 <p>
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1149 <s xml:id="echoid-s698" xml:space="preserve">Die Ordnung, in der ich hier die vier Geſichtspunkte <lb/>darſtelle, iſt genau dieſelbe, welche das menſchliche Denken <lb/>befolgt, wenn es bei der Erforſchung einer Sache ſtufenweiſe <lb/>
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1150 <pb o="49" file="0063" n="63"/>
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1151 immer höher aufſteigt. </s>
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1152 <s xml:id="echoid-s699" xml:space="preserve">Es iſt ſomit auch die Ordnung, <lb/>die man bei einer natürlichen Eintheilung der Wiſſenſchaften <lb/>zu befolgen hat. </s>
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1153 <s xml:id="echoid-s700" xml:space="preserve">Dieß darf jedoch nicht hindern, die Analogie <lb/>zu bemerken, welche ſich nachweiſen läßt</s>
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1154 </p>
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1155 <p>
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1156 <s xml:id="echoid-s701" xml:space="preserve">1) zwiſchen dem erſten und dritten Geſichtspunkt, welche <lb/>beide auf Beobachtung und Anſchauung gegründet ſind, und <lb/>ſich nur darin unterſcheiden, daß man bei dem erſten Ge-<lb/>ſichtspunkt eine Sache unterſucht, wie ſie, ganz abgeſehen <lb/>von möglichen Veränderungen und von Beziehungen zu an-<lb/>dern Gegenſtänden ſich darſtellt, während man bei dem dritten <lb/>Geſichtspunkt gerade dieſe Veränderungen und Beziehungen <lb/>an der Sache erforſcht.</s>
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1157 <s xml:id="echoid-s702" xml:space="preserve"/>
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1158 </p>
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1159 <p>
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1160 <s xml:id="echoid-s703" xml:space="preserve">2) Die zweite Analogie, die nicht ü<unsure/>bergangen werden <lb/>darf, iſt die, zwiſchen dem zweiten und vierten Geſichtspunkt. <lb/></s>
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1161 <s xml:id="echoid-s704" xml:space="preserve">Beide ſuchen etwas Unbekanntes in einem Gegenſtand, und <lb/>der einzige Unterſchied beſteht darin, daß man ſich bei dem <lb/>zweiten Geſichtspunkt zur Entdeckung des Unbekannten mit <lb/>den Kenntniſſen begnügt, die man durch den erſten Geſichts-<lb/>punkt erhalten hat, während man bei dem vierten Geſichts-<lb/>punkt nur dann erſt an die viel ſchwierigere Erforſchung <lb/>eines noch tiefer liegenden Unbekannten gehen kann, wenn <lb/>man alle Kenntniſſe vereinigt, welche man in den drei vor-<lb/>hergegangenen Geſichtspunkten über einen Gegenſtand ge-<lb/>wonnen hat. </s>
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1162 <s xml:id="echoid-s705" xml:space="preserve">Ich hielt es für zweckmäßig, dieſe Analogie <lb/>dadurch zu bezeichnen, daß ich dieſen beiden Geſichtspunkten <lb/>die Namen <emph style="sp">cryptoriſtiſch</emph> und <emph style="sp">cryptologiſch</emph> gab, <lb/>welche beide dieſelbe Wurzel haben.</s>
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1163 <s xml:id="echoid-s706" xml:space="preserve"/>
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1164 </p>
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1165 <p>
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1166 <s xml:id="echoid-s707" xml:space="preserve">Man wird im Verlauf dieſes Werkes ſehen, daß alle <lb/><emph style="sp">Künſte</emph> unter einen von dieſen beiden Geſichtspunkten <lb/>fallen; </s>
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1167 <s xml:id="echoid-s708" xml:space="preserve">der Grund davon iſt einfach; </s>
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1168 <s xml:id="echoid-s709" xml:space="preserve">alle Wahrheiten, die <lb/>ihren Inhalt bilden, ſind nichts als die Entdeckung von <lb/>Mitteln, durch welche der Menſch einen beſtimmten Zweck <lb/>erreicht. </s>
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1169 <s xml:id="echoid-s710" xml:space="preserve">Dieſe Mittel ſind für denjenigen verborgen, welcher <lb/>dieſelben zu erlangen trachtet. </s>
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1170 <s xml:id="echoid-s711" xml:space="preserve">Man würde ſich jedoch irren, <lb/>
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1171 <pb o="50" file="0064" n="64"/>
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1172 wenn man daraus ſchließen wollte, daß alle cryptoriſtiſchen <lb/>oder cryptologiſchen Wiſſenſchaften Künſte ſeien.</s>
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1173 <s xml:id="echoid-s712" xml:space="preserve"/>
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1174 </p>
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1175 </div>
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1176 <div xml:id="echoid-div21" type="section" level="1" n="17">
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1177 <head xml:id="echoid-head21" xml:space="preserve">§. 2. <lb/>Wiſſenſchaften dritter Ordnung, welche ſich mit dem Meſſen und den <lb/>Eigenſchaften der ausgedehnten Grö<unsure/>ßen beſchäftigen.</head>
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1178 <p>
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1179 <s xml:id="echoid-s713" xml:space="preserve">Die Wiſſenſchaften, welche ſich auf die Maasverhältniſſe <lb/>und die Eigenſchaften der ausgedehnten Größen beziehen, <lb/>ſind ſo eng verbunden mit den Wiſſenſchaften, die es mit <lb/>den Größen im Allgemeinen zu thun haben, daß man ſie <lb/>häufig in den davon handelnden Werken mit einander ver-<lb/>mengt hat. </s>
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1180 <s xml:id="echoid-s714" xml:space="preserve">Ebenſo verband man, in der Mehrzahl der in <lb/>dem letzten Iahrhundert herausgekommenen Schriften, die <lb/>Arithmetik, die einfachſten Begriffe der Algebra, mit dem-<lb/>jenigen Theil der Wiſſenſchaft der ausgedehnten Größen, <lb/>dem man nach dem Beiſpiel der Alten ausſchließlich den <lb/>Namen &#132;Geometrie&#148; gab. </s>
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1181 <s xml:id="echoid-s715" xml:space="preserve">Man hat ſie in den neueren <lb/>Schriften von einander getrennt; </s>
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1182 <s xml:id="echoid-s716" xml:space="preserve">aber man ſtellte die Theorie <lb/>der Functionen mit den Anwendungen derſelben auf die <lb/>ausgedehnten Größen zuſammen, und der berühmte Lagrange <lb/>ging in dem erſten Werke, das er über dieſe Theorie ſchrieb, <lb/>ſo weit, auch noch die Anwendungen auf die Mechanik der-<lb/>ſelben einzuverleiben. </s>
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1183 <s xml:id="echoid-s717" xml:space="preserve">Solche Zuſammenſtellungen laſſen ſich <lb/>wohl entweder durch den beſtimmten Zweck rechtfertigen, den <lb/>ein Schriftſteller gerade hat, oder durch den Vortheil, bei <lb/>dem Unterricht, in einer Abhandlung ſämmtliche zu einem <lb/>Curſus gehörigen Theile beiſammen zu haben. </s>
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1184 <s xml:id="echoid-s718" xml:space="preserve">Da jedoch <lb/>die Unterſcheidung der Gegenſtände, auf welche ſich die <lb/>Wiſſenſchaften beziehen, eine der Hauptgrundlagen ihrer <lb/>Claſſification ausmacht, ſo hielt ich es für nothwendig, dieſer <lb/>Verwirrung ein Cnde zu machen, und nur die engſtverbun-<lb/>denen Wiſſenſchaften zuſammenzuſtellen, und wir kommen <lb/>nun bei den Wiſſenſchaften an, welche es mit den Eigen-<lb/>ſchaften ausgedehnter Größen zu thun haben.</s>
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1185 <s xml:id="echoid-s719" xml:space="preserve"/>
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1186 </p>
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1187
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1188 <pb o="51" file="0065" n="65"/>
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1189 </div>
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1190 <div xml:id="echoid-div22" type="section" level="1" n="18">
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1191 <head xml:id="echoid-head22" xml:space="preserve">a) <emph style="sp">Aufzählung und Definitionen</emph>.</head>
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1192 <head xml:id="echoid-head23" xml:space="preserve">1) Synthetiſche Geometrie.</head>
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1193 <p>
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1194 <s xml:id="echoid-s720" xml:space="preserve">Unter den Wiſſenſchaften dritter Ordnung, welche es <lb/>mit den Eigenſchaften der ausgedehnten Größen zu thun <lb/>haben, tritt uns als die erſte die ſynthetiſche Geometrie ent-<lb/>gegen. </s>
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1195 <s xml:id="echoid-s721" xml:space="preserve">Sie geht aus von ganz augenfälligen einfachen <lb/>Wahrheiten, verbindet dieſelben auf alle möglichen Arten, <lb/>und kommt dadurch zu anderen, welche von Stufe zu Stufe <lb/>verwickelter werden, indem man eine ununterbrochene Ein-<lb/>ſicht in den Zuſammenhang hat, welcher ſämmtliche Wahr-<lb/>heiten in nothwendiger Abhängigkeit an einander ſchließt. <lb/></s>
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1196 <s xml:id="echoid-s722" xml:space="preserve">Was ich hier <emph style="sp">ſynthetiſche Geometrie</emph> nenne, das iſt <lb/>derjenige Zweig des mathematiſchen Wiſſens, den die Alten <lb/>am meiſten gepflegt haben, und der bei ihnen Geometrie <lb/>hieß, und die Neueren wußten faſt nichts mehr beizufügen, <lb/>ſchufen jedoch andere Wiſſenſchaften der dritten Ordnung, <lb/>welche ſich gleichfalls auf die ausgedehnten Größen beziehen, <lb/>und von denen jetzt die Rede ſein wird.</s>
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1197 <s xml:id="echoid-s723" xml:space="preserve"/>
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1198 </p>
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1199 </div>
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1200 <div xml:id="echoid-div23" type="section" level="1" n="19">
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1201 <head xml:id="echoid-head24" xml:space="preserve">2) Analytiſche Geometrie.</head>
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1202 <p>
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1203 <s xml:id="echoid-s724" xml:space="preserve">Die erſte Stelle unter denſelben hat die Wiſſenſchaft, <lb/>deren Zweck iſt, das was an den Figuren unbekannt iſt, <lb/>aufzufinden, was durch Anwendung der mathematiſchen Ana-<lb/>lyſe auf dieſe beſondere Gattung von Größen geſchieht. <lb/></s>
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1204 <s xml:id="echoid-s725" xml:space="preserve">Man bezeichnet ſie gewöhnlich als Anwendung der Algebra <lb/>auf die Geometrie. </s>
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1205 <s xml:id="echoid-s726" xml:space="preserve">Es ſcheint mir jedoch beſſer, dieſe Wiſſen-<lb/>ſchaft <emph style="sp">analytiſche Geometrie</emph> zu nennen, um ihren <lb/>Endzweck und die Natur ihrer Operationen beſſer zu be-<lb/>zeichnen.</s>
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1206 <s xml:id="echoid-s727" xml:space="preserve"/>
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1207 </p>
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1208 </div>
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1209 <div xml:id="echoid-div24" type="section" level="1" n="20">
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1210 <head xml:id="echoid-head25" xml:space="preserve">3) Theorie der Linien und Flächen.</head>
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1211 <p>
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1212 <s xml:id="echoid-s728" xml:space="preserve">Wenn ein Punkt auf ſtetige Weiſe ſeinen Ort verän-<lb/>dert, ſo entſteht eine Linie, und auf dieſelbe Art entſtehen <lb/>Flächen aus Linien. </s>
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1213 <s xml:id="echoid-s729" xml:space="preserve">Während der Ortsveränderungen finden <lb/>in beiden Fällen conſtante Beziehungen ſtatt, zwiſchen den <lb/>geraden Linien, oder den Winkeln, welche in jedem Augenblick <lb/>
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1214 <pb o="52" file="0066" n="66"/>
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1215 die <emph style="sp">ſtetig</emph> veränderte Lage eines Punkts oder einer Linie <lb/>beſtimmen. </s>
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1216 <s xml:id="echoid-s730" xml:space="preserve">Daher die fruchtbare Idee, Linien und Flächen <lb/>durch Gleichungen darzuſtellen, in welchen dieſe Beziehungen <lb/>ausgedrückt ſind. </s>
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1217 <s xml:id="echoid-s731" xml:space="preserve">Schon in der analytiſchen Geometrie <lb/>macht man Gebrauch von Gleichungen dieſer Art, um die <lb/>daſelbſt vorkommenden Curven und Flächen darzuſtellen und <lb/>ihre verſchiedenen Eigenſchaften aufzuſuchen. </s>
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1218 <s xml:id="echoid-s732" xml:space="preserve">Wenn aber <lb/>auf die gleichzeitigen Veränderungen von Linien oder Win-<lb/>keln, wovon ſo eben die Rede war, die Theorie der Func-<lb/>tionen angewendet wird, ſo kommt man auf Geſetze, welche <lb/>ebenſo allgemein für alle Arten von Curven und von Flächen <lb/>gelten, wie die Formeln, durch welche die verſchiedenartigſten <lb/>Größen, Linien, Flächen und Körper dargeſtellt werden kön-<lb/>nen. </s>
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1219 <s xml:id="echoid-s733" xml:space="preserve">Dieſe Anwendung der Theorie der Functionen auf <lb/>die Meſſung ausgedehnter Größen, führe ich auf unter dem <lb/>Namen <emph style="sp">Theorie der Linien und Flächen</emph>.</s>
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1220 <s xml:id="echoid-s734" xml:space="preserve"/>
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1221 </p>
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1222 </div>
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1223 <div xml:id="echoid-div25" type="section" level="1" n="21">
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1224 <head xml:id="echoid-head26" xml:space="preserve">4) Moleculärgeometrie.<anchor type="note" xlink:href="" symbol="*"/>)</head>
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1225 <p>
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1226 <s xml:id="echoid-s735" xml:space="preserve">Nun gibt es aber noch eine Wiſſenſchaft dritter Ord-<lb/>nung, welche man in der Regel nicht zu den Wiſſenſchaften <lb/>rechnet, mit denen wir es hier zu thun haben, und doch <lb/>gehört ſie zu denſelben, denn ſie bietet der Beobachtung nur <lb/>die Anſchauung von Maasverhältniſſen, und dieß iſt, wie <lb/>wir bald ſehen werden, der unterſcheidende Character der <lb/>Provinz, in welche alle dieſe Wiſſenſchaften gehören. </s>
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1227 <s xml:id="echoid-s736" xml:space="preserve">Der <lb/>Inhalt der vorliegenden Wiſſenſchaft beſteht in der Beſtim-<lb/>mung der ſogenannten Primitivformen cryſtalliſationsfähiger <lb/>Körper, aus den durch die Beobachtung gegebenen Secundär-<lb/>formen, oder umgekehrt in der Ableitung der Secundärformen <lb/>aus den Primitiven; </s>
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1228 <s xml:id="echoid-s737" xml:space="preserve">man nennt gewöhnlich dieſe Wiſſen-<lb/>ſchaft Cryſtallographie. </s>
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1229 <s xml:id="echoid-s738" xml:space="preserve">Man darf aber nur in das Werk <lb/>des berühmten Phyſikers, welcher ſie aufgeſtellt hat, einen <lb/>Blick werfen, um ſich zu überzeugen, daß ſie rein mathe-<lb/>
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1230 <anchor type="note" xlink:label="note-0066-01a" xlink:href="note-0066-01"/>
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1231
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1232 <pb o="53" file="0067" n="67"/>
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1233 matiſch iſt, und daß ſich das Ganze darauf beſchränkt, po-<lb/>lyedriſche Figuren zu combiniren, und andere daraus abzu-<lb/>leiten. </s>
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1234 <s xml:id="echoid-s739" xml:space="preserve">Ich hielt den Namen Moleculärgeometrie für den <lb/>paſſendſten, denn er bezeichnet auf viel genauere Art ihren <lb/>Gegenſtand, und den nahen Zuſammenhang deſſelben mit <lb/>den eben beſprochenen Wiſſenſchaften.</s>
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1235 <s xml:id="echoid-s740" xml:space="preserve"/>
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1236 </p>
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1237 <div xml:id="echoid-div25" type="float" level="2" n="1">
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1238 <note symbol="*" position="foot" xlink:label="note-0066-01" xlink:href="note-0066-01a" xml:space="preserve">Siehe hierüber eine ſpätere Bemerkung des Herausgebers.</note>
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1239 </div>
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1240 </div>
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1241 <div xml:id="echoid-div27" type="section" level="1" n="22">
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1242 <head xml:id="echoid-head27" xml:space="preserve">b) <emph style="sp">Claſſification</emph>.</head>
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1243 <p>
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1244 <s xml:id="echoid-s741" xml:space="preserve">Wenn man mit dem Namen <emph style="sp">Geometrie</emph> nicht blos <lb/>das begreift, was die Alten über die ausgedehnten Größen <lb/>gedacht haben, ſondern auch die Arbeiten der Neueren, ſo <lb/>gibt es außer ihm keine beſſere Bezeichnung für die Wiſſen-<lb/>ſchaft erſter Ordnung, welche aus der Vereinigung der oben <lb/>definirten vier Wiſſenſchaften dritter Ordnung hervorgeht. <lb/></s>
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1245 <s xml:id="echoid-s742" xml:space="preserve">Stellen wir einerſeits die ſynthetiſche Geometrie mit der ana-<lb/>lytiſchen, und andrerſeits die Theorie der Linien und Flächen <lb/>mit der Moleculärgeometrie zuſammen, ſo haben wir zwei <lb/>Wiſſenſchaften zweiter Ordnung, deren erſte als Elementar-<lb/>wiſſenſchaft betrachtet werden muß, in Beziehung auf die <lb/>zweite, welche uns eine tiefere Einſicht in die Formen gibt, <lb/>die man an den Körpern wahrnimmt, oder ſich blos im <lb/>Raume denkt. </s>
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1246 <s xml:id="echoid-s743" xml:space="preserve">Ich nenne deßhalb die erſtere die <emph style="sp">Ele-<lb/>mentargeometrie</emph> und die zweite die <emph style="sp">Theorie der <lb/>Formen</emph>.</s>
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1247 <s xml:id="echoid-s744" xml:space="preserve"/>
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1248 </p>
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1249 <note position="right" xml:space="preserve"> <lb/>Wiſſenſchaft erſter \\ Ordnung. # Wiſſenſchaften zweiter \\ Ordnung. # Wiſſenſchaften dritter \\ Ordnung. <lb/><emph style="bf">Geometrie.</emph> # <emph style="sp">Elementargeome- \\ trie</emph>. # Synthetiſche Geometrie. <lb/> # # Analytiſche Geometrie. <lb/> # <emph style="sp">Theorie der For- \\ men</emph>. # Theorie der Linien und \\ Flächen. <lb/> # # Moleculärgeometrie. <lb/></note>
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1250 </div>
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1251 <div xml:id="echoid-div28" type="section" level="1" n="23">
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1252 <head xml:id="echoid-head28" xml:space="preserve"><emph style="sp">Anmerkung des Herausgebers</emph>.</head>
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1253 <p>
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1254 <s xml:id="echoid-s745" xml:space="preserve">Ampère wendet nun wieder in einer Anmerkung die <lb/>vier Geſichtspunkte auf die obenſtehende Eintheilung an <lb/>
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1255 <pb o="54" file="0068" n="68"/>
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1256 welches ich übergehe, da ſie von ſelbſt einleuchtet und mit <lb/>der Anwendung der vier Geſichtspunkte auf die arithmolo-<lb/>giſchen Wiſſenſchaften ganz übereinſtimmt. </s>
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1257 <s xml:id="echoid-s746" xml:space="preserve">Nur die Bezie-<lb/>hung des cryptologiſchen Geſichtspunkts zur Moleculärgeo-<lb/>metrie muß ich erwähnen, weil ſich ſpätere Bemerkungen <lb/>darauf beziehen werden. </s>
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1258 <s xml:id="echoid-s747" xml:space="preserve">Den cryptologiſchen Geſichtspunkt, <lb/>ſagt nemlich Ampère, findet man wieder in der Moleculärgeo-<lb/>metrie, die in eines der verborgenſten Geheimniſſe der Natur <lb/>dringen muß, indem ſie die Urſachen aufſucht, welche be-<lb/>wirkt, daß eine und dieſelbe Subſtanz unter verſchiedenen <lb/>Formen auftritt, deren gegenſeitige Abhängigkeit von einander <lb/>in dieſer Wiſſenſchaft unterſucht wird.</s>
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1259 <s xml:id="echoid-s748" xml:space="preserve"/>
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1260 </p>
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1261 </div>
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1262 <div xml:id="echoid-div29" type="section" level="1" n="24">
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1263 <head xml:id="echoid-head29" xml:space="preserve">§. 3. <lb/>Wiſſenſchaften dritter Ordnung, welche ſich auf die allgemeinen Beſtim-<lb/>mungen der Bewegungen und Kräfte beziehen.</head>
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1264 <p>
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1265 <s xml:id="echoid-s749" xml:space="preserve">Es leuchtet wohl jedem ein, daß nach den Wiſſenſchaften, <lb/>die ſich auf die Eigenſchaften und die Meſſung ausgedehnter <lb/>Größen beziehen, diejenigen kommen müſſen, welche es mit <lb/>der Beſtimmung der Bewegungen und der Kräfte zu thun <lb/>haben. </s>
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1266 <s xml:id="echoid-s750" xml:space="preserve">Denn dieß Gebiet ſetzt <emph style="sp">nichts</emph> voraus, als die <lb/>Kenntniß der Verhältniſſe und Geſetze der allgemeinen und <lb/>der ausgedehnten Größen.</s>
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1267 <s xml:id="echoid-s751" xml:space="preserve"/>
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1268 </p>
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1269 </div>
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1270 <div xml:id="echoid-div30" type="section" level="1" n="25">
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1271 <head xml:id="echoid-head30" xml:space="preserve">a) <emph style="sp">Aufzählung und Definitionen</emph>.</head>
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1272 <head xml:id="echoid-head31" xml:space="preserve">1) Cinematik.</head>
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1273 <p>
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1274 <s xml:id="echoid-s752" xml:space="preserve">Man kann faſt bei allen über dieſe Wiſſenſchaften ge-<lb/>ſchriebenen Büchern bemerken, daß im Anfang derſelben ge-<lb/>wiſſe Bedingungen übergangen ſind, die doch, wenn man <lb/>ſie vollſtändig entwickelt, eine Wiſſenſchaft dritter Ordnung <lb/>ausmachen. </s>
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1275 <s xml:id="echoid-s753" xml:space="preserve">Einzelne Theile dieſer letztern wurden theils <lb/>in beſonderen Werken abgehandelt, wie z. </s>
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1276 <s xml:id="echoid-s754" xml:space="preserve">B. </s>
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1277 <s xml:id="echoid-s755" xml:space="preserve">Carnot, &#132;über <lb/>die Bewegung in geometriſcher Hinſicht&#148;, Lanz und Bétan-<lb/>court, einen Verſuch über die Zuſammenſetzung der Ma-<lb/>ſchinen geſchrieben haben. </s>
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1278 <s xml:id="echoid-s756" xml:space="preserve">In dieſe Wiſſenſchaft gehört Alles, <lb/>
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1279 <pb o="55" file="0069" n="69"/>
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1280 was man über die verſchiedenen Arten von Bewegung ſagen <lb/>kann, ſo weit man abſieht von den Kräften, welche dieſelbe <lb/>hervorrufen. </s>
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1281 <s xml:id="echoid-s757" xml:space="preserve">Ihre erſte Aufgabe iſt die Unterſuchung der <lb/>bei den verſchiedenen Bewegungen durchlaufenen Räume, <lb/>der dazu nothwendigen Zeiten, die Beſtimmung der Ge-<lb/>ſchwindigkeiten, welche von den verſchiedenen Verhältniſſen <lb/>zwiſchen Räumen und Zeiten abhängen. </s>
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1282 <s xml:id="echoid-s758" xml:space="preserve">Sodann muß dieſe <lb/>Wiſſenſchaft die verſchiedenen Inſtrumente betrachten, mittelſt <lb/>deren man eine Bewegung in eine andere verwandelt, und <lb/>wenn man dieſe Inſtrumente nach dem Sprachgebrauch unter <lb/>dem Namen &#132;Maſchinen&#148; zuſammenfaßt, ſo muß man eine <lb/>Maſchine nicht wie gewöhnlich, als ein <emph style="sp">Inſtrument</emph> defi-<lb/>niren, <emph style="sp">wodurch man</emph> auf <emph style="sp">die Richtung und Stärke <lb/>einer gegebenen bewegenden Kraft einwirken</emph>, <lb/>ſondern <emph style="sp">als ein Inſtrument, mittelſt deſſen man <lb/>die Richtung und Geſchwindigkeit einer gege-<lb/>benen Bewegung verändern kann</emph>. </s>
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1283 <s xml:id="echoid-s759" xml:space="preserve">Auf dieſe Weiſe <lb/>wird die Begriffsbeſtimmung unabhängig von der Betrach-<lb/>tung der Kräfte, welche auf die Maſchine wirken; </s>
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1284 <s xml:id="echoid-s760" xml:space="preserve">und dieſe <lb/>Betrachtung würde nur denjenigen verwirren, welcher den <lb/>Mechanismus einer Maſchine ſich deutlich machen will. </s>
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1285 <s xml:id="echoid-s761" xml:space="preserve">Will <lb/>man ſich zum Beiſpiel eine klare Vorſtellung von dem Räder-<lb/>werk machen, das den Minutenzeiger zwölfmal herumtreibt, <lb/>während der Stundenzeiger nur einmal umläuft, ſo hat <lb/>man nichts mit der Kraft zu ſchaffen, welche die Uhr in <lb/>Bewegung ſetzt. </s>
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1286 <s xml:id="echoid-s762" xml:space="preserve">Bleibt denn nicht die Wirkung des Räder-<lb/>werks in Beziehung auf das Geſchwindigkeitsverhältniß der <lb/>beiden Zeiger ganz daſſelbe, wenn dieſe Bewegung durch <lb/>irgend welche andere Kraft, als durch die gewöhnliche be-<lb/>wegende Kraft hervorgebracht wird; </s>
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1287 <s xml:id="echoid-s763" xml:space="preserve">bleibt es z. </s>
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1288 <s xml:id="echoid-s764" xml:space="preserve">B. </s>
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1289 <s xml:id="echoid-s765" xml:space="preserve">nicht <lb/>daſſelbe, wenn man den Minutenzeiger mit dem Finger her-<lb/>umdreht?</s>
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1290 <s xml:id="echoid-s766" xml:space="preserve"/>
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1291 </p>
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1292 <p>
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1293 <s xml:id="echoid-s767" xml:space="preserve">Würde man in einer Abhandlung ſämmtliche Bewe-<lb/>gungen ganz unabhängig von den ſie verurſachenden Kräften <lb/>darſtellen, ſo wäre dieß für den Unterricht von ungemeinem <lb/>
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1294 <pb o="56" file="0070" n="70"/>
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1295 Vortheil; </s>
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1296 <s xml:id="echoid-s768" xml:space="preserve">denn eine ſolche Abhandlung würde die verwickel-<lb/>teren Punkte bei dem Spiel der verſchiedenen Maſchinen <lb/>auseinanderſetzen, ohne daß der Geiſt des Schülers zugleich <lb/>auch die Schwierigkeiten zu überwinden hätte, welche aus <lb/>der Betrachtung des Gleichgewichts der Kräfte entſpringen.</s>
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1297 <s xml:id="echoid-s769" xml:space="preserve"/>
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1298 </p>
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1299 <p>
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1300 <s xml:id="echoid-s770" xml:space="preserve">Dieſer Wiſſenſchaft, welche bei den uns umgebenden <lb/>Körpern die Bewegungen an ſich ſelbſt betrachtet, und die <lb/>Apparate unterſucht, die man gewöhnlich Maſchinen nennt, <lb/>habe ich den Namen <emph style="sp">Cinematik</emph> gegeben, von κίνημα, <lb/><emph style="sp">Bewegung</emph>.</s>
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1301 <s xml:id="echoid-s771" xml:space="preserve"/>
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1302 </p>
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1303 <p>
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1304 <s xml:id="echoid-s772" xml:space="preserve">Nach dieſen allgemeinen Bemerkungen über das Weſen <lb/>der Bewegung und der Geſchwindigkeit muß ſich die Cine-<lb/>matik zu ihrem Hauptgegenſtand die Beziehungen machen, <lb/>welche zwiſchen den verſchiedenen Punkten einer Maſchine, <lb/>und, allgemeiner ausgedrückt, jeden Syſtems von materiellen <lb/>Punkten bei ſämmtlichen Bewegungen ſtattfinden, deren dieſe <lb/>Maſchine oder dieſes Syſtem fähig iſt; </s>
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1305 <s xml:id="echoid-s773" xml:space="preserve">oder mit andern <lb/>Worten, die Cinematik hat die Aufgabe, die virtuellen Ge-<lb/>ſchwindigkeiten unabhängig von den auf die materiellen <lb/>Punkte wirkenden Kräften zu beſtimmen, was um ſehr vieles <lb/>leichter iſt, ſobald man dieſe Beſtimmung von jeder Betrach-<lb/>tung der Kräfte fern hält. </s>
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1306 <s xml:id="echoid-s774" xml:space="preserve">Kommt man dann an die nächſt-<lb/>folgende Wiſſenſchaft zweiter Ordnung, und will man den <lb/>Schülern den bekannten allgemeinen Lehrſatz der virtuellen <lb/>Geſchwindigkeit beibringen, ſo werden ſie, wenn ſie die oben <lb/>angeführte Beſtimmung der virtuellen Geſchwindigkeiten wohl <lb/>verſtanden und ſich ſchon einige Zeit damit vertraut gemacht <lb/>haben, den genannten Lehrſatz ohne Mühe einſehen, während <lb/>derſelbe nach dem gewöhnlichen Lehrgang bedeutende Schwie-<lb/>rigkeiten macht.</s>
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1307 <s xml:id="echoid-s775" xml:space="preserve"/>
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1308 </p>
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1309 <p>
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1310 <s xml:id="echoid-s776" xml:space="preserve">2) Auf die Cinematik muß diejenige Wiſſenſchaft dritter <lb/>Ordnung folgen, welche, umgekehrt von der vorigen, die <lb/>Kräfte unabhängig von den Bewegungen unterſucht, und <lb/>die ich in Uebereinſtimmung mit dem allgemeinen Sprach-<lb/>gebrauch <emph style="sp">Statik</emph> nenne. </s>
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1311 <s xml:id="echoid-s777" xml:space="preserve">Die Statik darf erſt nach der <lb/>
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1312 <pb o="57" file="0071" n="71"/>
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1313 Cinematik kommen, denn der Begriff der Bewegung iſt durch <lb/>die unmittelbare Anſchauung gegeben, während wir die <lb/>Kräfte nicht ſehen, welche dieſe augenfälligen Bewegungen <lb/>hervorbringen, und auf ihr Daſein nur aus den beobachteten <lb/>Bewegungen ſchließen können. </s>
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1314 <s xml:id="echoid-s778" xml:space="preserve">Auch muß bereits in der <lb/>Cinematik gelehrt worden ſein, wie die Beziehungen der <lb/>virtuellen Geſchwindigkeiten berechnet werden, damit die <lb/>Statik die Bedingungen des Gleichgewichts in verſchiedenen <lb/>Kräfteſyſtemen beſtimmen kann.</s>
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1315 <s xml:id="echoid-s779" xml:space="preserve"/>
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1316 </p>
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1317 </div>
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1318 <div xml:id="echoid-div31" type="section" level="1" n="26">
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1319 <head xml:id="echoid-head32" xml:space="preserve">3) Dynamik.</head>
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1320 <p>
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1321 <s xml:id="echoid-s780" xml:space="preserve">Nachdem die Cinematik die Bewegungen unabhängig <lb/>von den Kräften, und die Statik letztere unabhängig von <lb/>den erſteren unterſucht hat, ſo muß man ſie auch noch zu <lb/>gleicher Zeit betrachten, die Kräfte mit den von ihnen her-<lb/>vorgebrachten Bewegungen vergleichen, und aus dieſer Ver-<lb/>gleichung die <emph style="sp">allgemeinen Geſetze der Bewegung</emph> <lb/>ableiten, mittelſt deren man aus den gegebenen Bewegungen <lb/>die zugehörigen Kräfte, und aus den bekannten Kräften die <lb/>Bewegungen beſtimmen kann. </s>
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1322 <s xml:id="echoid-s781" xml:space="preserve">Dieſe beiden allgemeinen <lb/>Aufgaben und die genannten Geſetze machen den Inhalt <lb/>einer Wiſſenſchaft aus, die man gewöhnlich <emph style="sp">Dynamik</emph> <lb/>nennt; </s>
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1323 <s xml:id="echoid-s782" xml:space="preserve">welchen Namen ich beibehalte.</s>
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1324 <s xml:id="echoid-s783" xml:space="preserve"/>
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1325 </p>
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1326 </div>
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1327 <div xml:id="echoid-div32" type="section" level="1" n="27">
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1328 <head xml:id="echoid-head33" xml:space="preserve">4) Molecularmechanik.</head>
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1329 <p>
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1330 <s xml:id="echoid-s784" xml:space="preserve">Es gibt endlich noch eine vierte Wiſſenſchaft dritter <lb/>Ordnung, die es gleichfalls mit der Beſtimmung von Be-<lb/>wegungen und Kräften zu thun hat. </s>
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1331 <s xml:id="echoid-s785" xml:space="preserve">Es iſt aber noch kein <lb/>Werk vorhanden, welches das Ganze derſelben umfaßt; </s>
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1332 <s xml:id="echoid-s786" xml:space="preserve">wohl <lb/>aber ſind ihre einzelnen Theile in verſchiedenen Abhandlungen <lb/>und beſonderen Werken der berühmteſten Mathematiker zer-<lb/>ſtreut. </s>
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1333 <s xml:id="echoid-s787" xml:space="preserve">Dieſe haben die Geſetze, welche die Dynamik in Be-<lb/>ziehung auf einzelne Punkte oder Körper eines beſtimmten <lb/>Umfangs aufgefunden hat, auf die Moleküle angewendet, <lb/>aus denen die Körper beſtehen, und haben in dem Gleich-<lb/>gewicht und den Bewegungen dieſer Moleküle die Urſachen <lb/>
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1334 <pb o="58" file="0072" n="72"/>
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1335 der an den Körpern bemerkbaren Erſcheinungen erkannt. <lb/></s>
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1336 <s xml:id="echoid-s788" xml:space="preserve">Dieſe Theorie des Gleichgewichts und der Bewegung der <lb/>Moleküle nenne ich &#132;<emph style="sp">Molecularmechanik</emph>.</s>
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1337 <s xml:id="echoid-s789" xml:space="preserve">&#148;</s>
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1338 </p>
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1339 </div>
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1340 <div xml:id="echoid-div33" type="section" level="1" n="28">
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1341 <head xml:id="echoid-head34" xml:space="preserve">b) <emph style="sp">Claſſification</emph>.</head>
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1342 <note position="right" xml:space="preserve"> <lb/>Wiſſenſchaft erſter \\ Ordnung. # Wiſſenſchaften zweiter \\ Ordnung. # Wiſſenſchaften dritter \\ Ordnung. <lb/><emph style="bf">Mechanik.</emph> # <emph style="sp">Elementarmecha- \\ nik</emph>. # Cinematik. <lb/> # # Statik. <lb/> # <emph style="sp">Tranſcendente \\ Mechanik</emph>. # Dynamik. <lb/> # # Molecularmechanik. <lb/></note>
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1343 <p>
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1344 <s xml:id="echoid-s790" xml:space="preserve">Die Anwendung der vier Geſichtspunkte auf dieſe Ein-<lb/>theilung folgt dann wieder, wobei ich Folgendes aushebe. <lb/></s>
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1345 <s xml:id="echoid-s791" xml:space="preserve">Nachdem Ampère die Analogie des autoptiſchen Geſichts-<lb/>punktes mit der Cinematik, der Statik, (welche es mit den <lb/><emph style="sp">hinter</emph> den Bewegungen wirkenden Kräften zu thun habe) <lb/>mit dem cryptoriſtiſchen Geſichtspunkt aufgeführt, fährt er <lb/>fort: </s>
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1346 <s xml:id="echoid-s792" xml:space="preserve">der weſentliche Charakter des troponomiſchen Geſichts-<lb/>punktes beſteht in den Veränderungen, welche die Objecte, <lb/>mit denen wir es zu thun haben, oder ihre Eigenſchaften <lb/>erleiden, und dieſer Geſichtspunkt tritt bereits in der Orts-<lb/>veränderung eines Körpers, alſo in der Cinematik vor Au-<lb/>gen, und ſomit muß man die ganze Mechanik troponomiſch <lb/>nennen, was in einem gewiſſen Sinn der Fall iſt, wie ſpäter <lb/>gezeigt werden wird. </s>
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1347 <s xml:id="echoid-s793" xml:space="preserve">Der Dynamik kommt aber nicht blos <lb/>dieß allgemeine Merkmal des troponomiſchen Geſichtspunkts <lb/>zu, ſondern auch der ganz ſpecielle Character dieſes Geſichts-<lb/>punktes, nemlich daß aus Vergleichung jener Veränderungen <lb/>allgemeine Geſetze abgeleitet werden, wie in der Theorie der <lb/>Functionen, und in der Theorie der Linien und Flächen. </s>
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1348 <s xml:id="echoid-s794" xml:space="preserve"><lb/>Wenn Ampère in Beziehung auf die Stellung der Dynamik <lb/>Recht hat, ſo iſt, wie ſpäter gezeigt werden ſoll, die Stellung <lb/>der Mechanik eine unrichtige.</s>
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1349 <s xml:id="echoid-s795" xml:space="preserve"/>
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1350 </p>
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1351
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1352 <pb o="59" file="0073" n="73"/>
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1353 </div>
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1354 <div xml:id="echoid-div34" type="section" level="1" n="29">
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1355 <head xml:id="echoid-head35" xml:space="preserve">§. 4. <lb/>Wiſſenſchaften der dritten Ordnung, die ſich mit der Beſtimmung der <lb/>wirklich im Raum exiſtirenden Bewegungen und Kräfte beſchäftigen.</head>
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1356 <p>
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1357 <s xml:id="echoid-s796" xml:space="preserve">Die Unterſuchung, die man bei der Mechanik über die <lb/>Bewegungen und Kräfte im Allgemeinen angeſtellt hat, führen <lb/>von ſelbſt auf die im Raume verbreiteten Bewegungen und <lb/>die Kräfte, welche dieſelben erzeugen. </s>
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1358 <s xml:id="echoid-s797" xml:space="preserve">An dieſe Stelle ge-<lb/>hören alſo die Wiſſenſchaften dritter Ordnung, welche ſich <lb/>auf den genannten Gegenſtand beziehen.</s>
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1359 <s xml:id="echoid-s798" xml:space="preserve"/>
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1360 </p>
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1361 </div>
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1362 <div xml:id="echoid-div35" type="section" level="1" n="30">
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1363 <head xml:id="echoid-head36" xml:space="preserve">a) <emph style="sp">Aufzählung und Definitionen</emph>.</head>
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1364 <head xml:id="echoid-head37" xml:space="preserve">1) Uranographie.</head>
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1365 <p>
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1366 <s xml:id="echoid-s799" xml:space="preserve">Die erſte dieſer Wiſſenſchaften hat alles dasjenige zum <lb/>Inhalt, was man beim Anblick des Himmels unmittelbar <lb/>beobachten kann. </s>
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1367 <s xml:id="echoid-s800" xml:space="preserve">Sie beſchreibt die Sterngruppen, die man <lb/><emph style="sp">Sternbilder</emph> nennt, die täglichen Bewegungen, welche <lb/>ſämmtliche Geſtirne mit einander gemein haben, die Bewe-<lb/>gung der Sonne, die Neigung der Ecliptik und die Art und <lb/>Weiſe, wie die ungleiche Länge der Tage und Nächte, und <lb/>der Wechſel der Iahreszeiten aus jener Neigung erklärt <lb/>werden muß; </s>
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1368 <s xml:id="echoid-s801" xml:space="preserve">ſie erforſcht die Bewegungen der Planeten <lb/>und des Mondes, und beobachtet die Phaſen des letztern; <lb/></s>
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1369 <s xml:id="echoid-s802" xml:space="preserve">ſie erblickt mit Hülfe des Fernrohrs die Sonnenflecken, die <lb/>verſchiedenen Vorgänge auf der Scheibe des Mondes und <lb/>der Planeten, die Phaſen der letztern u. </s>
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1370 <s xml:id="echoid-s803" xml:space="preserve">ſ. </s>
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1371 <s xml:id="echoid-s804" xml:space="preserve">w. </s>
