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| author | Klaus Thoden <kthoden@mpiwg-berlin.mpg.de> |
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| date | Thu, 02 May 2013 11:08:12 +0200 |
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<?xml version="1.0"?> <archimedes xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" > <info> <author>Alberti, Leone Battista</author> <title>Architecture</title> <date>1755</date> <place>London</place> <translator>Leoni, James</translator> <lang>en</lang> <cvs_file>alber_archi_003_en_1785.xml</cvs_file> <cvs_version></cvs_version> <locator>003.xml</locator> </info> <text> <front> </front> <body> <chap> <pb xlink:href="003/01/001.jpg"></pb><p type="head"> <s>THE ARCHITECTURE OF LEON BATISTA ALBERTI IN TEN BOOKS</s></p><p type="head"> <s><emph type="italics"></emph>LEON BATTISTA ALBERTI<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end></s></p><p type="head"> <s>Printed by Edward Owen</s></p><p type="head"> <s>London 1755</s></p><pb xlink:href="003/01/002.jpg"></pb><figure id="id.003.01.002.1.jpg" xlink:href="003/01/002/1.jpg"></figure><p type="caption"> <s><emph type="italics"></emph>On ribbon: “May it [he?] gleam with the greatest beauty.”<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end></s></p><pb xlink:href="003/01/003.jpg"></pb><figure id="id.003.01.003.1.jpg" xlink:href="003/01/003/1.jpg"></figure><p type="head"> <s>THE <lb></lb><emph type="bold"></emph>PREFACE.<emph.end type="bold"></emph.end></s></p><p type="main"> <s>Our Anceſtors have left us many and various Arts tending to the Pleaſure and <lb></lb>Conveniency of Life, acquired with the greateſt Induſtry and Diligence: <lb></lb>Which Arts, though they all pretend, with a Kind of Emulation, to have in <lb></lb>View the great End of being ſerviceable to Mankind; yet we know that each <lb></lb>of them in particular has ſomething in it that ſeems to promiſe a diſtinct and <lb></lb>ſeparate Fruit: Some Arts we follow for Neceſſity, ſome we approve for their <lb></lb>Uſefulneſs, and ſome we eſteem becauſe they lead us to the Knowledge of Things that are de<lb></lb>lightſul. </s> <s>What theſe Arts are, it is not neceſſary for me to enumerate; for they are obvious. <lb></lb></s> <s>But if you take a View of the whole Circle of Arts, you ſhall hardly find one but what, deſpiſ<lb></lb>ing all others, regards and ſeeks only its own particular Ends: Or if you do meet with any of <lb></lb>ſuch a Nature that you can in no wiſe do without it, and which yet brings along with it Pro<lb></lb>ſit at the ſame Time, conjoined with Pleaſure and Honour, you will, I believe, be convinced, <lb></lb>that Architecture is not to be excluded from that Number. </s> <s>For it is certain, if you examine <lb></lb>the Matter carefully, it is inexpreſſibly delightful, and of the greateſt Convenience to Mankind <lb></lb>in all Reſpects, both publick and private; and in Dignity not inferior to the moſt excellent. </s> <s>But <lb></lb>before I proceed further, it will not be improper to explain what he is that I allow to be an <lb></lb>Architect: For it is not a Carpenter or a Joiner that I thus rank with the greateſt Maſters in <lb></lb>other Sciences; the manual Operator being no more than an Inſtrument to the Architect. <lb></lb></s> <s>Him I call an Architect, who, by ſure and wonderful Art and Method, is able, both with <lb></lb>Thought and Invention, to deviſe, and, with Execution, to compleat all thoſe Works, which, <lb></lb>by means of the Movement of great Weights, and the Conjunction and Amaſſment of Bodies, <lb></lb>can, with the greateſt Beauty, be adapted to the Uſes of Mankind: And to be able to do this, <lb></lb>he muſt have a thorough Inſight into the nobleſt and moſt curious Sciences. </s> <s>Such muſt be the <lb></lb>Architect. </s> <s>But to return.</s></p><p type="main"> <s>SOME have been of Opinion, that either Water or Fire were the principal Occaſions of bring<lb></lb>ing Men together into Societies; but to us, who conſider the Uſefulneſs and Neceſſity of Co<lb></lb>verings and Walls, it ſeems evident, that they were the chief Cauſes of aſſembling Men toge<lb></lb>ther. </s> <s>But the only Obligation we have to the Architect is not for his providing us with ſafe <lb></lb>and pleaſant Places, where we may ſhelter ourſelves from the Heat of the Sun, from Cold and <lb></lb>Tempeſt, (though this is no ſmall Benefit); but for having beſides contrived many other <lb></lb>Things, both of a private and publick Nature of the higheſt Uſe and Convenience to the Life <lb></lb>of Man. </s> <s>How many noble Families, reduced by the Calamity of the Times, had been utterly <lb></lb>loſt, both in our own native City, and in others, had not their paternal Habitations preſerved <lb></lb>and cheriſhed them, as it were, in the Boſom of their Forefathers. <emph type="italics"></emph>Dædalus<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end> in his Time was <lb></lb>greatly eſteemed for having made the <emph type="italics"></emph>Selinuntians<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end> a Vault, which gathered ſo warm and kindly <lb></lb>a Vapour, as provoked a plentiful Sweat, and thereby cured their Diſtempers with great Eaſe <lb></lb>and Pleaſure. </s> <s>Why need I mention others who have contrived many Things of the like Sort <lb></lb>conducive to Health; as Places for Exerciſe, for Swimming, Baths and the like? </s> <s>Or why <lb></lb>ſhould I inſtance in Vehicles, Mills, Time-meaſures, and other ſuch minute Things, which <lb></lb>nevertheleſs are of great Uſe in Life? </s> <s>Why ſhould I inſiſt upon the great Plenty of Waters <lb></lb>brought from the moſt remote and hidden Places, and employed to ſo many different and uſe<lb></lb>ful Purpoſes? </s> <s>Upon Trophies, Tabernacles, ſacred Edifices, Churches and the like, adapted <pb xlink:href="003/01/004.jpg"></pb>to divine Worſhip, and the Service of Poſterity? </s> <s>Or laſtly, why ſhould I mention the Rocks <lb></lb>cut, Mountains bored through, Vallies filled up, Lakes confined, Marſhes diſcharged into the <lb></lb>Sea, Ships built, Rivers turned, their Mouths cleared, Bridges laid over them, Harbours formed, <lb></lb>not only ſerving to Men's immediate Conveniencies, but alſo opening them a Way to all Parts <lb></lb>of the World; whereby Men have been enabled mutually to furniſh one another with Proviſi<lb></lb>ons, Spices, Gems, and to communicate their Knowledge, and whatever elſe is healthful or <lb></lb>pleaſurable. </s> <s>Add to theſe the Engines and Machines of War, Fortreſſes, and the like Inventi<lb></lb>ons neceſſary to the Defending the Liberty of our Country, Maintaining the Honour, and En<lb></lb>creaſing the Greatneſs of a City, and to the Acquiſition and Eſtabliſhment of an Empire. </s> <s>I <lb></lb>am really perſuaded, that if we were to enquire of all the Cities which, within the Memory of <lb></lb>Man, have fallen by Siege into the Power of new Maſters, who it was that ſubjected and over<lb></lb>came them, they would tell you, the Architect; and that they were ſtrong enough to have <lb></lb>deſpiſed the armed Enemy, but not to withſtand the Shocks of the Engines, the Violence of <lb></lb>the Machines, and the Force of the other Inſtruments of War, with which the Architect diſ<lb></lb>treſſed, demoliſhed and ruinated them. </s> <s>And the Beſieged, on the contrary, would inform <lb></lb>you, that their greateſt Defence lay in the Art and Aſſiſtance of the Architect. </s> <s>And if you <lb></lb>were to examine into the Expeditions that have been undertaken, you would go near to find <lb></lb>that moſt of the Victories were gained more by the Art and Skill of the Architects, than by the <lb></lb>Conduct or Fortune of the Generals; and that the Enemy was oftener overcome and conquered <lb></lb>by the Architect's Wit, without the Captain's Arms, than by the Captain's Arms without the <lb></lb>Architect's Wit: And what is of great Conſequence is, that the Architect conquers with a <lb></lb>ſmall Number of Men, and without the Loſs of Troops. </s> <s>Let this ſuffice as to the Uſefulneſs <lb></lb>of this Art.</s></p><p type="main"> <s>BUT how much the Study and Subject of Building delights, and how firmly it is rooted in <lb></lb>the Mind of Man, appears from ſeveral Inſtances, and particularly from this; that you ſhall <lb></lb>find no body who has the Means but what has an Inclination to be building ſomething: And <lb></lb>if a Man has happened to think of any Thing new in Architecture, he is ſond of communicat<lb></lb>ing and divulging it for the Uſe of others, as if conſtrained thereto by Nature. </s> <s>And how oſten <lb></lb>does it fall out, that even when we are employed upon other Things, we cannot keep our <lb></lb>Thoughts and Imaginations, from Projecting ſome Ediſice? </s> <s>And when we ſee other Men's <lb></lb>Houſes, we immediately ſet about a careful Examination of all the Proportions and Dimenſions, <lb></lb>and, to the beſt of our Ability, conſider what might be added, retrenched or altered; and pre<lb></lb>ſently give our Opinions how it might be made more compleat or beautiful. </s> <s>And if a Build<lb></lb>ing be well laid out, and juſtly finiſhed, who is he that does not view it with the utmoſt Plea<lb></lb>ſure and Delight? </s> <s>But why need I mention not only how much Benefit and Delight, but how <lb></lb>much Glory to Architecture has brought to Nations, which have cultivated it both at home <lb></lb>and abroad? </s> <s>Who that has built any publick Edifice does not think himſelf honoured by it, <lb></lb>when it is reputable to a Man only to have built a handſome Habitation for himſelf? </s> <s>Men of <lb></lb>publick Spirits approve and rejoice when you have raiſed a fine Wall or Portico, and adorned <lb></lb>it with Portals, Columns, and a handſome Roof, knowing you have thereby not only ſerved <lb></lb>yourſelf, but them too, having by this generous Uſe of your Wealth, gained an Addition of <lb></lb>great Honour to yourſelf, your Family, your Deſcendants, and your City. </s> <s>The Sepulchre of <lb></lb><emph type="italics"></emph>Jupiter<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end> was the firſt Step to the ennobling the Iſland of <emph type="italics"></emph>Crete;<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end> and <emph type="italics"></emph>Delos<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end> was not ſo much <lb></lb>reſpected for the Oracle of <emph type="italics"></emph>Apollo,<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end> as for the beautiful Structure of the City, and the Majeſty of <lb></lb>the Temple. </s> <s>How much Authority accrued to the <emph type="italics"></emph>Roman<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end> Name and Empire from their <lb></lb>Buildings, I ſhall dwell upon no further, than that the Sepulchres and other Remains of the <lb></lb>ancient Magnificence, every where to be found, are a great Inducement and Argument with us <lb></lb>for believing many Things related by Hiſtorians, which might otherwiſe have ſeemed incredible. <lb></lb><emph type="italics"></emph>Thucydides<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end> extreamly commends the Prudence of ſome Ancients, who had ſo adorned their City <lb></lb>with all Sorts of fine Structures, that their Power thereby appeared to be much greater than it <lb></lb>really was. </s> <s>And what potent or wiſe Prince can be named, that among his chief Projects for <lb></lb>eternizing his Name and Poſterity, did not make Uſe of Architecture. </s> <s>But of this enough. <lb></lb></s> <s>The Concluſion is, that for the Service, Security, Honour and Ornament of the Publick, we <lb></lb>are exceedingly obliged to the Architect; to whom, in Time of Leiſure, we are indebted for <pb xlink:href="003/01/005.jpg"></pb>Tranquility, Pleaſure and Health, in Time of Buſineſs for Aſſiſtance and Profit; and in both, <lb></lb>ſor Security and Dignity. </s> <s>Let us not therefore deny that he ought to be praiſed and eſteemed, <lb></lb>and to be allowed a Place, both for the wonderful and raviſhing Beauty of his Works, and for <lb></lb>the Neceſſity, Serviceableneſs, and Strength of the Things which he has invented, among the <lb></lb>Chief of thoſe who have deſerved Honour and Rewards from Mankind. </s> <s>The Conſideration of <lb></lb>theſe Things induced me, for my Diverſion, to look a little further into this Art and its Ope<lb></lb>rations, from what Principles it was derived, and of what Parts it conſiſted: And finding them <lb></lb>of various Kinds, in Number almoſt infinite, in their Nature marvellous, of Uſe incredible, in<lb></lb>ſomuch that it was doubtful what Condition of Men, or what Part of the Commonwealth, or <lb></lb>what Degree in the City, whether the Publick or Private, Things ſacred or profane, Repoſe or <lb></lb>Labour, the Individual or the whole human Species, was moſt obliged to the Architect, or <lb></lb>rather Inventor of all Conveniencies; I reſolved, for ſeveral Reaſons, too tedious here to re<lb></lb>peat, to collect all thoſe Things which are contained in theſe Ten Books. </s> <s>In treating of which, <lb></lb>we ſhall obſerve this Method: We conſider that an Ediſice is a Kind of Body conſiſting, like <lb></lb>all other Bodies, of Deſign and of Matter; the firſt is produced by the Thought, the other by <lb></lb>Nature; ſo that the one is to be provided by the Application and Contrivance of the Mind, <lb></lb>and the other by due Preparation and Choice. </s> <s>And we further reflected, that neither the one <lb></lb>nor the other of itſelf was ſufficient, without the Hand of an experienced Artificer, that knew <lb></lb>how to form his Materials after a juſt Deſign. </s> <s>And the Uſe of Ediſices being various, it was <lb></lb>neceſſary to enquire whether one and the ſame Kind of Deſign was fit for all Sorts of Buildings; <lb></lb>upon which Account we have diſtinguiſhed the ſeveral Kinds of Buildings: Wherein perceiv<lb></lb>ing that the main Point was the juſt Compoſition and Relation of the Lines among themſelves, <lb></lb>from whence ariſes the Height of Beauty, I therefore began to examine what Beauty really was, <lb></lb>and what Sort of Beauty was proper to each Edifice. </s> <s>And as we often meet with Faults in all <lb></lb>theſe Reſpects, I conſidered how they might be altered or amended. </s> <s>Every Book therefore <lb></lb>has its Title prefixed to it, according to the Variety of the Subject: The Firſt treats of Deſigns; <lb></lb>the Second, of Materials; the Third, of the Work; the Fourth, of Works in general; the <lb></lb>Fifth, of Works in particular; the Sixth, of Ornaments in general; the Seventh, of the Orna<lb></lb>ments proper for ſacred Edifices; the Eighth, of thoſe for publick and profane ones; The <lb></lb>Ninth, of thoſe for the Houſes of private Perſons; the Tenth, of Amendments and Alterations <lb></lb>in Buildings: To which is added, a various Hiſtory of Waters, and how they are found, and <lb></lb>what Uſe is to be made of the Architect in all theſe Works: As alſo Four other Books, Three of <lb></lb>which treat of the Art of Painting; and the Fourth, of Sculpture.<lb></lb><figure id="id.003.01.005.1.jpg" xlink:href="003/01/005/1.jpg"></figure></s></p><pb xlink:href="003/01/006.jpg"></pb><figure id="id.003.01.006.1.jpg" xlink:href="003/01/006/1.jpg"></figure><p type="head"> <s>The TABLE of CONTENTS.</s></p><p type="head"> <s>BOOK I.</s></p><p type="main"> <s>CHAP. I. <emph type="italics"></emph>Of Deſigns; their Value and Rules.<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end></s></p><p type="main"> <s>CHAP. II. <emph type="italics"></emph>Of the firſt Occaſion of erecting Edifices; <lb></lb>of how many Parts the Art of Building conſiſts, and <lb></lb>what is neceſſary to each of thoſe Parts.<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end></s></p><p type="main"> <s>CHAP. III. <emph type="italics"></emph>Of the Region of the Climate or Air, of the <lb></lb>Sun and Winds which affect the Air.<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end></s></p><p type="main"> <s>CHAP. IV. <emph type="italics"></emph>Which Region is, and which is not commodi<lb></lb>ous for Building.<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end></s></p><p type="main"> <s>CHAP. V. <emph type="italics"></emph>By what Marks and Characters we are to <lb></lb>know the Goodneſs of the Region.<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end></s></p><p type="main"> <s>CHAP. VI. <emph type="italics"></emph>Of ſome hidden Conveniencies and Inccnveni<lb></lb>encies of the Region which a wiſe Man ought to enquire <lb></lb>into.<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end></s></p><p type="main"> <s>CHAP. VII. <emph type="italics"></emph>Of the Seat, or Platform, and of the ſeveral <lb></lb>Sorts of Lines.<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end></s></p><p type="main"> <s>CHAP. VIII. <emph type="italics"></emph>Of the Kinds of Platforms, their Forms and <lb></lb>Figures, and which are the moſt ſerviceable and laſting.<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end></s></p><p type="main"> <s>CHAP. IX. <emph type="italics"></emph>Of the Compartition, and of the Origin of <lb></lb>Building.<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end></s></p><p type="main"> <s>CHAP. X. <emph type="italics"></emph>Of the Columns and Walls, and ſome Obſerva<lb></lb>tions relating to the Columns.<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end></s></p><p type="main"> <s>CHAP. XI. <emph type="italics"></emph>Of the great Uſefulneſs of the Coverings both <lb></lb>to the Inhabitants and the other Parts of the Building, <lb></lb>and that being various in their Natures, they muſt be <lb></lb>made of various Sorts.<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end></s></p><p type="main"> <s>CHAP. XII. <emph type="italics"></emph>Of the Apertures in the Building, that is to <lb></lb>ſay, of the Windows and Doors, and of thoſe which do <lb></lb>not take up the whole Thickneſs of the Wall, and their <lb></lb>Number and Sizes.<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end></s></p><p type="main"> <s>CHAP. XIII. <emph type="italics"></emph>Of the Stair-caſes, and their different Sorts; <lb></lb>of Steps of the Stairs which ought to be in odd Numbers, <lb></lb>and how many. </s> <s>Of the Reſting-places, of the Tunnels <lb></lb>for carrying away the Smoke. </s> <s>Of Pipes and Conduits <lb></lb>for carrying off the Water, and of the proper placing of <lb></lb>Wells and Sinks.<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end></s></p><p type="head"> <s>BOOK II.</s></p><p type="main"> <s>CHAP. I. <emph type="italics"></emph>Treating of the Materials. </s> <s>That no Man <lb></lb>ought to begin a Building haſtily, but ſhould <lb></lb>firſt take a good deal of Time to conſider, and revolve in <lb></lb>his Mind all the Qualities and Requiſites of ſuch a Work: <lb></lb>And that he ſhould carefully review and examine, with <lb></lb>the Advice of proper Judges, the whole Structure in it<lb></lb>ſelf, and the Proportions and Meaſures of every diſtinct <lb></lb>Part, not only in Draughts or Paintings, but in actual <lb></lb>Models of Wood or ſome other Subſtance, that when he <lb></lb>has finiſhed his Building, he may not repent of his Labour.<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end></s></p><p type="main"> <s>CHAP. II. <emph type="italics"></emph>That we ought to undertake nothing above our <lb></lb>Abilities, nor ſtrive againſt Nature, and that we ought <lb></lb>alſo not only to conſider what we can do, but what is fit <lb></lb>for us to do, and in what Place it is that we are to build.<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end></s></p><p type="main"> <s>CHAP. III. <emph type="italics"></emph>That having conſidered the whole Diſpoſition <lb></lb>of the Building in all the Parts of the Model, we ought <lb></lb>to take the Advice of prudent and underſtanding Men, <lb></lb>and before we begin our Work, it will not only be proper <lb></lb>to know how to raiſe Money for the Expence, but alſo <lb></lb>long before-hand to provide all the Materials for com<lb></lb>pleating ſuch an Undertaking.<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end></s></p><p type="main"> <s>CHAP. IV. <emph type="italics"></emph>What Materials are to be provided for the <lb></lb>Building, what Workmen to be choſe, and in what Sea<lb></lb>ſons, according to the Opinions of the Ancients, to cut <lb></lb>Timber.<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end></s></p><p type="main"> <s>CHAP. V. <emph type="italics"></emph>Of preſerving the Trees after they are cut, <lb></lb>what to plaiſter or anoint them with, of the Remedies <lb></lb>againſt their Infirmities, and of allotting them their pro<lb></lb>per Places in the Building.<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end></s></p><p type="main"> <s>CHAP. VI. <emph type="italics"></emph>What Woods are moſt proper for Buildings, <lb></lb>their Nature and Uſes, how they are to be employed, and <lb></lb>in what Part of the Edifice each Kind is moſt fit for.<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end></s></p><p type="main"> <s>CHAP. VII. <emph type="italics"></emph>Of Trees more ſummarily and in general.<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end></s></p><p type="main"> <s>CHAP. VIII. <emph type="italics"></emph>Of Stones in general, when they are to be <lb></lb>dug, and when uſed; which are the ſofteſt and which <lb></lb>the hardeſt, and which beſt and moſt durable.<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end></s></p><p type="main"> <s>CHAP. IX. <emph type="italics"></emph>Some Things worthy memorial, relating to <lb></lb>Stones, left us by the Ancients.<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end></s></p><p type="main"> <s>CHAP. X. <emph type="italics"></emph>Of the Origin of the Uſe of Bricks, in what <lb></lb>Seaſon they ought to be made, and in what Shapes, their <lb></lb>different Sorts, and the Uſefulneſs of triangular ones; <lb></lb>and briefly, of all other Works made of baked Earth.<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end></s></p><p type="main"> <s>CHAP. XI. <emph type="italics"></emph>Of the Nature of Lime and Plaiſter of<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end> Paris, <lb></lb><emph type="italics"></emph>their Uſes and Kinds, wherein they agree and wherein <lb></lb>they differ, and of ſome Things not unworthy of Memory.<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end></s></p><p type="main"> <s>CHAP. XII. <emph type="italics"></emph>Of the three different Kinds of Sands, and of the <lb></lb>various Materials uſed in Building in different Places.<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end></s></p><p type="main"> <s>CHAP. XIII. <emph type="italics"></emph>Whether the Obſervation of Times and Sea<lb></lb>ſons is of any Uſe in beginning a Building; what Sea<lb></lb>ſon is moſt convenient; as alſo, with what Auguries or <lb></lb>Prayers we ought to ſet out upon our Work.<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end></s></p><p type="head"> <s>BOOK III.</s></p><p type="main"> <s>CHAP. I. <emph type="italics"></emph>Of the Work. </s> <s>Wherein lies the Buſineſs of <lb></lb>the Work; the different Parts of the Walls, <lb></lb>and what they require. </s> <s>That the Foundation is no Part <lb></lb>of the Wall; what Soil makes the beſt Foundation.<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end></s></p><p type="main"> <s>CHAP. II. <emph type="italics"></emph>That the Foundation chiefly is to be marked out <lb></lb>with Lines; and by what Tokens we may know the <lb></lb>Goodneſs of the Ground.<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end></s></p><p type="main"> <s>CHAP. III. <emph type="italics"></emph>That the Nature of Places is various, and <lb></lb>therefore we ought not to truſt any Place too haſtily, till <lb></lb>we have firſt dug Wells or Reſervoirs; but that in marſhy <lb></lb>Places we muſt make our Foundation with Piles burnt <lb></lb>at the Ends, and driven in with their Heads downward <lb></lb>with light Beetles, and many repeated Blows, till they <lb></lb>are driven quite in to the Head.<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end></s></p><p type="main"> <s>CHAP. IV. <emph type="italics"></emph>Of the Nature, Forms and Qualities of Stones, <lb></lb>and of the Tempering of Mortar.<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end></s></p><p type="main"> <s>CHAP. V. <emph type="italics"></emph>Of the lower Courſes or Foundations, accord<lb></lb>ing to the Precepts and Example of the Ancients.<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end></s></p><p type="main"> <s>CHAP. VI. <emph type="italics"></emph>That there ought to be Vents left open in <lb></lb>thick Walls from the Bottom to the Top, the Difference <lb></lb>between the Wall and the Foundation: The principal <lb></lb>Parts of the Wall; the three Methods of Wailing; the <lb></lb>Materials and Form of the firſt Courſe or Layer.<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end></s></p><p type="main"> <s>CHAP. VII. <emph type="italics"></emph>Of the Generation of Stones: How they are <lb></lb>to be diſpoſed and joined together, as alſo, which are the <lb></lb>ſtrongeſt and which the weakeſt.<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end></s></p><p type="main"> <s>CHAP. VIII. <emph type="italics"></emph>Of the Parts of the Finiſhing; of the Shells, <lb></lb>the Stuffing, and their different Sorts.<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end></s></p><p type="main"> <s>CHAP. IX. <emph type="italics"></emph>Of the Girders of Stone, of the Ligament and <lb></lb>Fortification of the Cornices, and how to unite ſeveral <lb></lb>Stones for the Strengthening of the Wall.<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end></s></p><p type="main"> <s>CHAP. X. <emph type="italics"></emph>Of the true Manner of Working the Wall, <lb></lb>and of the Agreement there is between Stone and Sand.<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end></s></p><p type="main"> <s>CHAP. XI. <emph type="italics"></emph>Of the Way of Working different Materials; <lb></lb>of Plaiſtering, of Cramps, and how to preſerve them;<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end><pb xlink:href="003/01/007.jpg"></pb><emph type="italics"></emph>the moſt ancient Inſtructions of Architects; and ſome <lb></lb>Methods to prevent the Miſchiefs of Lightning.<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end></s></p><p type="main"> <s>CHAP. XII. <emph type="italics"></emph>Of Coverings of ſtreight Lines; of the Beams <lb></lb>and Rafters, and of the uniting the Ribs.<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end></s></p><p type="main"> <s>CHAP. XIII. <emph type="italics"></emph>Of Coverings, or Roofs of Curve Lines; of <lb></lb>Arches, their Difference and Conſtruction, and how to <lb></lb>ſet the Stones in an Arch.<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end></s></p><p type="main"> <s>CHAP. XIV. <emph type="italics"></emph>Of the ſeveral Sorts of Vaults, and wherein <lb></lb>they differ; of what Lines they are compoſed, and the <lb></lb>Method of letting them ſettle.<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end></s></p><p type="main"> <s>CHAP. XV. <emph type="italics"></emph>Of the Shell of the Covering, and its Uſeful<lb></lb>neſs; the different Sorts and Shapes of Tiles, and what <lb></lb>to make them of.<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end></s></p><p type="main"> <s>CHAP. XVI. <emph type="italics"></emph>Of Pavements according to the Opinion of<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end><lb></lb>Pliny <emph type="italics"></emph>and<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end> Vitruvius, <emph type="italics"></emph>and the Works of the Ancients; <lb></lb>and of the proper Seaſons for beginning, and finiſhing <lb></lb>the ſeveral Parts of Building.<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end></s></p><p type="head"> <s>BOOK IV.</s></p><p type="main"> <s>CHAP. I. <emph type="italics"></emph>Of Works of a publick Nature. </s> <s>That all <lb></lb>Buildings, whether contrived for Neceſſity, <lb></lb>Conveniency, or Pleaſure, were intended for the Service <lb></lb>of Mankind. </s> <s>Of the ſeveral Diviſions of human Condi<lb></lb>tions, whence ariſes the Diverſity of Buildings.<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end></s></p><p type="main"> <s>CHAP. II. <emph type="italics"></emph>Of the Region, Place, and Conveniencies, and <lb></lb>Inconveniencies of a Situation for a City, according to <lb></lb>the Opinion of the Ancients, and that of the Author.<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end></s></p><p type="main"> <s>CHAP. III. <emph type="italics"></emph>Of the Compaſs, Space and Bigneſs of a City, <lb></lb>of the Form and Diſpoſition of the Walls and Fortifica<lb></lb>tions, and of the Cuſtoms and Ceremonies obſerved by the <lb></lb>Ancients in making them out.<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end></s></p><p type="main"> <s>CHAP. IV. <emph type="italics"></emph>Of Walls, Battlements, Towers, Corniſhes and <lb></lb>Gates, and the Timber-work belonging to them.<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end></s></p><p type="main"> <s>CHAP. V. <emph type="italics"></emph>Of the Proportion, Faſhion and Conſtruction of <lb></lb>great military Ways, and private Ways.<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end></s></p><p type="main"> <s>CHAP. VI. <emph type="italics"></emph>Of Bridges both of Wood and Stone, their pro<lb></lb>per Situation, their Piers, Arches, Angles, Feet, Key<lb></lb>ſtones, Cramps, Pavements, and Slopes.<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end></s></p><p type="main"> <s>CHAP. VII. <emph type="italics"></emph>Of Drains or Sewers, their diſferent Sorts <lb></lb>and Uſes; and of Rivers and Canals for Ships.<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end></s></p><p type="main"> <s>CHAP. VIII. <emph type="italics"></emph>Of the proper Structure for a Haven, and <lb></lb>of making convenient Squares in the City.<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end></s></p><p type="head"> <s>BOOK V.</s></p><p type="main"> <s>CHAP. I. <emph type="italics"></emph>Of Buildings for particular Perſons. </s> <s>Of the <lb></lb>Caſtles or Habitations of a King, or others; <lb></lb>their different Properties and Parts.<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end></s></p><p type="main"> <s>CHAP. II. <emph type="italics"></emph>Of the Portico, Veſtibule, Court-yard, Hall, <lb></lb>Stairs, Lobbies, Apertures, Back-doors, concealed Paſſ<lb></lb>ages and private Apartments; and wherein the Houſes <lb></lb>of Princes differ from thoſe of private Men; as alſo of <lb></lb>the ſeparate and common Apartments for the Prince <lb></lb>and his Spouſe.<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end></s></p><p type="main"> <s>CHAP. III. <emph type="italics"></emph>Of the Properties of the Portico, Lobby, Halls <lb></lb>both for Summer and Winter, Watch-Towers and of the <lb></lb>Difference between the Caſtle for a Tyrant, and the <lb></lb>Palace for a King.<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end></s></p><p type="main"> <s>CHAP. IV. <emph type="italics"></emph>Of the proper Situation, Structure and For<lb></lb>tification of a Fortreſs, whether in a Plain, or upon a <lb></lb>Hill, its Incloſure, Area, Walls, Ditches, Bridges, and <lb></lb>Towers.<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end></s></p><p type="main"> <s>CHAP. V. <emph type="italics"></emph>Of thoſe Parts of the Fortreſs where the Soldiers <lb></lb>are to ſtand either to keep centinel, or to fight. </s> <s>Of the <lb></lb>covering Roof of the Fortreſs, and in what Manner it <lb></lb>is to be made ſtrong, and of the other Conveniencies ne<lb></lb>ceſſary in the Caſtle either of a King or a Tyrant.<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end></s></p><p type="main"> <s>CHAP. VI. <emph type="italics"></emph>Of the ſeveral Parts of which the Republick <lb></lb>conſiſts. </s> <s>The proper Situation and Building for the <lb></lb>Houſes of thoſe that govern the Republick, and of the <lb></lb>Prieſts. </s> <s>Of Temples as well large as ſinall, Chapels <lb></lb>and Oratories.<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end></s></p><p type="main"> <s>CHAP. VII. <emph type="italics"></emph>That the Prieſt's Camp is the Cloyſter; the <lb></lb>Duty of the Prieſt; the various Sorts of Cloyſiers and <lb></lb>their proper Situation.<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end></s></p><p type="main"> <s>CHAP. VIII. <emph type="italics"></emph>Of Places ſor Exerciſe, publick Schools, and <lb></lb>Hoſpitals both for Men and Women.<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end></s></p><p type="main"> <s>CHAP. IX. <emph type="italics"></emph>Of the Senate-houſe, the Temple, and the Tri<lb></lb>bunals for the Adminiſtration of Juſtice.<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end></s></p><p type="main"> <s>CHAP. X. <emph type="italics"></emph>That Incampments, or Lodgments for Soldiers <lb></lb>by Land are of three Sorts; in what Manner they are <lb></lb>to be fortified; and the various Methods uſed by diffe<lb></lb>rent Nations.<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end></s></p><p type="main"> <s>CHAP. XI. <emph type="italics"></emph>The moſt convenient Situation for a Camp, <lb></lb>and its Size, Form and various Parts; together with <lb></lb>the different Methods of attacking and defending a Camp <lb></lb>or other Fortification.<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end></s></p><p type="main"> <s>CHAP. XII. <emph type="italics"></emph>Of Incampments or Stations at Sea, which <lb></lb>are Fleets; of Ships and their Parts; as alſo of Havens <lb></lb>and their proper Fortification.<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end></s></p><p type="main"> <s>CHAP. XIII. <emph type="italics"></emph>Of the Commiſſaries, Chamberlains, publick <lb></lb>Receivers and the like Magiſtrates, whoſe Buſineſs is to <lb></lb>ſupply and preſide over the publick Granaries, Chambers <lb></lb>of Accounts, Arſenals, Marts, Docks and Stables; as <lb></lb>alſo of the three Sorts of Priſons, their Structures, Situ<lb></lb>ations, and Compartitions.<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end></s></p><p type="main"> <s>CHAP. XIV. <emph type="italics"></emph>Of private Houſes and their Differences; <lb></lb>as alſo of the Country Houſe, and the Rules to be obſerved <lb></lb>in its Situation and Structure.<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end></s></p><p type="main"> <s>CHAP. XV. <emph type="italics"></emph>That Country Houſes are of two Sorts; the <lb></lb>proper Diſpoſition of all their Members whether for the <lb></lb>Lodging of Men, Animals, or Tools for Agriculture <lb></lb>and other neceſſary Inſtruments,<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end></s></p><p type="main"> <s>CHAP. XVI. <emph type="italics"></emph>That the Induſtry of the Farmer or Overſeer <lb></lb>ought to be employed as well about all Sorts of Animals, <lb></lb>as about the Fruits of the Earth; as alſo of the Con<lb></lb>ſtruction of the Threſhing-floor.<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end></s></p><p type="main"> <s>CHAP. XVII. <emph type="italics"></emph>Of the Country Houſe for a Gentleman; <lb></lb>its various Parts, and the proper Diſpoſition of each of <lb></lb>thoſe Parts.<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end></s></p><p type="main"> <s>CHAP. XVIII. <emph type="italics"></emph>The Difference between the Country Houſe <lb></lb>and Town Houſe for the Rich. </s> <s>The Habitation of the <lb></lb>middling Sort ought to reſemble thoſe of the Rich; at <lb></lb>leaſt in Proportion to their Circumſtances. </s> <s>Buildings <lb></lb>ſhould be contrived more for Summer than for Winter.<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end></s></p><p type="head"> <s>BOOK VI.</s></p><p type="main"> <s>CHAP. I. <emph type="italics"></emph>Of the Reaſon and Difficulty of the Author's <lb></lb>Undertaking, whereby it appears how much <lb></lb>Pains, Study and Application he has employed in writ<lb></lb>ing upon theſe Matters.<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end></s></p><p type="main"> <s>CHAP. II. <emph type="italics"></emph>Of Beauty and Ornament, their Effects and <lb></lb>Difference, that they are owing to Art and Exactneſs <lb></lb>of Proportion; as alſo of the Birth and Progreſs of Arts.<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end></s></p><p type="main"> <s>CHAP. III. <emph type="italics"></emph>That Architecture began in<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end> Aſia, <emph type="italics"></emph>flouriſhed in<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end><lb></lb>Greece, <emph type="italics"></emph>and was brought to Perfection in<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end> Italy.</s></p><p type="main"> <s>CHAP. IV. <emph type="italics"></emph>That Beauty and Ornament in every Thing <lb></lb>ariſe either ſrom Contrivance, or the Hand of the Arti<lb></lb>ficer, or from Nature; and that though the Region in<lb></lb>deed can hardly be improved by the Wit or Labour of <lb></lb>Man, yet many other Things may be done highly worthy <lb></lb>of Admiration, and ſcarcely credible.<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end></s></p><p type="main"> <s>CHAP. V. <emph type="italics"></emph>A ſhort Recapitulation of the Compartition, <lb></lb>and of the juſt Compoſition and adorning the Wall and <lb></lb>Covering.<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end></s></p><p type="main"> <s>CHAP. VI. <emph type="italics"></emph>In what Manner great Weights and large <lb></lb>Stones are moved from one Place to another, or raiſed to <lb></lb>any great Height.<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end></s></p><pb xlink:href="003/01/008.jpg"></pb><p type="main"> <s>CHAP. VII. <emph type="italics"></emph>Of Wheels, Pins, Leavers, Pullies, their <lb></lb>Parts, Sizes, and Figures.<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end></s></p><p type="main"> <s>CHAP. VIII. <emph type="italics"></emph>Of the Skrew and its Circles or Worm, and <lb></lb>in what manner great Weights are either drawn, car<lb></lb>ried or puſhed along.<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end></s></p><p type="main"> <s>CHAP. IX. <emph type="italics"></emph>That the Incruſtations which are made upon <lb></lb>the Wall with Mortar, muſt be three in Number: How <lb></lb>they are to be made, and to what Purpoſes they are to <lb></lb>ſerve. </s> <s>Of the ſeveral Sorts of Mortar, and in what <lb></lb>Manner the Lime is to be prepared for making them: <lb></lb>Of Baſs-relieves in ſtuc-work and Paintings, with <lb></lb>which the Wall may be adorned.<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end></s></p><p type="main"> <s>CHAP. X. <emph type="italics"></emph>Of the Method of cutting of Marble into thin <lb></lb>Seantlings, and what Sand is beſt for that Purpoſe; as <lb></lb>alſo of the Difference and Agreement between<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end> Moſaic <lb></lb><emph type="italics"></emph>Work in Relieve, and Flat, and of the Cement to be uſed <lb></lb>in that Sort of Work.<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end></s></p><p type="main"> <s>CHAP. XI. <emph type="italics"></emph>Of the Ornaments of the Covering, which con<lb></lb>ſiſts in the Richneſs and Beauty of the Rafters, Vaults, <lb></lb>and open Terraſſes.<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end></s></p><p type="main"> <s>CHAP. XII. <emph type="italics"></emph>That the Ornaments of the Apertures are <lb></lb>very pleaſing, but are attended with many and various <lb></lb>Difficulties and Inconveniencies; that the falſe Aper<lb></lb>tures are of two Sorts, and what is required in each.<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end></s></p><p type="main"> <s>CHAP. XIII <emph type="italics"></emph>Of Columns and their Ornaments, their <lb></lb>Plans, Axes, Out-lines, Sweeps, Diminutions, Swells, <lb></lb>Aſiragals and Fillets.<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end></s></p><p type="head"> <s>BOOK VII.</s></p><p type="main"> <s>CHAP. I. <emph type="italics"></emph>That the Walls of Cities, the Temples, and <lb></lb>Courts of Juſtice, uſed to be conſecreated to <lb></lb>the Gods; of the proper Region for the City, its Situati<lb></lb>on and principal Ornaments.<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end></s></p><p type="main"> <s>CHAP. II. <emph type="italics"></emph>Of how large and what Kind of Stone the Walls <lb></lb>ought to be built, and who were the firſt that erected <lb></lb>Temples.<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end></s></p><p type="main"> <s>CHAP. III. <emph type="italics"></emph>With how much Thought, Care and Diligence <lb></lb>we ought to lay out and adorn our Temples; to what <lb></lb>Gods and in what Places we ſhould build them, and of <lb></lb>the various Kinds of Sacrifices.<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end></s></p><p type="main"> <s>CHAP. IV. <emph type="italics"></emph>Of the Parts, Forms and Figures of Temples <lb></lb>and their Chapels, and how theſe latter ſhould be diſtri<lb></lb>buted.<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end></s></p><p type="main"> <s>CHAP. V. <emph type="italics"></emph>Of the Porticoes and Entrance to the Temple, <lb></lb>its Aſcent and the Apertures and Interſpaces of the <lb></lb>Portico.<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end></s></p><p type="main"> <s>CHAP. VI. <emph type="italics"></emph>Of Columns, and the different Sorts of Ca<lb></lb>pitals.<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end></s></p><p type="main"> <s>CHAP. VII. <emph type="italics"></emph>A neceſſary Rehearſal of the ſeveral Mem<lb></lb>bers of Columns, the Baſe, Torus, Scotia, Liſts, Die, <lb></lb>and of the ſmaller Parts of thoſe Members, the Plat<lb></lb>band, Corona, Ovolo, ſmall Ogee, Cima-inverſa, and <lb></lb>Cymatium, both upright and reverſed.<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end></s></p><p type="main"> <s>CHAP. VIII. <emph type="italics"></emph>Of the<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end> Doric, Ionic, Corinthian <emph type="italics"></emph>and Com<lb></lb>poſite Capitals.<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end></s></p><p type="main"> <s>CHAP. IX. <emph type="italics"></emph>Of the Entablature, the Architrave, Tri<lb></lb>glyphs, Dentils, Mutules, Cavetto, and Drip or Corona, <lb></lb>as alſo of the Flutings and ſome other Ornaments be<lb></lb>longing to Columns.<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end></s></p><p type="main"> <s>CHAP. X. <emph type="italics"></emph>Of the Pavement of the Temple and its inner <lb></lb>Area, of the Place ſor the Altar, and of the Walls and <lb></lb>their Ornaments.<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end></s></p><p type="main"> <s>CHAP. XI. <emph type="italics"></emph>Why the Rooſs of Temples ought to be arched.<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end></s></p><p type="main"> <s>CHAP. XII. <emph type="italics"></emph>Of the Apertures proper to Temples, namely, <lb></lb>the Windows, Doors, and Valves; together with their <lb></lb>Members, Proportions and Ornaments.<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end></s></p><p type="main"> <s>CHAP. XIII. <emph type="italics"></emph>Of the Altar, Communion, Lights, Candle<lb></lb>ſticks, holy Veſſels, and ſome other noble Ornaments of <lb></lb>Temples.<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end></s></p><p type="main"> <s>CHAP. XIV. <emph type="italics"></emph>Of the firſt Original of Baſiliques, their <lb></lb>Porticoes and different Members, and wherein they dif<lb></lb>fer from Temples.<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end></s></p><p type="main"> <s>CHAP. XV. <emph type="italics"></emph>Of Colonnades both with Architraves and <lb></lb>with Arches; what Sort of Columns are to be uſed in <lb></lb>Baſiliques, and what Cornices, and where they are to be <lb></lb>placed; of the Height and Wedth of Windows and <lb></lb>their Gratings; of the Roofs and Doors of Baſiliques, <lb></lb>and their Ornaments.<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end></s></p><p type="main"> <s>CHAP. XVI. <emph type="italics"></emph>Of Monuments raiſed for preſerving the <lb></lb>Memory of publick Actions and Events.<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end></s></p><p type="main"> <s>CHAP. XVII. <emph type="italics"></emph>Whether Statues ought to be placed in <lb></lb>Temples, and what Materials are the moſt proper for <lb></lb>making them.<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end></s></p><p type="head"> <s>BOOK VIII.</s></p><p type="main"> <s>CHAP. I. <emph type="italics"></emph>Of the Ornaments of the great Ways either <lb></lb>within or without the City, and of the pro<lb></lb>per Places for interring or burning the Bodies of the <lb></lb>Dead.<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end></s></p><p type="main"> <s>CHAP. II. <emph type="italics"></emph>Of Sepulchres, and the various Manners of <lb></lb>burial.<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end></s></p><p type="main"> <s>CHAP. III. <emph type="italics"></emph>Of little Chapels, by Way of Sepulchres, Py<lb></lb>ramids, Columns, Altars and Moles.<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end></s></p><p type="main"> <s>CHAP. IV. <emph type="italics"></emph>Of the Inſeriptions and Symbols carved on <lb></lb>Sepulchres.<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end></s></p><p type="main"> <s>CHAP. V. <emph type="italics"></emph>Of Towers and their Ornaments.<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end></s></p><p type="main"> <s>CHAP. VI. <emph type="italics"></emph>Of the principal Ways belonging to the City, <lb></lb>and the Methods of adorning the Haven, Gates, Bridges, <lb></lb>Arches, Croſs-ways and Squares.<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end></s></p><p type="main"> <s>CHAP. VII. <emph type="italics"></emph>Of the adorning Theatres and other Places <lb></lb>for publick Shows, and of their Uſefulneſs.<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end></s></p><p type="main"> <s>CHAP. VIII. <emph type="italics"></emph>Of the Ornaments of the Amphitheatre, <lb></lb>Circus, publick Walks, and Halls, and Courts for petty <lb></lb>Judges.<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end></s></p><p type="main"> <s>CHAP. IX. <emph type="italics"></emph>Of the proper Ornaments for the Senate<lb></lb>Houſe and Council-Chambers, as alſo of the adorning the <lb></lb>City with Groves, Lakes for Swimming, Libraries, <lb></lb>Schools, publick Stables, Arſenals, and mathematical <lb></lb>Inſtruments.<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end></s></p><p type="main"> <s>CHAP. X. <emph type="italics"></emph>Of Thermes or publick Baths; their Conveni<lb></lb>encies and Ornaments.<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end></s></p><p type="head"> <s>BOOK IX.</s></p><p type="main"> <s>CHAP. I. <emph type="italics"></emph>That particular Regard muſt be had to <lb></lb>Frugality and Parſimony, and of the adorn<lb></lb>ing the Palaces or Houſes of the King and principal <lb></lb>Magiſtrates.<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end></s></p><p type="main"> <s>CHAP. II. <emph type="italics"></emph>Of adorning of private Houſes, both in City <lb></lb>and Country.<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end></s></p><p type="main"> <s>CHAP. III. <emph type="italics"></emph>That the Parts and Members of a Houſe are <lb></lb>different both in Nature and Species, and that they are <lb></lb>to be adorned in various Manners.<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end></s></p><p type="main"> <s>CHAP. IV. <emph type="italics"></emph>With what Paintings, Plants, and Statues, <lb></lb>it is proper to adorn the Pavements, Porticoes, Apart<lb></lb>ments and Gardens of a private Houſe.<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end></s></p><p type="main"> <s>CHAP. V. <emph type="italics"></emph>That the Beauty of all Edifices ariſes princi<lb></lb>pally from three Things, namely, the Number, Figure <lb></lb>and Collocation of the ſeveral Members.<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end></s></p><p type="main"> <s>CHAP. VI. <emph type="italics"></emph>Of the Proportions of Numbers in the Mea<lb></lb>ſuring of Areas, and the Rules for ſome other Proper<lb></lb>tions drawn neither from natural Bodies, nor from Har<lb></lb>mony.<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end></s></p><p type="main"> <s>CHAP. VII. <emph type="italics"></emph>Of the Invention of Columns, their Dimen<lb></lb>tions and Collocation.<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end></s></p><p type="main"> <s>CHAP. VIII. <emph type="italics"></emph>Some ſhort, but general Obſervations which <lb></lb>may be locked upon as Laws in the Buſineſs of Building <lb></lb>and Ornaments.<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end></s></p><pb xlink:href="003/01/009.jpg"></pb><p type="main"> <s>CHAP. IX. <emph type="italics"></emph>The Buſineſs and Duty of a good Architect, <lb></lb>and wherein the Excellence of the Ornaments conſiſts.<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end></s></p><p type="main"> <s>CHAP. X. <emph type="italics"></emph>What it is that an Architect ought principally <lb></lb>to conſider, and what Sciences he ought to be acquaint<lb></lb>ed with.<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end></s></p><p type="main"> <s>CHAP. XI. <emph type="italics"></emph>To what Sort of Perſons the Architect ought <lb></lb>to offer his Service.<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end></s></p><p type="head"> <s>BOOK X.</s></p><p type="main"> <s>CHAP. I. <emph type="italics"></emph>Of the Defects in Building, whence they pro<lb></lb>ceed, and their different Sorts; which of <lb></lb>them can be corrected by the Architect, and which can<lb></lb>not; and the various Cauſes of a bad Air.<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end></s></p><p type="main"> <s>CHAP. II. <emph type="italics"></emph>That Water is the moſt neceſſary Thing of all, <lb></lb>and of its various Sorts.<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end></s></p><p type="main"> <s>CHAP. III. <emph type="italics"></emph>Four Things to be conſidered with Relation to <lb></lb>Water; alſo whence it is engendered or ariſes, and its <lb></lb>Courſe.<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end></s></p><p type="main"> <s>CHAP. IV. <emph type="italics"></emph>By what Marks to find any hidden Water.<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end></s></p><p type="main"> <s>CHAP. V. <emph type="italics"></emph>Of the Digging and Walling of Wells and <lb></lb>Conduits.<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end></s></p><p type="main"> <s>CHAP. VI. <emph type="italics"></emph>Of the Uſes of Water; which is beſt and moſt <lb></lb>wholeſome; and that which is unwholeſome.<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end></s></p><p type="main"> <s>CHAP. VII. <emph type="italics"></emph>Of the Method of conveying Water and ac<lb></lb>commodating it to the Uſes of Men.<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end></s></p><p type="main"> <s>CHAP. VIII. <emph type="italics"></emph>Of Ciſterns, their Uſes and Conveniencies.<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end></s></p><p type="main"> <s>CHAP. IX. <emph type="italics"></emph>Of planting a Vineyard in a Meadow, or a <lb></lb>Wood in a Marſh; and how we may amend a Region <lb></lb>which is moleſted with too much Water.<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end></s></p><p type="main"> <s>CHAP. X. <emph type="italics"></emph>Of Roads; of Paſſages by Water and of artifi<lb></lb>cial Banks to Rivers.