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1372 <s xml:id="echoid-s805" xml:space="preserve">Hipparch <lb/>und Ptolemäus dehnten die Grenzen dieſer Wiſſenſchaft ſo <lb/>weit aus, als ohne Hülfe des genannten Inſtruments möglich <lb/>iſt, aber ſie kamen nicht darüber hinaus; </s>
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1373 <s xml:id="echoid-s806" xml:space="preserve">denn die irrigen <lb/>Syſteme, die man erdichtete, um dieſe Bewegungen mittelſt <lb/>der Epicykeln zu erklären, kann man nicht als einen Theil <lb/>dieſer Wiſſenſchaft anſehen. </s>
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1374 <s xml:id="echoid-s807" xml:space="preserve">Ich gebe der Geſammtheit der <lb/>auf die vorhingenannten Punkte bezüglichen Wahrheiten den <lb/>Namen <emph style="sp">Uranographie</emph>.</s>
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1375 <s xml:id="echoid-s808" xml:space="preserve"/>
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1376 </p>
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1377
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1378 <pb o="60" file="0074" n="74"/>
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1379 </div>
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1380 <div xml:id="echoid-div36" type="section" level="1" n="31">
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1381 <head xml:id="echoid-head38" xml:space="preserve">2) Helioſtatik.</head>
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1382 <p>
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1383 <s xml:id="echoid-s809" xml:space="preserve">Seit Copernicus beſteht eine andere Wiſſenſchaft dritter <lb/>Ordnung, welche ſämmtliche Erſcheinungen am Himmel zu <lb/>erklären ſucht, indem ſie nachweiſt, wie dieſelben von der <lb/>wirklichen Bewegung der Erde um ihre Are, und der Erde <lb/>und der Planeten um die Sonne herrühren, wobei letztere <lb/>als unbeweglich in dem Mittelpunkt des Planetenſyſtems <lb/>gedacht wird. </s>
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1384 <s xml:id="echoid-s810" xml:space="preserve">Man weiß jetzt, daß dieſe Unbeweglichkeit <lb/>nur eine relative iſt; </s>
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1385 <s xml:id="echoid-s811" xml:space="preserve">ſie mag aber abſolut oder relativ ſein, <lb/>ſo bleiben dennoch die ſcheinbaren Bewegungen dieſelben; <lb/></s>
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1386 <s xml:id="echoid-s812" xml:space="preserve">und um die Erklärung dieſer letztern nicht durch fremdartige <lb/>Beobachtungen zu verwirren, muß man in der genannten <lb/>Erklärung die Sonne als unbeweglich anſehen. </s>
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1387 <s xml:id="echoid-s813" xml:space="preserve">Deßhalb <lb/>glaubte ich auch dieſer Wiſſenſchaft den Namen <emph style="sp">Helio-<lb/>ſtatik</emph> geben zu müſſen, von ἤλιος, <emph style="sp">Sonne</emph>, und στάσις, <lb/><emph style="sp">Ruhe, Stillſtand</emph>.</s>
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1388 <s xml:id="echoid-s814" xml:space="preserve"/>
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1389 </p>
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1390 </div>
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1391 <div xml:id="echoid-div37" type="section" level="1" n="32">
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1392 <head xml:id="echoid-head39" xml:space="preserve">3) Aſtronomie.</head>
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1393 <p>
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1394 <s xml:id="echoid-s815" xml:space="preserve">Nun kam Keppler, Er verglich zunächſt in verſchiedenen <lb/>Zeiten die Entfernungen der Sonne und die Stellungen des <lb/>Planeten Mars, unter ſich ſowohl, als mit dem Unterſchied <lb/>der Beobachtungszeiten; </s>
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1395 <s xml:id="echoid-s816" xml:space="preserve">ferner verglich er die Entfernungen <lb/>der Sonne von den verſchiedenen Planeten mit ihren Um-<lb/>laufszeiten. </s>
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1396 <s xml:id="echoid-s817" xml:space="preserve">So entdeckte er die nach ihm benannten Geſetze; <lb/></s>
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1397 <s xml:id="echoid-s818" xml:space="preserve">und er durfte nur dieſelben mit den Elementen der Planeten-<lb/>bahnen zuſammenſtellen, um ſämmtliche Umſtände ihrer Be-<lb/>wegungen berechnen und Tabellen ausfertigen zu können, <lb/>mittelſt deren man ihre Stellungen in allen zukünftigen und <lb/>vergangenen Zeiten zu beſtimmen im Stande iſt.</s>
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1398 <s xml:id="echoid-s819" xml:space="preserve"/>
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1399 </p>
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1400 <p>
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1401 <s xml:id="echoid-s820" xml:space="preserve">Die auf dieſe Geſetze bezüglichen Wahrheiten und die <lb/>Darſtellung der Operationen, durch welche die aſtronomiſchen <lb/>Beobachtungen die größeſtmögliche Vollkommenheit erhalten <lb/>und die Fehler der Inſtrumente ausgeglichen werden, bilden <lb/>eine Wiſſenſchaft dritter Ordnung, die Aſtronomie im engern <lb/>Sinn, welche ich ſchlechtweg <emph style="sp">Aſtronomie</emph> nennen will.</s>
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1402 <s xml:id="echoid-s821" xml:space="preserve"/>
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1403 </p>
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1404
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1405 <pb o="61" file="0075" n="75"/>
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1406 </div>
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1407 <div xml:id="echoid-div38" type="section" level="1" n="33">
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1408 <head xml:id="echoid-head40" xml:space="preserve">4) Mechanik des Himmels.</head>
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1409 <p>
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1410 <s xml:id="echoid-s822" xml:space="preserve">Um unſere Kenntniſſe über den vorliegenden Gegenſtand <lb/>vollſtändig abzuſchließen, mußte auch noch die Urſache ſämmt-<lb/>licher Bewegungen der Himmelskörper entdeckt werden. </s>
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1411 <s xml:id="echoid-s823" xml:space="preserve">Dieſe <lb/>große Unbekannte wurde von Newton enthüllt; </s>
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1412 <s xml:id="echoid-s824" xml:space="preserve">er lehrte <lb/>uns, wie dieſe Bewegungen durch die allgemeine Schwer-<lb/>kraft bedingt ſind, welche in allen Theilen der Materie wirkt, <lb/>und aus dieſer großen Entdeckung, welche uns auch die Ur-<lb/>ſachen der Abweichungen im Planetenlauf kennen lehrte, <lb/>und die Mittel an die Hand gab, dieſelben zu berechnen, <lb/>entſtand eine vierte Wiſſenſchaft dritter Ordnung, welche ich <lb/><emph style="sp">Mechanik des Himmels</emph> nenne, nach dem Titel des <lb/>Werks, in welchem der berühmte Erklärer Newton’s jene <lb/>Wiſſenſchaft auf eine ſo bewundernswürdige Art entwickelte. <lb/></s>
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1413 <s xml:id="echoid-s825" xml:space="preserve">Wie ähnlich ſich auch dieſe und die vorhergehende Wiſſen-<lb/>ſchaft ſein mögen, ſo hat man doch immer beide in den über <lb/>ſie geſchriebenen Werken von einander getrennt, und ein <lb/>Curs der <emph style="sp">Aſtronomie</emph> iſt etwas ganz anderes als ein <lb/>Curs der <emph style="sp">Mechanik des Himmels</emph>.</s>
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1414 <s xml:id="echoid-s826" xml:space="preserve"/>
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1415 </p>
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1416 </div>
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1417 <div xml:id="echoid-div39" type="section" level="1" n="34">
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1418 <head xml:id="echoid-head41" xml:space="preserve">b) <emph style="sp">Claſſification</emph>.</head>
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1419 <p>
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1420 <s xml:id="echoid-s827" xml:space="preserve">Dieſe vier Wiſſenſchaften, welche den vier großen Epo-<lb/>chen des aſtronomiſchen Forſchens entſprechen, faßt Ampère <lb/>in eine Wiſſenſchaft erſter Ordnung zuſammen, welche er <lb/><emph style="sp">Uranologie</emph> nennt, und die weitere Eintheilung in Wiſſen-<lb/>ſchaften zweiter Ordnung ſtellt ſich ſo dar:</s>
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1421 <s xml:id="echoid-s828" xml:space="preserve"/>
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1422 </p>
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1423 <note position="right" xml:space="preserve"> <lb/>Wiſſenſchaft erſter \\ Ordnung. # Wiſſenſchaften zweiter \\ Ordnung. # Wiſſenſchaften dritter \\ Ordnung. <lb/><emph style="bf">Uranologie.</emph> # <emph style="sp">Elementare Ura- \\ nologie</emph>. # Uranographie. <lb/> # # Helioſtatik. <lb/> # <emph style="sp">Uranognoſie</emph>. # Aſtronomie. <lb/> # # Mechanik des Himmels. <lb/></note>
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1424 <p>
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1425 <s xml:id="echoid-s829" xml:space="preserve">Die Anwendung der vier Geſichtspunkte auf dieſe Ein-<lb/>theilung iſt klar; </s>
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1426 <s xml:id="echoid-s830" xml:space="preserve">die Uranographie, welche bei der unmittel-<lb/>
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1427 <pb o="62" file="0076" n="76"/>
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1428 baren Anſchauung ſtehen bleibt, entſpricht dem autoptiſchen <lb/>Geſichtspunkt; </s>
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1429 <s xml:id="echoid-s831" xml:space="preserve">die Helioſtatik, welche die wahren Bewegun-<lb/>gen ſucht, welche gleichſam hinter den ſcheinbaren Bewe-<lb/>gungen verſteckt liegen, — entſpricht dem cryptoriſtiſchen <lb/>Geſichtspunkt. </s>
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1430 <s xml:id="echoid-s832" xml:space="preserve">Der troponomiſche Geſichtspunkt ſtellt ſich <lb/>in der Aſtronomie dar, welche die verſchiedenen Verände-<lb/>rungen am Himmel auffaßt und die Geſetze ihrer Wechſel-<lb/>beziehungen ableitet. </s>
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1431 <s xml:id="echoid-s833" xml:space="preserve">Der cryptologiſche Geſichtspunkt end-<lb/>lich läßt ſich augenſcheinlich in der Mechanik des Himmels <lb/>wiedererkennen, welche die verborgenſte Urſache der Him-<lb/>melsbewegungen enthüllt.</s>
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1432 <s xml:id="echoid-s834" xml:space="preserve"/>
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1433 </p>
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1434 </div>
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1435 <div xml:id="echoid-div40" type="section" level="1" n="35">
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1436 <head xml:id="echoid-head42" xml:space="preserve">§. 5. <lb/>Definition und Eintheilung der Wiſſenſchaften erſter Ordnung, welche der <lb/>Beobachtung nur die Begriffe von Größe und Maas entnehmen.</head>
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1437 <p>
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1438 <s xml:id="echoid-s835" xml:space="preserve">Bis jetzt wurden nur die Wiſſenſchaften dritter Ord-<lb/>nung auf die Art beſtimmt, daß ihre unterſcheidenden Cha-<lb/>ractere und ihre gegenſeitigen Grenzen bezeichnet wurden. <lb/></s>
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1439 <s xml:id="echoid-s836" xml:space="preserve">Von den Wiſſenſchaften erſter und zweiter Ordnung wurde <lb/>blos geſagt, welche Wiſſenſchaften dritter Ordnung in ihnen <lb/>enthalten ſeien, und ihre Beziehungen unter einander kamen <lb/>bis jetzt noch nicht zur Sprache. </s>
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1440 <s xml:id="echoid-s837" xml:space="preserve">Die Wiſſenſchaften zweiter <lb/>Ordnung ſind hinreichend beſtimmt, und das Folgende voll-<lb/>bringt daſſelbe für die Wiſſenſchaften erſter Ordnung.</s>
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1441 <s xml:id="echoid-s838" xml:space="preserve"/>
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1442 </p>
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1443 </div>
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1444 <div xml:id="echoid-div41" type="section" level="1" n="36">
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1445 <head xml:id="echoid-head43" xml:space="preserve">a) <emph style="sp">Aufzählung und Definitionen</emph>.</head>
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1446 <head xml:id="echoid-head44" xml:space="preserve">1) Arithmologie.</head>
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1447 <p>
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1448 <s xml:id="echoid-s839" xml:space="preserve">Die Arithmologie iſt die Wiſſenſchaft von dem Meſſen <lb/>der Größen im Allgemeinen. </s>
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1449 <s xml:id="echoid-s840" xml:space="preserve">&#132;Eine Größe meſſen&#148; heißt <lb/>durch eine Zahl, ſei es durch eine ganze oder gebrochene, <lb/>ausdrücken, auf welche Art die Größe zuſammengeſetzt iſt <lb/>in Beziehung auf eine gewiſſe Einheit. </s>
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1450 <s xml:id="echoid-s841" xml:space="preserve">Einheit aber iſt <lb/>diejenige Größe, welche man aus gleichartigen Größen be-<lb/>liebig wählte, um einen gemeinſchaftlichen Vergleichungs-<lb/>punkt für ſolche gleichartige Größen zu haben. </s>
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1451 <s xml:id="echoid-s842" xml:space="preserve">Der Werth <lb/>
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1452 <pb o="63" file="0077" n="77"/>
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1453 der Zahlen und Buchſtaben, welche eine Größe darſtellen, <lb/>ſteigt und fällt mit der Größe der gewählten Einheit; </s>
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1454 <s xml:id="echoid-s843" xml:space="preserve">aber <lb/>das gemeinſame Geſetz aller in der Arithmologie begriffenen <lb/>Wiſſenſchaften beſteht darin, daß bei der Verwandlung eines <lb/>Ausdrucks in eine Reihe von verſchiedenen Ausdrücken immer <lb/>die Identität feſtgehalten wird, ſei es nun zwiſchen dieſen <lb/>verſchiedenen Ausdrücken ſelbſt, oder wenn die Ausdrücke <lb/>verſchiedene Werthe bekommen, durch ſtete Herſtellung der <lb/>Wahrheit der Gleichungen, welche zwiſchen je zwei dieſer <lb/>Ausdrücke ſtattfinden, deren Werthe geändert werden.</s>
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1455 <s xml:id="echoid-s844" xml:space="preserve"/>
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1456 </p>
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1457 </div>
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1458 <div xml:id="echoid-div42" type="section" level="1" n="37">
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1459 <head xml:id="echoid-head45" xml:space="preserve">2) Geometrie.</head>
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1460 <p>
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1461 <s xml:id="echoid-s845" xml:space="preserve">Die Unterſchiede der Geometrie von der Arithmologie <lb/>beſtimmt Ampère ſo: </s>
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1462 <s xml:id="echoid-s846" xml:space="preserve">1) Zu den Beziehungen der Größe, <lb/>welche den Inhalt der letzteren bilden, kommen bei der erſten <lb/>noch die Beziehungen der Lage von Punkten, Linien und <lb/>Flächen hinzu. </s>
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1463 <s xml:id="echoid-s847" xml:space="preserve">Dieſe neuen Beziehungen muß die Geometrie <lb/>mit den erſteren combiniren, und nachweiſen, wie man ſie <lb/>auf dieſelben zurückführen kann, wie man z. </s>
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1464 <s xml:id="echoid-s848" xml:space="preserve">B. </s>
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1465 <s xml:id="echoid-s849" xml:space="preserve">die Entfer-<lb/>nung zweier Punkte durch das Maas der ſie verbindenden <lb/>geraden Linien, die gegenſeitige Lage zweier geraden Linien <lb/>durch das Maas ihrer kleinſten Entfernung und des von <lb/>ihren Richtungen gebildeten Winkels beſtimmt u. </s>
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1466 <s xml:id="echoid-s850" xml:space="preserve">ſ. </s>
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1467 <s xml:id="echoid-s851" xml:space="preserve">f. </s>
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1468 <s xml:id="echoid-s852" xml:space="preserve">2) Wenn <lb/>zwiſchen den Punkten, Linien und Flächen einer <emph style="sp">Figur</emph> <lb/>ſowohl in Hinſicht auf Größe als Lage eine Anzahl von <lb/>Beziehungen ſtattfindet, ſo ergeben ſich zwiſchen dieſen Punk-<lb/>ten, Linien und Flächen noch eine Menge anderer Beziehun-<lb/>gen als nothwendige Folgen der erſteren, und dieſe Folgen <lb/>hat die Geometrie zu entwickeln. </s>
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1469 <s xml:id="echoid-s853" xml:space="preserve">3) Die Arithmologie hat <lb/>es nur mit der Gleichheit verſchieden geformter Zahlen-<lb/>ausdrücke zu thun, und ſetzt nichts voraus, als die verſchie-<lb/>denen Zeichen, deren Bedeutung durch die allgemeine Ueber-<lb/>einkunft feſtſteht. </s>
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1470 <s xml:id="echoid-s854" xml:space="preserve">Die Geometrie aber ſetzt die nothwendigen <lb/>Eigenſchaften des Raums, ſeiner drei Dimenſionen u. </s>
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1471 <s xml:id="echoid-s855" xml:space="preserve">ſ. </s>
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1472 <s xml:id="echoid-s856" xml:space="preserve">f. <lb/></s>
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1473 <s xml:id="echoid-s857" xml:space="preserve">voraus, und dieſe unbeweisbaren Anſchauungen bilden einen <lb/>
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1474 <pb o="64" file="0078" n="78"/>
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1475 Theil der Grundlagen, auf welchen die Geometrie ruht. <lb/></s>
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1476 <s xml:id="echoid-s858" xml:space="preserve">Dieſer Unterſchiede ungeachtet haben beide Wiſſenſchaften <lb/>dur den gemeinſamen Charakter, ſich auf Größen zu be-<lb/>ziehen, ſo große Aehnlichkeiten, daß manche Schriftſteller die <lb/>ſynthetiſche Geometrie unmittelbar hinter die Arithmographie <lb/>ſtellten, die Theorie der Linien und Flächen mit der Theorie <lb/>der Functionen in denſelben Werken vortrugen, und ſelbſt <lb/>Newton die ſynthetiſche Geometrie und mathematiſche Ana-<lb/>lyſe in der geſammten Arithmetik vereinigte.</s>
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1477 <s xml:id="echoid-s859" xml:space="preserve"/>
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1478 </p>
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1479 <p>
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1480 <s xml:id="echoid-s860" xml:space="preserve">Einige Theile der ſynthetiſchen Geometrie hat man <lb/>irriger Weiſe davon getrennt, und mittelſt beſonderer Namen <lb/>zu eigenen Wiſſenſchaften geſtempelt. </s>
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1481 <s xml:id="echoid-s861" xml:space="preserve">Dieß iſt z. </s>
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1482 <s xml:id="echoid-s862" xml:space="preserve">B. </s>
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1483 <s xml:id="echoid-s863" xml:space="preserve">der <lb/>Fall mit der <emph style="sp">beſchreibenden Geometrie</emph>, welche aber <lb/>nur daſſelbe iſt für die Stereometrie, was die Löſung der <lb/>verſchiedenen Zeichnungsaufgaben für die ebene Geometrie, <lb/>und doch iſt es noch Niemand eingefallen, dieſe letzteren <lb/>Aufgaben von der ſynthetiſchen Geometrie zu trennen. </s>
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1484 <s xml:id="echoid-s864" xml:space="preserve">Aehn-<lb/>lich verhält es ſich mit der ebenen und ſphäriſchen Trigono-<lb/>metrie; </s>
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1485 <s xml:id="echoid-s865" xml:space="preserve">beide gehören in die ſynthetiſche Geometrie, die eine <lb/>in die Planimetrie, die andere in die Stereometrie; </s>
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1486 <s xml:id="echoid-s866" xml:space="preserve">und <lb/>dieſe Behandlungsart iſt nach Ampère’s Meinung auch zu <lb/>den Zwecken des Unterrichts weit vorzuziehen, da man ja <lb/>demungeachtet beide noch in der analytiſchen Geometrie ab-<lb/>handeln kann.</s>
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1487 <s xml:id="echoid-s867" xml:space="preserve"/>
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1488 </p>
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1489 </div>
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1490 <div xml:id="echoid-div43" type="section" level="1" n="38">
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1491 <head xml:id="echoid-head46" xml:space="preserve">3) Mechanik.</head>
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1492 <p>
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1493 <s xml:id="echoid-s868" xml:space="preserve">Die Geometrie ſcheint, oberflächlich angeſehen, den glei-<lb/>chen Gegenſtand mit der Mechanik zu haben, da erſtere <lb/>von der Erzeugung einer Linie durch Bewegung eines Punk-<lb/>tes, von der Erzeugung einer Fläche durch die Ortsbewe-<lb/>gung einer Linie u. </s>
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1494 <s xml:id="echoid-s869" xml:space="preserve">ſ. </s>
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1495 <s xml:id="echoid-s870" xml:space="preserve">f. </s>
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1496 <s xml:id="echoid-s871" xml:space="preserve">ſpricht. </s>
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1497 <s xml:id="echoid-s872" xml:space="preserve">Bei der Mechanik kommt <lb/>jedoch der Begriff der Zeit und damit der aus dem Ver-<lb/>hältniß des Raums und der Zeit entſpringende Begriff der <lb/>Geſchwindigkeit dazu, und dieſe Betrachtung iſt der Geometrie <lb/>gänzlich fremd und macht den eigenthümlichen Charakter der <lb/>Mechanik aus.</s>
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1498 <s xml:id="echoid-s873" xml:space="preserve"/>
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1499 </p>
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1500
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1501 <pb o="65" file="0079" n="79"/>
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1502 <p>
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1503 <s xml:id="echoid-s874" xml:space="preserve">Man trennt gewöhnlich die Statik, in Statik im engern <lb/>Sinn und Hydroſtatik, und macht gleiche Unterſchiede in der <lb/>Dynamik. </s>
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1504 <s xml:id="echoid-s875" xml:space="preserve">Solche Unterabtheilungen müſſen als Wiſſen-<lb/>ſchaften vierter Ordnung angeſehen werden. </s>
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1505 <s xml:id="echoid-s876" xml:space="preserve">Conſequenter <lb/>Weiſe müſſen aber alsdann auch in der Molecularmechanik <lb/>die Betrachtung der Schwingungen feſter Körper von der <lb/>der Vibrationsbewegungen flüſſiger Körper getrennt werden, <lb/>was unzuläſſig iſt. </s>
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1506 <s xml:id="echoid-s877" xml:space="preserve">Man müßte ferner dieſelbe Abtheilung <lb/>in der Cinematik machen, aber wie kann man z. </s>
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1507 <s xml:id="echoid-s878" xml:space="preserve">B. </s>
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1508 <s xml:id="echoid-s879" xml:space="preserve">die <lb/>Darſtellung der hydrauliſchen Preſſe von der Beſchreibung <lb/>anderer Maſchinen trennen?</s>
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1509 <s xml:id="echoid-s880" xml:space="preserve"/>
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1510 </p>
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1511 </div>
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1512 <div xml:id="echoid-div44" type="section" level="1" n="39">
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1513 <head xml:id="echoid-head47" xml:space="preserve">4) Uranologie.</head>
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1514 <p>
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1515 <s xml:id="echoid-s881" xml:space="preserve">In der Mechanik hat man es nur mit <emph style="sp">möglichen</emph> <lb/>Bewegungen zu thun, die Uranologie aber hat die <emph style="sp">wirk-<lb/>lichen</emph> Bewegungen der im Raum zerſtreuten Weltkörper <lb/>zum Gegenſtand.</s>
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1516 <s xml:id="echoid-s882" xml:space="preserve"><anchor type="note" xlink:href="" symbol="*"/></s>
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1517 </p>
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1518 </div>
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1519 <div xml:id="echoid-div45" type="section" level="1" n="40">
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1520 <head xml:id="echoid-head48" xml:space="preserve">b) <emph style="sp">Claſſification</emph>.</head>
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1521 <p>
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1522 <s xml:id="echoid-s883" xml:space="preserve">Die Provinz, welche dieſe vier Wiſſenſchaften erſter <lb/>Ordnung in ſich begreift, und aus der Beobachtung nur <lb/>die Begriffe von Größe und Maas nimmt, bezeichne ich als <lb/>mathematiſche Wiſſenſchaften und theile ſie in zwei Kreiſe, <lb/>wie eine Wiſſenſchaft erſter Ordnung in zwei Wiſſenſchaften <lb/>zweiter Ordnung zerfällt.</s>
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1523 <s xml:id="echoid-s884" xml:space="preserve"/>
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1524 </p>
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1525 <note position="right" xml:space="preserve"> <lb/>Provinz. # Kreiſe. # Wiſſenſchaften erſter \\ Ordnung. <lb/><emph style="bf">Mathematiſche \\ Wiſſenſchaften.</emph> # <emph style="sp">Mathematiſche Wiſ- \\ ſenſchaftenimengern \\ Sinn</emph>. # Arithmologie. <lb/> # # Geometrie. <lb/> # <emph style="sp">Phyſicaliſch-mathe- \\ matiſche Wiſſen- \\ ſchaften</emph>. # Mechanik. <lb/> # # Uranologie. <lb/></note>
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1526 <p>
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1527 <s xml:id="echoid-s885" xml:space="preserve">Ampère läßt nun wieder Bemerkungen folgen, in wel-<lb/>chen er auch für dieſe vier Wiſſenſchaften erſter Ordnung <lb/>
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1528 <anchor type="note" xlink:label="note-0079-02a" xlink:href="note-0079-02"/>
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1529
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1530 <pb o="66" file="0080" n="80"/>
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1531 die Uebereinſtimmung mit den vier Geſichtspunkten nachweiſen <lb/>will; </s>
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1532 <s xml:id="echoid-s886" xml:space="preserve">er ſieht ſie als den allen dieſen vier Wiſſenſchaften <lb/>zu Grund liegenden gemeinſamen Gegenſtand das Weltganze <lb/>im Gegenſatz zu dem Studium ſeiner beſondern Beſtand-<lb/>theile, welches den Gegenſtand der nächſten Provinz bildet, <lb/>und findet nun in der Arithmologie den autoptiſchen Ge-<lb/>ſichtspunkt, weil ſie Ausdrücke, die uns vor Augen liegen, <lb/>nur auf eine identiſche Weiſe verwandle; </s>
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1533 <s xml:id="echoid-s887" xml:space="preserve">in der Geometrie <lb/>den cryptoriſtiſchen Geſichtspunkt, weil ſie aus den gegebe-<lb/>nen Beziehungen einer Figur auf unbekannte und verbor-<lb/>gene ſchließe, in der Mechanik den troponomiſchen, weil ſie <lb/>die wechſelnden Lagen beweglicher Körper vergleiche und <lb/>daraus die allgemeinen Geſetze der Bewegung und des <lb/>Gleichgewichts der bewegenden Kräfte entwickle; </s>
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1534 <s xml:id="echoid-s888" xml:space="preserve">in der Ura-<lb/>nologie den cryptologiſchen Geſichtspunkt, weil ſie die ver-<lb/>borgene Urſache der wirklichen und weſentlichen Bewegun-<lb/>gen aller Körper enthülle. </s>
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1535 <s xml:id="echoid-s889" xml:space="preserve">Wie er früher ſchon auch in <lb/>der erſten Wiſſenſchaft der Mechanik, in der Cinematik, <lb/>den troponomiſchen Charakter wiederfand, ſo will er nun <lb/>auch ſchon in der Uranographie den dem cryptologiſchen <lb/>Geſichtspunkt entſprechenden erklärenden Charakter dieſer <lb/>Wiſſenſchaft erſter Ordnung finden; </s>
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1536 <s xml:id="echoid-s890" xml:space="preserve">ſelbſt die ſcheinbaren <lb/>Bewegungen der Geſtirne ſeien zu langſam, als daß man <lb/>ſie unmittelbar beobachten könne, man nehme ſie nur an, <lb/>um die Ortsveränderung <emph style="sp">erklären</emph> zu können u. </s>
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1537 <s xml:id="echoid-s891" xml:space="preserve">ſ. </s>
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1538 <s xml:id="echoid-s892" xml:space="preserve">f. </s>
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1539 <s xml:id="echoid-s893" xml:space="preserve">—</s>
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1540 </p>
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1541 <div xml:id="echoid-div45" type="float" level="2" n="1">
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1542 <note symbol="*" position="foot" xlink:label="note-0079-02" xlink:href="note-0079-02a" xml:space="preserve">Siehe hiergegen unſere critiſchen Anmerkungen.</note>
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1543 </div>
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1544 <p>
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1545 <s xml:id="echoid-s894" xml:space="preserve">Ich werde ſpäter zeigen, daß dieſer Anwendung des <lb/>Schematismus der vier Geſichtspunkte auf die umfaſſenderen <lb/>Gruppen eine tiefere Wahrheit zu Grunde liegt, aber die <lb/>Ampère’ſche Application eine unrichtige iſt. </s>
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1546 <s xml:id="echoid-s895" xml:space="preserve">Ich habe durch <lb/>die ſehr ausführliche Angabe des erſten Kapitels den Leſern <lb/>ein Beiſpiel gegeben, wie Ampère ſeine Eintheilung durchführt; <lb/></s>
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1547 <s xml:id="echoid-s896" xml:space="preserve">ich werde mich bei den künftigen Kapiteln ganz kurz faſſen; </s>
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1548 <s xml:id="echoid-s897" xml:space="preserve"><lb/>indem diejenigen Theile der Claſſification, welche wirklich <lb/>eine ungekünſtelte Zuſammenſtimmung mit ſeinem allgemei-<lb/>nen Schema zeigen, keiner Erörterung mehr bedürfen, und <lb/>
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1549 <pb o="67" file="0081" n="81"/>
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1550 es außer meinem Zwecke iſt, die ſophiſtiſchen Deductionen, <lb/>mit welchen er in andern Fällen eine gekünſtelte Anwendung <lb/>rechtfertigen will, wiederzugeben.</s>
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1551 <s xml:id="echoid-s898" xml:space="preserve"/>
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1552 </p>
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1553 </div>
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1554 <div xml:id="echoid-div47" type="section" level="1" n="41">
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1555 <head xml:id="echoid-head49" xml:space="preserve"><emph style="bf"><emph style="sp">Zweites Kapitel</emph>.</emph> <lb/><emph style="bf">Cosmologiſche Wiſſenſchaften, melche die unorganiſchen Eigen-</emph> <lb/><emph style="bf">ſchaften der Körper und ihre Anordnung auf dem Erdball zum</emph> <lb/><emph style="bf">Gegenſtand haben.</emph></head>
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1556 <p>
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1557 <s xml:id="echoid-s899" xml:space="preserve">Der Gegenſtand dieſes Kapitels iſt daſſelbe Univerſum, <lb/>was in den Wiſſenſchaften des vorigen betrachtet wurde, <lb/>aber nicht mehr blos nach den Begriffen von Größe und <lb/>Maas, ſondern nach ſeinen beſonderen Elementarbeſtand-<lb/>theilen, deren ſämmtliche unorganiſche Eigenſchaften wir <lb/>durch Beobachtung und Verſuche in den Wiſſenſchaften dieſes <lb/>Kapitels zu entdecken ſuchen.</s>
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1558 <s xml:id="echoid-s900" xml:space="preserve"/>
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1559 </p>
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1560 </div>
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1561 <div xml:id="echoid-div48" type="section" level="1" n="42">
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1562 <head xml:id="echoid-head50" xml:space="preserve">§. 1. <lb/>Wiſſenſchaften dritter Ordnung, die es mit ben unorganiſchen Eigen-<lb/>ſchaften der Körper und mit den Erſcheinungen zu thun haben, die ſie <lb/>bei einer allgemeinen Betrachtung zeigen.</head>
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1563 <head xml:id="echoid-head51" xml:space="preserve">a) <emph style="sp">Aufzählung und Definitionen</emph>.</head>
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1564 <head xml:id="echoid-head52" xml:space="preserve">1) Experimentalphyſik.</head>
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1565 <p>
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1566 <s xml:id="echoid-s901" xml:space="preserve">Die erſte Wiſſenſchaft, die ſich mit dem genannten In-<lb/>halt beſchäftigt, begreift alle aus der unmittelbaren Beob-<lb/>achtung der Körper ſich ergebenden Wahrheiten in ſich; </s>
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1567 <s xml:id="echoid-s902" xml:space="preserve">ſie <lb/>beſchreibt ihre verſchiedenen Zuſtände, ihre Härte, Elaſticität, <lb/>Gewicht u. </s>
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1568 <s xml:id="echoid-s903" xml:space="preserve">ſ. </s>
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1569 <s xml:id="echoid-s904" xml:space="preserve">f.</s>
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1570 <s xml:id="echoid-s905" xml:space="preserve">, kurz alle Erſcheinungen, welche durch ihre <lb/>Wechſelwirkung hervorgebracht werden und die Inſtrumente, <lb/>mittelſt deren man ſich dieſe Erſcheinungen vor Augen bringt. <lb/></s>
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1571 <s xml:id="echoid-s906" xml:space="preserve">Dieſe Wiſſenſchaft erhielt den Namen <emph style="sp">Experimental-<lb/>phyſik</emph>.</s>
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1572 <s xml:id="echoid-s907" xml:space="preserve"/>
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1573 </p>
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1574
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1575 <pb o="68" file="0082" n="82"/>
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1576 </div>
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1577 <div xml:id="echoid-div49" type="section" level="1" n="43">
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1578 <head xml:id="echoid-head53" xml:space="preserve">2) Chemie.</head>
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1579 <p>
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1580 <s xml:id="echoid-s908" xml:space="preserve">Auf die ebengenannte Wiſſenſchaft kann diejenige folgen, <lb/>welche in den Körpern die Grundbeſtandtheile aufſucht, aus <lb/>denen ſie zuſammengeſetzt ſind, und die Proportionen, in <lb/>welchen ſich jene Grundbeſtandtheile verbinden — die <emph style="sp">Chemie</emph>.</s>
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1581 <s xml:id="echoid-s909" xml:space="preserve"/>
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1582 </p>
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1583 </div>
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1584 <div xml:id="echoid-div50" type="section" level="1" n="44">
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1585 <head xml:id="echoid-head54" xml:space="preserve">3) Stereonomie.</head>
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1586 <p>
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1587 <s xml:id="echoid-s910" xml:space="preserve">Vergleicht man die verſchiedenen Werthe, welche eine <lb/>Eigenſchaft eines Körpers annehmen kann, wenn man den <lb/>Körper allmählig in eine Reihe von Umſtänden bringt, die <lb/>auf jene Eigenſchaft Einfluß haben, ſo gehen daraus die <lb/>Geſetze der Erſcheinungen hervor, die man in Formeln bringen <lb/>und durch den Calcul in weitere Wahrheiten entwickeln kann. <lb/></s>
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1588 <s xml:id="echoid-s911" xml:space="preserve">Dieß nenne ich Körpergeſetzlehre — <emph style="sp">Stereonomie</emph>.</s>
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1589 <s xml:id="echoid-s912" xml:space="preserve"/>
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1590 </p>
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1591 </div>
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1592 <div xml:id="echoid-div51" type="section" level="1" n="45">
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1593 <head xml:id="echoid-head55" xml:space="preserve">4) Atomologie.</head>
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1594 <p>
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1595 <s xml:id="echoid-s913" xml:space="preserve">Die letzten Urſachen, aus welchen die Eigenſchaften der <lb/>Körper und die Art ihrer Wechſelwirkungen entſpringen, <lb/>beruhen auf den Kräften, welche die Moleküle der Materie <lb/>auf einander ausüben, daher ich der Wiſſenſchaft, welche <lb/>dieſe Verhältniſſe unterſucht, den Namen <emph style="sp">Atomologie</emph> gebe.</s>
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1596 <s xml:id="echoid-s914" xml:space="preserve"/>
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1597 </p>
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1598 <p>
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1599 <s xml:id="echoid-s915" xml:space="preserve">In den meiſten Büchern, welche über dieſe vier Theile <lb/>der allgemeinen Phyſik da ſind, iſt nur die Chemie als be-<lb/>ſondere Wiſſenſchaft abgetrennt, die andern Theile aber, die <lb/>Experimentalphyſik, ſind mit der Stereonomie und Atomo-<lb/>logie zuſammen geworfen, welche beide ich als mathemati-<lb/>ſche Phyſik zuſammenfaſſe. </s>
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1600 <s xml:id="echoid-s916" xml:space="preserve">Für den Unterricht wäre es ge-<lb/>wiß erſprießlicher, wenn man in einer Experimentalphyſik <lb/>alle Erſcheinungen beſchreiben, ihren Zuſammenhang und <lb/>ihre wechſelſeitige Abhängigkeit nachweiſen, alles aber, was <lb/>ſich auf mathematiſche Phyſik bezieht, für eine ſelbſtſtändige <lb/>Wiſſenſchaft aufſparen würde. </s>
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1601 <s xml:id="echoid-s917" xml:space="preserve">Eine ſolche reine Experimen-<lb/>talphyſik könnte ohne Weiteres zu einem Theil des Volks-<lb/>unterrichts gemacht werden.</s>
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1602 <s xml:id="echoid-s918" xml:space="preserve"/>
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1603 </p>
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1604
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1605 <pb o="69" file="0083" n="83"/>
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1606 </div>
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1607 <div xml:id="echoid-div52" type="section" level="1" n="46">
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1608 <head xml:id="echoid-head56" xml:space="preserve">b) <emph style="sp">Claſſification</emph>.</head>
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1609 <note position="right" xml:space="preserve"> <lb/>Wiſſenſchaft erſter \\ Ordnung. # Wiſſenſchaften zweiter \\ Ordnung. # Wiſſenſchaften britter \\ Ordnung. <lb/><emph style="bf">Allgemeine \\ Phyſik.</emph> # <emph style="sp">Allgemeine Elemen- \\ tarphyſik</emph>. # Experimentalphyſik. <lb/> # # Chemie. <lb/> # <emph style="sp">Mathematiſche \\ Phyſik</emph>. # Stereonomie. <lb/> # # Atomologie. <lb/></note>
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1610 <p>
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1611 <s xml:id="echoid-s919" xml:space="preserve">Folgt dann die Application des Schema’s der vier Ge-<lb/>ſichtspunkte.</s>
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1612 <s xml:id="echoid-s920" xml:space="preserve"/>
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1613 </p>
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1614 </div>
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1615 <div xml:id="echoid-div53" type="section" level="1" n="47">
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1616 <head xml:id="echoid-head57" xml:space="preserve">§. 2. <lb/>Wiſſenſchaften der dritten Ordnung, die ſich mit den Arbeiten beſchäfti-<lb/>gen, mittelſt deren wir die Körper auf die unſerem Nutzen und unſerem <lb/>Vergnügen angemeſſenſte Weiſe beſchäftigen.</head>
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1617 <head xml:id="echoid-head58" xml:space="preserve">a) <emph style="sp">Aufzählung und Definitionen</emph>.</head>
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1618 <head xml:id="echoid-head59" xml:space="preserve">1) Technographie.</head>
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1619 <p>
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1620 <s xml:id="echoid-s921" xml:space="preserve">Dieſe Wiſſenſchaft gibt die Kenntniß der verſchiedenen <lb/>Verfahrungsarten bei der Verwandlung und Verarbeitung <lb/>roher Materialien, bei ihrem Transport, Aufbewahrung, <lb/>ferner die Kenntniß der verſchiedenen Inſtrumente und Ma-<lb/>ſchinen, die zu allem dieſem nöthig ſind.</s>
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1621 <s xml:id="echoid-s922" xml:space="preserve"/>
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1622 </p>
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1623 </div>
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1624 <div xml:id="echoid-div54" type="section" level="1" n="48">
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1625 <head xml:id="echoid-head60" xml:space="preserve"><emph style="bf">2</emph>) Induſtrielle Gewinnlehre (Cerdoriſtik).</head>
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1626 <p>
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1627 <s xml:id="echoid-s923" xml:space="preserve">Dieſe Wiſſenſchaft lehrt die Gewinne und Verluſte <lb/>berechnen, die ſich bei techniſchen Unternehmungen ergeben, <lb/>und wohin auch unter anderen die Kunſt der Buchhaltung <lb/>gehört.</s>
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1628 <s xml:id="echoid-s924" xml:space="preserve"/>
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1629 </p>
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1630 </div>
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1631 <div xml:id="echoid-div55" type="section" level="1" n="49">
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1632 <head xml:id="echoid-head61" xml:space="preserve">3) Induſtrielle Oeconomie.</head>
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1633 <p>
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1634 <s xml:id="echoid-s925" xml:space="preserve">Dieſe Wiſſenſchaft hat die Unterſuchung der Modifica-<lb/>tionen, welche die angeführten techniſchen Unternehmungen <lb/>unter verſchiedenen Verhältniſſen an verſchiedenen Orten <lb/>und Gegenden erleiden, zum Gegenſtand, und iſt demjeni-<lb/>gen nöthig, der nicht im Ioch bloßer Routine ſtecken blei-<lb/>ben will.</s>
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1635 <s xml:id="echoid-s926" xml:space="preserve"/>
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1636 </p>
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1637
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1638 <pb o="70" file="0084" n="84"/>
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1639 </div>
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1640 <div xml:id="echoid-div56" type="section" level="1" n="50">
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1641 <head xml:id="echoid-head62" xml:space="preserve">4) Induſtrielle Phyſik.</head>
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1642 <p>
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1643 <s xml:id="echoid-s927" xml:space="preserve">Wenn die vorherige Wiſſenſchaft empiriſch die unter <lb/>verſchiedenen Umſtänden und Verfahrungsarten gewonnenen <lb/>Reſultate vergleicht und daraus die beſte auswählen lernt, <lb/>ſo iſt es Aufgabe der induſtriellen Phyſik, aus den der all-<lb/>gemeinen Phyſik entnommenen Kenntniſſen heraus die rich-<lb/>tigſten Verfahrungsarten anzugeben. </s>
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1644 <s xml:id="echoid-s928" xml:space="preserve">Ampère führt als <lb/>Beiſpiel an, wie die chemiſche Entdeckung des Chlor zur <lb/>Verbeſſerung des Bleichverfahrens gedient habe.</s>
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1645 <s xml:id="echoid-s929" xml:space="preserve"/>
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1646 </p>
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1647 </div>
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1648 <div xml:id="echoid-div57" type="section" level="1" n="51">
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1649 <head xml:id="echoid-head63" xml:space="preserve"><emph style="bf">b</emph>) <emph style="sp">Claſſification</emph>.</head>
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1650 <note position="right" xml:space="preserve"> <lb/>Wiſſenſchaft erſter \\ Ordnung. # Wiſſenſchaften zweiter \\ Ordnung. # Wiſſenſchaften dritter \\ Ordnung. <lb/><emph style="bf">Technologie.</emph> # <emph style="sp">Elementar-Tech- \\ nologie</emph>. # Technographie. <lb/> # # Induſtrielle Gewinnlehre. <lb/> # <emph style="sp">Vergleichende \\ Technologie</emph>. # Induſtrielle Oeconomie. <lb/> # # Induſtrielle Phyſik. <lb/></note>
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1651 <p>
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1652 <s xml:id="echoid-s930" xml:space="preserve">Bei der Anwendung der vier Geſichtspunkte auf dieſe <lb/>Eintheilung iſt zu bemerken, daß hier der troponomiſche und <lb/>cryptologiſche Geſichtspunkt in einem andern Verhältniß zu <lb/>einander ſtehen, als ſie von Ampère ſonſt genommen wer-<lb/>den, nemlich in dem Verhältniß eines empiriſch vergleichen-<lb/>den und eines aus allgemeinen Principien ableitenden Er-<lb/>kennens.</s>
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1653 <s xml:id="echoid-s931" xml:space="preserve"/>
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1654 </p>
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1655 </div>
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1656 <div xml:id="echoid-div58" type="section" level="1" n="52">
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1657 <head xml:id="echoid-head64" xml:space="preserve">§. 3. <lb/>Wiſſenſchaften der dritten Ordnung, die ſich auf die Zuſammenſetzung der <lb/>Erde, auf die Natur und Anordnung ihrer verſchiedenen Beſtandtheile <lb/>beziehen.</head>
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1658 <p>
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1659 <s xml:id="echoid-s932" xml:space="preserve">Es iſt klar, daß dieſe Wiſſenſchaften die in dem Bis-<lb/>herigen angeführten mathematiſchen, mechaniſchen, phyſika-<lb/>liſchen, chemiſchen und technologiſchen Kenntniſſe voraus-<lb/>ſetzen und darum auf dieſelben folgen müſſen.</s>
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1660 <s xml:id="echoid-s933" xml:space="preserve"/>
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1661 </p>
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1662 </div>
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1663 <div xml:id="echoid-div59" type="section" level="1" n="53">
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1664 <head xml:id="echoid-head65" xml:space="preserve">a) <emph style="sp">Aufzählung und Definitionen</emph>.</head>
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1665 <head xml:id="echoid-head66" xml:space="preserve">1) Phyſiſche Geographie.</head>
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1666 <p>
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1667 <s xml:id="echoid-s934" xml:space="preserve">Sie erforſcht die auf der Oberfläche des Erdballs ſtatt-<lb/>
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1668 <pb o="71" file="0085" n="85"/>
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1669 habenden Vorgänge, unterſucht die Meere, Flüſſe, Ebenen, <lb/>Berge, die Höhen derſelben und ihre Verkettungen, ſie ſchil-<lb/>dert die Phyſionomie der verſchiedenen Erdtheile und Länder <lb/>hinſichtlich der daſelbſt vorkommenden Pflanzen- und Thier-<lb/>geſchlechter, die Neigungen und Abweichungen der Magnet-<lb/>nadel, Temperatur und chemiſche Beſchaffenheit der Quellen, <lb/>der Meere u. </s>
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1670 <s xml:id="echoid-s935" xml:space="preserve">ſ. </s>
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1671 <s xml:id="echoid-s936" xml:space="preserve">f.</s>
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1672 <s xml:id="echoid-s937" xml:space="preserve">, Beſchaffenheit der Winde, überhaupt die <lb/>meteorologiſchen Vorgänge; </s>
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1673 <s xml:id="echoid-s938" xml:space="preserve">die Natur der verſchiedenen <lb/>Terrains, welche mittelſt übereinander gelagerter Schichten <lb/>den Boden der Ebenen bilden und an den Seiten der Ge-<lb/>birge entblößt liegen.</s>
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1674 <s xml:id="echoid-s939" xml:space="preserve"/>
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1675 </p>
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1676 </div>
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1677 <div xml:id="echoid-div60" type="section" level="1" n="54">
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1678 <head xml:id="echoid-head67" xml:space="preserve">2) Mineralogie.</head>
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1679 <p>
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1680 <s xml:id="echoid-s940" xml:space="preserve">Dieſe Wiſſenſchaft geht über die unmittelbare Beobach-<lb/>tung, bei welcher die vorige ſtehen bleibt, hinaus, und un-<lb/>terſucht die Beſtandtheile, aus welchen die Erdrinde beſteht, <lb/>und die man Mineralien nennt, die einfachen wie die Con-<lb/>glomerate. </s>
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1681 <s xml:id="echoid-s941" xml:space="preserve">Die Mineralogie kann erſt nach der phyſiſchen <lb/>Geographie kommen, denn ſpricht man von einem Mineral, <lb/>ſo muß man auch ſagen können, welche Theile des Erdballs <lb/>welche Gebirgsketten, welche Bodenarten daſſelbe enthalten.</s>
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1682 <s xml:id="echoid-s942" xml:space="preserve"/>
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1683 </p>
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1684 <p>
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1685 <s xml:id="echoid-s943" xml:space="preserve">Ampère macht bei der Mineralogie eine zweifache Be-<lb/>merkung. </s>
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1686 <s xml:id="echoid-s944" xml:space="preserve">Er führt nemlich die Gründe an, warum er die <lb/>Mineralogie nicht, wie gewöhnlich geſchieht, mit der Botanik <lb/>und Zoologie in eine Claſſe ſtellt, ſondern warum die Mi-<lb/>neralogie nur eine Wiſſenſchaft dritter Ordnung in ſeinem <lb/>Syſtem iſt, während Botanik und Zoologie Wiſſenſchaften <lb/>erſter Ordnung ſind. </s>
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1687 <s xml:id="echoid-s945" xml:space="preserve">Der Grund für die Trennung der <lb/>Mineralogie aus der Claſſe der Wiſſenſchaften, in welchen <lb/>die andern Naturreiche abgehandelt werden, beruht darauf, <lb/>daß er das Mineral für etwas rein Unorganiſches erklärt; <lb/></s>
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1688 <s xml:id="echoid-s946" xml:space="preserve">wir werden ſpäter die nöthigen Einwürfe hiergegen machen <lb/>und der Mineralogie ihre Stellung neben der Botanik und <lb/>Zoologie vindiciren. </s>
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1689 <s xml:id="echoid-s947" xml:space="preserve">Die andere Bemerkung iſt ſehr ſinn-<lb/>reich, und ſie gilt auch bei unſerer veränderten Annahme: </s>
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1690 <s xml:id="echoid-s948" xml:space="preserve"><lb/>
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1691 <pb o="72" file="0086" n="86"/>
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1692 der Lebensproceß des Minerals ſei ganz einfach, und ge-<lb/>wiſſermaßen mit der Entſtehung des Minerals auch ſchon <lb/>zu Ende, daher könne von einer Theilung des mineraliſchen <lb/>Wiſſens in vier Wiſſenſchaften dritter Ordnung nicht die <lb/>Rede ſein.</s>
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1693 <s xml:id="echoid-s949" xml:space="preserve"/>
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1694 </p>
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1695 </div>
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1696 <div xml:id="echoid-div61" type="section" level="1" n="55">
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1697 <head xml:id="echoid-head68" xml:space="preserve">3) Geonomie.</head>
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1698 <p>
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1699 <s xml:id="echoid-s950" xml:space="preserve">Dieſe Wiſſenſchaft, welcher die beiden vorhergehenden <lb/>das Material geben, unterſucht die Geſetze der Lagenver-<lb/>hältniſſe und ihre wechſelſeitige Abhängigkeit von einander, <lb/>indem gewiſſe Mineralien nur an beſtimmten Orten und <lb/>zuſammen mit andern Mineralien vorkommen.</s>
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1700 <s xml:id="echoid-s951" xml:space="preserve"/>
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1701 </p>
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1702 </div>
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1703 <div xml:id="echoid-div62" type="section" level="1" n="56">
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1704 <head xml:id="echoid-head69" xml:space="preserve">4) Theorie der Erde.</head>
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1705 <p>
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1706 <s xml:id="echoid-s952" xml:space="preserve">Dieſe Wiſſenſchaft erforſcht die letzten Urſachen der in der <lb/>vorigen Wiſſenſchaft entwickelten Geſetze, die Urſachen ferner, <lb/>welche den allmähligen Veränderungen, wie den plötzlichen <lb/>Umwälzungen unſeres Erdballs und der Stufenfolge der <lb/>Formationen u. </s>
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1707 <s xml:id="echoid-s953" xml:space="preserve">ſ. </s>
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1708 <s xml:id="echoid-s954" xml:space="preserve">w. </s>
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1709 <s xml:id="echoid-s955" xml:space="preserve">zu Grunde liegen.</s>
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1710 <s xml:id="echoid-s956" xml:space="preserve"/>
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1711 </p>
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1712 </div>
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1713 <div xml:id="echoid-div63" type="section" level="1" n="57">
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1714 <head xml:id="echoid-head70" xml:space="preserve">b) <emph style="sp">Claſſification</emph>.</head>
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1715 <note position="right" xml:space="preserve"> <lb/>Wiſſenſchaft erſter \\ Ordnung. # Wiſſenſchaften zweiter \\ Ordnung. # Wiſſenſchaften dritter \\ Ordnung. <lb/><emph style="bf">Geologie.</emph> # <emph style="sp">Elementargeologie</emph>. # Phyſiſche Geographie. <lb/> # # Mineralogie. <lb/> # <emph style="sp">Vergleichende Geo- \\ logie</emph>. # Geonomie. <lb/> # # Theorie der Erde. <lb/></note>
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1716 <p>
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1717 <s xml:id="echoid-s957" xml:space="preserve">Folgt dann die Application der vier Geſichtspunkte.</s>
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1718 <s xml:id="echoid-s958" xml:space="preserve"/>
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1719 </p>
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1720 </div>
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1721 <div xml:id="echoid-div64" type="section" level="1" n="58">
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1722 <head xml:id="echoid-head71" xml:space="preserve">§. 4. <lb/>Wiſſenſchaften der dritten Ordnung, welche unterſuchen, wie die auf der <lb/>Oberfläche und in der Tiefe der Erde befindlichen Materien herbeizuſchaffen <lb/>ſind, um auf die möglichſt vortheilhafte Art bearbeitet zu werden.</head>
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1723 <p>
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1724 <s xml:id="echoid-s959" xml:space="preserve">Dieſe Wiſſenſchaften verhalten ſich zur Geologie wie <lb/>die Technologie zur allgemeinen Phyſik; </s>
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1725 <s xml:id="echoid-s960" xml:space="preserve">und auch die Stel-<lb/>lung dieſer Wiſſenſchaften unter einander entſprechen ganz <lb/>
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1726 <pb o="73" file="0087" n="87"/>
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1727 den Verhältniſſen, welche die technologiſchen Wiſſenſchaften <lb/>zu einander haben.</s>
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1728 <s xml:id="echoid-s961" xml:space="preserve"/>
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1729 </p>
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1730 </div>
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1731 <div xml:id="echoid-div65" type="section" level="1" n="59">
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1732 <head xml:id="echoid-head72" xml:space="preserve">a) <emph style="sp">Aufzählung und Definitionen</emph>.</head>
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1733 <head xml:id="echoid-head73" xml:space="preserve">1) Grubenbau.</head>
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1734 <p>
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1735 <s xml:id="echoid-s962" xml:space="preserve">Dieſe Wiſſenſchaft ſchildert analog der Technographie alle <lb/>Arbeiten und Hilfsmittel, welche bei der Herbeiſchaffung der <lb/>Mineralien nothwendig ſind. </s>
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1736 <s xml:id="echoid-s963" xml:space="preserve">Ampère nimmt das Wort in <lb/>einem dem Wortlaut widerſprechenden weitern Sinn und <lb/>verſteht darunter auch die Gewinnung mineraliſcher Pro-<lb/>ducte aus dem Meer, die verſchiedenen Arten, Salz zu be-<lb/>kommen u. </s>
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1737 <s xml:id="echoid-s964" xml:space="preserve">ſ. </s>
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1738 <s xml:id="echoid-s965" xml:space="preserve">f.</s>
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1739 <s xml:id="echoid-s966" xml:space="preserve"/>
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1740 </p>
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1741 </div>
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1742 <div xml:id="echoid-div66" type="section" level="1" n="60">
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1743 <head xml:id="echoid-head74" xml:space="preserve">2) Probirkunſt.</head>
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1744 <p>
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1745 <s xml:id="echoid-s967" xml:space="preserve">Dieſe Wiſſenſchaft ſchätzt den Werth der gewonnenen <lb/>Mineralien, lehrt Vorausberechnung machen über die zu <lb/>erwartenden Reſultate, Koſtenüberſchläge entwerfen u. </s>
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1746 <s xml:id="echoid-s968" xml:space="preserve">ſ. </s>
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1747 <s xml:id="echoid-s969" xml:space="preserve">f.</s>
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1748 <s xml:id="echoid-s970" xml:space="preserve"/>
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1749 </p>
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1750 </div>
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1751 <div xml:id="echoid-div67" type="section" level="1" n="61">
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1752 <head xml:id="echoid-head75" xml:space="preserve">3) Oryxionomie.</head>
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1753 <p>
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1754 <s xml:id="echoid-s971" xml:space="preserve">Dieſe Wiſſenſchafft ſtellt wie die induſtrielle Oeconomie <lb/>die verſchiedenen Verfahren zuſammen, und lehrt daraus, <lb/>ſich ein Urtheil zu bilden über den Werth der verſchiedenen <lb/>Methoden.</s>
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1755 <s xml:id="echoid-s972" xml:space="preserve"/>
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1756 </p>
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1757 </div>
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1758 <div xml:id="echoid-div68" type="section" level="1" n="62">
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1759 <head xml:id="echoid-head76" xml:space="preserve">4) Mineralphyſik.</head>
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1760 <p>
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1761 <s xml:id="echoid-s973" xml:space="preserve">Dieſe Wiſſenſchaft ſtellt die gleiche Unterſuchung an, <lb/>wie die vorige, aber ſtatt die oft koſtſpieligen vergleichenden <lb/>Erfahrungen zu machen, zieht ſie die Wiſſenſchaften über <lb/>die phyſikaliſchen und chemiſchen Vorgänge, ſo wie die geo-<lb/>logiſchen Reſultate zu Hilfe, weshalb ihr Ampère, analog <lb/>der induſtriellen Phyſik den Namen Mineralphyſik gab.</s>
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1762 <s xml:id="echoid-s974" xml:space="preserve"/>
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1763 </p>
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1764 </div>
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1765 <div xml:id="echoid-div69" type="section" level="1" n="63">
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1766 <head xml:id="echoid-head77" xml:space="preserve">b) <emph style="sp">Claſſification</emph>.</head>
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1767 <note position="right" xml:space="preserve"> <lb/>Wiſſenſchaft erſter \\ Ordnung. # Wiſſenſchaften zweiter \\ Ordnung. # Wiſſenſchaften dritter \\ Ordnung. <lb/><emph style="bf">Oryctotechnie.</emph> # <emph style="sp">Elementar-Orycto- \\ technie</emph>. # Grubenbau. <lb/> # # Probirkunſt. <lb/> # <emph style="sp">Vergleichende Oryc- \\ totechnie</emph>. # Oryxionomie. <lb/> # # Mineralphyſik. <lb/></note>
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1768
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1769 <pb o="74" file="0088" n="88"/>
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1770 <p>
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1771 <s xml:id="echoid-s975" xml:space="preserve">Ueber die Anwendung der vier Geſichtspunkte iſt die <lb/>gleiche Bemerkung zu machen, wie bei der Technologie.</s>
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1772 <s xml:id="echoid-s976" xml:space="preserve"/>
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1773 </p>
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1774 </div>
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1775 <div xml:id="echoid-div70" type="section" level="1" n="64">
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1776 <head xml:id="echoid-head78" xml:space="preserve">§. 5. <lb/>Definitionen und Eintheilung der Wiſſenſchaften erſter Ordnung, welche <lb/>die unorganiſchen Eigenſchaften der Körper und die Anordnung der letz-<lb/>tern auf und in der Erde zum Inhalt haben.</head>
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1777 <p>
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1778 <s xml:id="echoid-s977" xml:space="preserve">Wir haben nun alle Wiſſenſchaften erſter Ordnung <lb/>abgethan, welche ſich auf dieſen allgemeinen Gegenſtand be-<lb/>ziehen und demzufolge in eine Provinz zuſammengeſtellt wer-<lb/>den müſſen, und es bleibt uns blos noch die Aufgabe übrig, <lb/>dieſe Wiſſenſchaften ganz unabhängig von den in jeder der-<lb/>ſelben enthaltenen Wiſſenſchaften dritter Ordnung zu defini-<lb/>ren, ihre Reihenfolge und Grenzen zu beſtimmen und ſie zu <lb/>claſſificiren.</s>
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1779 <s xml:id="echoid-s978" xml:space="preserve"><anchor type="note" xlink:href="" symbol="*"/></s>
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1780 </p>
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1781 </div>
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1782 <div xml:id="echoid-div71" type="section" level="1" n="65">
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1783 <head xml:id="echoid-head79" xml:space="preserve">a) <emph style="sp">Aufzählung und Claſſification</emph>.</head>
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1784 <head xml:id="echoid-head80" xml:space="preserve">1) Allgemeine Phyſik.</head>
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1785 <p>
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1786 <s xml:id="echoid-s979" xml:space="preserve">In allen Wiſſenſchaften, welche der allgemeinen Phyſik <lb/>vorausgingen, betrachtete man die Welt in ihrem Geſammt-<lb/>zuſammenhang; </s>
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1787 <s xml:id="echoid-s980" xml:space="preserve">letztere Wiſſenſchaft aber unterſucht die <lb/>Eigenſchaften der dieſes ungeheure Ganze ausmachenden <lb/>unorganiſchen Körper im Beſondern, und wie groß auch die <lb/>Analogie ſein mag, welche zwiſchen ihr und der Uranologie <lb/>beſteht, ſo reicht doch das angegebene Merkmal vollkommen <lb/>hin, zwiſchen dieſen beiden anſcheinend ſo nahe verwandten <lb/>Wiſſenſchaften eine Grenzlinie zu ziehen, welche aber zu-<lb/>gleich auch die Grenzlinie zwiſchen den Provinzen der ma-<lb/>thematiſchen und der phyſikaliſchen Wiſſenſchaften iſt. </s>
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1788 <s xml:id="echoid-s981" xml:space="preserve">Der <lb/>Menſch bekommt hier einen ganz neuen Gegenſtand für ſeine <lb/>Unterſuchungen, und zu gleicher Zeit ſtellt ſich ihm ein neues <lb/>Mittel zur Forſchung dar. </s>
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1789 <s xml:id="echoid-s982" xml:space="preserve">Bis jetzt hat er ſich nemlich auf <lb/>die Beobachtung beſchränken müſſen, von jetzt an verbindet <lb/>er damit den Verſuch.</s>
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1790 <s xml:id="echoid-s983" xml:space="preserve"/>
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1791 </p>
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1792 <note symbol="*" position="foot" xml:space="preserve">Siehe die Critik dieſer Claſſification weiter unten.</note>
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1793
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1794 <pb o="75" file="0089" n="89"/>
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1795 </div>
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1796 <div xml:id="echoid-div72" type="section" level="1" n="66">
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1797 <head xml:id="echoid-head81" xml:space="preserve">2) Technologie.</head>
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1798 <p>
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1799 <s xml:id="echoid-s984" xml:space="preserve">In der allgemeinen Phyſik erforſchen wir die Körper <lb/>ganz allein zu dem Zweck, ihre Eigenſchaften und Erſchei-<lb/>nungen kennen zu lernen, in der Technologie dagegen ge-<lb/>ſchieht dieß mit der Abſicht, die Vortheile ausfindig zu machen, <lb/>welche wir aus denſelben ziehen können, und die Mittel <lb/>kennen zu lernen, wodurch wir ſie unſern Bedürfniſſen dienſt-<lb/>bar machen.</s>
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1800 <s xml:id="echoid-s985" xml:space="preserve"/>
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1801 </p>
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1802 </div>
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1803 <div xml:id="echoid-div73" type="section" level="1" n="67">
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1804 <head xml:id="echoid-head82" xml:space="preserve">3) Geologie.</head>
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1805 <p>
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1806 <s xml:id="echoid-s986" xml:space="preserve">Die allgemeine Phyſik unterſcheidet ſich von der Geo-<lb/>logie hinreichend durch den Umſtand, daß die erſtere die Kör-<lb/>per nur im Allgemeinen betrachtet, während die letztere die-<lb/>ſelben als Theile unſeres Erdballs unterſucht. </s>
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1807 <s xml:id="echoid-s987" xml:space="preserve">Man ſtößt <lb/>jedoch auf einige Schwierigkeit, wenn man dieſen Unterſchied <lb/>bis in das Detail entwickelt, und ich beſtimme deshalb den-<lb/>ſelben auf folgende Weiſe näher: </s>
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1808 <s xml:id="echoid-s988" xml:space="preserve">der Inhalt der allgemeinen <lb/>Phyſik iſt das Studium der Eigenſchaften und Erſcheinun-<lb/>gen, welche wir an den Körpern zu allen Zeiten und an <lb/>allen Orten bemerken; </s>
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1809 <s xml:id="echoid-s989" xml:space="preserve">während die Geologie nichts anderes <lb/>iſt, als das vergleichende Studium aller der Modificationen, <lb/>welche jene Eigenſchaften und Erſcheinungen zu verſchiedenen <lb/>Zeiten und an verſchiedenen Orten erleiden können.</s>
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1810 <s xml:id="echoid-s990" xml:space="preserve"/>
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1811 </p>
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1812 <p>
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1813 <s xml:id="echoid-s991" xml:space="preserve">Die allgemeine Phyſik zum Beiſpiel muß uns belehren, <lb/>daß die Magnetnadel nach Norden weißt und ſich bald mehr <lb/>bald weniger nach Oſten und Weſten neigt; </s>
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1814 <s xml:id="echoid-s992" xml:space="preserve">daß der atmo-<lb/>ſphäriſche Druck einer Queckſilberſäule, welche unter zahlreichen <lb/>Umſtänden mancherlei Veränderungen unterworfen iſt, das <lb/>Gleichgewicht hält; </s>
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1815 <s xml:id="echoid-s993" xml:space="preserve">daß Waſſer verdunſtet, ſich in Wolken ver-<lb/>dichtet und als Regen wieder herunterfällt; </s>
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1816 <s xml:id="echoid-s994" xml:space="preserve">daß die verſchiedenen <lb/>Subſtanzen, welche den Boden bilden, auf dem wir wandeln, <lb/>meiſt in parallelen, mehr oder weniger geneigten Schichten <lb/>gelagert ſind, u. </s>
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1817 <s xml:id="echoid-s995" xml:space="preserve">ſ. </s>
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1818 <s xml:id="echoid-s996" xml:space="preserve">f. </s>
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1819 <s xml:id="echoid-s997" xml:space="preserve">Die phyſiſche Geographie aber belehrt <lb/>uns, wie ſtark die Abweichung der Magnetnadel, wie hoch der <lb/>Barometerſtand, wie groß die Regenmenge an verſchiedenen <lb/>Orten und zu verſchiedenen Zeiten iſt. </s>
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1820 <s xml:id="echoid-s998" xml:space="preserve">Ebenſo belehrt uns die <lb/>
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1821 <pb o="76" file="0090" n="90"/>
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1822 Geonomie über die Natur und die Neigung der Boden-<lb/>ſchichten in verſchiedenen Gegenden. </s>
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1823 <s xml:id="echoid-s999" xml:space="preserve">So macht die Me-<lb/>teorologie nur einen Theil der allgemeinen Phyſik aus, wenn <lb/>ſie die Erſcheinungen der Atmoſphäre blos in allgemeiner <lb/>Weiſe behandelt; </s>
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1824 <s xml:id="echoid-s1000" xml:space="preserve">ſobald ſie aber auf die Verſchiedenheiten <lb/>dieſer Erſcheinungen an den verſchiedenen Orten eingeht, ſo <lb/>gehört ſie in die phyſiſche Geographie.</s>
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1825 <s xml:id="echoid-s1001" xml:space="preserve"/>
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1826 </p>
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1827 </div>
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1828 <div xml:id="echoid-div74" type="section" level="1" n="68">
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1829 <head xml:id="echoid-head83" xml:space="preserve">4) Oryctotechnie.</head>
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1830 <p>
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1831 <s xml:id="echoid-s1002" xml:space="preserve">Die Oryctotechnie unterſcheidet ſich von der Geologie <lb/>ebenſo, wie die Technologie von der allgemeinen Phyſik. <lb/></s>
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1832 <s xml:id="echoid-s1003" xml:space="preserve">Die Geologie unterſucht die Beſtandtheile des Erdballs nur <lb/>zu dem Zweck, ſie kennen zu lernen, die Oryctotechnie aber <lb/>in der Abſicht, ſie für unſere Bedürfniſſe herbeizuſchaffen.</s>
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1833 <s xml:id="echoid-s1004" xml:space="preserve"/>
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1834 </p>
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1835 <p>
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1836 <s xml:id="echoid-s1005" xml:space="preserve">Ampère zweifelte anfangs, ob die Technologie wirklich <lb/>vor die Oryctotechnie zu ſtehen komme. </s>
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1837 <s xml:id="echoid-s1006" xml:space="preserve">Auf den erſten <lb/>Anblick glaubte er, zuerſt müſſe man die Mittel abhandeln, <lb/>mittelſt deren man die Mineralien herbeiſchafft, ehe man die <lb/>Verarbeitung derſelben zum Gegenſtand der Unterſuchung <lb/>macht, und dann müßte nicht blos die Oryctotechnie vor <lb/>der Technologie ſtehen, ſondern auch die auf Benutzung von <lb/>Pflanzen und Thieren bezüglichen Wiſſenſchaften. </s>
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1838 <s xml:id="echoid-s1007" xml:space="preserve">Er ſah <lb/>jedoch bald ein, daß es ſich nicht ſo verhalte. </s>
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1839 <s xml:id="echoid-s1008" xml:space="preserve">Man kann <lb/>offenbar die techniſchen Arbeiten, durch welche die im Han-<lb/>del vorkommenden Subſtanzen auf die angemeſſenſte Weiſe <lb/>verwandelt werden, alle mit einander abhandeln, ohne ſich <lb/>um die Mittel zu bekümmern, durch welche jene Subſtanzen <lb/>herbeigeſchafft werden; </s>
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1840 <s xml:id="echoid-s1009" xml:space="preserve">die Technologie dagegen liefert dem <lb/>Grubenarbeiter alle nothwendigen Maſchinen, Inſtrumente <lb/>und Apparate, deren Gebrauch unmöglich verſtanden wer-<lb/>den kann ohne eine genügende Kenntniß von den techni-<lb/>ſchen Arbeiten. </s>
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1841 <s xml:id="echoid-s1010" xml:space="preserve">Dieſe Kenntniſſe ſind ebenſo nothwendig <lb/>für die Cultur der Gewächſe und die Pflege der Hausthiere; <lb/></s>
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1842 <s xml:id="echoid-s1011" xml:space="preserve">und wenn wir uns an die im Eingang dieſes Werks auf-<lb/>geſtellten Principien erinnern, ſo genügt ſchon der einzige <lb/>
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1843 <pb o="77" file="0091" n="91"/>
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1844 eben angeführte Grund, um ſich dafür zu entſcheiden, daß <lb/>die Technologie vor allen denjenigen Wiſſenſchaften ſtehen <lb/>muß, welche es mit der Herbeiſchaffung des denſelben noth-<lb/>wendigen Materials zu thun haben. </s>
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1845 <s xml:id="echoid-s1012" xml:space="preserve">Ie nachdem nun dieſe <lb/>Subſtanzen aus dem Mineral-, Pflanzen- oder Thierreich <lb/>ſtammen, müſſen auch die zu ihrer Herbeiſchaffung noth-<lb/>wendigen Arbeiten verſchieden ſein und in verſchiedenen <lb/>Wiſſenſchaften behandelt werden. </s>
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1846 <s xml:id="echoid-s1013" xml:space="preserve">Eine ſolche Trennung <lb/>findet aber in der Technologie nicht ſtatt, denn die in der-<lb/>ſelben vorkommenden Arbeiten bieten keine weſentlichen Un-<lb/>terſchiede dar, welches Urſprungs auch die benützten Sub-<lb/>ſtanzen ſein mögen, und oft ſind in Einem Kunſtprodukt <lb/>Materialien vereinigt, die aus allen drei Naturreichen ab-<lb/>ſtammen.</s>
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1847 <s xml:id="echoid-s1014" xml:space="preserve"/>
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1848 </p>
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1849 </div>
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1850 <div xml:id="echoid-div75" type="section" level="1" n="69">
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1851 <head xml:id="echoid-head84" xml:space="preserve">b) <emph style="sp">Claſſification</emph>.</head>
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1852 <note position="right" xml:space="preserve"> <lb/>Provinz. # Kreiſe. # Wiſſenſchaften erſter \\ Ordnung. <lb/><emph style="bf">Phyſicaliſche \\ Wiſſenſchaften.</emph> # <emph style="sp">Phyſicaliſche Wiſſen- \\ ſchaften im engern \\ Sinn</emph>. # Allgemeine Phyſik. <lb/> # # Technologie. <lb/> # <emph style="sp">Geologiſche Wiſſen- \\ ſchaften</emph>. # Geologie. <lb/> # # Oryctotechnie. <lb/></note>
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1853 <p>
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1854 <s xml:id="echoid-s1015" xml:space="preserve">Ampère macht nun hier wieder die gewöhnliche An-<lb/>wendung ſeiner vier Geſichtspunkte, welche aber, wie unten <lb/>gezeigt werden wird, gänzlich verfehlt iſt.</s>
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1855 <s xml:id="echoid-s1016" xml:space="preserve"/>
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1856 </p>
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1857 </div>
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1858 <div xml:id="echoid-div76" type="section" level="1" n="70">
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1859 <head xml:id="echoid-head85" xml:space="preserve"><emph style="bf"><emph style="sp">Drittes Kapitel</emph>.</emph> <lb/><emph style="bf">Cosmologiſche Wiſſenſchaften, die ſich auf lebendige Weſen,</emph> <lb/><emph style="bf">Pflanzen und Thiere beziehen.</emph></head>
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1860 <p>
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1861 <s xml:id="echoid-s1017" xml:space="preserve">Auf das Studium des Erdballs und ſeiner Beſtand-<lb/>theile muß der Natur der Sache nach das Studium der <lb/>
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1862 <pb o="78" file="0092" n="92"/>
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1863 Pflanzen folgen, die aus ſeinem Innern hervorwachſen und <lb/>ſeine Oberfläche bedecken; </s>
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1864 <s xml:id="echoid-s1018" xml:space="preserve">dann das Studium der Thiere, <lb/>welche die Erde bewohnen und ohne Pflanzen nicht exiſtiren <lb/>könnten.</s>
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1865 <s xml:id="echoid-s1019" xml:space="preserve"/>
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1866 </p>
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1867 </div>
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1868 <div xml:id="echoid-div77" type="section" level="1" n="71">
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1869 <head xml:id="echoid-head86" xml:space="preserve">§. 1. <lb/>Wiſſenſchaften britter Ordnung, enthaltend die Kenntniß der Pflanzen <lb/>und der Lebenserſcheinungen dieſer zwar organiſirten, aber der Empfin-<lb/>dung und freien Bewegung entbehrenden Weſen.</head>
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1870 <p>
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1871 <s xml:id="echoid-s1020" xml:space="preserve">Wir haben es zunächſt nur mit der <emph style="sp">Erkenntniß</emph> der <lb/>Pflanzen zu thun, und erſt ſpäter wird von den Wiſſen-<lb/>ſchaften die Rede ſein, die ſich auf die Benützung der Ge-<lb/>wächſe beziehen.</s>
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1872 <s xml:id="echoid-s1021" xml:space="preserve"/>
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1873 </p>
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1874 </div>
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1875 <div xml:id="echoid-div78" type="section" level="1" n="72">
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1876 <head xml:id="echoid-head87" xml:space="preserve">a) <emph style="sp">Aufzählung und Definitionen</emph>.</head>
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1877 <head xml:id="echoid-head88" xml:space="preserve">1) Phytographie.</head>
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1878 <p>
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1879 <s xml:id="echoid-s1022" xml:space="preserve">Dieſe Wiſſenſchaft lehrt ſämmtliche äußere Charactere <lb/>der Pflanzen, die Bodenart, welche ſie trägt, die Climate, <lb/>in denen ſie vorkommen, ihre Erhebung über die Meeres-<lb/>fläche u. </s>
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1880 <s xml:id="echoid-s1023" xml:space="preserve">ſ. </s>
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1881 <s xml:id="echoid-s1024" xml:space="preserve">f. </s>
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1882 <s xml:id="echoid-s1025" xml:space="preserve">kennen.</s>
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1883 <s xml:id="echoid-s1026" xml:space="preserve"/>
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1884 </p>
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1885 </div>
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1886 <div xml:id="echoid-div79" type="section" level="1" n="73">
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1887 <head xml:id="echoid-head89" xml:space="preserve">2) Phytctomie.</head>
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1888 <p>
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1889 <s xml:id="echoid-s1027" xml:space="preserve">Dieſe Wiſſenſchaft ſucht die innere, der unmittelbaren <lb/>Anſchauung entzogene Organiſation der Pflanzen auf, und <lb/>wie die Objecte der Mineralogie ſich in zwei Hauptgruppen <lb/>theilen, die homogenen Subſtanzen und die in ſich hetero-<lb/>genen Conglomerate, ſo hat der Pflanzenanatom die homo-<lb/>genen Gewebe und die aus mehreren ſolchen Geweben zu-<lb/>ſammengeſetzten Organe dem Blick darzulegen.</s>
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1890 <s xml:id="echoid-s1028" xml:space="preserve"/>
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1891 </p>
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1892 </div>
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1893 <div xml:id="echoid-div80" type="section" level="1" n="74">
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1894 <head xml:id="echoid-head90" xml:space="preserve">3) Phytonomie.</head>
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1895 <p>