<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end></s></p><p type="main"> <s>CHAP. XI. <emph type="italics"></emph>Of Canals; how they are to be kept well ſup<lb></lb>plied with Water, and the Uſes of them not obſtructed.<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end></s></p><p type="main"> <s>CHAP. XII. <emph type="italics"></emph>Of the Sea Wall; of ſtrengthening the Ports; <lb></lb>and of Locks for confining the Water in it.<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end></s></p><p type="main"> <s>CHAP. XIII. <emph type="italics"></emph>Of the Remedies for ſome other Inconveni<lb></lb>encies.<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end></s></p><p type="main"> <s>CHAP. XIV. <emph type="italics"></emph>Some more minute Particulars relating to <lb></lb>the Uſe of Fire.<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end></s></p><p type="main"> <s>CHAP. XV. <emph type="italics"></emph>By what Methods to deſtroy or drive away <lb></lb>Serpents, Gnats, Bugs, Flies, Mice, Fleas, Moths, and <lb></lb>the like troubleſome Vermin.<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end></s></p><p type="main"> <s>CHAP. XVI. <emph type="italics"></emph>Of making a Room either warmer or cooler; <lb></lb>as alſo of amending Defects in the Walls.<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end></s></p><p type="main"> <s>CHAP. XVII. <emph type="italics"></emph>Of ſome Defects which cannot be provided <lb></lb>againſt, but which may be repaired after they have hap<lb></lb>pened.<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end><lb></lb><figure id="id.003.01.009.1.jpg" xlink:href="003/01/009/1.jpg"></figure></s></p><pb xlink:href="003/01/010.jpg"></pb><figure id="id.003.01.010.1.jpg" xlink:href="003/01/010/1.jpg"></figure><p type="head"> <s>THE <lb></lb><emph type="bold"></emph>ARCHITECTURE<emph.end type="bold"></emph.end><lb></lb>OF <lb></lb><emph type="bold"></emph><emph type="italics"></emph>Leone Batiſta Alberti.<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end><emph.end type="bold"></emph.end></s></p><p type="head"> <s>BOOK I. CHAP. I.</s></p><p type="head"> <s><emph type="italics"></emph>Of Deſigns; their Value and Rules.<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end></s></p><p type="main"> <s>Being to treat of the <lb></lb>Deſigns of Edifices, we <lb></lb>ſhall collect and tran<lb></lb>ſcribe into this our Work, <lb></lb>all the moſt curious and <lb></lb>uſeſul Obſervations left <lb></lb>us by the Ancients, and <lb></lb>which they gathered in <lb></lb>the actual Execution of <lb></lb>theſe Works; and to theſe we ſhall join what<lb></lb>ever we ourſelves may have diſcovered by our <lb></lb>Study, Application and Labour, that ſeems like<lb></lb>ly to be of Uſe. </s> <s>But as we deſire, in the hand<lb></lb>ling this difficult, knotty, and commonly ob<lb></lb>ſcure Subject, to be as clear and intelligible as <lb></lb>poſſible; we ſhall, according to our Cuſtom, <lb></lb>explain what the Nature of our Subject is; <lb></lb>which will ſhew the Origin of the important <lb></lb>Matters that we are to write of, at their very <lb></lb>Fountain-Head, and enable us to expreſs the <lb></lb>Things that follow, in a more eaſy and per<lb></lb>ſpicuous Style. </s> <s>We ſhall therefore firſt lay <lb></lb>down, that the whole Art of Building conſiſts <lb></lb>in the Deſign, and in the Structure. </s> <s>The <lb></lb>whole Force and Rule of the Deſign, conſiſts <lb></lb>in a right and exact adapting and joining to<lb></lb>gether the Lines and Angles which compoſe <lb></lb>and form the Face of the Building. </s> <s>It is the <lb></lb>Property and Buſineſs of the Deſign to appoint <lb></lb>to the Edifice and all its Parts their proper <lb></lb>Places, determinate Number, juſt Proportion <lb></lb>and beautiful Order; ſo that the whole Form <lb></lb>of the Structure be proportionable. </s> <s>Nor has <lb></lb>this Deſign any thing that makes it in its Na<lb></lb>ture inſeparable from Matter; for we ſee that <lb></lb>the ſame Deſign is in a Multitude of Buildings, <lb></lb>which have all the ſame Form, and are exact<lb></lb>ly alike as to the Situation of their Parts and <lb></lb>the Diſpoſition of their Lines and Angles; and <lb></lb>we can in our Thought and Imagination con<lb></lb>trive perfect Forms of Buildings entirely ſepa<lb></lb>rate from Matter, by ſettling and regulating in <lb></lb>a certain Order, the Diſpoſition and Conjunc<lb></lb>tion of the Lines and Angles. </s> <s>Which being <pb xlink:href="003/01/011.jpg" pagenum="2"></pb>granted, we ſhall call the Deſign a firm and <lb></lb>graceful pre-ordering of the Lines and Angles, <lb></lb>conceived in the Mind, and contrived by an <lb></lb>ingenious Artiſt. </s> <s>But if we would enquire <lb></lb>what a Building is in its own Nature, together <lb></lb>with the Structure thereof, it may not be amiſs, <lb></lb>to conſider from what Beginnings the Habita<lb></lb>tions of Men, which we call Edifices, took <lb></lb>their Riſe, and the Progreſs of their Improve<lb></lb>ment: Which unleſs I am miſtaken, may be <lb></lb>reſolved as follows.</s></p><p type="head"> <s>CHAP II.</s></p><p type="head"> <s><emph type="italics"></emph>Of the firſt Occaſion of erecting Edifices; of how many Parts the Art of <lb></lb>Building conſiſts, and what is neceſſary to each of thoſe Parts.<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end></s></p><p type="main"> <s>In the Beginning Men looked out for Set<lb></lb>tlements in ſome ſecure Country; and ha<lb></lb>ving found a convenient Spot ſuitable to their <lb></lb>Occaſions, they there made themſelves a Ha<lb></lb>bitation ſo contrived, that private and publick <lb></lb>Matters might not be confounded together in <lb></lb>the ſame Place; but that they might have one <lb></lb>Part for Sleep, another for their Kitchen, and <lb></lb>others for their other neceſſary Uſes. </s> <s>They <lb></lb>then began to think of a Covering to defend <lb></lb>them from Sun and Rain; and in order there<lb></lb>to, they erected Walls to place this Covering <lb></lb>upon. </s> <s>By this means they knew they ſhould <lb></lb>be the more compleatly ſheltered from pierc<lb></lb>ing Colds, and ſtormy Winds. </s> <s>Laſtly, in the <lb></lb>Sides of the Walls, from Top to Bottom, they <lb></lb>opened Paſſages and Windows, for going in and <lb></lb>out, and letting in Light and Air, and for the <lb></lb>Conveniency of diſcharging any Wet, or any <lb></lb>groſs Vapours, which might chance to get into <lb></lb>the Houſe. </s> <s>And whoſoever it was, whether <lb></lb>the Goddeſs <emph type="italics"></emph>Veſta,<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end> Daughter of <emph type="italics"></emph>Saturn,<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end> or <lb></lb><emph type="italics"></emph>Euryalus<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end> and <emph type="italics"></emph>Hyperbius,<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end> the two Brothers, or <lb></lb><emph type="italics"></emph>Gellio,<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end> or <emph type="italics"></emph>Thraſo,<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end> or the Cyclop <emph type="italics"></emph>Typhinchius,<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end><lb></lb>that firſt contrived theſe Things: I am per<lb></lb>ſuaded the firſt Beginnings of them were ſuch <lb></lb>as I have deſcribed, and that Uſe and Arts have <lb></lb>ſince improved them to ſuch a Pitch, that the <lb></lb>various Kinds of Buildings are become almoſt <lb></lb>infinite: Some are publick, ſome private, ſome <lb></lb>ſacred, ſome profane, ſome ſerve for Uſe and <lb></lb>Neceſſity, ſome for the Ornament of our Cities, <lb></lb>or the Beauty of our Temples: But no body <lb></lb>will therefore deny, that they were all derived <lb></lb>from the Principles abovementioned: Which <lb></lb>being ſo, it is evident, that the whole Art of <lb></lb>Building conſiſts in ſix Things, which are theſe: <lb></lb>The Region, the Seat or Platform, the Com<lb></lb>partition, the Walling, the Covering and the <lb></lb>Apertures; and if theſe Principles are firſt <lb></lb>thoroughly conceived, that which is to follow <lb></lb>will the more eaſily be underſtood. </s> <s>We ſhall <lb></lb>therefore define them thus, the Region with <lb></lb>us ſhall be the whole large open Place in which <lb></lb>we are to build, and of which the Seat or Plat<lb></lb>form ſhall be only a Part: But the Platform <lb></lb>ſhall be a determined Spot of the Region, cir<lb></lb>cumſcribed by Walls for Uſe and Service. </s> <s>But <lb></lb>under the Title of Platform, we ſhall likewiſe <lb></lb>include all thoſe Spaces of the Buildings, which <lb></lb>in walking we tread upon with our Feet. </s> <s>The <lb></lb>Compartition is that which ſub-divides the <lb></lb>whole Platform of the Houſe into ſmaller Plat<lb></lb>forms, ſo that the whole Edifice thus formed <lb></lb>and conſtituted of theſe its Members, ſeems to <lb></lb>be full of leſſer Edifices: By Walling we ſhall <lb></lb>underſtand all that Structure, which is carried <lb></lb>up from the Ground to the Top to ſupport <lb></lb>the Weight of the Roof, and ſuch alſo as is <lb></lb>raiſed on the Inſide of the Building, to ſepa<lb></lb>rate the Apartments; Covering we ſhall call <lb></lb>not only that Part, which is laid over the Top <lb></lb>of the Edifice to receive the Rain, but any <lb></lb>Part too which is extended in length and <lb></lb>breadth over the Heads of thoſe within; <lb></lb>which includes all Ceilings, halſ-arched Roofs, <lb></lb>Vaults, and the like. </s> <s>Apertures are all thoſe <lb></lb>Outlets, which are in any Part of the Build<lb></lb>ing, for the Convenience of Egreſs and Re<lb></lb>greſs, or the Paſſage of Things neceſſary for <lb></lb>the Inmates. </s> <s>Of theſe therefore we ſhall treat, <lb></lb>and of all the Parts of each, having firſt pre<lb></lb>miſed ſome Things, which whether they are <lb></lb>Principles, or neceſſary Concomitants of the <lb></lb>Principles of this Work which we have under<lb></lb>taken, are certainly very much to our Purpoſe: <lb></lb>For having conſidered, whether there was any <lb></lb>Thing that might concern any of thoſe Parts <lb></lb>which we have enumerated; we found three <lb></lb>Things by no means to be neglected, which <lb></lb>relate particularly to the Covering, the Wall<lb></lb>ing, and the like: Namely, that each of them <lb></lb>be adapted to ſome certain and determinate <lb></lb>Conveniency, and above all, be wholeſome. <pb xlink:href="003/01/012.jpg" pagenum="3"></pb>That they be firm, ſolid, durable, in a Man<lb></lb>ner eternal, as to Stability: And as to Grace<lb></lb>fulneſs and Beauty, delicately and juſtly adorn<lb></lb>ed, and ſet off in all their Parts. </s> <s>Having laid <lb></lb>down theſe Principles as the Foundations of <lb></lb>what we are to write, we proceed to our Subject.</s></p><p type="head"> <s>CHAP. III.</s></p><p type="head"> <s><emph type="italics"></emph>Of the Region, of the Climate or Air, of the Sun and Winds, which affect the Air.<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end></s></p><p type="main"> <s>The Ancients uſed the utmoſt Caution <lb></lb>to ſix upon a Region that had in it <lb></lb>nothing noxious, and was furniſhed with all <lb></lb>Conveniences; and eſpecially they took parti<lb></lb>cular Care that the Air was not unwholeſome <lb></lb>or intemperate; in which they ſhewed a great <lb></lb>Deal of Prudence; for they knew that if the <lb></lb>Earth or Water had any Defect in them, Art <lb></lb>and Induſtry might correct it; but they affirm<lb></lb>ed, that neither Contrivance nor Multitude of <lb></lb>Hands was able ſufficiently to correct and a<lb></lb>mend the Air. </s> <s>And it muſt be allowed, that, <lb></lb>as what we breathe is ſo conducive to the <lb></lb>Nouriſhment and Support of Life, the purer <lb></lb>it is, the more it muſt preſerve and main<lb></lb>tain our Health. </s> <s>Beſides, how great an In<lb></lb>fluence the Air has in the Generation, Pro<lb></lb>duction, Aliment, and Preſervation of Things, <lb></lb>is unknown to nobody. </s> <s>It is even obſerved, <lb></lb>that they who draw a pure Air, have better <lb></lb>Underſtandings than thoſe who breathe a heavy <lb></lb>moiſt one: Which is ſuppoſed to be the Rea<lb></lb>ſon that the <emph type="italics"></emph>Athenians<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end> had much ſharper Wits <lb></lb>than the <emph type="italics"></emph>Thebans.<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end></s><s> We know that the Air, <lb></lb>according to the different Situation and Poſiti<lb></lb>on of Places, affects us ſometimes in one Man<lb></lb>ner, and ſometimes in another. </s> <s>Some of the <lb></lb>Cauſes of this Variety we imagine we under<lb></lb>ſtand; others by the Obſcurity of their Natures <lb></lb>are altogether hidden and unknown to us. </s> <s>We <lb></lb>ſhall firſt ſpeak of the manifeſt Cauſes, and <lb></lb>conſider afterwards of the more occult; that <lb></lb>we may know how to chuſe a Region com<lb></lb>modious and healthful. </s> <s>The Ancient Theo<lb></lb>logiſts called the Air <emph type="italics"></emph>Pallas. </s> <s>Homer<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end> makes <lb></lb>her a Goddeſs, and names her <emph type="italics"></emph>Glaucopis,<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end> which <lb></lb>ſignifies an Air naturally clear and tranſparent. <lb></lb></s> <s>And it is certain, that Air is the moſt healthy, <lb></lb>which is the moſt purged and purified, and <lb></lb>which may moſt eaſily be pierced by the Sight, <lb></lb>the cleareſt and lighteſt, and the leaſt Subject <lb></lb>to Variations. </s> <s>And on the contrary we af<lb></lb>firm the Air to be peſtiferous, where there is a <lb></lb>continued Collection of thick Clouds and ſtink<lb></lb>ing Vapours, and which always hangs like a <lb></lb>great Weight upon the Eyes, and obſtructs <lb></lb>the Sight. </s> <s>The Occaſion of this Difference <lb></lb>proceeds from ſeveral Cauſes, but chiefly I <lb></lb>take it, from the Sun and Winds. </s> <s>But we are <lb></lb>not here to ſpend Time in theſe phyſical En<lb></lb>quiries, how the Vapours by the Power of the <lb></lb>Sun are raiſed from the moſt profound and <lb></lb>hidden Parts of the Earth, and drawn up to <lb></lb>the Sky, where gathering themſelves together <lb></lb>in vaſt Bodies in the immenſe Spaces of the <lb></lb>Air, either by their own huge Weight, or by <lb></lb>receiving the Rays of the Sun upon their rari<lb></lb>fied Parts, they fall and thereby preſs upon the <lb></lb>Air and occaſion the Winds; and being after<lb></lb>wards carried to the Ocean by their Drought, <lb></lb>they plunge, and having bathed and impregna<lb></lb>ted themſelves with Moiſture from the Sea, <lb></lb>they once more aſcend through the Air, where <lb></lb>being preſſed by the Winds, and as it were <lb></lb>ſqueezed like a Sponge, they diſcharge their <lb></lb>Burthen of Water in Rains, which again <lb></lb>create new Vapours. </s> <s>Whether theſe Conjec<lb></lb>tures be true, or whether the Wind be occaſi<lb></lb>oned by a dry Fumoſity of the Earth, or a hot <lb></lb>Evaporation ſtirred by the Preſſure of the Cold; <lb></lb>or that it be, as we may call it, the Breath of <lb></lb>the Air; or nothing but the Air itſelf put into <lb></lb>Agitation by the Motion of the World, or by <lb></lb>the Courſe and Radiation of the Stars; or by <lb></lb>the generating Spirit of all Things in its own <lb></lb>Nature active, or ſomething elſe not of a ſepa<lb></lb>rate Exiſtence, but conſiſting in the Air itſelf <lb></lb>acted upon and inflamed by the Heat of the <lb></lb>higher Air; or whatever other Opinion or <lb></lb>Way of accounting for theſe Things be truer <lb></lb>or more ancient, I ſhall paſs it over as not <lb></lb>making to my Purpoſe. </s> <s>However, unleſs I am <lb></lb>miſtaken, we may conceive from what has been <lb></lb>ſaid already, why ſome Countries in the World <lb></lb>enjoy a pleaſant chearful Air, while others, <lb></lb>cloſe adjoyning to them, and as it were laid <lb></lb>by Nature in the ſame Lap, are ſtupified and <lb></lb>afflicted with a heavy and diſmal Climate. <lb></lb></s> <s>For I ſuppoſe, that this happens from no other <lb></lb>Cauſe, but their being ill diſpoſed for the O<lb></lb>peration of the Sun and Winds. <emph type="italics"></emph>Cicero<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end> tells <lb></lb>us, that <emph type="italics"></emph>Syracuſe<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end> was ſo placed, that the Inha<lb></lb>bitants never miſſed ſeeing the Sun every Day <lb></lb>in the Year; a Situation very ſeldom to be met <pb xlink:href="003/01/013.jpg" pagenum="4"></pb>with, but when Neceſſity or Opportunity will <lb></lb>allow of it to be deſired above all Things. <lb></lb></s> <s>That Region therefore is to be choſen, which <lb></lb>is moſt free from the Power of Clouds and all <lb></lb>other heavy thick Vapours. </s> <s>Thoſe who ap<lb></lb>ply themſelves to theſe Enquiries have obſerv<lb></lb>ed, that the Rays and Heat of the Sun act <lb></lb>with more Violence upon cloſe denſe Bodies, <lb></lb>than upon thoſe of a looſer Contexture, upon <lb></lb>Oil more than Water, Iron more than Wool; <lb></lb>for which Reaſon they ſay the Air is moſt <lb></lb>groſs and heavy in thoſe Places, which are moſt <lb></lb>ſubject to great Heats. </s> <s>The <emph type="italics"></emph>Ægyptians<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end> con<lb></lb>tending for Nobility with all the other Nati<lb></lb>ons in the World, boaſted, that the firſt Men <lb></lb>were created in their Country, becauſe no <lb></lb>Place was ſo fit to plant the firſt Race of Men <lb></lb>in, as there, where they might live the moſt <lb></lb>healthily; and that they were bleſſed by the <lb></lb>Gods with a Kind of perpetual Spring, and a <lb></lb>cónſtant unchangeable Diſpoſition of Air above <lb></lb>all the Reſt of the Word. </s> <s>And <emph type="italics"></emph>Herodotus<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end><lb></lb>writes, that among the <emph type="italics"></emph>Ægyptians,<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end> thoſe chief<lb></lb>ly who lived towards <emph type="italics"></emph>Libia,<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end> are the moſt <lb></lb>healthy, becauſe they enjoy continual gentle <lb></lb>Breezes. </s> <s>And to me the Reaſon why ſome <lb></lb>Cities, both in <emph type="italics"></emph>Italy<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end> and in other Parts of the <lb></lb>World, are perpetually unhealthy and peſti<lb></lb>lential, ſeems plainly to be the ſudden Turns <lb></lb>and Changes in the Air, from Hot to Cold, <lb></lb>and from Cold to Hot. </s> <s>So that it very much <lb></lb>concerns us to be extremely careful in our Ob<lb></lb>ſervation, what and how much Sun the Regi<lb></lb>on we pitch upon is expoſed to; that there be <lb></lb>neither more Sun nor more Shade than is ne<lb></lb>ceſſary. </s> <s>The <emph type="italics"></emph>Garamantes<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end> curſe the Sun, both <lb></lb>at it's Riſing and it's Setting, becauſe they are <lb></lb>ſcorched with the long Continuation of it's <lb></lb>Beams. </s> <s>Other Nations look pale and wan, by <lb></lb>living in a Kind of perpetual Night. </s> <s>And <lb></lb>theſe Things happen not ſo much, becauſe ſuch <lb></lb>Places have the Pole more depreſſed or oblique, <lb></lb>tho there is a great deal in that too, as becauſe <lb></lb>they are aptly ſituated for receiving the Sun and <lb></lb>Winds, or are skreened from them. </s> <s>I ſhould <lb></lb>chuſe ſoft Breezes before Winds, but even <lb></lb>Winds, though violent and bluſtering, before a <lb></lb>Calm, motionleſs, and conſequently, a heavy <lb></lb>Air. </s> <s>Water, ſays <emph type="italics"></emph>Ovid,<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end> corrupts, if not mov<lb></lb>ed: And it is certain the Air, to uſe ſuch an <lb></lb>Expreſſion, wonderfully exhilerated by Moti<lb></lb>on: For I am perſuaded, that thereby the Va<lb></lb>pours which riſe from the Earth are either diſ<lb></lb>ſipated, or elſe growing warm by Action are <lb></lb>concocted as they ſhould be. </s> <s>But then I <lb></lb>would have theſe Winds come to me, broken <lb></lb>by the Oppoſition of Hills and Woods, or tir<lb></lb>ed with a long Journey. </s> <s>I would take heed <lb></lb>that they did not bring any ill Qualities along <lb></lb>with them, gathered from any Places they <lb></lb>paſſed through. </s> <s>And for this Reaſon we <lb></lb>ſhould be careſul to avoid all Neighbourhoods <lb></lb>from which any noxious Particles may be <lb></lb>brought: In the Number of which are all ill <lb></lb>Smells, and all groſs Exhalations from Marſhes, <lb></lb>and eſpecially from ſtagnating Waters and <lb></lb>Ditches. </s> <s>The Naturaliſts lay it down for cer<lb></lb>tain, that all Rivers that uſe to be ſupplied by <lb></lb>Snows, bring cold ſoggy Winds: But no Water <lb></lb>is ſo noiſome and pernicious, as that which <lb></lb>rots and putri<gap></gap>ies for want of Motion. </s> <s>And <lb></lb>the Contagion of ſuch a Neighbourhood will <lb></lb>be ſtill more miſchievous, according as it is <lb></lb>more or leſs expoſed to unwholeſome Winds: <lb></lb>For we are told, that the very Winds them<lb></lb>ſelves are in their own Natures ſome more <lb></lb>wholeſome than others. </s> <s>Thus <emph type="italics"></emph>Pliny<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end> from <lb></lb><emph type="italics"></emph>Theophraſtus<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end> and <emph type="italics"></emph>Hippocrates<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end> informs us, that <lb></lb>the <emph type="italics"></emph>North<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end> is the beſt for reſtoring and preſerv<lb></lb>ing of Health; and all the Naturaliſts affirm, <lb></lb>that the <emph type="italics"></emph>South<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end> is the moſt noxious of all to <lb></lb>Mankind; nay further, that the very Beaſts <lb></lb>may not ſafely be left in the Fields while that <lb></lb>Wind blows; and they have obſerved, that at <lb></lb>ſuch Times the Stork never flies, and that the <lb></lb>Dolphins in a <emph type="italics"></emph>North<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end> Wind, if it ſtands fair to<lb></lb>wards them, can hear any Voice, but in a <lb></lb><emph type="italics"></emph>South,<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end> they are more ſlow in hearing it, and <lb></lb>muſt have it brought to them oppoſite to the <lb></lb>Wind. </s> <s>They ſay too, that in a <emph type="italics"></emph>North<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end> Wind <lb></lb>an Eel will live ſix Days out of Water, but <lb></lb>not ſo in a <emph type="italics"></emph>South,<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end> ſuch is the Groſſneſs and un<lb></lb>wholeſome Property of that Wind; and that <lb></lb>as the <emph type="italics"></emph>South<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end> Wind brings Catarrhs and Rheums, <lb></lb>ſo the <emph type="italics"></emph>North-Weſt<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end> is apt to give Coughs. </s> <s>They <lb></lb>likewiſe find Fault with the Neighbourhood of <lb></lb>the <emph type="italics"></emph>Mediterranean,<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end> upon this Account chiefly, <lb></lb>becauſe they ſuppoſe, that a Place expoſed to <lb></lb>the Reflection of the Sun's Rays, does in ef<lb></lb>fect ſuffer two Suns, one ſcorching them from <lb></lb>the Heavens, and the other from the Water; <lb></lb>and ſuch Places upon the Setting of the Sun <lb></lb>feel the greateſt and moſt ſenſible Alrerations <lb></lb>in the Air when the cold Shadows of Night <lb></lb>come on. </s> <s>And there are ſome who think, that <lb></lb>the <emph type="italics"></emph>Weſtern<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end> Reverberations or Reflections of <lb></lb>the Sun, either from the Sea or any other <lb></lb>Water, or from the Mountains, moleſt us moſt <pb xlink:href="003/01/014.jpg" pagenum="5"></pb>of all: Becauſe they double the Heat of a Place <lb></lb>already ſufficiently warmed by whole Day's <lb></lb>Sun. </s> <s>And if it happens, that with all this Sun <lb></lb>the heavy groſs Winds have free Acceſs to you, <lb></lb>what can be more annoying or intollerable? <lb></lb></s> <s>The early Morning Breezes too, which bring <lb></lb>the Vapours crude juſt as they are raiſed, are <lb></lb>certainly to be avoided. </s> <s>Thus we have briefly <lb></lb>ſpoken of the Sun and Winds, by which the <lb></lb>Air is altered and made healthy and noxious, <lb></lb>as much as we thought neceſſary here: And <lb></lb>in their Places we ſhall diſcourſe of them more <lb></lb>diſtinctly.</s></p><p type="head"> <s>CHAP. IV.</s></p><p type="head"> <s><emph type="italics"></emph>Which Region is, and which is not commodious for Building.<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end></s></p><p type="main"> <s>In chuſing the Region it will be proper to <lb></lb>have it ſuch, that the Inhabitants may find <lb></lb>it convenient in all Reſpects, both as to its na<lb></lb>tural Properties, and as to the Neighbourhood <lb></lb>and its Correſpondence with the reſt of Man<lb></lb>kind. </s> <s>For certainly I would never build a City <lb></lb>upon a ſteep inacceſſible Cliff of the <emph type="italics"></emph>Alps,<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end> as <lb></lb><emph type="italics"></emph>Caligula<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end> intended; unleſs obliged by the ut<lb></lb>moſt Extremity: Nor in a ſolitary Deſart, as <lb></lb><emph type="italics"></emph>Varro<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end> deſcribes that Part of <emph type="italics"></emph>France<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end> to have <lb></lb>been which was beyond the <emph type="italics"></emph>Rhine,<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end> and as <emph type="italics"></emph>Cæſar<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end><lb></lb>paints <emph type="italics"></emph>England<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end> in his Days. </s> <s>Neither ſhould I <lb></lb>be pleaſed to live, as in <emph type="italics"></emph>Ægina,<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end> only upon the <lb></lb>Eggs of Birds, or upon Acorns, as they did in <lb></lb>ſome Parts of <emph type="italics"></emph>Spain<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end> in <emph type="italics"></emph>Pliny<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end>'s Time. </s> <s>I would <lb></lb>if poſſible have nothing be wanting that could <lb></lb>be of Uſe in Life. </s> <s>For this Reaſon, more than <lb></lb>any other, <emph type="italics"></emph>Alexander<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end> was perfectly in the right <lb></lb>in not building a City upon Mount <emph type="italics"></emph>Athos<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end><lb></lb>(though the Invention and Deſign of the Archi<lb></lb>tect <emph type="italics"></emph>Policrates<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end> muſt needs have been wonder<lb></lb>ful) becauſe the Inhabitants could never have <lb></lb>been well ſupplied with Conveniences. <emph type="italics"></emph>Ariſtotle<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end><lb></lb>was indeed beſt pleaſed with a Region that was <lb></lb>difficult of Acceſs, and eſpecially to build a <lb></lb>City in: And we find there have been ſome <lb></lb>Nations, which have choſe to have their Con<lb></lb>fines quite ſtript and laid into a Deſart for a <lb></lb>great Way together, only in order to diſtreſs <lb></lb>their Enemies. </s> <s>Whether this Method is to be <lb></lb>approved or blamed, we ſhall examine in an<lb></lb>other Place. </s> <s>If it is of Service in a publick <lb></lb>Regard, I cannot find Fault with it: But for <lb></lb>the Situation of other Buildings, I ſhould much <lb></lb>rather chuſe a Region that had many and dif<lb></lb>ferent Ways of Acceſs, for the eaſy bringing in <lb></lb>all Manner of Neceſſaries, both by Land-Car<lb></lb>riage and Water-Carriage, as well in Winter <lb></lb>as in Summer. </s> <s>The Region itſelf likewiſe <lb></lb>ſhould neither be too moiſt through too great <lb></lb>abundance of Water, nor too much parched <lb></lb>with Drought, but be kindly and temperate. <lb></lb></s> <s>And if we cannot find one exactly in all Re<lb></lb>ſpects as we would have it, let us chuſe it ra<lb></lb>ther ſomewhat cold and dry, than warm and <lb></lb>moiſt: For our Houſes, our Cloaths, Fires, <lb></lb>and Exerciſe, will eaſily overcome the Cold; <lb></lb>neither is it believed, that the Dryneſs of a Soil <lb></lb>can have any thing in it very noxious, either to <lb></lb>the Bodies or Mind, only that by Dryneſs <lb></lb>Men's Bodies are hardened, and by Cold per<lb></lb>haps made ſomewhat rougher: But it is held <lb></lb>for certain, that all Bodies corrupt with too <lb></lb>much Humidity, and are relaxed by Heat. <lb></lb></s> <s>And we find that Men either in cold Weather, <lb></lb>or that live in cold Places, are more healthy <lb></lb>and leſs ſubject to Diſtempers; though it is al<lb></lb>lowed, that in hot Climates Men have better <lb></lb>Wits, as they have better Conſtitutions in cold. <lb></lb></s> <s>I have read in <emph type="italics"></emph>Appian<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end> the Hiſtorian, that the <lb></lb><emph type="italics"></emph>Numidians<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end> are very long lived, becauſe their <lb></lb>Winters are never too cold. </s> <s>That Region <lb></lb>therefore will be far the beſt, which is juſt <lb></lb>moderately warm and moiſt, becauſe that will <lb></lb>produce luſty handſome Men, and not ſubject <lb></lb>to Melancholy. </s> <s>Secondly, that Region will <lb></lb>be moſt eligible, which being placed among <lb></lb>Countries liable to Snow, enjoys more Sun <lb></lb>than its Neighbours; and among Countries <lb></lb>burnt by the Sun, that which has moſt Humi<lb></lb>dity and Shade. </s> <s>But no Building, let it be <lb></lb>what it will, can be placed more unſightly or <lb></lb>inconveniently, than in a Valley down be<lb></lb>tween two Hills; becauſe, not to inſiſt upon <lb></lb>more manifeſt Reaſons, an Edifice ſo placed <lb></lb>has no Manner of Dignity, lying quite hid; <lb></lb>and it's Proſpect being interrupted can have <lb></lb>neither Pleaſure nor Beauty. </s> <s>But what is this <lb></lb>to thoſe greater Miſchiefs which will ſhortly <lb></lb>happen, when the Houſe is overwhelmed by <lb></lb>Floods and filled with Waters that pour in up<lb></lb>on it from the adjoining Hills; and imbibing <pb xlink:href="003/01/015.jpg" pagenum="6"></pb>continual Wet, rots and decays, and always <lb></lb>exhales Vapours extreamly noxious to the <lb></lb>Health of its Inhabitants. </s> <s>In ſuch a Place, <lb></lb>the Underſtanding can never be clear, the <lb></lb>Spirits being dampt and ſtupified; nor will <lb></lb>any Kind of Bodies endure long. </s> <s>The Books <lb></lb>will grow mouldy and rot; the Arms will <lb></lb>ruſt, nothing in the Storehouſe will keep, and <lb></lb>in ſhort, the Exceſs of Moiſture will ſpoil and <lb></lb>deſtroy every Thing. </s> <s>If the Sun ſhines in, <lb></lb>you will be ſcorched inſufferably by the fre<lb></lb>quent Reflection of his Rays, which will be <lb></lb>beat back upon you from every Side, and if it <lb></lb>does not, you will be dried and withered by <lb></lb>the continual Shade. </s> <s>Add to this, that if the <lb></lb>Winds gets in, being confined as it were in a <lb></lb>Channel, it will rage there with greater Fury <lb></lb>than in other Places; and if it never enters, <lb></lb>the Air for want of Motion will grow thick <lb></lb>and muddy; ſuch a Valley may not impro<lb></lb>perly be called a Puddle, or Bog of Air. </s> <s>The <lb></lb>Form of the Place therefore in which we in<lb></lb>tend to build, ought to be graceful and plea<lb></lb>ſant, not mean and low, as if it were buried <lb></lb>below the reſt of the Earth, but lofty, and as <lb></lb>it were a Hawk to look clear round about, and <lb></lb>conſtantly refreſhed on every Side with de<lb></lb>lightful Breezes. </s> <s>Beſides this, let there be <lb></lb>Plenty of every Thing neceſſary, either to the <lb></lb>Convenience or Pleaſure of Life, as Water, <lb></lb>Fire and Proviſions: But Care muſt be taken, <lb></lb>that there is nothing in any of theſe Things <lb></lb>prejudicial to the Health. </s> <s>The Springs muſt <lb></lb>be opened and taſted, and the Water tried by <lb></lb>Fire, that there be no Mixture in it of mucous, <lb></lb>viſcous or crude Particles, that may affect the <lb></lb>Conſtitutions of the Inhabitants. </s> <s>I omit the <lb></lb>ill Effects that often proceed from Water, as <lb></lb>breeding Wens in the Throat, and giving the <lb></lb>Stone; as likewiſe thoſe other more wonderful <lb></lb>Effects of Water, which <emph type="italics"></emph>Vitruvius<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end> the Archi<lb></lb>tect has learnedly and elegantly ſummed up. <lb></lb></s> <s>It is the Opinion of the Phyſician <emph type="italics"></emph>Hipocrates,<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end><lb></lb>that they who drink Water not well purged, <lb></lb>but heavy and ill-taſted, grow Cholicky, and <lb></lb>to have large ſwelled Bellies, while the reſt of <lb></lb>their Members, their Arms, their Shoulders and <lb></lb>their Faces become thin and extenuated. </s> <s>Add <lb></lb>to this, that though the Fault of the Spleen ill <lb></lb>digeſting of the Blood, they fall into ſeveral <lb></lb>Kinds of Diftempers, ſome even peſtilential. <lb></lb></s> <s>In Summer, Fluxes of the Belly by the ſtir<lb></lb>ring of the Choler, and the diſſolving of the <lb></lb>Humours waſte all their Strength; and all the <lb></lb>Year round they are continually liable to heavy <lb></lb>and tedious Infirmities, ſuch as the Dropſy, <lb></lb>Aſthma and Pleuriſy. </s> <s>The young loſe their <lb></lb>Senſes by melancholy Bile; the old are burnt <lb></lb>by the Inflammation of the Humours; the <lb></lb>Women with Difficulty conceive, and with <lb></lb>more Difficulty bring forth: In a Word, every <lb></lb>Age and every Sex will fall by early and un<lb></lb>timely Deaths, deſtroyed and worn away by <lb></lb>Diſeaſes; nor will they enjoy a ſingle Day <lb></lb>while they live, without being tormented with <lb></lb>Melancholy or black Humours, and fretted <lb></lb>with Spleen and Vapours; ſo that their Minds <lb></lb>will never be free from Vexation and Uneaſi<lb></lb>neſs. </s> <s>Many other Things might be ſaid of <lb></lb>Water, which have been obſerved by the an<lb></lb>cient Hiſtorians, very curious and remarkable, <lb></lb>and of extream Efficacy to the Health of Man<lb></lb>kind; but they are uncommon, and might <lb></lb>ſeem rather intended to make a Shew of <lb></lb>Knowledge than for actual Uſe; beſides that <lb></lb>we ſhall ſpeak more copiouſly of Waters in <lb></lb>their proper Place. </s> <s>Thus much certainly is <lb></lb>not to be neglected, and is moſt manifeſt, <lb></lb>namely, that Water gives Nouriſhment to all <lb></lb>Plants, Seeds, and every Thing elſe that has <lb></lb>the vegetative Life, with the Plenty of whoſe <lb></lb>Fruits Men are refreſhed and ſupported. </s> <s>If <lb></lb>all this be granted, certainly we ought very <lb></lb>carefully to examine what Veins of Water the <lb></lb>Country is furniſhed with, in which we intend <lb></lb>to dwell. <emph type="italics"></emph>Diodorus<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end> tells us, that the <emph type="italics"></emph>Indians<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end><lb></lb>are generally luſty ſtrong Men, and very ſharp <lb></lb>witted, which he imputes to their having a <lb></lb>wholeſome Air and good Water. </s> <s>Now that <lb></lb>Water we conceive to be the beſt taſted which <lb></lb>has no Taſte, and that is beſt coloured which <lb></lb>has no Colour at all. </s> <s>It is agreed, that the <lb></lb>beſt Water is clear, tranſparent and light, ſuch <lb></lb>as being poured upon a white Cloth leaves no <lb></lb>Stain; and upon boiling has no Sediment, and <lb></lb>which does not cover the Bed it flows in with <lb></lb>Moſs or Slime, nor eſpecially the Stones which <lb></lb>it runs over. </s> <s>A further Proof of the Goodneſs <lb></lb>of Water is, when boiling any Kind of Pulſe in <lb></lb>it makes them tender, and when it makes good <lb></lb>Bread. </s> <s>Neither ſhould we be leſs careful to ex<lb></lb>amine and note, whether the Region ingenders <lb></lb>nothing peſtiferous or venemous, that the Inha<lb></lb>bitants may be in no Danger. </s> <s>I paſs over <lb></lb>ſome Things, which are recorded by the An<lb></lb>cients, to wit, that in <emph type="italics"></emph>Colchos<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end> there diſtills from <lb></lb>the Leaves of the Trees a Honey, which who<lb></lb>ſoever taſtes falls ſenſeleſs, and for a whole Day <lb></lb>ſeems to be dead: As alſo what is ſaid to have <lb></lb>happened in <emph type="italics"></emph>Antony<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end>'s Army, occaſioned by <pb xlink:href="003/01/016.jpg" pagenum="7"></pb>certain Herbs, which the Soldiers eating for <lb></lb>want of Bread, grew beſotted, and employed <lb></lb>themſelves in nothing but digging Stones out <lb></lb>of the Ground, till their Choler being ſtirred <lb></lb>they fell down dead; nor was any Remedy <lb></lb>found againſt this Plague, as we are informed <lb></lb>by <emph type="italics"></emph>Plutarch,<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end> but drinking of Wine; theſe <lb></lb>Things are commonly known. </s> <s>But good <lb></lb>Heavens! what ſhall we ſay to what has hap<lb></lb>pened in our own Days in <emph type="italics"></emph>Apulia<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end> in <emph type="italics"></emph>Italy;<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end><lb></lb>what incredible Effects of Poiſon have we ſeen <lb></lb>there! the Bite of a ſmall Earth Spider, com<lb></lb>monly called a <emph type="italics"></emph>Tarantula,<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end> throwing Men into <lb></lb>various Kinds of Madneſs, and even Fury; a <lb></lb>Thing ſtrange to be told. </s> <s>No Swelling, no <lb></lb>livid Spot appearing in any Part of the Body <lb></lb>from the ſharp Bite or Sting of the venomous <lb></lb>Beaſt; but ſuddenly loſing their Senſes, they <lb></lb>fall piteouſly to bewail themſelves, and if no <lb></lb>Aſſiſtance is given them they die. </s> <s>They cure <lb></lb>this Diſtemper with <emph type="italics"></emph>Theophraſtus<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end>'s Remedy, <lb></lb>who ſays, that Perſons bit by Vipers uſed to <lb></lb>be cured by the Sound of Pipes. </s> <s>The Muſi<lb></lb>cians therefore with different Kinds of Har<lb></lb>mony try to aſſwage the Pain, and when they <lb></lb>hit upon the Kind proper to the Patient, im<lb></lb>mediately, as if he were ſuddenly awakened, <lb></lb>he ſtarts up, and tranſported with Joy, falls to <lb></lb>beſtirring himſelf to the Muſick with all his <lb></lb>Strength, in whatever his Fancy prompts him <lb></lb>to. </s> <s>Some that are thus bit, you ſhall ſee ex<lb></lb>erciſe themſelves in Dancing, others in Singing, <lb></lb>and others ſtirring in other Motions, juſt as <lb></lb>their Inclination or Madneſs guides them, till <lb></lb>through mere Wearineſs they are forced to <lb></lb>give over. </s> <s>And thus without giving them<lb></lb>ſelves the leaſt Reſt, they will ſweat themſelves <lb></lb>for ſome Days, and ſo recover their Health <lb></lb>merely by their Madneſs having quite ſpent it<lb></lb>ſelf. </s> <s>We read too of ſomething like this that <lb></lb>happened among the <emph type="italics"></emph>Albanians,<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end> who ſought <lb></lb>againſt <emph type="italics"></emph>Pompey<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end> with ſuch a Power of Horſe; <lb></lb>that there was a Sort of Cobweb among them, <lb></lb>which whoever touched ſurely died, ſome <lb></lb>Laughing, and others on the contrary Weeping.</s></p><p type="head"> <s>CHAP. V.</s></p><p type="head"> <s><emph type="italics"></emph>By what Marks and Characters we are to know the Goodneſs of the Region.<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end></s></p><p type="main"> <s>Nor are thoſe Things alone ſufficient for <lb></lb>the chuſing of the Region, which are <lb></lb>obvious and manifeſt of themſelves; but we <lb></lb>muſt weigh every Circumſtance, and conſider <lb></lb>the moſt occult Tokens. </s> <s>Thus it will be a <lb></lb>good Sign of an excelient Air and of good Wa<lb></lb>ter, if the Country produces Plenty of good <lb></lb>Fruits, if it foſters a good Number of Men of <lb></lb>a good old Age, if it abounds with luſty hand<lb></lb>ſome Youth, if the People are fruitful, and if <lb></lb>the Births are natural and never monſtrous. </s> <s>I <lb></lb>have myſelf ſeen ſome Cities, which out of Re<lb></lb>ſpect to the Times I forbear to name, where <lb></lb>there is ſcarce a Woman, but what ſees herſelf <lb></lb>at the ſame Inſtant, the Mother both of a Man <lb></lb>and of a Monſter. </s> <s>Another City I know in <lb></lb><emph type="italics"></emph>Italy,<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end> where there are ſo many People Hump<lb></lb>backed, Squint-eyed, Crooked and Lame, that <lb></lb>there is ſcarce a Family, but what has Some<lb></lb>body in it defective or diſtorted. </s> <s>And cer<lb></lb>tainly, where we ſee ſuch frequent and great <lb></lb>Inequalities of Pody to Body, and Member to <lb></lb>Member; we may well conclude, that it pro<lb></lb>ceeds from ſome Defect in the Climate or Air, <lb></lb>or from ſome more hidden Cauſe of the Cor<lb></lb>ruption of Nature. </s> <s>Nor is it foreign to our <lb></lb>Purpoſe what has been obſerved, that in a groſs <lb></lb>Air we are more inclined to Hunger, and in a <lb></lb>thin One to Thirſt: and we may not impro<lb></lb>bably draw ſome Conjectures from the Shape <lb></lb>and Looks of other Animals, what Conſtituti<lb></lb>ons the Men will have in the ſame Place; for <lb></lb>if the Cattle look lively, fat and large, you <lb></lb>may not unreaſonably hope to have Children <lb></lb>that will be ſo too. </s> <s>Neither will it be amiſs to <lb></lb>gather Notice of the Air and Winds, even <lb></lb>from other Bodies not endued with animal <lb></lb>Life; thus if the Walls of the neighbouring <lb></lb>Buildings are grown ruſty and rugged, it ſhews <lb></lb>that ſome malignant Influence has Power <lb></lb>there. </s> <s>The Trees too bending all one Way, <lb></lb>as if by general Conſent, ſhew that they have <lb></lb>ſuffered the Force of high rough Winds; and <lb></lb>the very Stones, whether growing in their na<lb></lb>tive Seats, or placed in Buildings, if their Tops <lb></lb>are any thing conſiderably rotted, ſhew the <lb></lb>Intemperature of the Air, ſometimes too hot <lb></lb>and ſometimes over cold. </s> <s>A Region ſo ex<lb></lb>poſed to the furious Aſſaults of Tempeſts is to <lb></lb>be avoided, as the very worſt of all; for if the <lb></lb>Bodies of Men are ſeized with too exceſſive <lb></lb>Cold or Heat, the whole Frame and Contex<pb xlink:href="003/01/017.jpg" pagenum="8"></pb>ture of all the Parts is preſently broken and <lb></lb>diſſolved, and ſalls into dangerous Diſtempers <lb></lb>and immature old Age. </s> <s>A City ſtanding at <lb></lb>the Foot of a Hill, and looking towards the <lb></lb>ſetting Sun, is accounted unhealthy, more for <lb></lb>this Reaſon than any other, that it feels too <lb></lb>ſuddenly the cold chilling Breezes of the Night. <lb></lb></s> <s>It may likewiſe be convenient by looking back <lb></lb>into Times paſt, according to the Obſervations <lb></lb>of the Wiſe, to examine into Properties yet <lb></lb>more hidden, if there be ſuch in the Place: <lb></lb>For there are Countries which have in their <lb></lb>Nature ſome Secret undiſcovered Qualities, <lb></lb>which confer Happineſs or Unhappineſs. <emph type="italics"></emph>Lo<lb></lb>cris<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end> and <emph type="italics"></emph>Crotona<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end> are ſaid to have never been <lb></lb>infected with any Plague. </s> <s>In the Iſle of <lb></lb><emph type="italics"></emph>Candia<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end> there is no miſchievous Creature. </s> <s>In <lb></lb><emph type="italics"></emph>France<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end> very few Monſters are born; in other <lb></lb>Places the Naturaliſts ſay, that in the Middle <lb></lb>either of Summer or Winter it never Thunders: <lb></lb>But in <emph type="italics"></emph>Campania,<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end> according to <emph type="italics"></emph>Pliny,<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end> it Thun<lb></lb>ders at thoſe very Times over thoſe Cities that <lb></lb>ſtand to the South; and the Mountains near <lb></lb><emph type="italics"></emph>Albania<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end> are ſaid to be called <emph type="italics"></emph>Ceraunia,<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end> from <lb></lb>the frequent Lightnings that fall upon it. </s> <s>The <lb></lb>Iſle of <emph type="italics"></emph>Lemnos<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end> too being very ſubject to Light<lb></lb>ning, was the Reaſon, <emph type="italics"></emph>Servius<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end> informs us, of <lb></lb>the Poets feigning that <emph type="italics"></emph>Vulcan<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end> fell there from <lb></lb>Heaven. </s> <s>About the Streights of <emph type="italics"></emph>Gallipoli<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end> and <lb></lb>the <emph type="italics"></emph>Eſſedones,<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end> it was never known either to <lb></lb>Thunder or Lighten. </s> <s>If it Rains in <emph type="italics"></emph>Ægypt<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end><lb></lb>it is reckoned a Prodigy. </s> <s>Near the <emph type="italics"></emph>Hydaſpes<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end><lb></lb>in the Beginning of Summer it Rains continu<lb></lb>ally. </s> <s>They ſay that in <emph type="italics"></emph>Lybia<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end> the Air is ſo ſeldom <lb></lb>ſtirred by Winds, that it grows ſo thick, that <lb></lb>ſeveral Kinds of Vapours are viſible in the Sky: <lb></lb>And on the Contrary, in moſt Parts of <emph type="italics"></emph>Gala<lb></lb>tia,<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end> the Winds blow in Summer with ſo much <lb></lb>Violence, that it drives along the very Stones <lb></lb>like Sand. </s> <s>In <emph type="italics"></emph>Spain<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end> near the <emph type="italics"></emph>Ebro,<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end> they ſay <lb></lb>the North-Weſt Wind blows ſo hard, that it <lb></lb>overturns Carts heavy laden: In <emph type="italics"></emph>Æthiopia<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end> we <lb></lb>are told the South never blows, and Hiſtorians <lb></lb>write, that this Wind in <emph type="italics"></emph>Arabia<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end> and the <lb></lb>Country of the <emph type="italics"></emph>Troglodites<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end> burns up every <lb></lb>Thing that is green: And <emph type="italics"></emph>Thucydides<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end> affirms, <lb></lb>that <emph type="italics"></emph>Delos<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end> was never troubled with Earth<lb></lb>quakes, but always ſtood firm upon the ſame <lb></lb>Rock, though the other Iſlands all about it <lb></lb>were often laid in Ruins by Earthquakes, We <lb></lb>ourſelves ſee, that the Part of <emph type="italics"></emph>Italy,<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end> which <lb></lb>runs from the <emph type="italics"></emph>Selva dell' Aglio<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end> below <emph type="italics"></emph>Rome,<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end><lb></lb>all along the Ridge of Hills of the <emph type="italics"></emph>Campagna <lb></lb>di Roma<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end> quite to <emph type="italics"></emph>Capua,<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end> is perpetually ſtript <lb></lb>and almoſt quite laid waſte by Earthquakes. <lb></lb></s> <s>Some believe <emph type="italics"></emph>Achaia<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end> was ſo called from its ſre<lb></lb>quent Inundations of Water. </s> <s>I find that <emph type="italics"></emph>Rome<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end><lb></lb>was always ſubject to Agues, and <emph type="italics"></emph>Galen<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end> takes <lb></lb>thoſe Agues to be a new Kind of double Ter<lb></lb>tian, which muſt have varions and almoſt di<lb></lb>rect Remedies applied to it at different Sea<lb></lb>ſons. </s> <s>It is an old Fable among the Poets, that <lb></lb><emph type="italics"></emph>Typho<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end> the Giant being buried in the Iſland of <lb></lb><emph type="italics"></emph>Prochyta,<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end> often turns himſelf about, and with <lb></lb>his turning ſhakes the whole Iſland from its <lb></lb>very Foundation. </s> <s>The Reaſon of this Ficti<lb></lb>on of the Poets was, becauſe that Iſland was ſo <lb></lb>tormented with Earthquakes and Eruptions, <lb></lb>that the <emph type="italics"></emph>Erythreans<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end> and <emph type="italics"></emph>Chalcidians,<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end> who in<lb></lb>habited it, were forced to fly for it. </s> <s>And a<lb></lb>gain, aftewards thoſe who were ſent by <emph type="italics"></emph>Hiero<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end> of <lb></lb><emph type="italics"></emph>Syracuſe<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end> to build a new City there, frightened <lb></lb>with the continual Danger of Deſtruction, de<lb></lb>ſerted it too. </s> <s>Wherefore all Things of this <lb></lb>Nature are to be ſifted out from long Obſer<lb></lb>vation, and examined and compared by other <lb></lb>Places, in order to come at a clear and full <lb></lb>Knowledge of every Particular.</s></p><p type="head"> <s>CHAP. VI.</s></p><p type="head"> <s><emph type="italics"></emph>Of ſome more hidden Conveniencies and Inconveniencies of the Region which a <lb></lb>wiſe Man ought to enquire into.<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end></s></p><p type="main"> <s>We ought further to enquire carefully, <lb></lb>whether the Region is uſed to be mo<lb></lb>leſted with any more hidden Inconveniency. <lb></lb><emph type="italics"></emph>Plato<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end> believed, that in ſome Places the Influ<lb></lb>ence of Spirits often reigned, and was at ſome<lb></lb>times miſchievous, and at others propitious to <lb></lb>the Inhabitants. </s> <s>It is certain there are ſome <lb></lb>Places where Men are very ſubject to run mad, <lb></lb>others where they are caſily diſpoſed to do <lb></lb>themſelves a Miſchief, and where they put an <lb></lb>End to their own Lives by Halters or Preci<lb></lb>pices, Steel or Poiſon. </s> <s>It is therefore very ne<lb></lb>ceſſary to examine by the moſt occult Traces <lb></lb>of Nature, every Thing that can be attended <lb></lb>with ſuch Effects. </s> <s>It was an ancient Cuſtom <lb></lb>brought down even from <emph type="italics"></emph>Demetrius<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end>'s Time, <pb xlink:href="003/01/018.jpg" pagenum="9"></pb>not only in laying the Foundations of Cities <lb></lb>and Towns, but alſo in marking out Camps <lb></lb>for the Armies, to inſpect the Entrails of the <lb></lb>Beaſt that grazed upon the Place, and to ob<lb></lb>ſerve both their Condition and Colour. </s> <s>In <lb></lb>which if they chanced to find any Defect, they <lb></lb>avoided that Place as unhealthy. <emph type="italics"></emph>Varro<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end> in<lb></lb>forms us of his own Knowledge, that in ſome <lb></lb>Places the Air was full of minute Animalcules <lb></lb>as ſmall as Atoms, which being received toge<lb></lb>ther with the Breath into the Lungs, faſtened <lb></lb>upon the Inteſtines, and gnawing upon them, <lb></lb>cauſed dreadful raging Diſeaſes, and at length <lb></lb>Plagues and Death. </s> <s>Nor ought we to forget <lb></lb>that there are ſome Places, which, though in <lb></lb>their own Nature, they are ſubject to no In<lb></lb>convenience or Miſchief whatſoever, yet are ſo <lb></lb>ſituated, that by the Arrival of Foreigners they <lb></lb>will often be infected with peſtilential Diſtem<lb></lb>pers. </s> <s>And this ſhall happen, not only by <lb></lb>Means of Armies of Enemies endeavouring to <lb></lb>do you all the Miſchief they can, as befals thoſe <lb></lb>Nations which are expoſed to inhuman Barba<lb></lb>rians; but by a friendly Reception and Enter<lb></lb>tainment of them you ſhall expoſe yourſelf to <lb></lb>extreme Calamities. </s> <s>Others by having Neigh<lb></lb>bours deſirous of Innovations, have by their <lb></lb>Broils and Deſtruction fallen into great Dangers <lb></lb>themſelves. <emph type="italics"></emph>Pera<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end> a City upon the <emph type="italics"></emph>Pontus,<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end> a <lb></lb>Colony of the <emph type="italics"></emph>Genoeſe,<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end> is continually afflicted <lb></lb>with the Plague, by their giving daily Admiſ<lb></lb>ſion to Slaves, both infirm in Mind, and almoſt <lb></lb>quste rotten and worn away with mere Filth <lb></lb>and Naſtineſs. </s> <s>Some likewiſe will have it, that <lb></lb>it is the Part of a prudent and wiſe Man to en<lb></lb>quire by Augury and the Obſervation of the <lb></lb>Heavens, what Fortune he ſhall have in ſuch <lb></lb>a Place. </s> <s>Which Arts, provided they are not <lb></lb>incompatiable with our Religion, I own I do <lb></lb>not diſpiſe. </s> <s>Who can deny that what they <lb></lb>call Fortune, whatever ſhe be, has a very great <lb></lb>Power over human Affairs? </s> <s>Can we venture <lb></lb>to affirm, that the publick Fortune of <emph type="italics"></emph>Rome<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end> had <lb></lb>not a great Share in the Enlargement of the <lb></lb>Empire? </s> <s>The City of <emph type="italics"></emph>Iolaus<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end> in <emph type="italics"></emph>Sardinia,<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end> built <lb></lb>by a Grandſon of <emph type="italics"></emph>Hercules,<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end> though oſten at<lb></lb>tacked both by the <emph type="italics"></emph>Carthaginians<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end> and the <emph type="italics"></emph>Ro<lb></lb>mans,<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end> yet as <emph type="italics"></emph>Diodorus<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end> writes, always preſerved <lb></lb>its Liberty. </s> <s>Can we ſuppoſe that the Temple <lb></lb>at <emph type="italics"></emph>Delphos,<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end> firſt burnt by <emph type="italics"></emph>Flegias,<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end> ſhould after<lb></lb>wards in <emph type="italics"></emph>Sylla<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end>'s Time be conſumed by Fire, <lb></lb>the third Time, without the particular ill For<lb></lb>tune of that Place? </s> <s>What ſhall we ſay of the <lb></lb>Capitol? </s> <s>How often has that been in Flames? <lb></lb></s> <s>The City of the <emph type="italics"></emph>Sybarites,<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end> after repeated Cala<lb></lb>mities, often deſerted and often reſtored, at <lb></lb>length quite ruined, was utterly abandoned; <lb></lb>nay, thoſe who fled from it were purſued by ill <lb></lb>Fortune, nor could they, by removing their <lb></lb>Dwellings and leaving the ancient Name of <lb></lb>their City, ever ſave themſelves from Miſery <lb></lb>and Deſtruction: For new Inhabitants coming <lb></lb>in upon them, all their moſt ancient and prin<lb></lb>cipal Families, their ſacred Edifices and their <lb></lb>whole City, were utterly laid waſte and de<lb></lb>ſtroyed with Fire and Sword. </s> <s>But we need <lb></lb>not dwell upon theſe Things which Hiſtorians <lb></lb>are full of. </s> <s>Our whole Deſign is to ſhew, that <lb></lb>it is the Part of a wiſe Man to do every thing <lb></lb>which may make him ſecure, that the Trouble <lb></lb>and Expence of his Building ſhall not be in <lb></lb>vain, and that his Work itſelf may be perma<lb></lb>nent. </s> <s>And certainly to omit no Precaution <lb></lb>which may effect ſo great a Deſign, is the Bu<lb></lb>ſineſs of every prudent Man. </s> <s>Or will you ſay, <lb></lb>that it is not of the utmoſt Importance both to <lb></lb>you and yours to execute an Undertaking, that <lb></lb>brings with it Health, Dignity and Pleaſure, <lb></lb>and recommends your Name with Reputation <lb></lb>to Poſterity? </s> <s>Here you are to apply yourſelves <lb></lb>to your Studies, here you are to breed <lb></lb>your dear Children and live with your Fa<lb></lb>mily, here you are to ſpend your Days both <lb></lb>of Labour and Reſt, here all the Schemes of <lb></lb>your whole Life are to be executed; ſo that <lb></lb>I do not think any Thing in the World can be <lb></lb>named, except Virtue, which can deſerve more <lb></lb>Care and Application, than to fix a good and <lb></lb>convenient Habitation for yourſelf and Family. <lb></lb></s> <s>And who can be ſure of having ſuch a one, <lb></lb>who deſpiſes the Precautions before-mention<lb></lb>ed? </s> <s>but of theſe enough. </s> <s>Come we now to <lb></lb>the Seat or Platform.</s></p><p type="head"> <s>CHAP. VII.</s></p><p type="head"> <s><emph type="italics"></emph>Of the Seat or Platform, and of the ſeveral Sorts of Lines.<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end></s></p><p type="main"> <s>In chuſing the Platform, we ought to ob<lb></lb>ſerve all the ſame Rules that we have laid <lb></lb>down about the Region; for as the Region is <lb></lb>a determinate and ſelect Part of the whole <pb xlink:href="003/01/019.jpg" pagenum="10"></pb>Country, ſo the Platform is a certain determi<lb></lb>nate Part of the Region taken up by the <lb></lb>Building; and for this Reaſon, any Thing that <lb></lb>may annoy or be of Service to the Region, <lb></lb>may do the ſame to the Platform. </s> <s>But though <lb></lb>this be ſo, yet our Diſcuſſion and Conſiderati<lb></lb>ons here will offer us ſome Precepts, which <lb></lb>ſeem particularly to regard the Platform only; <lb></lb>and ſome again which do not ſeem ſo proper<lb></lb>ly to belong to the Seat as in a great Meaſure <lb></lb>to the Region; which are theſe. </s> <s>It is neceſ<lb></lb>ſary to conſider what Work we are taking in <lb></lb>Hand, publick or private, ſacred or profane, <lb></lb>and ſo of the Reſt, which we ſhall treat of diſ<lb></lb>tinctly in their proper Places. </s> <s>For one Situa<lb></lb>tion and one Space is to be allotted to an Ex<lb></lb>change, another to a Theatre, another to a <lb></lb><emph type="italics"></emph>Palæſtra,<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end> or Place of Exerciſe, and another to <lb></lb>a Temple; ſo that we muſt have regard to the <lb></lb>Quality and Uſe of every Edifice in the Deter<lb></lb>mining of its Situation and Form. </s> <s>But to <lb></lb>proceed here only in a general Diſcuſſion of <lb></lb>theſe Things as we began, we ſhall touch on<lb></lb>ly upon thoſe Points which we judge neceſ<lb></lb>ſary: Firſt ſaying ſomething of Lines, which <lb></lb>may be of Service for underſtanding what fol<lb></lb>lows. </s> <s>For being to treat of the Deſign of the <lb></lb>Platform, it will not be inconvenient to explain <lb></lb>thoſe Things firſt whereof that Deſign con<lb></lb>ſiſts. </s> <s>Every Deſign therefore is compoſed of <lb></lb>Lines and Angles; the Lines are that extreme <lb></lb>Deſign which includes the whole Space of the <lb></lb>Platform. </s> <s>That Part of the Superficies of this <lb></lb>Deſign, which is contained between two Lines <lb></lb>touching at ſome certain Point, is called an <lb></lb>Angle. </s> <s>The Interſection therefore or croſſing <lb></lb>of two Lines over each other form four Angles. <lb></lb></s> <s>If each of theſe Angles be equal to all and each <lb></lb>of the other three, they are called right Angles; <lb></lb>if they are leſs, they are called acute, and the <lb></lb>greater obtuſe. </s> <s>Of Lines too ſome are ſtrait <lb></lb>and others curve; of involved winding Lines <lb></lb>it is not neceſſary to ſpeak here. </s> <s>The ſtrait <lb></lb>Line is a Line drawn from one Point to an<lb></lb>other, the ſhorteſt Way that poſſibly can be. <lb></lb></s> <s>The curve Line is Part of a Circle; a Circle <lb></lb>is a Draught made from one of two Points, <lb></lb>and turned upon the ſame Superficies in ſuch a <lb></lb>Manner, that in its whole Circumference it is <lb></lb>never nearer nor farther from that immoveable <lb></lb>Point the Centre, than it was at the firſt Turn. <lb></lb></s> <s>But to this it is neceſſary to add, that the curve <lb></lb>Line, which was ſaid to be Part of the Circle, <lb></lb>among us Architects, for its Similitude, is call<lb></lb>ed an Arch. </s> <s>And the ſtrait Line, which is <lb></lb>drawn from the two extreme Points of the <lb></lb>curve Line, for the ſame Reaſon is called <lb></lb>a Chord. </s> <s>And that Line, which goes from <lb></lb>the middle Point of the Chord up to the <lb></lb>Arch, leaving equal Angles on each Side, is <lb></lb>called the <emph type="italics"></emph>Sagitta.<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end></s><s> And that which is carried <lb></lb>from the fixed immoveable Point within the <lb></lb>Circle to the curve Line of the Circle, is call<lb></lb>ed the <emph type="italics"></emph>Radius.<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end></s><s> And that immoveable Point <lb></lb>in the Middle is called the Centre. </s> <s>And the <lb></lb>Line which paſſes through the Centre and <lb></lb>touches both Sides of the Circumference, is </s></p><p type="main"> <s><arrow.to.target n="marg1"></arrow.to.target><lb></lb>called the Diameter. </s> <s>Arches too are different, <lb></lb>for ſome are entire, ſome are imperfect, and <lb></lb>ſome are compoſite. </s> <s>The entire is that which <lb></lb>is the full Half of a Circle, or that whoſe <lb></lb>Chord is the Diameter of the whole Circle. <lb></lb></s> <s>The Imperfect is that whoſe Chord is leſs than <lb></lb>a Diameter, ſo that this imperfect Arch is Part <lb></lb>of a Semi-circle. </s> <s>The compoſite Arch is <lb></lb>formed of two imperfect Arches, and ſo the <lb></lb>joyning of thoſe two Arches, interſecting each <lb></lb>other, makes an Angle at Top, which never <lb></lb>happens either in the entire or imperfect Arch. <lb></lb></s> <s>Theſe Things being premiſed, we proceed as <lb></lb>follows.</s></p><p type="margin"> <s><margin.target id="marg1"></margin.target>*</s></p><p type="head"> <s>CHAP. VIII.</s></p><p type="head"> <s><emph type="italics"></emph>Of the Kinds of Platforms, their Forms and Figures, and which are the moſt <lb></lb>ſerviceable and laſting.<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end></s></p><p type="main"> <s>Of Platforms, ſome are angular and others <lb></lb>circular; of the angular, ſome conſiſt <lb></lb>all of right Lines, and ſome of right Lines <lb></lb>and curve mixed together. </s> <s>But I do not re<lb></lb>member among the Buildings of the Ancients <lb></lb>to have met with any angular Deſign, com<lb></lb>poſed of ſeveral curve Lines, without any Mix<lb></lb>ture of ſtrait Lines at all: But in this we <lb></lb>ſhould have regard to thoſe Things, which be<lb></lb>ing wanting in all Parts of the Structure, are <lb></lb>greatly blamed; and which, where they are, <lb></lb>make the Edifice handſome and convenient. <lb></lb><pb xlink:href="003/01/020.jpg" pagenum="11"></pb>It is that the Angles, the Lines and all the <lb></lb>Parts have a certain Variety, but not too much <lb></lb>nor too little of it, but ſo ordered both for <lb></lb>Uſe and Beauty, that the entire Parts may an<lb></lb>ſwer to the entire, and like Parts to like. </s> <s>Right <lb></lb>Angles are very convenient; the Acute are <lb></lb>never uſed even in mean inconſiderable Plat<lb></lb>forms, unleſs upon abſolute Neceſſity, or the <lb></lb>Conſtraint of the Nature and Manner of the <lb></lb>Situation, or to make ſome other Part of the <lb></lb>Platform more graceful. </s> <s>The obtuſe Angles, <lb></lb>have been thought very convenient, but it has <lb></lb>always been obſerved as a Rule never to place <lb></lb>them any where in unequal Numbers. </s> <s>The <lb></lb>circular Platform is eſteemed to be the moſt <lb></lb>capacious of all, and the leaſt expenſive to en<lb></lb>cloſe either with Wall or Rampart. </s> <s>The <lb></lb>neareſt to this is ſaid to be that which has ſe<lb></lb>veral Sides, but then they muſt be all alike and <lb></lb>anſwerable to each other, and equal through<lb></lb>out the whole Platform. </s> <s>But thoſe are com<lb></lb>mended moſt of all, which are moſt conveni<lb></lb>ent for raiſing the Wall to the juſt Heighth of <lb></lb>the Work, as are thoſe which have ſix and <lb></lb>eight Sides. </s> <s>I have ſeen a Platform of ten <lb></lb>Angles very commodious and majeſtick. </s> <s>You <lb></lb>may make them very well of twelve, nay, ſix<lb></lb>teen Angles. </s> <s>I myſelf have ſeen one of twenty<lb></lb>four; but theſe are very rare. </s> <s>The Side Lines <lb></lb>ought to be ſo ordered, that thoſe which are <lb></lb>oppoſite may be equal to them, nor ſhould we <lb></lb>ever in any Work apply a long Line to correſ<lb></lb>pond to a ſhort one; but let there be a juſt <lb></lb>and reaſonable Proportion, according to the <lb></lb>Degree of the Thing, among all the Parts. <lb></lb></s> <s>We would have the Angles ſet towards that <lb></lb>Side, which either any Weight of Earth, or the <lb></lb>Violence and Aſſaults of Waters or Winds may <lb></lb>threaten and endanger; to the Intent that the <lb></lb>Force and Shock that beats upon the Edifice <lb></lb>may be broken and ſplit into ſeveral Parts, re<lb></lb>ſiſting the Attack (to uſe ſuch an Expreſſion) <lb></lb>with the ſtout Corner of the Wall, and not <lb></lb>with one of the weak Sides. </s> <s>But if the other <lb></lb>Lineaments of the Structure hinder you from <lb></lb>diſpoſing of ſuch an Angle in ſuch a Part as <lb></lb>you could deſire, at leaſt make uſe of a curve <lb></lb>Line; that being a Part of a Circle, and the <lb></lb>Circle itſelf according to the Philoſophers be<lb></lb>ing all Angles. </s> <s>Further, the Seat muſt be <lb></lb>either upon a Plain, or on the Side or Top of <lb></lb>a Hill; if it is on a Plain, it is neceſſary to <lb></lb>raiſe the Earth and make ſomething of an E<lb></lb>minence; for beſides that, ſuch a Situation in <lb></lb>a Plain adds much of Dignity, if you neglect to <lb></lb>do it, you will find very great Inconveniences. <lb></lb></s> <s>For the overflowing of Rivers and Rains gene<lb></lb>rally leaves Mud upon level Grounds, which by <lb></lb>degrees raiſes the Earth higher and higher, <lb></lb>which ſtill increaſes, if through Negligence the <lb></lb>Rubbiſh and Dirt, which gathers every Day be <lb></lb>not removed. <emph type="italics"></emph>Frontinus<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end> the Architect uſed to <lb></lb>ſay, that ſeveral Hills were riſen in <emph type="italics"></emph>Rome<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end> in his <lb></lb>Time by the continual Fires. </s> <s>But we in our <lb></lb>Days ſee it in a Manner quite buried under <lb></lb>Ground with Filth and Rubbiſh. </s> <s>In the <lb></lb>Dutchy of <emph type="italics"></emph>Spoletto,<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end> I have ſeen a ſmall ancient <lb></lb>Temple, which at firſt was built in a Plain, <lb></lb>that is now almoſt wholly buried by the raiſ<lb></lb>ing of the Earth; that Plain reaching to the <lb></lb>Foot of the Hills. </s> <s>But why ſhould I menti<lb></lb>on Buildings that ſtand under Mountains? <lb></lb></s> <s>That noble Temple by the Wall of <emph type="italics"></emph>Ravenna,<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end><lb></lb>which has for its Covering a Cup of Stone of <lb></lb>one ſingle Piece, though it be near the Sea and <lb></lb>far enough from the Hills, is above a fourth <lb></lb>Part ſunk in the Earth, through the Injury of <lb></lb>Time. </s> <s>But how high this Eminence ought <lb></lb>to be raiſed for each Platform, ſhall be ſhewn <lb></lb>in due Time, when we come to treat of that <lb></lb>Subject more particularly, and not ſummarily <lb></lb>as we do here. </s> <s>It is certain every Situation <lb></lb>ſhould be made ſtrong, either by Nature or <lb></lb>Art. </s> <s>And therefore it is not amiſs to follow <lb></lb>their Method, who adviſe firſt to try the Good<lb></lb>neſs of the Earth by digging in ſeveral Places at <lb></lb>ſome Diſtance the one from the other, whe<lb></lb>ther it be firm or looſe, or ſoft, fit or unfit to <lb></lb>bear the Weight of the Wall. </s> <s>For if it ſtands <lb></lb>upon a Deſcent, we muſt have a Care that the <lb></lb>upper Part does not lie too heavy and break <lb></lb>down the lower; or that the lower Part, if <lb></lb>any Accident ſhould ſhake it, does not pull <lb></lb>the upper down along with it. </s> <s>I would have <lb></lb>this Part of the Building, which is intended to <lb></lb>be the Baſis of all the Reſt, particularly ſtrong <lb></lb>and tightly knit together in all its Parts. </s> <s>If <lb></lb>the Seat be upon the Summit of an Hill, either <lb></lb>it ſhould be raiſed where it is not even, or elſe <lb></lb>be made level by plaining away the Top. </s> <s>But <lb></lb>here we are to conſider, that we ſhould always <lb></lb>chuſe that Way (though ſtill with a due Re<lb></lb>gard to the Dignity of the Work) which is leaſt <lb></lb>troubleſome and expenſive. </s> <s>Perhaps it may be <lb></lb>proper to pare away ſome of the Top of the <lb></lb>Hill, and enlarge and add to the Sides. </s> <s>For <lb></lb>which Reaſon that Architect, whoever he was, <lb></lb>ſhewed a great deal of Contrivance, that built <lb></lb><emph type="italics"></emph>Alatro,<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end> a Town of the <emph type="italics"></emph>Campagna di Roma,<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end><lb></lb>ſeated upon a Rocky Hill; for he ſo ordered <pb xlink:href="003/01/021.jpg" pagenum="12"></pb>it, that the Foundations of the Citadel or Tem<lb></lb>ple (whatever it was) which are all that now <lb></lb>remain, the Superſtructure being quite demo<lb></lb>liſhed, ſhould be ſupported and ſortified be<lb></lb>neath by the Pieces of Stone cut off in plaining <lb></lb>the Top of the Rock. </s> <s>And there is another <lb></lb>Thing in that Work that I am extremely <lb></lb>pleaſed with; namely, that he ſet the Angle <lb></lb>of the Platform towards that Side on which <lb></lb>the Rock has the moſt precipitate Deſcent, and <lb></lb>fortified that Angle with huge Pieces of the <lb></lb>Fragments piled up one upon the other, and <lb></lb>contrived by the joyning of the Stones to make <lb></lb>the Structure beautiful with a very little Ex<lb></lb>pence. </s> <s>I am likewiſe very much pleaſed with <lb></lb>the Contrivance of that other Architect, who <lb></lb>not having a ſufficient Quantity of Stone, in <lb></lb>order to keep up the Weight of the Hill, made <lb></lb>a Fence of a great Number of Semi-circles, <lb></lb>putting the Backs of the Curves within the <lb></lb>Hill; which beſides that it looked handſome <lb></lb>to the Eye, was extremely ſtrong and very <lb></lb>cheap; for it makes a Wall, which though not <lb></lb>ſolid, was as firm as if it had been ſolid, and of <lb></lb>the Thickneſs of the <emph type="italics"></emph>Sagitta<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end> of thoſe Curves. <lb></lb></s> <s>I like <emph type="italics"></emph>Vitruvius<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end>'s Method too, which I find <lb></lb>was obſerved by the ancient Archi ects all over <lb></lb><emph type="italics"></emph>Rome,<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end> and eſpecially in <emph type="italics"></emph>Tarquin<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end>'s Wall, of <lb></lb>making uſe of Buttreſſes; though they did not <lb></lb>every where mind to make the Diſtance be<lb></lb>tween one Buttreſs and another, to be the ſame <lb></lb>as the Heighth of the Wall; but as the <lb></lb>Strength or Weakneſs of the Hill required it, <lb></lb>they placed them ſometimes cloſer and ſome<lb></lb>times further off. </s> <s>I have taken Notice too, <lb></lb>that the ancient Architects were not contented <lb></lb>with making one Slope for their Platform, but <lb></lb>raiſed ſeveral like ſo many Steps, which <lb></lb>ſtrengthened and ſecured the Sides of the Hill <lb></lb>quite down to the very Root of it. </s> <s>Nor <lb></lb>can I diſapprove their Method herein. </s> <s>That <lb></lb>Stream at <emph type="italics"></emph>Perugia,<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end> which runs under Mount <lb></lb><emph type="italics"></emph>Lucino<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end> and the Hill the Town ſtands upon, <lb></lb>continually undermining and eating away the <lb></lb>Root of the Mountain, by degrees brings down <lb></lb>all the impending Weight; by which means a <lb></lb>great Part of the Town drops and falls to <lb></lb>Ruin. </s> <s>I am mightily pleaſed with that Num<lb></lb>ber of little Chapels, which are fixed about <lb></lb>the <emph type="italics"></emph>Area<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end> of the great Church in the Vatican; <lb></lb>for of theſe, ſuch as are placed in the Hollows <lb></lb>of the Mountains cloſe againſt the Wall of the <lb></lb>Church, are of great Service both as to Strength <lb></lb>and Convenience, in ſupporting the Weight of <lb></lb>the Hill, which continually grows heavier and <lb></lb>heavier, and in intercepting the Wet, which <lb></lb>falls from the Top of the Cliff, and keeping it <lb></lb>from getting into the Church; by which means <lb></lb>the principal Wall of it keeps dry and ſound. <lb></lb></s> <s>And thoſe Chapels, which are placed on the <lb></lb>other Side at the loweſt Decline of the Hill, <lb></lb>ſerve with their Arches to cloſe the Plain, <lb></lb>which is made above, and preventing the Earth <lb></lb>from crumbling keeps it from falling in. </s> <s>And <lb></lb>I have obſerved that the Architect, who built <lb></lb>the Temple of <emph type="italics"></emph>Latona<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end> in <emph type="italics"></emph>Rome,<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end> contrived his <lb></lb>Work and his Structure very ingeniouſly; for <lb></lb>he ſo placed the Angle of the Platform within <lb></lb>the impending Hill, that two upright Walls <lb></lb>ſupported the incumbent Weight, and divided <lb></lb>and broke the Preſſure by ſetting that Angle <lb></lb>againſt it. </s> <s>But ſince we have begun to cele<lb></lb>brate the Praiſes of the Ancients that contriv<lb></lb>ed their Buildings prudently, I will not omit <lb></lb>one Thing which I recollect, and which is very <lb></lb>much to the preſent Purpoſe. </s> <s>In the Church <lb></lb>oſ St. <emph type="italics"></emph>Mark<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end> at <emph type="italics"></emph>Venice<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end> is a very uſeful Precauti<lb></lb>on of the Architect, who having made the <lb></lb>Foundation of the Temple very ſtrong, leſt <lb></lb>every here and there a Hole, that if by chance <lb></lb>any ſubterraneous Vapour or Wind ſhould be <lb></lb>gathered there, it might eaſily find a Paſſage <lb></lb>out. </s> <s>To conclude, all the Plains that you <lb></lb>make which are to be under any Covering, <lb></lb>muſt be laid exactly level, but thoſe which are <lb></lb>to be left open, ſhould have juſt Slope enough <lb></lb>for the Rain to run off; but of this we have <lb></lb>ſaid enough, and perhaps more than was re<lb></lb>quiſite in this Place; becauſe moſt of theſe <lb></lb>Things reſpect the Walling. </s> <s>But as they happen<lb></lb>ed to fall naturally together, we did not think <lb></lb>proper to ſeparate them in our Diſcourſe. </s> <s>It <lb></lb>remains that we treat of the Compartition.</s></p><pb xlink:href="003/01/022.jpg"></pb><p type="caption"> <s>PLATE 1. <emph type="italics"></emph>(Page 10)<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end></s></p><figure id="id.003.01.022.1.jpg" xlink:href="003/01/022/1.jpg"></figure><p type="caption"> <s>“<emph type="italics"></emph>Arco Composto” = composite arch. </s> <s>“Arco Scemo” = imperfect arch. </s> <s>“Arco Intiero” <lb></lb>= entire arch. </s> <s>“Raggio” = radius. </s> <s>“Corda” = chord. </s> <s>“Diametro” = diameter.<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end></s></p><pb xlink:href="003/01/023.jpg"></pb><p type="caption"> <s>PLATE 2. <emph type="italics"></emph>(Page 18)<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end></s></p><figure id="id.003.01.023.1.jpg" xlink:href="003/01/023/1.jpg"></figure><pb xlink:href="003/01/024.jpg" pagenum="13"></pb><p type="head"> <s>CHAP. IX.</s></p><p type="head"> <s><emph type="italics"></emph>Of the Compartition, and of the Origin of Building.<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end></s></p><p type="main"> <s>The whole Force of the Invention and <lb></lb>all our Skill and Knowledge in the Art <lb></lb>of Building, is required in the Compartition: <lb></lb>Becauſe the diſtinct Parts of the entire Building, <lb></lb>and, to uſe ſuch a Word, the Entireneſs of each <lb></lb>of thoſe Parts, and the Union and Agreement of <lb></lb>all the Lines and Angles in the Work, duly <lb></lb>ordered for Convenience, Pleaſure and Beauty, <lb></lb>are diſpoſed and meaſured out by the Com<lb></lb>partition alone: for if a City, according to <lb></lb>the Opinion of Philoſophers, be no more than <lb></lb>a great Houſe, and, on the other Hand, a <lb></lb>Houſe be a little City; why may it not be <lb></lb>ſaid, that the Members of that Houſe are ſo <lb></lb>many little Houſes; ſuch as the Court-yard, <lb></lb>the Hall, the Parlour, the Portico, and the <lb></lb>like? </s> <s>And what is there in any of theſe, <lb></lb>which, if omitted by Careleſſneſs or Negli<lb></lb>gence, will not greatly take from the Praiſe <lb></lb>and Dignity of the Work. </s> <s>Great Care and <lb></lb>Diligence therefore is to be uſed in well con<lb></lb>ſidering theſe Things, which ſo much con<lb></lb>cern the whole Building; and in ſo ordering <lb></lb>it, that even the moſt inconſiderable Parts <lb></lb>may not be uncomformable to the Rules of <lb></lb>Art, and good Contrivance. </s> <s>What has been <lb></lb>already ſaid above of the Region and Platform, <lb></lb>may be of no ſmall uſe in doing of this aptly <lb></lb>and conveniently; and as the Members of the <lb></lb>Body are correſpondent to each other, ſo it is <lb></lb>fit that one Part ſhould anſwer to another in <lb></lb>a Building; whence we ſay, that great Edi<lb></lb>fices require great Members. </s> <s>Which indeed <lb></lb>was ſo well obſerved by the Ancients, that <lb></lb>they uſed much larger Bricks, as well as other <lb></lb>Materials, about publick and large Buildings, <lb></lb>than in private ones. </s> <s>To every Member there<lb></lb>fore ought to be allotted its fit Place and pro<lb></lb>per Situation; not leſs than Dignity requires, <lb></lb>not greater than Conveniency demands; not <lb></lb>in an impertinent or indecent Place, but in a <lb></lb>Situation ſo proper to itſelf, that it could be <lb></lb>ſet no where elſe more fitly. </s> <s>Nor ſhould the <lb></lb>Part of the Structure, that is to be of the <lb></lb>greateſt Honour, be thrown into a remote <lb></lb>Corner; nor that which ought to be the moſt <lb></lb>publick, into a private Hole; nor that which <lb></lb>ſhould be moſt private, be ſet in too conſpi<lb></lb>cuous a Place. </s> <s>We ſhould beſides have re<lb></lb>gard to the Seaſons of the Year, and make a <lb></lb>great deal of Difference between hot Places <lb></lb>and cold, both in Proportions and Situation. <lb></lb></s> <s>If Rooms for Summer are large and ſpacious, <lb></lb>and thoſe for Winter more compact, it will <lb></lb>not be at all amiſs; the Summer ones ſhady and <lb></lb>open to the Air, and the Winter ones to the <lb></lb>Sun. </s> <s>And here we ſhould provide, that the <lb></lb>Inhabitants may not be obliged to paſs out of <lb></lb>a cold Place into a hot one, without a Medium <lb></lb>of temperate Air; or out of a warm one into <lb></lb>one expoſed to Cold and Winds; becauſe no<lb></lb>thing is ſo prejudicial to human Bodies. </s> <s>And <lb></lb>theſe ought to agree one Member with ano<lb></lb>ther to perfect and compoſe the main Deſign <lb></lb>and Beauty of the whole; that we may not <lb></lb>ſo lay out our whole Study in adorning one <lb></lb>Part, as to leave the reſt neglected and <lb></lb>homely in Compariſon of it; but let them <lb></lb>bear that Proportion among themſelves, that <lb></lb>they may appear to be an entire and perfect <lb></lb>Body, and not disjointed and unfiniſhed <lb></lb>Members. </s> <s>Moreover in the forming of theſe <lb></lb>Members too, we ought to imitate the Modeſty <lb></lb>of Nature; becauſe in this, as well as in other <lb></lb>Caſes, the World never commends a Modera<lb></lb>tion, ſo much as it blames an extravagant In<lb></lb>temperance in Building. </s> <s>Let the Members <lb></lb>therefore be modeſtly proportioned, and ne<lb></lb>ceſſary for your Uſes. </s> <s>For all Building in <lb></lb>general, if you conſider it well, owes it's <lb></lb>Birth to Neceſſity, was nurſed by Convenience, <lb></lb>and embelliſhed by Uſe; Pleaſure was the <lb></lb>laſt Thing conſulted in it, which is never <lb></lb>truly obtained by Things that are immode<lb></lb>rate. </s> <s>Let your Building therefore be ſuch, <lb></lb>that it may not want any Members which it <lb></lb>has not, and that thoſe which it has, may <lb></lb>not in any Reſpect deſerve to be condemned. <lb></lb></s> <s>Nor would I have the Edifice terminated all <lb></lb>the Way with even continued Lines void of <lb></lb>all manner of Variety; for ſome pleaſe us by <lb></lb>their Largeneſs, others with being little, and <lb></lb>others moderate. </s> <s>One Part therefore ſhould <lb></lb>be terminated with ſtrait Lines, another with <lb></lb>curve, and another again with ſtrait and curve <lb></lb>mixed together; provided you obſerve the <lb></lb>Caution I have ſo often given you, to avoid <lb></lb>falling into the Error of Exceſs, ſo as to ſeem <pb xlink:href="003/01/025.jpg" pagenum="14"></pb>to have made a Monſter with Limbs diſpro<lb></lb>portionable: Variety is without Diſpute a very <lb></lb>great Beauty in every Thing, when it joins and <lb></lb>brings together, in a regular manner, Things <lb></lb>different, but proportionable to each other; <lb></lb>but it is rather ſhocking, if they are unſuitable <lb></lb>and incoherent. </s> <s>For as in Muſick, when the <lb></lb>Baſe anſwers the Treble, and the Tenor agrees <lb></lb>with both, there ariſes from that Variety of <lb></lb>Sounds an harmonious and wonderful Union <lb></lb>of Proportions which delights and enchants <lb></lb>our Senſes; ſo the like happens in every thing <lb></lb>elſe that ſtrikes and pleaſes our Fancy. </s> <s>Laſtly, <lb></lb>theſe Things muſt be ſo executed, as Uſe or <lb></lb>Conveniency requires, or according to the <lb></lb>approved Practice of Men of Skill; becauſe <lb></lb>deviating from eſtabliſhed Cuſtom, generally <lb></lb>robs a Thing of its whole Beauty, as conform<lb></lb>ing to it, is applauded and attended with Suc<lb></lb>ceſs. </s> <s>Nevertheleſs, tho' other famous Archi<lb></lb>tects ſeem, by their Practice, to have deter<lb></lb>mined this or that Compartition, whether <lb></lb><emph type="italics"></emph>Doric,<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end> or <emph type="italics"></emph>Ionic,<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end> or <emph type="italics"></emph>Corinthian,<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end> or <emph type="italics"></emph>Tuſcan,<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end> to <lb></lb>be the moſt convenient of any; yet they do <lb></lb>not thereby tie us down to follow them ſo <lb></lb>cloſely, as to tranſcribe their very Deſigns into <lb></lb>this Work of ours; but only ſtir us up by <lb></lb>their Inſtructions to produce ſomething of <lb></lb>our own Invention, and to endeavour to ac<lb></lb>quire equal or greater Praiſe than they did. <lb></lb></s> <s>But of theſe Things we ſhall ſpeak more di<lb></lb>ſtinctly in their proper Places, when we come <lb></lb>to conſider in what manner a City and its <lb></lb>Members ought to be diſpoſed, and every <lb></lb>thing neceſſary for the Convenience of <lb></lb>each.</s></p><p type="head"> <s>CHAP. X.</s></p><p type="head"> <s><emph type="italics"></emph>Of the Columns and Walls, and ſome Obſervations relating to the Columns.<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end></s></p><p type="main"> <s>We are now to treat ſummarily of the <lb></lb>Diſpoſition of the Wall. </s> <s>But here I <lb></lb>muſt not omit what I have obſerved among <lb></lb>the Ancients; namely, that they conſtantly <lb></lb>avoided drawing any of the outer Lines of the <lb></lb>Platform quite ſtrait, ſo as to let any great <lb></lb>Length go on without being interrupted by <lb></lb>the Concavity of ſome curve Line, or the In<lb></lb>terſection of ſome Angle; and the Reaſon <lb></lb>why thoſe wiſe Men did this is plain, that the <lb></lb>Wall, having, as it were, Props joined to it to <lb></lb>reſt againſt, might be ſo much the ſtronger. <lb></lb></s> <s>In treating of the Walling, we ſhould begin <lb></lb>with the moſt noble Parts of it. </s> <s>This Place <lb></lb>thereſore naturally leads us to ſpeak of the Co<lb></lb>lumns, and of the Things belonging to them; <lb></lb>a Row of Columns being indeed nothing elſe <lb></lb>but a Wall open and diſcontinued in ſeveral <lb></lb>Places. </s> <s>And having occaſion to define a Co<lb></lb>lumn, it would not be at all improper to ſay, <lb></lb>that it is a certain ſtrong continued Part of <lb></lb>the Wall, carried up perpendicular from the <lb></lb>Foundation to the Top, for ſupporting the <lb></lb>Covering. </s> <s>In the whole Compaſs of the Art <lb></lb>of Building, you will find nothing, that either <lb></lb>for Workmanſhip, Expence or Beauty, de<lb></lb>ſerves to be preferred before the Columns. <lb></lb></s> <s>But theſe Columns having ſome Particulars in <lb></lb>which they differ from one another; in this <lb></lb>Place we ſhall ſpeak only of their Agreement; <lb></lb>becauſe that regards the Genus of them; but <lb></lb>as to their Difference, which relates to their <lb></lb>Species, we ſhall handle it in its proper Place. <lb></lb></s> <s>To begin therefore as we may ſay from the <lb></lb>Root, every Column has its Foundation; this <lb></lb>Foundation being brought up to a Level with <lb></lb>the Plane of the <emph type="italics"></emph>Area,<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end> it was uſual to raiſe <lb></lb>thereupon a kind of little Wall, which we <lb></lb>ſhall call the Plinth, others perhaps may call <lb></lb>it the Dye; upon the Plinth ſtood the Baſe, <lb></lb>on the Baſe, the Column; and over the Co<lb></lb>lumn the Capital; their Proportion was, that <lb></lb>from the middle downwards, they were ſome<lb></lb>what bigger, and from thence upwards grew <lb></lb>more and more taper, and that the Foot was <lb></lb>ſomething larger than the Top of all. </s> <s>I make <lb></lb>no doubt, that at firſt the Column was in<lb></lb>vented to ſupport the Covering. </s> <s>Afterwards <lb></lb>Men's Thoughts being ſtirred up to worthy <lb></lb>Attempts, they ſtudied, tho' themſelves were <lb></lb>mortal, to make their Buildings in a Manner <lb></lb>immortal and eternal; and for this Reaſon <lb></lb>they made Columns, Architraves, Intabla<lb></lb>tures, and Coverings all of Marble. </s> <s>And in <lb></lb>doing theſe Things, the ancient Architects al<lb></lb>ways kept ſo cloſe to Nature, as to ſeem, if <lb></lb>poſſible, never to have conſulted any Thing <lb></lb>but mere Convenience in Building, and at the <lb></lb>ſame Time made it their Care, that their <lb></lb>Works ſhould be not only ſtrong and uſeful, <pb xlink:href="003/01/026.jpg" pagenum="15"></pb>but alſo pleaſant to the Sight. </s> <s>Nature at firſt <lb></lb>certainly gave us Columns made of Wood, <lb></lb>and of a round Figure, afterwards by Uſe they <lb></lb>came in ſome Places to be cut ſquare. </s> <s>There<lb></lb>upon, if I judge right, ſeeing in theſe wooden <lb></lb>Columns certain Rings of Circles of Braſs or <lb></lb>Iron, faſten'd about the Top and Bottom, that <lb></lb>the continual Weight which they are made to <lb></lb>bear, might not ſplit them; the Architects too <lb></lb>left at the Foot of their Columns of Marble, a <lb></lb>little Ring like a ſort of Binding; whereby <lb></lb>they are defended from any Drops of Rain that <lb></lb>might daſh up again upon them. </s> <s>And at the <lb></lb>Top too they left another little Band, and over <lb></lb>that an Aſtragal or Collar; with which helps <lb></lb>they obſerv'd the Columns of Wood to be <lb></lb>fortified. </s> <s>In the Baſes of their Columns it <lb></lb>was their Rule, that the under Part ſhould <lb></lb>conſiſt of ſtrait Lines and right Angles, but <lb></lb>that their upper Superficies ſhould terminate <lb></lb>circularly to anſwer to the Round of the Pil<lb></lb>lar; and they made this Baſe on every Side <lb></lb>broader than high, and wider than the Column <lb></lb>by a determinate Part of itſelf; and the under <lb></lb>Superficies of the Baſe they made broader than <lb></lb>the upper; the Plinth too they would have a <lb></lb>certain Proportion broader than the Baſe, and <lb></lb>the Foundation again a determinate Part wider <lb></lb>than the Plinth. </s> <s>And all theſe Parts thus <lb></lb>placed one upon the other, they erected per<lb></lb>pendicular from the Center of the Foundation. <lb></lb></s> <s>On the other hand, the Capitals all agree in <lb></lb>this, that their under Parts imitate their <lb></lb>Columns, but their upper End in a Square; <lb></lb>and conſequently the upper Part of the Capital <lb></lb>muſt always be ſomewhat broader than the <lb></lb>under. </s> <s>This may ſuffice here as to the <lb></lb>Columns. </s> <s>The Wall ought to be raiſed with <lb></lb>the ſame Proportions as the Columns; ſo that <lb></lb>if it is to be as high as the Column and its Ca<lb></lb>pital, its Thickneſs ought to be the ſame with <lb></lb>that of the bottom of the Column. </s> <s>And they <lb></lb>alſo obſerved this Rule, that there ſhou'd be <lb></lb>neither Pillar, nor Baſe, nor Capital, nor Wall, <lb></lb>but what ſhould in all reſpects correſpond with <lb></lb>every thing elſe of the ſame Order, in Heighth, <lb></lb>Thickneſs, Form and Dimenſion. </s> <s>But tho' both <lb></lb>are Faults, either to make the Wall too thin <lb></lb>or too thick, higher or lower than the Rule <lb></lb>and Proportion requires; yet of the two I <lb></lb>wou'd chuſe to offend on that Side, where we <lb></lb>ſhou'd have occaſion to take away rather than <lb></lb>to add. </s> <s>And here I think it will not be amiſs <lb></lb>to take notice of ſome Errors in Buildings, <lb></lb>that we our ſelves may be the more circum<lb></lb>ſpect: in as much as the chief Praiſe is to be <lb></lb>exempt from Blame. </s> <s>I have obſerved there<lb></lb>fore in St. <emph type="italics"></emph>Peter<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end>'s Church at <emph type="italics"></emph>Rome<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end> what indeed <lb></lb>the thing itſelf demonſtrates, that it was ill ad<lb></lb>viſed to draw a very long and thick Wall over <lb></lb>ſo many frequent and continued Apertures, <lb></lb>without ſtrength'ning it with any curve Lines <lb></lb>or any other Fortification whatſoever. </s> <s>And <lb></lb>what more deſerves our Notice, all this Wing <lb></lb>of Wall, under which are too frequent and <lb></lb>continued Apertures, and which is raiſed to a <lb></lb>great Heighth, is expoſed as a Butt to the im<lb></lb>petuous Blaſts of the North-Eaſt: by which <lb></lb>means already thro' the continual Violence of <lb></lb>the Winds it is ſwerved from its Direction <lb></lb>above two Yards: and I doubt not that in a <lb></lb>ſhort time, ſome little accidental ſhock will <lb></lb>throw it down into Ruins; and if it were not <lb></lb>kept in by the Timber Frame of the Roof, it <lb></lb>muſt infallibly have fallen down before now. <lb></lb></s> <s>But the Architect may not be ſo much in <lb></lb>Fault, becauſe conſulting only the Neceſſity of <lb></lb>his Situation, he might perhaps imagine that <lb></lb>the Neighbourhood of the Mountain, which <lb></lb>overlooks the Church, might be a ſufficient <lb></lb>Shelter againſt the Winds. </s> <s>Nevertheleſs it is <lb></lb>certain, thoſe Wings ought to have been more <lb></lb>ſtrengthned on both Sides.</s></p><p type="head"> <s>CHAP. XI.</s></p><p type="main"> <s><emph type="italics"></emph>Of the great Uſefulneſs of the Coverings both to the Inhabitants and the other <lb></lb>Parts of the Building, and that being various in their Natures, they muſt be <lb></lb>made of various Sorts.<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end></s></p><p type="main"> <s>The Covering for Uſefulneſs far exceeds <lb></lb>any other Part of the Building. </s> <s>It <lb></lb>not only ſecures the Health of the Inhabitants <lb></lb>by defending them from the Night, from the <lb></lb>Rain, and eſpecially from the burning Rays of <lb></lb>the Sun; but it alſo preſerves all the reſt of the <lb></lb>Edifice. </s> <s>Take away the Covering and the <lb></lb>Materials rot, the Wall moulders and ſplits, <pb xlink:href="003/01/027.jpg" pagenum="16"></pb>and in ſhort the whole Structure falls to Ruin. <lb></lb></s> <s>The very Foundations themſelves, which you <lb></lb>will hardly bèlieve, are ſecured by the Pro<lb></lb>tection of the Covering: nor have ſo many <lb></lb>Buildings been deſtroyed by Fire, Sword, War, <lb></lb>by Multitude of Enemies, and all other Ca<lb></lb>lamities put together, as have gone to Ruin <lb></lb>by being left naked and uncovered thro Negli<lb></lb>gence. </s> <s>It is certain the Coverings are the de<lb></lb>fenſive Arms of the Building againſt the <lb></lb>Aſſaults and Violence of Storms and Tempeſts. <lb></lb></s> <s>Wherefore our Anceſtors in this as in other <lb></lb>things acted very laudably, in aſcribing ſo <lb></lb>much Honour to the Covering, that they <lb></lb>ſpent their whole Art and Study in adorning <lb></lb>and beautifying it. </s> <s>For ſome of their Cover<lb></lb>ings we ſee of Braſs, others of Glaſs, ſome of <lb></lb>Gold with gilded Beams and Rafters, and <lb></lb>richly adorned with Corniſhes of Flowers and <lb></lb>Statues. </s> <s>Of Coverings ſome are open to the <lb></lb>Air, others not: the open are thoſe which are <lb></lb>not for walking upon, but only for receiving <lb></lb>the Rain. </s> <s>Thoſe not open to the Air, are <lb></lb>the Roofs and Coves that are between the <lb></lb>Covering and the Foundations, ſo that one <lb></lb>Houſe ſeems to ſtand upon another. </s> <s>By this <lb></lb>means it comes to paſs that the ſame Work, <lb></lb>which is the Covering to the Apartments <lb></lb>below, is the <emph type="italics"></emph>Aréa<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end> to thoſe above. </s> <s>Of theſe <lb></lb>Coverings thoſe above our Heads we call Roofs, <lb></lb>or Cielings; and thoſe which we tread upon <lb></lb>with our Feet, <emph type="italics"></emph>Areas.<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end></s><s> Whether the uppermoft <lb></lb>Covering, which lies to the open Air, is to be <lb></lb>reckoned as an <emph type="italics"></emph>Area<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end> or Pavement, we ſhall <lb></lb>examine in another Place. </s> <s>But the Covering <lb></lb>to the open Air, tho' it be of a plain Super<lb></lb>ficies, ought never to lie even with reſpect to <lb></lb>the <emph type="italics"></emph>Area<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end> which it covers below; but ſhou'd <lb></lb>always incline of one Side to throw off the <lb></lb>Rain. </s> <s>But the Coverings within, that are of <lb></lb>a plain Superficies, ſhould be in all Parts <lb></lb>equally diſtant from the Floor. </s> <s>All Coverings <lb></lb>muſt anſwer in Lines and Angles to the Form <lb></lb>and Shape of the Platform and Wall which <lb></lb>they are to cover: And as thoſe are various, <lb></lb>ſome being all of curve Lines, others all of <lb></lb>ſtrait, and others of both mixed together, the <lb></lb>Coverings too are therefore various, and of <lb></lb>ſeveral kinds. </s> <s>But tho' they have this natural <lb></lb>Difference, and that ſome are hemiſpherical; <lb></lb>others made up of four Arches; others vaulted; <lb></lb>others conſiſting of Parts of ſeveral Arches; <lb></lb>ſome ſloping or ridged like ordinary mean <lb></lb>Houſes: yet which-ſoever of theſe Kinds we <lb></lb>chuſe it is abſolutely neceſſary, that all Cover<lb></lb>ings ſhou'd be ſo diſpoſed as to ſhelter and <lb></lb>ſhade the Pavement, and throw off all Water <lb></lb>and Rain, defending the whole Edifice upon <lb></lb>which it is placed for a Covering. </s> <s>For Rain <lb></lb>is always prepared to do Miſchief, and where<lb></lb>ever there is the leaſt Crack never fails to get <lb></lb>in and do ſome Hurt or other: By its Subtility it <lb></lb>penetrates and makes its way by its Humidity <lb></lb>rots and deſtroys, by its Continuance looſens <lb></lb>and unknits all the Nerves of the Building, and <lb></lb>in the End ruins and lays Waſte the whole <lb></lb>Structure to the very Foundations. </s> <s>And for <lb></lb>this Reaſon prudent Architects have always <lb></lb>taken care that the Rain ſhould have a free <lb></lb>Slope to run off; and that the Water ſhould <lb></lb>never be ſtop'd in any Place, or get into any <lb></lb>Part where it cou'd do Hurt. </s> <s>And therefore <lb></lb>they adviſed, that in Places ſubject to much <lb></lb>Snow, the Coverings ſhould have a very ſteep <lb></lb>Slope, riſing even to an acute Angle, that the <lb></lb>Snow might never reſt and gather upon them, <lb></lb>but fall off eaſily; but in more Summeriſh Cli<lb></lb>mates (to uſe ſuch an Expreſſion) they laid <lb></lb>their Covering leſs oblique. </s> <s>Laſtly we ſhould <lb></lb>endeavour if poſſible, without Prejudice to the <lb></lb>Lights or Wall, to have the whole Structure <lb></lb>overlaid with one equal Covering in a manner <lb></lb>all of one Piece, and ſo far jutting out, that the <lb></lb>Water falling from the Gutters may not wet <lb></lb>or ſoak into the Wall: and all the Coverings <lb></lb>ſhould be ſo diſpoſed, where there are more than <lb></lb>one, that one may not ſpout upon the other. <lb></lb></s> <s>The Space of Covering too that the Water is <lb></lb>to run over ſhould never be too large, becauſe <lb></lb>upon Rains the Water gathering in the Gut<lb></lb>ters in too great Abundance would waſh back <lb></lb>again and flow into the Houſe; which would <lb></lb>greatly prejudice the whole Work. </s> <s>Where <lb></lb>the <emph type="italics"></emph>Area<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end> therefore is very large, the Covering <lb></lb>ſhould be divided into ſeveral Slopes, and the <lb></lb>Rain flow off in different Places; and this is <lb></lb>not only attended with Convenience, but Beauty <lb></lb>too. </s> <s>If you are obliged in any Place to have <lb></lb>ſeveral Coverings, let them join one to another <lb></lb>in ſuch a Manner, that when you are once <lb></lb>under one, you may paſs from that to all the <lb></lb>reſt always under ſhelter.</s></p><pb xlink:href="003/01/028.jpg" pagenum="17"></pb><p type="head"> <s>CHAP. XII.</s></p><p type="main"> <s><emph type="italics"></emph>Of the Apertures in the Building, that is to ſay of the Windows and Doors, <lb></lb>and of thoſe which do not take up the whole Thickneſs of the Wall, and their <lb></lb>Number and Sizes.<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end></s></p><p type="main"> <s>We are now come to treat of the Aper<lb></lb>tures, which are of two Sorts, the one <lb></lb>ſerving for the Admiſſion of Light and Air, <lb></lb>and the other for the Entrance and Paſſage of <lb></lb>the Inhabitants, and of all Manner of Con<lb></lb>veniencies all thro' the Houſe. </s> <s>Thoſe for <lb></lb>Light are the Windows; thoſe for Paſſage, the <lb></lb>Doors, Stairs, and the Spaces between the <lb></lb>Columns: Thoſe too which are for the carrying <lb></lb>away of Water and Smoak, as Wells, Sinks, <lb></lb>the Gullets, as we may call them of Chimneys, <lb></lb>the Mouths of Ovens and Furnaces are alſo <lb></lb>called Apertures. </s> <s>No Room ought to be <lb></lb>without a Window, by which the incloſed <lb></lb>Air may be let out and renew'd, becauſe elſe <lb></lb>it will corrupt and grow unwholeſome. <emph type="italics"></emph>Capi<lb></lb>tolinus<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end> the Hiſtorian relates, that in the Tem<lb></lb>ple of <emph type="italics"></emph>Apollo<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end> at <emph type="italics"></emph>Babylon<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end> there was found a lit<lb></lb>tle Gold Casket of very great Antiquity, upon <lb></lb>opening of which there iſſued a Steam of Air, <lb></lb>corrupted by Length of Time, and ſo poiſonous, <lb></lb>that ſpreading itſelf abroad, it not only killed <lb></lb>every body that was near, but infected all <emph type="italics"></emph>Aſia<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end><lb></lb>with a moſt dreadful Plague quite as far as <emph type="italics"></emph>Par<lb></lb>thia.