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1896 <s xml:id="echoid-s1029" xml:space="preserve">Dieſe Wiſſenſchaft vergleicht die verſchiedenen Entwick-<lb/>lungsſtufen einer und derſelben Pflanzenart, eben ſo die <lb/>verſchiedenen Pflanzenarten unter einander und lehrt auf <lb/>die Geſetze ſchließen, welche das Leben der einzelnen Pflan-<lb/>zen und des ganzen Reichs in ſeinen verſchiedenen Abthei-<lb/>lungen beherrſchen. </s>
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1897 <s xml:id="echoid-s1030" xml:space="preserve">Hierher gehört auch die Pflanzengeo-<lb/>
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1898 <pb o="79" file="0093" n="93"/>
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1899 graphie, welche aus der phyſiſchen Geographie hauptſächlich <lb/>ihr Material zieht.</s>
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1900 <s xml:id="echoid-s1031" xml:space="preserve"/>
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1901 </p>
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1902 </div>
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1903 <div xml:id="echoid-div81" type="section" level="1" n="75">
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1904 <head xml:id="echoid-head91" xml:space="preserve">4) Pflanzenphyſiologie.</head>
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1905 <p>
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1906 <s xml:id="echoid-s1032" xml:space="preserve">Dieſe Wiſſenſchaft ſucht die letzten Urſachen des Lebens <lb/>der Pflanzen und der Bildung und Functionen ihrer Organe.</s>
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1907 <s xml:id="echoid-s1033" xml:space="preserve"/>
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1908 </p>
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1909 </div>
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1910 <div xml:id="echoid-div82" type="section" level="1" n="76">
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1911 <head xml:id="echoid-head92" xml:space="preserve">b) <emph style="sp">Claſſification</emph>.</head>
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1912 <note position="right" xml:space="preserve"> <lb/>Wiſſenſchaft erſter \\ Ordnung. # Wiſſenſchaften zweiter \\ Ordnung. # Wiſſenſchaften dritter \\ Ordnung. <lb/><emph style="bf">Botanik.</emph> # <emph style="sp">Elementarbotanik</emph>. # Phytographie. <lb/> # # Phytotomie. <lb/> # <emph style="sp">Phytognoſie</emph>. # Phytonomie. <lb/> # # Pflanzenphyſiologie. <lb/></note>
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1913 <p>
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1914 <s xml:id="echoid-s1034" xml:space="preserve">Folgt die gewöhnliche Application der vier Geſichts-<lb/>punkte.</s>
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1915 <s xml:id="echoid-s1035" xml:space="preserve"/>
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1916 </p>
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1917 </div>
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1918 <div xml:id="echoid-div83" type="section" level="1" n="77">
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1919 <head xml:id="echoid-head93" xml:space="preserve">§. 2. <lb/>Wiſſenſchaften der dritten Ordnung, enthaltend die Arbeiten, mittelſt deren <lb/>wir die Pflanzenwelt zu unſerem Nutzen und Vergnügen tauglich machen.</head>
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1920 <p>
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1921 <s xml:id="echoid-s1036" xml:space="preserve">Die vier Wiſſenſchaften, welche Ampère hier aufführt, <lb/>gleichen nach ihrer Begriffsbeſtimmung und ihrem Verhält-<lb/>niß unter einander ſo ſehr den technologiſchen und orycto-<lb/>techniſchen Wiſſenſchaften, daß ich mich, mit Hinweiſung auf <lb/>dieſe, begnüge, die Claſſification zu geben.</s>
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1922 <s xml:id="echoid-s1037" xml:space="preserve"/>
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1923 </p>
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1924 <note position="right" xml:space="preserve"> <lb/>Wiſſenſchaft erſter \\ Ordnung. # Wiſſenſchaften zweiter \\ Ordnung. # Wiſſenſchaften dritter \\ Ordnung. <lb/><emph style="bf">Agricultur.</emph> # <emph style="sp">Elementaragri- \\ cultur</emph>. # Feld- und Gartenbau. <lb/> # # Landwirthſchaftliche Ge- \\ winnlehre. <lb/> # <emph style="sp">Vergleichende \\ Agricultur</emph>. # Agronomie. <lb/> # # Agriculturphyſiolgie. <lb/></note>
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1925 <p>
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1926 <s xml:id="echoid-s1038" xml:space="preserve">Folgt wieder das Schema der vier Geſichtspunkte.</s>
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1927 <s xml:id="echoid-s1039" xml:space="preserve"/>
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1928 </p>
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1929
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1930 <pb o="80" file="0094" n="94"/>
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1931 </div>
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1932 <div xml:id="echoid-div84" type="section" level="1" n="78">
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1933 <head xml:id="echoid-head94" xml:space="preserve">§. 3. <lb/>Wiſſenſchaften der dritten Ordnung, ſich beziehend auf die Kenntniß der <lb/>Thiere und ſämmtliche Lebenserſcheinungen dieſer mit Empfindung und <lb/>freier Bewegung begabten Weſen.</head>
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1934 <p>
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1935 <s xml:id="echoid-s1040" xml:space="preserve">Die Begriffsbeſtimmung dieſer Wiſſenſchaften gleicht <lb/>aufs Wort der Begriffsbeſtimmung der botaniſchen Wiſſen-<lb/>ſchaften; </s>
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1936 <s xml:id="echoid-s1041" xml:space="preserve">ich verweiſe alſo auf dieſe und begnüge mich, die <lb/>Claſſification hierher zu ſetzen.</s>
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1937 <s xml:id="echoid-s1042" xml:space="preserve"/>
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1938 </p>
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1939 <note position="right" xml:space="preserve"> <lb/>Wiſſenſchaft erſter \\ Ordnung. # Wiſſenſchaften zweiter \\ Ordnung. # Wiſſenſchaften dritter \\ Ordnung. <lb/><emph style="bf">Zoologie.</emph> # <emph style="sp">Elementarzoologie</emph>. # Zoographie. <lb/> # # Zootomie. <lb/> # <emph style="sp">Zoognoſie</emph>. # Zoonomie. <lb/> # # Phyſiologie der Thiere. <lb/></note>
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1940 <p>
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1941 <s xml:id="echoid-s1043" xml:space="preserve">Folgt das viertheilige Schema.</s>
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1942 <s xml:id="echoid-s1044" xml:space="preserve"/>
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1943 </p>
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1944 </div>
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1945 <div xml:id="echoid-div85" type="section" level="1" n="79">
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1946 <head xml:id="echoid-head95" xml:space="preserve">§. 4. <lb/>Wiſſenſchaften dritter Ordnung, welche ſich auf die Benützung der Thiere <lb/>beziehen.</head>
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1947 <p>
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1948 <s xml:id="echoid-s1045" xml:space="preserve">Dieß ſind wieder ganz die gleichen Begriffsbeſtimmun-<lb/>gen wie bei Technologie, Agricultur u. </s>
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1949 <s xml:id="echoid-s1046" xml:space="preserve">ſ. </s>
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1950 <s xml:id="echoid-s1047" xml:space="preserve">f. </s>
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1951 <s xml:id="echoid-s1048" xml:space="preserve">Die Lehre <lb/>von der Benützung der Thiere (Zootechnie) zerfällt in die <lb/>Beſchreibung der verſchiedenen dabei nöthigen Handthierun-<lb/>gen der Zucht, Iagd u. </s>
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1952 <s xml:id="echoid-s1049" xml:space="preserve">ſ. </s>
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1953 <s xml:id="echoid-s1050" xml:space="preserve">f. </s>
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1954 <s xml:id="echoid-s1051" xml:space="preserve">(Zoochreſie), Gewinnlehre <lb/>(Zooriſtik), empiriſche Erforſchung der verſchiedenen Metho-<lb/>den (Oecionomie) und wiſſenſchaftliche Beſtimmung der beſten <lb/>Methoden (Trepſiologie).</s>
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1955 <s xml:id="echoid-s1052" xml:space="preserve"/>
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1956 </p>
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1957 <note position="right" xml:space="preserve"> <lb/>Wiſſenſchaft erſter \\ Ordnung. # Wiſſenſchaften zweiter \\ Ordnung. # Wiſſenſchaften dritter \\ Ordnung. <lb/><emph style="bf">Zootechnie.</emph> # <emph style="sp">Elementarzootechnie</emph>. # Zoochreſie. <lb/> # # Zooriſtik. <lb/> # <emph style="sp">Vergleichende Zoo- \\ technie</emph>. # Oecionomie. <lb/> # # Threpſiologie. <lb/></note>
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1958 <p>
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1959 <s xml:id="echoid-s1053" xml:space="preserve">Folgt wieder das viertheilige Schema.</s>
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1960 <s xml:id="echoid-s1054" xml:space="preserve"/>
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1961 </p>
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1962
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1963 <pb o="81" file="0095" n="95"/>
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1964 </div>
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1965 <div xml:id="echoid-div86" type="section" level="1" n="80">
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1966 <head xml:id="echoid-head96" xml:space="preserve">§. 5. <lb/>Definitionen und Eintheilung der Wiſſenſchaften erſter Ordnung, die ſich <lb/>auf die lebenden Weſen, Pflanzen und Thiere beziehen.</head>
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1967 <head xml:id="echoid-head97" xml:space="preserve">a) <emph style="sp">Aufzählung und Definitionen</emph>.</head>
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1968 <head xml:id="echoid-head98" xml:space="preserve">1) Botanik.</head>
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1969 <p>
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1970 <s xml:id="echoid-s1055" xml:space="preserve">Ampère gibt hier an, warum er die Wiſſenſchaft, deren <lb/>Zweck Erkenntniß der Pflanze iſt, vor die Wiſſenſchaft der <lb/>Thiere ſtellte; </s>
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1971 <s xml:id="echoid-s1056" xml:space="preserve">die Erde, ſagt er, könnte mit Pflanzen bedeckt <lb/>ſein, ohne daß auch nur ein einziges Thier zu exiſtiren <lb/>brauchte, während umgekehrt die Thiere nicht ohne die Pflan-<lb/>zen beſtehen können. </s>
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1972 <s xml:id="echoid-s1057" xml:space="preserve">Ebenſo kann der Botaniker die Pflanze <lb/>ſtudiren, ohne etwas vom Thier zu wiſſen, während der <lb/>Zoolog die Kenntniß der Pflanzen (der Nahrung, ja manch-<lb/>mal der Wohnſtellen der Thiere) nicht entbehren kann.</s>
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1973 <s xml:id="echoid-s1058" xml:space="preserve"/>
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1974 </p>
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1975 </div>
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1976 <div xml:id="echoid-div87" type="section" level="1" n="81">
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1977 <head xml:id="echoid-head99" xml:space="preserve">2) Agricultur.</head>
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1978 <p>
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1979 <s xml:id="echoid-s1059" xml:space="preserve">Hiebei macht Ampère bemerklich, wie ſchwer die Grenzen <lb/>zwiſchen Agricultur und Technologie zu ziehen ſeien, eine <lb/>Schwierigkeit, welche bei der Grenzbeſtimmung zwiſchen Tech-<lb/>nologie und Oryctotechnie ſtatt findet. </s>
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1980 <s xml:id="echoid-s1060" xml:space="preserve">Er entſcheidet dieſe <lb/>Fragen dahin, daß er die Handthierungen und Arbeiten in <lb/>die Agricultur und Oryctotechnie verweiſt, ſo lang ſie noch <lb/>von dem Landbauer und Grubenarbeiter verſehen werden; <lb/></s>
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1981 <s xml:id="echoid-s1061" xml:space="preserve">in die Technologie aber, ſo bald die Producte in die Hände <lb/>des Conſumenten und Fabrikanten übergehen. </s>
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1982 <s xml:id="echoid-s1062" xml:space="preserve">Außerdem <lb/>hat man die Agricultur bald mit der Zootechnie zuſammen-<lb/>geworfen, bald ihren Begriff auf den bloſen Getreidebau <lb/>eingeſchränkt, was Ampère beides dem ſelbſtſtändigen und <lb/>umfaſſenden Begriff des Worts unangemeſſen findet.</s>
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1983 <s xml:id="echoid-s1063" xml:space="preserve"/>
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1984 </p>
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1985 </div>
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1986 <div xml:id="echoid-div88" type="section" level="1" n="82">
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1987 <head xml:id="echoid-head100" xml:space="preserve">3) Zoologie.</head>
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1988 <p>
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1989 <s xml:id="echoid-s1064" xml:space="preserve">Ampère vergleicht das Verhältniß dieſer Wiſſenſchaft <lb/>zur Botanik mit der Stellung der Mechanik zur Arithmo-<lb/>logie und Geometrie. </s>
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1990 <s xml:id="echoid-s1065" xml:space="preserve">Wie in der Mechanik zu den bloſen <lb/>Zahlen- und Raumgrößen auch noch Kräfte hinzukommen, <lb/>
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1991 <pb o="82" file="0096" n="96"/>
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1992 ſo iſt auch in der Botanik nur das einfachſte Leben Object <lb/>der Unterſuchung, in der Zoologie aber ein vollſtändigeres <lb/>Leben, ein Leben, das zu der Vegetation auch noch Empfin-<lb/>dung und freie Bewegung hat. </s>
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1993 <s xml:id="echoid-s1066" xml:space="preserve">Auch macht Ampère darauf <lb/>aufmerkſam, daß jetzt zum erſten Mal der Menſch als Ob-<lb/>ject der Wiſſenſchaft auftrete, zwar blos erſt nach ſeiner <lb/>phyſiſchen Seite und neben andern Naturweſen; </s>
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1994 <s xml:id="echoid-s1067" xml:space="preserve">bei den <lb/>pſychologiſchen Wiſſenſchaften werde er als Hauptobject er-<lb/>ſcheinen und die übrigen Naturweſen nur als Nebenſachen. <lb/></s>
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1995 <s xml:id="echoid-s1068" xml:space="preserve">Wir werden ſpäter den tiefern Sinn dieſer Bemerkungen <lb/>des geiſtreichen Ampère näher darlegen.</s>
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1996 <s xml:id="echoid-s1069" xml:space="preserve"/>
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1997 </p>
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1998 </div>
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1999 <div xml:id="echoid-div89" type="section" level="1" n="83">
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2000 <head xml:id="echoid-head101" xml:space="preserve">4) Zootechnie.</head>
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2001 <p>
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2002 <s xml:id="echoid-s1070" xml:space="preserve">Bei dieſer Wiſſenſchaft macht Ampère ganz dieſelbe <lb/>Grenzbeſtimmung gegenüber der Technologie, wie bei der <lb/>Agricultur und Oryctotechnie.</s>
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2003 <s xml:id="echoid-s1071" xml:space="preserve"/>
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2004 </p>
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2005 </div>
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2006 <div xml:id="echoid-div90" type="section" level="1" n="84">
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2007 <head xml:id="echoid-head102" xml:space="preserve">b) <emph style="sp">Claſſification</emph>.</head>
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2008 <p>
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2009 <s xml:id="echoid-s1072" xml:space="preserve">Ampère faßt dieſe Wiſſenſchaften unter dem gemeinſa-<lb/>men Begriff &#132;naturhiſtoriſche Wiſſenſchaften&#148; zuſammen und <lb/>gibt die Etymologie des Wortes Natur von &#132;nasci, <emph style="sp">ent-<lb/>ſtehen, werden</emph>,&#148; um den angeführten Namen als die <lb/>Bezeichnung der Wiſſenſchaften von lebenden Weſen (welche <lb/>entſtehen, ſich bilden, ſich fortpflanzen) zu rechtfertigen. </s>
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2010 <s xml:id="echoid-s1073" xml:space="preserve">Auf <lb/>dieſen Grund hin bringt er wieder die Ausſchließung der <lb/>Mineralogie von den naturhiſtoriſchen Wiſſenſchaften zur <lb/>Sprache, indem er ſagt, wenn man an die Etymologie des <lb/>Wortes Natur gedacht hätte, würde man wohl nicht die <lb/>Mineralien zur Naturgeſchichte gezogen haben, als ob nicht <lb/>auch die Mineralien ein Entſtehen, ein Werden hätten.</s>
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2011 <s xml:id="echoid-s1074" xml:space="preserve"/>
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2012 </p>
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2013 <note position="right" xml:space="preserve"> <lb/>Provinz. # Kreiſe. # Wiſſenſchaften erſter \\ Ordnung. <lb/><emph style="bf">Naturgeſchichte.</emph> # <emph style="sp">Phytologiſche Wiſ- \\ ſenſchaften</emph>. # Botanik. <lb/> # # Agricultur. <lb/> # <emph style="sp">Zoologiſche Wiſſen- \\ ſchaften</emph>. # Zoologie. <lb/> # # Zootechnie. <lb/></note>
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2014
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2015 <pb o="83" file="0097" n="97"/>
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2016 <p>
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2017 <s xml:id="echoid-s1075" xml:space="preserve">Gegen die Anwendung der vier Geſichtspunkte auf <lb/>dieſe vier Wiſſenſchaften erſter Ordnung werde ich ſpäter <lb/>daſſelbe ſagen, was ich gegen die Provinz der phyſicali-<lb/>ſchen Wiſſenſchaften ſagen werde. </s>
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2018 <s xml:id="echoid-s1076" xml:space="preserve">Intereſſant iſt aber die <lb/>naturphiloſophiſche Auffaſſung der Botanik und Zoologie. <lb/></s>
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2019 <s xml:id="echoid-s1077" xml:space="preserve">Ampère muß nemlich in dem viertheiligen Schema die Bo-<lb/>tanik unter die Categorie des autoptiſchen, die Zoologie <lb/>unter die des troponomiſchen Geſichtspunkts ſtellen. </s>
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2020 <s xml:id="echoid-s1078" xml:space="preserve">Er <lb/>ſucht die Analogie der Pflanzen mit dem autoptiſchen Ge-<lb/>ſichtspunkt darin, daß ſie ſich ohne eigene freie Bewegung, <lb/>ohne Widerſtand der Beobachtung des Forſchers darbieten. </s>
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2021 <s xml:id="echoid-s1079" xml:space="preserve"><lb/>In der Zoologie, ſagt Ampère, ſieht man lebende Weſen, <lb/>die ſich bewegen, thätig ſind, das Nützliche ſuchen, das <lb/>Schädliche fliehen, immerwährend Ort und Lage verändern, <lb/>und mit ihren Umgebungen in weit zahlreicheren Beziehun-<lb/>gen ſtehen, als die Pflanzen, daher man den troponomiſchen <lb/>Geſichtspunkt an ihnen nicht verkennen kann. </s>
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2022 <s xml:id="echoid-s1080" xml:space="preserve">Wir werden <lb/>ſpäter nachweiſen, daß dieſe Analogie für die Zoologie zu-<lb/>trifft und ſehr wichtig iſt, für die Botanik jedoch muß ſie <lb/>anders gewendet werden, um auch für ſie eine ebenſo über-<lb/>raſchend richtige Anwendung des Ampère’ſchen Parallelis-<lb/>mus zu finden. </s>
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2023 <s xml:id="echoid-s1081" xml:space="preserve">Die Vergleichung der Agricultur mit dem <lb/>cryptoriſtiſchen, der Zootechnie mit dem cryptologiſchen Ge-<lb/>ſichtspunkt dagegen grenzt ans Kindiſche.</s>
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2024 <s xml:id="echoid-s1082" xml:space="preserve"/>
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2025 </p>
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2026
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2027 <pb o="84" file="0098" n="98"/>
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2028 </div>
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2029 <div xml:id="echoid-div91" type="section" level="1" n="85">
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2030 <head xml:id="echoid-head103" xml:space="preserve"><emph style="bf"><emph style="sp">Viertes Kapitel</emph>.</emph> <lb/><emph style="bf">Mediciniſche Wiſſenſchaften, oder Cosmologiſche Wiſſenſchaften,</emph> <lb/><emph style="bf">melche theils auf die äußern und innern Einflüſſe und Um-</emph> <lb/><emph style="bf">ſtände ſich beziehen, durch welche in den Thieren der normale</emph> <lb/><emph style="bf">Hergang der Lebenserſcheinungen erhalten, verändert, wieder-</emph> <lb/><emph style="bf">hergeſtellt oder zerſtört wird, theils auch von den durch dieſe</emph> <lb/><emph style="bf">Einflüſſe hervorgebrachten Abweichungen ſelbſt handeln.</emph></head>
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2031 <p>
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2032 <s xml:id="echoid-s1083" xml:space="preserve">Wenn ſchon im Bisherigen die Aufnahme der techni-<lb/>ſchen Wiſſenſchaften als <emph style="sp">ſelbſtſtändiger</emph> Theil des Einthei-<lb/>lungsorganismus die Symmetrie deſſelben bedeutend geſtört hat, <lb/>ſo iſt dieß noch in weit höherem Maas durch das Kapitel <lb/>der mediciniſchen Wiſſenſchaften der Fall, die ja ſelbſt nichts <lb/>ſind als ein Aggregat von Corollarien vorher ſchon abge-<lb/>handelter Wiſſenſchaften. </s>
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2033 <s xml:id="echoid-s1084" xml:space="preserve">Dieß iſt auch der Grund, warum <lb/>man eine organiſch-gerundete Durchführung in Ampère’s <lb/>Gliederung der Medicin in ſechszehn Wiſſenſchaften kaum <lb/>wieder erkennt. </s>
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2034 <s xml:id="echoid-s1085" xml:space="preserve">Aus dieſen Gründen begnügen wir uns, <lb/>blos der Vollſtändigkeit halber das geſammte Schema der <lb/>mediciniſchen Wiſſenſchaften zu geben und das minder ver-<lb/>ſtändliche durch Bemerkungen zu erklären.</s>
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2035 <s xml:id="echoid-s1086" xml:space="preserve"/>
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2036 </p>
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2037
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2038 <pb o="85" file="0099" n="99"/>
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2039 <note position="right" xml:space="preserve"> <lb/> # # Wiſſenſchaften erſter \\ Ordnung. # Wiſſenſchaften zweiter Ord- \\ nung. # Wiſſenſchaften dritter \\ Ordnung. <lb/><emph style="bf"><emph style="sp">Mediciniſche \\ Wiſſenſchaf- \\ ten</emph>.</emph> # <emph style="bf">Phyſiſch-medici- \\ niſche Wiſſen- \\ ſchaften.</emph> # <emph style="bf">Mediciniſche Phyſik.</emph> # <emph style="sp">Mediciniſche Phyſik im \\ engern Sinn</emph>. # Pharmaceutik. <lb/> # # # # Traumatologie. <lb/> # # # <emph style="sp">Biotologie</emph>. # Diätetik. <lb/> # # # # Phrenygietik. <lb/> # # <emph style="bf">Seſundheitslehre (Hy- \\ gicine).</emph> # <emph style="sp">Craſiologie oder Lehre \\ von den Tempera- \\ menten</emph>. # Craſiographie. <lb/> # # # # Craſioriſtik. <lb/> # # # <emph style="sp">Geſundheitslehre im \\ engern Sinn</emph>. # Hygionomie. <lb/> # # # # Prophylactik. <lb/> # <emph style="bf">Mediciniſche \\ Wiſſenſchaften \\ im engern Sinn.</emph> # <emph style="bf">Noſologie.</emph> # <emph style="sp">Noſologie im engern \\ Sinn</emph>. # Noſographie. <lb/> # # # # Pathologiſche Anatomie. <lb/> # # # <emph style="sp">Heillehre</emph>. # Allgemeine Therapie. <lb/> # # # # Mediciniſche Phyſiologie. <lb/> # # <emph style="bf">Practiſche Medicin.</emph> # <emph style="sp">Semiologie</emph>. # Semiographie. <lb/> # # # # Diagnoſtik. <lb/> # # # <emph style="sp">Practiſche Medicin im \\ engern Sinn</emph>. # Spezielle Therapie. <lb/> # # # # Prognoſtik. <lb/></note>
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2040
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2041 <pb o="86" file="0100" n="100"/>
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2042 <p>
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2043 <s xml:id="echoid-s1087" xml:space="preserve">Die vier Wiſſenſchaften dritter Ordnung, welche Ampère <lb/>unter der &#132;mediciniſchen Phyſik&#148; begreift, enthalten der Reihe <lb/>nach die verſchiedenen Einwirkungen, welche der Organismus <lb/>erleiden kann; </s>
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2044 <s xml:id="echoid-s1088" xml:space="preserve">Ampère faßt alle Arten von Einflüſſen, ſie <lb/>mögen heilende oder ſchädliche ſein, in dieſen vier Gruppen <lb/>zuſammen; </s>
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2045 <s xml:id="echoid-s1089" xml:space="preserve">in der erſten die chemiſch-dynamiſchen Mittel, <lb/>Arzneien und Gifte, φάρμακα, in der zweiten die mechani-<lb/>ſchen, welche zufällig oder zu Heilzwecken abnorme Tren-<lb/>nungen und Vereinigungen im Körper hervorbringen, in <lb/>der dritten, der Diätetik, die verſchiedenen Lebensweiſen und <lb/>ihre Einflüſſe, Folge von übermäßigen Anſtrengungen von <lb/>Organen u. </s>
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2046 <s xml:id="echoid-s1090" xml:space="preserve">ſ. </s>
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2047 <s xml:id="echoid-s1091" xml:space="preserve">f.</s>
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2048 <s xml:id="echoid-s1092" xml:space="preserve">, in der Phrenygietik die Einflüſſe, welche <lb/>die geiſtige und moraliſche Seite des Menſchen auf den <lb/>Körper übt. </s>
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2049 <s xml:id="echoid-s1093" xml:space="preserve">Er vindicirt dieſe ausdrücklich den auf den <lb/>Körper bezüglichen Wiſſenſchaften und ſagt, daß umgekehrt <lb/>die Betrachtung der Einflüſſe, welche der Körper auf das <lb/>geiſtige und gemüthliche Leben des Menſchen äußert, in den <lb/>Wiſſenſchaften des Geiſtes betrachtet werden müſſen.</s>
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2050 <s xml:id="echoid-s1094" xml:space="preserve"/>
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2051 </p>
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2052 <p>
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2053 <s xml:id="echoid-s1095" xml:space="preserve">Die vier Wiſſenſchaften der Geſundheitslehre lehren die <lb/>Temperamente und Conſtitutionen kennen, die Craſiographie <lb/>beſchreibt ſie, die Craſioriſtik gibt ihre Diagnoſe, die Hygio-<lb/>nomie lehrt die Geſetze, nach welchen die verſchiedenen in-<lb/>nern und äußern Urſachen bald ſo, bald anders auf die <lb/>verſchiedenen Conſtitutionen wirken, und die Prophylactik <lb/>zeigt, wie man ſich davor zu ſchützen hat.</s>
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2054 <s xml:id="echoid-s1096" xml:space="preserve"/>
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2055 </p>
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2056 <p>
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2057 <s xml:id="echoid-s1097" xml:space="preserve">Bei Ampère’s Noſologie iſt zu bemerken, daß er auch <lb/>hier beide Geſichtspunkte, Betrachtung der Krankheit an ſich, <lb/>und Beobachtung der heilenden oder ſchädlichen Einwirkun-<lb/>gen, welche Arzneien ausüben, als gleich weſentlich feſt hält; <lb/></s>
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2058 <s xml:id="echoid-s1098" xml:space="preserve">er verlangt z. </s>
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2059 <s xml:id="echoid-s1099" xml:space="preserve">B. </s>
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2060 <s xml:id="echoid-s1100" xml:space="preserve">in der Noſographie, daß die einzelnen <lb/>Krankheitsfälle, welche ſie lieferten, Alles enthalten ſollen, <lb/>was angewendet worden iſt, ſammt allen wahrſcheinlichen <lb/>Folgen davon; </s>
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2061 <s xml:id="echoid-s1101" xml:space="preserve">in der allgemeinen Therapie (welche er zu <lb/>der Noſographie in daſſelbe Verhältniß ſtellt, in welchem die <lb/>Zoonomie zur Zoographie, überhaupt immer ſein dritter <lb/>
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2062 <pb o="87" file="0101" n="101"/>
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2063 Geſichtspunkt zum erſten ſteht) ſollen die allgemeinen Ge-<lb/>ſetze entwickelt werden, nach welchen die einzelnen Krank-<lb/>heiten bei verſchiedenen Conſtitutionen und unter der An-<lb/>wendung verſchiedener Arzneien verlaufen, ferner die Geſetze <lb/>des Vorkommens der verſchiedenen Krankheiten in verſchie-<lb/>denen Klimaten und Gegenden, die Eintheilung der Krank-<lb/>heiten in natürliche Gruppen, Familien, Ordnungen u. </s>
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2064 <s xml:id="echoid-s1102" xml:space="preserve">ſ. </s>
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2065 <s xml:id="echoid-s1103" xml:space="preserve">f. <lb/></s>
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2066 <s xml:id="echoid-s1104" xml:space="preserve">Die mediciniſche Phyſiologie endlich hat dieſelbe Stellung <lb/>zu den Krankheiten, welche die Phyſiologie in der Botanik <lb/>und Zoologie zu den Schilderungen des geſunden Lebens hat.</s>
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2067 <s xml:id="echoid-s1105" xml:space="preserve"/>
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2068 </p>
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2069 <p>
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2070 <s xml:id="echoid-s1106" xml:space="preserve">Die vier Wiſſenſchaften endlich, in welche die practiſche <lb/>Medicin bei Ampère zerfällt, ſind nichts als die techniſche <lb/>Anwendung alles Vorhergehenden auf den einzelnen concre-<lb/>ten Fall.</s>
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2071 <s xml:id="echoid-s1107" xml:space="preserve"/>
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2072 </p>
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2073 <p>
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2074 <s xml:id="echoid-s1108" xml:space="preserve">Die Anwendung des viertheiligen Schema’s auf die <lb/>vier Wiſſenſchaften der dritten Ordnung iſt nur in der No-<lb/>ſologie glücklich, in den drei andern Fällen, der mediciniſchen <lb/>Phyſik, der Geſundheitslehre und der practiſchen Medicin, <lb/>iſt die Anwendung ſehr unrein und gezwungen.</s>
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2075 <s xml:id="echoid-s1109" xml:space="preserve"/>
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2076 </p>
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2077 <p>
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2078 <s xml:id="echoid-s1110" xml:space="preserve">Glücklicher iſt die Anwendung der vier Geſichtspunkte <lb/>auf die vier Wiſſenſchaften erſter Ordnung der mediciniſchen <lb/>Provinz, des autoptiſchen Geſichtspunkts auf die unmittelbaren <lb/>Beobachtungen der mediciniſchen Phyſik, des cryptoriſtiſchen <lb/>auf die bei dieſen Wechſelwirkungen mit den Außendingen her-<lb/>vortretenden verſchiedenen Temperamenten und Conſtitutionen, <lb/>was allerdings etwas dem Auge Verborgenes iſt, des tro-<lb/>ponomiſchen auf die Noſologie, welche die Geſetze des vom <lb/>geſunden abweichenden, eines veränderten Zuſtandes des <lb/>Organismus lehrt, endlich des cryptologiſchen Geſichtspunktes <lb/>auf die practiſche Medicin, welche die Mittel ſucht, das <lb/>hinter dem abgeirrten Zuſtand verborgene geſunde Leben <lb/>wieder hervorzuziehen und herzuſtellen.</s>
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2079 <s xml:id="echoid-s1111" xml:space="preserve"/>
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2080 </p>
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2081
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2082 <pb o="88" file="0102" n="102"/>
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2083 </div>
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2084 <div xml:id="echoid-div92" type="section" level="1" n="86">
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2085 <head xml:id="echoid-head104" xml:space="preserve"><emph style="bf"><emph style="sp">Fünftes Kapitel</emph>.</emph> <lb/><emph style="bf">Definitionen und Eintheilung der verſchiedenen Provinzen der</emph> <lb/><emph style="bf">cosmologiſchen Wiſſenſchaften.</emph></head>
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2086 <head xml:id="echoid-head105" xml:space="preserve">A. <emph style="sp">Aufzählung und Definitionen</emph>.</head>
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2087 <p>
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2088 <s xml:id="echoid-s1112" xml:space="preserve">In dieſem das Ganze der Naturwiſſenſchaften umfaſ-<lb/>ſenden Kapitel ſucht Ampère von den allgemeinſten Ge-<lb/>ſichtspunkten aus die verſchiedenen Zweifel zu löſen, die <lb/>über die Grenzverhältniſſe der verſchiedenen Wiſſenſchaften <lb/>herrſchen.</s>
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2089 <s xml:id="echoid-s1113" xml:space="preserve"/>
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2090 </p>
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2091 </div>
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2092 <div xml:id="echoid-div93" type="section" level="1" n="87">
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2093 <head xml:id="echoid-head106" xml:space="preserve">1) Die mathematiſchen Wiſſenſchaften.</head>
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2094 <p>
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2095 <s xml:id="echoid-s1114" xml:space="preserve">Er beſtimmt ſie als die Wiſſenſchaften, welche aus der <lb/>Anſchauung nur die Begriffe von Größe und Maas ent-<lb/>nehmen. </s>
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2096 <s xml:id="echoid-s1115" xml:space="preserve">Er findet ſich bewogen, die lächerliche Meinung <lb/>zu widerlegen, als ob die mathematiſchen Wiſſenſchaften in <lb/>das Gebiet der noologiſchen Wiſſenſchaften gehörten; </s>
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2097 <s xml:id="echoid-s1116" xml:space="preserve">dieſe <lb/>Meinung, ſagt er, komme von der Anſicht, daß das mathe-<lb/>matiſche Wiſſen nichts Objectives, Reales zu ſeinem Gegen-<lb/>ſtand habe, als ob es ſich ganz allein auf geiſtige An-<lb/>ſchauungen gründe; </s>
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2098 <s xml:id="echoid-s1117" xml:space="preserve">dieſe Anſicht, welche ihren Urſprung <lb/>von dem Uebergewicht des logiſchen Elements in der Ma-<lb/>thematik nimmt, iſt, wie Ampère richtig bemerkt, ein Irr-<lb/>thum, indem die Mathematik ſo gut wie irgend eine Natur-<lb/>wiſſenſchaft auf der Vorausſetzung gegebener Anſchauung <lb/>beruht. </s>
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2099 <s xml:id="echoid-s1118" xml:space="preserve">Müſſen nicht ſchon Zahlen <emph style="sp">beobachtet</emph> ſein, um <lb/>nur den Begriff der Zahl zu haben; </s>
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2100 <s xml:id="echoid-s1119" xml:space="preserve">ebenſo ſind bei der <lb/>Geometrie die Eigenſchaften des Raums als unbeweisbare <lb/>Vorausſetzung gegeben.</s>
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2101 <s xml:id="echoid-s1120" xml:space="preserve"/>
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2102 </p>
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2103 <p>
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2104 <s xml:id="echoid-s1121" xml:space="preserve">Die ſcharfe Abgrenzung gegen die phyſikaliſchen Wiſ-<lb/>ſenſchaften macht ihm einige Verlegenheit. </s>
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2105 <s xml:id="echoid-s1122" xml:space="preserve">Er fühlt, daß die <lb/>mechaniſchen Wiſſenſchaften eine mittlere, ſelbſtſtändige Stel-<lb/>
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2106 <pb o="89" file="0103" n="103"/>
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2107 lung zwiſchen Mathematik und Phyſik haben, wovon ich <lb/>ſpäter reden werde.</s>
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2108 <s xml:id="echoid-s1123" xml:space="preserve"/>
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2109 </p>
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2110 </div>
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2111 <div xml:id="echoid-div94" type="section" level="1" n="88">
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2112 <head xml:id="echoid-head107" xml:space="preserve">2) Die phyſicaliſchen Wiſſenſchaften.</head>
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2113 <p>
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2114 <s xml:id="echoid-s1124" xml:space="preserve">Dieſe Wiſſenſchaften haben mit denen der vorhergehen-<lb/>den Provinz das Gemeinſchaftliche, daß ſie die Eigenſchaften <lb/>der Körper zum Inhalt haben, welche dieſelbe unabhängig <lb/>von dem organiſchen Leben an ſich tragen. </s>
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2115 <s xml:id="echoid-s1125" xml:space="preserve">Sie beſchränken <lb/>ſich jedoch nicht mehr auf diejenigen Eigenſchaften, welche <lb/>der Beobachtung blos die Vorſtellungen von Größe und <lb/>Maas, welche allen Körpern gemeinſam ſind, darbieten, <lb/>ſondern ſie haben es mit den beſondern Eigenſchaften zu <lb/>thun, durch welche ſich die Körper von einander unterſchei-<lb/>den; </s>
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2116 <s xml:id="echoid-s1126" xml:space="preserve">ferner ſind die phyſicaliſchen Wiſſenſchaften nothwendig <lb/>auf ein ſpecielles Studium der Körper beſchränkt, welche im <lb/>Bereich des Menſchen ſtehen und die nicht außerhalb unſe-<lb/>res Planeten liegen, während die mathematiſchen Wiſſen-<lb/>ſchaften das ganze Weltall umfaſſen.</s>
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2117 <s xml:id="echoid-s1127" xml:space="preserve"/>
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2118 </p>
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2119 <p>
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2120 <s xml:id="echoid-s1128" xml:space="preserve">Die Stelle, welche die Chemie in unſerer Eintheilung <lb/>einnimmt, ſcheint der gewöhnlichen Annahme zu widerſpre-<lb/>chen; </s>
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2121 <s xml:id="echoid-s1129" xml:space="preserve">denn in unſerem Zuſammenhang iſt ſie eine der vier <lb/>Wiſſenſchaften dritter Ordnung, welche zuſammen die allge-<lb/>meine Phyſik ausmachen, während man gewöhnlich von <lb/>dieſen beiden Wiſſenſchaften ſpricht, als ob ſie zwar nahe <lb/>mit einander verwandt, aber doch gewiſſermaßen von einan-<lb/>der unabhängig wären.</s>
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2122 <s xml:id="echoid-s1130" xml:space="preserve"/>
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2123 </p>
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2124 <p>
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2125 <s xml:id="echoid-s1131" xml:space="preserve">Nun iſt es klar, daß zu jenen unorganiſchen Eigen-<lb/>ſchaften, welche die allgemeine Phyſik erforſcht, auch die <lb/>Zuſammenſetzung homogener Subſtanzen gehört, mögen die-<lb/>ſelben aus organiſchen oder unorganiſchen Körpern ihren <lb/>Urſprung nehmen. </s>
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2126 <s xml:id="echoid-s1132" xml:space="preserve">Der Chemiker, welcher dieſe Zuſammen-<lb/>ſetzung ſtudirt, hat es alſo mit einer von den Eigenſchaften <lb/>zu thun, deren Geſammtheit der Gegenſtand der Phyſik iſt, <lb/>und die Chemie muß ſomit als Theil der Phyſik angeſehen <lb/>werden.</s>
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2127 <s xml:id="echoid-s1133" xml:space="preserve"/>
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2128 </p>
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2129
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2130 <pb o="90" file="0104" n="104"/>
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2131 <p>
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2132 <s xml:id="echoid-s1134" xml:space="preserve">Nichts deſto weniger nimmt die Chemie wegen der <lb/>Wichtigkeit und Mannigfaltigkeit der auf die Zuſammen-<lb/>ſetzung homogener Körper bezüglichen Thatſachen eine Haupt-<lb/>ſtelle unter den Wiſſenſchaften dritter Ordnung ein. </s>
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2133 <s xml:id="echoid-s1135" xml:space="preserve">Ie <lb/>weiter dieſe Wiſſenſchaft vorwärts ſchritt, je mannigfaltiger <lb/>ihre Beziehungen zu andern Wiſſenszweigen wurden, um <lb/>ſo ſchwieriger wurde es, die Grenzen gegen dieſelben ſcharf <lb/>zu ziehen, und ich muß deßhalb noch einige nähere Bemer-<lb/>kungen über dieſe Sache beifügen.</s>
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2134 <s xml:id="echoid-s1136" xml:space="preserve"/>
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2135 </p>
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2136 <p>
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2137 <s xml:id="echoid-s1137" xml:space="preserve">Unterſuchen wir fürs erſte, wie ſich die Chemie von <lb/>der Experimentalphyſik unterſcheidet. </s>
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2138 <s xml:id="echoid-s1138" xml:space="preserve">Dieſelbe hat es mit <lb/>ſämmtlichen Eigenſchaften der Körper zu thun, inſoweit bei <lb/>letztern die Art der Zuſammenſetzung unverändert bleibt. <lb/></s>
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2139 <s xml:id="echoid-s1139" xml:space="preserve">Die Chemie dagegen unterſucht einen Körper, entweder um <lb/>ihn in ſeine Elemente zu trennen, oder um einen Theil <lb/>dieſer Elemente unter ſich oder mit andern Körpern neue <lb/>Verbindungen eingehen zu laſſen, oder endlich um ein neues <lb/>Produkt dadurch zu bilden, daß man zwei oder mehrere <lb/>Subſtanzen, ohne irgend eine vorgängige Zerſetzung mit <lb/>einander verbindet. </s>
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2140 <s xml:id="echoid-s1140" xml:space="preserve">Dieß war lange Zeit die einzige Art, <lb/>die beiden genannten Wiſſenſchaften zu unterſcheiden; </s>
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2141 <s xml:id="echoid-s1141" xml:space="preserve">in <lb/>einigen neueren Werken jedoch hat man dieſelbe mißkannt <lb/>und verworfen. </s>
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2142 <s xml:id="echoid-s1142" xml:space="preserve">Wie man nemlich bei dem Unterricht in <lb/>der Experimentalphyſik mit der Unterſuchung der allgemei-<lb/>nen Eigenſchaften der Körper beginnt, ſo hegt man ſeit <lb/>einiger Zeit den Gedanken, jene Wiſſenſchaft ganz auf die <lb/>ebengenannte Unterſuchung zu beſchränken und der Chemie <lb/>die beſondern Eigenſchaften der Körper zuzuweiſen. </s>
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2143 <s xml:id="echoid-s1143" xml:space="preserve">Dieſe <lb/>Abtheilung der in dieſen beiden Wiſſenſchaften enthaltenen <lb/>Wahrheiten kann nur unter der Bedingung zugelaſſen wer-<lb/>den, daß man aus der Experimentalphyſik den größten Theil <lb/>der Forſchungen verbannt, welche doch weſentlich zu derſel-<lb/>ben gehören. </s>
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2144 <s xml:id="echoid-s1144" xml:space="preserve">Oder geht es wohl an, in die Chemie die <lb/>Unterſuchung der magnetiſchen Eigenſchaften zu verſetzen, <lb/>welche wir doch nur an einer geringen Anzahl von Metallen <lb/>
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2145 <pb o="91" file="0105" n="105"/>
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2146 beobachten? </s>
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2147 <s xml:id="echoid-s1145" xml:space="preserve">und ebenſo iſt es mit den Eigenſchaften der <lb/>Härte, der Zähigkeit, welche nur feſten Körpern zukommen; <lb/></s>
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2148 <s xml:id="echoid-s1146" xml:space="preserve">ferner mit den Eigenſchaften der Dehnbarkeit, der Hämmer-<lb/>barkeit, den Wirkungen der Härtung und des Schmiedens, <lb/>was alles wieder nur bei einigen Metallen vorkommt. </s>
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2149 <s xml:id="echoid-s1147" xml:space="preserve">Dieß <lb/>ſind offenbar keine allgemeinen Eigenſchaften, aber ſie ge-<lb/>hören nichtsdeſtoweniger in die Experimentalphyſik. </s>
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2150 <s xml:id="echoid-s1148" xml:space="preserve">Nicht <lb/>alle Körper ſind durchſichtig, und diejenigen, welche es ſind, <lb/>zeigen nicht alle doppelte Strahlenbrechung. </s>
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2151 <s xml:id="echoid-s1149" xml:space="preserve">Dieß ſind alſo <lb/>wieder keine allgemeinen Eigenſchaften, und doch wird kein <lb/>Menſch läugnen, daß ſie Gegenſtände des Phyſikers ſind. </s>
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2152 <s xml:id="echoid-s1150" xml:space="preserve"><lb/>Ebenſo iſt es ſeine Aufgabe, die Tabellen der ſpecifiſchen <lb/>Gewichte und aller durch Zahlen darſtellbaren Eigenſchaften <lb/>der Körper zu verfertigen; </s>
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2153 <s xml:id="echoid-s1151" xml:space="preserve">Sache des Chemikers aber iſt <lb/>die Beſtimmung, ob dieſe Körper einfach oder zuſammenge-<lb/>ſetzt ſind, und in letzterem Fall die Angabe der Elemente <lb/>und Stoffe, aus denen ſie beſtehen, und der Proportionen, <lb/>nach denen ſich dieſe Elemente und Stoffe verbinden. </s>
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2154 <s xml:id="echoid-s1152" xml:space="preserve">Gibt <lb/>es ferner nicht umgekehrt bei den Eigenſchaften, die ganz <lb/>allein nur zu dem Inhalt der Chemie zu rechnen ſind, ge-<lb/>wiſſe allgemeine Thatſachen, welche noch kein Menſch aus <lb/>der Chemie in die Phyſik verſetzt hat? </s>
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2155 <s xml:id="echoid-s1153" xml:space="preserve">und das müßten doch <lb/>folgerechter Weiſe diejenigen thun, welche die Betrachtung <lb/>aller beſondern Eigenſchaften aus der Phyſik verbannen <lb/>wollen, um derſelben nur die Unterſuchung der allgemeinen <lb/>zu laſſen.</s>
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2156 <s xml:id="echoid-s1154" xml:space="preserve"/>
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2157 </p>
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2158 <p>
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2159 <s xml:id="echoid-s1155" xml:space="preserve">Eine andere Verwirrung beſteht hinſichtlich der That-<lb/>ſachen, welche der Wahrheit nach der Chemie angehören, <lb/>von den Mineralogen jedoch in das Gebiet ihrer Wiſſen-<lb/>ſchaft gezogen wurde. </s>
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2160 <s xml:id="echoid-s1156" xml:space="preserve">Dieſe Verwirrung iſt viel älter und <lb/>ſogar bis auf einen gewiſſen Grad durch die Gewohnheit <lb/>geheiligt, und gerade deßhalb um ſo ſchwerer ins Gleiche <lb/>zu bringen. </s>
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2161 <s xml:id="echoid-s1157" xml:space="preserve">In dieſer Beziehung muß man die Grundſätze <lb/>im Auge behalten, welche wir aufgeſtellt haben, um diejeni-<lb/>gen Wahrheiten, welche der allgemeinen Phyſik (die auch <lb/>
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2162 <pb o="92" file="0106" n="106"/>
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2163 das chemiſche Wiſſen in ſich begreift) zugehören, von den <lb/>in den geologiſchen Wiſſenſchaften enthaltenen Wahrheiten <lb/>zu unterſcheiden. </s>
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2164 <s xml:id="echoid-s1158" xml:space="preserve">Wir haben nemlich geſehen, daß alles, <lb/>was ſich auf die unorganiſchen Eigenſchaften der Körper <lb/>bezieht, ſoweit dieſelben von räumlichen und zeitlichen Ver-<lb/>hältniſſen unabhängig ſind, in die allgemeine Phyſik<anchor type="note" xlink:href="" symbol="*"/> gehört,
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2165 während alle Veränderungen, welche dieſe Eigenſchaften an <lb/>verſchiedenen Orten und zu verſchiedenen Zeiten erleiden, <lb/>in der Geologie betrachtet werden müſſen. </s>
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2166 <s xml:id="echoid-s1159" xml:space="preserve">Nach derſelben <lb/>Regel muß bei den auf die Zuſammenſetzung der Körper <lb/>bezüglichen Forſchungen, dasjenige, was zur Chemie gehört, <lb/>getrennt werden, von dem, was den Inhalt anderer Wiſſens-<lb/>zweige ausmacht.</s>
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2167 <s xml:id="echoid-s1160" xml:space="preserve"/>
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2168 </p>
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2169 <p>
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2170 <s xml:id="echoid-s1161" xml:space="preserve">Wenn es ſich um homogene Verbindungen handelt, <lb/>wobei aber die Proportion der Beſtandtheile unbeſtimmt iſt, <lb/>ſo beſitzt der Chemiker offenbar nur allgemeine Mittel, um <lb/>die Analyſe jener Verbindungen zu machen, und dieſe Ana-<lb/>lyſen gehören in den Bereich der nachfolgenden Wiſſen-<lb/>ſchaften, je nach dem Bedürfniß, welches dieſelben haben <lb/>können, die Zuſammenſetzung der fraglichen Körper kennen <lb/>zu lernen. </s>
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2171 <s xml:id="echoid-s1162" xml:space="preserve">So ſind zum Beiſpiel die im Handel vorkom-<lb/>menden verſchiedenen Arten von Pottaſche ſolche unbeſtimmte <lb/>Zuſammenſetzungen, deren Preis je nach dem Inhalt der-<lb/>ſelben an reiner Pottaſche wechſelt. </s>
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2172 <s xml:id="echoid-s1163" xml:space="preserve">Der Chemiker hat nun <lb/>die Aufgabe, eine allgemeine Methode zur Beſtimmung dieſer <lb/>Quantität aufzuſtellen; </s>
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2173 <s xml:id="echoid-s1164" xml:space="preserve">iſt dieſelbe aber einmal feſtgeſetzt, ſo <lb/>
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2174 <anchor type="note" xlink:label="note-0106-01a" xlink:href="note-0106-01"/>
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2175
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2176 <pb o="93" file="0107" n="107"/>
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2177 gehört die Anwendung der Methode auf dieſe oder jene be-<lb/>ſtimmte, im Handel vorkommende Pottaſche, in das Gebiet <lb/>der induſtriellen Gewinnlehre. </s>
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2178 <s xml:id="echoid-s1165" xml:space="preserve">Ebenſo gibt uns die Chemie <lb/>eine allgemeine Methode der Analyſe der Mineralwaſſer; <lb/></s>
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2179 <s xml:id="echoid-s1166" xml:space="preserve">aber die Anwendung dieſer Methode auf die Beſtimmung <lb/>der näheren Zuſammenſetzung der in den verſchiedenen Län-<lb/>dern vorkommenden Mineralquellen gehört in die phyſiſche <lb/>Geographie, welche uns die Eigenthümlichkeiten dieſer ver-<lb/>ſchiedenen Länder ſchildert. </s>
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2180 <s xml:id="echoid-s1167" xml:space="preserve">Ebenſo wird das Verhältniß <lb/>der Chemie zur Probirkunſt beſtimmt, welche die Art und <lb/>die Menge der in einem Mineral enthaltenen Metalle zu <lb/>unterſuchen hat; </s>
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2181 <s xml:id="echoid-s1168" xml:space="preserve">ebenſo ihr Verhältniß zur landwirthſchaft-<lb/>lichen Gewinnlehre, welche die chemiſchen Proceſſe auf die <lb/>Analyſe der verſchiedenen Bodenarten anwenden muß.</s>
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2182 <s xml:id="echoid-s1169" xml:space="preserve"/>
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2183 </p>
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2184 <div xml:id="echoid-div94" type="float" level="2" n="1">
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2185 <note symbol="*" position="foot" xlink:label="note-0106-01" xlink:href="note-0106-01a" xml:space="preserve"><emph style="sp">Anmerkung Ampère’s</emph>. Den Namen &#132;<emph style="sp">allgemeine Phy-<lb/>ſik</emph>&#148; habe ich eben darum gewählt, um die obenbezeichnete Unab-<lb/>hängigkeit von räumlichen und zeitlichen Verhältniſſen, den Grund-<lb/>character der in jener Wiſſenſchaft enthaltenen Wahrheiten, auszu-<lb/>drücken, im Gegenſatz z. B. zu der Geologie, welche man als die <lb/>beſondere Phyſik jedes Orts betrachten kann, welche ihre nähere Be-<lb/>ſtimmung vollends durch die verſchiedenen Epochen erhält, durch die <lb/>eine Abänderung in die Erſcheinungen kommt, welche die an einem <lb/>beſtimmten Ort befindlichen Körper bemerken laſſen.</note>
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2186 </div>
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2187 <p>
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2188 <s xml:id="echoid-s1170" xml:space="preserve">Anders verhält es ſich jedoch, wenn es ſich um eine <lb/>beſtimmte Zuſammenſetzung handelt, die ſich unter allen <lb/>Umſtänden gleich bleibt; </s>
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2189 <s xml:id="echoid-s1171" xml:space="preserve">in dieſem Fall gehört die Beſtim-<lb/>mung der Proportionen der einzelnen Beſtandtheile ganz <lb/>allein der Chemie an. </s>
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2190 <s xml:id="echoid-s1172" xml:space="preserve">Es iſt dabei ganz gleichgültig, ob <lb/>die Verbindung mineraliſchen, pflanzlichen oder thieriſchen <lb/>Urſprungs iſt; </s>
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2191 <s xml:id="echoid-s1173" xml:space="preserve">denn den Fortſchritten, welche die Chemie <lb/>durch die Entdeckungen eines Bercelius, Chevreul, Dumas <lb/>u. </s>
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2192 <s xml:id="echoid-s1174" xml:space="preserve">ſ. </s>
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2193 <s xml:id="echoid-s1175" xml:space="preserve">f. </s>
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2194 <s xml:id="echoid-s1176" xml:space="preserve">gemacht hat, verdankt man es, daß man weiß, eine <lb/>ſolche Verbindung ſei entweder eine Säure, oder ein Orid, <lb/>oder eine Chlor- oder Schwefelverbindung, oder ein Salz <lb/>u. </s>
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2195 <s xml:id="echoid-s1177" xml:space="preserve">ſ. </s>
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2196 <s xml:id="echoid-s1178" xml:space="preserve">f.</s>
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2197 <s xml:id="echoid-s1179" xml:space="preserve">; und aus welchem Naturreiche dieſe Verbindung <lb/>auch abſtammen mag, ſo muß der Chemiker die Stellung <lb/>derſelben in der Reihe der übrigen nachweiſen, gerade wie <lb/>es ſeine Aufgabe iſt, die Eigenſchaften der Salpeterſäure, <lb/>des Eiſenorids, der Eſſigſäure, des Zuckers, des Weingeiſtes, <lb/>der Harnſäure, der Margarinſäure u. </s>
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2198 <s xml:id="echoid-s1180" xml:space="preserve">ſ. </s>
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2199 <s xml:id="echoid-s1181" xml:space="preserve">w. </s>
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2200 <s xml:id="echoid-s1182" xml:space="preserve">zu beſchreiben; <lb/></s>
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2201 <s xml:id="echoid-s1183" xml:space="preserve">deßwegen hat auch die Chemie und nicht die Mineralogie <lb/>das Geſchäft, die Zahl der Atome des Sauerſtoffs und Si-<lb/>liciums zu beſtimmen, aus welcher die Kieſelerde beſteht; </s>
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2202 <s xml:id="echoid-s1184" xml:space="preserve">ſie, <lb/>die Chemie, muß angeben, daß die primitive Geſtalt der <lb/>
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2203 <pb o="94" file="0108" n="108"/>
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2204 kryſtalliſirten Kieſelerde ein Rhomboid iſt, deſſen Kantenwinkel <lb/>94° 24′ und 85° 36′ betragen; </s>
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2205 <s xml:id="echoid-s1185" xml:space="preserve">daß der ſogenannte Quarz <lb/>nichts iſt, als dieſe Erde, u. </s>
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2206 <s xml:id="echoid-s1186" xml:space="preserve">ſ. </s>
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2207 <s xml:id="echoid-s1187" xml:space="preserve">w. </s>
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2208 <s xml:id="echoid-s1188" xml:space="preserve">Dagegen überläßt ſie <lb/>einerſeits der Moleculärgeometrie das Geſchäft, die verſchie-<lb/>denen Secundärformen aus der Primitivgeſtalt abzuleiten, <lb/>andrerſeits bleibt es Sache der Mineralogie, die verſchiedenen <lb/>Quarzvarietäten aufzuzählen und den Character der ver-<lb/>ſchiedenen Terrainverhältuiſſe, unter welchen er vorkommt, <lb/>je nachdem er kryſtalliniſch, als compacte geſtaltloſe Maſſe <lb/>oder als Sand erſcheint.</s>
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2209 <s xml:id="echoid-s1189" xml:space="preserve"/>
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2210 </p>
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2211 <p>
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2212 <s xml:id="echoid-s1190" xml:space="preserve">Zieht man auf ſolche Art die Grenzlinien zwiſchen den <lb/>beiden ebengenannten Wiſſenſchaften, ſo iſt klar, daß man <lb/>bei meiner Auffaſſungsweiſe manche Thatſachen, die man <lb/>bis jetzt der Mineralogie zutheilte, in die Chemie herüber-<lb/>nehmen muß, und dieß iſt allemal dann der Fall, wenn ſich <lb/>die Thatſachen auf Körper von beſtimmter Zuſammenſetzung <lb/>beziehen, welche in jeder Beziehung denen gleichzuſtellen ſind, <lb/>die man von jeher als den Inhalt der Chemie angeſehen hat.</s>
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2213 <s xml:id="echoid-s1191" xml:space="preserve"/>
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2214 </p>
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2215 <p>
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2216 <s xml:id="echoid-s1192" xml:space="preserve">Der Irrthum, in welchen man in dieſer Beziehung ver-<lb/>fallen iſt, ſchreibt ſich von dem Umſtand her, daß man die <lb/>mineraliſchen Subſtanzen lange vorher analyſirte, ehe die <lb/>Chemie weit genug gekommen war, um über die Natur <lb/>ſolcher Subſtanzen richtige Anſichten zu haben. </s>
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2217 <s xml:id="echoid-s1193" xml:space="preserve">Zwar muß <lb/>zugegeben werden, daß man bei der chemiſchen Unterſuchung <lb/>der nächſten Beſtandtheile der aus Pflanzen und Thieren <lb/>genommenen zuſammengeſetzten Körper noch ebenſowenig zu <lb/>den Theorieen durchgedrungen war, denen gemäß jene Be-<lb/>ſtandtheile als Säuren, Oride, Salze u. </s>
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2218 <s xml:id="echoid-s1194" xml:space="preserve">ſ. </s>
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2219 <s xml:id="echoid-s1195" xml:space="preserve">w. </s>
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2220 <s xml:id="echoid-s1196" xml:space="preserve">angeſehen <lb/>werden müſſen; </s>
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2221 <s xml:id="echoid-s1197" xml:space="preserve">als jedoch die Chemiker dieſe Unterſuchungen <lb/>anſtellten, beging man bei dieſen Subſtanzen nicht mehr den <lb/>gleichen Irrthum; </s>
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2222 <s xml:id="echoid-s1198" xml:space="preserve">man ſah ein, daß es der Chemie über-<lb/>laſſen bleiben müſſe, die Verhältniſſe der urſprünglichen Be-<lb/>ſtandtheile ſolcher Körper, ihre ſaure, baſiſche, ſalzige Neutral-<lb/>natur und die primitiven Formen ihrer Kryſtalle zu beſtim-<lb/>men, u. </s>
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2223 <s xml:id="echoid-s1199" xml:space="preserve">ſ. </s>
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2224 <s xml:id="echoid-s1200" xml:space="preserve">w. </s>
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2225 <s xml:id="echoid-s1201" xml:space="preserve">Es iſt nun Zeit, die ganz entſprechenden <lb/>
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2226 <pb o="95" file="0109" n="109"/>
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2227 Unterſuchungen, welche man bei mineraliſchen Subſtanzen <lb/>von beſtimmter und unter allen Umſtänden ſich gleich blei-<lb/>bender Zuſammenſetzung anſtellt, ebenfalls der angeführten <lb/>Wiſſenſchaft zu vindiciren.</s>
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2228 <s xml:id="echoid-s1202" xml:space="preserve"/>
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2229 </p>
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2230 <p>
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2231 <s xml:id="echoid-s1203" xml:space="preserve">Der Stellung gemäß, welche ich der phyſiſchen Geo-<lb/>graphie angewieſen habe, kommt ſie vor die Mineralogie zu <lb/>ſtehen, und da ich das Studium der verſchiedenen Boden-<lb/>formen und ihre Unterſcheidungsmerkmale auf die erſte der <lb/>beiden vorhingenannten Wiſſenſchaften gründe, ſo muß dieſes <lb/>Studium ganz unabhängig von den in der Mineralogie ent-<lb/>haltenen Wahrheiten gemacht werden können. </s>
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2232 <s xml:id="echoid-s1204" xml:space="preserve">Müßte man <lb/>freilich die kryſtalliniſchen Formen, die Zuſammenſetzung der <lb/>Oride, der Chlorverbindungen, der Salze u. </s>
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2233 <s xml:id="echoid-s1205" xml:space="preserve">ſ. </s>
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2234 <s xml:id="echoid-s1206" xml:space="preserve">f.</s>
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2235 <s xml:id="echoid-s1207" xml:space="preserve">, woraus <lb/>die verſchiedenen Bodenarten beſtehen, erſt in der letztge-<lb/>nannten Wiſſenſchaft abhandeln, ſo befände man ſich in einer <lb/>großen Verlegenheit; </s>
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2236 <s xml:id="echoid-s1208" xml:space="preserve">aber alle dieſe Dinge finden, wie wir <lb/>geſehen haben, ihre Stelle ſchon in der Moleculärgeometrie <lb/>und in der Chemie; </s>
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2237 <s xml:id="echoid-s1209" xml:space="preserve">ſo verſchwindet nun die ebenbezeichnete <lb/>Schwierigkeit gänzlich, und wer ſich mit der phyſiſchen Geo-<lb/>graphie abgibt, hat keine Kenntniſſe nöthig, welche erſt den <lb/>Inhalt der Mineralogie bilden, um zu verſtehen, daß man <lb/>mit dem Namen <emph style="sp">Granit</emph> ein Conglomerat von kleinen <lb/>Kieſelerdekryſtallen (Quarz), von Feldſpath, der Doppelver-<lb/>bindung von Kieſelerde mit Alaunerde und Kali u. </s>
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2238 <s xml:id="echoid-s1210" xml:space="preserve">ſ. </s>
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2239 <s xml:id="echoid-s1211" xml:space="preserve">w. </s>
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2240 <s xml:id="echoid-s1212" xml:space="preserve">be-<lb/>zeichnet. </s>
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2241 <s xml:id="echoid-s1213" xml:space="preserve">Wenn man von dem Studium der phyſiſchen Geo-<lb/>graphie zu dem mineralogiſchen übergeht, ſo beſitzt man be-<lb/>reits die Kunde von den verſchiedenen Bodenarten, welche <lb/>der Mineralogie unentbehrlich iſt.</s>
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2242 <s xml:id="echoid-s1214" xml:space="preserve"/>
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2243 </p>
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2244 <p>
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2245 <s xml:id="echoid-s1215" xml:space="preserve">Die Mineralogie hat dann nichts weiter zu ſagen, als: <lb/></s>
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2246 <s xml:id="echoid-s1216" xml:space="preserve"><emph style="sp">dieß oder jenes Bodenproduct oder Steinart <lb/>findet ſich in dieſem beſtimmten Terrain und <lb/>zeigt daſelbſt dieſe und jene Spielarten</emph>. </s>
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2247 <s xml:id="echoid-s1217" xml:space="preserve">Gerade <lb/>ebenſo ſagt der Anatom z. </s>
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2248 <s xml:id="echoid-s1218" xml:space="preserve">B.</s>
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2249 <s xml:id="echoid-s1219" xml:space="preserve">: <emph style="sp">das Knochengewebe <lb/>findet man nur bei denjenigen Thieren, welche <lb/>ein inneres Gerüſte haben, und hat bei den mei-<lb/>
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2250 <pb o="96" file="0110" n="110"/>
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2251 ſten im Waſſer lebenden Thieren die beſondern <lb/>Eigenſchaften der Fiſchgräte, im Gegenſatz zu <lb/>den Knochen der übrigen Wirbelthiere</emph>, oder: </s>
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2252 <s xml:id="echoid-s1220" xml:space="preserve"><emph style="sp">das <lb/>Athmungsorgan verſchwindet bei denjenigen <lb/>Thieren, deren einfacherer Bau geſtattet, daß die <lb/>allgemeinen Bedeckungen die Athmungsfunction <lb/>übernehmen; </emph></s>
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2253 <s xml:id="echoid-s1221" xml:space="preserve"><emph style="sp">in dem einen Fall kommt das Ath-<lb/>mungsorgan als Lunge, im andern als Kieme vor</emph>.</s>
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2254 <s xml:id="echoid-s1222" xml:space="preserve"/>
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2255 </p>
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2256 </div>
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2257 <div xml:id="echoid-div96" type="section" level="1" n="89">
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2258 <head xml:id="echoid-head108" xml:space="preserve">3) Die naturhiſtoriſchen Wiſſenſchaften.</head>
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2259 <p>
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2260 <s xml:id="echoid-s1223" xml:space="preserve">Der Character dieſer Wiſſenſchaften iſt durch den Ge-<lb/>genſatz, welcher zwiſchen den Daſeinsformen organiſchlebendiger <lb/>und unorganiſcher Körper ſtattfindet, ſo ſcharf beſtimmt, daß <lb/>ihre Definition nicht der mindeſten Schwierigkeit unterliegt. <lb/></s>
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2261 <s xml:id="echoid-s1224" xml:space="preserve">Die eigenthümliche Daſeinsform organiſchlebendiger Körper <lb/>beſteht in den ununterbrochenen Veränderungen, welche jene <lb/>Körper durchlaufen müſſen, indem ſie fortwährend neue <lb/>Stoffe zur Erhaltung ihrer Eriſtenz aufnehmen, und alte, <lb/>welche abgenützt ſind, abſtoßen. </s>
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2262 <s xml:id="echoid-s1225" xml:space="preserve">Sie entſtehen immer aus <lb/>Individuen, welche ihnen ähnlich ſind, wachſen, reproduciren <lb/>ſich und ſterben, während ein unorganiſcher Körper ohne <lb/>Ende fortexiſtiren kann, wenn nicht ein zerſtörender Einfluß <lb/>auf ihn wirkt.</s>
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2263 <s xml:id="echoid-s1226" xml:space="preserve"/>
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2264 </p>
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2265 <p>
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2266 <s xml:id="echoid-s1227" xml:space="preserve">Wenn die unterſcheidenden Charactere der organiſchen <lb/>Weſen keine Schwierigkeit machen, ſo iſt dieß auch nicht der <lb/>Fall in Beziehung auf die Stellung, welche die auf die or-<lb/>ganiſchen Körper bezüglichen Wiſſenſchaften in einer natür-<lb/>lichen Claſſification annehmen müſſen. </s>
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2267 <s xml:id="echoid-s1228" xml:space="preserve">Wenn man auch <lb/>davon abſehen will, daß für dieſe Wiſſenſchaften die vorher-<lb/>gehenden wichtige Hülfswiſſenſchaften ſind, ſo wird die von <lb/>uns angenommene Ordnung ſchon durch die einfache Be-<lb/>trachtung gerechtfertigt, daß ein organiſchlebendiger Körper <lb/>auch alle mathematiſchen und phyſicaliſchen Eigenſchaften der <lb/>unorganiſchen Materie an ſich trägt, und daß die Lebens-<lb/>erſcheinungen gar nicht begriffen werden können, wenn man <lb/>
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2268 <pb o="97" file="0111" n="111"/>
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2269 nicht wenigſtens allgemeine Begriffe von der geſammten <lb/>Außenwelt hat, in welcher ſich die organiſchen Weſen be-<lb/>finden, welche ihnen den Boden gewährt, woraus die Pflanze <lb/>ſich nährt, auf dem das Thier ſich bewegt, welche ihnen die <lb/>Luft gibt, in der beide athmen, das Licht, das beiden gleich <lb/>nothwendig iſt, u. </s>
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2270 <s xml:id="echoid-s1229" xml:space="preserve">ſ. </s>
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2271 <s xml:id="echoid-s1230" xml:space="preserve">f.</s>
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2272 <s xml:id="echoid-s1231" xml:space="preserve"/>
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2273 </p>
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2274 <p>
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2275 <s xml:id="echoid-s1232" xml:space="preserve">Von den beiden Kreiſen, welche zuſammen die Provinz <lb/>der naturhiſtoriſchen Wiſſenſchaften ausmachen, bezieht ſich <lb/>der erſte auf die Pflanzen, welche blos Leben beſitzen, d. </s>
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2276 <s xml:id="echoid-s1233" xml:space="preserve">h. <lb/></s>
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2277 <s xml:id="echoid-s1234" xml:space="preserve">welche blos entſtehen, wachſen, ſich reproduciren und ab-<lb/>ſterben. </s>
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2278 <s xml:id="echoid-s1235" xml:space="preserve">Der zweite Kreis bezieht ſich auf die Thiere, welche <lb/>außerdem noch die Empfindung, die ſelbſtthätige Bewegung <lb/>und die zur Erzeugung der letztern nothwendigen Muskel-<lb/>kräfte haben.</s>
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2279 <s xml:id="echoid-s1236" xml:space="preserve"/>
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2280 </p>
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2281 <p>
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2282 <s xml:id="echoid-s1237" xml:space="preserve">Auch bei dieſer Provinz ſucht Ampère ſchwankende <lb/>Grenzen ſchärfer zu beſtimmen, und ich hebe hier heraus, <lb/>was er über das Verhältniß zwiſchen Anatomie und Phy-<lb/>ſiologie, ſowie über die Beziehung der Zoologie und Zoo-<lb/>technie zur Medicin ſagt. </s>
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2283 <s xml:id="echoid-s1238" xml:space="preserve">Wenn er die Phyſiologie der <lb/>Pflanzen und der Thiere ſo beſtimmt, daß ſie die Funktionen <lb/>der einzelnen Theile lehren, ſo will er den Begriff von Funk-<lb/>tion nicht ſo weit gefaßt wiſſen, daß die Phytographie und <lb/>Zoographie, ebenſo die Anatomie der Pflanzen und Thiere <lb/>nicht ſollte ſagen dürfen, was die Thätigkeit und der Zweck <lb/>der von ihnen geſchilderten Organe iſt. </s>
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2284 <s xml:id="echoid-s1239" xml:space="preserve">Er faßt vielmehr <lb/>Erkenntniß der Funktion in <emph style="sp">dem</emph> engern Sinn, daß die <lb/>Phyſiologie die Aufgabe habe, die Urſachen zu unterſuchen, <lb/>welche erklären, daß Organe von einer beſtimmten Form und <lb/>Miſchung gerade dieſe und keine andere Thätigkeit äußern.</s>
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2285 <s xml:id="echoid-s1240" xml:space="preserve"/>
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2286 </p>
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2287 <p>
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2288 <s xml:id="echoid-s1241" xml:space="preserve">Bei dem Verhältniß der Zoologie und Zootechnie zur <lb/>Medicin wirft er ſich die Frage auf, warum die mediciniſchen <lb/>Wiſſenſchaften ganz getrennt von den zoologiſchen abge-<lb/>handelt werden, während bei den phytologiſchen Wiſſen-<lb/>ſchaften keine ſolche Trennung ſtattfinde. </s>
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2289 <s xml:id="echoid-s1242" xml:space="preserve">Wir thun an Am-<lb/>père die gleiche Frage: </s>
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2290 <s xml:id="echoid-s1243" xml:space="preserve">die Antwort, welche er ſich und uns <lb/>
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2291 <pb o="98" file="0112" n="112"/>
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2292 ertheilt, iſt rein aus äußerlichen Motiven genommen, &#132;die <lb/>mediciniſchen und veterinären Wiſſenſchaften haben einen <lb/>ſolchen Umfang, daß man ſie als ſelbſtſtändige Wiſſenſchaften <lb/>behandeln muß; </s>
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2293 <s xml:id="echoid-s1244" xml:space="preserve">auch werden die in ihnen gelehrten Ver-<lb/>fahrungsarten von einer andern Claſſe von Menſchen geübt, <lb/>als die, welche die Zootechnie in Ausübung bringen.</s>
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2294 <s xml:id="echoid-s1245" xml:space="preserve">&#148; Wir <lb/>werden ſpäter dieſe äußerlichen Gründe einer Kritik unter-<lb/>werfen.</s>
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2295 <s xml:id="echoid-s1246" xml:space="preserve"/>
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2296 </p>
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2297 </div>
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2298 <div xml:id="echoid-div97" type="section" level="1" n="90">
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2299 <head xml:id="echoid-head109" xml:space="preserve">4) Die mediciniſchen Wiſſenſchaften.</head>
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2300 <p>
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2301 <s xml:id="echoid-s1247" xml:space="preserve">Hier gibt Ampère unter Wiederholung des Ebengeſagten <lb/>die Gründe an, warum er nicht die Phyſiologie und Ana-<lb/>tomie unter die mediciniſchen Wiſſenſchaften geſtellt habe, <lb/>da man doch gewöhnlich jene beiden nur im Zuſammen-<lb/>hang mit der Medicin ſtudire. </s>
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2302 <s xml:id="echoid-s1248" xml:space="preserve">Er ſieht in dem Zeitmangel <lb/>der Medicinſtudirenden den Grund, daß das Studium jener <lb/>beiden Wiſſenſchaften nicht als ſelbſtſtändiges Studium der <lb/>Zoologie, ſondern als bloſer Anhängſel des mediciniſchen <lb/>Studiums erſcheine, und ſagt ganz richtig, daß ſolche äußer-<lb/>lichen Gründe ihn nicht zur Trennung der Anatomie und <lb/>Phyſiologie von den zoologiſchen Wiſſenſchaften bewegen <lb/>können; </s>
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2303 <s xml:id="echoid-s1249" xml:space="preserve">ſind denn aber ſeine Gründe für die Trennung der <lb/>ganzen Medicin, als einer ſelbſtſtändigen Wiſſenſchaft, we-<lb/>niger äußerlich?</s>
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2304 <s xml:id="echoid-s1250" xml:space="preserve"/>
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2305 </p>
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2306 </div>
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2307 <div xml:id="echoid-div98" type="section" level="1" n="91">
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2308 <head xml:id="echoid-head110" xml:space="preserve">B. <emph style="sp">Claſſification</emph>.</head>
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2309 <note position="right" xml:space="preserve"> <lb/>Reich. # Gebiete. # Provinzen. <lb/><emph style="bf">Cosmologiſche \\ Wiſſenſchaften.</emph> # <emph style="sp">Cosmologiſche Wiſ- \\ ſenſchaften im en- \\ gern Sinn</emph>. # Mathematiſche Wiſſen- \\ ſchaften. <lb/> # # Phyſicaliſche Wiſſen- \\ ſchaften. <lb/> # <emph style="sp">Phyſiologiſche Wiſ- \\ ſenſchaften</emph>. # Naturhiſtoriſche Wiſ- \\ ſenſchaften. <lb/> # # Mediciniſche Wiſſen- \\ ſchaften. <lb/></note>
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2310 <p>
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2311 <s xml:id="echoid-s1251" xml:space="preserve">Ampère wendet auch auf dieſe Eintheilung die vier <lb/>Geſichtspunkte an, was wir gleich ausführlich beſprechen <lb/>
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2312 <pb o="99" file="0113" n="113"/>
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2313 werden. </s>
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2314 <s xml:id="echoid-s1252" xml:space="preserve">Von ſeinen Schlußbemerkungen heben wir folgende <lb/>aus: </s>
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2315 <s xml:id="echoid-s1253" xml:space="preserve">Weil es ſo tief in dem Weſen unſeres Geiſtes ge-<lb/>gründet iſt, bei einem ſtufenweiſen Studium ſämmtlicher <lb/>Wiſſensgegenſtände jenen vier Geſichtspunkten zu folgen, ſo <lb/>erklärt es ſich, warum die erſten Gründer der Wiſſenſchaft, <lb/>ihnen ſelber unbewußt, ſich von denſelben leiten ließen, <lb/>warum die Gruppen von Wahrheiten, welche man von <lb/>jeher als beſondere Wiſſenſchaften anſah, dieſen verſchiedenen <lb/>Geſichtspunkten entſprachen, ohne daß man ihre Eriſtenz <lb/>ahnte, gerade wie ſich der Menſch ſeiner körperlichen Organe <lb/>bedient, und ſeine geiſtigen Vermögen auf mancherlei Ge-<lb/>genſtände anwendet, ohne weder den innern Bau der einen, <lb/>noch die Natur der andern zu kennen. </s>
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2316 <s xml:id="echoid-s1254" xml:space="preserve">Fand ſich einer dieſer <lb/>ſchöpferiſchen Geiſter getrieben, einen Gegenſtand unter ei-<lb/>nem gewiſſen Geſichtspunkt zu erforſchen, ſo entſprang aus <lb/>dieſem Unternehmen eine dem genannten Geſichtspunkt ent-<lb/>ſprechende Wiſſenſchaft, ohne daß er deßhalb von demſelben <lb/>eine Vorſtellung gehabt hätte. </s>
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2317 <s xml:id="echoid-s1255" xml:space="preserve">Faßte man denſelben Gegen-<lb/>ſtand unter einem andern Geſichtspunkt auf, ſo entſtand eine <lb/>andere Wiſſenſchaft. </s>
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2318 <s xml:id="echoid-s1256" xml:space="preserve">Wären dieſe Arbeiten ſchon vollendet, <lb/>ſo würden alle Zweige unſeres Wiſſens, die ich bis jetzt auf-<lb/>gezählt habe, bereits ihre Namen bekommen haben, und meine <lb/>Eintheilung wäre ſo zu ſagen, ganz von ſelbſt entſtanden. <lb/></s>
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2319 <s xml:id="echoid-s1257" xml:space="preserve">Ich hätte blos noch die bereits benannten Wiſſenſchaften <lb/>in die durch die vier Geſichtspunkte beſtimmte natürliche <lb/>Ordnung einreihen dürfen. </s>
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2320 <s xml:id="echoid-s1258" xml:space="preserve">So verhielt es ſich jedoch nicht, <lb/>und obgleich alle, von welchen ich bis jetzt geſprochen habe, <lb/>wirklich bearbeitet worden ſind, ſo hatten doch mehrere noch <lb/>keine Namen, und waren gewiſſermaßen ganz verkannt. </s>
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2321 <s xml:id="echoid-s1259" xml:space="preserve"><lb/>Nur durch Analogie kam ich zur Entdeckung ſolcher noch <lb/>nicht bekannten Wiſſenſchaften; </s>
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2322 <s xml:id="echoid-s1260" xml:space="preserve">denn von den Geſichtspunkten <lb/>hatte ich ſelbſt noch nicht die mindeſte Ahnung. </s>
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2323 <s xml:id="echoid-s1261" xml:space="preserve">Auch war <lb/>ich ſelbſt von der genauen Symmetrie überraſcht, welche ich <lb/>in allen Theilen des in dieſem Werke auseinandergeſetzten <lb/>Syſtems bemerkte; </s>
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2324 <s xml:id="echoid-s1262" xml:space="preserve">ja für mehrere Perſonen, denen ich daſſelbe <lb/>
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2325 <pb o="100" file="0114" n="114"/>
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2326 mittheilte, gab eben dieſe Symmetrie einen Grund ab, das <lb/>Syſtem als ein künſtliches anzuſehen. </s>
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2327 <s xml:id="echoid-s1263" xml:space="preserve">Nun aber ſieht man <lb/>den Urſprung dieſer Symmetrie ein; </s>
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2328 <s xml:id="echoid-s1264" xml:space="preserve">man ſieht, warum gerade <lb/>eine Vierzahl von Provinzen ſein muß, warum jede Provinz <lb/>ſich in eine gleiche Anzahl von Kreiſen und von Wiſſen-<lb/>ſchaften der erſten, zweiten, dritten Ordnung abtheilt; </s>
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2329 <s xml:id="echoid-s1265" xml:space="preserve">man <lb/>ſieht, daß alles dieß ſeinen Grund darin hat, daß jene Ge-<lb/>ſichtspunkte, von welchen ſich die Gründer der verſchiedenen <lb/>Wiſſenſchaften, ihnen ſelbſt unbewußt, leiten ließen, der Zahl <lb/>nach immer dieſelben bleiben, weil ſie ſich auf die Natur <lb/>unſeres Denkens gründen. </s>
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2330 <s xml:id="echoid-s1266" xml:space="preserve">Gibt man ſich ſolchergeſtalt <lb/>Rechenſchaft von jener Symmetrie, ſo erkennt man leicht, wie <lb/>irrig es ſei, aus derſelben auf die Künſtlichkeit des Syſtems <lb/>zu ſchließen, in welchem ſie vorkommt, und daß man im <lb/>Gegentheil hätte vorauswiſſen können, daß ſie ſich in einem <lb/>natürlichen Syſtem des menſchlichen Wiſſens geltend machen <lb/>müſſe, ſobald nur daſſelbe eine vollſtändige Liſte aller Wiſſen-<lb/>ſchaften enthält, und jede Gruppe von Wahrheiten, die eine <lb/>ſolche in der That und Wahrheit iſt, gemäß der Natur <lb/>unſerer Geiſtesthätigkeiten und der Gegenſtände derſelben, <lb/>ihren gehörigen Namen erhalten hat. </s>
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2331 <s xml:id="echoid-s1267" xml:space="preserve">Reiht ſich eine neue <lb/>Wiſſenſchaft nicht ein in die bereits gemachten Abtheilungen <lb/>und Unterabtheilungen, ſo wird ſie eine Lücke ausfüllen in <lb/>einer noch unvollendeten Claſſification. </s>
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2332 <s xml:id="echoid-s1268" xml:space="preserve">Dieſe Lücke muß <lb/>ſich aus der Analogie ergeben, und wenn die Wiſſenſchaft, <lb/>welche dieſelbe ausfüllen ſoll, auch nur im Umriß vorhanden <lb/>iſt, ſo muß man ihr doch einen Namen geben, um die Blicke <lb/>derer auf ſie zu richten, welche im Stand ſind, ſie nach <lb/>allen möglichen Seiten hin zu entwickeln und zu vollenden. <lb/></s>
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2333 <s xml:id="echoid-s1269" xml:space="preserve">Wenn man nun dieſen Weg einſchlägt, den auch ich, und <lb/>wie ich glaube, mit Recht eingeſchlagen habe, ſo gibt es ſich <lb/>ganz von ſelbſt, daß man für die verſchiedenen Zweige unſeres <lb/>Wiſſens neue Wiſſenſchaften aufſtellt, welche gerade wegen <lb/>ihrer Abkunft von der Analogie, jene Symmetrie erzeugen, <lb/>welche man mir zum Vorwurf machen zu müſſen glaubte, <lb/>
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2334 <pb o="101" file="0115" n="115"/>
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2335 Ich bin freilich weit entfernt, dieſelbe als einen Grund für <lb/>die Annahme meiner Claſſification geltend zu machen; </s>
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2336 <s xml:id="echoid-s1270" xml:space="preserve">ich <lb/>wollte vielmehr nur einem Vorwurf begegnen, indem ich <lb/>nachwies, daß dieſelbe ihren natürlichen Grund in dem Weſen <lb/>unſerer geiſtigen Thätigkeiten hat.</s>
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2337 <s xml:id="echoid-s1271" xml:space="preserve"/>
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2338 </p>
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2339 <p>
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2340 <s xml:id="echoid-s1272" xml:space="preserve">Ehe wir die Critik über Ampère’s Syſtem beginnen, <lb/>wird es gut ſein, den Ueberblick ſeines Syſtems, wenigſtens <lb/>bis zu den Wiſſenſchaften erſter Ordnung vor Augen zu <lb/>haben.</s>
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2341 <s xml:id="echoid-s1273" xml:space="preserve"/>