<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end></s><s> In the Hiſtory of <emph type="italics"></emph>Ammianus Marcellinus,<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end><lb></lb>we read, that in <emph type="italics"></emph>Seleucia<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end> in the Time of <emph type="italics"></emph>Mark <lb></lb>Anthony<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end> and <emph type="italics"></emph>Verus,<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end> after the Plunder and <lb></lb>Spoiling of the Temple, and carrying away <lb></lb>the Image of the <emph type="italics"></emph>Conic Apollo<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end> to <emph type="italics"></emph>Rome,<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end> they <lb></lb>diſcovered a little Hole which had been formerly <lb></lb>ſtop'd up by the <emph type="italics"></emph>Chaldean<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end> Prieſts: Which being <lb></lb>opened by the Soldiers, out of a greedy Deſire <lb></lb>of Plunder, ſent forth a Vapour ſo dreadfully <lb></lb>peſtilential and infectious, that from the Con<lb></lb>fines of <emph type="italics"></emph>Perſia<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end> quite to <emph type="italics"></emph>Gaul,<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end> the whole Coun<lb></lb>try was tainted with a mortal and loathſome <lb></lb>Diſtemper. </s> <s>Every Room therefore ſhould <lb></lb>have Windows, not only to let in the Light, <lb></lb>but to renew the Air; and they ought to be <lb></lb>ſo accommodated to Convenience and the <lb></lb>Thickneſs of the Wall, as not to admit more <lb></lb>remote than Uſe and Neceſſity requires. <lb></lb></s> <s>Morevover we are to take notice what Winds <lb></lb>our Windows are to ſtand open to; becauſe <lb></lb>thoſe which look towards a healthy Air may <lb></lb>be allow'd to be large every Way; and it will not <lb></lb>be amiſs to open them in ſuch Manner that the Air <lb></lb>may go clear round the Bodies of the Inhabitants; <lb></lb>which may eaſily be contrived, if the Jambs of <lb></lb>the Windows are made ſo low, that you may <lb></lb>both ſee and be ſeen ſrom the Inſide into the <lb></lb>Street. </s> <s>But ſuch Windows as are expoſed to <lb></lb>Winds not altogether ſo healthy, ought to be <lb></lb>ſo proportion'd as to admit what Light is <lb></lb>requiſite, but not any Thing larger than is juſt <lb></lb>neceſſary for that Uſe; and they ſhould like<lb></lb>wife be ſet high, that the Wall may break the <lb></lb>Winds before they reach us: Becauſe by this <lb></lb>means we ſhall have Wind enough to renew <lb></lb>our Air, but ſo interrupted as to take off from <lb></lb>the ill Effects of it. </s> <s>We ſhould alſo obſerve <lb></lb>what Suns our Houſe ſtands to, and according <lb></lb>to various Conveniencies make the Windows <lb></lb>larger or ſmaller. </s> <s>In Summer Apartments, if <lb></lb>the Windows are to the North, they ſhould be <lb></lb>made large every Way; but if they are to the <lb></lb>South Sun, it will be proper to make them low <lb></lb>and ſmall; ſuch being beſt adapted for Re<lb></lb>ception of the Air, and leaſt liable to be of<lb></lb>fended by the Sun's Rays; and there is no <lb></lb>Danger ſuch a Place ſhould ever want Light, <lb></lb>when the Sun lies in a Manner continually <lb></lb>upon it; ſo that Shade and not Light is what <lb></lb>is to be conſulted there. </s> <s>On the contrary in <lb></lb>Apartments for Winter, the Windows will be <lb></lb>beſt contrived for admitting the Sun if they <lb></lb>are made large, and yet we may avoid being <lb></lb>troubled by the Winds at the ſame Time, if we <lb></lb>place them high, ſo that the cold Air may not <lb></lb>blow directly upon the People within. </s> <s>Laſtly <lb></lb>from whatever Side we take in the Light, we <lb></lb>ought to make ſuch an Opening for it, as may <lb></lb>always give us a free Sight of the Sky, and the <lb></lb>Top of that Opening ought never to be too <lb></lb>low, becauſe we are to ſee the Light with our <lb></lb>Eyes; and not with our Heels; beſides the In<lb></lb>convenience, that if one Man gets between <lb></lb>nother and the Window, the Light is inter<lb></lb>cepted, and all the reſt of the Room is <lb></lb>darken'd, which never happens when the Light <lb></lb>comes from above. </s> <s>The Doors ſhould imitate <lb></lb>the Windows, that is, be larger or ſmaller, <lb></lb>more or fewer, according to the Frequency or <lb></lb>Neceſſity of the Place. </s> <s>But I obſerve, that <pb xlink:href="003/01/029.jpg" pagenum="18"></pb>the Ancients in their Publick Buildings always <lb></lb>eft a great many of both the afore-mention'd <lb></lb>Kinds of Apertures. </s> <s>This appears from their <lb></lb>Theatres, which if we obſerve are extremely <lb></lb>full of Apertures, not only Stair-caſes, but <lb></lb>Windows and Doors. </s> <s>And we ought ſo to <lb></lb>order the Proportions of theſe Openings, as <lb></lb>not to make very little ones in great Walls, <lb></lb>nor too large in ſmall ones. </s> <s>In theſe Sorts of <lb></lb>Apertures various Deſigns have been com<lb></lb>mended; but the beſt Architects have never <lb></lb>made Uſe of any but Squares and ſtrait Lines. <lb></lb></s> <s>However all have agreed in this, that let them <lb></lb>be of what Shape they will, they ſhould be ac<lb></lb>modated to the Bigneſs and Form of the <lb></lb><arrow.to.target n="marg2"></arrow.to.target><lb></lb>Building. *The Doors, then they <lb></lb>fay ſhould always be more high than <lb></lb>broad; and the higheſt be ſuch as <lb></lb>are capable of receiving two Circles [A] one <lb></lb>upon t'other, and the loweſt ſhould be of <lb></lb>the Heighth of the Diagonal of a Square [B] <lb></lb>whereof the Groundſell is one of the Sides. </s> <s>It <lb></lb>is alſo convenient to place the Doors in ſuch a <lb></lb>Manner, that they may lead to as many Parts <lb></lb>of the Edifice as poſſible: And in order to give <lb></lb>Beauty to ſuch Apertures, Care muſt be taken <lb></lb>that thoſe of like Dimenſions correſpond with <lb></lb>each other both on the Right and Left. </s> <s>It was <lb></lb>uſual to leave the Windows and Doors in odd <lb></lb>Numbers, but ſo as for the Side ones to anſwer <lb></lb>each other, and that in the Middle to be <lb></lb>ſomewhat larger than the reſt. </s> <s>And particular <lb></lb>Regard was always had to the Strength of the <lb></lb>Building, for which Reaſon they contrived to <lb></lb>ſet the Openings clear from the Corners and <lb></lb>from the Columns, in the weakeſt Parts of the <lb></lb>Wall, but not ſo weak as to be inſufficient to <lb></lb>ſupport the Weight: It being their Cuſtom <lb></lb>to raiſe as many Parts of the Wall as they <lb></lb>could plum, and as it were of one Piece <lb></lb>without any Interruption from the Foundation <lb></lb>quite up to the Covering. </s> <s>There is a certain <lb></lb>Kind of an Aperture, which in Form and <lb></lb>Poſition imitates the Doors and Windows, but <lb></lb>which does not penetrate the whole Thickneſs <lb></lb>of the Wall, and ſo, as Niches leave very <lb></lb>handſome and convenient Seats for Statues and <lb></lb>Paintings. </s> <s>But in what Parts theſe are to be <lb></lb>left, as alſo how frequent and large, will be <lb></lb>ſhewn more diſtinctly when we come to treat <lb></lb>of the Ornaments of Edifices. </s> <s>We ſhall only <lb></lb>obſerve here, that they not only add to the <lb></lb>Beauty of the Work, but alſo ſave ſome Ex<lb></lb>pence, as they make leſs Stone and Lime to <lb></lb>ſerve for the Walling. </s> <s>This chiefly is to be <lb></lb>taken Care of, that you make theſe Niches in <lb></lb>convenient Numbers, not too big, and of a juſt <lb></lb>Form; and ſo as in their Order to imitate the <lb></lb>Windows. </s> <s>And let them be as you will, I <lb></lb>have remark'd in the Structures of the Ancients, <lb></lb>that they never uſed to ſuffer them to take up <lb></lb>above the ſeventh Part of the Front, nor leſs <lb></lb>than the ninth. </s> <s>The Spaces between the <lb></lb>Columns are to be reckoned among the princi<lb></lb>pal Apertures, and are to be leſt variouſly ac<lb></lb>cording to the Variety of Buildings. </s> <s>But we <lb></lb>ſhall ſpeak of theſe more clearly in their <lb></lb>proper Place, and chieſly when we treat of <lb></lb>Sacred Edifies. </s> <s>Let it be ſufficient to premiſe <lb></lb>here, that thoſe Openings ſhould be left in ſuch <lb></lb>a Manner, as to have particular Reſpect to the <lb></lb>Nature of the Columns, which are deſign'd <lb></lb>for the Support of the Covering; and firſt, that <lb></lb>thoſe Columns be not too ſmall, nor ſtand too <lb></lb>thin, ſo as not to be duly able to bear the <lb></lb>Weight, nor too big, or ſet ſo thick as not to <lb></lb>leave open convenient Spaces for Paſſage. <lb></lb></s> <s>Laſtly, the Apertures muſt be different, when <lb></lb>the Columns are frequent from what they are <lb></lb>when they ſtand thin, becauſe over frequent <lb></lb>Columns we lay an Architrave, and over the <lb></lb>others we turn an Arch. </s> <s>But in all Openings <lb></lb>over which we make Arches, we ſhould con<lb></lb>trive to have the Arch never leſs than a half <lb></lb>Circle, with an Addition of the ſeventh Part <lb></lb>of half its Diameter: The moſt experienced <lb></lb>Workmen having found that Arch to be by <lb></lb>much the beſt adapted for enduring in a <lb></lb>Manner to Perpetuity; all other Arches being <lb></lb>thought leſs ſtrong for ſupporting the Weight, <lb></lb>and more liable to ruin. </s> <s>It is moreover imagi<lb></lb>ned, that the half Circle is the only Arch <lb></lb>which has no Occaſion either for Chain or any <lb></lb>other Fortification; and all others, if you <lb></lb>don't either chain them or place ſome Weight <lb></lb>againſt them for a Counterpoiſe, are found by <lb></lb>their own Weight to burſt out and fall to ruin. <lb></lb></s> <s>I will not omit here what I have taken Notice <lb></lb>of among the Ancients, a Contrivance certainly <lb></lb>very excellent and Praiſe-worthy: Their beſt <lb></lb>Architects placed theſe Apertures and the <lb></lb>Arches of the Roofs of their Temples in ſuch <lb></lb>a Manner, that even tho' you took away every <lb></lb>Column from under them, yet they would <lb></lb>ſtill ſtand firm and not fall down, the Arches <lb></lb>on which the Roof was placed being drawn <lb></lb>quite down to the Foundation with wonderful <lb></lb>Art, known but to few: So that the Work <lb></lb>upheld itſelf by being only ſet upon Arches; for <lb></lb>thoſe Arches having the ſolid Earth for their <lb></lb>Chain, no Wonder they ſtood firm without any <lb></lb>other Support.</s></p><pb xlink:href="003/01/030.jpg" pagenum="19"></pb><p type="margin"> <s><margin.target id="marg2"></margin.target>★ <emph type="italics"></emph>Plate 2. <lb></lb>(facing <lb></lb>page 13)<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end></s></p><p type="head"> <s>CHAP. XIII.</s></p><p type="main"> <s><emph type="italics"></emph>Of the Stair caſes, and their different Sorts, of the Steps of the Stairs which <lb></lb>ought to be in odd Numbers, and how many. </s> <s>Of the reſting Places, of the <lb></lb>Tunnels for carrying away the Smoke. </s> <s>Of Pipes and Conduits for carrying <lb></lb>off the Water, and of the proper Placing of Wells and Sinks.<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end></s></p><p type="main"> <s>The placing of the Stairs is a Work of <lb></lb>ſuch Nicety, that without deliberate <lb></lb>and mature Conſideration you can never place <lb></lb>them well: For in a Stair-caſe there meet <lb></lb>three Apertures: One, the Door by which you <lb></lb>enter upon the Stairs; another, the Window <lb></lb>that ſupplies you with Light to ſee the Steps <lb></lb>by, and the third, the Opening in the Ceiling <lb></lb>which lets you into the <emph type="italics"></emph>Area<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end> above; and <lb></lb>therefore it is ſaid to be no Wonder, that the <lb></lb>Stairs ſhould perplex the Deſign of a Structure; <lb></lb>but let him that is deſirous to have the Stair <lb></lb>not hinder him, take Caré not to hinder the <lb></lb>Stair, but allow it a determinate and juſt Por<lb></lb>tion of the Platform, in order to give its free <lb></lb>Courſe quite up to the Covering at the Top <lb></lb>of all. </s> <s>And do not let us repine that the <lb></lb>Stair-caſe ſhould take up ſo much of the <emph type="italics"></emph>Area,<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end><lb></lb>for it furniſhes us with very many Conve<lb></lb>niencies, and is no Inconvenience to the other <lb></lb>Parts of the Building. </s> <s>Add to this, that <lb></lb>thoſe little Vaults and Spaces under the Stairs <lb></lb>are very ſerviceable for a great many Purpoſes. <lb></lb></s> <s>Our Stair-caſes therefore are of two Sorts (for <lb></lb>as to thoſe Steps or Ladders which belong to <lb></lb>military Expeditions, I ſhall not ſpeak of them <lb></lb>here.) The firſt is that which has no Steps, but <lb></lb>is mounted by a ſloping Aſcent, and the other <lb></lb>is that which is mounted by Steps. </s> <s>The An<lb></lb>cients uſed to make the ſloping one as eaſy <lb></lb>and as little ſteep as poſſible, and as I have <lb></lb>obſerved from their Works, thought it a con<lb></lb>venient Aſcent when the higheſt Part of its <lb></lb>Perpendicular was raiſed one ſixth Part of the <lb></lb>Line at Bottom. </s> <s>In making of Stair-caſes <lb></lb>with Steps, they recommend the making of <lb></lb>the Steps in odd Numbers, and eſpecially in <lb></lb>their Temples: Becauſe they ſaid that by this <lb></lb>Means we always ſet our right Foot into the <lb></lb>Temple firſt; which was accounted a Point <lb></lb>of Religion. </s> <s>And I have obſerved, that the <lb></lb>beſt Architects never put above ſeven, or at <lb></lb>moſt nine Steps together in one Flight; imita<lb></lb>ting I ſuppoſe, the Number either of the <lb></lb>Planets or of the Heavens; but at the End of <lb></lb>theſe ſeven or nine Steps, they very conſider<lb></lb>ately made a Plain, that ſuch as were weak or <lb></lb>tired with the Fatigue of the Aſcent, might <lb></lb>have Leiſure to reſt themſelves, and that if they <lb></lb>ſhould chance to ſtumble, there might be a <lb></lb>Place to break their Fall, and give them Means <lb></lb>to recover themſelves. </s> <s>And I am thoroughly <lb></lb>of Opinion, that the Stairs ought to be <lb></lb>frequently interrupted by theſe landing Places, <lb></lb>and that they ſhould be well lighted, and be <lb></lb>ample and ſpacious according to the Dignity <lb></lb>of the Place. </s> <s>The Steps they never made <lb></lb>higher than nine Inches, nor lower than fix, <lb></lb>and in Breadth never leſs than a Foot and a <lb></lb>half, nor more than a Yard, The fewer Stair<lb></lb>caſes that are in a Houſe, and the leſs Room <lb></lb>they take up, the more convenient they are <lb></lb>eſteem'd. </s> <s>The Iſſues for Smoak and Water <lb></lb>ought to be as direct as poſſible, and ſo built, <lb></lb>that they may not lie and gather within, or <lb></lb>ſoil, or offend, or endanger the Building For <lb></lb>this Reaſon too the Tunnels of the Chimnies <lb></lb>ſhould be carried quite clear from all Manner <lb></lb>of Wood-work, for fear ſome Spark, or their <lb></lb>meer Heat ſhould ſet Fire to the Beams or <lb></lb>Rafters that are near them. </s> <s>The Drains alſo <lb></lb>for carrying off the Water ſhould be ſo con<lb></lb>trived, as to convey away all Superſluities, and <lb></lb>in their Paſſage not to do any Harm to the <lb></lb>Houſe, either by ſapping or dirtying it. </s> <s>For <lb></lb>if any of theſe Things do Miſchief, let it be <lb></lb>ever ſo little, yet by Length of Time and con<lb></lb>tinuation, they will in the End be of the utmoſt <lb></lb>ill Conſequence; and I have obſerved, that <lb></lb>the beſt Architects have contrived either to <lb></lb>throw off the Rain by Spouts, ſo as not to wet <lb></lb>any body that is going into the Houſe, or car<lb></lb>ried it thro Pipes into Ciſterns to ſerve for Uſe, <lb></lb>or elſe brought it together to ſome Place <lb></lb>where it might waſh away all the Filth, ſo that <lb></lb>the Eyes and Noſes of the Inhabitants might <lb></lb>not be offended with it. </s> <s>Indeed they ſeem <lb></lb>to have been particularly careful to throw the <lb></lb>Rain Water clear away from the Building, <lb></lb>that it might not ſap the Foundations, as well <pb xlink:href="003/01/031.jpg" pagenum="20"></pb>as for ſeveral other Reaſons. </s> <s>In a Word, <lb></lb>they were very obſervant to make all their <lb></lb>Apertures in the moſt convenient Places, and <lb></lb>where they might be moſt ſerviceable. </s> <s>I am <lb></lb>particularly for having the Wells ſet in the <lb></lb>moſt publick and open Part of the Structure, <lb></lb>ſo that they do not take off from the Dignity <lb></lb>of the Work, by being ſet in a Place improper <lb></lb>for them; and the Naturaliſts affirm, that <lb></lb>Water moſt expoſed and open is beſt and moſt <lb></lb>purified. </s> <s>But in whatever Part of the Building <lb></lb>you make either Wells or Drains, or any other <lb></lb>Conveyance for the Water, they ought to <lb></lb>have ſuch Apertures, as to admit a good <lb></lb>Quantity of Air, that the Pavement may be <lb></lb>kept dry from the damp Exhalations, which <lb></lb>will be purged and carried off by the Paſſage <lb></lb>of the Winds, and the Motion of the Air. <lb></lb></s> <s>We have now taken a ſufficient Review of the <lb></lb>Deſigns of Buildings, as far as they ſeem to <lb></lb>relate to the Work in general, noting each Par<lb></lb>ticular by itſelf that we intend to ſpeak of. <lb></lb></s> <s>We are now to treat of the Work itſelf and <lb></lb>of the Structure of Edifies. </s> <s>But firſt we will <lb></lb>conſider of the Materials, and of the Prepara<lb></lb>tions neceſſary for the Materials.</s></p><p type="head"> <s><emph type="italics"></emph>End of the Firſt Book.<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end><lb></lb><figure id="id.003.01.031.1.jpg" xlink:href="003/01/031/1.jpg"></figure></s></p><pb xlink:href="003/01/032.jpg"></pb><figure id="id.003.01.032.1.jpg" xlink:href="003/01/032/1.jpg"></figure><p type="head"> <s>THE <lb></lb><emph type="bold"></emph>ARCHITECTURE<emph.end type="bold"></emph.end><lb></lb>OF <lb></lb><emph type="bold"></emph><emph type="italics"></emph>Leone Batiſta Alberti.<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end><emph.end type="bold"></emph.end></s></p><p type="head"> <s>BOOK II. CHAP. I.</s></p><p type="main"> <s><emph type="italics"></emph>Treating of the Materials. </s> <s>That no Man ought to begin a Building haſtily <lb></lb>but ſhould firſt take a good deal of Time to conſider, and revolve in his Mind <lb></lb>all the Qualities and Requiſites of ſuch a Work: And that he ſhould carefull <lb></lb>review and examine, with the Advice of proper Judges, the whole Structuly <lb></lb>in itſelf, and the Proportions and Meaſures of every diſtinct Part, not o re <lb></lb>in Draughts or Paintings, but in actual Models of Wood or ſome othe Sunly <lb></lb>ſtance, that when he has finiſh'd his Building, he may not repent of his Labour.<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end></s></p><p type="main"> <s>I do not think the Labour and <lb></lb>Expence of a Building to be en<lb></lb>ter'd upon in a hurry; as well <lb></lb>for ſeveral other Reaſons, as <lb></lb>alſo becauſe a Man's Honour and <lb></lb>Reputation ſuffers by it. </s> <s>For as a Deſign <lb></lb>well and compleatly finiſh'd brings Praiſe to <lb></lb>him that has employ'd his Pains and Study in <lb></lb>the Work; ſo if in any particular the Author <lb></lb>ſeems to have been wanting, either of Art or <lb></lb>Prudence, it detracts very much from that <lb></lb>Praiſe, and from his Reputation. </s> <s>And indeed <lb></lb>the Beauties or Faults of Edifices, eſpecially <lb></lb>publick ones, are in a Manner clear and mani<lb></lb>feſt to every body; and (I know not how it <lb></lb>happens) any Thing amiſs ſooner draws Con<lb></lb>tempt, than any Thing handſome or well <lb></lb>finiſh'd does Commendation. </s> <s>It is really won<lb></lb>derful, how, by a Kind of natural Inſtinct, all <lb></lb>of us knowing or ignorant, immediately hit upon <lb></lb>what is right or wrong in the Contrivance or <lb></lb>Execution of Things, and what a ſhrewd Judg<lb></lb>ment the Eye has in Works of this Nature <lb></lb>above all the other Senſes. </s> <s>Whence it happens, <lb></lb>that if any Thing offers itſelf to us that is <lb></lb>lame or too little, or unneceſſary, or un<lb></lb>graceful, we preſently find ourſelves moved <lb></lb>and deſirous to have it handſomer. </s> <s>The Rea<lb></lb>ſons of thoſe Faults perhaps we may not all of <lb></lb>us be acquainted with, and yet if we were to <pb xlink:href="003/01/033.jpg" pagenum="22"></pb>be ask'd, there is none of us but would readily <lb></lb>ſay, that ſuch a Thing might be remedied and <lb></lb>corrected. </s> <s>Indeed every one cannot propoſe <lb></lb>the Remedy, but only ſuch as are well practi<lb></lb>ced and experienced that Way. </s> <s>It is therefore <lb></lb>the Part of a wiſe Man to weigh and review <lb></lb>every particular thoroughly in his Mind: That <lb></lb>he may not afterwards be forced to ſay, either <lb></lb>in the Middle or at the End of this Work, I <lb></lb>wiſh this, or I wiſh that were otherwiſe. </s> <s>And <lb></lb>it is really ſurprizing, what a hearty Puniſh<lb></lb>ment a Man ſuffers for a Work ill managed: <lb></lb>For in Proceſs of Time, he himſelf at Length <lb></lb>finds out the Miſtakes he fooliſhly made in the <lb></lb>Beginning for want of due Reflection: And <lb></lb>then, unleſs he pulls it to pieces and reforms <lb></lb>it, he is continually repenting and fretting at <lb></lb>the Eye-ſore; or if he pulls it down, he is <lb></lb>blamed upon Account of the Loſs and Expence, <lb></lb>and accuſed of Levity and Inſtability of Mind. <lb></lb><emph type="italics"></emph>Suetonius<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end> tells us, that <emph type="italics"></emph>Julius Cæſar<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end> having <lb></lb>begun a Structure at the Lake <emph type="italics"></emph>Nemorenſis<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end> from <lb></lb>the very Foundations, and compleated it at <lb></lb>vaſt Expence, pull'd it all down again, becauſe <lb></lb>it was not exactly in all reſpects to his Mind. <lb></lb></s> <s>For which he is certainly very much to be <lb></lb>blamed, even by us his Poſterity, either for <lb></lb>not ſufficiently conſidering what was requiſite <lb></lb>at firſt, or elſe afterwards for diſliking thro' <lb></lb>Levity what might really not be amiſs. </s> <s>I <lb></lb>therefore always highly commend the ancient <lb></lb>Cuſtom of Builders, who not only in Draughts <lb></lb>and Paintings, but in real Models of Wood or <lb></lb>other Subſtance, examin'd and weigh'd over <lb></lb>and over again, with the Advice of Men of the <lb></lb>beſt Experience, the whole Work and the Ad<lb></lb>meaſurements of all its Parts, before they put <lb></lb>themſelves to the Expence or Trouble. </s> <s>By <lb></lb>making a Model you will have an Opportunity, <lb></lb>thoroughly to weigh and conſider the Form <lb></lb>and Situation of your Platform with reſpect to <lb></lb>the Region, what Extent is to be allow'd to <lb></lb>it, the Number and Order of the Parts, how <lb></lb>the Walls are to be made, and how ſtrong and <lb></lb>firm the Covering; and in a Word all thoſe <lb></lb>Particulars which we have ſpoken of in the <lb></lb>preceding Book: And there you may eaſily <lb></lb>and freely add, retrench, alter, renew, and in <lb></lb>ſhort change every Thing from one End to <lb></lb>t'other, till all and every one of the Parts are <lb></lb>juſt as you would have them, and without Fault. <lb></lb></s> <s>Add likewiſe, that you may then examine and <lb></lb>compute (what is by no means to be neglected) <lb></lb>the Particulars and Sum of your future Ex<lb></lb>pence, the Size, Heighth, Thickneſs, Num<lb></lb>ber, Extent, Form, Species and Quality of <lb></lb>all the Parts, how they are to be made, and <lb></lb>by what Artificers; becauſe you will thereby <lb></lb>have a clear and diſtinct Idea of the Numbers <lb></lb>and Forms of your Columns, Capitals, Baſes, <lb></lb>Corniſhes, Pediments, Incruſtations, Pave<lb></lb>ments, Statues and the like, that relates either <lb></lb>to the Strength or Ornament. </s> <s>I muſt not <lb></lb>omit to obſerve, that the making of curious, <lb></lb>poliſh'd Models, with the Delicacy of Painting, <lb></lb>is not required from an Architect that only <lb></lb>deſigns to ſhew the real Thing itſelf; but is <lb></lb>rather the Part of a vain Architect, that makes <lb></lb>it his Buſineſs by charming the Eye and <lb></lb>ſtriking the Fancy of the Beholder, to divert <lb></lb>him from a rigorous Examination of the Parts <lb></lb>which he ought to make, and to draw him <lb></lb>into an Admiration of himſelf. </s> <s>For this Rea<lb></lb>ſon I would not have the Models too exactly <lb></lb>finiſh'd, nor too delicate and neat, but plain <lb></lb>and ſimple, more to be admired for the Con<lb></lb>trivance of the Inventor, than the Hand of <lb></lb>the Workman. </s> <s>Between the Deſign of the <lb></lb>Painter and that of the Architect, there is this <lb></lb>Difference, that the Painter by the Exactneſs <lb></lb>of his Shades, Lines and Angles, endeavours <lb></lb>to make the Parts ſeem to riſe from the Can<lb></lb>vaſs, whereas the Architect, without any Re<lb></lb>gard to the Shades, makes his Relieves from <lb></lb>the Deſign of his Platform, as one that would <lb></lb>have his Work valued, not by the apparent <lb></lb>Perſpective, but by the real Compartments <lb></lb>founded upon Reaſon. </s> <s>In a Word, you ought <lb></lb>to make ſuch Models, and conſider them by <lb></lb>yourſelf, and with others ſo diligently, and <lb></lb>examine them over and over ſo often, that <lb></lb>there ſhall not be a ſingle Part in your whole <lb></lb>Structure, but what you are thoroughly ac<lb></lb>quainted with, and know what Place and how <lb></lb>much Room it is to poſſeſs, and to what Uſe to <lb></lb>be applied. </s> <s>But above all, nothing requires <lb></lb>our Attention ſo much as the Covering, which <lb></lb>ſeems in its Nature, if I miſtake not, beyond <lb></lb>any Thing elſe in Architecture to have been <lb></lb>of the greateſt and firſt Convenience to Man<lb></lb>kind; ſo that indeed it muſt be own'd, that <lb></lb>it was upon the Account of this Covering that <lb></lb>they invented not only the Wall and thoſe <lb></lb>other Parts which are carried up with the Wall <lb></lb>and neceſſarily accompany it, but alſo thoſe <lb></lb>Parts which are made under Ground, ſuch as <lb></lb>Conduits, Channels, Receptacles of Rain <lb></lb>Water, Sewers and the like. </s> <s>For my Part, <lb></lb>that have had no ſmall Experience in Things of <lb></lb>this Nature, I indeed know the Difficulty of <pb xlink:href="003/01/034.jpg" pagenum="23"></pb>performing a Work, wherein the Parts are <lb></lb>join'd with Dignity, Convenience and Beauty, <lb></lb>having not only other Things praiſe-worthy, <lb></lb>but alſo a Variety of Ornaments, ſuch as <lb></lb>Decency and Proportion requires; and this no <lb></lb>Queſtion is a very great Matter; but to cover <lb></lb>all theſe with a proper, convenient and apt <lb></lb>Covering, is the Work of none but a very <lb></lb>great Maſter. </s> <s>To conclude, when the whole <lb></lb>Model and the Contrivance of all the Parts <lb></lb>greatly pleaſes both yourſelf and others of <lb></lb>good Experience, ſo that you have not the <lb></lb>leaſt Doubt remaining within yourſelf, and do <lb></lb>not know of any Thing that wants the leaſt <lb></lb>Re-examination; even then I would adviſe <lb></lb>you not to run furiouſly to the Execution out <lb></lb>of a Paſſion for Building, demoliſhing old <lb></lb>Structures, or laying mighty Foundations of <lb></lb>the whole Work, which raſh and inconſiderate <lb></lb>Men are apt to do; but if you will hearken <lb></lb>to me, lay the Thoughts of it aſide for ſome <lb></lb>Time, till this favourite Invention grows old. <lb></lb></s> <s>Then take a freſh Review of every Thing, <lb></lb>when not being guided by a Fondneſs for your <lb></lb>Invention, but by the Truth and Reaſon of <lb></lb>Things you will be capable of judging more <lb></lb>clearly. </s> <s>Becauſe in many Caſes Time will <lb></lb>diſcover a great many Things to you, worth <lb></lb>Conſideration and Reflection, which, be you <lb></lb>ever ſo accurate, might before eſcape you.</s></p><p type="head"> <s>CHAP. II.</s></p><p type="main"> <s><emph type="italics"></emph>That we ought to undertake nothing above our Abilities, nor ſtrive againſt <lb></lb>Nature, and that we ought alſo not only to conſider what we can do, <lb></lb>but what is ſit for us to do, and in what Place it is that we are to <lb></lb>build.<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end></s></p><p type="main"> <s>On examining your Model, among other <lb></lb>Points to be conſider'd, you muſt take <lb></lb>Care not to forget theſe. </s> <s>Firſt, not to under<lb></lb>take a Thing, which is above the Power of <lb></lb>Man to do, and not to pretend to ſtrive directly <lb></lb>contrary to the Nature of Things. </s> <s>For Na<lb></lb>ture, if you force or wreſt her out of her Way, <lb></lb>whatever Strength you may do it with, will <lb></lb>yet in the End overcome and break thro' all <lb></lb>Oppoſition and Hindrance; and the moſt ob<lb></lb>ſtinate Violence (to uſe ſuch an Expreſſion) <lb></lb>will at laſt be forced to yield to her daily and <lb></lb>continual Perſeverence aſſiſted by Length of <lb></lb>Time. </s> <s>How many of the mighty Works of <lb></lb>Men do we read of, and know ourſelves to <lb></lb>have been deſtroy'd by no other Cauſe than <lb></lb>that they contended againſt Nature? </s> <s>Who <lb></lb>does not laugh at him, that having made a <lb></lb>Bridge upon Ships, intended to ride over the <lb></lb>Sea? </s> <s>or rather, who does not hate him for his <lb></lb>Folly and Inſolence? </s> <s>The Haven of <emph type="italics"></emph>Claudius<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end><lb></lb>below <emph type="italics"></emph>Oſtia,<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end> and that of <emph type="italics"></emph>Hadrian<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end> near <emph type="italics"></emph>Terra<lb></lb>cina,<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end> Works in all other Reſpects likely to laſt <lb></lb>to Eternity, yet now having their Mouths <lb></lb>ſtop'd with Sand, and their Beds quite choak'd <lb></lb>up, they have been long ſince totally deſtroy'd <lb></lb>by the continual Aſſaults of the Sea, which in<lb></lb>ceſſantly waſhing againſt it gains from it daily. <lb></lb></s> <s>What then think ye will happen in any Place, <lb></lb>where you pretend to oppoſe or entirely repel <lb></lb>the Violence of Water, or the enormous <lb></lb>Weight of Rocks tumbling down on you in <lb></lb>Ruins? </s> <s>This being conſider'd, we ought never <lb></lb>to undertake any Thing that is not exactly <lb></lb>agreeable to Nature; and moreover we ſhould <lb></lb>take Care not to enter upon a Work in which <lb></lb>we may be ſo much wanting to ourſelves as to <lb></lb>be forced to leave it imperfect. </s> <s>Who would <lb></lb>not have blamed <emph type="italics"></emph>Tarquin,<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end> King of the <emph type="italics"></emph>Romans,<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end><lb></lb>if the Gods had not favoured the Greatneſs of <lb></lb>the City, and if by the Enlargement of the <lb></lb>Empire he had not received an Acceſſion of <lb></lb>Wealth ſufficient to compleat the Magnificence <lb></lb>of his Beginning, for throwing away the whole <lb></lb>Expence of his future Work in laying the <lb></lb>Foundations of his Temple. </s> <s>Beſides it is not <lb></lb>amiſs to conſider, and that not in the laſt <lb></lb>Place, not only what you are able, but alſo <lb></lb>what is decent for you to do. </s> <s>I do not com<lb></lb>mend <emph type="italics"></emph>Rhodope<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end> of <emph type="italics"></emph>Thrace,<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end> the famous Courtezan, <lb></lb>and the Wonder of her Days, for building her<lb></lb>ſelf a Sepulcher of incredible Expence: For <lb></lb>though ſhe might poſſibly by her Whoredom <lb></lb>have acquired the Riches of a Queen, yet ſhe <lb></lb>was by no means worthy of a Royal Sepulcher. <lb></lb></s> <s>But on the other Hand I do not blame <emph type="italics"></emph>Arte<lb></lb>miſia,<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end> Queen of <emph type="italics"></emph>Caria,<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end> for having built her <lb></lb>beloved and worthy Conſort a moſt ſtately <pb xlink:href="003/01/035.jpg" pagenum="24"></pb><emph type="italics"></emph>Mauſoleum:<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end> Though in Things of that Nature, <lb></lb>I think Modeſty is beſt. <emph type="italics"></emph>Horace<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end> blamed <lb></lb><emph type="italics"></emph>Mæcenas<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end> for having too furious a Paſſion for <lb></lb>Building. </s> <s>I commend him, who according to <lb></lb><emph type="italics"></emph>Cornelius Tacitus,<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end> built <emph type="italics"></emph>Otho<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end>'s Sepulcher, modeſt, <lb></lb>but extremely durable. </s> <s>And though it be <lb></lb>true that private Monuments require Modeſty <lb></lb>and publick ones Magnificence; yet publick <lb></lb>ones too are ſometimes praiſed for being as <lb></lb>modeſt as the others. </s> <s>We admire <emph type="italics"></emph>Pompey<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end>'s <lb></lb>Theatre for the ſurprizing Greatneſs and Dig<lb></lb>nity of the Work: A Work truly worthy of <lb></lb><emph type="italics"></emph>Pompey<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end> and of <emph type="italics"></emph>Rome<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end> in the Midſt of her <lb></lb>Victories: but <emph type="italics"></emph>Nero<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end>'s unadviſedly Fondneſs for <lb></lb>Building, and mad Paſſion for Undertaking im<lb></lb>menſe Deſigns, is commended by nobody. <lb></lb></s> <s>And beſides, who would not rather have <lb></lb>wiſh'd, that he who employ'd ſo many thou<lb></lb>ſand Men to bore through the Hill near <emph type="italics"></emph>Poz<lb></lb>zuolo,<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end> had taken the ſame Pains, and beſtowed <lb></lb>the ſame Expence upon ſome Work of greater <lb></lb>Uſe? </s> <s>Who will not deteſt the monſtrous Folly <lb></lb>and Vanity of <emph type="italics"></emph>Heliogabalus?<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end> who had Thoughts <lb></lb>of erecting a huge Column with Stairs on the <lb></lb>Inſide of it to mount to the Top, whereon <lb></lb><emph type="italics"></emph>Heliogabalus<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end> himſelf was to be ſet as a God, <lb></lb>which he pretended to make himſelf. </s> <s>But not <lb></lb>being able to find a Stone of that Bigneſs, tho' <lb></lb>he ſought for it quite to <emph type="italics"></emph>Thebais,<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end> he deſiſted <lb></lb>from his wild Deſign. </s> <s>Hereunto we may add, <lb></lb>that we ought not to begin a Thing, which <lb></lb>though in ſome Reſpects worthy and uſeful, <lb></lb>and not altogether ſo difficult of Execution, <lb></lb>ſome particular Opportunity or Means ſavouring <lb></lb>it at that Time, that yet is of a Nature to ſall <lb></lb>ſoon to decay, either thro' the Neglience of <lb></lb>Succeſſors, or Diſlike of the Inhabitants. </s> <s>I <lb></lb>therefore find Fault with the Canal which <emph type="italics"></emph>Nero<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end><lb></lb>made navigable for Callies with five Rows of <lb></lb>Oars from <emph type="italics"></emph>Avernus<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end> to <emph type="italics"></emph>Oſtia,<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end> as well as <lb></lb>other Accounts, as becauſe the Maintaining of <lb></lb>it ſeem'd to require perpetual and eternal <lb></lb>Felicity of the Empire, and a Succeſſion of <lb></lb>Princes all inclined to the ſame Works. </s> <s>Theſe <lb></lb>Conſiderations being granted, we ought to re<lb></lb>flect duly upon all the Particulars before<lb></lb>mention'd, that is to ſay, what Work we un<lb></lb>dertake, the Place we are to build in, and <lb></lb>what the Perſon is that is to build; and to con<lb></lb>trive every Thing according to his Dignity and <lb></lb>Neceſſities, is the Part of a diſcreet and pru<lb></lb>dent Architect.</s></p><p type="head"> <s>CHAP. XII.</s></p><p type="main"> <s><emph type="italics"></emph>That having conſider'd the whole Diſpoſition of the Building in all the Parts <lb></lb>of the Model, we ought to take the Advice of prudent and underſtanding Men, <lb></lb>and before we begin our Work, it will not only be proper to know how to <lb></lb>raiſe Money for the Expence, but alſo long before hand to provide all the <lb></lb>Materials for compleating ſuch an Undertaking.<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end></s></p><p type="main"> <s>Having weigh'd and conſider'd theſe <lb></lb>Things you muſt proceed to the Ex<lb></lb>amination of the Reſt, whether each of them <lb></lb>be perfectly contrived and conveniently diſ<lb></lb>poſed in its proper Place. </s> <s>And to do this ef<lb></lb>fectually, it is neceſſary you ſhould be full of <lb></lb>this Perſuaſion, all the while you are medita<lb></lb>ting upon theſe Things, that it will be a Scandal <lb></lb>to you, if as far as in you lies, you ſuffer any <lb></lb>other Building with the ſame Expence or Ad<lb></lb>vantages to gain more Praiſe and Approbation <lb></lb>than your own. </s> <s>Nor is it ſufficient in theſe <lb></lb>Caſes to be only not deſpiſed, unleſs you are <lb></lb>highly and principally commended, and then <lb></lb>imitated. </s> <s>Therefore we ought to be as ſevere <lb></lb>and diligent as poſſible in our Scrutiny of every <lb></lb>Particular, as well to ſuffer nothing but what <lb></lb>is excellent and elegant, as to have all Things <lb></lb>mutually concur to make the whole Handſome <lb></lb>and Beautiful, inſomuch that whatever you at<lb></lb>tempted to add, or retrench, or alter, ſhould <lb></lb>be for the Worſe and make a Defect. </s> <s>But <lb></lb>herein, I repeat my Advice, let your Mode<lb></lb>rator be the Prudence and Counſel of the moſt <lb></lb>experienced Judges, whoſe Approbation is <lb></lb>founded upon Knowledge and Sincerity: Be<lb></lb>cauſe by their Skill and Directions you will be <lb></lb>much more likely, than by your own private <lb></lb>Will and Opinion, to attain to Perfection or <lb></lb>Something very near it. </s> <s>And beſides, the <lb></lb>Praiſe of good Judges is the higheſt Satisfaction; <lb></lb>and as for others they praiſe you ſufficiently, and <lb></lb>indeed too much in not doing Something bet<lb></lb>ter themſelves. </s> <s>So that you will be ſure of <pb xlink:href="003/01/036.jpg" pagenum="25"></pb>the Pleaſure of having the Approbation of all <lb></lb>that underſtand theſe Matters. </s> <s>And you may <lb></lb>find your Advantage in hearkning to every <lb></lb>Body; for ſometimes it happens, that Perſons <lb></lb>of no Skill make Obſervations by no Means to <lb></lb>be deſpiſed. </s> <s>When therefore you have well <lb></lb>weigh'd, review'd, and examin'd all the Parts <lb></lb>of your Model, and all the Proportions of the <lb></lb>whole Building, ſo that there is not the leaſt <lb></lb>Particular any where about it, which you have <lb></lb>not conſider'd and reflected upon, and that <lb></lb>you are fully reſolved to build in that Man<lb></lb>ner in every Reſpect, and can raiſe the Money <lb></lb>conveniently for bearing the Expence; then <lb></lb>prepare the other Things neceſſary for the Ex<lb></lb>ecution of your Work, that when you have <lb></lb>begun, nothing may be wanting ſo as to pre<lb></lb>vent your finiſhing your Structure expeditiouſly. <lb></lb></s> <s>For as you will have Occaſion for a great Num<lb></lb>ber of Things for carrying on the Buſineſs, and <lb></lb>as if but one is unprovided, it may ſtop or ſpoil <lb></lb>the whole Work, it is your Care to have every <lb></lb>Thing at Hand that may be of Uſe to you, if <lb></lb>provided, or a Detriment, if wanting. </s> <s>The <lb></lb>Kings of <emph type="italics"></emph>Judea, David<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end> and <emph type="italics"></emph>Solomon,<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end> when <lb></lb>they had undertaken to build the Temple of <lb></lb><emph type="italics"></emph>Jeruſalem,<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end> having amaſs'd great Quantities of <lb></lb>Gold, Silver, Braſs, Timber, Stone and the <lb></lb>like Materials, that they might want Nothing <lb></lb>that could be ſerviceable in the eaſy and ſpeedy <lb></lb>Execution of the Work (as <emph type="italics"></emph>Euſebius Pamphilus<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end><lb></lb>tells us) ſent to the neighbouring Kings for <lb></lb>ſeveral Thouſands of Workmen and Architects. <lb></lb></s> <s>Which I highly commend: Becauſe it cer<lb></lb>tainly adds Dignity to the Work, and encreaſes <lb></lb>the Glory of the Author; and Structures that <lb></lb>have been handſomely contrived and ſpeedily <lb></lb>finiſh'd beſides, have been very much celebra<lb></lb>ted by ancient Writers. <emph type="italics"></emph>Quintus Curtius<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end> re<lb></lb>lates that <emph type="italics"></emph>Alexander<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end> the Great, in Building a <lb></lb>City, and that no very ſmall one, near the <lb></lb><emph type="italics"></emph>Tanais,<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end> ſpent but ſeven Days; and <emph type="italics"></emph>Joſephus<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end><lb></lb>the Hiſtorian tells us, that <emph type="italics"></emph>Nebuchadnezzer<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end><lb></lb>built the Temple of <emph type="italics"></emph>Belus<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end> in fifteen, and in the <lb></lb>ſame Space of Time girt the City of <emph type="italics"></emph>Babylon<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end><lb></lb>with three Circuits of Walls. </s> <s>That <emph type="italics"></emph>Titus<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end><lb></lb>made a Wall little leſs than five Miles long, <lb></lb>and <emph type="italics"></emph>Semiramis<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end> near <emph type="italics"></emph>Babylon<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end> built the eighth <lb></lb>Part of a Mile of a prodigious Wall every <lb></lb>Day; and that ſhe erected another of above <lb></lb>five and twenty Miles in Length, very High <lb></lb>and Thick, to confine the Lake, and in no <lb></lb>more than ſeven Days. </s> <s>But of theſe in <lb></lb>another Place.</s></p><p type="head"> <s>CHAP. VI.</s></p><p type="main"> <s><emph type="italics"></emph>What Materials are to be provided for the Building, what Workmen to be <lb></lb>choſe, and in what Seaſons, according to the Opinions of the Ancients, to cut <lb></lb>Timber.<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end></s></p><p type="main"> <s>The Things to be prepared are theſe, <lb></lb>Lime, Timber, Sand, Stone, as alſo <lb></lb>Iron, Braſs, Lead, Glaſs and the like. </s> <s>But <lb></lb>the Thing of greateſt Conſequence is to <lb></lb>chuſe skilful Workmen, not light or incon<lb></lb>ſtant, whom you may truſt with the Care <lb></lb>and Management of an Edifice well deſign'd, <lb></lb>and who will compleat it with all Expedition. <lb></lb></s> <s>And in fixing upon all theſe, it will be of Uſe <lb></lb>to you to be ſomewhat guided by the Conſidera<lb></lb>tion of other Works already finiſh'd in your <lb></lb>Neighbourhood, and by the Information you <lb></lb>receive from them to determine what to do in <lb></lb>your own Caſe. </s> <s>For by obſerving the Faults <lb></lb>and Beauties in them, you will conſider that <lb></lb>the ſame may happen in yours. <emph type="italics"></emph>Nero<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end> the <lb></lb>Emperor having form'd a Deſign of dedica<lb></lb>cating a huge Statue of an hundred and twenty <lb></lb>Foot high in Honour of the Sun at <emph type="italics"></emph>Rome,<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end> ex<lb></lb>ceeding any Thing that had been done before <lb></lb>in Greatneſs and Magnificence, as <emph type="italics"></emph>Pliny<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end> re<lb></lb>lates, before he gave final Orders for the <lb></lb>Work to <emph type="italics"></emph>Zenodarus,<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end> a famous and excellent <lb></lb>Sculptor in thoſe Days, would firſt ſee his Ca<lb></lb>pacity for ſuch a Work by a <emph type="italics"></emph>Coloſſus<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end> of ex<lb></lb>traordinary Weight, which he had made in <lb></lb>the Country of <emph type="italics"></emph>Auvergne<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end> in <emph type="italics"></emph>France.<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end></s><s> Theſe <lb></lb>Things duly conſider'd, we proceed to the <lb></lb>others. </s> <s>We intend, then, in treating of the <lb></lb>Materials neceſſary for Building, to repeat <lb></lb>thoſe Things which have been taught us by the <lb></lb>moſt learned among the Ancients, and particu<lb></lb>larly <emph type="italics"></emph>Theophraſtus, Ariſotle, Cato, Varro, <lb></lb>Pliny<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end> and <emph type="italics"></emph>Virgil,<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end> becauſe they have learned <lb></lb>more from long Obſervation than from any <lb></lb>Quickneſs of Genius; ſo that they are beſt <lb></lb>gathered from thoſe who have obſerved them <lb></lb>with the greateſt Diligence. </s> <s>We ſhall there<pb xlink:href="003/01/037.jpg" pagenum="26"></pb>fore go on to collect thoſe Rules which the <lb></lb>moſt approved Ancients have left us in many <lb></lb>and various Places, and to theſe, according to <lb></lb>our Cuſtom, we ſhall add whatever we our<lb></lb>ſelves have deduced from antique Works, or <lb></lb>the Inſtructions of moſt experienced Artificers, <lb></lb>if we happen to know any Thing that may be <lb></lb>ſerviceable to our Purpoſe. </s> <s>And I believe it <lb></lb>will be the beſt Method, following Nature <lb></lb>herſelf, to begin with thoſe Things which were <lb></lb>ſirſt in Uſe among Men in their Buildings; <lb></lb>which, if we miſtake not, were Timber Trees <lb></lb>which they fell'd in the Woods: Though <lb></lb>among Authors, I find, ſome are divided <lb></lb>upon this very Subject. </s> <s>Some will have it, <lb></lb>that Men at firſt dwelt in Caves, and that <lb></lb>they and their Cattle were both ſheltered <lb></lb>under the ſame Roof; and therefore they <lb></lb>believe what <emph type="italics"></emph>Pliny<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end> tells us, that one <emph type="italics"></emph>Gellius <lb></lb>Texius<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end> was the firſt, that, in Imitation of Na<lb></lb>ture built himſelf a Houſe of Mud. <emph type="italics"></emph>Diodorus<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end><lb></lb>ſays that <emph type="italics"></emph>Veſta,<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end> the Daughter of <emph type="italics"></emph>Saturn,<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end> was <lb></lb>the firſt that invented Houſes. <emph type="italics"></emph>Euſebius <lb></lb>Pamphilus,<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end> an excellent Searcher into Antiqui<lb></lb>ty, tells us from the Teſtimony of the Ancients, <lb></lb>that the Grandſons of <emph type="italics"></emph>Protogenes<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end> firſt taught <lb></lb>Men the Building of Houſes, which they <lb></lb>patch'd up of Reeds and Bullruſhes: But to <lb></lb>return to our Subject. </s> <s>The Ancients, then, <lb></lb>and particularly <emph type="italics"></emph>Theophraſtus,<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end> inform us, that <lb></lb>moſt Trees, and eſpecially the Fir, the Pitch<lb></lb>tree and the Pine, ought to be cut immediately, <lb></lb>when they begin to put forth their young <lb></lb>Shoots, when through their abundance of Sap <lb></lb>you moſt eaſily ſtrip off the Bark. </s> <s>But that <lb></lb>there are ſome Trees, as the Maple, the Elm, <lb></lb>the Aſh, and the Linden, which are beſt cut <lb></lb>after Vintage. </s> <s>The Oak if cut in Summer, <lb></lb>they obſerve is apt to breed Worms; but if in <lb></lb>Winter, it will keep ſound and not ſplit. <lb></lb></s> <s>And it is not foreign to our Purpoſe what they <lb></lb>remark, that Wood which is cut in Winter, in <lb></lb>a North Wind, though it be green, will never<lb></lb>theleſs burn extremely well, and in a Manner <lb></lb>without Smoak; which manifeſtly ſhews that <lb></lb>their Juices are not crude, but well digeſted. <lb></lb><emph type="italics"></emph>Vitruvius<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end> is for cutting Timber from the be<lb></lb>ginning of Autumn, till ſuch Time as the ſoft <lb></lb>Weſterly Winds begin to blow. </s> <s>And <emph type="italics"></emph>Heſiod<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end><lb></lb>ſays, that when the Sun darts his burning Rays <lb></lb>directly upon our Heads, and turns Mens Com<lb></lb>plections to brown, then is the Time for Har<lb></lb>veſt, but that when the Trees drop their <lb></lb>Leaves, then is the Seaſon for cutting of Tim<lb></lb>ber. <emph type="italics"></emph>Cato<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end> moderates the Matter thus; let the <lb></lb>Oak, ſays he, be felled during the Solſtice, be<lb></lb>cauſe in Winter it is always out of Seaſon; other <lb></lb>Woods that bear Seed may be cut when that <lb></lb>is mature; thoſe that bear none, when you <lb></lb>pleaſe. </s> <s>Thoſe that have their Seeds green and <lb></lb>ripe at the ſame Time, ſhould be cut when <lb></lb>that is fallen, but the Elm when the Leaves <lb></lb>drop. </s> <s>And they ſay it is of very great Im<lb></lb>portance, what Age the Moon is of when you <lb></lb>fell your Timber: For they are all of Opini<lb></lb>on, and eſpecially <emph type="italics"></emph>Varro,<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end> that the Influence of <lb></lb>the Moon is ſo powerful over Things of this <lb></lb>Nature, that even they who cut their Heir in <lb></lb>the Wane of the Moon, ſhall ſoon grow bald; <lb></lb>and for this Reaſon, they tell us, <emph type="italics"></emph>Tiberius<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end> ob<lb></lb>ſerved certain Days for cutting his Hair. </s> <s>The <lb></lb>Aſtrologers affirm, that your Spirits will al<lb></lb>ways be oppreſſed with Melancholly, if you <lb></lb>cut your Nails or Hair while the Moon is op<lb></lb>preſſed or ill diſpoſed. </s> <s>It is to our preſent <lb></lb>Purpoſe what they ſay, that ſuch Things as <lb></lb>are deſigned in their Uſes to be moveable, <lb></lb>ought to be cut and wrought when the Moon <lb></lb>is in <emph type="italics"></emph>Libra<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end> or <emph type="italics"></emph>Cancer;<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end> but ſuch as are to be <lb></lb>fixed and immoveable, when ſhe is in <emph type="italics"></emph>Leo, <lb></lb>Taurus,<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end> or the like. </s> <s>But that Timber ought <lb></lb>to be cut in the Wane of the Moon, all the <lb></lb>Learned are agreed, becauſe they hold that the <lb></lb>flegmatick Moiſture, ſo very liable to immedi<lb></lb>ate Putrefaction, is then almoſt quite dried up, <lb></lb>and it is certain, that when it is cut in ſuch a <lb></lb>Moon, it is never apt to breed Worms. </s> <s>Hence <lb></lb>they ſay you ought to reap the Corn which <lb></lb>you intend to ſell, at full Moon; becauſe then <lb></lb>the Ears are full; but that which you intend <lb></lb>to keep in the Wane. </s> <s>It is alſo evident, that <lb></lb>the Leaves of Trees cropt in the Wane of the <lb></lb>Moon do not rot. <emph type="italics"></emph>Columella<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end> thinks it beſt to <lb></lb>fell Timber from the twentieth to the thirtieth <lb></lb>Day of the Moon's Age; <emph type="italics"></emph>Vegetius,<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end> from the <lb></lb>fifteenth to the two and twentieth; and hence <lb></lb>he ſuppoſes the religious Ceremony to ariſe, of <lb></lb>celebrating all Myſteries relating to Eternity <lb></lb>only on thoſe Days, becauſe Wood cut then <lb></lb>laſted in a Manner for ever. </s> <s>They add, that <lb></lb>we ſhould likewiſe obſerve the Setting of the <lb></lb>Moon. </s> <s>But <emph type="italics"></emph>Pliny<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end> thinks it a proper Time to <lb></lb>fell Trees when the Dog-ſtar reigns, and when <lb></lb>the Moon is in Conjunction with the Sun, <lb></lb>which Day is called an <emph type="italics"></emph>Interlunium,<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end> and ſays <lb></lb>it is good to wait for the Night of that Day <lb></lb>too, till the Moon is ſet. </s> <s>The Aſtronomers <lb></lb>ſay, the Reaſon of this is, becauſe the Action <lb></lb>of the Moon puts the Fluids of all Bodies into <lb></lb>Motion; and that therefore when thoſe Fluids <pb xlink:href="003/01/038.jpg" pagenum="27"></pb>are drawn down, or left by the Moon in the <lb></lb>loweſt Roots, the Reſt of the Timber is clearer <lb></lb>and ſounder. </s> <s>Moreover they think that the <lb></lb>Tree will be much more ſerviceable, if it is not <lb></lb>cut quite down immediately, but chopt round <lb></lb>about, and ſo left ſtanding upon the Stump to <lb></lb>dry. </s> <s>And they ſay, that if the Fir (which is <lb></lb>not the moſt unapt to ſuffer by Moiſture) be <lb></lb>barked in the Wane of the Moon, it will never <lb></lb>afterwards be liable to be rotted by Water. <lb></lb></s> <s>There are ſome who affirm that if the Oak, <lb></lb>which is ſo heavy a Wood that naturally it <lb></lb>ſinks in the Water, be chopt round the Bot<lb></lb>tom in the Beginning of Spring, and cut down <lb></lb>when it has loſt its Leaves, it will have ſuch <lb></lb>an Effect upon it, that it will float for the <lb></lb>Space of ninety Days and not ſink. </s> <s>Others <lb></lb>adviſe to chop the Trees which you leave thus <lb></lb>upon their Stumps, half way through, that the <lb></lb>Corruption and bad Juices may diſtil through, <lb></lb>and be carried off. </s> <s>They add, that the Trees, <lb></lb>which are deſigned to be ſawed or planed, <lb></lb>ſhould not be cut down till they have brought <lb></lb>their Fruits and ripened their Seeds; and that <lb></lb>Trees ſo cut, eſpecially Fruit-bearers, ſhould <lb></lb>be barked, becauſe while they are covered with <lb></lb>the Bark, Corruption is very apt to gather be<lb></lb>tween the Rind and the Tree.</s></p><p type="head"> <s>CHAP. V.</s></p><p type="main"> <s><emph type="italics"></emph>Of preſerving the Trees after they are cut, what to plaiſter or anoint them with, <lb></lb>of the Remedies againſt their Infirmities, and of allotting them their proper <lb></lb>Places in the Building.<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end></s></p><p type="main"> <s>After the Timber is cut, it muſt be <lb></lb>laid where the ſcorching Heat of the <lb></lb>Sun or rude Blaſts of Winds never come; and <lb></lb>eſpecially, that which falls of itſelf, ought to <lb></lb>be very well protected with Shade. </s> <s>And for <lb></lb>this Reaſon, the ancient Architects uſed to <lb></lb>plaiſter it over with Ox-Dung; which <emph type="italics"></emph>Theo<lb></lb>phraſtus<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end> ſays they did, becauſe by that Means <lb></lb>all the Pores being ſtopped up, the ſuperfluous <lb></lb>Flegm and Humidity concreting within, diſ<lb></lb>tils and vents itſelf by Degrees through the <lb></lb>Heart, by which Means the Dryneſs of the <lb></lb>other Parts of the Wood is condenſed by its <lb></lb>drying equally throughout. </s> <s>And they are of <lb></lb>Opinion that Trees dry better, if ſet with their <lb></lb>Heads downward. </s> <s>Moreover, they preſcribe <lb></lb>various Remedies againſt their decaying and <lb></lb>other Infirmities. <emph type="italics"></emph>Theophraſtus<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end> thinks that <lb></lb>burying of Timber hardens it extremely. <emph type="italics"></emph>Cato<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end><lb></lb>adviſes to anoint it with Lees of Oil, to pre<lb></lb>ſerve it from all Manner of Worms; and we <lb></lb>all know that Pitch is a Defence to it againſt <lb></lb>Water. </s> <s>They ſay that Wood, which has been <lb></lb>ſoaked in the Dregs of Oil, will burn without <lb></lb>the Offence of Smoak. <emph type="italics"></emph>Pliny<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end> writes, that in <lb></lb>the Labyrinth of <emph type="italics"></emph>Egypt,<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end> there are a great <lb></lb>many Beams made of the <emph type="italics"></emph>Egyptian<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end> Thorn <lb></lb>rubed over with Oil, and <emph type="italics"></emph>Theophraſtus<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end> ſays, <lb></lb>that Timber dawbed over with Glue will <lb></lb>not burn. </s> <s>Nor will I omit what we read in <lb></lb><emph type="italics"></emph>Aulus Gellius,<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end> taken out of the Annals of <emph type="italics"></emph>Quin<lb></lb>tus Claudius,<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end> that <emph type="italics"></emph>Archelaus, Mithridates<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end>'s Præ<lb></lb>fect, having thoroughly debawbed a wooden <lb></lb>Tower in the Piræum with Allum, when <lb></lb><emph type="italics"></emph>Sylla<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end> beſieged it, it would not take Fire. </s> <s>Se<lb></lb>veral Woods are hardened and ſtrengthened a<lb></lb>gainſt the Aſſaults of Storms in various Man<lb></lb>ners. </s> <s>They bury the Citron-wood under <lb></lb>Ground, plaiſtered over with Wax, for ſeven <lb></lb>Days, and after an Intermiſſion of as many <lb></lb>more, lay it under Heaps of Corn for the ſame <lb></lb>Space of Time, whereby it becomes not only <lb></lb>ſtronger but eaſier to be wrought, becauſe it <lb></lb>takes away a very conſiderable Part of its <lb></lb>Weight; and they ſay too, that the ſame <lb></lb>Wood thus dryed, being afterwards laid ſome <lb></lb>time in the Sea, acquires a Hardneſs incredibly <lb></lb>ſolid and incorruptible. </s> <s>It is certain the Cheſ<lb></lb>nut Tree is purged by the Sea-water. <emph type="italics"></emph>Pliny<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end><lb></lb>writes, the <emph type="italics"></emph>Ægyptian<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end> Fig-tree is laid under <lb></lb>Water to dry and grow lighter, for at firſt it <lb></lb>will ſink to the Bottom. </s> <s>We ſee that our <lb></lb>Workmen lay their Timber under Water or <lb></lb>Dung for thirty Days, eſpecially ſuch as they <lb></lb>deſign for turning, by which Means they think <lb></lb>it is better dried and more eaſily worked for <lb></lb>all Manner of Uſes. </s> <s>There are ſome who af<lb></lb>firm, that all Manner of Woods agree in this, <lb></lb>that if you bury them in ſome moiſt Place <lb></lb>while they are green, they will endure for ever; <lb></lb>but whether you preſerve it in Woods, or bury, <lb></lb>or anoint it, the Experienced are univerſally of <lb></lb>this Opinion, that you muſt not meddle with <lb></lb>it under three Months: The Timber muſt have <pb xlink:href="003/01/039.jpg" pagenum="28"></pb>Time to harden and to get a Kind of Matu<lb></lb>rity of Strength before it is applied to Uſe. <lb></lb></s> <s>After it is thus prepared, <emph type="italics"></emph>Cato<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end> directs, that it <lb></lb>muſt not be brought out into the Air but in <lb></lb>the Wane of the Moon, and after Mid-day, and <lb></lb>even in the Wane of the Moon he condemns <lb></lb>the four Days next after the fiſteenth, and pre<lb></lb>cautions us againſt bringing it out in a South <lb></lb>Wind. </s> <s>And when we bring it out, we muſt <lb></lb>take Care not to draw it through the Dew, <lb></lb>nor to ſaw or cut it when it is covered with <lb></lb>Dew or Froſt, but only when it is perfectly dry <lb></lb>in all Reſpects.</s></p><p type="head"> <s>CHAP. VI.</s></p><p type="main"> <s><emph type="italics"></emph>What Woods are moſt proper for Building, their Natures and Uſes, how they <lb></lb>are to be employed, and what Part of the Edifice each Kind is moſt fit for.<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end></s></p><p type="main"> <s><emph type="italics"></emph>Theophraſtus<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end> thinks that Timber is not dry <lb></lb>enough for the making of Planks, eſpeci<lb></lb>ally for Doors, in leſs than three Years. </s> <s>The <lb></lb>Trees of moſt Uſe for Building were reckoned <lb></lb>to be theſe; the Holm, and all other Sorts of <lb></lb>Oaks, the Beech, the Poplar, the Linden, the <lb></lb>Willow, the Alder, the Aſh, the Pine, the Cy<lb></lb>preſs, the Olive, both Wild and Garden, the <lb></lb>Cheſnut, the Larch Tree, the Box, the Cedar, <lb></lb>the Ebony, and even the Vine: But all theſe <lb></lb>are various in their Natures, and therefore muſt <lb></lb>be applied to various Uſes. </s> <s>Some are better <lb></lb>than others to be expoſed without Doors, <lb></lb>others muſt be uſed within; ſome delight in <lb></lb>the open Air, others harden in the Water, and <lb></lb>will endure almoſt for ever under Ground; <lb></lb>ſome are good to make nice Boards, and for <lb></lb>Sculptures, and all Manner of Joyner's Work; <lb></lb>ſome for Beams and Rafters; others are ſtronger <lb></lb>for ſupporting open Terraſſes, and Coverings; <lb></lb>and the Alder, for Piles to make a Foundation <lb></lb>in a River or marſhy Ground, exceeds all other <lb></lb>Trees, and bears the Wet incomparably well, <lb></lb>but will not laſt at all in the Air or Sun. </s> <s>On <lb></lb>the contrary, the Beech will not endure the <lb></lb>Wet at all. </s> <s>The Elm, ſet in the open Air, <lb></lb>hardens extremely; but elſe it ſplits and will <lb></lb>not laſt. </s> <s>The Pitch Tree and Pine, if buried <lb></lb>under Ground, are wonderfully durable. </s> <s>But <lb></lb>the Oak, being hard, cloſe, and nervous, and <lb></lb>of the ſmalleſt Pores, not admitting any Moiſ<lb></lb>ture, is the propereſt of any for all Manner of <lb></lb>Works under Ground, capable of ſupporting <lb></lb>the greateſt Weights, and is the ſtrongeſt of <lb></lb>Columns. </s> <s>But though Nature has endued it <lb></lb>with ſo much Hardneſs that it cannot be bored <lb></lb>unleſs it be ſoaked, yet above Ground it is <lb></lb>reckoned inconſtant, and to warp and grow <lb></lb>unmanageable, and in the Sea-water quickly <lb></lb>rots; which does not happen to the Olive, nor <lb></lb>Holm Oak, nor Wild Olive, though in other <lb></lb>Things they agree with the Oak. </s> <s>The Maſt<lb></lb>Holm never conſumes with Age, becauſe it's <lb></lb>Inſide is juicy, and as it were always green. <lb></lb></s> <s>The Beech likewiſe and the Cheſnut do not <lb></lb>rot in the Water, and are reckoned among the <lb></lb>principal Trees for Works under Ground. </s> <s>The <lb></lb>Cork Tree alſo, and the wild Pine, the Mul<lb></lb>berry, the Maple, and the Elm are not amiſs <lb></lb>for Columns. <emph type="italics"></emph>Theophraſtus<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end> recommends the <lb></lb><emph type="italics"></emph>Negropont<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end> Nut Tree for Beams and Rafters, <lb></lb>becauſe before it breaks it gives Notice by a <lb></lb>Crack, which formerly ſaved the Lives of a <lb></lb>great many People, who, upon the falling of <lb></lb>the publick Baths at <emph type="italics"></emph>Andros,<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end> by Means of that <lb></lb>Warning had Time to make their Eſcape. </s> <s>But <lb></lb>the Fir is much the Beſt for that Uſe; for as it <lb></lb>is one of the Biggeſt and Thickeſt of Trees, ſo <lb></lb>it is endued with a natural Stiffneſs, that will <lb></lb>not eaſily give way to the Weight that is laid <lb></lb>upon it, but ſtands firm and never yields. </s> <s>Add <lb></lb>beſides, that it is eaſy to work, and does not <lb></lb>lie too heavy upon the Wall. </s> <s>In ſhort, many <lb></lb>Perfections, and Uſes, and great Praiſes are aſ<lb></lb>cribed to this ſingle Wood; nevertheleſs we <lb></lb>cannot diſown that it has one Fault, which is, <lb></lb>that it is too apt to catch Fire. </s> <s>Not inferior <lb></lb>to this for Roofs, is the Cypreſs, a Tree, in <lb></lb>many other Reſpects ſo uſeful, that it claims a <lb></lb>principal Rank among the moſt excellent. </s> <s>The <lb></lb>Ancients reckoned it as one of the Beſt, and <lb></lb>not inferior to Cedar or Ebony. </s> <s>In <emph type="italics"></emph>India<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end> the <lb></lb>Cypreſs is valued almoſt equal with the Spice <lb></lb>Trees, and with good Reaſon; for whatever <lb></lb>Praiſes may be beſtowed upon the Ammony or <lb></lb>Cirenaic Field Pine, which <emph type="italics"></emph>Theophraſtus<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end> ſays is <lb></lb>everlaſting, yet if you conſult either Smell, <lb></lb>Beauty, Strength, Bigneſs, Straitneſs, or Du<lb></lb>ration, or all theſe together, what Tree can you <lb></lb>put in Competition with the Cypreſs? </s> <s>It is <pb xlink:href="003/01/040.jpg" pagenum="29"></pb>affirmed that the Cypreſs never ſuffers either <lb></lb>by Worms or Age, and never ſplits of its own <lb></lb>accord. </s> <s>For this Reaſon <emph type="italics"></emph>Plato<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end> was of Opinion, <lb></lb>that the publick Laws and Statutes ſhould be <lb></lb>carved in ſacred Tables of Cypreſs, believing <lb></lb>they would be more laſting than Tables of <lb></lb>Braſs. </s> <s>This Topick naturally leads me to give <lb></lb>an Account of what I myſelf remember to <lb></lb>have read and obſerv'd of this Wood. </s> <s>It is re<lb></lb>lated that the Gates of the Temple of <emph type="italics"></emph>Diana,<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end><lb></lb>at <emph type="italics"></emph>Epheſus,<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end> being of Cypreſs, laſted four hun<lb></lb>dred Years, and preſerved their Beauty in ſuch <lb></lb>a Manner that they always ſeemed to be new. <lb></lb></s> <s>In the Church of St. <emph type="italics"></emph>Peter<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end> at <emph type="italics"></emph>Rome,<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end> upon the <lb></lb>repairing of the Gates by Pope <emph type="italics"></emph>Eugenius,<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end> I <lb></lb>found, that where they had not been injured <lb></lb>by the Violence of the Enemy in ſtripping a<lb></lb>way the Silver with which they were formerly <lb></lb>covered, they had continued whole and ſound <lb></lb>above five hundred and fifty Years; for if we <lb></lb>examing the Annals of the <emph type="italics"></emph>Roman<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end> Pontiffs, ſo <lb></lb>long it is from the Time of <emph type="italics"></emph>Hadrian<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end> the Third, <lb></lb>who ſet them up, to <emph type="italics"></emph>Eugene<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end> the Fourth. </s> <s>There<lb></lb>fore, though the Fir is very much commended <lb></lb>for making Rafters, yet the Cypreſs is prefer<lb></lb>red before it, perhaps only upon this one Ac<lb></lb>count, namely, that it is more laſting; but <lb></lb>then it is heavier than the Fir. </s> <s>The Pine and <lb></lb>Pitch Trees alſo are valued, for the Pine is <lb></lb>ſuppoſed to have the ſame Quality as the Fir, <lb></lb>of riſing againſt the Weight that is laid upon <lb></lb>it: But between the Fir and the Pine there is <lb></lb>this Difference, among others, that the Firs is <lb></lb>leſs injured by Worms, becauſe the Pine is of a <lb></lb>ſweeter Juice than the Fir. </s> <s>I do not know <lb></lb>any Wood that is to be preferred to the Larch, <lb></lb>or Turpentine Tree, which, within my Obſer<lb></lb>vation, has ſupported Buildings perfectly ſtrong, <lb></lb>and to a very great Age, in many Places, and <lb></lb>particularly in thoſe very ancient Structures in <lb></lb>the Market-place at <emph type="italics"></emph>Venice,<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end> and indeed this one <lb></lb>Tree is reckoned to be furniſhed with the Con<lb></lb>veniences of all the Reſt; it is nervous, tena<lb></lb>cious of its Strength, unmoveable in Storms, <lb></lb>not moleſted with Worms; and it is an anci<lb></lb>ent Opinion, that againſt the Injuries of Fire <lb></lb>it remains invincible, and in a Manner unhurt, <lb></lb>inſomuch that they adviſe us, on whatever Side <lb></lb>we are apprehenſive of Fire, to place Beams of <lb></lb>Larch by Way of Security. </s> <s>It is true I have <lb></lb>ſeen it take Fire and burn, but yet in ſuch a <lb></lb>Manner that it ſeemed to diſdain the Flames, <lb></lb>and to threaten to drive them away. </s> <s>It has <lb></lb>indeed one Defect, which is, that in Sea-wa<lb></lb>ter it is very apt to breed Worms. </s> <s>For Beams <lb></lb>the Oak and Olive are accounted improper, <lb></lb>becauſe of their Heavineſs, and that they give <lb></lb>Way beneath the Weight that is laid upon <lb></lb>them, and are apt to warp even of themſelves; <lb></lb>beſides, all Trees that are more inclinable to <lb></lb>break into Shivers than to ſplit, are unfit for <lb></lb>Beams; ſuch are the Olive, the Fig, the Lin<lb></lb>den, the Sallow, and the like. </s> <s>It is a ſurpriz<lb></lb>ing Property which they relate of the Palm <lb></lb>Tree, that it riſes againſt the Weight that is <lb></lb>laid upon it, and bends upwards in ſpite of all <lb></lb>Reſiſtance. </s> <s>For Beams and Coverings ex<lb></lb>poſed to the open Air, the Juniper is greatly <lb></lb>commended; and <emph type="italics"></emph>Pliny<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end> ſays it has the ſame <lb></lb>Properties as the Cedar, but is ſounder. </s> <s>The <lb></lb>Olive too is reckoned extreamly durable, and <lb></lb>the Box is eſteemed as one of the Beſt of all. <lb></lb></s> <s>Nor is the Cheſnut, though apt to cleave and <lb></lb>ſplit, rejected for Works to the open Air. </s> <s>But <lb></lb>the wild Olive they particularly eſteem ſor the <lb></lb>ſame Reaſon as the Cypreſs, becauſe it never <lb></lb>breeds Worms, which is the Advantage of all <lb></lb>Trees that have oily and gummy Juices, eſpe<lb></lb>cially if thoſe Juices are bitter. </s> <s>The Worm <lb></lb>never enters into ſuch Trees, and it is certain <lb></lb>they exclude all Moiſture from without. </s> <s>Con<lb></lb>trary to theſe are ſuppoſed to be all Woods <lb></lb>that have Juices of a ſweet Taſte, and which <lb></lb>eaſily take Fire; out of which, nevertheleſs, <lb></lb>they except the ſweet as well as the wild Olive. <lb></lb><emph type="italics"></emph>Vitruvius<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end> ſays, that the Holm Oak and Beech <lb></lb>are very weak in their Nature againſt Storms, <lb></lb>and do not endure to a great Age. <emph type="italics"></emph>Pliny<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end> ſays, <lb></lb>that the Maſt-holm ſoon rots. </s> <s>But the Fir, <lb></lb>and particularly that which grows in the <emph type="italics"></emph>Alps,<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end><lb></lb>for Uſes within Doors, as for Bedſteads, Ta<lb></lb>bles, Doors, Benches, and the like, is excel<lb></lb>lent; becauſe it is, in its Nature, very dry, and <lb></lb>very tenacious of the Glue. </s> <s>The Pitch-Tree <lb></lb>and Cypreſs alſo are very good for ſuch Uſes; <lb></lb>the Beech for other Service is too brittle, but <lb></lb>does mighty well for Coffers and Beds, and <lb></lb>will ſaw into extreme thin Planks, as will like<lb></lb>wiſe the Scarlet-Oak. </s> <s>The Cheſnut, on the <lb></lb>Contrary, the Elm, and the Aſh are reckoned <lb></lb>very unfit for Planks, becauſe they eaſily ſplit, <lb></lb>and though they ſplit ſlowly, they are very in<lb></lb>clinable to it; though elſe the Aſh is account<lb></lb>ed very obedient in all Manner of Works. </s> <s>But <lb></lb>I am ſurprized the Ancients have not celebra<lb></lb>ted the Nut Tree; which, as Experience ſhews <lb></lb>us, is extremely tractable, and good for moſt <lb></lb>Uſes, and eſpecially for Boards or Planks, <lb></lb>They commend the Mulberry-Tree, both for <lb></lb>its Durableneſs, and becauſe by Length of <pb xlink:href="003/01/041.jpg" pagenum="30"></pb>it grows blacker and handſomer. <emph type="italics"></emph>Theophraſtus<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end><lb></lb>tells us, that the Rich uſed to make their <lb></lb>Doors of the Lote-Tree, the Scarlet-Oak, and <lb></lb>of Box. </s> <s>The Elm, becauſe it firmly main<lb></lb>tains its Strength, is ſaid to be very proper for <lb></lb>Jambs of Doors, but it ſhould be ſet with its <lb></lb>Head downwards. <emph type="italics"></emph>Cato<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end> ſays, that Levers <lb></lb>ought to be made of Holly, Laurel, and Elm: <lb></lb>For Bars and Bolts, they recommend the Cor<lb></lb>nel-Tree; for Stairs, the wild Aſh or the <lb></lb>Maple. </s> <s>They hollowed the Pine, the Pitch<lb></lb>Tree and the Elm for Aqueducts, but they ſay <lb></lb>unleſs they are buried under Ground they pre<lb></lb>ſently decay. </s> <s>Laſtly, the Female Larch-Tree, <lb></lb>which is almoſt of the Colour of Honey, for <lb></lb>the Ornaments of Edifices and for Tables for <lb></lb>Painting, they found to be in a Manner eternal <lb></lb>and never crack or ſplit; and beſides, as its <lb></lb>Veins run ſhort, not long, they uſed it for the <lb></lb>Images of their Gods, as they did alſo the <lb></lb>Lote, the Box, the Cedar, and the Cypreſs <lb></lb>too, and the large Roots of the Olive, and the <lb></lb><emph type="italics"></emph>Egyptian<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end> Peach-Tree, which they ſay is like <lb></lb>the Lote-Tree.</s></p><p type="main"> <s>IF they had Occaſion to turn any Thing <lb></lb>long and round, they uſed the Beech, the <lb></lb>Mulberry, the Tree that yields the Turpentine, <lb></lb>but eſpecially the moſt cloſe bodied Box, moſt <lb></lb>excellent for Turning; and for very curious <lb></lb>Works, the Ebony. </s> <s>Neither for Statues or <lb></lb>Pictures did they deſpiſe the Poplar, both <lb></lb>white and black, the Sallow, the Hornbeam, <lb></lb>the Service-Tree, the Elder, and the Fig; <lb></lb>which Woods, by their Dryneſs and Evenneſs, <lb></lb>are not only good for receiving and preſerving <lb></lb>the Gums and Colours of the Painter, but are <lb></lb>wonderfully ſoft and eaſy under the Carver's <lb></lb>Tool for expreſſing all Manner of Forms. <lb></lb></s> <s>Though it is certain that none of theſe for <lb></lb>Tractableneſs can compare with the Linden. <lb></lb></s> <s>Some there are that for Statues chuſe the Jubol<lb></lb>Tree. </s> <s>Contrary to theſe is the Oak, which <lb></lb>will never join either with itſelf or any other <lb></lb>Wood of the ſame Nature, and deſpiſes all <lb></lb>Manner of Glue: The ſame Defect is ſuppos'd <lb></lb>to be in all Trees that are grained, and in<lb></lb>clin'd to diſtil. </s> <s>Wood that is eaſily plain'd, <lb></lb>and has a cloſe Body, is never well to be <lb></lb>faſten'd with Glue; and thoſe alſo that are of <lb></lb>different Natures, as the Ivy, the Laurel and <lb></lb>the Linden, which are hot, if glued to thoſe <lb></lb>that grow in moiſt Places, which are all in <lb></lb>their Natures cold, never hold long together. <lb></lb></s> <s>The Elm, the Aſh, the Mulberry, and the <lb></lb>Cherry-Tree, being dry, do not agree with the <lb></lb>Plane Tree or the Alder, which are Moiſt. <lb></lb></s> <s>Nay, the Ancients were ſo far from joining <lb></lb>together Woods different in their Natures, that <lb></lb>they would not ſo much as place them near <lb></lb>one another. </s> <s>And for this Reaſon <emph type="italics"></emph>Vitruvius<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end><lb></lb>adviſes us againſt joining Planks of Beech and <lb></lb>Oak together.</s></p><p type="head"> <s>CHAP. VII.</s></p><p type="head"> <s><emph type="italics"></emph>Of Trees more ſummarily.<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end></s></p><p type="main"> <s>But to ſpeak of all theſe more ſum<lb></lb>marily. </s> <s>All Authors are agreed that <lb></lb>Trees which do not bear Fruit are ſtronger and <lb></lb>ſounder than thoſe which do; and that the <lb></lb>wild ones, which are not cultivated either with <lb></lb>Hand or Steel, are harder than the Domeſtick. <lb></lb><emph type="italics"></emph>Theophraſtus<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end> ſays, that the wild ones never fall <lb></lb>into any Infirmities that kill them, whereas the <lb></lb>Domeſtick and Fruit-bearers are ſubject to <lb></lb>very conſiderable Infirmities; and among the <lb></lb>Fruit-bearers thoſe which bear early are <lb></lb>weaker than thoſe which bear late, and the <lb></lb>Sweet than the Tart; and among the tart ones, <lb></lb>ſuch are accounted the Firmeſt, that have the <lb></lb>Sharpeſt and the leaſt Fruit. </s> <s>Thoſe that bear Fruit <lb></lb>only once in two Years, and thoſe which are <lb></lb>entirely barren, have more Knots in them than <lb></lb>thoſe which bear every Year; the Shorteſt <lb></lb>likewiſe are the Hardeſt, and the Barren grow <lb></lb>faſter than the Fruitful. </s> <s>They ſay likewiſe <lb></lb>that ſuch Trees as grow in an open Place, un<lb></lb>ſhelter'd either by Woods or Hills, but ſhaken <lb></lb>by frequent Storms and Winds, are ſtronger <lb></lb>and thicker, but at the ſame Time ſhorter and <lb></lb>more knotty than ſuch as grow down in a Val<lb></lb>ley, or in any other Place defended from the <lb></lb>Winds. </s> <s>They alſo believe that Trees which <lb></lb>grow in moiſt ſhady Places are more tender <lb></lb>than thoſe which grow in a dry open Situation, <lb></lb>and that thoſe which ſtand expoſed to the <lb></lb>North are more ſerviceable than thoſe which <lb></lb>grow to the South. </s> <s>They reject, as abortive <lb></lb>all Trees that grow in Places not agreeable to <lb></lb>their Natures, and though ſuch as ſtand to the <pb xlink:href="003/01/042.jpg" pagenum="31"></pb>South are very hard, yet they are apt to warp <lb></lb>in their Sap, ſo that they are not ſtrait and <lb></lb>even enough for Service, Moreover, thoſe <lb></lb>which are in their Natures dry and ſlow growers, <lb></lb>are ſtronger than thoſe which are moiſt and <lb></lb>fruitful; wherefore <emph type="italics"></emph>Varro<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end> ſuppos'd that the <lb></lb>one were Male and the other Female, and that <lb></lb>white Timber was leſs cloſe and more tractable <lb></lb>than that which has any other Colour in it. <lb></lb></s> <s>It is certain that heavy Wood is harder and <lb></lb>cloſer than light; and the Lighter it is, the <lb></lb>more Brittle; and the more Knotty the ſtronger. <lb></lb></s> <s>Trees likewiſe which Nature has endu'd with <lb></lb>the longeſt Life, ſhe has always endu'd with <lb></lb>the Property of keeping longeſt from Decay <lb></lb>when cut down, and the leſs Sap they have, ſo <lb></lb>much they are the Stronger and more Hardy. <lb></lb></s> <s>The Parts neareſt to the Sap are indeed <lb></lb>harder and cloſer than the reſt; but thoſe next <lb></lb>the Bark have more binding Nerves, for it is <lb></lb>ſuppos'd, in Trees juſt as in Animals, the Bark <lb></lb>is the Skin, the Parts next under the Bark are <lb></lb>the Fleſh, and that which encloſes the Sap, the <lb></lb>Bone; and <emph type="italics"></emph>Ariſtotle<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end> thought the Knots in Plants <lb></lb>were in the Nature of Nerves. </s> <s>Of all the Parts <lb></lb>of the Tree, the worſt is the Alburnum, or <lb></lb>Juice, that nouriſhes it, both becauſe it is very <lb></lb>apt to breed Worms, and upon ſeveral other <lb></lb>Accounts. </s> <s>To theſe Obſervations we may <lb></lb>add, that the Part of the Tree which, while <lb></lb>it was ſtanding, was towards the South, will <lb></lb>be dryer than the reſt, and thinner, and more <lb></lb>extenuated, but it will be firmer and cloſer; <lb></lb>and the Sap will be nearer to the Bark on that <lb></lb>Side than on the other. </s> <s>Thoſe Parts alſo <lb></lb>which are neareſt to the Ground and to the <lb></lb>Roots, will be heavier than any of the reſt; a <lb></lb>Proof whereof is that they will hardly float <lb></lb>upon the Water; and the Middle of all Trees <lb></lb>is the moſt knotty. </s> <s>The Veins too, the nea<lb></lb>rer they are to the Roots, the more they are <lb></lb>wreath'd and contorted; nevertheleſs the <lb></lb>lower Parts are reckoned always ſtronger and <lb></lb>more uſeful than the Upper. </s> <s>But I find in <lb></lb>good Authors ſome very remarkable Things <lb></lb>of ſome Trees; they ſay that the Vine exceeds <lb></lb>even the Eternity of Time itſelf. </s> <s>In <emph type="italics"></emph>Popolonia,<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end><lb></lb>near <emph type="italics"></emph>Piombino,<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end> there was a Statue of <emph type="italics"></emph>Jupiter<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end><lb></lb>made of that Wood to be ſeen in <emph type="italics"></emph>Cœſar<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end>'s Days, <lb></lb>which had laſted for a vaſt Number of Years <lb></lb>without the leaſt Decay; and indeed it is uni<lb></lb>verſally allow'd that there is no Wood what<lb></lb>ſoever more durable. </s> <s>In <emph type="italics"></emph>Ariana,<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end> a Province <lb></lb>of <emph type="italics"></emph>India,<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end> there are Vines ſo large, as <emph type="italics"></emph>Strabo<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end><lb></lb>informs us, that two Men can hardly embrace <lb></lb>its Trunk. </s> <s>They tell us of a Roof of Cedar <lb></lb>in <emph type="italics"></emph>Utica<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end> that laſted twelve Hundred and <lb></lb>ſeventy eight Years. </s> <s>In a Temple of <emph type="italics"></emph>Diana<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end><lb></lb>in <emph type="italics"></emph>Spain<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end> they ſpeak of Rafters of Juniper, that <lb></lb>laſted from two Hundred Years before the <lb></lb>Siege of <emph type="italics"></emph>Troy<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end> quite to the Days of <emph type="italics"></emph>Hanibal.<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end><lb></lb>The Cedar too is of a moſt wonderful Nature, <lb></lb>if as they ſay it is the only Wood that will <lb></lb>not retain the Nails. </s> <s>In the Mountains near <lb></lb>the Lake <emph type="italics"></emph>Benacus,<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end> or the <emph type="italics"></emph>Lago di Garda,<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end><lb></lb>grows a Kind of Fir, which, if you make <lb></lb>Veſſels of it, will not hold the Wine, unleſs <lb></lb>you firſt anoint them with Oil. </s> <s>Thus much <lb></lb>for Trees.</s></p><p type="head"> <s>CHAP. VIII.</s></p><p type="head"> <s><emph type="italics"></emph>Of Stones in general, when they are to be dug, and when uſed; which are the <lb></lb>ſofteſt and which the hardeſt, and which beſt and moſt durable.<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end></s></p><p type="main"> <s>We muſt likewiſe make Proviſion of the <lb></lb>Stone which is to be uſed in our <lb></lb>Walls, and this is of two Sorts; the one proper <lb></lb>only ſor making the Lime and the Cement, <lb></lb>the other for erecting the Building. </s> <s>Of <lb></lb>this latter we ſhall treat firſt, omitting many <lb></lb>Particulars, both for the Sake of Brevity, and <lb></lb>becauſe they are already ſufficiently known. <lb></lb></s> <s>Neither ſhall we ſpend any Time here in phi<lb></lb>loſophical Enquiries about the Principle and <lb></lb>Origin of Stones; as, whether their firſt Par<lb></lb>ticles, made viſcous by a Mixture of Earth and <lb></lb>Water, harden firſt into Slime, and afterwards <lb></lb>into Stone; or what is ſaid of Gems, that <lb></lb>they are collected and concreted by the Heat <lb></lb>and Power of the Rays of the Sun, or rather <lb></lb>that there is in the Boſom of the Earth certain <lb></lb>natural Seeds as of other Things, ſo alſo of <lb></lb>Stones: And whether their Colour is owing <lb></lb>to a certain proper blending of the Particles of <lb></lb>Water with very minute ones of Earth; or to <lb></lb>ſome innate Quality of its own Seed, or to an <lb></lb>Impreſſion receiv'd from the Sun's Rays. </s> <s>And <lb></lb>though theſe Diſquiſitions might perhaps help <pb xlink:href="003/01/043.jpg" pagenum="32"></pb>to adorn our Work, I ſhall omit them, and <lb></lb>proceed to treat of the Method of Building as <lb></lb>addreſſing myſelf to Artificers approv'd for <lb></lb>Skill and Experience, with more Freedom <lb></lb>than perhaps would be allow'd by thoſe who <lb></lb>are ſor more exact philoſophiſing. <emph type="italics"></emph>Cato<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end> adviſes <lb></lb>to dig the Stone in Summer, to let it lie in the <lb></lb>open Air, and not to uſe it under two Years: <lb></lb>In Summer, to the Intent that it may grow <lb></lb>accuſtom'd by Degrees to Wind, Rain, and <lb></lb>Froſt, and other Inclemencies of the Weather, <lb></lb>which it had not felt before. </s> <s>For if Stone, <lb></lb>immediately upon its being dug out of the <lb></lb>Quarry, while it is full of its native Juice and <lb></lb>Humidity, is expos'd to ſevere Winds and <lb></lb>ſudden Froſts, it will ſplit and break to Pieces. <lb></lb></s> <s>It ſhould be kept in the open Air, in order to <lb></lb>prove the Goodneſs of each particular Stone, <lb></lb>and how well it is able to reſiſt the Accidents <lb></lb>that injure it, making Experiment by this ſmall <lb></lb>Trial, how long they are likely to hold againſt <lb></lb>the Aſſaults of Time. </s> <s>They ſhould not be <lb></lb>uſed under two Years, to the Intent that you <lb></lb>may have Time to find out ſuch among them <lb></lb>as are weak in their Nature, and likely to dam<lb></lb>age the Work, and to ſeperate them from the <lb></lb>good ones; for it is certain, in one and the <lb></lb>ſame Kind of Stones there is a Difference in <lb></lb>Goodneſs of any Sort of Stone, and its Fit<lb></lb>neſs for this or that particular Situation, is beſt <lb></lb>learnt from Uſe and Experience; and you <lb></lb>may much ſooner come at their Values and <lb></lb>Properties from old Buildings, than from the <lb></lb>Writings and Precepts of Philoſphers. </s> <s>How<lb></lb>ever, to ſay ſomething briefly of Stones in ge<lb></lb>neral, we will beg Leave to offer the follow<lb></lb>ing Obſervations.</s></p><p type="main"> <s>ALL white Stone is ſofter than red, the clear <lb></lb>is more eaſily wrought than the Cloudy, and <lb></lb>the more like Salt it looks, the harder it is to <lb></lb>work. </s> <s>Stone that looks as if it were ſtrew'd <lb></lb>over with a bright ſhining Sand, is harſh; if <lb></lb>little Sparks, as it were, of Gold are intermix'd, <lb></lb>it will be ſtubborn; if it has a Kind of little <lb></lb>black Points in it, it will be hard to get out <lb></lb>of the Quarry: That which is ſpotted with <lb></lb>angular Drops is ſtronger than that which has <lb></lb>round ones, and the ſmaller thoſe Drops are, <lb></lb>the harder it will be; and the finer and clearer <lb></lb>the Colour is, the longer it will laſt. </s> <s>The <lb></lb>Stone that has feweſt Veins, will be moſt <lb></lb>entire, and when the Veins come neareſt in <lb></lb>Colour to the adjoining Parts of the Stone, it <lb></lb>will prove moſt equal throughout: The ſmaller <lb></lb>the Veins, the handſomer; the more winding <lb></lb>they run, the more untoward; and the more <lb></lb>knotty, the worſe, Of theſe Veins that is <lb></lb>moſt apt to ſplit which has in the Middle a <lb></lb>reddiſh Streak, or of the Colour of rotten <lb></lb>Oker. </s> <s>Much of the ſame Nature is that which <lb></lb>is ſtain'd here and there with the Colour of <lb></lb>faded Graſs, but the moſt difficult of all is <lb></lb>ſuch as looks like a cloudy Piece of Ice. </s> <s>A <lb></lb>Multitude of Veins ſhews the Stone to be de<lb></lb>ceitful and apt to crack; and the ſtraiter they <lb></lb>are, the more unſaithful. </s> <s>Upon breaking a <lb></lb>Stone, the more fine and poliſh'd the Frag<lb></lb>ments appear, the cloſer bodied it is; and that <lb></lb>which when broken has its Outſide the leaſt <lb></lb>rugged, will be more manageable than thoſe <lb></lb>which are rough. </s> <s>Of the Rough ones, thoſe <lb></lb>which are whiteſt will be worſt for working; <lb></lb>whereas, on the Contrary, in brown Stones, <lb></lb>thoſe of the ſmalleſt and fineſt Grain are leaſt <lb></lb>obedient to the Tool. </s> <s>All mean ordinary <lb></lb>Stones are the Harder for being ſpungy, and <lb></lb>that which being ſprinkled with Water is long<lb></lb>eſt in drying, is the moſt crude.</s></p><p type="main"> <s>ALL heavy Stones are more ſolid and eaſier <lb></lb>to poliſh than light ones, which upon rubbing <lb></lb>is much more apt to come off in Flakes than <lb></lb>ſuch as are heavy. </s> <s>That which upon being <lb></lb>ſtruck gives the beſt Sound, is cloſer made than <lb></lb>that which ſounds dull; and that which upon <lb></lb>ſtrong Friction ſmells of Sulphur, is ſtronger <lb></lb>than that which yields no Smell at all. </s> <s>Laſt<lb></lb>ly, that which makes the moſt Reſiſtance againſt <lb></lb>the Chizzel will be moſt firm and rigid againſt <lb></lb>the Violence of Storms. </s> <s>They ſay, that thoſe <lb></lb>Stones which hold together in the largeſt Scant<lb></lb>lings at the Mouth of the Quarry, are firmeſt <lb></lb>againſt the Weather. </s> <s>All Stone too is ſofter <lb></lb>when it is juſt dug up, than after it has been <lb></lb>ſome Time in the Air, and when it is wetted, <lb></lb>or ſoſtened with Water, is more yielding to the <lb></lb>Tool than when it is dry. </s> <s>Alſo ſuch Stones as <lb></lb>are dug out of the moiſteſt Part of the Quarry, <lb></lb>will be the cloſeſt when they come to be dry; <lb></lb>and it is thought that Stones are eaſier wrought <lb></lb>in a South-wind than in a North, and are more <lb></lb>apt to ſplit in a North-wind than in a South. <lb></lb></s> <s>But if you have a Mind to make an Experi<lb></lb>ment how your Stone will hold out againſt <lb></lb>Time, you may judge from hence: If a Piece <lb></lb>of it, which you ſoak in Water, increaſes much <lb></lb>of its Weight, it will be apt to be rotted by <lb></lb>Moiſture; and that which flies to Pieces in <lb></lb>Fire, will bear neither Sun nor Heat. </s> <s>Neither <lb></lb>do I think that we ought to omit here ſome <lb></lb>Things worthy Memorial, which the Ancients <lb></lb>relate of ſome Stones.</s></p><pb xlink:href="003/01/044.jpg" pagenum="33"></pb><p type="head"> <s>CHAP. IX.</s></p><p type="head"> <s><emph type="italics"></emph>Some Things worthy Memorial, relating to Stones, left us by the Ancients.<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end></s></p><p type="main"> <s>It will not be foreign to our Purpoſe to hear <lb></lb>what a Variety there is in Stones, and <lb></lb>what admirable Qualities ſome are endued <lb></lb>with, that we may be able to apply each to its <lb></lb>propereſt Uſe. </s> <s>In the Territory of <emph type="italics"></emph>Bolſena<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end> and <lb></lb><emph type="italics"></emph>Stratone,<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end> they tell us there is a Stone extremely <lb></lb>proper for all Manner of Buildings, which nei<lb></lb>ther Fire nor any Injuries of Weather ever af<lb></lb>fects, and which preſerves the Lineaments of <lb></lb>Statues beyond any other. <emph type="italics"></emph>Tacitus<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end> writes, that <lb></lb>when <emph type="italics"></emph>Nero<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end> repaired the City, which lay in <lb></lb>Ruins by the Flames, he made uſe of the <emph type="italics"></emph>Al<lb></lb>banian<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end> and <emph type="italics"></emph>Gabinian<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end> Stone for Beams, becauſe <lb></lb>the Fire never hurts that Stone.</s></p><p type="main"> <s>IN the Territory of the <emph type="italics"></emph>Genoeſe<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end> and of <emph type="italics"></emph>Ve<lb></lb>nice,<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end> in the Dutchy of <emph type="italics"></emph>Spoletto,<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end> in the March <lb></lb>of <emph type="italics"></emph>Anconia,<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end> and near <emph type="italics"></emph>Burgundy,<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end> they find a <lb></lb>white Stone, which is eaſily cut with a Saw <lb></lb>and poliſh'd, which if it were not for the <lb></lb>Weakneſs and Brittleneſs of its Nature, would <lb></lb>be uſed by every body; but any thing of <lb></lb>Froſt or Wet rots and breaks it, and it is not <lb></lb>ſtrong enough to reſiſt the Winds from the <lb></lb>Sea. <emph type="italics"></emph>Iſtria<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end> produces a Stone very like Marble, <lb></lb>but if touch'd either by Flame or Vapour, it <lb></lb>immediately flies in Pieces, which indeed is <lb></lb>ſaid to be the Caſe of all Stones, eſpecially of <lb></lb>Flint both white and black, that they cannot <lb></lb>endure Fire.</s></p><p type="main"> <s>IN the <emph type="italics"></emph>Campagna di Roma<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end> is a Stone of the <lb></lb>Colour of black Aſhes, in which there ſeems <lb></lb>to be Coals mix'd and interſpers'd, which is <lb></lb>beyond Imagination eaſy to be wrought with <lb></lb>Iron, thoroughly ſound, and not weak againſt <lb></lb>Fire or Weather; but it is ſo dry and thirſty, <lb></lb>that it preſently drinks and burns up the Moi<lb></lb>ſture of the Cement, and reduces it perfectly <lb></lb>into Powder, ſo that the Junctures opening, <lb></lb>the Work preſently decays and falls to Ruins. <lb></lb></s> <s>But round Stones, and eſpecially thoſe which <lb></lb>are found in Rivers, are of a Nature directly <lb></lb>contrary; for being always moiſt, they never <lb></lb>bind with the Cement. </s> <s>But what a ſurprizing <lb></lb>Diſcovery is this which has been made, name<lb></lb>ly, that the Marble in the Quarry grows! in <lb></lb>theſe our Days they have found at <emph type="italics"></emph>Rome<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end> under <lb></lb>Ground a Number of ſmall Pieces of <emph type="italics"></emph>Trever<lb></lb>tine<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end> Stone, very porous and ſpungy, which by <lb></lb>the Nouriſhment (if we may ſo call it) given <lb></lb>it by the Earth and by Time, are grown to<lb></lb>gether into one Piece.</s></p><p type="main"> <s>IN the Lake <emph type="italics"></emph>di pie di Luco,<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end> in that Part <lb></lb>where the Water tumbles down a broken Pre<lb></lb>cipice into the River <emph type="italics"></emph>Nera,<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end> you may perceive <lb></lb>that the upper Edge of the Bank has grown <lb></lb>continually, inſomuch that ſome have believ'd <lb></lb>that this Encreaſe and Growth of the Stone <lb></lb>has in Length of Time cloſed up the Mouth <lb></lb>of the Valley and turn'd it into a Lake.</s></p><p type="main"> <s>BELOW <emph type="italics"></emph>la Baſilicata,<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end> not far from the River <lb></lb><emph type="italics"></emph>Silari,<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end> on that Side where the Water flows <lb></lb>from ſome high Rocks towards the Eaſt, there <lb></lb>are daily ſeen to grow huge Pieces of hanging <lb></lb>Stone, of ſuch a Magnitude, that any one of <lb></lb>them would be a Load for ſeveral Carts. </s> <s>This <lb></lb>Stone while it is freſh and moiſt with its natu<lb></lb>ral Juices, is very ſoft; but when it is dry, it <lb></lb>grows extremely hard, and very good for all <lb></lb>Manner of Uſes. </s> <s>I have known the like hap<lb></lb>pen in ancient Aqueducts, whoſe Mouths, <lb></lb>having contracted a Kind of Gummineſs, have <lb></lb>ſeem'd incruſted all over with Stone. </s> <s>There <lb></lb>are two very remarkable Things to be ſeen at <lb></lb>this Day in <emph type="italics"></emph>Romania:<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end> In the Country of <lb></lb><emph type="italics"></emph>Imola<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end> is a very ſteep Torrent, which daily <lb></lb>throws out, ſometimes in one Place and ſome<lb></lb>times in another, a great Number of round <lb></lb>Stones, generated within the Bowels of the <lb></lb>Earth: In the Territory of <emph type="italics"></emph>Faenza,<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end> on the <lb></lb>Banks of the River <emph type="italics"></emph>Lamona,<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end> there are found a <lb></lb>great many Stones, naturally long and large, <lb></lb>which continually throw out a conſiderable <lb></lb>Quantity of Salt, which in Proceſs of Time is <lb></lb>thought to grow into Stone too. </s> <s>In that of <lb></lb><emph type="italics"></emph>Florence,<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end> near the River <emph type="italics"></emph>Chiane,<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end> there is a Piece <lb></lb>of Ground all ſtrew'd over with hard Stones, <lb></lb>which every ſeven Years diſſolve into Clods of <lb></lb>Earth.</s></p><p type="main"> <s><emph type="italics"></emph>Pliny<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end> relates, that near <emph type="italics"></emph>Cizicus,<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end> and about <lb></lb><emph type="italics"></emph>Caſſandra,<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end> the Clods of Earth turn into Stone. <lb></lb></s> <s>In <emph type="italics"></emph>Pozzuolo<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end> there is a Duſt which hardens into <lb></lb>Stone, if mix'd with Sea-water. </s> <s>All the Way <lb></lb>upon the Shore from <emph type="italics"></emph>Oropus<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end> to <emph type="italics"></emph>Aulis,<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end> every <lb></lb>thing that is waſh'd by the Sea is petrified. <lb></lb><emph type="italics"></emph>Diodorus<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end> writes, that in <emph type="italics"></emph>Arabia<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end> the Clods dug <lb></lb>out of the Ground have a ſweet Smell, and <pb xlink:href="003/01/045.jpg" pagenum="34"></pb>will melt in Fire like Metal, and run into Stone; <lb></lb>and he adds, that this Stone is of ſuch a Na<lb></lb>ture, that when the Rain falls upon it in any <lb></lb>Building, the Cement all diſſolves, and the <lb></lb>Wall grows to be all of a Piece.</s></p><p type="main"> <s>WE are told, that they find in <emph type="italics"></emph>Troas,<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end> a <lb></lb>Stone very apt to cleave, call'd the <emph type="italics"></emph>Sarcopha<lb></lb>gus,<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end> in which any dead Corpſe buried, is in<lb></lb>tirely conſum'd in leſs than forty Days, all <lb></lb>but the Teeth; and which is moſt ſurprizing, <lb></lb>all the Habits, and every Thing buryed with <lb></lb>the Body, turns into Stone. </s> <s>Of a contrary <lb></lb>Nature to this is the Stone called <emph type="italics"></emph>Chernites,<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end><lb></lb>in which <emph type="italics"></emph>Darius<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end> was buried, for that preſerves <lb></lb>the Body entire for a long Time. </s> <s>But of this <lb></lb>Subject enough.</s></p><p type="head"> <s>CHAP. X.</s></p><p type="main"> <s><emph type="italics"></emph>Of the Origin of the Uſe of Bricks, in what Seaſon they ought to be made, <lb></lb>aud in what Shapes, their different Sorts, and the Uſefulneſs of triangular <lb></lb>Ones; and briefly, of all other Works made of baked Earth.<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end></s></p><p type="main"> <s>It is certain the Ancients were very fond of <lb></lb>uſing Bricks inſtead of Stone. </s> <s>I confeſs, <lb></lb>I believe that at firſt Men were put upon mak<lb></lb>ing Bricks to ſupply the Place of Stone in <lb></lb>their Buildings, thro' Scarcity and Want of it; <lb></lb>but afterwards finding how ready they were <lb></lb>in working, how well adapted both to Uſe <lb></lb>and Beauty, how ſtrong and durable, they pro<lb></lb>ceeded to make not only their ordinary Struc<lb></lb>tures, but even their Palaces of Brick. </s> <s>At <lb></lb>laſt, either by Accident or Induſtry, diſcover<lb></lb>ing what Uſe Fire was of in hardening and <lb></lb>ſtrengthening them, they began in moſt Places <lb></lb>to bake the Bricks they built with. </s> <s>And ſrom <lb></lb>my own Obſervations upon the ancient Struc<lb></lb>tures, I will be bold to ſay, that there is not a <lb></lb>better Material for any Sort of Edifice than <lb></lb>Brick, not crude but baked; provided a right <lb></lb>Method be uſed in baking them. </s> <s>But we will <lb></lb>reſerve the Praiſes of Works make of Bricks <lb></lb>for another Place.</s></p><p type="main"> <s>OUR Buſineſs is to obſerve here, that a <lb></lb>whitiſh chalky Earth is very much recom<lb></lb>mended for making them. </s> <s>The reddiſh alſo <lb></lb>is approved of, and that which is call'd male <lb></lb>Sand. </s> <s>That which is abſolutely ſandy and <lb></lb>gravelly is to be avoided, and the ſtony moſt <lb></lb>of all; becauſe in baking it is ſubject to warp <lb></lb>and crack, and if over baked will fret away of <lb></lb>itſelf. </s> <s>We are adviſed not to make our Bricks <lb></lb>of Earth freſh dug, but to dig it in the Au<lb></lb>tumn, and leave it to digeſt all Winter, and to <lb></lb>make it into Brick early in the Spring; for if <lb></lb>you make it in Winter, it is obvious that the <lb></lb>Froſt will crack it, and if you make it in the <lb></lb>Middle of Summer, the exceſſive Heat will <lb></lb>make it ſcale off in drying. </s> <s>But if Neceſſity <lb></lb>obliges you to make it in Winter, in extreme <lb></lb>cold Weather, cover it immediately over with <lb></lb>very dry Sand, and if in Summer, with wet <lb></lb>Straw; for being ſo kept, it will neither crack <lb></lb>nor warp. </s> <s>Some are for having their Bricks <lb></lb>glazed; if ſo, you muſt take Care not to make <lb></lb>them of Earth that is either ſandy, or too lean <lb></lb>or dry; ſor theſe will ſuck and eat away the <lb></lb>Glazing: But you muſt make them of a whitiſh <lb></lb>fat Clay, and you muſt make them thin, for <lb></lb>if they are too thick they will not bake tho<lb></lb>rowly, and it is a great Chance but they ſplit; <lb></lb>if you are oblig'd to have them thick, you may <lb></lb>in a great Meaſure prevent that Inconveniency, <lb></lb>if you make one or more little Holes in them <lb></lb>about half Way through, whereby the Damp <lb></lb>and Vapour having proper Vents, they will <lb></lb>both dry and bake the better.