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2342 </p>
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2343
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2344 <pb o="102" file="0116" n="116"/>
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2345 <note position="right" xml:space="preserve"> <lb/>Reich. # Gebiete. # Provinzen. # Kreiſe. # Wiſſenſchaften erſter \\ Ordnung. <lb/><emph style="bf"><emph style="sp">Cosmologiſche \\ Wiſſenſchaf- \\ ten</emph>.</emph> # <emph style="bf">Cosmologiſche \\ Wiſſenſchaften \\ im engern Sinn.</emph> # <emph style="bf">Mathematiſche Wiſſen- \\ ſchaften.</emph> # <emph style="sp">Mathematiſche Wiſſen- \\ ſchaften im engern Sinn</emph>. # Arithmologie. <lb/> # # # # Geometrie. <lb/> # # # <emph style="sp">Phyſicaliſchmathemati- \\ ſche Wiſſenſchaften</emph>. # Mechanik. <lb/> # # # # Uranologie. <lb/> # # <emph style="bf">Phyſicaliſche Wiſſen- \\ ſchaften.</emph> # <emph style="sp">Phyſicaliſche Wiſſenſchaf- \\ ten im engern Sinn</emph>. # Allgemeine Phyſik. <lb/> # # # # Technologie. <lb/> # # # <emph style="sp">Geologiſche Wiſſenſchaf- \\ ten</emph>. # Geologie. <lb/> # # # # Oryktotechnie. <lb/> # <emph style="bf">Phyſiologiſche \\ Wiſſenſchaften.</emph> # <emph style="bf">Naturhiſtoriſche Wiſſen- \\ ſchaften.</emph> # <emph style="sp">Phytologiſche Wiſſenſchaf- \\ ten</emph>. # Botanik. <lb/> # # # # Agricultur. <lb/> # # # <emph style="sp">Zoologiſche Wiſſenſchaf- \\ ten im weitern Sinn</emph>. # Zoologie. <lb/> # # # # Zootechnie. <lb/> # # <emph style="bf">Mediciniſche Wiſſen- \\ ſchaften.</emph> # <emph style="sp">Phyſiſchmediciniſche Wiſ- \\ ſenſchaften</emph>. # Mediciniſche Phyſik. <lb/> # # # # Geſundheitslehre. <lb/> # # # <emph style="sp">Mediciniſche Wiſſenſchaf- \\ ten im engern Sinn</emph>. # Noſologie. <lb/> # # # # Practiſche Medicin. <lb/></note>
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2346
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2347 <pb file="0117" n="117"/>
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2348 </div>
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2349 <div xml:id="echoid-div99" type="section" level="1" n="92">
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2350 <head xml:id="echoid-head111" xml:space="preserve"><emph style="bf">Critik der Ampère’ſchen Claſſification.</emph></head>
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2351 <p>
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2352 <s xml:id="echoid-s1274" xml:space="preserve">Wir haben in dieſer Eintheilung eine Reihe von <lb/>64 Wiſſenſchaften, welche alle in einer beſtimmten Ordnung <lb/>auf einander folgen und in Gruppen abgetheilt ſind, von <lb/>denen wieder daſſelbe gilt. </s>
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2353 <s xml:id="echoid-s1275" xml:space="preserve">Ampère legt auf die richtige <lb/>Aufeinanderfolge denſelben Werth, wie auf die richtige Ein-<lb/>theilung in beſondere Gruppen; </s>
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2354 <s xml:id="echoid-s1276" xml:space="preserve">und bei der Beurtheilung <lb/>müſſen wir auf beides gleiche Rückſicht nehmen.</s>
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2355 <s xml:id="echoid-s1277" xml:space="preserve"/>
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2356 </p>
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2357 <p>
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2358 <s xml:id="echoid-s1278" xml:space="preserve">Laſſen wir alſo für’s Erſte alle Einſchnitte weg, durch <lb/>welche die <emph style="sp">Reihenfolge</emph> unterbrochen und die ganze Kette <lb/>in beſondere Haufen getrennt iſt, und fragen wir; </s>
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2359 <s xml:id="echoid-s1279" xml:space="preserve">iſt nicht <lb/>etwas ausgelaſſen? </s>
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2360 <s xml:id="echoid-s1280" xml:space="preserve">ſteht nichts vorne, was ſpäter kommen <lb/>ſollte, und umgekehrt? </s>
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2361 <s xml:id="echoid-s1281" xml:space="preserve">Ich glaube, daß alle meine Leſer <lb/>einſtimmen werden, daß die Reihenfolge vollkommen tadellos <lb/>iſt; </s>
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2362 <s xml:id="echoid-s1282" xml:space="preserve">ſie iſt ebenſo methodiſch in wiſſenſchaftlicher Beziehung <lb/>als übereinſtimmend mit der Natur der Dinge. </s>
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2363 <s xml:id="echoid-s1283" xml:space="preserve">Von der <lb/>Arithmographie an hinauf bis zur letzten Wiſſenſchaft der <lb/>practiſchen Medicin iſt das Geſetz feſtgehalten, daß man nie <lb/>auf ein Späterkommendes verwieſen wird, iſt immer das <lb/>Einfachere, das Niedere, welches im Höheren und Ver-<lb/>wickelteren als Bedingung enthalten iſt, vorangeſtellt, und <lb/>dieſe Aufgabe einer natürlichen Claſſification iſt in genialer, <lb/>ſchlichter Weiſe gelöſt.</s>
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2364 <s xml:id="echoid-s1284" xml:space="preserve"/>
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2365 </p>
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2366 <p>
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2367 <s xml:id="echoid-s1285" xml:space="preserve">Man kann dieſe Aufeinanderfolge in einem ſubjectiven <lb/>Sinn (der wiſſenſchaftlichen Methode) und in einem ob-<lb/>jectiven Sinn, als Verhältniß der Dinge ſelbſt unter ein-<lb/>ander, auffaſſen; </s>
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2368 <s xml:id="echoid-s1286" xml:space="preserve">und wiewohl Ampère den erſtern Sinn <lb/>voranſtellt, ſo verkennt er doch die <emph style="sp">objective</emph> Bedeutung <lb/>
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2369 <pb o="104" file="0118" n="118"/>
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2370 ſeiner natürlichen Methode keineswegs. </s>
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2371 <s xml:id="echoid-s1287" xml:space="preserve">Dieß beweiſen ver-<lb/>ſchiedene Andeutungen, z. </s>
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2372 <s xml:id="echoid-s1288" xml:space="preserve">B. </s>
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2373 <s xml:id="echoid-s1289" xml:space="preserve">man könne ſich recht wohl das <lb/>Pflanzenreich ohne Thierreich, nicht aber umgekehrt denken, <lb/>und erſt aus dieſem objectiven Verhältniß folgert er auch <lb/>die ſubjectivmethodiſche Beziehung, der Botaniker brauche <lb/>nichts von der Zoologie zu wiſſen, wohl aber müſſe der <lb/>Zoolog auf die Botanik ſich beziehen.</s>
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2374 <s xml:id="echoid-s1290" xml:space="preserve"/>
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2375 </p>
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2376 <p>
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2377 <s xml:id="echoid-s1291" xml:space="preserve">Man kann dieſe objective Seite der methodiſchen Reihen-<lb/>folge ganz leicht als <emph style="sp">allgemeines</emph> Geſetz ſich zur An-<lb/>ſchauung bringen. </s>
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2378 <s xml:id="echoid-s1292" xml:space="preserve">Der Menſch trägt als Werkzeug und <lb/>Bedingung ſeiner geiſtigen Thätigkeit den Leib an ſich, mit <lb/>dem animaliſchen Lebensproceß, Sinnesempfindung und freier <lb/>Bewegung; </s>
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2379 <s xml:id="echoid-s1293" xml:space="preserve">das Thier trägt den vegetativen Lebensproceß in <lb/>ſich; </s>
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2380 <s xml:id="echoid-s1294" xml:space="preserve">das Leben der Pflanze iſt bedingt durch den Beſtand <lb/>ihrer einzelnen Organe und Gewebtheile, welche durch eine <lb/>Art von Kryſtalliſation entſtehen; </s>
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2381 <s xml:id="echoid-s1295" xml:space="preserve">dem Kryſtall, dem Stein, <lb/>überhaupt jeglichem Ding, ſofern es einen gewiſſen Form-<lb/>beſtand hat, dient als nothwendige Grundlage ein Sein mit <lb/>gewiſſen phyſiſchen Qualitäten. </s>
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2382 <s xml:id="echoid-s1296" xml:space="preserve">Ebenſo kann man ſich dieſe <lb/>phyſiſchen Oualitäten nicht denken, ohne daß ſie einer Ma-<lb/>terie adhäriren; </s>
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2383 <s xml:id="echoid-s1297" xml:space="preserve">man kann ſich dieſe Materie und ihre Ac-<lb/>tion, die Bewegung, nicht denken, ohne einen Raum, den <lb/>ſie ausfüllt, ohne eine Zeit, in der Ruhe und Bewegung <lb/>verläuft. </s>
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2384 <s xml:id="echoid-s1298" xml:space="preserve">In die höheren Seinsformen involviren alſo <emph style="sp">alle</emph> <lb/>reſpectiven niedern Formen, aber nicht umgekehrt. </s>
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2385 <s xml:id="echoid-s1299" xml:space="preserve">Wird <lb/>von einer Lebensform eine der in ihr ſteckenden Unterlagen <lb/>oder alle hinweggedacht, ſo denkt man etwas Unmögliches, <lb/>während man nichts Unmögliches denkt, wenn man die <lb/>höchſte Seite einer Lebensform hinwegdenkt, ſobald nur über-<lb/>haupt noch ein Formbeſtand und nicht ein bloßes Abſtract <lb/>übrig gelaſſen wird. </s>
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2386 <s xml:id="echoid-s1300" xml:space="preserve">Dieß iſt das <emph style="sp">Geſetz der organi-<lb/>ſchen Stufenverhältniſſe</emph>, welches wir unten noch <lb/>näher betrachten werden, und das der Methodik Ampère’s <lb/>unläugbar und ausgeſprochener Maaßen zu Grunde liegt.</s>
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2387 <s xml:id="echoid-s1301" xml:space="preserve"/>
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2388 </p>
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2389 <p>
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2390 <s xml:id="echoid-s1302" xml:space="preserve">Wir gehen nun zu einer <emph style="bf">Beurtheilung der Am-</emph> <lb/>
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2391 <pb o="105" file="0119" n="119"/>
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2392 <emph style="bf">père’ſchen Gruppen</emph> über; </s>
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2393 <s xml:id="echoid-s1303" xml:space="preserve">ſind die einzelnen Gruppen <lb/>richtig gebildet, und ſind die richtig gebildeten Gruppen <lb/>auch naturgemäß zuſammengeſtellt? </s>
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2394 <s xml:id="echoid-s1304" xml:space="preserve"><emph style="sp">An der Bildung <lb/>ſeiner Wiſſenſchaften dritter Ordnung</emph> wird man <lb/>kaum etwas ausſetzen können, und wir fragen nun zunächſt, <lb/><emph style="sp">ſind die Wiſſenſchaften dritter Ordnung auf <lb/>richtige Weiſe in den Wiſſenſchaften erſter Ord-<lb/>nung zuſammengefaßt</emph>? </s>
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2395 <s xml:id="echoid-s1305" xml:space="preserve">Iſt nichts in einer Wiſſen-<lb/>ſchaft erſter Ordnung, was nicht in dieſelbe gehört, oder <lb/>aber, fehlt nicht etwas, was weſentlich in eine ſolche gehört? <lb/></s>
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2396 <s xml:id="echoid-s1306" xml:space="preserve">Die erſte Frage wird man @ohl zu Gunſten Ampère’s ver-<lb/>neinen müſſen; </s>
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2397 <s xml:id="echoid-s1307" xml:space="preserve">dagegen die Frage nach der Vollſtändigkeit <lb/>der Wiſſenſchaften erſter Ordnung kann man nicht durch-<lb/>gängig zu ſeinen Gunſten bejahen.</s>
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2398 <s xml:id="echoid-s1308" xml:space="preserve"/>
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2399 </p>
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2400 <p>
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2401 <s xml:id="echoid-s1309" xml:space="preserve">Zur Beantwortung dieſer Frage gibt uns Ampère ſelbſt <lb/>den Maaßſtab in ſeinem viertheiligen Schema, in den <emph style="sp">vier <lb/>Geſichtspunkten</emph>. </s>
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2402 <s xml:id="echoid-s1310" xml:space="preserve">Dieſer Eintheilungsgrund, welcher <lb/>das ganze Syſtem regiert, iſt von ungemeinem Intereſſe. <lb/></s>
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2403 <s xml:id="echoid-s1311" xml:space="preserve">Ich ſpreche hier nur vorläufig die Ueberzeugung aus, welche <lb/>ich nachher, wenn auch nur auf ſkizzenhafte Weiſe begründen <lb/>werde, daß in dieſen vier Geſichtspunkten die Grundlage <lb/>gegeben iſt, für den richtigen Organismus der Categorieen <lb/>des Denkens, und weil es ein und daſſelbe Urweſen iſt, <lb/>welches die Welt und unſern Geiſt, und in dieſem Geiſt <lb/>die Fähigkeit, die Welt in Gedanken zu ergreifen, ſchuf, ſo <lb/>ſind jene vier Geſichtspunkte auch die Categorieen alles <lb/>Seins, und die Mittel, daſſelbe zu verſtehen und zu begreifen. </s>
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2404 <s xml:id="echoid-s1312" xml:space="preserve"><lb/>In dieſer Uebereinſtimmung unſeres Denkens mit dem Sein <lb/>liegt auch das Recht Ampère’s, das er, ohne lange ſich zu <lb/>beſinnen, ſich vindicirt, die vier Geſichtspunkte nicht blos <lb/>auf die Eintheilung der Wiſſenſchaften dritter Ordnung, <lb/>ſondern auch auf die Eintheilung der Wiſſenſchaften erſter <lb/>Ordnung und der Provinzen anzuwenden. </s>
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2405 <s xml:id="echoid-s1313" xml:space="preserve">Die Anwendung <lb/>auf je vier Wiſſenſchaften dritter Ordnung zeigt blos die <lb/>ſubjectivmethodiſche Seite der vier Geſichtspunkte; </s>
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2406 <s xml:id="echoid-s1314" xml:space="preserve">denn es <lb/>
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2407 <pb o="106" file="0120" n="120"/>
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2408 iſt <emph style="sp">ein und derſelbe Gegenſtand</emph>, der in vier zu-<lb/>ſammengehörigen Wiſſenſchaften dritter Ordnung nur von <lb/>verſchiedenen Geſichtspunkten aus abgehandelt wird. </s>
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2409 <s xml:id="echoid-s1315" xml:space="preserve">Werden <lb/>aber auch vier Wiſſenſchaften erſter Ordnung, ja vier Pro-<lb/>vinzen auf dieſelbe Weiſe eingetheilt, dann werden den ver-<lb/>ſchiedenen Geſichtspunkten auch verſchiedene Gegenſtände zu-<lb/>getheilt, es wird vorausgeſetzt, dieſe <emph style="sp">verſchiedenen Ge-<lb/>genſtände ſeien ſelbſt wieder nur vier verſchie-<lb/>dene Auffaſſungsweiſen eines gemeinſamen <lb/>allgememeinen Objectes</emph>, ſie ſeien die vier Gedanken-<lb/>ſtufen, nach welchen ein höherer Geiſt die Gebiete der <lb/>Eriſtenzen hervortreten laſſe.</s>
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2410 <s xml:id="echoid-s1316" xml:space="preserve"/>
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2411 </p>
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2412 <p>
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2413 <s xml:id="echoid-s1317" xml:space="preserve">Wir reden nun zuerſt von der ſubjectiven methodiſchen <lb/>Seite, <emph style="sp">welche in der Eintheilung der Wiſſenſchaf-<lb/>ten dritter Ordnung allein</emph> hervortritt, und legen an <lb/>dieſe Eintheilung den Maaßſtab der vier Geſichtspunkte, die <lb/>wir, wie bereits geſagt, als erſchöpfend anſehn. </s>
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2414 <s xml:id="echoid-s1318" xml:space="preserve">Iſt einem <lb/>der vier Geſichtspunkte eine Wiſſenſchaft dritter Ordnung <lb/>zugetheilt, welche ihm nicht entſpricht, ſondern einem andern <lb/>Geſichtspunkt zugehört, ſo hat der erſtere keine entſprechende <lb/>Wiſſenſchaft, und da bei jedem Objecte <emph style="sp">alle</emph> vier Auffaſſungs-<lb/>arten vorkommen <emph style="sp">müſſen</emph>, ſo iſt für den genannten Fall <lb/>eine Lücke nachgewieſen. </s>
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2415 <s xml:id="echoid-s1319" xml:space="preserve">Gehen wir zu dem Ende die ver-<lb/>ſchiedenen Wiſſenſchaften dritter Ordnung durch, ſo ſind, <lb/>unſeres Erachtens, bei den rein mathematiſchen Wiſſen-<lb/>ſchaften, bei den Wiſſenſchaften der allgemeinen Phyſik und <lb/>bei einer Wiſſenſchaft erſter Ordnung der mediciniſchen Pro-<lb/>vinz, die vier Geſichtspunkte nicht rein durchgeführt, und <lb/>zwar iſt ſonderbarer Weiſe gerade der vierte, der cryptolo-<lb/>giſche Geſichtspunkt, meiſtens der verunglückte. </s>
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2416 <s xml:id="echoid-s1320" xml:space="preserve">Die vierte <lb/>Wiſſenſchaft, welche Ampère unter der Arithmologie begreift, <lb/>die Wahrſcheinlichkeitsrechnung, enthält nur eine Ahnung <lb/>von dem, was dieſe Wiſſenſchaft ſein ſollte. </s>
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2417 <s xml:id="echoid-s1321" xml:space="preserve">Die Frage nach <lb/>der Wahrſcheinlichkeit eines oder mehrerer Fälle berührt aller-<lb/>dings die höchſte Grenze der Mathematik, jenſeits welcher <lb/>
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2418 <pb o="107" file="0121" n="121"/>
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2419 die Herrſchaft der letztern aufhört. </s>
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2420 <s xml:id="echoid-s1322" xml:space="preserve">Die Mathematik kann <lb/>z. </s>
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2421 <s xml:id="echoid-s1323" xml:space="preserve">B. </s>
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2422 <s xml:id="echoid-s1324" xml:space="preserve">beſtimmen, <emph style="sp">wie oft</emph> ein gewiſſer Umſtand eintreten <lb/>kann, <emph style="sp">gegenüber von der Zahl</emph> der Fälle, in welchen <lb/>er nicht eintreten kann. </s>
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2423 <s xml:id="echoid-s1325" xml:space="preserve">Dieſe quantitative Seite der Frage <lb/>kann ſie löſen, und die Antwort iſt eine Wahrſcheinlichkeit; <lb/></s>
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2424 <s xml:id="echoid-s1326" xml:space="preserve">daß aber ein Umſtand auf dieſe oder jene Weiſe eintreten <lb/>wird, — die <emph style="sp">Gewißheit</emph> davon haben wir nur, wenn es <lb/>uns möglich iſt, über die bloſe Quantität hinaus, die Oua-<lb/>lität der Dinge, ihr Weſen und reellen Zuſammenhang zu <lb/>wiſſen. </s>
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2425 <s xml:id="echoid-s1327" xml:space="preserve">Dieſes Wiſſen iſt kein mathematiſches Wiſſen mehr, <lb/>und die Fragen nach Wahrſcheinlichkeit und Gewißheit müſſen <lb/>ſomit aufgeworfen werden in einer Wiſſenſchaft, welche die <lb/>Begriffe der Größe nach ſeinem ganzen Umfang, ſeinen <lb/><emph style="sp">Grenzen</emph> und ſeinen Beziehungen zu andern Begriffen <lb/>unterſucht. </s>
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2426 <s xml:id="echoid-s1328" xml:space="preserve">Dieſe Wiſſenſchaft allein, eine <emph style="bf">Philoſophie</emph> <lb/><emph style="sp">der Größenlehre</emph>, kann dem vierten Geſichtspunkt der <lb/>Arithmologie entſprechen; </s>
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2427 <s xml:id="echoid-s1329" xml:space="preserve">denn der vierte Geſichtspunkt einer <lb/>Wiſſenſchaft erſter Ordnung ſoll ja die letzten weſentlichen <lb/>Urſachen, in welchen alle Beziehungen und Geſetze eines <lb/>Gegenſtandes erklärt und zuſammengefaßt ſind, unterſuchen. </s>
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2428 <s xml:id="echoid-s1330" xml:space="preserve"><lb/>Was aber Ampère als letzte Wiſſenſchaft der Arithmologie <lb/>aufſtellt, iſt nur eine einzelne Beziehung dieſer poſtulirten <lb/>Wiſſenſchaft. </s>
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2429 <s xml:id="echoid-s1331" xml:space="preserve">Gine ähnliche Ahnung hatte Ampère bei Auf-<lb/>ſtellung der <emph style="sp">Moleculärgeometrie</emph>; </s>
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2430 <s xml:id="echoid-s1332" xml:space="preserve">dieſe ſcheint nichts <lb/>zu ſein, als eine ſtereometriſche Frage, wie auch die Wahr-<lb/>ſcheinlichkeitsrechnung an ſich nur eine Seite der Combina-<lb/>tionenlehre iſt; </s>
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2431 <s xml:id="echoid-s1333" xml:space="preserve">und doch berührt die Moleculärgeometrie, <lb/>nach Ampère’s Begriffsbeſtimmung, denſelben höchſten Punkt, <lb/>wie ſeine vierte arithmologiſche Wiſſenſchaft. </s>
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2432 <s xml:id="echoid-s1334" xml:space="preserve">Wenn er nem-<lb/>lich der Moleculärgeometrie geradezu die Aufgabe ſtellt, die <lb/>Primitivformen kryſtalliſationsfähiger Körper aus den durch <lb/>die Beobachtung gegebenen Secundärformen, und umgekehrt, <lb/>abzuleiten, ſo iſt klar, daß hier wiederum die Beziehung des <lb/>bloſen quantitativen Wiſſens auf ein Gebiet von reellen <lb/>Dingen ausgeſprochen iſt. </s>
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2433 <s xml:id="echoid-s1335" xml:space="preserve">Nun iſt bekannt, daß die Ste-<lb/>
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2434 <pb o="108" file="0122" n="122"/>
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2435 reometrie ſich mehr Formſyſteme möglich denken kann, als <lb/>die Kryſtallwelt aufweiſt. </s>
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2436 <s xml:id="echoid-s1336" xml:space="preserve">Es ſind alſo einige ſtereometriſche <lb/>Möglichkeiten durch das Geſetz des Lebens zu Wirklichkeiten <lb/>erhoben, andere ſind dadurch ausgeſchloſſen; </s>
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2437 <s xml:id="echoid-s1337" xml:space="preserve">es iſt alſo auch <lb/>hier wieder die Frage nach der Grenze aufgeworfen und <lb/>ſomit die Unterſuchung des Grundbegriffs der quantitativen <lb/>Beſtimmung zur Aufgabe gemacht. </s>
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2438 <s xml:id="echoid-s1338" xml:space="preserve">Was hier von der Aus-<lb/>ſchließung mehrerer Möglichkeiten und der Einſchränkung <lb/>auf eine beſtimmte Zahl wirklicher Fälle geſagt iſt, gilt auch <lb/>von den verſchiedenen Größenbeſtimmungen einer und der-<lb/>ſelben Sache. </s>
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2439 <s xml:id="echoid-s1339" xml:space="preserve">Iedes lebendige Ding hat ein gewiſſes Maaß, <lb/>d. </s>
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2440 <s xml:id="echoid-s1340" xml:space="preserve">h. </s>
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2441 <s xml:id="echoid-s1341" xml:space="preserve">es kann eine gewiſſe räumliche Ausdehnung erreichen, <lb/>und größere Ausdehnungen ſind ihm durch ſeine Natur ver-<lb/>ſagt. </s>
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2442 <s xml:id="echoid-s1342" xml:space="preserve">Was iſt für eine jede Gattung von Dingen der <lb/>Grund, der ihnen ihre Quantität beſtimmt; </s>
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2443 <s xml:id="echoid-s1343" xml:space="preserve">man könnte <lb/>ſchon a priori ſagen, der Grund müſſe im eigenthümlichen <lb/><emph style="sp">Quale</emph> des Dinges liegen, wenn man nicht auch a posteriori <lb/>darauf geführt wäre. </s>
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2444 <s xml:id="echoid-s1344" xml:space="preserve">Man ſieht nemlich, daß ein Ding ſo <lb/>lang ſeine Quantität ändert, als es nach ſeinem eigenthüm-<lb/>lichen <emph style="sp">Quale</emph> noch nicht vollſtändig ausgebildet iſt. </s>
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2445 <s xml:id="echoid-s1345" xml:space="preserve">Iſt aber <lb/>dieß geſchehen, ſo hört auch das Wachsthum auf. </s>
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2446 <s xml:id="echoid-s1346" xml:space="preserve">Mit der <lb/>Erreichung der qualitativen Eigenthümlichkeit hat ein Leben-<lb/>diges auch das ihm eigene Quantum erreicht, das es nun <lb/>auch nicht weiter verändert. </s>
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2447 <s xml:id="echoid-s1347" xml:space="preserve">Alſo auch hier wird man wieder <lb/>an die <emph style="sp">Grenzſcheide</emph> der Mathematik geführt, und dieſe <lb/>muß dieſelbe aus dem allgemeinen Begriff der Größe be-<lb/>ſtimmen. </s>
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2448 <s xml:id="echoid-s1348" xml:space="preserve">Schon Hegel hat eine <emph style="sp">Wiſſenſchaft der Maaße</emph> <lb/>poſtulirt, welche noch nicht eriſtire; </s>
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2449 <s xml:id="echoid-s1349" xml:space="preserve">und ſo weit auch bis jetzt <lb/>die Mathematik ihre Arme und Füße in alle Weiten des <lb/>Univerſums ausſtreckt, ſo fehlt ihr noch der Kopf. </s>
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2450 <s xml:id="echoid-s1350" xml:space="preserve">Ampère <lb/>hat dieß geahnt bei der Aufſtellung der beiden letzten Wiſſen-<lb/>ſchaften in der Arithmologie und Geometrie.</s>
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2451 <s xml:id="echoid-s1351" xml:space="preserve"/>
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2452 </p>
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2453 <p>
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2454 <s xml:id="echoid-s1352" xml:space="preserve">Die gleiche Ausſtellung müſſen wir bei der vierten <lb/>Wiſſenſchaft der allgemeinen Phyſik machen. </s>
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2455 <s xml:id="echoid-s1353" xml:space="preserve">Auch hier hat <lb/>Ampère gefühlt, daß die phyſicaliſchen und chemiſchen Wiſſen-<lb/>
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2456 <pb o="109" file="0123" n="123"/>
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2457 ſchaften einer Wiſſenſchaft bedürfen, welche die Mannig-<lb/>faltigkeit der in ihnen gelehrten Erſcheinungen in einem er-<lb/>klärenden Mittelpunkt zuſammenfaßt und um die ſich bis jetzt <lb/>Phyſiker und Chemiker ungemein wenig bekümmert haben. <lb/></s>
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2458 <s xml:id="echoid-s1354" xml:space="preserve">Nach welchen Geſetzen theilt ſich die Geſammtheit der Elemente <lb/>in gewiſſe Gruppen, nach welchen Geſetzen theilen ſich die <lb/>beſonderen Gruppen in die einzelnen Elemente? </s>
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2459 <s xml:id="echoid-s1355" xml:space="preserve">welches <lb/>ſind die Gründe ihrer electriſchen und galvaniſchen Bezie-<lb/>hungen und ihrer chemiſchen Affinitäten unter einander? </s>
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2460 <s xml:id="echoid-s1356" xml:space="preserve"><lb/>Dieſe Fragen drängen ſich nothwendig auf, nachdem man <lb/>das Detail aller dieſer Erſcheinungen durchlaufen. </s>
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2461 <s xml:id="echoid-s1357" xml:space="preserve">Schon <lb/>die Conſtanz der Miſchungsgewichte, welche die einzelnen <lb/>Elemente in allen Verbindungen behaupten, führen auf die <lb/>Annahme, daß alle dieſe Elemente zuſammen <emph style="sp">ein</emph> Ganzes <lb/>mit einander bilden, deſſen Gliederung von einem einfachen <lb/>Geſetz beherrſcht ſein muß, wie die Wechſelwirkungen ſeiner <lb/>Theile.</s>
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2462 <s xml:id="echoid-s1358" xml:space="preserve"><anchor type="note" xlink:href="" symbol="*"/> Dieſe philoſophiſche Phyſik fehlt noch ebenſo, wie
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2463 die Philoſophie der Größe. </s>
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2464 <s xml:id="echoid-s1359" xml:space="preserve">Ampère hat das Bedürfniß <lb/>einer ſolchen Wiſſenſchaft gleichfalls empfunden, aber ſeine <lb/><emph style="sp">Atomologie</emph> wird daſſelbe ſchwerlich befriedigen, <emph style="sp">denn <lb/>nicht durch Zerlegung der Elemente in ihre <lb/>kleinſten Theile, ſondern durch Betrachtung des <lb/>Zuſammenhangs, in dem jedes Element mit der <lb/>Geſammtheit aller übrigen Elemente ſteht, <lb/>findet man das Geſetz, das das Ganze und das <lb/>Einzelne beherrſcht</emph>.</s>
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2465 <s xml:id="echoid-s1360" xml:space="preserve"/>
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2466 </p>
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2467 <p>
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2468 <s xml:id="echoid-s1361" xml:space="preserve">Bei den mediciniſchen Wiſſenſchaften könnte man bei <lb/>der <emph style="sp">Prophylactik</emph> und <emph style="sp">Prognoſe</emph> zweifeln, ob ſie wohl <lb/>den cryptologiſchen Geſichtspunkt vollſtändig repräſentiren, <lb/>da man gewöhnlich beide Wiſſenſchaften nur in einem be-<lb/>ſchränkten Sinn auffaßt und faſt wie Nebenſachen behandelt. <lb/></s>
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2469 <s xml:id="echoid-s1362" xml:space="preserve">Man kann jedoch in der That in dieſen Wiſſenſchaften das <lb/>
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2470 <anchor type="note" xlink:label="note-0123-01a" xlink:href="note-0123-01"/>
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2471
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2472 <pb o="110" file="0124" n="124"/>
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2473 zuſammenfaſſende Reſultat der ihnen vorausgegangenen Wiſ-<lb/>ſenſchaften dritter Ordnung ſehen, in der Prophylactik die <lb/>Zuſammenfaſſung der ganzen Hygieine, in der Prognoſe <lb/>das Geſammtreſultat des ärztlichen Urtheils über einen <lb/>practiſchen Fall.</s>
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2474 <s xml:id="echoid-s1363" xml:space="preserve"/>
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2475 </p>
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2476 <div xml:id="echoid-div99" type="float" level="2" n="1">
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2477 <note symbol="*" position="foot" xlink:label="note-0123-01" xlink:href="note-0123-01a" xml:space="preserve">Siehe hierüber meine Schrift: &#132;Weſen der Natur.&#148; Bei Ebner <lb/>und Seubert, Stuttgart 1839.</note>
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2478 </div>
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2479 <p>
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2480 <s xml:id="echoid-s1364" xml:space="preserve">Ganz unrein ſind die vier Punkte durchgeführt in Am-<lb/>père’s <emph style="sp">mediciniſcher Phyſik</emph>. </s>
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2481 <s xml:id="echoid-s1365" xml:space="preserve">Hier gehören offenbar <lb/><emph style="sp">alle</emph> vier Wiſſenſchaften, die Ampère aufſtellt, ihrem Object <lb/>nach, in den erſten Geſichtspunkt, der alle die ſchädlichen <lb/>oder heilſamen Einflüſſe, mögen nun chemiſche oder mecha-<lb/>niſche oder geiſtige Urſachen auf den Organismus einwirken, <lb/>ſemiographiſch zu betrachten hat. </s>
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2482 <s xml:id="echoid-s1366" xml:space="preserve">Der zweite Punkt muß <lb/>ſie anatomiſch-diagnoſtiſch unterſuchen. </s>
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2483 <s xml:id="echoid-s1367" xml:space="preserve">Die Wiſſenſchaft des <lb/>dritten Punkies muß die Geſetze aufſuchen, nach welchen die <lb/>verſchiedenen Einflüſſe auf verſchiedene Art wirken müſſen, <lb/>und die Wiſſenſchaft des cryptologiſchen Geſichtspunktes muß <lb/>dieſe Geſetze auf einen letzten gemeinſamen Grund zurück-<lb/>führen. </s>
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2484 <s xml:id="echoid-s1368" xml:space="preserve">An Stoff für dieſen vierten Punkt hätte es Am-<lb/>père ſchwerlich gefehlt, wenn er Arzt geweſen wäre und <lb/>geſehen hätte, welcher Wirrwarr in den Begriffen über or-<lb/>ganiſche Reaction herrſcht, wo der eine alle Symptome als <lb/>Heilſymptome auffaßt, während Andere den Organismus <lb/>zum paſſiven Zuſchauer eines in ihn eingedrungenen fremden <lb/>Lebensproceſſes macht. </s>
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2485 <s xml:id="echoid-s1369" xml:space="preserve">Die Grundgeſetze der organiſchen <lb/>Reaction müſſen in dieſer vierten Wiſſenſchaft der medicini-<lb/>ſchen Phyſik abgehandelt werden, weil nur hier, wo die <lb/>Einwirkungen ſcharf vor Augen liegen, etwas Klares über <lb/>die Wechſelwirkungen zwiſchen Organismus und krankhafter <lb/>Affection geſagt werden kann. </s>
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2486 <s xml:id="echoid-s1370" xml:space="preserve">Dieſe hier von uns poſtulirte <lb/>vierte Wiſſenſchaft der mediciniſchen Phyſik iſt unerläßliche <lb/>Vorausſetzung der mediciniſchen Phyſiologie, welche Ampère <lb/>ganz richtig als die vierte Wiſſenſchaft der Noſologie auf-<lb/>geſtellt hat.</s>
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2487 <s xml:id="echoid-s1371" xml:space="preserve"/>
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2488 </p>
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2489 <p>
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2490 <s xml:id="echoid-s1372" xml:space="preserve">Nachdem wir nun die Frage beantwortet, ob die Wiſſen-<lb/>ſchaften dritter Ordnung auf richtige Weiſe in den Wiſſen-<lb/>
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2491 <pb o="111" file="0125" n="125"/>
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2492 ſchaften erſter Ordnung zuſammengeſtellt ſind, fragen wir <lb/>daſſelbe in Betreff der <emph style="sp">Wiſſenſchaften erſter Ordnung</emph> <lb/>und <emph style="sp">ihrer Zuſammenſtellung in Provinzen</emph>. </s>
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2493 <s xml:id="echoid-s1373" xml:space="preserve">Iſt in <lb/>keiner Provinz weder zu viel noch zu wenig? </s>
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2494 <s xml:id="echoid-s1374" xml:space="preserve">iſt jede Wiſſen-<lb/>ſchaft erſter Ordnung ihrem entſprechenden Geſichtspunkt zu-<lb/>getheilt? </s>
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2495 <s xml:id="echoid-s1375" xml:space="preserve">Dieſe Fragen werden beantwortet ſein, wenn wir <lb/>jede Wiſſenſchaft erſter Ordnung unterſuchen, ob ſie dem <lb/>ihr zugetheilten Geſichtspunkt entſpricht, und, wenn dieß nicht <lb/>der Fall iſt, ſie ihrem richtigen Geſichtspunkt unterordnen. <lb/></s>
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2496 <s xml:id="echoid-s1376" xml:space="preserve">Da wir aber hier die Vergleichung objectiver Gebiete mit <lb/>den vier Geſichtspunkten beabſichtigen, ſo müſſen wir auch <lb/>die letztern von dem ausſchließlich ſubjectiven Sinn entklei-<lb/>den, den ſie bei der Eintheilung der Wiſſenſchaften dritter <lb/>Ordnung haben mußten, und wonach ſie nur die vier Stufen <lb/>der Erkenntniß bezeichnen; </s>
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2497 <s xml:id="echoid-s1377" xml:space="preserve">wir müſſen ſie nachweiſen als <lb/>nothwendige Seiten eines jeden Daſeins. </s>
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2498 <s xml:id="echoid-s1378" xml:space="preserve">Iedes Ding läßt <lb/>ein doppeltes in ſich unterſcheiden. </s>
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2499 <s xml:id="echoid-s1379" xml:space="preserve">1) Es <emph style="sp">beſteht</emph>. </s>
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2500 <s xml:id="echoid-s1380" xml:space="preserve">2) Es <lb/>beſteht auf <emph style="sp">eine gewiſſe Art</emph>. </s>
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2501 <s xml:id="echoid-s1381" xml:space="preserve">Das Beſtehen ſowohl, <lb/>als die Art des Beſtehens laſſen eine doppelte Auffaſſung <lb/>zu, man betrachtet ſie entweder nach ihren <emph style="sp">einzelnen <lb/>Seiten</emph> und Momenten, oder man betrachtet beide in <lb/><emph style="sp">ihrer Totalität</emph>. </s>
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2502 <s xml:id="echoid-s1382" xml:space="preserve">Beiſpiele für dieſe vier möglichen <lb/>Grundanſchauungen werden wir nachher bekommen; </s>
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2503 <s xml:id="echoid-s1383" xml:space="preserve">die <lb/>Uebereinſtimmung mit den vier Geſichtspunkten aber liegt <lb/>klar vor Augen. </s>
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2504 <s xml:id="echoid-s1384" xml:space="preserve">Das <emph style="sp">Beſtehen</emph> eines Dings <emph style="sp">in einem <lb/>Moment, nach einer zufälligen Außenſeite</emph> ge-<lb/>nommen, iſt der <emph style="sp">autoptiſche</emph> Geſichtspunkt, welcher die <lb/>Stufe des Erkennens iſt, das bei der <emph style="sp">unmittelbaren <lb/>Wahrnehmung</emph> ſtehen bleibt. </s>
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2505 <s xml:id="echoid-s1385" xml:space="preserve">Das <emph style="sp">Beſtehen eines <lb/>Dings nach ſeiner Totalität genommen</emph> ſtimmt <lb/>zuſammen mit dem <emph style="sp">cryptoriſtiſchen</emph> Geſichtspunkt, wel-<lb/>cher auch das hinter der unmittelbaren Wahrnehmung Ver-<lb/>ſteckte, <emph style="sp">alſo das Ganze einer Sache empiriſch er-<lb/>forſcht</emph>. </s>
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2506 <s xml:id="echoid-s1386" xml:space="preserve">Eine Sache beſteht aber unter <emph style="sp">verſchiedenen <lb/>Umſtänden und zu verſchiedenen Zeiten auf ver-<lb/>
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2507 <pb o="112" file="0126" n="126"/>
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2508 ſchiedene Arten</emph>. </s>
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2509 <s xml:id="echoid-s1387" xml:space="preserve">Die Geſetze dieſer verſchiedenen Er-<lb/>ſcheinungsformen zu entwickeln, iſt die Aufgabe des <emph style="sp">tro-<lb/>ponomiſchen Geſichtspunktes</emph>. </s>
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2510 <s xml:id="echoid-s1388" xml:space="preserve">Die Erkenntniß dieſer <lb/>Wechſelbeziehungen und der in ihnen herrſchenden Geſetze <lb/>ſetzt natürlich die empiriſche Kenntniß dieſer beſondern nach <lb/>ihrem gemeinſamen Totalbeſtand voraus, gerade wie <emph style="sp">ein <lb/>Ding auf eine gewiſſe Art nur beſtehen kann, <lb/>wenn</emph> <emph style="bf">das Beſtehen</emph> <emph style="sp">deſſelben</emph> <emph style="bf">überhaupt</emph> möglich <lb/>iſt, — der troponomiſche Geſichtspunkt ſetzt den cryptoriſti-<lb/>ſchen voraus. </s>
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2511 <s xml:id="echoid-s1389" xml:space="preserve"><emph style="sp">Wird die Art des Beſtehens eines <lb/>Dings nach der Totalität</emph> ihrer Seiten genommen, <lb/>ſo iſt dieß der objective Ausdruck des <emph style="sp">cryptologiſchen</emph> <lb/>Geſichtspunktes und entſpricht ganz dem ſubjectiven Ausdruck <lb/>deſſelben, welcher <emph style="sp">die den mannigfaltigen Erſchei-<lb/>nungsweiſen eines Dings zu Grund liegenden <lb/>Geſetze auf</emph> <emph style="bf">Eine</emph> <emph style="sp">Grundurſache zurückführt</emph>. </s>
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2512 <s xml:id="echoid-s1390" xml:space="preserve">Die <lb/>Wechſelbeziehung der ſubjectivmethodiſchen und der objectiven <lb/>Auffaſſung der vier Geſichtspunkte iſt alſo folgende: </s>
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2513 <s xml:id="echoid-s1391" xml:space="preserve">die <lb/>zwei erſten Geſichtspunkte (von Ampère oft die elementaren <lb/>Wiſſenſchaften genannt) verhalten ſich, <emph style="sp">bei der ſubjecti-<lb/>ven Faſſung</emph>, zu den beiden höheren Geſichtspunkten, <lb/>wie <emph style="sp">empiriſches Material</emph> zu den <emph style="sp">allgemeinen <lb/>Geſetzen, welche daraus entwickelt werden</emph>, wie <lb/><emph style="sp">Material</emph> der Erkenntniß zur <emph style="sp">wirklichen Erkenntniß <lb/>der darin enthaltenen Wahrheiten</emph>; </s>
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2514 <s xml:id="echoid-s1392" xml:space="preserve">dieſer Unter-<lb/>ſchied iſt nichts anderes, als der von uns aufgeführte ob-<lb/>jective Gegenſatz des <emph style="sp">bloſen Beſtehens</emph> zu den <emph style="sp">For-<lb/>menverhältniſſen</emph> deſſelben; </s>
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2515 <s xml:id="echoid-s1393" xml:space="preserve">daß nun dieſe Wahrheiten <lb/>bald als eine Vielheit, bald als reducirt auf eine oberſte <lb/>Einheit erſcheinen; </s>
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2516 <s xml:id="echoid-s1394" xml:space="preserve">daß jenes Material entweder theilweis <lb/>oder vollſtändig iſt, gibt auf einfache Art die vier Geſichts-<lb/>punkte.</s>
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2517 <s xml:id="echoid-s1395" xml:space="preserve"/>
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2518 </p>
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2519 <p>
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2520 <s xml:id="echoid-s1396" xml:space="preserve">Gehen wir nun zu der oben bezeichneten Anwendung <lb/>der vier Geſichtspunkte über, ſo kann bei der <emph style="sp">Arithmologie</emph> <lb/>kein Zweifel ſein, daß ſie dem <emph style="sp">autoptiſchen</emph> Geſichtspunkt <lb/>
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2521 <pb o="113" file="0127" n="127"/>
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2522 zugehört, denn die Zahl, in welcher eine Sache erſcheint, <lb/>iſt gewiß das äußerlichſte und ganz an der Oberfläche lie-<lb/>gende Moment des Beſtehens einer Sache.</s>
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2523 <s xml:id="echoid-s1397" xml:space="preserve"/>
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2524 </p>
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2525 <p>
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2526 <s xml:id="echoid-s1398" xml:space="preserve">Die <emph style="sp">Geometrie</emph> wird von Ampère dem <emph style="sp">cryptori-<lb/>ſtiſchen</emph> Geſichtspunkt zugetheilt, aber mit welchem Recht? <lb/></s>
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2527 <s xml:id="echoid-s1399" xml:space="preserve">Was iſt denn die räumliche Beziehung eines Dinges, daß <lb/>ſie das Recht gäbe, den Raum als ein hinter einem Aeußern <lb/>verborgen Liegendes anzunehmen? </s>
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2528 <s xml:id="echoid-s1400" xml:space="preserve">Iſt nicht vielmehr der <lb/>Raum eine ebenſo oberflächliche Beziehung an den Dingen, <lb/>wie die Zahl? </s>
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2529 <s xml:id="echoid-s1401" xml:space="preserve">Hinter einer Zahl liegt <emph style="sp">das, was gezählt <lb/>wird; </emph></s>