</s></p><p type="main"> <s>THE Petters rub their Veſſels over with <lb></lb>Chalk, by which Means, the Glazing, when <lb></lb>it is melted over it, makes an even Surface; <lb></lb>the ſame Method may be uſed in making <lb></lb>Bricks. </s> <s>I have obſerv'd in the Works of the <lb></lb>Ancients, that their Bricks have a Mixture of a <lb></lb>certain Proportion of Sand, and eſpecially of <lb></lb>the red Sort, and I find they alſo mix'd them <lb></lb>with red Earth, and even with Marble. </s> <s>I know <lb></lb>by Experience that the very ſame Earth will <lb></lb>make harder and ſtronger Brick, if we take the <lb></lb>Pains to knead every Lump two or three Times <lb></lb>over, as if we were making of Bread, till it <lb></lb>grows like Wax, and is perſectly clear of the <lb></lb>leaſt Particle of Stone. </s> <s>Theſe, when they have <lb></lb>paſs'd the Fire will attain the Hardneſs even <lb></lb>of a Flint, and whether owing to the Heat in <lb></lb>baking, or the Air in drying, will get a Sort <lb></lb>of a ſtrong Cruſt, as Bread does. </s> <s>It will there<lb></lb>fore be beſt to make them thin, that they <lb></lb>may have the more Cruſt and the leſs Crum: </s></p><pb xlink:href="003/01/046.jpg"></pb><p type="caption"> <s>PLATE 3. <emph type="italics"></emph>(Page 35)<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end></s></p><figure id="id.003.01.046.1.jpg" xlink:href="003/01/046/1.jpg"></figure><p type="caption"> <s><emph type="italics"></emph>“Muraglia etc.” = wall of triangular bricks.<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end><pb xlink:href="003/01/047.jpg" pagenum="35"></pb>And we ſhall find, that if they are well rubb'd <lb></lb>and poliſhed, they will defy the Fury of the <lb></lb>Weather. </s> <s>The ſame is true of Stones that are <lb></lb>poliſhed, which thereby eſcape being eaten <lb></lb>with Ruſt. </s> <s>And it is thought that Bricks <lb></lb>ſhould be rubbed and ground either immedi<lb></lb>ately upon their being taken out of the Kiln, <lb></lb>before they are wetted; or when they have <lb></lb>been wetted, before they are dry again; be<lb></lb>cauſe when once they have been wetted and <lb></lb>afterwards dryed, they grow ſo hard that they <lb></lb>will turn and break the Edge of the Tool; <lb></lb>but they are eaſier to grind when they are new, <lb></lb>and hardly cold. </s> <s>There were three Sorts of <lb></lb>Bricks among the Ancients; the Firſt was a <lb></lb>Foot and an Half Long, and a Foot Bread, the <lb></lb>Second fifteen Inches every Way, the Third a <lb></lb>Foot. </s> <s>We ſee in ſome of their Buildings, and <lb></lb>eſpecially in their Arches and <emph type="italics"></emph>Moſaick<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end> Works, <lb></lb>Bricks two Foot every Way. </s> <s>We are told that <lb></lb>the Ancients did not uſe the ſame Sort of Brick <lb></lb>in their publick as in their private Edifices. </s> <s>I <lb></lb>have obſerved in ſeveral of their Structures, and <lb></lb>particularly in the <emph type="italics"></emph>Appian<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end> Way, ſeveral dif<lb></lb>ferent Sorts of Bricks, ſome bigger, ſome ſmall<lb></lb>er; ſo that I ſuppoſe they uſed them indiffe<lb></lb>rently, and put in Practice not only what was <lb></lb>abſolutely neceſſary for Uſe, but any Thing <lb></lb>that came into their Fancy, or which they <lb></lb>thought would conduce to the Beauty of the <lb></lb>Work. </s> <s>But, not to mention others, I have <lb></lb>ſeen ſome not longer than ſix Inches, and not <lb></lb>thicker than one, nor broader than three; but <lb></lb>theſe they chiefly uſed in their Pavements, <lb></lb><arrow.to.target n="marg3"></arrow.to.target><lb></lb>where they were laid edgeways. </s> <s>I am beſt <lb></lb>pleaſed with their triangular ones, which they <lb></lb>made in this Manner; they made one large <lb></lb>Brick, a Foot Square, and an Inch and an <lb></lb>Half Thick; and while it was freſh they cut <lb></lb>it in two Lines croſſways from one Angle to <lb></lb>the other, which divided it into four equal <lb></lb>Triangles. </s> <s>Theſe Bricks had the follow<lb></lb>ing Advantages, they took up leſs Clay, they <lb></lb>were eaſier to diſpoſe in the Kiln and to take <lb></lb>out again, they were more convenient for <lb></lb>working, becauſe the Bricklayer could hold <lb></lb>four of them in one Hand, and with a ſmail <lb></lb>Stroke divide the one ſrom the other; when <lb></lb>placed in the Wall, with their Fronts ſoremoſt <lb></lb>and their Angles inward, they appeared like <lb></lb>compleat Bricks of a Foot Long: This made <lb></lb>the Expence leſs, the Work more graceful, and <lb></lb>the Wall ſtronger; for as there ſeemed to be <lb></lb>none but entire Bricks in the Wall, the Angles <lb></lb>being ſet like Teeth in the Rubbiſh that was <lb></lb>laid in the Middle, made it extremely ſtrong <lb></lb>and durable. </s> <s>After the Bricks are moulded, <lb></lb>they direct that they ſhould not be put into the <lb></lb>Kiln till they are perfectly dry, and they ſay <lb></lb>they never are ſo under two Years; and they <lb></lb>are reckoned to dry better in the Shade than in <lb></lb>the Sun: But of theſe too enough, unleſs we <lb></lb>will add that in all this Sort of Works, which <lb></lb>are called Plaſtick, they reckon excellent, <lb></lb>among others, the Earth that is called <emph type="italics"></emph>Samian,<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end><lb></lb>the <emph type="italics"></emph>Aretinian,<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end> and the <emph type="italics"></emph>Modeneze;<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end> in <emph type="italics"></emph>Spain,<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end><lb></lb>the <emph type="italics"></emph>Saguntan;<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end> and the <emph type="italics"></emph>Pergamean<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end> in <emph type="italics"></emph>Aſia.<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end><lb></lb>Nor will I conſult Brevity ſo much as to omit, <lb></lb>that whatever I have here ſaid of Bricks, will <lb></lb>hold good of all Sorts of Tiles for Roofs of <lb></lb>Houſes or Gutters, and in a Word, of all Man<lb></lb>ner of Works made of baked Earth. </s> <s>We have <lb></lb>treated of Stone, let us now proceed to ſpeak <lb></lb>of Lime.</s></p><p type="margin"> <s><margin.target id="marg3"></margin.target>*</s></p><p type="head"> <s>CHAP. XI.</s></p><p type="main"> <s><emph type="italics"></emph>Of the Nature of Lime and Plaiſter of Paris, their Uſes and Kinds, wherein <lb></lb>they agree and wherein they differ, and of ſome Things not unworthy of <lb></lb>Memory.<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end></s></p><p type="main"> <s><emph type="italics"></emph>Cato<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end> the Cenſor, condemns Lime made <lb></lb>of different Sorts of Stone, and takes that <lb></lb>which is made of Flint to be good for no Man<lb></lb>ner of Work whatſoever; beſides, in making <lb></lb>of Lime all Stone is extremely improper that <lb></lb>is dry and exhauſted, or rotten, and which in <lb></lb>burning has nothing in it for the Fire to con<lb></lb>ſume, as all mouldering Stone, and the reddiſh <lb></lb>and pale ones, which are found near <emph type="italics"></emph>Rome<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end> in <lb></lb>the Country of the <emph type="italics"></emph>Fidenates<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end> and <emph type="italics"></emph>Albanians.<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end><lb></lb>The Lime commended by the beſt Judges, is <lb></lb>that which loſes a third Part of its Weight by <lb></lb>burning; beſides, Stone that is too moiſt in its <lb></lb>Nature, is apt to vitrify in the Fire, ſo as to be <lb></lb>of no Uſe for making of Lime. <emph type="italics"></emph>Pliny<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end> ſays, <lb></lb>that the green, or <emph type="italics"></emph>Serpentine<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end>-ſtone mightily <lb></lb>reſiſts the Fire; but we know very well that <lb></lb>the <emph type="italics"></emph>Porphiry<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end> will not only not burn itſelf, but <lb></lb><pb xlink:href="003/01/048.jpg" pagenum="36"></pb>will hinder the other Stones that are near it <lb></lb>in the Kiln, from burning too. </s> <s>They alſo <lb></lb>diſlike all carthy Stone, becauſe it makes the <lb></lb>Lime ſoul. </s> <s>But the ancient Architects greatly <lb></lb>praiſe the Lime made of very hard cloſe Stone, <lb></lb>eſpecially white, which they ſay is not im<lb></lb>proper for any Sort of Work, and is extremely <lb></lb>ſtrong in Arches. </s> <s>In the ſecond Place, they <lb></lb>commend Lime made of Stone, not indeed <lb></lb>light or rotten, but ſpungy; which they think <lb></lb>for plaiſtering is better, and more tractable <lb></lb>than any other, and gives the beſt Varniſh to <lb></lb>the Work; and I have obſerved the Architects <lb></lb>in <emph type="italics"></emph>France,<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end> to uſe no other Sort of Lime but <lb></lb>what was made of the common Stones they <lb></lb>found in Rivers or Torrents, blackiſh, and ſo <lb></lb>very hard, that you would take them for <lb></lb>Flints; and yet it is certain, both in Stone <lb></lb>and Brickwork, it has preſerved an extraordi<lb></lb>nary Strength to a very great Age. </s> <s>We read <lb></lb>in <emph type="italics"></emph>Pliny,<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end> that Lime made of the Stone of <lb></lb>which they make Mill-ſtones, is excellent for <lb></lb>all manner of Uſes; but I find upon Experi<lb></lb>ence, that ſuch of them as ſeem ſpotted with <lb></lb>Drops of Salt, being too rough and dry, will <lb></lb>not do for this Uſe; but that which is not ſo <lb></lb>ſpotted, but is cloſer, and when it is ground, <lb></lb>makes a finer Duſt, ſucceeds extremely well. <lb></lb></s> <s>However, let the Nature of the Stone be what <lb></lb>it will, that of the Quarry will be much bet<lb></lb>ter for making of Lime, than that which we <lb></lb>pick up; and that dug out of a ſhady, moiſt <lb></lb>Quarry, better than out of a dry one; and <lb></lb>made of white Stone, more tractable than of <lb></lb>black. </s> <s>In <emph type="italics"></emph>France,<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end> near the Sea-ſhore about <lb></lb><emph type="italics"></emph>Vannes,<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end> for Want of Stone, they make their <lb></lb>Lime of Oyſter and Cockle-Shells. </s> <s>There is <lb></lb>moreover a kind of Lime which we call Plai<lb></lb>ſter of Paris, which too is made of burnt <lb></lb>Stone; tho' we are told that in <emph type="italics"></emph>Cyprus,<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end> and <lb></lb>about <emph type="italics"></emph>Thebes,<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end> this Sort of Plaiſter is dug out <lb></lb>of the Surface of the Earth, ready baked by <lb></lb>the Heat of the Sun. </s> <s>But the Stone that <lb></lb>makes the Plaiſter of Paris, is different from <lb></lb>that which makes the Lime; for it is very <lb></lb>ſoft, and will eaſily rub to Pieces, except one <lb></lb>found in <emph type="italics"></emph>Syria,<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end> which is very hard. </s> <s>It differs <lb></lb>likewiſe in this, that the Plaiſter of Paris <lb></lb>Stone requires but twenty Hours; and the <lb></lb>Lime Stone takes threeſcore Hours in burning. <lb></lb></s> <s>I have obſerved, that in <emph type="italics"></emph>Italy<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end> there are four <lb></lb>Sorts of Plaiſter of Paris, two of which are <lb></lb>tranſparent, and two which are not: Of the <lb></lb>tranſparent, one is like Lumps of Allum, or <lb></lb>rather of Alabaſter, and they called it the <lb></lb>Scaly Sort, becauſe it conſits of extreme <lb></lb>thin Scales, one over the other, like the Coats <lb></lb>of an Onion. </s> <s>The other is ſcaly too, but is <lb></lb>more like a blackiſh Salt than Allum. </s> <s>The <lb></lb>Sorts that are not tranſparent are both like a <lb></lb>very cloſe Sort of Chalk, but one is pale and <lb></lb>whitiſh, and the other with that Paleneſs has <lb></lb>a Tincture of red; which laſt is firmer and <lb></lb>cloſer than the firſt. </s> <s>Of the laſt, the reddeſt <lb></lb>is the moſt tenacious. </s> <s>Of the firſt, that which <lb></lb>is the cleareſt and whiteſt is uſed in Stuc Work <lb></lb>for Figures and Corniſhes.</s></p><p type="main"> <s>NEAR <emph type="italics"></emph>Rimini<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end> they find a Plaiſter of Paris ſo <lb></lb>ſolid that you would take it for Marble or Ala<lb></lb>baſter, which I had had cut with a Saw into <lb></lb>large thin Pieces, extremely convenient for In<lb></lb>cruſtations. </s> <s>That I may omit nothing that is <lb></lb>neceſſary, all Plaiſter of Paris muſt be broken <lb></lb>and pounded with wooden Mallets, till it is <lb></lb>reduced to Powder, and ſo kept in Heaps in <lb></lb>ſome very dry Place, and as ſoon as ever it is <lb></lb>brought out, it muſt be watered and uſed im<lb></lb>mediately.</s></p><p type="main"> <s>BUT Lime on the Contrary need not be <lb></lb>pounded, but may be ſoak'd in the Lumps, <lb></lb>and muſt be plentifully ſoak'd with Water a <lb></lb>good while before you uſe it, eſpecially if it is <lb></lb>for Plaiſtering; to the Intent that if there <lb></lb>ſhould be any Lumps not enough burnt, it <lb></lb>may be diſſolv'd and liquify'd by long lying <lb></lb>in the Water: Becauſe, when it is uſed too <lb></lb>ſoon, before it is duly ſoak'd, there will be ſome <lb></lb>ſmall unconcocted Stones in it, which afterwards <lb></lb>coming to rot, throw out little Puſtules, which <lb></lb>ſpoil the Neatneſs of the Work. </s> <s>Add here<lb></lb>unto, that you need not give your Lime a <lb></lb>Flood, as I may call it, of Water at once, but <lb></lb>wet it by little and little, ſprinkling it ſeveral <lb></lb>Times over, till it is in all Parts thoroughly <lb></lb>impregnated with it; afterwards it muſt be <lb></lb>kept in ſome ſhady Place, moderately moiſt, <lb></lb>clear from all Mixture, and only cover'd over <lb></lb>with a little Sand, till by Length of Time it is <lb></lb>better fermented; and it has been found that <lb></lb>Lime by this thorough Fermentation acquires <lb></lb>inconceivable Virtue. </s> <s>I have known ſome <lb></lb>found in an old neglected Ditch, that, as <lb></lb>plainly appear'd by the ſtrongeſt Conjectures, <lb></lb>was left there above five hundred Years; <lb></lb>which when it was diſcover'd was ſo moiſt and <lb></lb>liquid, and, to uſe the Expreſſion, ſo mature, <lb></lb>that it far exceeded Honey or Marrow itſelf in <lb></lb>Softneſs; and nothing in Nature can be ima<lb></lb>gin'd more ſerviceable for all Manner of Uſes. <lb></lb></s> <s>It requires double the Sand if prepared thus, <pb xlink:href="003/01/049.jpg" pagenum="37"></pb>than if you mix it immediately. </s> <s>In this, <lb></lb>therefore, Lime and Plaiſter of Paris do not <lb></lb>agree; but in other Things they do. </s> <s>Carry <lb></lb>your Lime, therefore, immediately out of the <lb></lb>Kiln into a ſhady, dry Place, and water it; for <lb></lb>if you keep it either in the Kiln itſelf, or any <lb></lb>where elſe in the Air, or expos'd to the Moon <lb></lb>or Sun, eſpecially in Summer, it would ſoon <lb></lb>crumble to Powder, and be totally uſeleſs. <lb></lb></s> <s>But of this ſufficient. </s> <s>They adviſe us not to <lb></lb>put our Stone into the Kiln till we have bro<lb></lb>ken it into Pieces, not ſmaller than the Clods; <lb></lb>for, not to mention that they will burn the <lb></lb>eaſier, it has been obſerved that in the middle <lb></lb>of ſome Stones, and eſpecially of round ones, <lb></lb>there are ſometimes certain Concavities, in <lb></lb>which the Air being incloſed often does a great <lb></lb>deal of Miſchief: For when they come to <lb></lb>feel the Fire in the Kiln, this Air is either <lb></lb>compreſſed by the cold retiring inwards, or <lb></lb>elſe when the Stone grows hot it turns to Va<lb></lb>pour, which makes it ſwell till it burſts the <lb></lb>Priſon wherein it is confined, and breaks out <lb></lb>with a dreadful Noiſe and irreſiſtible Force, <lb></lb>and blows up the whole Kiln. </s> <s>Some in the <lb></lb>middle of ſuch Stones have ſeen living Crea<lb></lb>tures, of various kinds, and particularly Worms <lb></lb>with a hairy Back, and a great Number of <lb></lb>Feet, which do a great deal of Harm to the <lb></lb>Kiln. </s> <s>And I will here add ſome Things worthy <lb></lb>to be recorded, which have been ſeen in our <lb></lb>Days, ſince I do not write only for the Uſe of <lb></lb>Workmen, but alſo for all ſuch as are ſtudious <lb></lb>of curious Enquiries; for which Reaſon, I <lb></lb>ſhall not ſcruple, now and then, to intermix <lb></lb>any thing that is delightful, provided it is not <lb></lb>abſolutely foreign to my Purpoſe.</s></p><p type="main"> <s>THERE was brought to Pope <emph type="italics"></emph>Martin<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end> V. a <lb></lb>Serpent found by the Miners in a Quarry in <lb></lb><emph type="italics"></emph>la Romagna,<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end> which lived pent up in the Hol<lb></lb>low of a great Stone, without the leaſt Crack <lb></lb>or Hole in it for Admiſſion of Air; in like <lb></lb>Manner Toads too have been found and Crabs, <lb></lb>but dead. </s> <s>I myſelf have been Witneſs to the <lb></lb>finding of the Leaves of Trees in the Middle <lb></lb>of a very white Piece of Marble. </s> <s>All the <lb></lb>Summit of Mount <emph type="italics"></emph>Vellino,<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end> one of thoſe which <lb></lb>divide the Country of <emph type="italics"></emph>Abruzzo<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end> from <emph type="italics"></emph>Marſi,<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end><lb></lb>and is higher than any of the reſt, is covered <lb></lb>over with a white Stone, ſo that the very <lb></lb>Mountain looks white with it, among which, <lb></lb>eſpecially on that Side, which looks towards <lb></lb><emph type="italics"></emph>Abruzzo,<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end> are a great many broken Pieces with <lb></lb>Figures upon them, exactly like Sea-ſhells, not <lb></lb>bigger than the Palm of a Man's Hand. </s> <s>But, <lb></lb>what is more extraordinary, in the <emph type="italics"></emph>Veroneze,<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end><lb></lb>they daily find Stones upon the Ground marked <lb></lb>with the Figure of the Cinquefoil, with every <lb></lb>Line and Vein drawn ſo exactly and regularly, <lb></lb>by the Hand of Nature, that the niceſt Artiſt <lb></lb>cannot pretend to come up to it; and which <lb></lb>is moſt curious of all, every one of theſe Stones <lb></lb>are found with the Impreſſion turned down<lb></lb>wards, and hid by the Stone, as if Nature had <lb></lb>not been at the Pains of ſuch fine Sculptures <lb></lb>to gain the Approbation of Men, but for her <lb></lb>own Diverſion. </s> <s>But to return to our Subject.</s></p><p type="main"> <s>I SHALL not ſpend Time here to ſhew how <lb></lb>to make the Mouth of the Kiln, and its Co<lb></lb>vering, and the inward Seat of the Fire, and <lb></lb>how to give Vent to the Flame when it grows <lb></lb>hot, and to keep it, as it were, within its <lb></lb>own Confines, ſo as to direct the whole uni<lb></lb>ted Strength and Power of the Fire to the <lb></lb>burning of the Lime. </s> <s>Nor will I proceed to <lb></lb>teach how the Fire is to be kindled by little <lb></lb>and little, and never left till the Flame burns <lb></lb>out at the Top of the Furnace perfectly clear, <lb></lb>and without the leaſt Smoke, and till the very <lb></lb>uppermoſt Stones are red hot; and that the <lb></lb>Stone is not burnt enough, till the Kiln, <lb></lb>which had been ſwelled and cracked by the <lb></lb>Fire, afterwards ſettles and cloſes itſelf again. <lb></lb></s> <s>It is a ſurprizing Thing to obſerve the Nature <lb></lb>of this Element; for if you take away the Fire, <lb></lb>the Kiln will grow cooler and cooler by De<lb></lb>grees at the Bottom, while it continues burn<lb></lb>ing hot at Top. </s> <s>But as in Building, we have <lb></lb>Occaſion not only for Lime, but Sand, we will <lb></lb>now ſay ſomething about that.</s></p><p type="head"> <s>CHAP. XII.</s></p><p type="head"> <s><emph type="italics"></emph>Of the three different Kinds of Sands, and of the various Materials in Build<lb></lb>ing, in different Places.<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end></s></p><p type="main"> <s>There are three Sorts of Sand, Pit<lb></lb>ſand, River-ſand, and Sea-ſand; the <lb></lb>beſt of all theſe is the Pit-ſand; and this is of <lb></lb>ſeveral Kinds; black, white, red, the car<lb></lb>buncly, and the gritty. </s> <s>But if any ſhould ask <lb></lb>what I take Sand to be, I might perhaps an<pb xlink:href="003/01/050.jpg" pagenum="38"></pb>ſwer, that it is nothing but a Compoſition of <lb></lb>the ſmalleſt Stones, the large ones being all bro<lb></lb>ken to Pieces; tho' it is <emph type="italics"></emph>Vitruvius<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end>'s Opinion, <lb></lb>that Sand, eſpecially that which in <emph type="italics"></emph>Tuſcany<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end><lb></lb>they call the carbuncly Sort, is a Kind of <lb></lb>Earth burnt by the Fire incloſed by Nature <lb></lb>within the Hills, and made ſomewhat harder <lb></lb>than Earth unburnt, but ſofter than any Stone. <lb></lb></s> <s>Of all theſe they moſt commend the carbuncly <lb></lb>Sort. </s> <s>I have obſerved, that in the publick <lb></lb>Buildings in <emph type="italics"></emph>Rome,<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end> they uſed the red as none <lb></lb>of the worſt. </s> <s>Of all the Pit-ſand the white is <lb></lb>the worſt. </s> <s>The gritty is of Uſe in filling up <lb></lb>of Foundations; but among the beſt, they <lb></lb>give the ſecond Place to the fineſt of the <lb></lb>gritty, and eſpecially to the ſharp angular Sort, <lb></lb>without the leaſt Mixture of Earth in it, as is <lb></lb>that which they find in the Territory of the <lb></lb><emph type="italics"></emph>Vilumbrians.<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end></s><s> Next to this they eſteem the <lb></lb>River Sand, which is dug after the uppermoſt <lb></lb>Layer is taken off; and next to the River<lb></lb>ſand that of the Torrent, eſpecially of ſuch <lb></lb>Torrents as run between Hills, where the <lb></lb>Water has the greateſt Deſcent. </s> <s>In the laſt <lb></lb>Place comes the Sea-ſand, and of this Sort, <lb></lb>the blackeſt and moſt glazed is not wholly to <lb></lb>be deſpiſed. </s> <s>In the Country, near <emph type="italics"></emph>Salerno,<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end><lb></lb>they eſteem their Sea-ſand not inferior to Pit<lb></lb>ſand, but they ſay it is not to be dug in all <lb></lb>Parts of the Shore alike; for they find it worſt <lb></lb>of all where it is expoſed to the South Wind; <lb></lb>but it is not bad in thoſe Places which look to <lb></lb>the South-weſt. </s> <s>But of Sea-ſands, it is certain <lb></lb>the beſt is that which lies under Rocks, and <lb></lb>which is of the coarſeſt Grain. </s> <s>There is a <lb></lb>great deal of Difference in Sands, for that of <lb></lb>the Sea is very ſlow in drying, and is continu<lb></lb>ally moiſt and apt to diſſolve, by Reaſon of its <lb></lb>Salt, and is therefore very improper and un<lb></lb>faithful in ſupporting of great Weights. </s> <s>That <lb></lb>of the River too is ſomewhat moiſter than the <lb></lb>Pit-ſand, and therefore is more tractable and <lb></lb>better for Plaiſtering-work. </s> <s>The Pit-ſand, by <lb></lb>means of its Fatneſs, is moſt tenacious, but is <lb></lb>apt to crack, for which Reaſon they uſe it in <lb></lb>Vault-work, but not in plaiſtering. </s> <s>But of <lb></lb>each Sort, that is always beſt, which being <lb></lb>rubbed with the Hand creeks the moſt, and <lb></lb>being laid upon a white Cloth, makes the <lb></lb>leaſt Soil, and leaves the leaſt Earth behind it. <lb></lb></s> <s>On the contrary, that is the worſt, which feels <lb></lb>mealy inſtead of ſharp, and which in Smell and <lb></lb>Colour reſembles red Earth, and being mixed <lb></lb>with Water makes it foul and muddy, and if <lb></lb>leſt abroad in the Air, preſently brings forth <lb></lb>Graſs. </s> <s>Neither will that be good, which af<lb></lb>ter it is dug, is left for any Time expoſed to <lb></lb>the Sun, or Moon, or to Froſts; becauſe it <lb></lb>turns it in a Manner to Earth, and makes it <lb></lb>very apt to rot; or when it is inclined to <lb></lb>bring ſorth Shrubs, or wild Figs, it is ex<lb></lb>tremly bad for cementing of Walls. </s> <s>We have <lb></lb>now treated of Timber, Stone, Lime, and <lb></lb>Sand, ſuch as are approved of by the Anci<lb></lb>ents; but in all Places theſe Things are not <lb></lb>to be found with all the Qualifications which <lb></lb>we require. <emph type="italics"></emph>Tully<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end> ſays, that <emph type="italics"></emph>Aſia,<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end> by means <lb></lb>of its Abundance of Marble, always flouriſhed <lb></lb>in fine Buildings and Statues; but Marble is <lb></lb>not to be got every where. </s> <s>In ſome Places <lb></lb>there is either no Stone at all, or what there is, <lb></lb>is good for no manner of Uſe. </s> <s>In all the <lb></lb>Southern Parts of <emph type="italics"></emph>Italy,<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end> they ſay there is no <lb></lb>Want of Sand-Pits, but on the other Side of <lb></lb>the <emph type="italics"></emph>Appenine<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end> there are none. <emph type="italics"></emph>Pliny<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end> ſays, the <lb></lb><emph type="italics"></emph>Babylonians<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end> made Uſe of Slime, and the <emph type="italics"></emph>Car<lb></lb>thaginians<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end> of Mud. </s> <s>In ſome Places, not ha<lb></lb>ving any Sort of Stone, they build with <lb></lb>Hurdles and Potters Earth. <emph type="italics"></emph>Herodotus<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end> tells us, <lb></lb>that the <emph type="italics"></emph>Budini<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end> make all their Structures, as <lb></lb>well publick as private, of nothing but Wood, <lb></lb>even to the Walls of their City, and the Sta<lb></lb>tues of their Gods. <emph type="italics"></emph>Mela<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end> ſays, that the <emph type="italics"></emph>Nervi<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end><lb></lb>have no Wood at all; and that for Want of it <lb></lb>they are obliged to make their Fires of Bones. <lb></lb></s> <s>In <emph type="italics"></emph>Ægypt<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end> their Fuel is the Dung of their Cat<lb></lb>tle. </s> <s>For this Reaſon, the Habitations of Men <lb></lb>are different, according to the different Conve<lb></lb>niencies of the Country. </s> <s>Among the <emph type="italics"></emph>Ægyp<lb></lb>tians<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end> there are Royal Palaces built of Ruſhes; <lb></lb>and in <emph type="italics"></emph>India,<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end> of the Ribs of Whales. </s> <s>In <emph type="italics"></emph>Car<lb></lb>ræ,<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end> a Town in <emph type="italics"></emph>Arabia,<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end> they build with Lumps <lb></lb>of Salt: But of theſe elſewhere. </s> <s>So that as <lb></lb>we have already obſerved, there is not the ſame <lb></lb>Plenty of Stone, Sand, and the like, every <lb></lb>where, but in different Places there are diffe<lb></lb>rent Accommodations and Conveniencies: <lb></lb>Therefore we are to make Uſe of ſuch as of<lb></lb>fer themſelves; and out of thoſe we ſhould, <lb></lb>in the firſt Place, make it our Buſineſs, always <lb></lb>to ſelect and provide the beſt and propereſt, <lb></lb>and, ſecondly, in building with them, we <lb></lb>ſhould carefully allot to each its proper Place <lb></lb>and Situation.</s></p><pb xlink:href="003/01/051.jpg" pagenum="39"></pb><p type="head"> <s>CHAP. XIII.</s></p><p type="main"> <s><emph type="italics"></emph>Whether the Obſervation of Times and Seaſons is of any Uſe in beginning a <lb></lb>Building; what Seaſon is moſt convenient; as alſo, with what Auguries or <lb></lb>Prayers we ought to ſet out upon our Work.<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end></s></p><p type="main"> <s>Having got ready the Materials before <lb></lb>ſpoken of, it remains now that we pro<lb></lb>ceed to treat of the Work itſelf. </s> <s>For as to the <lb></lb>providing of Iron, Braſs, Lead, Glaſs, and the <lb></lb>like, it requires no Care, but merely the Buy<lb></lb>ing, and having them in Readineſs, that your <lb></lb>Building may not ſtand ſtill for them; tho' <lb></lb>we ſhall in due Time lay down ſome Inſtruc<lb></lb>tions about the Choice and Diſtribution of <lb></lb>them, which is of Conſequence to the com<lb></lb>pleating and adorning the Work. </s> <s>And we <lb></lb>ſhall take and conſider the Structure from the <lb></lb>Foundation, in the ſame Manner as if we were <lb></lb>actually about doing the Work ourſelves. </s> <s>But <lb></lb>here I muſt again admoniſh you to conſider <lb></lb>the Times, both with Relation to the Publick, <lb></lb>and to yourſelf and Family, whether they are <lb></lb>troubleſome or peaceable, proſperous or cala<lb></lb>mitous, leſt we expoſe ourſelve<emph type="italics"></emph>s<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end> to Envy, if we <lb></lb>go on with our Undertaking, or to Loſs if we <lb></lb>give it over. </s> <s>We ſhould alſo have a particu<lb></lb>lar Regard to the Seaſon of the Year; for we <lb></lb>ſee that Buildings begun and proſecuted <lb></lb>in Winter, eſpecially in a cold Climate, <lb></lb>are taken with the Froſt, or in Summer, <lb></lb>in a hot Climate, dry'd up with the Heat before <lb></lb>ever they have faſten'd. </s> <s>For this Reaſon it <lb></lb>was that <emph type="italics"></emph>Frontinus,<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end> the Architect, advis'd us <lb></lb>never to undertake ſuch a Work but in a pro<lb></lb>per Seaſon of the Year, which is from the Be<lb></lb>ginning of <emph type="italics"></emph>April<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end> to the Beginning of <emph type="italics"></emph>Novem<lb></lb>ber,<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end> reſting, however, in the greateſt Heat <lb></lb>of Summer. </s> <s>But I am for haſtening or delay<lb></lb>ing the Work juſt according to the Difference <lb></lb>of the Climate and of the Weather; and there<lb></lb>fore if you are prepar'd with all the Things before <lb></lb>recited, and your Convenience ſuits, you have <lb></lb>nothing to do but to mark out the Area of <lb></lb>your Structure in the Ground, with all its <lb></lb>Lines, Angles and Dimenſions. </s> <s>But there are <lb></lb>ſome who tell us that in Building we ſhould <lb></lb>obſerve and wait for happy Auſpices, and that <lb></lb>it is of the utmoſt Importance from what par<lb></lb>ticular Point of Time the Structure is to date <lb></lb>its Being. </s> <s>They relate, that <emph type="italics"></emph>Lucius Tarutius<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end><lb></lb>found out the exact Nativity of <emph type="italics"></emph>Rome,<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end> only <lb></lb>by the Obſervation of the Turns in its For<lb></lb>tune. </s> <s>The wiſeſt Men among the Ancients <lb></lb>had ſuch an Opinion of the Conſequence of <lb></lb>the Moment of the Beginning a Thing might <lb></lb>have as to its future Succeſs, that <emph type="italics"></emph>Julius Fer<lb></lb>micus Maturnus<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end> tells us of ſome Mathematici<lb></lb>ans that pretended to have diſcover'd the very <lb></lb>inſtant when the World had its Beginning, <lb></lb>and that wrote very accurately about it: For <lb></lb><emph type="italics"></emph>Æſculapius,<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end> and <emph type="italics"></emph>Anubius,<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end> and <emph type="italics"></emph>Petoſiris,<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end> and <lb></lb><emph type="italics"></emph>Necepſo,<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end> who only wrote from them, ſay that <lb></lb>it begun juſt at the Riſing of the <emph type="italics"></emph>Crab,<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end> when <lb></lb>the Moon was fourteen Days old, the Sun <lb></lb>being in <emph type="italics"></emph>Leo, Saturn<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end> in <emph type="italics"></emph>Capricorn, Jupiter<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end> in <lb></lb><emph type="italics"></emph>Sagittary, Mars<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end> in <emph type="italics"></emph>Scorpio, Venus<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end> in <emph type="italics"></emph>Libra,<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end><lb></lb>and <emph type="italics"></emph>Mercury<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end> in <emph type="italics"></emph>Virgo.<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end></s><s> And indeed, if we <lb></lb>rightly conſider them, the Times may have a <lb></lb>great Influence in Things. </s> <s>For how is it elſe, <lb></lb>that in the ſhorteſt Day of the Year, the <lb></lb>Penny-royal, tho' quite dry, ſprouts and flou<lb></lb>riſhes; Bladders that are blown up burſt; the <lb></lb>Leaves of Willows, and the Kernels of Apples <lb></lb>turn and change Sides; and that the ſmall <lb></lb>Fibres of a Shell-fiſh correſpond, increaſe and <lb></lb>decreaſe with the Increaſe and Decreaſe of <lb></lb>the Moon. </s> <s>I muſt confeſs, though I have <lb></lb>not ſo much Faith in the Profeſſors of this <lb></lb>Science, and the Obſervers of Times and Sea<lb></lb>ſons, as to believe their Art can influence the <lb></lb>Fortune of any Thing, yet I think they are not <lb></lb>to be deſpiſed when they argue for the Happi<lb></lb>neſs or Adverſity of ſuch ſtated Times as theſe <lb></lb>from the Diſpoſition of the Heavens. </s> <s>But let <lb></lb>this be as it will, the following their Inſtructi<lb></lb>ons may be of great Service, if true; and can <lb></lb>do little harm, if falſe. </s> <s>I might here add ſome <lb></lb>ridiculous Circumſtances which the Ancients <lb></lb>obſerved in the Beginning of their Undertakings; <lb></lb>but I would not have them interpreted in a <lb></lb>wrong Senſe; and indeed they deſerve only to <lb></lb>be laughed at, who would perſwade us that <lb></lb>the very Marking out of the Platform ought <lb></lb>to be done under proper Auſpices. </s> <s>The An<lb></lb>cients were ſo governed by theſe Superſtitions, <lb></lb>that in making out the Liſts of their Armies, <pb xlink:href="003/01/052.jpg" pagenum="40"></pb>they took great Care that the firſt Soldier had <lb></lb>not an unlucky Name; which was a Rule they <lb></lb>alſo obſerved in the Ceremony of purifying their <lb></lb>Soldiers and their Colonies, wherein, the Per<lb></lb>ſon that was to lead the Beaſt to the Sacrifice <lb></lb>muſt have a fortunate Name. </s> <s>And the Cen<lb></lb>ſors, in framing out the publick Revenues and <lb></lb>Eſtates, always began with the Lake <emph type="italics"></emph>Lucrinus,<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end><lb></lb>becauſe of the Lucrativeneſs of its Name, So <lb></lb>likewiſe, being terrified with the diſmal Name <lb></lb>of <emph type="italics"></emph>Epidamnus,<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end> that ſuch as went thither might <lb></lb>not be ſaid to be gone a damnable Voyage, <lb></lb>they changed its Name into <emph type="italics"></emph>Dyrraehium;<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end> ſo <lb></lb>likewiſe they ſerved <emph type="italics"></emph>Beneventum,<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end> which before <lb></lb>was called <emph type="italics"></emph>Maleventum.<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end></s><s> Neither, on the other <lb></lb>Hand, can I forbear laughing at their Conceit, <lb></lb>that in beginning Undertakings of this Sort it <lb></lb>was good to repeat certain favourable Words <lb></lb>and Charms.</s></p><p type="main"> <s>AND there are ſome that affirm, that Men's <lb></lb>Words are ſo powerful, that they are obey'd <lb></lb>even by Beaſts and Things inanimate. </s> <s>I omit <lb></lb><emph type="italics"></emph>Cato<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end>'s Fancy, that Oxen when fatigued may <lb></lb>be refreſh'd by certain Words. </s> <s>They tell us <lb></lb>too, that they uſed with certain Prayers and <lb></lb>Forms of Words to entreat and beſeech their <lb></lb>Mother Earth to give Nouriſhment to foreign <lb></lb>Trees, and ſuch as ſhe was not accuſtom'd to <lb></lb>bear; and that the Trees alſo were to be <lb></lb>humbly pray'd to ſuffer themſelves to be re<lb></lb>mov'd, and to thrive in another Ground. </s> <s>And <lb></lb>ſince we are got into this fooliſh Strain of re<lb></lb>cording the Follies of other Men, I will alſo <lb></lb>mention, for Diverſion Sake, what they tell us, <lb></lb>that the Words of Mankind are of ſuch Effect, <lb></lb>that Turnips will grow incredibly, if when we <lb></lb>ſow them we at the ſame Time pray them to <lb></lb>be gracious and lucky to us, our Families, and <lb></lb>our Neighbourhood. </s> <s>But if theſe be ſo, I can't <lb></lb>imagine why the Baſilico-root ſhould, as they <lb></lb>ſay, grow the faſter for being curſt and abuſed <lb></lb>when it is ſown. </s> <s>But let us leave this idle Sub<lb></lb>ject. </s> <s>It is undoubtedly proper, omitting all <lb></lb>theſe uncertain Superſtitions, to ſet about our <lb></lb>Work with a holy and religious Preparation.</s></p><p type="main"> <s><emph type="italics"></emph>Ab Jove principium, Muſæ;— <lb></lb>Jovis omnia plena.<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end></s></p><p type="main"> <s>We ought therefore to begin our Undertaking <lb></lb>with a clean Heart, and with devout Oblati<lb></lb>ons, and with Prayers to Almighty God to <lb></lb>implore his Aſſiſtance, and Bleſſing upon the <lb></lb>Beginnings of our Labours, that it may have <lb></lb>a happy and proſperous Ending, with Strength <lb></lb>and Happineſs to it and its Inhabitants, with <lb></lb>Content of Mind, Encreaſe of Fortune, Succeſs <lb></lb>of Induſtry, Acquiſition of Glory, and a Suc<lb></lb>ceſſion and Continuance of all good Things. <lb></lb></s> <s>So much for our Preparation.</s></p><p type="head"> <s><emph type="italics"></emph>The End of Book<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end> II.<lb></lb><figure id="id.003.01.052.1.jpg" xlink:href="003/01/052/1.jpg"></figure></s></p><pb xlink:href="003/01/053.jpg"></pb><figure id="id.003.01.053.1.jpg" xlink:href="003/01/053/1.jpg"></figure><p type="head"> <s>THE <lb></lb>ARCHITECTURE <lb></lb>OF <lb></lb><emph type="italics"></emph>Leone Batiſta Alberti.<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end></s></p><p type="head"> <s>BOOK III. CHAP. I.</s></p><p type="main"> <s><emph type="italics"></emph>Of the Work. </s> <s>Wherein lies the Buſineſs of the Work; the different Parts of <lb></lb>the Wall, and what they require. </s> <s>That the Foundation is no Part of the <lb></lb>Wall; what Soil makes the beſt Foundation.<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end></s></p><p type="main"> <s>The whole Buſineſs of the working <lb></lb>Part of Building is this; by a re<lb></lb>gular and artful Conjunction of <lb></lb>different Things, whether ſquare <lb></lb>Stone, or uneven Scantlings, or <lb></lb>Timber, or any other ſtrong Material, to form <lb></lb>them as well as poſſible into a ſolid, regular, <lb></lb>and conſiſtent Structure. </s> <s>We call it regular <lb></lb>and conſiſtent when the Parts are not incon<lb></lb>gruous and disjointed, but are diſpoſed in their <lb></lb>proper Places, and are anſwerable one to the <lb></lb>other, and conformable to a right Ordinance of <lb></lb>Lines. </s> <s>We are therefore to conſider what are <lb></lb>the principal eſſential Parts in the Wall, and <lb></lb>what are only the Lines and Diſpoſition of <lb></lb>thoſe Parts. </s> <s>Nor are the Parts of the Wall <lb></lb>any Thing difficult to find out; for the Top, <lb></lb>the Bottom, the right Side, the Left, the re<lb></lb>mote Parts, the Near, the Middle are obvious <lb></lb>of themſelves; but the particular Nature of <lb></lb>each of theſe, and wherein they differ, is not <lb></lb>ſo eaſily known. </s> <s>For the raiſing a Building is <lb></lb>not, as the Ignorant imagine, merely laying <lb></lb>Stone upon Stone, or Brick upon Brick; but <lb></lb>as there is a great Diverſity of Parts, ſo there <lb></lb>requires a great Diverſity of Materials and Con<lb></lb>trivance. </s> <s>For one Thing is proper in the <lb></lb>Foundation, another in the naked Wall and in <lb></lb>the Corniſh, another for the Coins, and for the <lb></lb>Lips of the Apertures, one for the outward <lb></lb>Face of the Wall, another for the cramming <lb></lb>and filling up the middle Parts: Our Buſineſs <lb></lb>here is to ſhew what is requiſite in each of <lb></lb>theſe. </s> <s>In doing this, therefore, we ſhall begin <lb></lb>at the Foundation, imitating, as we ſaid before, <lb></lb>thoſe that are actually going to raiſe the Struc<lb></lb>ture. </s> <s>The Foundation, if I miſtake not, is <lb></lb>not properly a Part of the Wall, but the Place <lb></lb>and Seat on which the Wall is reared. </s> <s>For <lb></lb>if we can find a Seat perfectly firm and ſolid, <lb></lb>conſiſting perhaps of nothing but Stone, what <lb></lb>Foundation are we obliged to make? </s> <s>None, <pb xlink:href="003/01/054.jpg" pagenum="42"></pb>certainly, but to begin immediately from <lb></lb>thence to erect our Wall. </s> <s>At <emph type="italics"></emph>Siena<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end> there are <lb></lb>huge Towers raiſed immediately from the na<lb></lb>ked Earth, becauſe the Hill is lined with a <lb></lb>ſolid Rock. </s> <s>Making a Foundation, that is <lb></lb>to ſay, digging up the Ground, and making a <lb></lb>Trench, is neceſſary in thoſe Places, where <lb></lb>you cannot find firm Ground without digging; <lb></lb>which, indeed, is the Caſe almoſt every where, <lb></lb>as will appear hereafter. </s> <s>The Marks of a good <lb></lb>Soil for a Foundation are theſe; if it does not <lb></lb>produce any kind of Herb that uſually grows <lb></lb>in moiſt Places; if it bears either no Tree at <lb></lb>all, or only ſuch as delight in a very hard, <lb></lb>cloſe Earth; if every Thing round about is <lb></lb>extremely dry, and, as it were, quite parched <lb></lb>up; if the Place is ſtony, not with ſmall round <lb></lb>Pebbles, but large ſharp Stones, and eſpecially <lb></lb>Flints; if there are no Springs nor Veins of <lb></lb>Water running under it; becauſe the Nature <lb></lb>of all Streams is either to be perpetually car<lb></lb>rying away, or bringing ſomething along with <lb></lb>them: And therefore it is that in all flat <lb></lb>Grounds, lying near any River, you can never <lb></lb>meet with any firm Soil, till you dig below <lb></lb>the Level of the Channel. </s> <s>Before you begin <lb></lb>to dig your Foundations, you ſhould once <lb></lb>again carefully review and conſider all the <lb></lb>Lines and Angles of your Platform, what Di<lb></lb>menſions they are to be of, and how they are <lb></lb>to diſpoſed. </s> <s>In making theſe Angles we muſt <lb></lb>uſe a ſquare Rule, not of a ſmall but of a <lb></lb>very large Size, that our ſtrait Lines may be <lb></lb>the truer. </s> <s>The Ancients made their ſquare <lb></lb>Rule of three ſtrait ones joined together in a <lb></lb>Triangle, whereof one was of three Cubits, <lb></lb>the other of four, and the third of five. </s> <s>The <lb></lb>Ignorant do not know how to make theſe <lb></lb>Angles till they have firſt cleared away every <lb></lb>Thing that incumbers the Area, and have it <lb></lb>all perſectly open, almoſt level before them: <lb></lb>For which Reaſon, laying furiouſly hold of <lb></lb>their Tools, they fall like ſo many Ravagers <lb></lb>to demoliſhing and levelling every Thing be<lb></lb>fore them; which would become them much <lb></lb>better in the Country of an Enemy. </s> <s>But the <lb></lb>Error of theſe Men ought to be corrected; <lb></lb>for a Change of Fortune, or the Adverſity of <lb></lb>the Times, or ſome unforeſeen Accident, or <lb></lb>Neceſſity, may poſſibly oblige you to lay aſide <lb></lb>the Thoughts of the Undertaking you have <lb></lb>begun. </s> <s>And it is certainly very unſeemly, in <lb></lb>the mean while, to have no Regard to the <lb></lb>Labours of your Anceſtors, or to the Conve<lb></lb>niencies which your Fellow-Citizens find in <lb></lb>theſe paternal Habitations, which they have <lb></lb>been long accuſtomed to; and as for pulling <lb></lb>down and demoliſhing, that is in your Power <lb></lb>at any Time. </s> <s>I am therefore for preſerving <lb></lb>the old Structures untouched, till ſuch Time <lb></lb>as it is abſolutely neceſſary to remove them <lb></lb>to make Way for the new.</s></p><p type="head"> <s>CHAP. II.</s></p><p type="head"> <s><emph type="italics"></emph>That the Foundation chiefly is to be marked out with Lines; and by what <lb></lb>Tokens we may know the Goodneſs of the Ground.<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end></s></p><p type="main"> <s>In marking out your Foundations, you are <lb></lb>to remember, that the ſirſt Ground-work <lb></lb>of your Wall, and the Soccles, which are <lb></lb>called Foundations too, muſt be a determinate <lb></lb>Proportion broader than the Wall that is to be <lb></lb>erected upon it; in Imitation of thoſe who <lb></lb>walk over the Snow in the <emph type="italics"></emph>Alps<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end> of <emph type="italics"></emph>Tuſcany,<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end><lb></lb>who wear upon their Feet Hurdles made of <lb></lb>Twigs and ſmall Ropes, plaited together for <lb></lb>that very Purpoſe, the Broadneſs of which <lb></lb>keeps them from ſinking in the Snow. </s> <s>How <lb></lb>to diſpoſe the Angles, is not eaſy to teach <lb></lb>clearly with Words alone; becauſe the Method <lb></lb>of drawing them, is borrowed ſrom the Ma<lb></lb>thematicks, and ſtands in Need of the Ex<lb></lb>ample of Lines, a Thing ſoreign to our Deſign <lb></lb>here, and which we have treated of in another <lb></lb>Place, in our Mathematical Commentaries. <lb></lb></s> <s>However, I will endeavour, as far as is neceſ<lb></lb>ſary here, to ſpeak of them in ſuch a Manner, <lb></lb>that if you have any Share of Ingenuity, you <lb></lb>may eaſily comprehend many Things, by <lb></lb>Means of which you may afterwards make <lb></lb>yourſelf Maſter of all the reſt. </s> <s>Whatever may <lb></lb>chance to ſeem more obſcure, if you have a <lb></lb>Mind to underſtand it thoroughly, you may <lb></lb>apply to thoſe Commentaries. </s> <s>My Method, <lb></lb>then, in deſcribing the Foundations, is to draw <lb></lb><arrow.to.target n="marg4"></arrow.to.target><lb></lb>ſome Lines, which I call radical ones, <lb></lb>in this Manner*. From the Middle <lb></lb>of the Fore-front of the Work, I draw a Line <lb></lb>quite thro' to the Back-front, in the Middle <pb xlink:href="003/01/055.jpg" pagenum="43"></pb>of this Line I ſix a Nail in the Ground, from <lb></lb>which I raiſe, and let fall Perpendiculars, ac<lb></lb>cording to the Method of the Geometers; and <lb></lb>to theſe two Lines I reduce every Thing <lb></lb>that I have Occaſion to meaſure; which ſuc<lb></lb>ceeds perſectly well in all Reſpects; for the <lb></lb>Parallel Lines are obvious; you ſee exactly <lb></lb>where to make your Angles correſpondent, <lb></lb>and to diſpoſe every Part conſiſtently, and <lb></lb>agreeably, with the others. </s> <s>But if it ſo hap<lb></lb>pens, that any old Buildings obſtruct your <lb></lb>Sight from diſcovering and fixing upon the <lb></lb>exact Seat of every Angle; your Buſineſs <lb></lb>then is to draw Lines, at equal Diſtances, in <lb></lb>thoſe Places which are clear and free; then <lb></lb>having marked the Point of Interſection, by <lb></lb>the Aſſiſtance of the Diameter and Gnomon, <lb></lb>and by drawing other Lines at equal Diſtances, <lb></lb>fitted to the Square, we may compleatly effect <lb></lb>our Purpoſe: And it will be of no ſmall Con<lb></lb>venience to terminate the Ray of Sight with a <lb></lb>Line in thoſe Places which lie higher than the <lb></lb>reſt; whence letting fall a Perpendicular, we <lb></lb>may find the right Direction and Production of <lb></lb>our Lines. </s> <s>Having marked out the Lines <lb></lb>and Angles of our Trenches, we ought to <lb></lb>have, if poſſible, as ſharp and clear a Sight as <lb></lb>a certain <emph type="italics"></emph>Spaniard<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end> in our Days was fabulouſly <lb></lb>ſaid to have, who they tell us, could ſee the <lb></lb>loweſt Veins of Water that run under Ground, <lb></lb>as plainly as if they were above Ground. </s> <s>So <lb></lb>the many Things happen under the Surface of <lb></lb>Earth, which we know nothing of, as makes it <lb></lb>unſafe to truſt the Weight and Expence of a <lb></lb>Building to it. </s> <s>And, certainly, as in all the <lb></lb>reſt of the Structure, ſo eſpecially in the Foun<lb></lb>dations, we ought to neglect no Precaution <lb></lb>which it becomes an accurate and diligent <lb></lb>Architect to take; for an Error in any other <lb></lb>Part does leſs Miſchief, and is more eaſily re<lb></lb>medied, or better borne, than in the Founda<lb></lb>tion; in which, a Miſtake is inexcuſable. </s> <s>But <lb></lb>the Ancicnts uſed to ſay, dig on, and good <lb></lb>Fortune attend you, till you find a ſolid Bot<lb></lb>tom; for the Earth has ſeveral Strata, and <lb></lb>thoſe of different Natures; ſome ſandy, others <lb></lb>gravelly, ſome ſtony, and the like; under <lb></lb>which, at certain Depths, is a hard, firm <lb></lb>Bank, fit to ſupport the heavieſt Structure. <lb></lb></s> <s>This alſo is various, and hardly like any thing of <lb></lb>its own kind in any Particular; in ſome Places <lb></lb>it is exceſſively hard, and ſcarce penetrable with <lb></lb>Iron; in others, fatter and ſofter; in ſome <lb></lb>Places blacker, in others whiter; which laſt <lb></lb>is reckoned the weakeſt of all; in ſome Places <lb></lb>chalky, in others, ſtony; in others, a Kind <lb></lb>of Potters Clay mixed with Gravel; of all <lb></lb>which, no other certain Judgment can be <lb></lb>made, but that the beſt is reckoned to be that <lb></lb>which is hardeſt to the Pick-axe, and which <lb></lb>when wetted does not diſſolve. </s> <s>And for this <lb></lb>Reaſon, none is thought firmer and ſtronger, <lb></lb>or more durable, than that which ſerves as a <lb></lb>Bottom to any Springs of Water in the Bowels <lb></lb>of the Earth. </s> <s>But it is my Opinion, that the <lb></lb>beſt Way is to take Counſel with diſereet and <lb></lb>experienced Men of the Country, and with <lb></lb>the neighbouring Architects; who, both from <lb></lb>the Example of old Structures, and from their <lb></lb>daily Practice in actual Building, muſt be the <lb></lb>beſt Judges of the Nature of the Soil, and <lb></lb>what Weight it is able to bear. </s> <s>There are <lb></lb>alſo Methods of proving the Firmneſs of the <lb></lb>Soil. </s> <s>If you roll any great Weight along the <lb></lb>Ground, or let it fall down from any Heighth, <lb></lb>and it does not make the Earth ſhake, nor <lb></lb>ſtir the Water ſet there on Purpoſe in a Baſon; <lb></lb>you may ſafely promiſe yourſelf a good, ſound <lb></lb>Foundation in that Place. </s> <s>But in ſome Coun<lb></lb>tries there is no ſolid Bottom to be found any <lb></lb>where; as near the <emph type="italics"></emph>Adriatic,<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end> and about <emph type="italics"></emph>Ve<lb></lb>nice,<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end> where, generally, there is nothing to be <lb></lb>met with but a looſe, ſoft Mud.</s></p><p type="margin"> <s><margin.target id="marg4"></margin.target>* Plate 4. <lb></lb><emph type="italics"></emph>(facing <lb></lb>page 44)<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end></s></p><p type="head"> <s>CHAP. III.</s></p><p type="main"> <s><emph type="italics"></emph>That the Nature of Places is various, and therefore we ought not to truſt any <lb></lb>Place too haſtily, till we have firſt dug Wells, or Reſervoirs; but that in <lb></lb>marſhy Places, we muſt make our Foundation with Piles burnt at the Ends, <lb></lb>and driven in with their Heads downward with light Beetles, and many <lb></lb>repeated Blows, till they are driven quite into the Head.<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end></s></p><p type="main"> <s>You muſt therefore uſe different Me<lb></lb>thods for your Foundations, according <lb></lb>to the Diverſity of Places, whereof ſome are <lb></lb>lofty, ſome low, others between both, as the <lb></lb>Sides of Hills: Some again are parcht and <lb></lb>dry, as generally the Summits and Ridges of <pb xlink:href="003/01/056.jpg" pagenum="44"></pb>Mountains; others damp and waſhy, as are <lb></lb>thoſe which lie near Seas or Lakes, or in Bot<lb></lb>toms between Hills. </s> <s>Others are ſo ſituated as <lb></lb>to be neither always dry nor always wet, which <lb></lb>is the Nature of caſy Aſcents, where the <lb></lb>Water does not lie and ſoak, but runs gently <lb></lb>off. </s> <s>We muſt never truſt too haſtily to any <lb></lb>Ground, tho' it does reſiſt the Pick-axe, for <lb></lb>it may be in a Plain, and be infirm, the Con<lb></lb>ſequence of which might be the Ruin of the <lb></lb>whole Work. </s> <s>I have ſeen a Tower at <emph type="italics"></emph>Meſtri,<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end><lb></lb>a Place belonging to the <emph type="italics"></emph>Venetians,<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end> which in <lb></lb>a few Years after it was built, made its Way <lb></lb>thro' the Ground it ſtood upon, which, as <lb></lb>the Fact evinced, was a looſe weak Soil, and <lb></lb>bury'd itſelf in Earth, up to the very Battle<lb></lb>ments. </s> <s>For this Reaſon they are very much <lb></lb>to be blamed, who not being provided by Na<lb></lb>ture with a Soil fit to ſupport the Weight of <lb></lb>an Edifice, and Lightning upon the Ruins or <lb></lb>Remains of ſome old Structure, do not take <lb></lb>the Pains to examine the Goodneſs of its Foun<lb></lb>dation, but inconſiderately raiſe great Piles of <lb></lb>Building upon it, and out of the Avarice of <lb></lb>ſaving a little Expence, throw away all the <lb></lb>Money they lay out in the Work. </s> <s>It is there<lb></lb>fore excellent Advice, the firſt Thing you do <lb></lb>to dig Wells, for ſeveral Reaſons, and eſpeci<lb></lb>ally in order to get acquainted with the Strata <lb></lb>of the Earth, whether ſound enough to bear <lb></lb>the Superſtructure, or likely to give way. </s> <s>Add, <lb></lb>likewiſe, that the Water you find in them, and <lb></lb>the Stuff you dig out, will be of great Service <lb></lb>to you in ſeveral Parts of your Work; and <lb></lb>moreover, that the Opening ſuch Vents will be <lb></lb>a great Security to the Firmneſs of the Build<lb></lb>ing, and prevent its being injured by ſubter<lb></lb>rancous Exhalations. </s> <s>Having therefore, either <lb></lb>by digging a Well, or a Ciſtern, or a Shoar, or <lb></lb>any other Hole of that Nature, made yourſelf <lb></lb>thoroughly acquainted with the Veins or <lb></lb>Layers of the Earth, you are to make Choice <lb></lb>of that which you may moſt ſafely truſt with <lb></lb>your Superſtructure. </s> <s>In Eminences, or where<lb></lb>ever elſe the Water is running down waſhes <lb></lb>away the Ground, the deeper you make your <lb></lb>Trench, the better. </s> <s>And that the Hills are <lb></lb>actually eaten and waſh'd away, and waſted <lb></lb>more and more daily by continual Rains, is <lb></lb>evident ſrom the Caverns and Rocks which <lb></lb>every Day grow more viſible, whereas at firſt <lb></lb>they were ſo cover'd with Earth that we could <lb></lb>hardly perceive them. </s> <s>Mount <emph type="italics"></emph>Morello,<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end> which <lb></lb>is about <emph type="italics"></emph>Florence,<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end> in the Days of our Fathers <lb></lb>was all over cover'd with Firs; and now it is <lb></lb>quite wild and naked; occaſion'd, as I ſup<lb></lb>poſe, by the Waſhing of the Rain In Situ<lb></lb>ations upon Slopes, <emph type="italics"></emph>Columella<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end> directs us to be<lb></lb>gin our Foundations at the loweſt Part of the <lb></lb>Slope firſt; which is certainly very right, for <lb></lb>beſides that whatever you lay there will always <lb></lb>ſtand firm and unmoveable in its Place, it will <lb></lb>alſo ſerve as a Prop or Buttreſs, to whatever <lb></lb>you add to the upper Parts, if you aftewards <lb></lb>think fit to enlarge your Structure. </s> <s>You will <lb></lb>alſo thereby diſcover and provide againſt thoſe <lb></lb>Defects which ſometimes happen in ſuch Tren<lb></lb>ches by the cracking or falling in of the Earth. </s> <s>In <lb></lb>marſhy Grounds, you ſhould make your Trench <lb></lb>very wide, and fortify both Sides of it with <lb></lb>Stakes, Hurdles, Planks, Sea-weeds, and Clay, <lb></lb>ſo ſtrongly that no Water may get in; then <lb></lb>you muſt draw off every drop of Water that <lb></lb>happens to be left within your Frame-work, <lb></lb>and dig out the Sand, and clear away the Mud <lb></lb>from the Bottom till you have firm dry Ground <lb></lb>to ſet your Foot upon. </s> <s>The ſame you are to <lb></lb>do in ſandy Ground, as far as Neceſſity requires. <lb></lb></s> <s>Moreover, the Bottom of the Trench <lb></lb>muſt be laid exactly level, not ſloping on <lb></lb>either Side, that the Materials laid upon it may <lb></lb>be equally balanced. </s> <s>There is a natural in<lb></lb>ſtinct in all heavy Bodies to lean and preſs <lb></lb>upon the loweſt Parts. </s> <s>There are other <lb></lb>Things which they direct us to do in marſhy <lb></lb>Situations, but they belong rather to the Wal<lb></lb>ling than to the Foundations. </s> <s>They order us to <lb></lb>drive into the Ground a great Number of <lb></lb>Stakes and Piles burnt at the End, and ſet <lb></lb>with their Heads downwards, ſo as to have <lb></lb>a Surface of twice the Breadth that we intend <lb></lb>for our Wall; that theſe Piles ſhould never be <lb></lb>leſs in length than the eighth Part of the <lb></lb>Heighth of the Wall to be built upon them, <lb></lb>and for their Thickneſs, it ſhould be the <lb></lb>twelſth Part of their Length, and no leſs. </s> <s>Laſtly <lb></lb>they ſhould be drove in ſo cloſe that their is <lb></lb>not room for one more. </s> <s>The Inſtrument we <lb></lb>uſe for driving in theſe Piles, whatever Sort it <lb></lb>it is of, ſhould do its Buſineſs by a great many <lb></lb>repeated Strokes; for when it is too heavy, <lb></lb>coming down with an immenſe and intolerable <lb></lb>Force, it breaks and ſplits the Timber; but the <lb></lb>continual Repetition of gentle Strokes wearies <lb></lb>and overcomes the greateſt Hardneſs and Obſti<lb></lb>nacy of the Ground. </s> <s>You have an Inſtance of this <lb></lb>when you go to drive a ſmall Nail into a hard <lb></lb>Piece of Timber; if you uſe a great heavy <lb></lb>Hammer, it won't do; but if you work with <lb></lb>a manageable light one, it penetrates imme-</s></p><pb xlink:href="003/01/057.jpg"></pb><p type="caption"> <s>PLATE 4. <emph type="italics"></emph>(Pages 42-43)<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end></s></p><figure id="id.003.01.057.1.jpg" xlink:href="003/01/057/1.jpg"></figure><p type="caption"> <s><emph type="italics"></emph>Leoni delin.<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end></s></p><p type="caption"> <s><emph type="italics"></emph>“Facciata di Dietro” = back-front [rear facade]. “Facciata d'Inanzi” = fore-front. <lb></lb></s> <s>“Linea Prima” = first line. </s> <s>“Linea Seconda” = second line. </s> <s>“Chiodo” = nail.<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end></s></p><pb xlink:href="003/01/058.jpg"></pb><p type="caption"> <s>PLATE 5. <emph type="italics"></emph>(A: Page 45; B: Page 47)<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end></s></p><figure id="id.003.01.058.1.jpg" xlink:href="003/01/058/1.jpg"></figure><pb xlink:href="003/01/059.jpg" pagenum="45"></pb><p type="main"> <s>What has been ſaid may ſuffice, with relation <lb></lb>to our Trench, unleſs we would add, that <lb></lb>ſometimes, either to ſave Money, or to avoid <lb></lb>an intermediate Piece of rotten Ground, it may <lb></lb>not be amiſs to make a Foundation not con<lb></lb>tinued entire all the way, but with Intervals <lb></lb>left between, as if we were only making <lb></lb><arrow.to.target n="marg5"></arrow.to.target><lb></lb>Columns or Pilaſters, then turning Arches <lb></lb><arrow.to.target n="marg6"></arrow.to.target><lb></lb>from one Pilaſter to the other, to <lb></lb>lay over them the reſt of the Wall <lb></lb>In theſe we are to obſerve the ſame <lb></lb>Directions as we gave before; but the greater <lb></lb>Weight you are to raiſe upon them, the large. <lb></lb></s> <s>and ſtronger Pilaſters and Baſes you muſt <lb></lb>make. </s> <s>But of theſe enough.</s></p><p type="margin"> <s><margin.target id="marg5"></margin.target>*</s></p><p type="margin"> <s><margin.target id="marg6"></margin.target>* A. </s> <s>Plate 5. <lb></lb><emph type="italics"></emph>(facing page 45)<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end></s></p><p type="head"> <s>CHAP. IV.</s></p><p type="head"> <s><emph type="italics"></emph>Of the Nature, Forms and Qualities of Stones, and of the Tempering of <lb></lb>Mortar.<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end></s></p><p type="main"> <s>We now come to begin our Wall; but <lb></lb>as the Workman's Art and Manner <lb></lb>of Building depends partly upon the Nature, <lb></lb>Form and Quality of his Stone, and partly <lb></lb>upon the Tempering of his Mortar, we are <lb></lb>therefore firſt to treat briefly of theſe. </s> <s>Of <lb></lb>Stones, ſome are living, juicy, and ſtrong, ſuch <lb></lb>as Flint, Marble, and the like, which by Na<lb></lb>ture are heavy and ſonorous; others are ex<lb></lb>hauſted, light, and dead ſounding, as are all <lb></lb>Stones that are ſoft and ſandy. </s> <s>Again, ſome <lb></lb>have even Superficies, ſtrait Lines, and equal <lb></lb>Angles, which are call'd Squared Stones; <lb></lb>others have uneven Superficies, of various <lb></lb>Lines, and unequal Angles, which we call <lb></lb>Rough. </s> <s>Of Stones alſo, ſome are big and <lb></lb>unweildy, ſo that a Man's Hand cannot <lb></lb>manage them at Pleaſure, without the Aſſiſtance <lb></lb>of Sleds, Leavers, Rowlers, Pullies, or the <lb></lb>like Engines; others ſmall, ſo as you may <lb></lb>raiſe and manage them with one ſingle Hand <lb></lb>juſt as you pleaſe. </s> <s>The third Sort is between <lb></lb>both, of a moderate Size and Weight, which <lb></lb>are call'd ſizeable. </s> <s>All Stone ſhould be En<lb></lb>tire, not Muddy, and well waſh'd; you may <lb></lb>know whether it is Entire or Crack'd, by the <lb></lb>Sound it gives when you Strike upon it. </s> <s>You <lb></lb>can waſh them no where better than in a <lb></lb>River; and it is certain that the Middling <lb></lb>ſizeable Sort are not ſoak'd enough under nine <lb></lb>Days, and the large ones under more. </s> <s>That <lb></lb>which is freſh dug out of the Quarry is better <lb></lb>than that which has been long kept; and that <lb></lb>which has been once cemented with Mortar <lb></lb>will not cement well again a ſecond Time. <lb></lb></s> <s>So much may ſuffice as to Stone. </s> <s>As for <lb></lb>Lime, they condemn that which when it <lb></lb>comes from the Kiln is not in entire Lumps, <lb></lb>but in broken Pieces, and as it were in Pow<lb></lb>der, and they ſay it will never prove ſervice<lb></lb>able. </s> <s>They commend that which purges and <lb></lb>grows white in the Fire, and which is light <lb></lb>and ſonorous, and when you water it, burſts, <lb></lb>and throws out a ſtrong thick Smoke high into <lb></lb>the Air. </s> <s>The former, being weak, muſt of <lb></lb>Courſe require leſs Sand; but this latter, being <lb></lb>ſtrong, requires more. <emph type="italics"></emph>Cato<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end> directs, that to <lb></lb>every two Foot of Work, we ſhould allow one <lb></lb>Buſhel of Lime and two of Sand: Others <lb></lb>preſcribe different Proportions. <emph type="italics"></emph>Vitruvius<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end> and <lb></lb><emph type="italics"></emph>Pliny<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end> are for mixing the Sand thus; namely <lb></lb>to give to each Buſhel of Lime three of Pit<lb></lb>ſand, or two of River or Sea-ſand. </s> <s>Laſtly, <lb></lb>when the Quality and Nature of your Stone <lb></lb>requires your Mortar to be more liquid or <lb></lb>tractable (which we ſhall ſpeak of more clearly <lb></lb>below) your Sand muſt be ſifted through a <lb></lb>Sieve; but when it is to be ſtiffer, then mix it <lb></lb>with half Gravel and broken Fragments of <lb></lb>Stone. </s> <s>All agree, that if you mix it with <lb></lb>one third of broken Tile or Brick pounded, it <lb></lb>will be much more tenacious. </s> <s>However, mix <lb></lb>it as you will, you muſt ſtir it about often, till <lb></lb>the ſmalleſt Pieces are incorparated; and ſome, <lb></lb>for this Purpoſe, and that it may be well <lb></lb>mingled together, ſtir it about and beat it a <lb></lb>great while in a Mortar. </s> <s>But we ſhall ſay <lb></lb>no more here of the Cement, only thus much, <lb></lb>that Lime takes better hold with Stone of its <lb></lb>own Kind, and eſpecially out of the ſame <lb></lb>Quarry, than with a Stranger.<lb></lb></s></p><pb xlink:href="003/01/060.jpg" pagenum="46"></pb><p type="head"> <s>CHAP. V.</s></p><p type="head"> <s><emph type="italics"></emph>Of the lower Courſes or Foundations, according to the Precepts and Example <lb></lb>of the Ancients.<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end></s></p><p type="main"> <s>For making the lower Courſes, that is to <lb></lb>ſay, raiſing the Foundations up to the <lb></lb>Level of the Ground, I do not find any Precepts <lb></lb>among the Ancients, except this one, that all <lb></lb>Stones which, after being in the Air two Years, <lb></lb>diſcover any Defect, muſt be baniſh'd into the <lb></lb>Foundation. </s> <s>For as in an Army, the ſluggiſh <lb></lb>and weak who cannot endure the Sun and <lb></lb>Duſt, are ſent home with Marks of Infamy, <lb></lb>ſo theſe ſoft enervated Stones ought to be re<lb></lb>jected, and left to an inglorious Repoſe in their <lb></lb>primitive Obſcurity. </s> <s>Indeed I find by Hiſtorians, <lb></lb>that the Ancients took as much Care of the <lb></lb>Strength and Soundneſs of their Foundation in <lb></lb>all its Parts as of any other Part of the Wall. <lb></lb><emph type="italics"></emph>Aſithis,<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end> the Son of <emph type="italics"></emph>Nicerinus,<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end> King of <emph type="italics"></emph>Ægypt,<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end><lb></lb>(the Author of the Law, that whoever was <lb></lb>ſued for Debt ſhould give the Corpſe of his <lb></lb>Father in Pawn) when he built a Pyramid of <lb></lb>Bricks to make his Foundations, drove Piles <lb></lb>into the Marſh, and laid his Bricks upon them. <lb></lb></s> <s>And we are inform'd that <emph type="italics"></emph>Cteſipho,<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end> the excel<lb></lb>lent Architect that built the famous Temple <lb></lb>of <emph type="italics"></emph>Diana<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end> at <emph type="italics"></emph>Epheſus,<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end> having made Choice of <lb></lb>a level Piece of Ground, thoroughly drain'd, <lb></lb>and likely to be free from Earthquakes; that <lb></lb>he might not lay the Foundations of ſuch a <lb></lb>huge Pile in ſo looſe and unfaithful a Soil <lb></lb>without due Precautions, firſt made a Bottom <lb></lb>of Coals pounded to Duſt; then drove in Piles <lb></lb>with Fleeces and Coals wedged in between <lb></lb>Pile and Pile; and over theſe a Courſe of <lb></lb>Stone with very long Junctures.</s></p><p type="main"> <s>WE find that about <emph type="italics"></emph>Jeruſalem,<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end> in the <lb></lb>Foundations of their Publick Works, they <lb></lb>ſometimes uſed Stones thirty Feet long, and <lb></lb>not leſs than fifteen high. </s> <s>But I have ob<lb></lb>ſerved, that in other Places, the Ancients, <lb></lb>who were wonderfully expert in managing of <lb></lb>great Works, followed different Rules and <lb></lb>Methods in filling up the Foundations. </s> <s>In <lb></lb>the Sepulchre of the <emph type="italics"></emph>Antonini<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end> they filled them <lb></lb>up with little Pieces of very hard Stone, each <lb></lb>not bigger than a Handful, and which they <lb></lb>perfectly drowned in Mortar. </s> <s>In the <emph type="italics"></emph>Forum <lb></lb>Argentarium,<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end> with Fragments of all Sorts of <lb></lb>broken Stones; in the <emph type="italics"></emph>Comitia,<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end> with Bits of <lb></lb>the very worſt Sort of ſoft Stuff. </s> <s>But I am <lb></lb>mightily pleaſed with thoſe who in the <emph type="italics"></emph>Tarpeia<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end><lb></lb>imitated Nature, in a Contrivance particularly <lb></lb>well adapted to Hills; for as ſhe, in the For<lb></lb>mation of Mountains, mixes the ſofteſt Mate<lb></lb>rials with the hardeſt Stone, ſo theſe Work<lb></lb>men ſirſt laid a Courſe of ſquared Stone, as <lb></lb>ſtrong as they could get, to the Heighth of <lb></lb>two Feet; over theſe they made a Kind of <lb></lb>Plaiſter of Mortar, and broken Fragments, <lb></lb>then another Courſe of Stone, and with another <lb></lb>of Plaiſter they finiſhed their Foundation. </s> <s>I <lb></lb>have known other Inſtances, where the An<lb></lb>cients have made much the ſame Sort of Foun<lb></lb>dations and Structures too, of coarſe Pit-gra<lb></lb>vel, and common Stone that they have picked <lb></lb>up by chance, which have laſted many Ages. <lb></lb></s> <s>Upon pulling down a very high and ſtrong <lb></lb>Tower at <emph type="italics"></emph>Bologna,<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end> they diſcovered that the <lb></lb>Foundations were filled with nothing but <lb></lb>round Stones and Chalk, to the Heighth of <lb></lb>nine Feet; the other Parts were built with <lb></lb>Mortar. </s> <s>We find therefore that very different <lb></lb>Methods have been uſed, and which to ap<lb></lb>prove moſt I confeſs myſelf at a Loſs, all of <lb></lb>them have ſo long endured firm and ſound. <lb></lb></s> <s>So that I think we ought to chuſe that which <lb></lb>is leaſt expenſive, provided we do not throw <lb></lb>in all manner of old Rubbiſh, and any thing <lb></lb>apt to moulder. </s> <s>There are alſo other Sorts <lb></lb>of Foundations; one belongs to Porticoes, <lb></lb>and all other Places where Rows of Columns <lb></lb>are to be ſet; the other to Maritime Places, <lb></lb>where we cannot pick and chuſe the Good<lb></lb>neſs of our Bottom as we could wiſh. </s> <s>Of <lb></lb>the Maritime we will conſider when we come <lb></lb>to treat of making of Ports, and running Moles <lb></lb>out into the Sea; becauſe theſe do not relate <lb></lb>to the general Work of all manner of Build<lb></lb>ings, which is the Subject of our Diſcourſe here, <lb></lb>but only to one particular Part of the City, <lb></lb>which we ſhall treat of together with other <lb></lb>Things of the like Nature, when we give an <lb></lb>Account of all Publick Works, Member by <lb></lb>Member. </s> <s>In laying Foundations under Rows <lb></lb>of Columns, there is no Occaſion to draw an <lb></lb>even continued Line of Work all the Way <pb xlink:href="003/01/061.jpg" pagenum="47"></pb>without Interruption; but only firſt to <lb></lb>ſtrengthen the Places you intend for the Seats <lb></lb>or Beds of your Columns, and then from one <lb></lb>to the other draw Arches with their Backs <lb></lb>downwards, ſo that the Plane or Level of the <lb></lb>Area will be the Chord of thoſe Arches; as <lb></lb><arrow.to.target n="marg7"></arrow.to.target><lb></lb>you may ſee by the Plate of the Page 41. let <lb></lb>B. </s> <s>For ſtanding thus, they will be leſs apt to <lb></lb>force their Way into the Earth in any one <lb></lb>Place, the Weight being counterpos'd and <lb></lb>thrown equally on both Sides on the Props of <lb></lb>the Arches. </s> <s>And how apt Columns are to <lb></lb>drive into the Ground, by means of the great <lb></lb>Preſſure of the Weight laid upon them, is <lb></lb>manifeſt from that Corner of the noble Tem<lb></lb>ple of <emph type="italics"></emph>Veſpaſian<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end> that ſtands to the North<lb></lb>Weſt. </s> <s>For being deſirous to leave the publick <lb></lb>Way, which was interrupted by that Angle, a <lb></lb>free and open Paſſage underneath, they broke <lb></lb>the Area of their Platform and turn'd an Arch <lb></lb>againſt the Wall, leaving that Corner as a Sort <lb></lb>of Plaiſter on the other Side of the Paſſage, <lb></lb>and fortifying it, as well as poſſible, with ſtout <lb></lb>Work, and with the Aſſiſtance of a Buttreſs. <lb></lb></s> <s>Yet this at laſt, by the vaſt Weight of ſo great <lb></lb>a Building, and the giving Way of the Earth, <lb></lb>became ruinous. </s> <s>But let this ſuffice upon this <lb></lb>Head.</s></p><p type="margin"> <s><margin.target id="marg7"></margin.target>*</s></p><p type="head"> <s>CHAP. VI.</s></p><p type="main"> <s><emph type="italics"></emph>That there ought to be Vents left open in thick Walls from the Bottom to the <lb></lb>Top; the Difference between the Wall and the Foundation; the principal <lb></lb>Parts of the Wall; the three Methods of Walling; the Materials and <lb></lb>Form of the firſt Courſe or Layer.<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end></s></p><p type="main"> <s>The Foundations being laid, we come <lb></lb>next to the Wall. </s> <s>But I will not omit <lb></lb>here a Precaution which belongs as well to the <lb></lb>Compleating of the Foundation as to the <lb></lb>Structure of the Wall. </s> <s>In large Buildings, <lb></lb>where the Wall is to be very thick, we ought <lb></lb>to leave Vents and Tunnels in the Body of the <lb></lb>Wall, at moderate Diſtances one from the other, <lb></lb>from the Foundation quite to the Top, through <lb></lb>which any Vapour or Damp that may happen <lb></lb>to engender or gather under Ground may have <lb></lb>free Paſſage without damaging the Work. </s> <s>The <lb></lb>Ancients in ſome of theſe Vents were uſed to <lb></lb>make winding Stairs, as well for the Sake of the <lb></lb>Beauty of the Contrivance itſelf, as for the <lb></lb>Convenience of paſſing up to the Top of the <lb></lb>Edifice, and perhaps too for the Saving of ſome <lb></lb>Expence. </s> <s>But to return to our Subject; be<lb></lb>tween the Foundation and the naked Wall there <lb></lb>is this Difference, that the former having the <lb></lb>Support of the Sides of the Trench, may be made <lb></lb>of nothing but Rubbiſh, whereas the Latter con<lb></lb>ſiſts of Variety of Parts, as we ſhall hereafter <lb></lb>ſhew. </s> <s>The principal Parts of the Wall are <lb></lb>theſe; firſt, the bottom Part, which begins <lb></lb>immediately from the Level of the Foundati<lb></lb>ons; this we call the firſt Courſe laid upon the <lb></lb>Level, or the Courſe riſing from the Ground: <lb></lb>The middle Parts, which girt and ſurround <lb></lb>the Wall, we ſhall call the ſecond Courſe: The <lb></lb>higheſt Parts, laſtly, that is to ſay, thoſe which <lb></lb>ſupport the top Roof, we call Cornices. </s> <s>Some <lb></lb>of the principal Parts or rather the prin<lb></lb>cipal Parts of all are the Corners of the <lb></lb>Wall, and the Pilaſters, or Columns, or any <lb></lb>thing elſe in their ſtead ſet in the Wall to ſup<lb></lb>port the Beams and Arches of the Covering; <lb></lb>all which are comprized under the Name of <lb></lb>Bones or Ribs. </s> <s>Likewiſe the Jambs on each <lb></lb>Side of all Openings partake of the Nature both <lb></lb>of Corners and of Columns. </s> <s>Moreover, the <lb></lb>Coverings of Openings, that is to ſay, the Lin<lb></lb>tels or Tranſoms, whether ſtrait or arched, are <lb></lb>alſo reckoned among the Bones. </s> <s>And indeed <lb></lb>I take an Arch to be nothing more than a Beam <lb></lb>bent, and the Beam or Tranſom to be only a <lb></lb>Column laid croſſways. </s> <s>Thoſe Parts which <lb></lb>interfere or lie between theſe principal Parts, <lb></lb>are very properly called Fillers up. </s> <s>There are <lb></lb>ſome Things throughout the whole Wall <lb></lb>which agree each with ſome one of the Parts <lb></lb>we have here ſpoken of; that is to ſay, the fill<lb></lb>ing up or cramming of the Middle of the Wall, <lb></lb>and the two Barks or Shells of each Side, <lb></lb>whereof that without is to bear the Sun and <lb></lb>Weather, and that within is to give Shade and <lb></lb>Shelter to the Inſide of the Platform. </s> <s>The <lb></lb>Rules for theſe Shells and for their ſtuffing are <lb></lb>various, according to the Variety of Structures. <lb></lb></s> <s>The different Sorts of Structures are theſe; the <lb></lb>ordinary Sort, the chequer Sort and the Irregu<lb></lb>lar: And here it may not be amiſs to take <lb></lb><pb xlink:href="003/01/062.jpg" pagenum="48"></pb>Notice of what <emph type="italics"></emph>Varro<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end> ſays, that the <emph type="italics"></emph>Tuſcans<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end><lb></lb>uſed to build their Country Houſes of Stone, <lb></lb>but the <emph type="italics"></emph>Gauls<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end> of baked Brick, the <emph type="italics"></emph>Sabines<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end> of <lb></lb>Brick unbaked, the <emph type="italics"></emph>Spaniards<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end> of Mud and lit<lb></lb>tle Stones mixed together. </s> <s>But of theſe we <lb></lb>ſhall ſpeak elſewhere. </s> <s>The ordinary Sort of <lb></lb>Structure, is that in which ſquared Stones, <lb></lb>either the middling or rather the large Sort, are <lb></lb>placed with their Fronts exactly anſwering to <lb></lb>the ſquare level and plumb Line; which is the <lb></lb>ſtrongeſt and moſt laſting Way of all. </s> <s>The <lb></lb>chequered Way is when ſquared Stones, either <lb></lb>the middle ſized, or rather very ſmall ones, are <lb></lb>placed not on their Sides, but on their Corners, <lb></lb>and lie with their Fronts anſwering to the <lb></lb>ſquare and plumb Line. </s> <s>The irregular Way <lb></lb>is where ordinary rough Stones are placed with <lb></lb>their Sides anſwering, as well as the Inequality <lb></lb>of their Forms will permit, one to the other; <lb></lb>and this is the Method uſed in the Pavement <lb></lb>of the publick Ways. </s> <s>But theſe Methods muſt <lb></lb>be uſed differently in different Places; for in <lb></lb>the Baſes, or firſt Courſe above the Ground, we <lb></lb>muſt make our Shell of nothing but very large <lb></lb>and very hard ſquare Stones; for as we ought <lb></lb>to make the whole Wall as firm and entire as <lb></lb>poſſible, ſo there is no Part of it that requires <lb></lb>more Strength and Soundneſs than this; inſo<lb></lb>much that if it were poſſible for you to make <lb></lb>it all of one ſingle Stone you ſhould do it, or <lb></lb>at leaſt make it only of ſuch a Number as may <lb></lb>come as near as may be to the Firmneſs and <lb></lb>Durableneſs of one ſingle Stone. </s> <s>How theſe <lb></lb>great Stones are to be mov'd and manag'd, <lb></lb>belonging properly to the Article of Ornaments, <lb></lb>we ſhall conſider of it in another Place.</s></p><p type="main"> <s>RAISE your Wall ſays <emph type="italics"></emph>Cato,<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end> of hard Stone <lb></lb>and good Mortar to at leaſt a Foot high above <lb></lb>the Ground, and it matters not if you build <lb></lb>the reſt even of Brick unbak'd. </s> <s>His Reaſon <lb></lb>for this Admonition is plainly becauſe the Rain<lb></lb>Water falling from the Roof might not rot <lb></lb>this Part of the Wall. </s> <s>But when we examine <lb></lb>the Works of the Ancients, and find that not <lb></lb>only in our own Country the lower Parts of <lb></lb>all good Buildings are compos'd of the hardeſt <lb></lb>Stone, but that even among thoſe Nations <lb></lb>which are under no Apprehenſions from Rain, <lb></lb>as in <emph type="italics"></emph>Ægypt,<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end> they uſed to make the Baſes of <lb></lb>their Pyramids of a black Stone of an extreme <lb></lb>Hardneſs; we are obliged to look more nearly <lb></lb>into this Matter. </s> <s>We ſhould therefore con<lb></lb>ſider that as Iron, Braſs, and the like hard <lb></lb>Metals, if bent ſeveral Times firſt this way <lb></lb>and then that, will at laſt crack and break; ſo <lb></lb>other Bodies, if wearied with a repeated Change <lb></lb>of Injuries, will ſpoil and corruptinconceivably; <lb></lb>which is what I have obſerved in Bridges, <lb></lb>eſpecially of Wood: Thoſe Parts of them <lb></lb>which ſtand all the Changes of Weather, ſome<lb></lb>times burnt with the Rays of the Sun, and <lb></lb>ſharp Blaſts of Wind, at other Times ſoak'd <lb></lb>with Night-dews or Rains, very ſoon decay <lb></lb>and are quite eaten away by the Worms. </s> <s>The <lb></lb>ſame holds good of thoſe Parts of the Wall <lb></lb>which are near to the Ground, which by theal<lb></lb>ternate injuries of Duſt and Wet are very apt to <lb></lb>moulder and rot. </s> <s>I therefore lay it down as an <lb></lb>indiſpenſible Rule, that all the firſt Courſe of <lb></lb>Work from the Level, ſhould be compos'd of <lb></lb>the hardeſt, ſoundeſt, and largeſt Stones, to <lb></lb>ſecure it againſt the frequent Aſſaults of con<lb></lb>trary Injuries: Which Stone is hardeſt and beſt, <lb></lb>we have ſhewn ſufficiently in the Second Book.</s></p><p type="head"> <s>CHAP. VII.</s></p><p type="head"> <s><emph type="italics"></emph>Of the Generation of Stones; how they are to be diſpos'd and join'd together, as <lb></lb>alſo, which are the Strongeſt and which the Weakeſt.<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end></s></p><p type="main"> <s>It is certainly of very great Conſequence in <lb></lb>what Manner we diſpoſe and join our <lb></lb>Stone in the Work, either in this or any other <lb></lb>Part; for as in Wood ſo alſo in Stone, there <lb></lb>are Veins and Knots, and other Parts, of <lb></lb>which ſome are weaker than others, inſomuch <lb></lb>that Marble itſelf will warp and ſplit. </s> <s>There <lb></lb>is in Stones a Kind of Impoſtumes, or Collections <lb></lb>of putrid Matter, which in Time ſwell and <lb></lb>grow, by means, as I ſuppoſe of the Humidity <lb></lb>of the Air, which they ſuck in and imbibe <lb></lb>which breeds larger Puſtules, and eats away <lb></lb>the Building. </s> <s>For beſides what we have <lb></lb>already ſaid of Stones in their proper Place, it <lb></lb>is neceſſary to conſider here that they are <lb></lb>created by Nature, lying flat as we ſee them <lb></lb>in the Ground, of a liquid and fluxible Sub<lb></lb>ſtance, which, as we are told, when it is af<lb></lb>terwards harden'd and grown, reſerves in the <lb></lb>Maſs the original Figure of its Parts. </s> <s>Hence <pb xlink:href="003/01/063.jpg" pagenum="49"></pb>it proceeds, that the lower Part of Stones is of <lb></lb>a more ſolid and weighty Conſiſtence than the <lb></lb>Upper, and that they interrupted with Veins, <lb></lb>juſt according as their Subſtances happened to <lb></lb>unite and conglutinate. </s> <s>That Matter which is <lb></lb>found within the Veins, whether it be the Scum <lb></lb>of the firſt congealed Subſtance mix'd with the <lb></lb>Dregs of the adventitious Matter, or whatever <lb></lb>elſe it be, as it is plainly of ſo different a Con<lb></lb>ſiſtence, that Nature will not permit it to <lb></lb>unite with the reſt, it is no Wonder that it is <lb></lb>the Part in Stone which is apt to crack. </s> <s>And <lb></lb>indeed, as Experience teaches us, the Deva<lb></lb>ſtations of Time too evidently demonſtrate, <lb></lb>without ſearching into Cauſes more remote, <lb></lb>that all vegetative and compound Bodies con<lb></lb>ſume and decay; ſo in Stones, the Parts ex<lb></lb>pos'd to the Weather are ſooneſt rotted. </s> <s>This <lb></lb>being the Caſe, we are adviſed in Placing our <lb></lb>Stone to ſet thoſe Parts of it which are the <lb></lb>ſtrongeſt, and leaſt apt to putrify, againſt the <lb></lb>Violence of the alternate Injuries of the Wea<lb></lb>ther, eſpecially in thoſe Parts of the Building <lb></lb>where moſt Strength is requir'd. </s> <s>For this Rea<lb></lb>ſon we ſhould not ſet the Veins upright, leſt <lb></lb>the Weather ſhould make the Stone crack and <lb></lb>ſcale off; but they ſhould be laid flat down<lb></lb>wards that the Preſſure of the incumbant <lb></lb>Weight may hinder them from opening. </s> <s>The <lb></lb>Side which in the Quarry lay moſt hid, ſhould <lb></lb>be placed againſt the Air; becauſe it is always <lb></lb>the ſtrongeſt and moſt unctious. </s> <s>But of all <lb></lb>Stone, none will prove ſo hardy as that which <lb></lb>has its Veins not running in parellel Lines with <lb></lb>thoſe of the Quarry, but croſſway and directly <lb></lb>tranſverſe. </s> <s>Moreover the Corners throughout <lb></lb>the whole Building, as they require the <lb></lb>greateſt Degree of Strength, ought to be par<lb></lb>ticularly well fortify'd; and, if I miſtake not, <lb></lb>each Corner is in effect the half of the whole <lb></lb>Structure; for if one of them happens to fail, <lb></lb>it occaſions the Ruin of both the Sides to <lb></lb>which it anſwers. </s> <s>And if you will take the <lb></lb>Pains to examine, I dare ſay you will find that <lb></lb>hardly any Building ever begins to decay, but <lb></lb>by the Fault of one of its Corners. </s> <s>It there<lb></lb>fore ſhew'd great Diſcretion in the Ancients, <lb></lb>to make their Corners much thicker than the <lb></lb>reſt of the Wall, and in Porticoes of Columns <lb></lb>to ſtrengthen their Angles in a particular Man<lb></lb>ner. </s> <s>This Strength in the Corners is not re<lb></lb>quired upon Account of its Supporting the <lb></lb>Covering (for that is rather the Buſineſs of the <lb></lb>Columns) but only to keep the Wall up to its <lb></lb>Duty, and hinder it from leaning any Way <lb></lb>from its perpendicular. </s> <s>Let the Corners there<lb></lb>fore be of the hardeſt and longeſt Stones, <lb></lb>which may embrace both Sides of the Wall, as <lb></lb>it were, like Arms; and let them be full as <lb></lb>broad as the Wall, that there may be no need <lb></lb>to ſtuff the Middle with Rubbiſh. </s> <s>It is alſo <lb></lb>neceſſary, that the Ribs in the Wall and the <lb></lb>Jambs or Sides of the Apertures, ſhould be <lb></lb>fortify'd like the Corners, and made ſtrong in <lb></lb>proportion to the Weight they are deſign'd to <lb></lb>ſupport. </s> <s>And above all we ſhould leave Bits, <lb></lb>that is to ſay, Stones left every other Row jut<lb></lb>ting out at the Ends of the Wall, like Teeth, <lb></lb>for the Stones of the other Front of the Wall <lb></lb>to faſten and catch into.</s></p><p type="head"> <s>CHAP. VIII.</s></p><p type="head"> <s><emph type="italics"></emph>Of the Parts of the Finiſhing; of the Shells, the Stuffing, and their different <lb></lb>Sorts.<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end></s></p><p type="main"> <s>The Parts of the Finiſhing are thoſe <lb></lb>which, as we ſaid before, are common <lb></lb>to the whole Wall; that is, the Shell and the <lb></lb>Stuffing; but there are two Shells, one out<lb></lb>ward and the other inward; if you make the <lb></lb>outward of the hardeſt Stone you can get, the <lb></lb>Building will be the more durable. </s> <s>And indeed <lb></lb>in all Sorts of Finiſhing, let it be of what <lb></lb>Kind of Work you will, either chequer'd, or <lb></lb>of rough Stones, it is indifferent, provided you <lb></lb>ſet againſt the continual miſchievous Violence <lb></lb>either of Sun, or Wind, or of Fire, or Froſt, <lb></lb>ſuch Stones as are in their Nature beſt fitted <lb></lb>for reſiſting either Force, Weight, or Injuries; <lb></lb>and we ſhould take Care to let our Materials be <lb></lb>particularly Sound where-ever the Rain in its <lb></lb>Fall from the Roof or Gutters is driven by the <lb></lb>Wind againſt the Wall; ſince we often find in <lb></lb>old Buildings, that ſuch Sprinklings will rot <lb></lb>and eat into Marble itſelf. </s> <s>Though all prudent <lb></lb>Architects, to provide againſt this Miſchief, <lb></lb>have taken Care to bring all the Water on the <lb></lb>Roof together into Gutters and Pipes, and ſo <lb></lb>carry it clear away. </s> <s>Moreover, the Ancients <pb xlink:href="003/01/064.jpg" pagenum="50"></pb>obſerv'd that in Autumn the Leaves of Trees <lb></lb>always began to fall to the South-ſide ſirſt; <lb></lb>and in Buildings ruinated by Time, I have <lb></lb>taken Notice that they always began to decay <lb></lb>firſt towards the South. </s> <s>The Reaſon of this <lb></lb>may perhaps be that the Heat and Force of the <lb></lb>Sun lying upon the Work while it was ſtill <lb></lb>in Hand might exhauſt the Strength of the <lb></lb>Cement; and the Stone itſelf being frequently <lb></lb>moiſten'd by the South-wind, and then again <lb></lb>dry'd and burnt by the Rays of the Sun, <lb></lb>rots and moulders. </s> <s>Againſt theſe and the like <lb></lb>Injuries therefore, we ſhould oppoſe our beſt <lb></lb>and ſtouteſt Materials. </s> <s>What I think too is <lb></lb>principally to be obſerv'd, is to let every Row <lb></lb>or Courſe of Stone throughout the Wall be <lb></lb>even and equally proportion'd, not patch'd up <lb></lb>of great Stones on the right Hand and little <lb></lb>ones on the left; becauſe we are told that the <lb></lb>Wall by the Addition of any new Weight is <lb></lb>ſqueezed cloſer together, and the Mortar in <lb></lb>drying is hinder'd by this Preſſure from taking <lb></lb>due hold, which muſt of Courſe make Cracks <lb></lb>and Defects in the Work. </s> <s>But you may be <lb></lb>ſafely allow'd to make the inward Shell, and <lb></lb>all the Front of the Wall of that Side, of a <lb></lb>ſofter and weaker Stone; but whatever Shell <lb></lb>you make, whether inward or outward, it <lb></lb>muſt be always perpendicular, and its Line <lb></lb>exactly even. </s> <s>Its Line muſt always anſwer <lb></lb>juſtly to the Line of the Platform, ſo as not in <lb></lb>any Part to ſwell out or ſink in, or to be <lb></lb>wavy, or not exactly plum, and perfectly well <lb></lb>compacted and finiſhed. </s> <s>If you rough. </s> <s>Caſt <lb></lb>your Wall as you build it, or while it is freſh, <lb></lb>whatever Plaiſtering or Whitening you do it <lb></lb>over with afterwards will laſt, in a Manner, for <lb></lb>ever. </s> <s>There are two Sorts of Stuffing; the <lb></lb>one is that with which we fill the Hollow that <lb></lb>is left between the two Shells, conſiſting of <lb></lb>Mortar and broken Fragments of Stone thrown <lb></lb>in together without any Order; the other con<lb></lb>ſiſting of ordinary rough Stone, with which <lb></lb>we may be ſaid rather to wall than only to fill <lb></lb>up. </s> <s>Both plainly appears to have been in<lb></lb>vented by good-husbandry, becauſe any ſmall <lb></lb>Coarſe Stuff is uſed in this Kind of Work. <lb></lb></s> <s>But if there was Plenty of large ſquare Stone <lb></lb>eaſily to be had, who I wonder, would chooſe <lb></lb>to make Uſe of ſmall Fragments? </s> <s>And indeed <lb></lb>herein alone the Ribs of the Wall differ from <lb></lb>what we call the Finiſhing, that between the <lb></lb>two Shells of this latter we ſtuff in coarſe Rub<lb></lb>biſh or broken Pieces that come to Hand; <lb></lb>whereas, in the Former we admit very ſew <lb></lb>or no unequal Stones, but make thoſe Parts of <lb></lb>the Wall quite through, of what we have <lb></lb>call'd the <emph type="italics"></emph>ordinary<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end> Sort of Work. </s> <s>If I were to <lb></lb>chooſe, I would have the Wall throughout <lb></lb>made of nothing but regularCourſes of ſquared <lb></lb>Stone, that it might be as laſting as poſſible; <lb></lb>but whatever hollow you leave between the <lb></lb>Shells to be filled up with Rubbiſh, you ſhould <lb></lb>take Care to let the Courſes of each Side be <lb></lb>as even as poſſible and it will be proper be<lb></lb>ſides to lay a good many large Stones, at con<lb></lb>venient Diſtances, that may go quite through <lb></lb>the Wall to both Shells, in order to bind and <lb></lb>gird them together, that the Rubbiſh you <lb></lb>ſtuff them with may not burſt them out. <lb></lb></s> <s>The Ancients made it a Rule in ſtuffing their <lb></lb>Walls, not to continue the Stuffing uninterrup<lb></lb>ted to the Heigth of above five Foot, and then <lb></lb>they laid over it a Courſe of whole Stone. </s> <s>This <lb></lb>faſten'd and bound the Wall, as it were, with <lb></lb>Nerves and Ligaments; ſo that if any Part of <lb></lb>the Stuffing, either through the Fault of the <lb></lb>Workman, or by Accident, happen'd to ſink, <lb></lb>it could not pull every Thing elſe along with <lb></lb>it, but the Weight above had in a Manner <lb></lb>a new Baſis to reſt upon. </s> <s>Laſtly, we are <lb></lb>taught what I find conſtantly obſerved <lb></lb>among the Ancients, never to admit any Stone <lb></lb>among our Stuffing that weighs above a Pound, <lb></lb>becauſe they ſuppoſe that ſmall ones unite <lb></lb>more eaſily, and knit bettter with the Cement <lb></lb>than large ones.</s></p><p type="main"> <s>IT is not altogether foreign to our Pur<lb></lb>poſe, what we read in <emph type="italics"></emph>Plutarch<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end> of King <emph type="italics"></emph>Minos,<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end><lb></lb>that he divided the Plebeans into ſeveral Claſ<lb></lb>ſes, according to their ſeveral Profeſſions, upon <lb></lb>this Principle, that the ſmaller the Parts are <lb></lb>a Body is ſplit into, the more eaſily it may <lb></lb>be governed and managed. </s> <s>It is alſo of no <lb></lb>little Conſequence to have the Hollow com<lb></lb>pletly fill'd up, and every the leaſt Crevice <lb></lb>cloſe ſtopt, not only upon the Account of <lb></lb>Strength, but likewiſe to hinder any Animals <lb></lb>from getting in and making their Neſts there, <lb></lb>and to prevent the Gathering of Dirt and <lb></lb>Seeds, which might make Weeds grow in the <lb></lb>Wall. </s> <s>It is almoſt incredible what huge <lb></lb>Weights of Stone, and what vaſt Piles I have <lb></lb>known moved and opened by the ſingle Root <lb></lb>of one Plant. </s> <s>You muſt take Care therefore <lb></lb>to let your whole Structure be girt and fill'd <lb></lb>compleatly.</s></p><pb xlink:href="003/01/065.jpg" pagenum="51"></pb><p type="head"> <s>CHAP. IX.</s></p><p type="head"> <s><emph type="italics"></emph>Of the Girders of Stone, of the Ligament and Fortification of the Cornices, <lb></lb>and how to unite ſeveral Stones for the ſtrengthening of the Wall.<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end></s></p><p type="main"> <s>A mong the Girders we reckon thoſe Cour<lb></lb>ſes of large Stone which tie the out<lb></lb>ward Shell to the Inward, and which bind the <lb></lb>Ribs one into the other, ſuch as are thoſe <lb></lb>which we ſaid in the laſt Chapter ought to be <lb></lb>made every five Foot. </s> <s>But there are other <lb></lb>Girders beſides, and thoſe principal ones, <lb></lb>which run the whole Length of the Wall to <lb></lb>embrace the Corners and ſtrengthen the whole <lb></lb>Work: But theſe latter are not ſo frequent, <lb></lb>and I do not remember ever to have ſeen <lb></lb>above two, or at moſt three in one Wall. <lb></lb></s> <s>Their Place is the Summit of the Wall, to be <lb></lb>as it were a Crown to the Whole, and to per<lb></lb>form the ſame Service at the Top which the <lb></lb>other more frequent Girders at the Diſtance <lb></lb>of every five Foot do in the Middle, where <lb></lb>ſmaller Stones are allow'd; but in theſe other <lb></lb>Girders, which we call Cornices, as they are <lb></lb>fewer and of more Importance, ſo much the <lb></lb>larger and the ſtronger Stones they require. </s> <s>In <lb></lb>both according to their different Offices, the <lb></lb>beſt, the longeſt, and the thickeſt Stones are <lb></lb>neceſſary. </s> <s>The ſmaller Girders are made to <lb></lb>anſwer to the Rule and Plum-line with the <lb></lb>reſt of the Shell of the Wall: but theſe great <lb></lb>ones, like a Crown, project ſomewhat forwards. <lb></lb></s> <s>Theſe long, thick Stones muſt be laid exactly <lb></lb>plum, and be well link'd with the under <lb></lb>Courſes, ſo as to make a Kind of Pavement <lb></lb>at Top to ſhadow and protect the Subſtruc<lb></lb><arrow.to.target n="marg8"></arrow.to.target><lb></lb>ture. </s> <s>The Way of placing theſe Stones one <lb></lb>upon the other, is to let the Middle of the <lb></lb>Stone above anſwer exactly to the Juncture of <lb></lb>the two in the Courſe below, ſo that its Weight <lb></lb>is equally pois'd upon them both; as (A.) <lb></lb>Which way of Working, as it ought not in<lb></lb>deed to be neglected in any Part of the Wall, <lb></lb>ought to be particularly followed in the Gir<lb></lb>ders. </s> <s>I have obſerved that the Ancients in <lb></lb>their checquer'd Works uſed to make their <lb></lb>Girders of five Courſes of Bricks, or at leaſt of <lb></lb>three, and that all of them, or at leaſt one <lb></lb>Courſe was of Stone, not thicker than the reſt, <lb></lb>but longer and broader; as (B.) But in their <lb></lb>ordinary Sort of Brick-work, I find they were <lb></lb>content for Girders to make at every five Foot <lb></lb>a Courſe of Bricks two Foot thick as (C)</s></p><p type="margin"> <s><margin.target id="marg8"></margin.target>*</s></p><p type="main"> <s>I KNOW ſome too have interſpers'd Plates or <lb></lb>Cramps of Lead of a conſiderable Length, <lb></lb>and as broad as the Wall was thick, in order <lb></lb>to bind the Work. </s> <s>But when they built with <lb></lb>very large Stone, I find they were contented <lb></lb>with fewer Girders, or even only with the <lb></lb>Cornices. </s> <s>In making the Cornices, which are <lb></lb>to girt in the Wall with the ſtrongeſt Liga<lb></lb>ture, we ought to neglect none of the Rules <lb></lb>which we have laid down about the Girders; <lb></lb>namely, we ſhould uſe in them none but the <lb></lb>longeſt, thickeſt, and ſtrongeſt Stones, which <lb></lb>we ſhould put together in the moſt exact and <lb></lb>regular Order, each laid nicely even and level <lb></lb>by the Square and Plum-line. </s> <s>And we ought <lb></lb>to be more diligent and careful in this Part of <lb></lb>the Work, becauſe it is to gird in the Whole <lb></lb>Wall, which is more apt to ruinate in this Part <lb></lb>than in any other. </s> <s>The Covering too has its <lb></lb>Office with relation to the Wall; whence it <lb></lb>is laid down as a Rule, that to a Wall of crude <lb></lb>Bricks we are to make a Cornice of baked <lb></lb>ones, to the Intent that if any Water ſhould <lb></lb>chance to fall from the End of the Covering, <lb></lb>or from the Gutters, it may be it may do no <lb></lb>Miſchief, but that the Wall may be defended <lb></lb>by the Projecting of the Cornice. </s> <s>For which <lb></lb>Reaſon we ought to take Care that every Part <lb></lb>of the Wall have a Cornice over it for a <lb></lb>Covering to it, which ought to be firmly <lb></lb>wrought and well ſtucco'd over to repel all the <lb></lb>Injuries of the Weather. </s> <s>We are here again <lb></lb>to conſider in what Manner we are to unite <lb></lb>and conſolidate a Number of ſeperate Stones <lb></lb>into one Body of Wall; and the principal <lb></lb>Thing that offers itſelf to our Thoughts as <lb></lb>neceſſary, is good Lime; though I do not <lb></lb>take it to be the proper Cement for every Sort <lb></lb>of Stone: Marble, for Inſtance, if touch'd <lb></lb>with Lime, will not only looſe its Whiteneſs, <lb></lb>but will contract foul bloody Spots. </s> <s>But Mar<lb></lb>ble, is ſo delicate and ſo coy of its Whiteneſs, <lb></lb>that it will hardly bear the Touch of any <lb></lb>Thing but itſelf; it diſdains Smoke; ſmear'd <lb></lb><pb xlink:href="003/01/066.jpg" pagenum="52"></pb>with Oil, it grows pale; waſh'd with Red <lb></lb>Wine, it turns of a dirty brown; with Water, <lb></lb>kept ſome time in Cheſſnut-wood, it changes <lb></lb>quite thro' to black, and is ſo totally ſtain'd, <lb></lb>that no ſcraping will fetch out the Spots. </s> <s>For <lb></lb>this Reaſon the Ancients uſed Marble in their <lb></lb>Works naked, and if poſſible without the <lb></lb>leaſt Mortar: But of theſe hereafter.</s></p><p type="head"> <s>CHAP. X.</s></p><p type="head"> <s><emph type="italics"></emph>Of the true Manner of Working the Wall, and of the Agreement there is be<lb></lb>tween Stone and Sand.<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end></s></p><p type="main"> <s>Now as it is the Buſineſs of an expert <lb></lb>Workman, not ſo much to make <lb></lb>Choice of the fitteſt Materials, as to put thoſe <lb></lb>which he is ſupplied with to the beſt and <lb></lb>propereſt Uſes; we will proceed on our Sub<lb></lb>ject in this Manner. </s> <s>Lime is well burnt, when <lb></lb>after it has been water'd, and the Heat gone <lb></lb>out of it, it riſes up like the Froth of Milk, <lb></lb>and ſwells all the Clods. </s> <s>Its not having been <lb></lb>long enough ſoak'd you may know by the little <lb></lb>Stones you will find in it when you mix the <lb></lb>Sand with it. </s> <s>If you put too much Sand to it, <lb></lb>it will be too ſharp to cement well; if you <lb></lb>put leſs than its Nature and Strength requires, <lb></lb>it will be as ſtiff as Glue, and is not to be <lb></lb>managed. </s> <s>Such as is not thoroughly ſoak'd, <lb></lb>or that is weaker upon any other Account, <lb></lb>may be uſed with leſs Danger in the Foundation <lb></lb>than in the Wall, and in the Stuffing than in <lb></lb>Shells. </s> <s>But the Corners, the Ribs, and the <lb></lb>Band-ſtones muſt be entirely free from Mortar <lb></lb>that has the leaſt Defect; and Arches eſpeci<lb></lb>ally require the very beſt of all. </s> <s>The Corners, <lb></lb>and Ribs, and the Band-ſtones, and Cornices <lb></lb>require the fineſt, ſmalleſt and cleareſt Sand, <lb></lb>particularly when they are built of poliſhed <lb></lb>Stone. </s> <s>The Stuffing may be done with <lb></lb>coarſer Stone.