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2530 <s xml:id="echoid-s1402" xml:space="preserve"><emph style="sp">hinter dem Ort, dem Raum, liegt die Ma-<lb/>terie, die ihn ausfüllt</emph>, die ſich in ihm bewegt. </s>
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2531 <s xml:id="echoid-s1403" xml:space="preserve">Der <lb/><emph style="sp">Raum</emph> iſt alſo ebenſo dem <emph style="sp">autoptiſchen</emph> Geſichtspunkt <lb/>zugehörig, wie die Zahl; </s>
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2532 <s xml:id="echoid-s1404" xml:space="preserve">und was iſt denn Zahl anders, <lb/>als discretgedachte Raum- und Zeittheile?</s>
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2533 <s xml:id="echoid-s1405" xml:space="preserve"/>
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2534 </p>
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2535 <p>
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2536 <s xml:id="echoid-s1406" xml:space="preserve">Durch die bisherigen Bemerkungen iſt bereits auch <lb/>über die Stellung entſchieden, welche Ampère der <emph style="sp">Mechanik</emph> <lb/>gibt; </s>
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2537 <s xml:id="echoid-s1407" xml:space="preserve">ſchon deßhalb, weil die zwiſchen der Arithmologie und <lb/>Mechanik gelegene Geometrie dem autoptiſchen Geſichtspunkt <lb/>zufällt, kann man a priori annehmen, daß die Wiſſenſchaft, <lb/>welche der natürlichen Reihefolge nach auf die Geometrie <lb/>kommt, nemlich die Mechanik, dem cryptoriſtiſchen, und nicht <lb/>wie Ampère glaubt, dem troponomiſchen Geſichtspunkt zu-<lb/>fallen muß. </s>
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2538 <s xml:id="echoid-s1408" xml:space="preserve">Doch die Gründe hierfür müſſen aus der <lb/>Sache ſelbſt genommen werden. </s>
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2539 <s xml:id="echoid-s1409" xml:space="preserve">Ampère nennt die Me-<lb/>chanik eine troponomiſche Wiſſenſchaft, weil ſie von Bewe-<lb/>gungen, alſo von Veränderungen handelt, und dieſes der <lb/>Grundcharacter des troponomiſchen Geſichtspunkts ſei. </s>
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2540 <s xml:id="echoid-s1410" xml:space="preserve">Dieß <lb/>iſt aber, ſeinen eigenen Begriffsbeſtimmungen gegenüber, <lb/>viel zu flach aufgefaßt. </s>
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2541 <s xml:id="echoid-s1411" xml:space="preserve">&#132;Der troponomiſche Geſichtspunkt&#148; <lb/>ſagt Ampère, &#132;bezieht ſich auf die allmähligen Veränderungen, <lb/>die ein und derſelbe Gegenſtand theils für die unmittelbare <lb/>Wahrnehmung, theils in Hinſicht auf das, was erſt durch <lb/>weitere Zerlegung gefunden werden kann, erleidet; </s>
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2542 <s xml:id="echoid-s1412" xml:space="preserve">u. </s>
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2543 <s xml:id="echoid-s1413" xml:space="preserve">ſ. </s>
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2544 <s xml:id="echoid-s1414" xml:space="preserve">f.</s>
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2545 <s xml:id="echoid-s1415" xml:space="preserve">&#148; <lb/>Man ſieht, daß hier von <emph style="sp">weſentlichen</emph> Veränderungen <lb/>
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2546 <pb o="114" file="0128" n="128"/>
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2547 die Rede iſt; </s>
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2548 <s xml:id="echoid-s1416" xml:space="preserve">iſt denn aber die Bewegung eine <emph style="sp">weſentliche</emph> <lb/>Veränderung? </s>
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2549 <s xml:id="echoid-s1417" xml:space="preserve">Das <emph style="sp">Weſen der Bewegung</emph> iſt ja ge-<lb/>rade das, daß der <emph style="sp">Körper im Wechſel der Orte ſich <lb/>ganz gleich bleibt</emph>, ſich <emph style="sp">nicht</emph> verändert, und eben deß-<lb/>halb iſt die Mechanik nicht, wie Ampère meint, eine tro-<lb/>ponomiſche Wiſſenſchaft, ſondern eine <emph style="sp">cryptoriſtiſche</emph>, <lb/>denn die Materie iſt das <emph style="sp">hinter</emph> dem Raum Stehende; <lb/></s>
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2550 <s xml:id="echoid-s1418" xml:space="preserve">eben weil ſie das Daſein iſt, das im Wechſel des Orts <lb/>identiſch bleibt; </s>
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2551 <s xml:id="echoid-s1419" xml:space="preserve">ſie verhält ſich zum einzelnen Ort, wie das <lb/><emph style="sp">totale Beſtehen</emph> einer Sache zum <emph style="sp">einzelnen Moment</emph>.</s>
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2552 <s xml:id="echoid-s1420" xml:space="preserve"/>
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2553 </p>
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2554 <p>
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2555 <s xml:id="echoid-s1421" xml:space="preserve">Daß Ampère die <emph style="sp">Uranologie</emph> von der Mechanik <lb/>als eine ebenſo ſelbſtſtändige Wiſſenſchaft erſter Ordnung <lb/>trennt, wie die Mechanik von den mathematiſchen Wiſſen-<lb/>ſchaften im engern Sinn, iſt ſo wenig zu rechtfertigen, als <lb/>die Trennung der Arithmologie von der Geometrie. </s>
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2556 <s xml:id="echoid-s1422" xml:space="preserve">Es <lb/>herrſchen in der Uranologie ganz dieſelben Geſetze der Attrac-<lb/>tion und Repulſion, wie in der Mechanik, und ſie gehören <lb/>auch zu Einem Geſichtspunkt, indem die Materie in Form <lb/>des Planeten und der übrigen Himmelskörper um nichts <lb/>weniger cryptoriſtiſch ſich verhält, als jede andere Materie, <lb/>und der Unterſchied, daß die Mechanik es nur mit möglichen <lb/>(ſollte heißen zufälligen), die Uranologie mit wirklichen (ſollte <lb/>heißen nothwendigen) Bewegungen zu thun habe, iſt gar <lb/>zu gering, als daß er einen ſo großen Unterſchied recht-<lb/>fertigen könnte.</s>
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2557 <s xml:id="echoid-s1423" xml:space="preserve"/>
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2558 </p>
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2559 <p>
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2560 <s xml:id="echoid-s1424" xml:space="preserve">Wir haben nun die vier Wiſſenſchaften erſter Ordnung, <lb/>welche Ampère in der Provinz der mathematiſchen Wiſſen-<lb/>ſchaften vereinigt, in zwei Wiſſenſchaften zuſammengezogen, <lb/>die <emph style="sp">mathematiſchen</emph> Wiſſenſchaften im engern Sinn, <lb/>welche den <emph style="sp">autoptiſchen</emph> Geſichtspunkt repräſentiren, und <lb/>die <emph style="sp">mechaniſchen</emph> Wiſſenſchaften, welche dem <emph style="sp">cryptori-<lb/>ſtiſchen</emph> Geſichtspunkt entſprechen. </s>
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2561 <s xml:id="echoid-s1425" xml:space="preserve">Ehe wir aber zu den <lb/>weiteren Provinzen Ampère’s übergehen, müſſen wir eine <lb/>allgemeine Bemerkung über dieſelben einſchieben. </s>
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2562 <s xml:id="echoid-s1426" xml:space="preserve">Ampère <lb/>führt von nun an auch ſolche Wiſſenſchaften als weſentliche <lb/>
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2563 <pb o="115" file="0129" n="129"/>
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2564 Beſtandtheile der Eintheilung auf, welche nur die <emph style="sp">techni-<lb/>ſche Anwendung</emph> des in andern Wiſſenſchaften Gelehrten <lb/>für gewiſſe practiſche Zwecke des Menſchen enthalten. </s>
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2565 <s xml:id="echoid-s1427" xml:space="preserve">Dieſe <lb/>techniſchen Wiſſenſchaften hinderten nicht, die Reihenfolge, <lb/>in welcher man von den Gruppirungen der Wiſſenſchaften <lb/>abſieht, richtig aufzuſtellen. </s>
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2566 <s xml:id="echoid-s1428" xml:space="preserve">Für die Frage nach der bloſen <lb/>Reihenfolge iſt es ganz gleichgültig, ob eine Wiſſenſchaft <lb/>als bloſes Corollarium einer andern oder als ſelbſtſtändiger <lb/>weſentlicher Theil erſcheint. </s>
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2567 <s xml:id="echoid-s1429" xml:space="preserve">Wenn aber <emph style="sp">Gruppen</emph> gebil-<lb/>det werden, ſo wird das ganze Netz der Eintheilung ver-<lb/>ſchoben, wenn man eine Wiſſenſchaft als ein weſentliches <lb/>Glied der Eintheilung nimmt, welche in der That kein ſol-<lb/>ches iſt. </s>
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2568 <s xml:id="echoid-s1430" xml:space="preserve">Sie verſperrt einem weſentlichen Theil den Platz, <lb/>und dieſer weſentliche Theil kommt an eine falſche Stelle. <lb/></s>
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2569 <s xml:id="echoid-s1431" xml:space="preserve">Daß aber bei einer Eintheilung der Naturwiſſenſchaften, in <lb/>welcher auch der objective Naturzuſammenhang hervortreten <lb/>ſoll, die techniſchen Wiſſenſchaften ungehörige Beigaben ſind, <lb/>und blos als unſelbſtſtändige Corollarien angeſehen werden <lb/>müſſen, iſt von ſich ſelbſt klar, da ſie nichts als die Wie-<lb/>derholung und detaillirteren Conſequenzen von früher Vor-<lb/>gebrachtem ſind. </s>
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2570 <s xml:id="echoid-s1432" xml:space="preserve">Die Wichtigkeit, welche dieſe Corollarien <lb/>für den Menſchen haben, gehen den Naturzuſammenhang <lb/>nichts an. </s>
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2571 <s xml:id="echoid-s1433" xml:space="preserve">Dieſer iſt in ſich ſelbſt ſymmetriſch und harmo-<lb/>niſch. </s>
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2572 <s xml:id="echoid-s1434" xml:space="preserve">Will Ampère die techniſchen Wiſſenſchaften als ſelbſt-<lb/>ſtändig gelten laſſen, ſo muß er darauf verzichten, ein Ab-<lb/>bild der Natur zu geben. </s>
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2573 <s xml:id="echoid-s1435" xml:space="preserve">Will er die Natur in ſeinem <lb/>Syſtem wiederſpiegeln, ſo darf alles techniſche Wiſſen nur <lb/>als Corollar auftreten (was nicht hindert, daß dieſe Corol-<lb/>larien in ſich ſelbſt ganz organiſch geordnet ſind). </s>
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2574 <s xml:id="echoid-s1436" xml:space="preserve"><emph style="sp">Ampère <lb/>iſt ſich dieſes Dilemma’s nicht bewußt</emph>; </s>
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2575 <s xml:id="echoid-s1437" xml:space="preserve">wenn er <lb/>die mathematiſchen Wiſſenſchaften dem autoptiſchen, die <lb/>Thierwelt dem troponomiſchen Geſichtspunkt zutheilt, ſo ſind <lb/>dieß ſolche glückliche Blicke in den objectiven Gang der Na-<lb/>turſtufen, daß man nicht zweifeln kann, er wolle die reale <lb/>Natur wiederſpiegeln; </s>
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2576 <s xml:id="echoid-s1438" xml:space="preserve">und doch zerſtört er dieſe Symmetrie <lb/>
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2577 <pb o="116" file="0130" n="130"/>
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2578 wieder vollſtändig durch die Aufnahme der techniſchen Wiſſen-<lb/>ſchaften. </s>
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2579 <s xml:id="echoid-s1439" xml:space="preserve">Wir werden nun bei der weiteren Critik die tech-<lb/>niſchen Wiſſenſchaften gänzlich außer Augen laſſen, und die <lb/>andern Wiſſenſchaften ſo ordnen, daß ihr Geſammtzuſammen-<lb/>hang der Natur entſpricht.</s>
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2580 <s xml:id="echoid-s1440" xml:space="preserve"/>
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2581 </p>
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2582 <p>
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2583 <s xml:id="echoid-s1441" xml:space="preserve">Ampère hat mit der Uranologie eine Provinz von vier <lb/>Wiſſenſchaften erſter Ordnung abgeſchloſſen und er gibt <lb/>dieſer Provinz, welche nach ihm nur das mathematiſche und <lb/>mechaniſche Wiſſen in ſich begreift, in ihrer Geſammtheit <lb/>genommen den Charakter des autoptiſchen Geſichtspunkts, <lb/>der nächſten Provinz, welche nach ihm die allgemeine Phyſik <lb/>und die Geologie in ſich begreift, theilt er den cryptoriſti-<lb/>ſchen Geſichtspunkt zu, und innerhalb dieſer cryptoriſtiſchen <lb/>Provinz repräſentirt die allgemeine Phyſik bei Ampère den <lb/>autoptiſchen Geſichtspunkt. </s>
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2584 <s xml:id="echoid-s1442" xml:space="preserve">Da wir genöthigt waren, die <lb/>vier Wiſſenſchaften von Ampère’s erſter Provinz auf zwei <lb/>zu reduciren, welche nur den autoptiſchen und cryptoriſti-<lb/>ſchen Geſichtspunkt repräſentiren, ſo iſt dieſe erſte Provinz <lb/>bei unſerer Auffaſſung noch nicht vollſtändig, und wir müſſen <lb/>die Feſtſtellung des allgemeinen Charakters der erſten Pro-<lb/>vinz aufſchieben, bis wir ſie vervollſtändigt und ihre Be-<lb/>ziehung zur zweiten Provinz feſtgeſetzt haben.</s>
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2585 <s xml:id="echoid-s1443" xml:space="preserve"/>
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2586 </p>
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2587 <p>
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2588 <s xml:id="echoid-s1444" xml:space="preserve">In der natürlichen Reihenfolge der Wiſſenſchaften kommt <lb/>nach der Mechanik und Uranologie die allgemeine Phyſik. <lb/></s>
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2589 <s xml:id="echoid-s1445" xml:space="preserve">Der gemeinſame Begriff, welcher den beiden mechaniſchen <lb/>Wiſſenſchaften zu Grunde liegt, iſt die Materie, die den <lb/>Raum ausfüllt und ſich in ihm bewegt. </s>
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2590 <s xml:id="echoid-s1446" xml:space="preserve">Dieß iſt die all-<lb/>gemeine Eigenſchaft jeder Materie. </s>
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2591 <s xml:id="echoid-s1447" xml:space="preserve">Aber es gibt nicht blos <lb/>Eine Materie, die überall ſich ſelbſt gleich iſt. </s>
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2592 <s xml:id="echoid-s1448" xml:space="preserve">Außer dieſer <lb/>gemeinſchaftlichen Grundeigenſchaft, wodurch die Materie als <lb/>ſolche iſt und beſteht, gibt es auch noch unendliche Unter-<lb/>ſchiede, eine Menge verſchiedener Eigenſchaften, die ſich ge-<lb/>genſeitig ausſchließen, welche auf die verſchiedenen Theile <lb/>der Materie vertheilt ſind, durch welche dieſe ſich von einan-<lb/>der unterſcheiden, aber auch wieder in Wechſelbezug kom-<lb/>
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2593 <pb o="117" file="0131" n="131"/>
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2594 men, ja welche an einer und derſelben Materie zu verſchie-<lb/>denen Zeiten verſchieden ſind. </s>
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2595 <s xml:id="echoid-s1449" xml:space="preserve">Der Geſichtspunkt aber, <lb/>welcher, nachdem der allgemeine Beſtand einer Sache er-<lb/>gründet iſt, nun auch die verſchiedenen Erſcheinungsarten <lb/>derſelben zu verſchiedenen Orten und Zeiten unterſucht, iſt <lb/>unverkennbar der <emph style="sp">troponomiſche</emph>, und dieß iſt der Ge-<lb/>ſichtspunkt, unter welchen die Phyſik fällt. </s>
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2596 <s xml:id="echoid-s1450" xml:space="preserve">Der Haupt-<lb/>fehler Ampère’s in Betreff der Phyſik liegt darin, daß er <lb/>ſie ſchon in eine höhere Provinz aufnimmt, während ſie <lb/>noch in die erſte gehört. </s>
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2597 <s xml:id="echoid-s1451" xml:space="preserve">Daß er ihr dann in dieſer höhe-<lb/>ren Provinz den autoptiſchen Geſichtspunkt zutheilt, war <lb/>nun freilich notwendig und auch dem Charakter der Ge-<lb/>ſichtspunkte nicht allzuwiderſprechend, da in der That der <lb/>troponomiſche Geſichtspunkt eine Analogie mit dem autop-<lb/>tiſchen hat (wie ſchon Ampère auf die Analogie des cryp-<lb/>toriſtiſchen mit dem cryptologiſchen hingewieſen hat), und, <lb/>wenn einmal die wahre Eintheilung ins Schiefe verſchoben <lb/>iſt, eine troponomiſche Wiſſenſchaft einer niederen Provinz <lb/>ohne vielen Zwang als autoptiſche Wiſſenſchaft der nächſt <lb/>höhern Provinz gedeutet werden kann.</s>
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2598 <s xml:id="echoid-s1452" xml:space="preserve"/>
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2599 </p>
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2600 <p>
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2601 <s xml:id="echoid-s1453" xml:space="preserve">Die Technologie laſſen wir weg, da wir ſie in dieſer <lb/><emph style="sp">objectiven</emph> Eintheilung der Naturwiſſenſchaften nur als <lb/>Corollarium der Phyſik anſehen können, und laſſen ſomit <lb/>auf dieſe ſogleich die Geologie als ſelbſtſtändige Wiſſenſchaft <lb/>folgen. </s>
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2602 <s xml:id="echoid-s1454" xml:space="preserve">Die Geologie hat ein doppeltes Object, wie auch <lb/>die Mechanik, nemlich den einzelnen zufälligen Körper <lb/>und den Planeten. </s>
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2603 <s xml:id="echoid-s1455" xml:space="preserve">Die hierher gehörigen Wiſſenſchaften <lb/>betrachten den einzelnen Körper nicht <emph style="sp">blos im Zuſam-<lb/>menhang mit dem Ganzen</emph> als Object der Geologie <lb/>und Mineralogie, ſondern auch ganz für ſich allein genom-<lb/>men hat der einzelne Körper ſeine mineralogiſche Seite, <lb/>welche keineswegs durch die phyſicaliſchen Betrachtungen er-<lb/>ſchöpft iſt. </s>
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2604 <s xml:id="echoid-s1456" xml:space="preserve">Dieß iſt die Geſtalt und das Gefüge des Kör-<lb/>pers, die auch die Grundlage eines natürlichen mineralogi-<lb/>ſchen Syſtems ſind. </s>
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2605 <s xml:id="echoid-s1457" xml:space="preserve">Die Geſtalt iſt bei allen chemiſch-phy-<lb/>
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2606 <pb o="118" file="0132" n="132"/>
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2607 ſicaliſchen Unterſuchungen eine unweſentliche Sache, aber <lb/>bei der Mineralogie iſt ſie die Hauptſache. </s>
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2608 <s xml:id="echoid-s1458" xml:space="preserve">Auch Ampère <lb/>ſieht dieß ſo an, doch überwiegt bei ihm der Gedanke, daß <lb/>in der Geologie die beſondern Körper in ihrem Verhältniß <lb/>zum planetariſchen Ganzen nach ihrem verſchiedenen Vor-<lb/>kommen an verſchiedenen Orten und zu verſchiedenen Zeiten <lb/>betrachtet werden; </s>
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2609 <s xml:id="echoid-s1459" xml:space="preserve">deßhalb beſtimmt er die Geologie als die <lb/>troponomiſche Wiſſenſchaft der zweiten Provinz. </s>
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2610 <s xml:id="echoid-s1460" xml:space="preserve">Hätte er <lb/>aber, wie man nicht anders kann, den Hauptaccent auf die <lb/>Eigenthümlichkeit gelegt, durch welche ſich auch ſchon das <lb/>einzelne Mineral über die bloſe phyſicaliſche Auffaſſung er-<lb/>hebt, nemlich <emph style="sp">die Form</emph>, ſo hätte er ſehen müſſen, daß der <lb/>troponomiſche Geſichtspunkt keineswegs der durchherrſchende <lb/>Charakter der geologiſchen Wiſſenſchaften iſt, ſondern daß er <lb/>nur in derſelben untergeordneten Weiſe vorkommt, wie er <lb/>in der Phytonomie und der Zoonomie ſich darſtellt; </s>
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2611 <s xml:id="echoid-s1461" xml:space="preserve">wenn <lb/>aber der troponomiſche Geſichtspunkt nicht der charakteriſti-<lb/>ſche iſt für die geologiſchen Wiſſenſchaften, welcher iſt es <lb/>dann? </s>
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2612 <s xml:id="echoid-s1462" xml:space="preserve">Nach unſerer Auffaſſung iſt die Antwort nicht mehr <lb/>ſchwer. </s>
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2613 <s xml:id="echoid-s1463" xml:space="preserve">Wir hatten die Phyſik als eine troponomiſche Wiſ-<lb/>ſenſchaft erkannt, und müſſen ſchon aus der natürlichen <lb/>Reihenfolge vermuthen, daß das unmittelbar darauf folgende <lb/>geologiſch-mineralogiſche Wiſſen dem vierten Geſichtspunkt <lb/>entſprechen werde; </s>
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2614 <s xml:id="echoid-s1464" xml:space="preserve">die Unterſuchung deſſen, was <emph style="sp">Form</emph> iſt, <lb/>wird dieſe Vermuthung beſtätigen. </s>
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2615 <s xml:id="echoid-s1465" xml:space="preserve"><emph style="sp">In der Form iſt <lb/>der Körper vollendet</emph>, was er noch nicht war, ſo lang <lb/>man ihn blos als Materie mit gewiſſen phyſikaliſchen Qua-<lb/>litäten betrachtete. </s>
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2616 <s xml:id="echoid-s1466" xml:space="preserve">In der Form iſt die phyſicaliſch-qualifi-<lb/>cirte Materie in ein individuelles Sein, in eine Einheit <lb/>zuſammen gefaßt. </s>
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2617 <s xml:id="echoid-s1467" xml:space="preserve">Form iſt der <emph style="sp">Art</emph>beſtand eines Dings <lb/><emph style="sp">in ſeiner Totalität</emph> aufgefaßt, — was wir als den <lb/><emph style="sp">cryptologiſchen</emph> Geſichtspunkt dargeſtellt haben, welcher <lb/>gleichfalls den übrigen drei Geſichtspunkten als Schlußpunkt <lb/>und Krone dient.</s>
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2618 <s xml:id="echoid-s1468" xml:space="preserve"/>
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2619 </p>
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2620 <p>
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2621 <s xml:id="echoid-s1469" xml:space="preserve">Nun wird man mir aber einwenden, daß dieſe Seite, <lb/>
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2622 <pb o="119" file="0133" n="133"/>
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2623 Vollendung durch die Form, nicht blos an den Mineralien, <lb/>ſondern auch an Pflanzen, Thieren, Menſchen u. </s>
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2624 <s xml:id="echoid-s1470" xml:space="preserve">ſ. </s>
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2625 <s xml:id="echoid-s1471" xml:space="preserve">f. </s>
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2626 <s xml:id="echoid-s1472" xml:space="preserve">vor-<lb/>kommt, und in dieſen Gebieten allen noch in weit vollkomm-<lb/>nerem Maas. </s>
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2627 <s xml:id="echoid-s1473" xml:space="preserve">Ich gebe dieß zu und verlege, wegen dieſer <lb/>gemeinſchaftlichen Grundlage, die Geſammtheit aller geſtal-<lb/>teten Körper in den cryptologiſchen Geſichtspunkt. </s>
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2628 <s xml:id="echoid-s1474" xml:space="preserve">Die <lb/>Arten dieſer geſtalteten Weſen ſind aber ſelbſt wieder vierer-<lb/>lei, Mineral, Pflanze, Thier und Menſch.</s>
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2629 <s xml:id="echoid-s1475" xml:space="preserve"/>
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2630 </p>
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2631 <p>
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2632 <s xml:id="echoid-s1476" xml:space="preserve">In Allen iſt phyſicaliſche Materie in einer gewiſſen <lb/>Geſtalt, aber die Geſtalt ſelbſt iſt in vier verſchiedenen Stufen <lb/>geordnet. </s>
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2633 <s xml:id="echoid-s1477" xml:space="preserve">Auch dieſe vier Stufen ſtehen in dem oben er-<lb/>wähnten organiſchen Stufenverhältniß, wo das höhere jede <lb/>niedere Stufe in modiſicirter Form in ſich enthält, das <lb/>niedere aber auch ohne das höhere ſein kann. </s>
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2634 <s xml:id="echoid-s1478" xml:space="preserve">Vergleichen <lb/>wir die Stufen näher mit einander: </s>
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2635 <s xml:id="echoid-s1479" xml:space="preserve">Bei dem <emph style="bf">Mineral</emph> <lb/>iſt die <emph style="sp">Flüſſigkeit</emph>, woraus daſſelbe entſtanden, ganz in <lb/><emph style="sp">dem Solidum abſorbirt; </emph></s>
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2636 <s xml:id="echoid-s1480" xml:space="preserve"><emph style="sp">der Stoff des Minerals <lb/>iſt nicht fähig, heterogene Materien zu aſſimi-<lb/>liren</emph> und ſich auf Koſten der umgebenden Welt zu ver-<lb/>größern, zu wachſen, <emph style="sp">ſeine Form zu verändern; </emph><lb/></s>
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2637 <s xml:id="echoid-s1481" xml:space="preserve"><emph style="sp">ſeine Form bleibt ſo, wie ſie im Anfang war, <lb/>nach der erſten Bildung, und bleibt gebunden <lb/>an denſelben phyſicaliſchen Stoff</emph>. </s>
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2638 <s xml:id="echoid-s1482" xml:space="preserve">Da es für die <lb/>Form ganz unweſentlich iſt, ob ſie aus dieſem oder jenem <lb/>Theil einer gewiſſen phyſicaliſchen Materie beſteht, ſo iſt <lb/>alſo in dieſem Fall die Form an einen einzelnen zufälligen <lb/>Stoff gebunden, wie eine Materie an den zufälligen Ort, <lb/>in dem ſie ſich gerade in einem Moment befindet. </s>
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2639 <s xml:id="echoid-s1483" xml:space="preserve">Die <lb/>Analogie dieſer erſten Stufe der Formen mit der erſten <lb/>Stufe, in der wir die ſtoffliche Grundlage auffaßten, iſt <lb/>nicht zu verkennen. </s>
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2640 <s xml:id="echoid-s1484" xml:space="preserve"><emph style="sp">Der Stein repräſentirt alſo die <lb/>autoptiſche Unterabtheilung des cryptologi-<lb/>ſchen Geſichtspunkts</emph>. </s>
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2641 <s xml:id="echoid-s1485" xml:space="preserve">— Bei der <emph style="bf">Pflanze</emph> <emph style="sp">geht das <lb/>Bildungsfluidum nicht in den ſoliden Formen <lb/>auf.</emph> </s>
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2642 <s xml:id="echoid-s1486" xml:space="preserve"><emph style="sp">Dieß Pflanzenfluidum iſt fähig, hetero-<lb/>
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2643 <pb o="120" file="0134" n="134"/>
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2644 gene Materien zu aſſimuliren und ſich auf Koſten <lb/>der umgebenden Welt zu vermehren</emph>, und in Folge <lb/>dieſer Vermehrung der Bildungsflüſſigkeit werden zu den <lb/><emph style="sp">alten hin immer neue feſte Theile gebildet, <lb/>alſo die Form verändert</emph>. </s>
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2645 <s xml:id="echoid-s1487" xml:space="preserve">Hier iſt alſo ein Geſtal-<lb/>tungsproceß, welcher auch in Berührung mit verſchiedenen <lb/>Stoffen ſich erhält, der über die erſte Bildung hinaus-<lb/>tritt, der hinter und mittelſt der bereits vorhandenen Ge-<lb/>ſtalt ins Unendliche immer wieder neue Bildungen hervor-<lb/>treibt, analog der Materie, welche ſich durch verſchiedene <lb/>Oerter bewegt, alſo frei iſt von jedem einzelnen Ort. </s>
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2646 <s xml:id="echoid-s1488" xml:space="preserve">Die <lb/>Analogie dieſer zweiten Stufe der Formen mit der zweiten <lb/>Stufe, in der wir die ſtoffliche Grundlage auffaßten, iſt <lb/>nicht zu verkennen. </s>
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2647 <s xml:id="echoid-s1489" xml:space="preserve"><emph style="sp">Die Pflanze repräſentirt alſo <lb/>die cryptoriſtiſche Unterabtheilung des crypto-<lb/>logiſchen Geſichtspunktes</emph>. </s>
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2648 <s xml:id="echoid-s1490" xml:space="preserve">Wie in der Mechanik erſt <lb/>das materielle Beſtehen eines Körpers, abgeſehen von ſeinen <lb/>phyſicaliſchen Eigenſchaften, betrachtet wurde, ſo geht auch <lb/>bei der Pflanze alle Thätigkeit in der Erzeugung neuer <lb/>Pflanzentheile auf. </s>
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2649 <s xml:id="echoid-s1491" xml:space="preserve">Iſt einer erzeugt, ſo iſt er wieder Un-<lb/>terlage für neue Bildungen, und darin iſt ſeine ganze Thä-<lb/>tigkeit erſchöpft. </s>
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2650 <s xml:id="echoid-s1492" xml:space="preserve">Bei dem <emph style="bf">Thier</emph> <emph style="sp">aber ſind außer der <lb/>Thätigkeit, welche blos auf Beſtehen und Er-<lb/>zeugen gerichtet iſt, noch andere Thätigkeiten vor-<lb/>handen. </emph></s>
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2651 <s xml:id="echoid-s1493" xml:space="preserve"><emph style="sp">Der Zeugungsproceß</emph>, in welchem ſich <lb/>das Pflanzenleben endlos ergießt, <emph style="sp">iſt bei dem Thier auf <lb/>die Bildung individueller ſelbſtiſcher Körper <lb/>zuſammengezogen, welche nun die Träger höhe-<lb/>rer Actionen werden können, — der Empfin-<lb/>dung und freien Bewegung</emph>, mittelſt welcher ſich dieſe <lb/>Individuen gegen alles außer ihnen als ein beſonderes ab-<lb/>ſcheiden, und auf eben dieſes Andere wirken, wie der phyſi-<lb/>caliſche Körper mittelſt ſeiner Eigenſchaften ſich von Anderm <lb/>unterſcheidet und auf Anderes wirkt; </s>
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2652 <s xml:id="echoid-s1494" xml:space="preserve">und wie die phyſica-<lb/>liſche Materie in ihren Eigenſchaften ſich gleich bleibt trotz <lb/>
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2653 <pb o="121" file="0135" n="135"/>
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2654 allem Wechſel des Orts, ſo bleibt ſich das Thier mit ſeinen <lb/>individuellen Kräften gleich trotz allem Wechſel des Stoffs. <lb/></s>
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2655 <s xml:id="echoid-s1495" xml:space="preserve"><emph style="sp">Das Thier iſt die troponomiſche Unterabthei-<lb/>lung in der Stufenreihe der Formen</emph>, welche unſer <lb/>cryptologiſcher Geſichtspunkt unter ſich begreift.</s>
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2656 <s xml:id="echoid-s1496" xml:space="preserve"><anchor type="note" xlink:href="" symbol="*"/> — <emph style="sp">Die
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2657 Zuſammenfaſſung aller dieſer einzelnen Lebens-<lb/>gefühle, Empfindungen, Triebe in der Einheit <lb/>eines Bewußtſeins iſt erſt im</emph> <emph style="bf">geiſtigen Leben</emph> <emph style="sp">mög-<lb/>lich</emph>, und dieß verhält ſich alſo zur thieriſchen Seele wie <lb/>die Form eines Körpers überhaupt zu den mannigfaltigen <lb/>Eigenſchaften, welche in jener zur Einheit zuſammengefaßt <lb/>ſind. </s>
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2658 <s xml:id="echoid-s1497" xml:space="preserve"><emph style="sp">Das geiſtige Leben iſt alſo die cryptologi-<lb/>ſche Unterabtheilung des cryptologiſchen Ge-<lb/>ſichtspunktes; </emph></s>
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2659 <s xml:id="echoid-s1498" xml:space="preserve"><emph style="sp">es iſt die Form auf der Stufe der <lb/>Form;</emph> </s>
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2660 <s xml:id="echoid-s1499" xml:space="preserve"><emph style="sp">die Form, die ſich ſelbſt erreicht hat</emph>.</s>
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2661 <s xml:id="echoid-s1500" xml:space="preserve"/>
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2662 </p>
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2663 <p>
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2664 <s xml:id="echoid-s1501" xml:space="preserve">Das Schema unſerer Eintheilung iſt alſo folgendes:</s>
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2665 <s xml:id="echoid-s1502" xml:space="preserve"/>
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2666 </p>
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2667 <note position="right" xml:space="preserve"> <lb/>Das geiſtige \\ Leben # Menſch. <lb/>Organiſches \\ Leben # Thier. # (<emph style="sp">Organik</emph>) Form. <lb/> # Pflanze. <lb/> # Mineral. <lb/> # Unorganiſches \\ Sein. # <emph style="sp">Phyſik</emph> (Qualitäten). <lb/> # # <emph style="sp">Mechanik</emph> (Materie und Bewegung). <lb/> # # <emph style="sp">Mathematik</emph> (Raum und Zeit). <lb/></note>
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2668 <p>
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2669 <s xml:id="echoid-s1503" xml:space="preserve">Betrachten wir nun dieß Schema näher, ſo bemerken <lb/>wir außer den Beziehungen, die wir im Bisherigen zwiſchen <lb/>den beiden Seiten des Schema’s nachgewieſen haben, auch <lb/>noch folgende Unterſchiede: </s>
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2670 <s xml:id="echoid-s1504" xml:space="preserve">In allen beiden Seiten ſetzt das <lb/>Höhere ſämmtliche niedern Stufen voraus; </s>
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2671 <s xml:id="echoid-s1505" xml:space="preserve">wie auch die <lb/>
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2672 <anchor type="note" xlink:label="note-0135-02a" xlink:href="note-0135-02"/>
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2673
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2674 <pb o="122" file="0136" n="136"/>
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2675 organiſche Seite die unorganiſche vorausſetzt. </s>
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2676 <s xml:id="echoid-s1506" xml:space="preserve">Aber wäh-<lb/>rend auf der organiſchen Seite eine niedere Stufe für ſich <lb/>exiſtiren kann, ohne die höhere, iſt ein Gleiches auf Seite <lb/>der unorganiſchen Stufenleiter nicht der Fall. </s>
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2677 <s xml:id="echoid-s1507" xml:space="preserve">Hier kann <lb/>eine niedere Stufe ohne die höhere nicht exiſtiren. </s>
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2678 <s xml:id="echoid-s1508" xml:space="preserve">Es gibt <lb/>keinen Raum, der nicht ausgefüllt wäre, keine ausfüllende <lb/>Materie, die nicht irgend welche Eigenſchaften hätte, es gibt <lb/>keine ſolche Materie, die gar keine Art von Form beſäße;</s>
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2679 <s xml:id="echoid-s1509" xml:space="preserve"><anchor type="note" xlink:href="" symbol="*"/>
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2680 dieſe Unterſchiede haben ihren einfachen Urſprung in den <lb/>allgemeinen Grundſätzen: </s>
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2681 <s xml:id="echoid-s1510" xml:space="preserve">1) Bei jeder Sache iſt ein Sub-<lb/>ſtrat und eine Form; </s>
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2682 <s xml:id="echoid-s1511" xml:space="preserve">alſo 2) kann man weder von einer <lb/>Sache alle ihre Subſtrate oder eines ihrer Subſtrate weg-<lb/>laſſen, noch auch kann man vom Subſtrat ſelbſt irgend eine <lb/>und die andere Seite weglaſſen; </s>
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2683 <s xml:id="echoid-s1512" xml:space="preserve">3) ebenſowenig aber kann <lb/>man ein Subſtrat ohne alle Form denken; </s>
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2684 <s xml:id="echoid-s1513" xml:space="preserve">aber 4) dieſe <lb/>Form kann bald blos eine niedere, bald eine höhere ſein, <lb/>welche die niedere in ſich ſchließt. </s>
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2685 <s xml:id="echoid-s1514" xml:space="preserve">Eine unorganiſche Natur <lb/><emph style="sp">neben</emph> einer organiſchen gibt es alſo gar nicht, das Un-<lb/>organiſche iſt blos eine beſondere Seite am Organiſchen, <lb/>die Unterlage deſſelben. </s>
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2686 <s xml:id="echoid-s1515" xml:space="preserve">Daß nach Abſtraction von der <lb/>Form die <emph style="sp">Materie</emph> noch in drei Erſcheinungsweiſen ſich <lb/>darſtellt, die aber nicht in der Eriſtenz, ſondern nur im Ge-<lb/>danken getrennt ſich zeigen, daß ferner die Form in drei <lb/>Naturreiche und ein geiſtiges Reich, das über ihnen ſteht, ſich <lb/>gliedert, das kommt von den vier Geſichtspunkten, den we-<lb/>ſentlichen Categorien alles Seins, die ſich in der Form, wie <lb/>in der Materie ausdrücken müſſen. </s>
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2687 <s xml:id="echoid-s1516" xml:space="preserve">Man wäre auf dieſe <lb/>Eintheilung gekommen, auch wenn man oben angefangen <lb/>hätte, und nicht von unten, wie wir gethan haben. </s>
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2688 <s xml:id="echoid-s1517" xml:space="preserve">Dann <lb/>hätte man durch Analyſe des Menſchen das geiſtige Gebiet <lb/>und die drei organiſchen Formen gefunden, die ſich auch <lb/>
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2689 <anchor type="note" xlink:label="note-0136-01a" xlink:href="note-0136-01"/>
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2690
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2691 <pb o="123" file="0137" n="137"/>
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2692 außerhalb des Menſchen ſelbſtſtändig realiſiren; </s>
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2693 <s xml:id="echoid-s1518" xml:space="preserve">und als <lb/>Grundlage dieſer ſämmtlichen organiſchen Formen hätte man <lb/>die Materie nach ihren drei Auffaſſungsweiſen auseinander <lb/>gelegt. </s>
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2694 <s xml:id="echoid-s1519" xml:space="preserve">Auf dieſe wie auf die andere Art wäre die Ein-<lb/>theilung auf gleiche Weiſe zu Stande gekommen, nur in <lb/>verſchiedener Form; </s>
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2695 <s xml:id="echoid-s1520" xml:space="preserve">war das erſte Mal die Ableitung dieſe:</s>
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2696 <s xml:id="echoid-s1521" xml:space="preserve"/>
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2697 </p>
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2698 <div xml:id="echoid-div100" type="float" level="2" n="2">
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2699 <note symbol="*" position="foot" xlink:label="note-0135-02" xlink:href="note-0135-02a" xml:space="preserve">Dieſe ganze Analogie der drei Stufen der unorganiſchen Natur mit <lb/>den drei Reichen der organiſchen iſt in allen ihren merkwürdigen <lb/>Details entwickelt in meinen &#132;Weſen der Natur;&#148; wie z. B. der <lb/>phyſicaliſche Körper leuchtet, klingt u. ſ. f., ſo hat das Thier Aug, <lb/>Ohr, Stimme u. ſ. f.</note>
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2700 <note symbol="*" position="foot" xlink:label="note-0136-01" xlink:href="note-0136-01a" xml:space="preserve">Man wendet vielleicht Luft und Waſſer ein; aber auch dieſe haben <lb/>eine Form im weitern Sinn, und beide bleiben ſich gegen Aeußeres <lb/>mit einer gewiſſen Selbſterhaltung gleich.</note>
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2701 </div>
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2702 <note position="right" xml:space="preserve"> <lb/> # cryptologiſch # Organiſches Leben. <lb/> # troponomiſch <lb/> # cryptoriſtiſch <lb/>cryptologiſch — # autoptiſch <lb/>troponomiſch # Unorganiſche \\ Seite. <lb/>cryptoriſtiſch <lb/>autoptiſch <lb/></note>
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2703 <p>
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2704 <s xml:id="echoid-s1522" xml:space="preserve">ſo wäre ſie das zweite Mal umgekehrt geweſen:</s>
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2705 <s xml:id="echoid-s1523" xml:space="preserve"/>
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2706 </p>
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2707 <note position="right" xml:space="preserve"> <lb/>Organiſches Leben # cryptologiſch <lb/> # troponomiſch <lb/> # cryptoriſtiſch <lb/> # autoptiſch — # cryptologiſch <lb/> # Unorganiſche \\ Seite # troponomiſch <lb/> # # cryptoriſtiſch <lb/> # # autoptiſch. <lb/></note>
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2708 <p>
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2709 <s xml:id="echoid-s1524" xml:space="preserve">In beiden Fällen aber iſt es eine <emph style="sp">einfache Einthei-<lb/>lung</emph>, eine <emph style="sp">einmalige</emph> Gliederung der vier Geſichtspunkte, <lb/>welche das ganze endliche Daſein umfaßt, denn die andere <lb/>Gliederung iſt <emph style="sp">keine coordinirte</emph>, ſondern einem beſon-<lb/>dern Geſichtspunkt <emph style="sp">untergeordnet</emph>, während bei Ampère <lb/>die beiden Gebiete vollkommen coordinirte Eintheilungen <lb/>beſitzen, was nicht nur gegen die organiſche Rundung der <lb/>Eintheilung, ſondern auch gegen die Naturwahrheit iſt. </s>
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2710 <s xml:id="echoid-s1525" xml:space="preserve">—</s>
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2711 </p>
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2712 <p>
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2713 <s xml:id="echoid-s1526" xml:space="preserve">Wir wollen nun von dem gewonnenen Standpunkt <lb/>aus noch eine kurze Critik des Reſtes der Ampère’ſchen <lb/>Eintheilung geben. </s>
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2714 <s xml:id="echoid-s1527" xml:space="preserve">Ampère theilt die Provinzen gerade <lb/>ſo wie die Wiſſenſchaften erſter Ordnung den verſchiede-<lb/>nen Geſichtspunkten zu, und bringt vier Provinzen heraus, <lb/>die mathematiſche, phyſicaliſche, naturhiſtoriſche und medici-<lb/>
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2715 <pb o="124" file="0138" n="138"/>
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2716 niſche, und damit ſchließt ſich die Reihe der Naturwiſſen-<lb/>ſchaften bei ihm rund, nach den vier Geſichtspunkten ab. <lb/></s>
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2717 <s xml:id="echoid-s1528" xml:space="preserve">Wir haben den Grund angegeben, warum wir die medici-<lb/>niſchen Wiſſenſchaften in einem objectiven Syſtem unter die <lb/>naturhiſtoriſchen Wiſſenſchaften einreihen müſſen; </s>
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2718 <s xml:id="echoid-s1529" xml:space="preserve">dieſe vierte <lb/>Provinz fällt alſo weg; </s>
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2719 <s xml:id="echoid-s1530" xml:space="preserve">um jedoch uns leichter mit Ampère <lb/>verſtändigen zu können, wollen wir an die Stelle der me-<lb/>diciniſchen Wiſſenſchaften ſein ganzes noologiſches Reich <lb/>ſetzen, die Wiſſenſchaft des Menſchen, der ja ohnehin auch <lb/>als Theil der Naturwiſſenſchaften durch die Medicin reprä-<lb/>ſentirt iſt. </s>
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2720 <s xml:id="echoid-s1531" xml:space="preserve">Dieſes iſt um ſo nöthiger, da bei jeder Frage <lb/>über Eintheilungen <emph style="sp">das Ganze</emph>, was eingetheilt werden <lb/>ſoll, vor Augen liegen muß.</s>
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2721 <s xml:id="echoid-s1532" xml:space="preserve"><anchor type="note" xlink:href="" symbol="*"/> Betrachten wir nun dieſe vier
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2722 großen Gruppen bei Ampère, ſo wäre ſomit das ganze Sein <lb/>nach den vier Geſichtspunkten geordnet. </s>
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2723 <s xml:id="echoid-s1533" xml:space="preserve">Dieß iſt jedoch <lb/>anders: </s>
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2724 <s xml:id="echoid-s1534" xml:space="preserve">Ampère’s phyſicaliſche Provinz haben wir getrennt, <lb/>die geologiſch-mineralogiſchen Wiſſenszweige haben wir dem <lb/>organiſchen Gebiete zugetheilt, darf nun wohl die allgemeine <lb/>Phyſik noch als eine Provinz für ſich zwiſchen den mathe-<lb/>matiſchen und mechaniſchen Wiſſenſchaften einerſeits, und <lb/>den Wiſſenſchaften des organiſchen Lebens andererſeits da-<lb/>ſtehen? </s>
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2725 <s xml:id="echoid-s1535" xml:space="preserve">Iſt die Mechanik nicht eben ſo ſcharf von der Ma-<lb/>thematik unterſchieden als von der Phyſik? </s>
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2726 <s xml:id="echoid-s1536" xml:space="preserve">Wenn aber die <lb/>Mechanik zu der Mathematik gerückt wird, ſo iſt kein Grund, <lb/>die Phyſik von beiden zu trennen. </s>
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2727 <s xml:id="echoid-s1537" xml:space="preserve">Ampère nennt die ma-<lb/>thematiſch-mechaniſche Provinz eine autoptiſche Provinz, <lb/>und die allgemeine Phyſik führt er als die erſte Wiſſenſchaft <lb/>einer zweiten (cryptoriſtiſchen) Provinz auf. </s>
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2728 <s xml:id="echoid-s1538" xml:space="preserve">Er thut dieß, <lb/>weil die Phyſik das, was man in der Mathematik und <lb/>Mechanik nur nach einer allgemeinen Eigenſchaft (Größe, Maas, <lb/>mechaniſche Kräfte) kennen gelernt habe, nun im Beſondern <lb/>kennen lehre. </s>
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2729 <s xml:id="echoid-s1539" xml:space="preserve">Aber dieß iſt nicht der Schritt der Erkenntniß, <lb/>welche das Eigenthümliche des cryptoriſtiſchen Geſichtspunkts iſt.</s>
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2730 <s xml:id="echoid-s1540" xml:space="preserve"/>
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2731 </p>
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2732 <note symbol="*" position="foot" xml:space="preserve">Vergleiche die Tabelle Seite 102.</note>
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2733
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2734 <pb o="125" file="0139" n="139"/>
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2735 <p>
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2736 <s xml:id="echoid-s1541" xml:space="preserve">Der cryptoriſtiſche Geſichtspunkt dringt von einer zu-<lb/>fälligen Wahrnehmung zur Geſammtheit der Wahrnehmun-<lb/>gen, die man über eine Sache machen kann, vom Theil zum <lb/>Ganzen; </s>
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2737 <s xml:id="echoid-s1542" xml:space="preserve">der troponomiſche Geſichtspunkt aber iſt es, welcher <lb/>nach vollſtändiger allgemeiner Erkenntniß einer Sache nun <lb/>auch die Unterſchiede, die Beſonderheiten und ihre Geſetze <lb/>aufſucht. </s>
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2738 <s xml:id="echoid-s1543" xml:space="preserve">Dieß iſt das Geſchäft der Phyſik; </s>
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2739 <s xml:id="echoid-s1544" xml:space="preserve">darum iſt ſie <lb/>uns die dritte Wiſſenſchaft des unorganiſchen Gebiets, und <lb/>ſie als Theil einer cryptoriſtiſchen Provinz aufzufaſſen, dazu <lb/>iſt, wie erwähnt, kein Grund da. </s>
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2740 <s xml:id="echoid-s1545" xml:space="preserve">Wollen auch wir ganze <lb/>Provinzen eintheilen, ſo fällt auf, daß in die erſte Provinz <lb/>nur drei Wiſſenſchaften fallen können, denn der vierte Ge-<lb/>ſichtspunkt iſt es ja gerade, deſſen Unterabtheilungen eine <lb/>höhere Provinz bilden, nemlich die organiſchen Reiche und <lb/>den Menſchen; </s>
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2741 <s xml:id="echoid-s1546" xml:space="preserve">und dieſer, die vierte Unterabtheilung, ſammt <lb/>ſeinen weiteren Unterabtheilungen iſt ſelbſt wieder eine höhere <lb/>Sphäre gegen die Naturreiche, und ſo kommt das ſonder-<lb/>bare Reſultat heraus, daß jedesmal der cryptologiſche Ge-<lb/>ſichtspunkt eine höhere Sphäre bildet gegen die drei ihm <lb/>vorausgehenden Stufen,<anchor type="note" xlink:href="" symbol="*"/> und daß ſomit eine Provinz, will
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2742 man nicht ganz Heterogenes zuſammen werfen, nur aus <lb/>drei Stufen beſtehen kann. </s>
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2743 <s xml:id="echoid-s1547" xml:space="preserve">Da nun Ampère’s phyſicaliſche <lb/>Provinz zertrennt und ein Theil, die allgemeine Phyſik, in <lb/>die Provinz der unorganiſchen Wiſſenſchaften, der andere <lb/>Theil, die Geologie und Mineralogie, zu den organiſchen <lb/>Wiſſenſchaften geſtellt wurde, ſo haben wir nur noch fol-<lb/>gende drei Hauptabtheilungen:</s>
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2744 <s xml:id="echoid-s1548" xml:space="preserve"/>
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2745 </p>
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2746 <p>
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2747 <s xml:id="echoid-s1549" xml:space="preserve">1) die Provinz der unorganiſchen Wiſſenſchaften;</s>
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2748 <s xml:id="echoid-s1550" xml:space="preserve"/>
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2749 </p>
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2750 <p>
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2751 <s xml:id="echoid-s1551" xml:space="preserve">2) die Provinz der organiſchen Wiſſenſchaften;</s>
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2752 <s xml:id="echoid-s1552" xml:space="preserve"/>
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2753 </p>
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2754 <p>
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2755 <s xml:id="echoid-s1553" xml:space="preserve">3) die Wiſſenſchaften des geiſtigen Lebens.</s>
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2756 <s xml:id="echoid-s1554" xml:space="preserve"/>
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2757 </p>
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2758 <p>
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2759 <s xml:id="echoid-s1555" xml:space="preserve">Verſuchen wir auch hier die vier Geſichtspunkte, ſo iſt <lb/>die <emph style="sp">unorganiſche Seite aller Weſen</emph> eine Wechſel-<lb/>
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2760 <anchor type="note" xlink:label="note-0139-01a" xlink:href="note-0139-01"/>
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2761
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2762 <pb o="126" file="0140" n="140"/>
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2763 wirkung nach dem bloßen, unmittelbaren, materiellen Be-<lb/>ſtand, — <emph style="sp">autoptiſch</emph>. </s>
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2764 <s xml:id="echoid-s1556" xml:space="preserve">In den <emph style="sp">organiſchen Reichen</emph> <lb/>ſtreben die Naturdinge dieß materielle Subſtrat dem geſtal-<lb/>tenden Einfluß eines innewohnenden Lebens zu unterwerfen, <lb/>welches hinter der äußern materiellen Erſcheinung liegt — <lb/><emph style="sp">der cryptoriſtiſche Geſichtspunkt</emph>. </s>
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2765 <s xml:id="echoid-s1557" xml:space="preserve">Die höchſte Form <lb/>iſt <emph style="sp">der Geiſt</emph>; </s>
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2766 <s xml:id="echoid-s1558" xml:space="preserve">dieſer iſt dem Menſchen gegeben, aber in <lb/>mannigfacher Vertheilung, den verſchiedenen Menſchen auf ver-<lb/>ſchiedene und daher für jeden auf beſchränkte Weiſe — <emph style="sp">der <lb/>troponomiſche Geſichtspunkt. </emph></s>
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2767 <s xml:id="echoid-s1559" xml:space="preserve"><emph style="sp">Der cryptologi-<lb/>ſche Geſichtspunkt</emph> muß dahin fallen, wo alle Materien, <lb/>alle Formen, alle Beſeelung und geiſtiges Leben ihren Ur-<lb/>ſprung haben, in den <emph style="sp">Urgrund aller Dinge, in Gott</emph>. <lb/></s>
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2768 <s xml:id="echoid-s1560" xml:space="preserve">Wollte man analog dem Gebiet des unorganiſchen Seins <lb/>und der organiſchen Reiche auch in der Menſchenwelt Stufen <lb/>und Grade machen, ſo müßte ſich auch hier das Geſetz nach-<lb/>weiſen laſſen, daß der, welcher in den oberſten Grad tritt, <lb/>aus ſeiner Sphäre in eine höhere ſich erhebt, d. </s>
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2769 <s xml:id="echoid-s1561" xml:space="preserve">h. </s>
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2770 <s xml:id="echoid-s1562" xml:space="preserve">ein <lb/>Menſch, welcher den höchſten Punkt der Menſchheit erreicht <lb/>hat, würde ein göttliches Leben in ſich haben, mit Gott <lb/>ſelbſt verbunden ſein. </s>
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2771 <s xml:id="echoid-s1563" xml:space="preserve">So ſind alſo bei unſerer Auffaſſung <lb/>die vier Geſichtspunkte auch an der geſammten Welt ge-<lb/>rechtfertigt, was Ampère nicht that; </s>
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2772 <s xml:id="echoid-s1564" xml:space="preserve">er hat ſie blos auf die <lb/>beiden großen Reiche, der Natur und des Geiſtes, auf jedes <lb/>ins Beſondere, nicht aber auf den Zuſammenhang beider in <lb/>einem größeren Ueberblick angewendet, wie wir; </s>
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2773 <s xml:id="echoid-s1565" xml:space="preserve">faſſen wir <lb/>das Schema blos nach reellen Exiſtenzen, ſo iſt es ſo:</s>
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2774 <s xml:id="echoid-s1566" xml:space="preserve"/>
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2775 </p>
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2776 <div xml:id="echoid-div101" type="float" level="2" n="3">
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2777 <note symbol="*" position="foot" xlink:label="note-0139-01" xlink:href="note-0139-01a" xml:space="preserve">Daſſelbe Geſetz finden wir auch bei den Wiſſenſchaften dritter Ord-<lb/>nung, wo die cryptologiſche Wiſſenſchaft auf ein höheres Gebiet <lb/>überführt.</note>
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2778 </div>
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2779 <note position="right" xml:space="preserve"> <lb/>Endliche Welt. # <emph style="sp">Gott</emph>. <lb/> # <emph style="sp">Der Menſch</emph>. <lb/> # <emph style="sp">Die organiſchen Naturreiche</emph>. <lb/> # <emph style="sp">Nichts</emph>.<anchor type="note" xlink:href="" symbol="*"/>
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2780 </note>
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2781 <note symbol="*" position="foot" xml:space="preserve">Denn die unorganiſche Seite iſt in der That ein Nichts, ſie iſt gar <lb/>nichts Reelles, für ſich Beſtehendes, ſie iſt nur an einem Andern, <lb/>an dem Organiſchen, <emph style="sp">und doch von dieſem Andern zu un-<lb/>terſcheiden</emph>.</note>
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2782
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2783 <pb o="127" file="0141" n="141"/>
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2784 <p>
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2785 <s xml:id="echoid-s1567" xml:space="preserve">So weit die critiſche Umgeſtaltung des Ampère’ſchen <lb/>Syſtems. </s>
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2786 <s xml:id="echoid-s1568" xml:space="preserve">Sein Grundprincip iſt vollkommen richtig und <lb/>durch die weiteren Anwendungen, die wir hier nur theil-<lb/>weiſe geben konnten, von der größten Wichtigkeit; </s>
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2787 <s xml:id="echoid-s1569" xml:space="preserve">nur in <lb/>der Anwendung hat es Ampère verfehlt, und dieſe allein <lb/>haben wir geändert. </s>
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2788 <s xml:id="echoid-s1570" xml:space="preserve">Ampère nennt mehrere Gründe für <lb/>die Richtigkeit ſeines Syſtems: </s>
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2789 <s xml:id="echoid-s1571" xml:space="preserve">1) er verweiſt auf die lange <lb/>Zeit, die er darauf verwendet, da nur künſtliche Syſteme <lb/>ſchnell aufgebaut werden können; </s>
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2790 <s xml:id="echoid-s1572" xml:space="preserve">2) er behauptet, er ſei <lb/>nicht eigenſinnig darauf beſtanden, Analogieen, die er an <lb/>einigen Punkten des Syſtems bemerkt, durch das Ganze <lb/>durch geltend zu machen; </s>
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2791 <s xml:id="echoid-s1573" xml:space="preserve">er ſei vielmehr oft, geleitet durch <lb/>die empiriſche Wahrheit, von den Analogieen abgegangen. <lb/></s>
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2792 <s xml:id="echoid-s1574" xml:space="preserve">Dieſe beiden Punkte beweiſen nur, daß er das natürliche <lb/>Syſtem geſucht hat, aber noch nicht, daß er es gefunden <lb/>hat. </s>
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2793 <s xml:id="echoid-s1575" xml:space="preserve">Er ſagt endlich 3), er ſei auf verſchiedenen Wegen <lb/>zu demſelben Reſultate gekommen, auf Wegen, welche alle <lb/>gänzlich von einander unabhängig ſeien. </s>
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2794 <s xml:id="echoid-s1576" xml:space="preserve">Die Zuſammen-<lb/>ſtimmung im Reſultate ſoll alſo die Richtigkeit jedes ein-<lb/>zelnen Wegs beweiſen. </s>
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2795 <s xml:id="echoid-s1577" xml:space="preserve">Dieß iſt aber nicht richtig. </s>
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2796 <s xml:id="echoid-s1578" xml:space="preserve">Aus <lb/>der Richtigkeit jedes einzelnen Wegs folgt allerdings, daß <lb/>ſie alle im Reſultat zuſammenſtimmen müſſen, aber umge-<lb/>kehrt gilt die Folgerung nicht, denn es könnten ja möglicher-<lb/>weiſe die einzelnen Wege alle falſch ſein und doch zufällig <lb/>im Reſultate zuſammenſtimmen. </s>
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2797 <s xml:id="echoid-s1579" xml:space="preserve">Ebenſowenig folgt aus der <lb/>Symmetrie einer Eintheilung ihre Richtigkeit; </s>
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2798 <s xml:id="echoid-s1580" xml:space="preserve">aber ebenſo <lb/>richtig iſt, wie Ampère ſagt, daß man nicht aus der Sym-<lb/>metrie auf Unrichtigkeit und Künſtlichkeit ſchließen darf, daß <lb/>vielmehr das natürliche Syſtem, ſobald es nur vollſtändig <lb/>iſt, auch ſymmetriſch ſein muß, und dieß nehmen wir auch <lb/>für unſere Umgeſtaltung in Anſpruch.</s>
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2799 <s xml:id="echoid-s1581" xml:space="preserve"/>
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2800 </p>
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2801 <p>
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2802 <s xml:id="echoid-s1582" xml:space="preserve">Ueber das Verhältniß dieſer Philoſophie zu der deut-<lb/>ſchen bedarf es nur weniger Worte. </s>
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2803 <s xml:id="echoid-s1583" xml:space="preserve">Ich erinnere an das <lb/>in der Einleitung Geſagte; </s>
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2804 <s xml:id="echoid-s1584" xml:space="preserve">die deutſche Philoſophie beſtrebte <lb/>ſich, den richtigen Organismus der Categorieen zu finden <lb/>
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2805 <pb o="128" file="0142" n="142"/>
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2806 und von dieſem aus die Welt zu begreifen. </s>
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2807 <s xml:id="echoid-s1585" xml:space="preserve">Die franzöſi-<lb/>ſche Philoſophie hatte ſich auf die Empirie geworfen, ſuchte <lb/>dieſe ſyſtematiſch zu ordnen und zu den oberſten Principien <lb/>aufzuſteigen. </s>
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2808 <s xml:id="echoid-s1586" xml:space="preserve">Wir haben gezeigt, daß ſie ein ſolches gefun-<lb/>den, wir haben auf andere Art, als Ampère, ſeine Anwen-<lb/>dung nachgewieſen, und halten es für das Wahre. </s>
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2809 <s xml:id="echoid-s1587" xml:space="preserve">In <lb/>der deutſchen Philoſophie hat man Anfangs, als der richtige <lb/>Organismus der Categorieen noch nicht gefunden war, die <lb/>objective Welt, die mit den angenommenen Categorieen nicht <lb/>zuſammenſtimmte, auf die Seite geſchoben (<emph style="sp">Kant, Fichte</emph>); <lb/></s>
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2810 <s xml:id="echoid-s1588" xml:space="preserve">da dieß in die Länge nicht ging, verſuchte man es, die ob-<lb/>jective Welt mit den Categorieen gewaltſam in Ueberein-<lb/>ſtimmung zu bringen. </s>
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2811 <s xml:id="echoid-s1589" xml:space="preserve">Man that der Welt der Objecte <lb/>Gewalt an, bis die Categorieen darauf paßten (<emph style="sp">Schelling, <lb/>Hegel</emph>). </s>
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2812 <s xml:id="echoid-s1590" xml:space="preserve">Viele haben den Widerſtreit eingeſehen, der zwi-<lb/>ſchen der wirklichen, unverſchrobenen Welt und der in das <lb/>Syſtem eingeſpannten Welt herrſchte. </s>
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2813 <s xml:id="echoid-s1591" xml:space="preserve">Sie haben auf den <lb/>Widerſpruch hingewieſen, haben &#132;Freiheit,&#148; &#132;Leben,&#148; &#132;per-<lb/>ſönlicher Gott&#148; u. </s>
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2814 <s xml:id="echoid-s1592" xml:space="preserve">ſ. </s>
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2815 <s xml:id="echoid-s1593" xml:space="preserve">f. </s>
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2816 <s xml:id="echoid-s1594" xml:space="preserve">im Munde geführt, als Dinge, die <lb/>gegenüber von dem gewaltſamen Syſtem gerettet werden <lb/>müſſen. </s>
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2817 <s xml:id="echoid-s1595" xml:space="preserve">Aber es blieb bei den Nothrufen, und man ſagte <lb/>ihnen ganz mit Recht, &#132;wenn Euch die einzelnen Conſe-<lb/>quenzen des Syſtems nicht gefallen, ſo macht Euch ein <lb/>anderes.</s>
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2818 <s xml:id="echoid-s1596" xml:space="preserve">&#148; Doch die lauteu Rufer waren mit Unfruchtbar-<lb/>keit geſchlagen, je durchgebildeter die Gliederung jener fal-<lb/>ſchen Syſteme war, um ſo kläglicher trat die Unfähigkeit <lb/>der lauten Opponenten hervor, einen vollgenügenden Erſatz <lb/>zu geben, und ſie mögen ſich die einfache Weisheit merken, <lb/>geduldig zu warten, bis Einer kommt, der Kraft hat, jenen <lb/>Erſatz zu geben. </s>
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2819 <s xml:id="echoid-s1597" xml:space="preserve">Meiner Anſicht nach iſt ein Solcher ge-<lb/>kommen. </s>
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2820 <s xml:id="echoid-s1598" xml:space="preserve">Daſſelbe Princip, das Ampère gefunden und nicht <lb/>anzuwenden verſtand, wurde im Iahr 1836 in einer Reihe <lb/>philoſophiſcher Theſen in ſeiner einfachſten Grundlage aus-<lb/>geſprochen (Anfang und Ende der Speculation von Friedrich <lb/>Rohmer, München, 1836). </s>
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2821 <s xml:id="echoid-s1599" xml:space="preserve">Daſſelbe wurde ſeitdem von <lb/>
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2822 <pb o="129" file="0143" n="143"/>
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2823 demſelben zu der umfangreichſten, in alle Fragen der Zeit <lb/>aufs Tiefſte eingreifenden Lehre entwickelt, welche in dieſem <lb/>Augenblick mit ihren practiſchen Conſequenzen hervorzutre-<lb/>ten beginnt.</s>
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2824 <s xml:id="echoid-s1600" xml:space="preserve"><anchor type="note" xlink:href="" symbol="*"/> Ich nenne dieß Werk, um einem Mißver-
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2825 ſtändniß vorzubeugen, welches aus der Zuſammenſtellung <lb/>der in dieſem Werke gegebenen Analyſe der vier Lebens-<lb/>alter mit den vier Grundcategorieen entſtehen könnte. </s>
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2826 <s xml:id="echoid-s1601" xml:space="preserve">Beide <lb/>ſind durchaus verſchieden, hängen aber auf das Engſte zu-<lb/>ſammen: </s>
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2827 <s xml:id="echoid-s1602" xml:space="preserve">die vier Grundcategorieen geben das Geſetz der <lb/>allmähligen <emph style="sp">Compoſition</emph> höherer Eriſtenzformen aus <lb/>niedern; </s>
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2828 <s xml:id="echoid-s1603" xml:space="preserve">die vier Lebensalter ſind die Entwicklungsſtufen <lb/><emph style="sp">einer</emph> ſolchen Eriſtenzform, als componirtes Ganze betrach-<lb/>tet. </s>
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2829 <s xml:id="echoid-s1604" xml:space="preserve">Der Zuſammenhang beſteht darin, daß in der erſten <lb/>Stufe der Keimung und anfänglichen Bildung die auf das <lb/>Aeußerliche und Einzelne gerichteten Thätigkeiten des erſten <lb/>und dritten Punktes, in der Zeit jugendlicher Vollkraft und <lb/>männlicher Conſolidirung die ein Ganzes erfaſſenden Kräfte <lb/>des zweiten und vierten Punktes hervortreten, während in <lb/>der Zeit der Altersreife das Leben wieder in die aufs <lb/>Aeußerliche gehenden Actionen zurückſinkt. </s>
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2830 <s xml:id="echoid-s1605" xml:space="preserve">In beiden Fällen <lb/>ſind dieſelben Grundcategorieen wirkſam, aber wie verſchie-<lb/>den die Compoſition von der Entwicklung des componirten, <lb/>ſo verſchieden iſt auch die Ordnung der wirkenden Catego-<lb/>rieen im erſten und zweiten Fall.</s>
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2831 <s xml:id="echoid-s1606" xml:space="preserve"/>
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2832 </p>
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2833 <p>
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2834 <s xml:id="echoid-s1607" xml:space="preserve">Ich ſelbſt habe, ohne dieß richtige Grundprincip zu <lb/>haben, vor vier Iahren auf empiriſcher Baſis eine Natur-<lb/>philoſophie (in meinem mehrfach erwähnten Werke) ſkizzirt, <lb/>deren Grundanſchauung mit dem genannten Princip ganz <lb/>übereinſtimmt. </s>
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2835 <s xml:id="echoid-s1608" xml:space="preserve">Wenn ich von den wenigen Punkten ab-<lb/>ſehe, welche durch die Anſichten dieſer Blätter eine Modifi-<lb/>cation erleiden, iſt das in jener Schrift Ausgeſprochene noch <lb/>jetzt meine Ueberzeugung, und man mag daſſelbe als einen <lb/>
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2836 <anchor type="note" xlink:label="note-0143-01a" xlink:href="note-0143-01"/>
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2837
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2838 <pb o="130" file="0144" n="144"/>
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2839 Verſuch anſehen, an die Stelle der früheren Naturphiloſo-<lb/>phie, der Schellingiſchen wie der Hegeliſchen, eine andere <lb/>zu ſetzen, welche die Idee mit der Erfahrung in zwanglo-<lb/>ſerer, geſunderer Form vereinigt, als dieſe.</s>
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2840 <s xml:id="echoid-s1609" xml:space="preserve"/>
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2841 </p>
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2842 <div xml:id="echoid-div102" type="float" level="2" n="4">
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2843 <note symbol="*" position="foot" xlink:label="note-0143-01" xlink:href="note-0143-01a" xml:space="preserve">Friedrich Nohmers Lehre von den politiſchen Parteien, Zürich bei <lb/>Chriſtian Beyel, 1844.</note>
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2844 </div>
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2845
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2846 <pb file="0145" n="145"/>
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2847 <p>
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2848 <s xml:id="echoid-s1610" xml:space="preserve">In demſelben Verlag erſchienen früher, und iſt durch alle Buch-<lb/>handlungen zn beziehen:</s>
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2849 <s xml:id="echoid-s1611" xml:space="preserve"/>
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2850 </p>
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2851 </div>
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2852 <div xml:id="echoid-div104" type="section" level="1" n="93">
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2853 <head xml:id="echoid-head112" xml:space="preserve"><emph style="bf">Die moderne Philoſophie</emph> <lb/>oder <lb/><emph style="bf">Die Perſönlichkeit Gottes.</emph></head>
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2854 <head xml:id="echoid-head113" xml:space="preserve">Eine Kritik der Gottes-Lehre der modernen Philoſophie und <lb/>ihrer Angriffe auf das chriſtliche Dogma <lb/><emph style="sp">von</emph> <lb/><emph style="bf">Immannel Paulus,</emph> <lb/>Mitvorſteher und Lehrer der Philophie an der wiſſenſchaftl. Bildungsanſtalt auf dem <lb/>Salon bei Ludwigsbnrg.</head>
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2855 <head xml:id="echoid-head114" xml:space="preserve">gr. 8. geheftet. Preis fl. 2. oder Rthlr. 1. 6 ggr.</head>
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2856 <p>
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2857 <s xml:id="echoid-s1612" xml:space="preserve">Dieſe Schrift widerlegt die Angriffe, welche von Seiten der moder-<lb/>nen Philoſophie auf das chriſtliche Dogma von der Perſönlichkeit Gottes <lb/>gemacht worden ſind, ſie weist die Unfähigkeit dieſer Schule, die in dieſem <lb/>Dogma vorkommenden Begriffe aufzufaſſen nach, und beleuchtet die un-<lb/>auflösbaren Widerſprüche, die die poſitive Lehre dieſer Philoſophie neben <lb/>angeborner Unklarheit und Verworrenheit in Betreff dieſer Begriffe in <lb/>ſich vereinigt. </s>
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2858 <s xml:id="echoid-s1613" xml:space="preserve">Sie gibt zugleich eine umfaſſende Kritik der Grundtheo-<lb/>rieen des Hegel’ſchen Syſtems und dürfte ihren Leſern neben einer ge-<lb/>drängten und gediegenen Kenntniß dieſes Syſtems, neben einem freien <lb/>und gegründeten Urtheil über daſſelbe auch weiterhin überhaupt ein ge-<lb/>ſchärftes Bewußtſeyn über das Weſen der Grundbegriffe der Philoſophie <lb/>und Theologie gewähren.</s>
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2859 <s xml:id="echoid-s1614" xml:space="preserve"/>
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2860 </p>
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2861 </div>
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2862 <div xml:id="echoid-div105" type="section" level="1" n="94">
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2863 <head xml:id="echoid-head115" xml:space="preserve"><emph style="bf">Die ſechs Schöpfungstnge.</emph></head>
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2864 <head xml:id="echoid-head116" xml:space="preserve"><emph style="sp">Ein Beitrag <lb/>zu <lb/><emph style="bf">Förderung wahrer Bildung</emph> <lb/>von</emph> <lb/><emph style="bf">E. Ph. Paulus,</emph> <lb/>Direktor der wiſſenſchaftlichen Bildungsanſtalt auf dem Salon bei Ludwigsburg.</head>
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2865 <head xml:id="echoid-head117" xml:space="preserve">gr. 8. geheftet. Preis fl. 1. 12 kr. oder 18 ggr.</head>
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2866 <p>
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2867 <s xml:id="echoid-s1615" xml:space="preserve">Die vorliegende Schrift beabſichtigt erſtens die Wahrheit und Rich-<lb/>tigkeit der erſten Urkunde, womit in der heil. </s>
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2868 <s xml:id="echoid-s1616" xml:space="preserve">Schrift die ganze Reihe der <lb/>göttlichen Offenbarungen eröffnet wird, ſo weit es möglich iſt, nachzu-<lb/>weiſen, und namentlich gegen die Angriffe des modernen Unglaubens zu <lb/>vertheidigen; </s>
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2869 <s xml:id="echoid-s1617" xml:space="preserve">zweitens den Zweck und die Bedeutung der Schöpfungsge-<lb/>ſchichte in der Bibel zum Bewußtſeyn zu bringen, und endlich drittens <lb/>die Naturwiſſenſchaften im Verhältniß zur Schöpfungsgeſchichte, im <lb/>
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2870 <pb file="0146" n="146"/>
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2871 Gegenſatz gegen den Mißbrauch, welchen der moderne Unglaube zur Be-<lb/>kämpfung der bibliſchen Darſtellung davon macht, ſo zu benützen, wie ſie <lb/>allein benützt werden können, nemlich nicht um für oder wider die Rich-<lb/>tigkeit der moſaiſchen Urkunden zu beweiſen, ſondern um einen vernünf-<lb/>tigen Blick in die einzelnen Gebiete, welche an den einzelnen Tagen der <lb/>Schöpfung ins Leben traten, zu eröffnen. </s>
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2872 <s xml:id="echoid-s1618" xml:space="preserve">Durch dieſen letzten Theil wird <lb/>ſodann aber dieſes Werk nicht blos in religiöſer Beziehung werthvoll, <lb/>ſondern es wird zugleich dadurch auch ein reeller Beitrag zur Förderung <lb/>wahrer Bildung überhaupt, indem diejenigen, deren Beruf es nicht mit <lb/>ſich brachte, mit den Naturwiſſenſchaften, mit Phyſik, Chemie, Geognoſie, <lb/>Botanik und Zoologie, näher ſich zu beſchäftigen, hier die Reſultate dieſer <lb/>Wiſſenſchaften auf eine ſolche Weiſe angewendet finden, daß ſie dadurch <lb/>einen vernünftigen Blick in dieſe Wiſſenſchaften ſelbſt erhalten, und ſo <lb/>viel als für einen gebildeten Mann überhaupt zu wiſſen nöthig iſt, auf <lb/>eine leichtfaßliche und zugleich anziehende Weiſe lernen können.</s>
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2873 <s xml:id="echoid-s1619" xml:space="preserve"/>
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2874 </p>
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2875 <p>
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2876 <s xml:id="echoid-s1620" xml:space="preserve"><emph style="bf">Paulus, Gebrüder</emph> (Vorſteher der Bildungsanſtalt auf dem <lb/>Salon bei Ludwigsburg), <emph style="sp">Die Principien des Unter-<lb/>richts und der Erziehung</emph>. </s>
22d6a63640c6 moved texts from SVN https://it-dev.mpiwg-berlin.mpg.de/svn/mpdl-project-content/trunk/texts/eXist/
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2877 <s xml:id="echoid-s1621" xml:space="preserve">Wiſſenſchaftlich unter-<lb/>ſucht und beleuchtet. </s>
22d6a63640c6 moved texts from SVN https://it-dev.mpiwg-berlin.mpg.de/svn/mpdl-project-content/trunk/texts/eXist/
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diff changeset
2878 <s xml:id="echoid-s1622" xml:space="preserve">Nebſt einem Anhange über die <lb/>beſtehenden Einrichtungen der Anſtalt. </s>
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2879 <s xml:id="echoid-s1623" xml:space="preserve">2 Hefte. </s>
22d6a63640c6 moved texts from SVN https://it-dev.mpiwg-berlin.mpg.de/svn/mpdl-project-content/trunk/texts/eXist/
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2880 <s xml:id="echoid-s1624" xml:space="preserve">gr. </s>
22d6a63640c6 moved texts from SVN https://it-dev.mpiwg-berlin.mpg.de/svn/mpdl-project-content/trunk/texts/eXist/
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diff changeset
2881 <s xml:id="echoid-s1625" xml:space="preserve">8. <lb/></s>
22d6a63640c6 moved texts from SVN https://it-dev.mpiwg-berlin.mpg.de/svn/mpdl-project-content/trunk/texts/eXist/
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diff changeset
2882 <s xml:id="echoid-s1626" xml:space="preserve">geh. </s>
22d6a63640c6 moved texts from SVN https://it-dev.mpiwg-berlin.mpg.de/svn/mpdl-project-content/trunk/texts/eXist/
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diff changeset
2883 <s xml:id="echoid-s1627" xml:space="preserve">fl. </s>
22d6a63640c6 moved texts from SVN https://it-dev.mpiwg-berlin.mpg.de/svn/mpdl-project-content/trunk/texts/eXist/
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diff changeset
2884 <s xml:id="echoid-s1628" xml:space="preserve">3. </s>
22d6a63640c6 moved texts from SVN https://it-dev.mpiwg-berlin.mpg.de/svn/mpdl-project-content/trunk/texts/eXist/
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diff changeset
2885 <s xml:id="echoid-s1629" xml:space="preserve">12 kr. </s>
22d6a63640c6 moved texts from SVN https://it-dev.mpiwg-berlin.mpg.de/svn/mpdl-project-content/trunk/texts/eXist/
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diff changeset
2886 <s xml:id="echoid-s1630" xml:space="preserve">oder 2 Thlr.</s>
22d6a63640c6 moved texts from SVN https://it-dev.mpiwg-berlin.mpg.de/svn/mpdl-project-content/trunk/texts/eXist/
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diff changeset
2887 <s xml:id="echoid-s1631" xml:space="preserve"/>
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diff changeset
2888 </p>
22d6a63640c6 moved texts from SVN https://it-dev.mpiwg-berlin.mpg.de/svn/mpdl-project-content/trunk/texts/eXist/
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diff changeset
2889 <p>
22d6a63640c6 moved texts from SVN https://it-dev.mpiwg-berlin.mpg.de/svn/mpdl-project-content/trunk/texts/eXist/
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diff changeset
2890 <s xml:id="echoid-s1632" xml:space="preserve">Schon von verſchiedenen Seiten iſt auf die wiſſenſchaftliche Bedeut-<lb/>ſamkeit, ſo wie auf die allgemeine Wichtigkeit dieſer Schrift aufmerkſam <lb/>gemacht worden, namentlich iſt dieſelbe in dieſer Beziehung in der päda-<lb/>gogiſchen Revue von Dr. </s>
22d6a63640c6 moved texts from SVN https://it-dev.mpiwg-berlin.mpg.de/svn/mpdl-project-content/trunk/texts/eXist/
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diff changeset
2891 <s xml:id="echoid-s1633" xml:space="preserve">Mager, in dem Literaturblatt von Dr. </s>
22d6a63640c6 moved texts from SVN https://it-dev.mpiwg-berlin.mpg.de/svn/mpdl-project-content/trunk/texts/eXist/
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diff changeset
2892 <s xml:id="echoid-s1634" xml:space="preserve">Menzel, <lb/>im Repertorium von Gersdorf als ein, aller Beachtung höchſt wichtiges <lb/>Werk anerkannt und empfohlen worden.</s>
22d6a63640c6 moved texts from SVN https://it-dev.mpiwg-berlin.mpg.de/svn/mpdl-project-content/trunk/texts/eXist/
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diff changeset
2893 <s xml:id="echoid-s1635" xml:space="preserve"/>
22d6a63640c6 moved texts from SVN https://it-dev.mpiwg-berlin.mpg.de/svn/mpdl-project-content/trunk/texts/eXist/
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diff changeset
2894 </p>
22d6a63640c6 moved texts from SVN https://it-dev.mpiwg-berlin.mpg.de/svn/mpdl-project-content/trunk/texts/eXist/
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diff changeset
2895 <p>
22d6a63640c6 moved texts from SVN https://it-dev.mpiwg-berlin.mpg.de/svn/mpdl-project-content/trunk/texts/eXist/
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diff changeset
2896 <s xml:id="echoid-s1636" xml:space="preserve"><emph style="bf">Paulus, E. Ph.,</emph> <emph style="sp">Die Vorſehung oder über <lb/>das Eingreifen Gottes in das menſchliche <lb/>Leben</emph>. </s>
22d6a63640c6 moved texts from SVN https://it-dev.mpiwg-berlin.mpg.de/svn/mpdl-project-content/trunk/texts/eXist/
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diff changeset
2897 <s xml:id="echoid-s1637" xml:space="preserve">gr. </s>
22d6a63640c6 moved texts from SVN https://it-dev.mpiwg-berlin.mpg.de/svn/mpdl-project-content/trunk/texts/eXist/
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diff changeset
2898 <s xml:id="echoid-s1638" xml:space="preserve">8. </s>
22d6a63640c6 moved texts from SVN https://it-dev.mpiwg-berlin.mpg.de/svn/mpdl-project-content/trunk/texts/eXist/
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diff changeset
2899 <s xml:id="echoid-s1639" xml:space="preserve">geh. </s>
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diff changeset
2900 <s xml:id="echoid-s1640" xml:space="preserve">Preis fl. </s>
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diff changeset
2901 <s xml:id="echoid-s1641" xml:space="preserve">1. </s>
22d6a63640c6 moved texts from SVN https://it-dev.mpiwg-berlin.mpg.de/svn/mpdl-project-content/trunk/texts/eXist/
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2902 <s xml:id="echoid-s1642" xml:space="preserve">36 kr. </s>
22d6a63640c6 moved texts from SVN https://it-dev.mpiwg-berlin.mpg.de/svn/mpdl-project-content/trunk/texts/eXist/
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diff changeset
2903 <s xml:id="echoid-s1643" xml:space="preserve">oder 1 Thlr.</s>
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diff changeset
2904 <s xml:id="echoid-s1644" xml:space="preserve"/>
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diff changeset
2905 </p>
22d6a63640c6 moved texts from SVN https://it-dev.mpiwg-berlin.mpg.de/svn/mpdl-project-content/trunk/texts/eXist/
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diff changeset
2906 <p>
22d6a63640c6 moved texts from SVN https://it-dev.mpiwg-berlin.mpg.de/svn/mpdl-project-content/trunk/texts/eXist/
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2907 <s xml:id="echoid-s1645" xml:space="preserve">Auch dieſe Schrift iſt ſchon in mehreren Zeitſchriften, namentlich im <lb/>Chriſten<unsure/>boten, im Sonntagsblatt von Pfarrer Wucherer und in Guerike’s <lb/>Zeitſchrift für die lutheriſche Theorie und Kirche angezeigt und auf@s <lb/>Günſtigſte beurtheilt worden, namentlich wird in denſelben ihr wahrhaft <lb/>ſpeculativer Gehalt, ſo wie ihre praktiſche Wichtigkeit neben einer anzie-<lb/>henden Form der Darſtellung hervorgehoben.</s>
22d6a63640c6 moved texts from SVN https://it-dev.mpiwg-berlin.mpg.de/svn/mpdl-project-content/trunk/texts/eXist/
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2908 <s xml:id="echoid-s1646" xml:space="preserve"/>
22d6a63640c6 moved texts from SVN https://it-dev.mpiwg-berlin.mpg.de/svn/mpdl-project-content/trunk/texts/eXist/
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diff changeset
2909 </p>
22d6a63640c6 moved texts from SVN https://it-dev.mpiwg-berlin.mpg.de/svn/mpdl-project-content/trunk/texts/eXist/
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diff changeset
2910 <p>
22d6a63640c6 moved texts from SVN https://it-dev.mpiwg-berlin.mpg.de/svn/mpdl-project-content/trunk/texts/eXist/
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2911 <s xml:id="echoid-s1647" xml:space="preserve"><emph style="bf">Paulus, E. Ph.,</emph> <emph style="sp">Die wiſſenſchaftliche Bil-<lb/>dungsanſtalt der Gebr. Paulus auf dem <lb/>Salon bei Ludwigsburg</emph>. </s>
22d6a63640c6 moved texts from SVN https://it-dev.mpiwg-berlin.mpg.de/svn/mpdl-project-content/trunk/texts/eXist/
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2912 <s xml:id="echoid-s1648" xml:space="preserve">Eine Schilderung der <lb/>in ihr beſtehenden Einrichtungen und des Lebens der <lb/>Zöglinge in ihr. </s>
22d6a63640c6 moved texts from SVN https://it-dev.mpiwg-berlin.mpg.de/svn/mpdl-project-content/trunk/texts/eXist/
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2913 <s xml:id="echoid-s1649" xml:space="preserve">Mit einer Anſicht der Anſtalt. </s>
22d6a63640c6 moved texts from SVN https://it-dev.mpiwg-berlin.mpg.de/svn/mpdl-project-content/trunk/texts/eXist/
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2914 <s xml:id="echoid-s1650" xml:space="preserve">8. </s>
22d6a63640c6 moved texts from SVN https://it-dev.mpiwg-berlin.mpg.de/svn/mpdl-project-content/trunk/texts/eXist/
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2915 <s xml:id="echoid-s1651" xml:space="preserve">geh. <lb/></s>
22d6a63640c6 moved texts from SVN https://it-dev.mpiwg-berlin.mpg.de/svn/mpdl-project-content/trunk/texts/eXist/
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2916 <s xml:id="echoid-s1652" xml:space="preserve">Preis 24 kr. </s>
22d6a63640c6 moved texts from SVN https://it-dev.mpiwg-berlin.mpg.de/svn/mpdl-project-content/trunk/texts/eXist/
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2917 <s xml:id="echoid-s1653" xml:space="preserve">oder 6 ggr.</s>
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2918 <s xml:id="echoid-s1654" xml:space="preserve"/>
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2919 </p>
22d6a63640c6 moved texts from SVN https://it-dev.mpiwg-berlin.mpg.de/svn/mpdl-project-content/trunk/texts/eXist/
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2920
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2921 <pb file="0147" n="147"/>
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2922
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2923
22d6a63640c6 moved texts from SVN https://it-dev.mpiwg-berlin.mpg.de/svn/mpdl-project-content/trunk/texts/eXist/
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2924 <pb file="0148" n="148"/>
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2925
22d6a63640c6 moved texts from SVN https://it-dev.mpiwg-berlin.mpg.de/svn/mpdl-project-content/trunk/texts/eXist/
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2926
22d6a63640c6 moved texts from SVN https://it-dev.mpiwg-berlin.mpg.de/svn/mpdl-project-content/trunk/texts/eXist/
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diff changeset
2927 </div></text>
22d6a63640c6 moved texts from SVN https://it-dev.mpiwg-berlin.mpg.de/svn/mpdl-project-content/trunk/texts/eXist/
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2928 </echo>