</s></p><p type="main"> <s>STONE in its Nature dry and thirſty, agrees <lb></lb>not ill with River-ſand. </s> <s>Stone in its Nature <lb></lb>moiſt and watery, delights in Pit-ſand. </s> <s>I <lb></lb>would not have Sea-ſand uſed towards the <lb></lb>South; it may perhaps do better againſt the <lb></lb>Northern Winds. </s> <s>For ſmall Stones, a thick <lb></lb>lean Mortar is beſt; to a dry exhauſted Stone, <lb></lb>we ſhould uſe a fat Sort; though the Ancients <lb></lb>were of Opinion that in all Parts of the Walls <lb></lb>the fattiſh Sort is more tenacious than the lean. <lb></lb></s> <s>Great Stones they always lay upon a very ſoft <lb></lb>fluid Mortar, ſo that it rather ſeems deſign'd <lb></lb>to lubricate and make the Bed they are laid <lb></lb>upon ſlippery, to the Intent, that while they <lb></lb>are fixing in their Places they may be eaſy to <lb></lb>move with the Hand, then to cement and <lb></lb>faſten them together. </s> <s>But it is certainly proper <lb></lb>to lay a ſoft Stuff underneath in this Manner, <lb></lb>like a Pillow, to prevent the Stones, which <lb></lb>have a great Weight lying upon them, from <lb></lb>breaking. </s> <s>There are ſome, who obſerving <lb></lb>here and there in the Works of the Ancients, <lb></lb>large Stones, which where they join ſeem <lb></lb>dawb'd over with red Earth, imagine that the <lb></lb>Ancients uſed that inſtead of Mortar. </s> <s>I do <lb></lb>not think this probable, becauſe we never find <lb></lb>both Sides, but only one of them, ſmear'd <lb></lb>with this Sort of Stuff. </s> <s>There are ſome other <lb></lb>Rules concerning the Working of our Walls, <lb></lb>not to be neglected. </s> <s>We ought never to fall <lb></lb>upon our Work with a violent Haſte, heaping <lb></lb>one Stone upon another, in a Kind tumul<lb></lb>tuousHurry, without the leaſt Reſpite: Neither <lb></lb>ought we, after we have began to build, to <lb></lb>delay it with a ſluggiſh Heavineſs, as if we had <lb></lb>no Stomach to what we are about; but we <lb></lb>ought to follow our Work with ſuch a reaſon<lb></lb>able Diſpatch, that Speed and Conſideration <lb></lb>may appear to go Hand in Hand together. <lb></lb></s> <s>Experienced Workmen forewarn us againſt <lb></lb>raiſing the Structure too high, before what we <lb></lb>have already done is thoroughly ſettled; be<lb></lb>cauſe the Work, while it is freſh and ſoft, is <lb></lb>too weak and pliable to bear a Superſtructure. <lb></lb></s> <s>We may take Example from the Swallows, <lb></lb>taught by Nature, which when they build <lb></lb>their Neſts, firſt dawb or glue over the Beams <lb></lb>which are to be the Foundation and Baſis of <lb></lb>their Edifice, and then are not too haſty to <lb></lb>lay the ſecond dawbing over this, but inter<lb></lb>mit the Work till the firſt is ſufficiently dry'd; <lb></lb>after which they continue their Building reaſon<lb></lb>ably and properly. </s> <s>They ſay the Mortar has <lb></lb>taken ſufficient hold when it puts forth a Kind <lb></lb>of Moſs or little Flower well known to Maſons. <lb></lb></s> <s>At what Diſtances it is proper to reſpite the <lb></lb>we may gather from the Thickneſs of the <lb></lb>Wall itſelf, and from the Temperature of the </s></p><pb xlink:href="003/01/067.jpg"></pb><p type="caption"> <s>PLATE 6. <emph type="italics"></emph>(Page 51)<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end><lb></lb><figure id="id.003.01.067.1.jpg" xlink:href="003/01/067/1.jpg"></figure></s></p><pb xlink:href="003/01/068.jpg"></pb><p type="caption"> <s>PLATE 7. <emph type="italics"></emph>(Page 56)<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end><lb></lb><figure id="id.003.01.068.1.jpg" xlink:href="003/01/068/1.jpg"></figure><pb xlink:href="003/01/069.jpg" pagenum="53"></pb>Place and of the Climate. </s> <s>When you think <lb></lb>it Time for a Reſpite, cover the Top of the <lb></lb>Wall over with Straw, that the Wind and Sun <lb></lb>may not exhauſt the Strength of the Cement, <lb></lb>and make it rather uſeleſs than dry and binding. <lb></lb></s> <s>When you reſume your Work, pour a con<lb></lb>ſiderable Quantity of clean Water upon it, <lb></lb>till it is thoroughly ſoak'd and waſh'd from <lb></lb>all Manner of Dirt, that no Seeds may be left <lb></lb>to engender Weeds. </s> <s>There is nothing that <lb></lb>makes the Work ſtronger and more durable <lb></lb>than moiſtening the Stone ſufficiently with <lb></lb>Water; and they ſay the Stone is never <lb></lb>ſoak'd as it ſhould be, if upon breaking, the <lb></lb>Inſide all through is not moiſt and turned black. <lb></lb></s> <s>Add to what has been ſaid, that in erecting <lb></lb>our Wall we ought, in ſuch Places where it <lb></lb>is poſſible new Openings may afterwards be <lb></lb>wanting either for Conveniency or Pleaſure, to <lb></lb>turn Arches in the Wall, that if you after<lb></lb>wards take out any of the Work from beneath <lb></lb>thoſe Arches, for the aforeſaid Purpoſes, the <lb></lb>Wall may have a good Arch, built at the <lb></lb>ſame Time with itſelf, to reſt upon. </s> <s>It is <lb></lb>hardly to be conceiv'd how much the Strength <lb></lb>of a Building is impair'd only by taking out <lb></lb>one ſingle Stone, be it ever ſo little; and <lb></lb>there is no ſuch Thing as ſetting a new Struc<lb></lb>ture upon an old one, but that they will open <lb></lb>and part one from the other; and how much <lb></lb>ſuch a Crack muſt diſpoſe the Wall to ruin, <lb></lb>need not be mention'd. </s> <s>A very thick Wall <lb></lb>has no need of Scaffolding, becauſe it is broad <lb></lb>enough for the Maſon to ſtand upon the Wall <lb></lb>itſelf.</s></p><p type="head"> <s>CHAP. XI.</s></p><p type="main"> <s><emph type="italics"></emph>Of the Way of Working different Materials; of Plaiſtering; of Cramps, <lb></lb>and how to preſerve them; the moſt ancient Inſtructions of Architects; and <lb></lb>ſome Methods to prevent the Miſchiefs of Lightening.<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end></s></p><p type="main"> <s>We have treated of the beſt Manner of <lb></lb>Building, what Stone we are to <lb></lb>chooſe, and how we are to prepare our Mor<lb></lb>tar: But as we ſhall ſometimes be obliged to <lb></lb>make uſe of other Sorts of Stone, whereof ſome <lb></lb>are not cemented with Mortar, but only with <lb></lb>Slime; and others which are join'd without <lb></lb>any Cement at all: And there are alſo Buildings <lb></lb>conſiſting only of Stuffing, or rough Work, <lb></lb>and others again only of the Shells; of all <lb></lb>theſe we ſhall ſay ſomething as briefly as <lb></lb>poſſible. </s> <s>Stones that are to be cemented with <lb></lb>Slime, ought to be ſquared, and very arid; and <lb></lb>nothing is more proper for this than Bricks, <lb></lb>either burnt, or rather crude, but very well <lb></lb>dried. </s> <s>A Building made of crude Bricks is <lb></lb>extremely healthy to the Inhabitants, very <lb></lb>ſecure againſt Fire, and but little affected by <lb></lb>Earthquakes; But then if it is not of a good <lb></lb>Thickneſs, it will not ſupport the Roof; for <lb></lb>which Reaſon <emph type="italics"></emph>Cato<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end> directs the Raiſing of <lb></lb>Pilaſters of Stone to perform that Office. </s> <s>Some <lb></lb>tell us, that the Slime which is uſed for <lb></lb>Cement ought to be like Pitch, and that the <lb></lb>beſt is that which being ſteep'd in Water is <lb></lb>ſloweſt in diſſolving, and will not eaſily rub <lb></lb>off from one's Hand, and which condenſes <lb></lb>moſt in drying. </s> <s>Others commend the Sandy <lb></lb>as beſt, becauſe it is moſt tractable. </s> <s>This Sort <lb></lb>of Work ought to be cloathed with a Cruſt of <lb></lb>Mortar on the Outſide, and within, if you think <lb></lb>fit, with Plaiſter of <emph type="italics"></emph>Paris,<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end> or white Earth. <lb></lb></s> <s>And for the better Sticking theſe on, you muſt <lb></lb>in Building your Wall, ſet little Pieces of Tile <lb></lb>here and there in the Cracks of the Joining, <lb></lb>jutting out like Teeth, for the Plaiſter to <lb></lb>cleave to. </s> <s>When the Structure is to be com<lb></lb>poſed of naked Stones, they ought to be <lb></lb>ſquared and much bigger than the other, <lb></lb>and very ſound and ſtrong; and in this Sort <lb></lb>of Work we allow of no ſtuffing; the Courſes <lb></lb>muſt be regular and even, the Junctures con<lb></lb>trived with frequent Ligatures of Cramps and <lb></lb>Pins. </s> <s>Cramps are what faſten together with <lb></lb>two Stones ſideways that lie even with one <lb></lb>another, and unite them into a Row: Pins <lb></lb>are fix'd into an upper Stone and an under one, <lb></lb>to prevent the Row from being by any Violence <lb></lb>driven out from the reſt. </s> <s>Cramps and Pins <lb></lb>of Iron are not reckoned amiſs; but I have <lb></lb>obſerved in the Works of the Ancients, that <lb></lb>Iron ruſts, and will not laſt; But Braſs will <lb></lb>almoſt endure for ever. </s> <s>Beſides, I find that <lb></lb>Marble is tainted by the Ruſt of the Iron, and <lb></lb>breaks all round it. </s> <s>We likewiſe meet with <lb></lb>Cramps made of Wood in very ancientStructures; <pb xlink:href="003/01/070.jpg" pagenum="54"></pb>and indeed, I do not think them inferior to <lb></lb>thoſe of Iron. </s> <s>The Cramps of Braſs and Iron <lb></lb>are ſaſtened in with Lead: But thoſe of Wood <lb></lb>are ſufficiently ſecured by their Shape, which <lb></lb>is made in ſuch Manner, that for Reſemblance, <lb></lb>they are called Swallow, or Dove-tailed. </s> <s>The <lb></lb>Cramps muſt be ſo placed that no Drops of <lb></lb>Rain may penetrate to them; and it is <lb></lb>Thought that the Braſs ones are yet more <lb></lb>ſtrengthened againſt old Age, if in Caſting <lb></lb>they are mixed with one thirtieth Part of Tin: <lb></lb>They will be leſs liable to ruſt if they are <lb></lb>anointed with Pitch, or Oil. </s> <s>It is affirmed <lb></lb>that Iron may be ſo tempered by White-lead, <lb></lb>Plaiſter, and Liquid Pitch, as not to ruſt. <lb></lb></s> <s>Wooden Cramps done over with Maiden-wax <lb></lb>and Lees of Oil, will never rot. </s> <s>I have <lb></lb>known them pour ſo much Lead upon Cramps, <lb></lb>and that ſo boyling Hot, that it has burſt the <lb></lb>Stones. </s> <s>In ancient Structures we often meet <lb></lb>with very ſtrong Walls made of nothing but <lb></lb>Rubbiſh and broken Stuff; theſe are built like <lb></lb>the Mud-Walls common in <emph type="italics"></emph>Spain<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end> and <emph type="italics"></emph>Africa,<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end><lb></lb>by faſtening on each Side Planks or Hurdles, <lb></lb>inſtead of Shells, to keep the Stuff together till <lb></lb>it is dry and ſettled: But herein they differ, <lb></lb>that the Ancients filled up their Work with <lb></lb>Mortar liquid, and in a Manner floating; <lb></lb>whereas, the other only took a clammy Sort <lb></lb>of Earth which they trod and rammed with <lb></lb>their Feet, and with Beetles, after having firſt <lb></lb>made it tractable by thorough wetting and <lb></lb>kneading. </s> <s>The Ancients alſo in thoſe rough <lb></lb>Works of theirs, at the Diſtance of every three <lb></lb>Foot made a Kind of Band of Pieces of large <lb></lb>Stone, eſpecially of the ordinary Sort, or at <lb></lb>leaſt angular; becauſe round Stones, though <lb></lb>they are very hardy againſt all Sorts of Injuries, <lb></lb>yet if they are not ſurrounded with ſtrong Sup<lb></lb>ports, are very unfaithful in any Wall. </s> <s>In <lb></lb>theſe other Works, that is to ſay, in the <emph type="italics"></emph>African<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end><lb></lb>Buildings of Earth, they mixed with their Clay <lb></lb>the <emph type="italics"></emph>Spaniſh<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end>-Broom, or Sea-Bullruſh, which <lb></lb>made a Stuff admirably good for Working, <lb></lb>and which remained unhurt either by Wind or <lb></lb>Weather. </s> <s>In <emph type="italics"></emph>Pliny<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end>'s Time there was to be <lb></lb>ſeen upon the Ridges of Mountains ſeveral <lb></lb>little Towers for viewing the Country built of <lb></lb>Earth, which had endured quite from the Days <lb></lb>of <emph type="italics"></emph>Hanibal.<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end></s><s> We make this Sort of Cruſt <lb></lb>(which is a fitter Name for it than Shell) with <lb></lb>Hurdles and Mats, made of Reeds not freſh <lb></lb>gathered; a Work indeed not very magni<lb></lb>ficent, but generally uſed by the Old <emph type="italics"></emph>Plebeian <lb></lb>Romans.<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end></s><s> They rough Caſt the Hurdles over <lb></lb>with Clay, beat up for three Days running <lb></lb>with the Reeds, and then (as we ſaid before) <lb></lb>cloath it with Mortar, or Plaiſter of <emph type="italics"></emph>Paris,<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end><lb></lb>which they afterwards adorn with Painting <lb></lb>and Statues. </s> <s>If you mix your Plaiſter up with <lb></lb>a third Part of broken Tile, or Brick pounded, <lb></lb>it will be the leſs injured by wet: If you mix <lb></lb>it with Lime, it will be the Stronger: But in <lb></lb>damp Places, or ſuch as are expoſed to Cold and <lb></lb>Froſt, Plaiſter of <emph type="italics"></emph>Paris<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end> is very unſerviceable. <lb></lb></s> <s>I will now, by Way of Epilogue, give you a <lb></lb>Law of very great Antiquity among Arch<lb></lb>itects, which in my Opinion ought no leſs to <lb></lb>be obſerved than the Anſwers of Oracles: And <lb></lb>it is this. </s> <s>Make your Foundation as ſtrong as <lb></lb>poſſible: Let the Superſtructure lie exactly <lb></lb>plum to its Centre: Fortify the Corners and <lb></lb>Ribs of the Wall from the Bottom to the Top <lb></lb>with the largeſt and the ſtrongeſt Stones: Soak <lb></lb>your Lime well: Do not uſe your Stone till <lb></lb>it is thoroughly watered: Set the hardeſt Sort <lb></lb>to that Side which is moſt expoſed to Injuries: <lb></lb>Raiſe your Wall exactly by the Square, Level <lb></lb>and Plum-line: Let the Middle of the upper <lb></lb>Stone lie directly upon the Meeting of the two <lb></lb>below it: Lay the entire Stones in the Courſes, <lb></lb>and fill up the Middle with the broken Pieces: <lb></lb>Bind the inward and outſide Shells to one <lb></lb>another by frequent Croſs or Band-ſtones. </s> <s>Let <lb></lb>this ſuffice with Relation to the Wall; we <lb></lb>come now to the Covering. </s> <s>But I will not <lb></lb>paſs over one Thing which I find the Ancients <lb></lb>obſerved very religiouſly. </s> <s>There are ſome <lb></lb>Things in Nature which are endued with <lb></lb>Properties by no means to be neglected; par<lb></lb>ticularly, that the Lawrel-tree, the Eagle, and <lb></lb>the Sea-calf, are never to be touched by <lb></lb>Lightening. </s> <s>There are ſome therefore who <lb></lb>ſuppoſe that if theſe are incloſed in the Wall, <lb></lb>the Lightening will never hurt it. </s> <s>This I take <lb></lb>to be juſt as probable as another wonderful <lb></lb>Thing which we are told, that the Land-toad, <lb></lb>or Rudduck, if ſhut up in an earthen Pot, <lb></lb>and burned in a Field, will drive away the <lb></lb>Birds from devouring the Seeds; and that the <lb></lb>Tree <emph type="italics"></emph>Oſtrys,<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end> or <emph type="italics"></emph>Oſtrya<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end> brought into a Houſe, <lb></lb>will obſtruct a Woman's Delivery; and that <lb></lb>the Leaves of the Lesbian Oemony kept but <lb></lb>under the Roof, will give a Flux of the Belly <lb></lb>and an Evacuation that will certainly prove <lb></lb>Mortal. </s> <s>Let us now return to our Subject, <lb></lb>for the better underſtanding of which, it will <lb></lb>be proper to look back to what we have <lb></lb>formerly ſaid of the Lines of Building</s></p><pb xlink:href="003/01/071.jpg" pagenum="55"></pb><p type="head"> <s>CHAP. XII.</s></p><p type="head"> <s><emph type="italics"></emph>Of Coverings of ſtrait Lines; of the Beams and Rafters, and of the uniting <lb></lb>the Ribs.<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end></s></p><p type="main"> <s>Of Coverings, ſome are to the open Air, <lb></lb>and ſome are within; ſome conſiſt of <lb></lb>ſtrait Lines, others of curve, and ſome of both: <lb></lb>We may add, not improperly, that ſome are <lb></lb>of Wood, and ſome of Stone. </s> <s>We will firſt, <lb></lb>according to our Cuſtom, mention one Obſer<lb></lb>vation which relates in general to all Sorts of <lb></lb>Coverings; which is this: That all manner of <lb></lb>Roofs, or Coverings have their Ribs, Nerves, <lb></lb>Finiſhings, and Shells, or Cruſts, juſt the ſame <lb></lb>as the Wall: Which will appear from the <lb></lb>Conſideration of the Thing itſelf. </s> <s>To begin <lb></lb>with thoſe of Wood, and conſiſting of ſtrait <lb></lb>Lines; it is neceſſary for ſupporting the Cover <lb></lb>to lay very ſtrong Beams acroſs from one Wall <lb></lb>to the other; which, as we took Notice be<lb></lb>fore, are Columns laid tranſverſe: Theſe <lb></lb>Beams therefore, are a Sort of Ribs; and if <lb></lb>it were not for the Expences, who would not <lb></lb>wiſh to have the whole Building conſiſt, if we <lb></lb>may uſe the Expreſſion, of nothing but Ribs <lb></lb>and ſolid Work; that is to ſay, of continued <lb></lb>Columns and Beams cloſe compacted? </s> <s>but we <lb></lb>here conſult Oeconomy, and ſuppoſe every <lb></lb>Thing to be ſuperfluous, that without Pre<lb></lb>judice to the Strength of the Work, may be <lb></lb>poſſibly retrenched; and for this Reaſon, we <lb></lb>leave Spaces between the Beams. </s> <s>Between <lb></lb>theſe we lay the Croſs-beams, Rafters, and the <lb></lb>like; which may not at all improperly be <lb></lb>reckoned the Ligatures: To theſe we fit and <lb></lb>joyn Boards and Planks of greater Breadth, <lb></lb>which there is no Reaſon why we ſhould not <lb></lb>call theFiniſhing; and in the ſame Way of think<lb></lb>ing, the Pavement and Tiling is the Outward <lb></lb>Shell, and the Ceiling, or Roof, which is over <lb></lb>our Head the Inward. </s> <s>If this be granted, let <lb></lb>us conſider whether there is any Thing ne<lb></lb>ceſſary to be obſerved with Relation to any of <lb></lb>theſe Parts, that having duly examined it, we <lb></lb>may the more eaſily underſtand what belongs <lb></lb>to Coverings of Stone. </s> <s>We will ſpeak of them <lb></lb>therefore as briefly as poſſible: Firſt, taking <lb></lb>Notice of one Thing not foreign to our Pur<lb></lb>poſe. </s> <s>There is a very vicious Practice among <lb></lb>our modern Architects; which is, that in <lb></lb>order to make their Ceilings, they leave great <lb></lb>Holes in the very Ribs of the Building to let <lb></lb>the Heads of the Beams into after the Wall is <lb></lb>finiſhed; which not only weakens the Struc<lb></lb>ture, but alſo makes it more expoſed to Fire; <lb></lb>becauſe by theſe Holes the Flames find a <lb></lb>Paſſage from one Apartment to another. </s> <s>For <lb></lb>which Reaſon, I like the Method uſed among <lb></lb>the Ancients, of ſetting in the Wall ſtrong <lb></lb>Tables of Stone called Corbels, upon which <lb></lb>they laid the Heads of their Beams. </s> <s>If you <lb></lb>would bind the Wall, and the Beams together, <lb></lb>you have Braſs Cramps, and Braces, and <lb></lb>Catches or Notches in the Corbel itſelf, which <lb></lb>will ſerve for that Purpoſe. </s> <s>The Beams ought <lb></lb>to be perfectly ſound and clear; and eſpeci<lb></lb>ally about the Middle of its Length it ought <lb></lb>to be free from the leaſt Defect, placing your <lb></lb>Ear at one End of it while the other is ſtruck, <lb></lb>if the Sound come to you dead, and flat, it is <lb></lb>a Sign of ſome private Infirmity. </s> <s>Beams that <lb></lb>have Knots in them are abſolutely to be re<lb></lb>jected, eſpecially if there are many, or if they <lb></lb>are crouded together in a Cluſter. </s> <s>The Side <lb></lb>of the Timber that lies neareſt the Heart, <lb></lb>muſt be planed, and laid uppermoſt in the <lb></lb>Building; but the Part that is to lie under<lb></lb>moſt, muſt be planed very ſuperficially, only <lb></lb>the Bark, nay, and of that hardly any, or as <lb></lb>little as poſſible. </s> <s>Which-ſoever Side has a <lb></lb>Defect that runs croſſways of the Beam, lay <lb></lb>uppermoſt; if there is a Crak longways, ne<lb></lb>v̊er venture it of the Side, but lay it either <lb></lb>uppermoſt, or rather undermoſt. </s> <s>If you hap<lb></lb>pen to have Occaſion to bore a Hole in it, or <lb></lb>any Opening, never meddle with the Middle <lb></lb>of its length, nor its lower Superficies. </s> <s>If, as in <lb></lb>Churches, the Beams are to be laid in Couples; <lb></lb>leave a Space of ſome Inches between them, <lb></lb>that they may have Room to exhale, and not <lb></lb>be ſpoyled by heating one another: And it <lb></lb>will not be amiſs to lay the two Beams of the <lb></lb>ſame Couple different Ways, that both their <lb></lb>Heads may not lie upon the ſame Pillow; <lb></lb>but where one has its Head, the other may <lb></lb>have its Foot: For by this Means the Strength <lb></lb>of the one's Foot will aſſiſt the Weakneſs <lb></lb>of the other's Head; and ſo <emph type="italics"></emph>vice verſa.<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end></s><s> The <pb xlink:href="003/01/072.jpg" pagenum="56"></pb>Beams ought alſo to be related to one another; <lb></lb>that is, they ſhould be of the ſame Kind of <lb></lb>Timber, and raiſed in the ſame Wood, ex<lb></lb>poſed if poſſible to the ſame Winds, and fell'd <lb></lb>the ſame Day; that being endued with the <lb></lb>ſame natural Strength, they may bear their <lb></lb>Shares equally in the Service. </s> <s>Let the Beds for <lb></lb>the Beams be exactly level, and perfectly firm <lb></lb>and ſtrong; and in laying them take care <lb></lb>that the Timber does not touch any Lime, <lb></lb>and let it have clear and open Vents all about <lb></lb>it, that it may not be tainted by the Contact <lb></lb>of any other Materials, nor decay by being <lb></lb>too cloſe ſhut up. </s> <s>For a Bed for the Beams, <lb></lb>ſpread under them either Fern, a very dry <lb></lb>Kind of Herb, or Aſhes, or rather Lees of <lb></lb><arrow.to.target n="marg9"></arrow.to.target><lb></lb>Oil with the bruiſed Olives. </s> <s>But if your Tim<lb></lb>ber is ſo ſhort, that you cannot make a Beam <lb></lb>of one Piece, you muſt join two or more to<lb></lb>gether, in ſuch a Manner as to give them the <lb></lb>Strength of an Arch; that is to ſay, ſo that <lb></lb>the upper Line of the compacted Beam, can<lb></lb>not poſſibly by any Preſſure become ſhorter; <lb></lb>and on the contrary, that the lower Line can<lb></lb>not grow longer: And there muſt be a Sort <lb></lb>of Cord to bind the two Beams together, <lb></lb>which ſhove one another with their Heads, <lb></lb>with a ſtrong Ligature. </s> <s>The Rafters, and all <lb></lb>the reſt of the Wood-work, depend upon the <lb></lb>Goodneſs and Soundneſs of the Beams; being <lb></lb>nothing elſe but Beams ſplit. </s> <s>Boards or Planks <lb></lb>are thought to be inconvenient if too thick, be<lb></lb>cauſe whenever they begin to warp they throw <lb></lb>out the Nails; and thin Boards, eſpecially in <lb></lb>Coverings expoſed to the Air, they ſay, muſt <lb></lb>be faſtened with Nails in Pairs, ſo as to ſe<lb></lb>cure the Corners, the Sides and the Middle. <lb></lb></s> <s>They tell us, that ſuch Nails as are to bear any <lb></lb>tranſverſe Weight, muſt be made thick; but as <lb></lb>for others, it matters not if they are thinner; <lb></lb>but then they muſt be longer, and have <lb></lb>broader Heads.</s></p><p type="margin"> <s><margin.target id="marg9"></margin.target>*</s></p><p type="main"> <s>BRASS Nails are moſt durable in the Air, or <lb></lb>in wet; but I have found the Iron ones to be <lb></lb>ſtronger under Cover. </s> <s>For fattening of the <lb></lb>Rafters together, wooden Pins are much uſed. <lb></lb></s> <s>Whatever we have here ſaid of Coverings of <lb></lb>Wood, muſt be obſerved alſo with relation to <lb></lb>thoſe of Stone; for ſuch Stones as have Veins, <lb></lb>or Faults running croſſways, muſt be rejected <lb></lb>for the making of Beams, and uſed in Columns; <lb></lb>or if there are any ſmall inconſiderable Faults, <lb></lb>the Side of the Stone in which it appears, <lb></lb>when it is uſed, muſt be laid downwards, <lb></lb>Veins running longways in Beams of any Sort, <lb></lb>are more excuſable than tranſverſe ones. <lb></lb></s> <s>Tables, or Scantlings of Stones alſo, as well <lb></lb>for other Reaſons, as upon Account of their <lb></lb>Weight, muſt not be made too thick. </s> <s>Laſtly, <lb></lb>the Beams, Rafters, and Planks that are uſed <lb></lb>in Coverings, whether of Wood, or Stone, <lb></lb>muſt be neither ſo thin, nor ſo few as not to <lb></lb>be ſufficient for upholding themſelves, and their <lb></lb>Burthens; nor ſo thick, or ſo crouded as to <lb></lb>take from the Beauty, and Symmetry of the <lb></lb>Work; but thoſe are things we ſhall ſpeak of <lb></lb>elſewhere. </s> <s>And thus much for Coverings of <lb></lb>ſtraight Lines; unleſs it may be proper to men<lb></lb>tion one Thing which is in my Opinion tobe neg<lb></lb>lected in no Sort of Structure. </s> <s>The Philoſophers <lb></lb>have obſerved, that Nature in forming the Bo<lb></lb>dies of Animals, always takes care to finiſh her <lb></lb>Work in ſuch a Manner, that the Bones ſhould <lb></lb>all communicate, and never be ſeperate one <lb></lb>from the other: So we alſo ſhould connect the <lb></lb>Ribs togther, and faſten them together well <lb></lb>with Nerves and Ligatures; ſo that the Com<lb></lb>munication among the Ribs ſhould be ſo con<lb></lb>tinued, that if all the reſt of the Structure <lb></lb>failed, the Frame of the Work ſhould yet <lb></lb>ſtand firm and ſtrong with all its Parts and <lb></lb>Members.</s></p><p type="head"> <s>CHAP. XIII.</s></p><p type="head"> <s><emph type="italics"></emph>Of Coverings, or Roofs of Curve Lines; of Arches, their Difference and Con<lb></lb>ſtruction, and how to ſet the Stones in an Arch.<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end></s></p><p type="main"> <s>We come now to ſpeak of Roofs made <lb></lb>of Curve Lines, and we are firſt to <lb></lb>conſider thoſe Particulars wherein they exactly <lb></lb>agree with Coverings of ſtrait Lines. </s> <s>A curvili<lb></lb>near Roof is compoſed of Arches; and we have <lb></lb>already ſaid that an Arch is nothing but a <lb></lb>Beam bent. </s> <s>We might alſo here mention the <lb></lb>Ligatures, and thoſe Things which muſt be <lb></lb>uſed for filling up the Vacuities; but I would <lb></lb>be underſtood more clearly, by explaining <lb></lb>what I take to be the Nature of an Arch, and <lb></lb>of what Parts it conſiſts.</s></p><p type="main"> <s>I SUPPOSE then, that Men learnt at firſt to turn <lb></lb>Arches from this: They ſaw that two Beams <lb></lb><pb xlink:href="003/01/073.jpg" pagenum="57"></pb>ſet with their Heads one againſt the other, and <lb></lb>their Feet ſet wide, would, if faſtened at Top, <lb></lb>ſtand, very firm, by means of the Equalneſs <lb></lb>of their Weight: They were pleaſed with this <lb></lb>Invention, and began to make their Roofs <lb></lb>in the ſame Manner, to throw off the Rain, <lb></lb>both Ways. </s> <s>Afterwards, perhaps, not being <lb></lb>able to cover a wider Space for want of Beams <lb></lb>long enough, they put between the Heads of <lb></lb>theſe two Beams another croſſways at Top, <lb></lb>ſo that they made a Figure much like that of <lb></lb>the Greek Letter <foreign lang="grc">π,</foreign> and this middle Beam <lb></lb>they might call a Wedge; and as this ſuc<lb></lb>ceeded very well, they multiplyed the Wedges, <lb></lb>and thus made a Kind of Arch, whoſe Figure <lb></lb>mightily delighted them. </s> <s>Then transferring <lb></lb>the ſame Method to their Works of Stone, con<lb></lb>tinuing to multiply the Wedges, they made <lb></lb>an entire Arch, which muſt be allowed to be <lb></lb>nothing elſe but a Conjunction of a Number <lb></lb>of Wedges, whereof ſome ſtanding with their <lb></lb>Heads below the Arch, are called the Foot of <lb></lb>the Arch, thoſe in the Middle above, the Key <lb></lb>of the Arch, and thoſe on the Sides, the Turn, <lb></lb>or Ribs of the Arch. </s> <s>It will not be improper <lb></lb>here to repeat what we ſaid in the firſt Book <lb></lb>upon this Subject: There are different Sorts <lb></lb>of Arches, the Entire, is the full half of a <lb></lb>Circle, or that whoſe Chord runs through the <lb></lb>Centre of the Circle; there is another which <lb></lb>approaches more to the Nature of a Beam than <lb></lb>of an Arch, which we call the Imperfect, or <lb></lb>diminiſhed Arch, becauſe it is not a compleat <lb></lb>Semi-circle; but a determinate Part leſs, <lb></lb>having its Chord above the Centre, and at <lb></lb>ſome Diſtance from it. </s> <s>There is alſo the <lb></lb>Compoſite Arch, called by ſome the Angular, <lb></lb>and by others an Arch compſed of two Arches <lb></lb>leſs than Semi-circles; and its Chord has the <lb></lb>two Centres of two Curve Lines, which <lb></lb>mutually interſect each other. </s> <s>That the Entire <lb></lb>Arch is the Strongeſt of all, appears not only <lb></lb>from Experience, but Reaſon; for I do not <lb></lb>ſee how it can poſſibly diſunite of itſelf, unleſs <lb></lb>one Wedge ſhoves out another, which they are <lb></lb>ſo far from doing, that they aſſiſt and ſupport <lb></lb>one another. </s> <s>And indeed, if they were to go <lb></lb>about any ſuch Violence, they would be pre<lb></lb>vented by the very Nature of Ponderoſity, by <lb></lb>which they are preſſed downwards, either by <lb></lb>ſome Superſtructure, or by that which is in the <lb></lb>Wedges themſelves. </s> <s>This makes <emph type="italics"></emph>Varro<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end> ſay, <lb></lb>that in Arches, the Work on the right Hand <lb></lb>is keptup no leſs by that on the Left, than the <lb></lb>Work on the Left is by that on the Right. </s> <s>And <lb></lb>if we look only into the Thing itſelf; how is <lb></lb>it poſſible for the middle Wedge at Top, which <lb></lb>is the Key-ſtone to the Whole, to thruſt out <lb></lb>either of the two next Side Wedges, or how <lb></lb>can that be driven out of its Place by them? <lb></lb></s> <s>The next Wedges alſo in the Turn of the <lb></lb>Arch, being juſtly counterpoiſed, will ſurely <lb></lb>ſtand to their Duty; and laſtly, how can the <lb></lb>two Wedges under the two Feet of the Arch, <lb></lb>ever be moved while the upper ones ſtand firm? <lb></lb></s> <s>Therefore we have no need of a Cord, or Bar <lb></lb>in an entire Arch, becauſe it ſupports itſelf <lb></lb>by its own Strength; but in diminiſh'd <lb></lb>Arches there is Occaſion either for an Iron <lb></lb>Chain or Bar, or for an Extenſion of Wall on <lb></lb>both Sides, that may have the Effect of a Bar <lb></lb>to ſupply the Want of Strength, that there is <lb></lb>in the diminiſh'd Arch, and make it equal to <lb></lb>the Entire. </s> <s>The ancient Architects always <lb></lb>uſe theſe Precautions, and where-ever it was <lb></lb>poſſible, conſtantly ſecured their diminiſh'd <lb></lb>Arches, by ſetting them in a good Body of <lb></lb>Wall. </s> <s>They alſo endeavour'd, if they had an <lb></lb>Opportunity, to turn their imperfect Arches <lb></lb>upon a ſtrait Beam; and over theſe imperfect <lb></lb>ones, they uſed to turn entire Arches, which <lb></lb>protected the diminiſhed ones which were <lb></lb>within them, and took upon themſelves the <lb></lb>Burthen of the Superſtructure. </s> <s>As for Com<lb></lb>poſite Arches, we do not find any of them in <lb></lb>the Buildings of the Ancients; ſome think <lb></lb>them not amiſs for the Apertures in Towers; <lb></lb>becauſe they ſuppoſe they will cleave <lb></lb>the great Weight that is laid upon <lb></lb>them, as the Prow of a Ship does the Water, <lb></lb>and that they are rather ſtrengthened than op<lb></lb>preſs'd by it.</s></p><p type="main"> <s>THE Stones uſed in Building an Arch, <lb></lb>ſhould be every Way the biggeſt that can be <lb></lb>got; becauſe the Parts of any Body that are <lb></lb>united and compacted by Nature, are more <lb></lb>inſeparable than thoſe which are join'd and <lb></lb>cemented by Art. </s> <s>The Stones alſo ought to <lb></lb>be equal on both Sides, as if they were balan<lb></lb>ced with reſpect to their Fronts, Sizes, Weight, <lb></lb>and the like. </s> <s>If you are to make a Portico, and <lb></lb>to draw ſeveral Arches over continued Aper<lb></lb>tures, from the Capitals of Columns, never let <lb></lb>the Seat from which two or more Arches are <lb></lb>to riſe, be made of two Pieces, or of as many <lb></lb>as there are to be Arches, but only of one <lb></lb>ſingle Stone, and that as ſtrong as may be, to <lb></lb>hold together the Feet of all the Arches. </s> <s>The <lb></lb>ſecond Stones in the Arch, which riſe next to <lb></lb>theſe, if they are large Pieces, muſt be ſet <pb xlink:href="003/01/074.jpg" pagenum="58"></pb>with their Backs againſt each other, joining <lb></lb>perpendicularly. </s> <s>The third Stone which is <lb></lb>laid upon theſe ſecond ones, muſt be ſet <lb></lb>by the Plum-lines, as we directed in raiſing <lb></lb>the Wall, with even Joinings, ſo that they <lb></lb>may ſerve both the Arches, and be a Binding <lb></lb>to both their Wedges. </s> <s>Let the Lines of the <lb></lb>Joinings of all the Stones in the Arch point <lb></lb>exactly to the Centre of that Arch.</s></p><p type="main"> <s>THE moſt skillful Workmen always make <lb></lb>the Key-ſtone of one ſingle Piece, very large <lb></lb>and ſtrong; and if the Breadth of the Top is <lb></lb>ſo great, that no one Stone will ſuffice, it will <lb></lb>then be no longer only an Arch, but a vaul<lb></lb>ted Roof.</s></p><p type="head"> <s>CHAP. XIV.</s></p><p type="head"> <s><emph type="italics"></emph>Of the ſeveral Sorts of Vaults, and wherein they differ; of what Lines they <lb></lb>are compoſed, and the Method of letting them ſettle.<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end></s></p><p type="main"> <s>There are ſeveral Sorts of Vaults; ſo <lb></lb>that it is our Buſineſs here to enquire <lb></lb>wherein they differ, and of what Lines they <lb></lb>are compoſed; in doing of which, I ſhall be <lb></lb>obliged to invent new Names, to make myſelf <lb></lb>clear and perſpicuous, which is what I have <lb></lb>principally ſtudied in theſe Books. </s> <s>I know <lb></lb><emph type="italics"></emph>Ennius<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end> the Poet calls the Arch of the Heavens <lb></lb>the mighty Vaults; and <emph type="italics"></emph>Servius<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end> calls all Vaults <lb></lb>made like the Keel of a Ship, Caverns: But I <lb></lb>claim this Liberty; that whatever in this Work, <lb></lb>is expreſſed aptly, clearly, and properly, ſhall <lb></lb>be allowed to be expreſſed right. </s> <s>The differ<lb></lb>ent Sorts of Vaults are theſe, the plain Vault, <lb></lb>the Camerated, or mixed Vault, and the he<lb></lb>miſpherical Vault, or Cupola; beſides thoſe <lb></lb>others which partake of the Kind of ſome of <lb></lb>theſe. </s> <s>The Cupola in its Nature is never <lb></lb>placed but upon Walls that riſe from a cir<lb></lb>cular Platform: The Camerated are proper for <lb></lb>a ſquare one; the plain Vaults are made over <lb></lb>any quadrangular Platform, whether long or <lb></lb>ſhort, as we ſee in all ſubterraneous Porticoes. <lb></lb></s> <s>Thoſe Vaults too which are like a Hill bored <lb></lb>through, we alſo call plain Vaults; the plain <lb></lb>Vault therefore, is like a Number of Arches <lb></lb>join'd together Sideways; or like a bent Beam <lb></lb>extended out in Breadth, ſo as to make a Kind <lb></lb>of a Wall turn'd with a Sweep over our <lb></lb>Heads for a Covering. </s> <s>But if ſuch a Vault <lb></lb>as this, running from North to South, hap<lb></lb>pens to be croſs'd by another which runs from <lb></lb>Eaſt to Weſt, and interſects it with equal <lb></lb>Lines meeting at the Angles like crooked <lb></lb>Horns, this will make a Vault of the Camer<lb></lb>ated Sort. </s> <s>But if a great Number of equal <lb></lb>Arches meet at the Top exactly in the Centre, <lb></lb>they conſtitute a Vault like the Sky, which <lb></lb>therefore we call the Hemiſpherical, or com<lb></lb>pleat Cupola. </s> <s>The Vaults made of Part of <lb></lb>theſe, are as follows: If Nature with an even <lb></lb>and perpendicular Section, were to divide the <lb></lb>Hemiſphere of the Heavens in two Parts, from <lb></lb>Eaſt to Weſt, it would make two Vaults, <lb></lb>which would be proper Coverings for any <lb></lb>ſemi-circular Building. </s> <s>But if from the Angle <lb></lb>at the Eaſt, to that at the South, and from the <lb></lb>South to the Weſt, thence to the North, and <lb></lb>ſo back again to the Eaſt, if Nature were to <lb></lb>break and interrupt this Hemiſphere by ſo <lb></lb>many Arches turn'd from Angle to Angle, <lb></lb>ſhe would then leave a Vault in the Middle, <lb></lb>which for its Reſemblance to a ſwelling Sail, <lb></lb>we will venture to call a Velar Cupola. </s> <s>But <lb></lb>that Vault which conſiſts of a Number of <lb></lb>plain Vaults meeting in a Point at Top, we <lb></lb>ſhall call an Angular Cupola.</s></p><p type="main"> <s>IN the Conſtruction of Vaults, we muſt <lb></lb>obſerve the ſame Rules as in that of the Walls, <lb></lb>carrying on the Ribs of the Wall clear up to <lb></lb>the Summit of the Vault; and according to <lb></lb>the Method preſcribed for the Former, obſerv<lb></lb>ing the ſame Proportions and Diſtances: From <lb></lb>Rib to Rib, we muſt draw Ligatures croſſways, <lb></lb>and the Interſpaces we muſt fill up with Stuf<lb></lb>fing. </s> <s>But the Difference between the Work<lb></lb>ing of a Vault and a Wall, lies in this; that <lb></lb>in the Wall the Courſes of Stone are laid even <lb></lb>and perpendicular by the Square and Plum<lb></lb>line; whereas, in the Vault the Courſes are <lb></lb>laid by a curve Line, and the Joints all point <lb></lb>to the Centre of their Arch.</s></p><p type="main"> <s>THE Ancients hardly ever made their Ribs <lb></lb>of any but burnt Bricks, and thoſe generally <lb></lb>about two Foot long, and adviſe to fill up the <lb></lb>Interſpaces of our Vaults with the lighteſt <lb></lb>Stone, that they might not oppreſs the Wall <lb></lb>with too great a Weight. </s> <s>But I have obſerved <lb></lb>that ſome have not always thought themſelves <lb></lb>obliged to make continued ſolid Ribs, but in <lb></lb>their ſtead, have at certain Diſtances, ſet Bricks <lb></lb>lying Sideways, with their Heads jointing into </s></p><pb xlink:href="003/01/075.jpg"></pb><p type="caption"> <s>PLATE 8. <emph type="italics"></emph>(Page 59)<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end><lb></lb><figure id="id.003.01.075.1.jpg" xlink:href="003/01/075/1.jpg"></figure><pb xlink:href="003/01/076.jpg" pagenum="59"></pb>each other, like the Teeth of a Comb; as a Man <lb></lb>locks his right Hand Fingers into his left; and <lb></lb>the Interſpaces they filled up with any common <lb></lb>Stone, and eſpecially with Pumice Stone, which <lb></lb>is univerſally agreed to be the propereſt of all, <lb></lb>for the ſtuffing Work of Vaults. </s> <s>In building <lb></lb>either Arches or Vaults, we muſt make uſe of <lb></lb>Centres. </s> <s>Theſe are a Kind of Frames made <lb></lb>with the Sweep of an Arch of any rough Boards <lb></lb>juſt clapt together for a ſhort Service, and <lb></lb>covered either with Hurdles, Ruſhes, or any <lb></lb>ſuch common Stuff, in order to ſupport the <lb></lb>Work till it is ſettled and hardened. </s> <s>Yet there <lb></lb>is one ſort of Vault which ſtands in no Need <lb></lb>of theſe Machines, and that is the <emph type="italics"></emph>perfect <lb></lb>Cupola;<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end> becauſe it is compoſed not only of <lb></lb>Arches, but alſo, in a Manner, of Cornices. <lb></lb></s> <s>And who can conceive the innumerable Liga<lb></lb>tures that there are in theſe, which all wedge <lb></lb>together, and interſect one another both with <lb></lb>equal and unequal Angles? </s> <s>So that in whatſo<lb></lb>ever Part of the whole Cupola you lay a Stone, <lb></lb>or a Brick, you may be ſaid at the ſame time <lb></lb>to have laid a Key-ſtone to an infinite Number, <lb></lb>both of Arches, and Cornices. </s> <s>And when <lb></lb>theſe Cornices, or Arches are thus built one <lb></lb>upon the other, if the Work were inclined to <lb></lb>ruinate, where ſhould it begin, when the Joints <lb></lb>of every Stone are directed to one Centre with <lb></lb>equal Force and preſſure? </s> <s>Some of the Ancients <lb></lb>truſted ſo much to the Firmneſs of this Sort of <lb></lb>Structure, that they only made plain Cornices <lb></lb>of Brick at ſtated Diſtances, and filled up the <lb></lb>Interſpaces with Rubble. </s> <s>But I think, thoſe <lb></lb>acted much more prudently, who in raiſing <lb></lb>this Sort of Cupola, uſed the ſame Methods as <lb></lb>in Walling, to cramp and faſten the under <lb></lb>Cornices to the next above, and the Arches <lb></lb>too in ſeveral Places, eſpecially if they had not <lb></lb>plenty of Pit Sand to make very good Cement, <lb></lb>or if the Building was expoſed to South Winds, <lb></lb>or Blaſts from the Sea. </s> <s>You may likewiſe <lb></lb>turn the Angular Cupolas without a Centre, <lb></lb>if you make a perfect one in the Middle of the <lb></lb>Thickneſs of the Work. </s> <s>But here you will <lb></lb>have particular Occaſion for Ligatures to faſten <lb></lb>the weaker Parts of the outer one tightly to <lb></lb>the ſtronger Parts of that within. </s> <s>Yet it will <lb></lb>be neceſſary when you have laid one or two <lb></lb>Rows of Stone to make little light Stays, or <lb></lb>Catchers jutting out, on which, when thoſe <lb></lb>Rows are ſettled, you may ſet juſt Frame-work <lb></lb>enough to ſupport the next Courſes above, to <lb></lb>the Height of a few Feet, till they are ſufficiently <lb></lb>hardened; and then you may remove theſe <lb></lb>Frames, or Supports, higher and higher to <lb></lb>the other Courſes till you have finiſh'd the <lb></lb><arrow.to.target n="marg10"></arrow.to.target><lb></lb>whole Work. </s> <s>The other Vaults, both plain and <lb></lb>mixed, or camerated, muſt needs be turn'd <lb></lb>upon Centres. </s> <s>But I would have the firſt <lb></lb>Courſes, and the Heads of their Arches be <lb></lb>placed upon very ſtrong Seats; nor can I ap<lb></lb>prove the Method of thoſe who carry the <lb></lb>Wall clear up firſt, only leaving ſome Mould<lb></lb>ings, or Corbels, upon which, after a Time, <lb></lb>they turn their Arches; which muſt be a very <lb></lb>infirm and periſhable Sort of Work. </s> <s>The <lb></lb>true Way is to turn the Arch immediately, <lb></lb>and equally with the Courſes of the Wall <lb></lb>which is to ſupport it, that the Work may <lb></lb>have the ſtrongeſt Ligatures that is poſſible, <lb></lb>and grow in a Manner all of one Piece. </s> <s>The <lb></lb>Vacuities which are left between the Back of <lb></lb>the Sweep of the Arch, and the Upright of <lb></lb>the Wall it is turn'd from, call'd by Work<lb></lb>men, the <emph type="italics"></emph>Hips<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end> of the Arch, ſhould be fill'd <lb></lb>up, not with Dirt, or old Rubbiſh, but rather <lb></lb>with ſtrong ordinary Work, frequently knit <lb></lb>and jointed into the Wall.</s></p><p type="margin"> <s><margin.target id="marg10"></margin.target>*</s></p><p type="main"> <s>I AM pleaſed with thoſe who, to avoid over<lb></lb>burthening the Arch, have ſtuffed up theſe <lb></lb>Vacuities with earthen Pots, turn'd with their <lb></lb>Mouths downwards, that they might not con<lb></lb>tain any wet, if it ſhould gather there, and <lb></lb>over theſe thrown in Fragments of Stone not <lb></lb>heavy, but perfecty ſound. </s> <s>Laſtly, in all Man<lb></lb>ner of Vaults, let them be of what Kind they <lb></lb>will, we ought to imitate Nature, who, when <lb></lb>ſhe has knit the Bones, faſtens the Fleſh with <lb></lb>Nerves, interweaving it every where with Li<lb></lb>gatures running in Breadth, Length, Height <lb></lb>and circularly. </s> <s>This artful Contexture is what <lb></lb>we ought to imitate in the joining of Stones <lb></lb>in Vaults. </s> <s>Theſe Things being compleated, <lb></lb>the next, and laſt Buſineſs is to cover them <lb></lb>over; a Work of the greateſt Conſequence in <lb></lb>Building, and no leſs difficult than neceſſary; <lb></lb>in effecting, and compleating of which, the <lb></lb>utmoſt Care and Study has been over and over <lb></lb>employed. </s> <s>Of this we are to treat; but firſt, <lb></lb>it will be proper to mention ſomething neceſ<lb></lb>ſary to be obſerved in working of Vaults; for <lb></lb>different Methods are to be taken in the Exe<lb></lb>cution of different Sorts: Thoſe which are <lb></lb>turn'd upon Centres muſt be finiſh'd out of <lb></lb>hand, without Intermiſſion; but thoſe which <lb></lb>are wrought without Centres muſt be diſcon<lb></lb>tinued, and left to ſettle Courſe by Courſe, <lb></lb>left new Work being added to the firſt before <lb></lb>it is dry, ſhould ruin the Whole. </s> <s>As to thoſe <lb></lb><pb xlink:href="003/01/077.jpg" pagenum="60"></pb>which are turned upon Centres, when they are <lb></lb>cloſed with their Key-ſtones, it will be proper <lb></lb>immediately to eaſe the Props a little, that <lb></lb>thoſe Centres reſt upon; not only to prevent <lb></lb>the Stones freſh laid from floating in the Beds <lb></lb>of Mortar they are ſet in, but that the whole <lb></lb>Vault may ſink and cloſe by its own Weight <lb></lb>epually, into its right Seat: Otherwiſe in drying, <lb></lb>the Work would not compact itſelf as it ought, <lb></lb>but would be apt to leave Cracks when it came <lb></lb>afterwards to ſettle. </s> <s>And therefore you muſt <lb></lb>not quite take away the Centre immediately, <lb></lb>but let it down eaſily Day after Day, by little <lb></lb>and little, for Fear, if you ſhould take it away <lb></lb>too ſoon, the Building ſhould never duly cement. <lb></lb></s> <s>But after a certain Number of Days, according <lb></lb>to the Greatneſs of the Work, eaſeit a little, and <lb></lb>ſo go on gradually, till the Wedges all compact <lb></lb>themſelves in their Places, and are perfectly <lb></lb>ſettled. </s> <s>The beſt Way of letting down the <lb></lb>Frame is this: When you place your Centre <lb></lb>upon the Pilaſters, or whatever elſe it is to <lb></lb>reſt upon, put under each of its Feet two <lb></lb>Wedges of Wood; aud when afterwards you <lb></lb>want to let it down, you may with a Ham<lb></lb>mer ſafely drive out theſe Wedges by little <lb></lb>and little, as you ſhall judge proper.</s></p><p type="main"> <s>LASTLY, it is my Opinion, that the Centres <lb></lb>ought not to be taken away till after Winter, <lb></lb>as well for other Reaſons, as becauſe the <lb></lb>Waſhing of the Rains may weaken and de<lb></lb>moliſh the whole Structure; though elſe we <lb></lb>cannot do greater Service to a Vault than to <lb></lb>give it Water enough, and to let it be <lb></lb>thoroughly ſoak'd, that it may never feel Thirſt. <lb></lb></s> <s>But of this Subject we have ſaid enough.</s></p><p type="head"> <s>CHAP. XV.</s></p><p type="head"> <s><emph type="italics"></emph>Of the Shell of the Covering, and its Uſefulneſs; the different Sorts and <lb></lb>Shapes of Tiles, and what to make them of.<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end></s></p><p type="main"> <s>I now come to cover the Roof. </s> <s>And cer<lb></lb>tainly, if we weigh the Matter duly, there <lb></lb>is no Convenience in the whole Building <lb></lb>greater than the having Shelter from the burn<lb></lb>ing Sun, and the inclement Seaſons; and this <lb></lb>is a Benefit which you owe the Continuance <lb></lb>of, not to the Wall, nor to Area, nor any of <lb></lb>theſe; but principally to the outward Shell of <lb></lb>the Roof; which all the Art and Induſtry of <lb></lb>Man, though they have tried all Means, has <lb></lb>not yet been able to make ſo ſtrong and im<lb></lb>penetrable againſt the Weather as might be <lb></lb>wiſh'd: Nor do I think, it will be an eaſy <lb></lb>Matter to do it; for where, not only Rains, <lb></lb>but Extremes of Heat and Cold, and above <lb></lb>all, bluſtering Storms of Wind, are continu<lb></lb>ally aſſaulting the ſame Place; what Mate<lb></lb>rials are ſtrong enough to reſiſt ſuch unwearied <lb></lb>and powerful Adverſaries? </s> <s>Hence it happens, <lb></lb>that ſome Coverings preſently rot, others open, <lb></lb>others oppreſs the Wall, ſome crack, or break, <lb></lb>others are waſhed away; inſomuch, that even <lb></lb>Metals, which are ſo hardy againſt the Wea<lb></lb>ther, in other Places, are not here able to hold <lb></lb>out againſt ſuch frequent Aſſaults. </s> <s>But Men <lb></lb>not deſpiſing ſuch Materials as Nature furniſh<lb></lb>ed them with in their reſpective Countries, <lb></lb>have provided againſt theſe Inconveniences as <lb></lb>well as they were able; and hence aroſe various <lb></lb>Methods of Covering in a Building. <emph type="italics"></emph>Vitruvi<lb></lb>us<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end> tells us, that the <emph type="italics"></emph>Pyrgenſes<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end> covered their <lb></lb>Houſes with Reeds, and the People of <emph type="italics"></emph>Mar<lb></lb>ſeilles<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end> with Clay kneaded, and mixed with <lb></lb>Straw. </s> <s>The <emph type="italics"></emph>Chelonophagi,<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end> near the <emph type="italics"></emph>Garaman<lb></lb>tes, Pliny<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end> tells us, cover'd theirs with the <lb></lb>Shells of Tortoiſes. </s> <s>The greateſt Part of <emph type="italics"></emph>Ger<lb></lb>many<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end> uſe Shingles. </s> <s>In <emph type="italics"></emph>Flanders<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end> and <emph type="italics"></emph>Picardy,<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end><lb></lb>they cut a white Sort of Stone which they <lb></lb>have (which Saws eaſier than Wood itſelf) in<lb></lb>to their Scantlings, which they uſe inſtead of <lb></lb>Tiles. </s> <s>The <emph type="italics"></emph>Genoueze,<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end> and <emph type="italics"></emph>Florentines<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end> uſe thin <lb></lb>Pieces of a ſcaly Sort of Stone. </s> <s>Others have <lb></lb>tried the Pargets, which we ſhall ſpeak of by <lb></lb>and by. </s> <s>But after having made Experiment of <lb></lb>every Thing, the Wit and Invention of Man <lb></lb>has found out nothing yet more convenient <lb></lb>than Tiles of baked Clay. </s> <s>For all Sorts of <lb></lb>Parget grow rugged in Froſts, and ſo crack and <lb></lb>break: Lead is melted by the Sun's Heat: <lb></lb>Braſs, if laid in thick Plates, is very coſtly; <lb></lb>and if it is thin, it is apt to warp, and to be <lb></lb>eaten and conſumed with Ruſt.</s></p><p type="main"> <s>ONE <emph type="italics"></emph>Grinias<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end> of <emph type="italics"></emph>Cyprus,<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end> the Son of a Pea<lb></lb>ſant, is ſaid to be the Inventer of Tiles, which <lb></lb>are of two Sorts, the one broad and flat, one <lb></lb>Foot broad, and a Foot and a half long, <pb xlink:href="003/01/078.jpg" pagenum="61"></pb>with Rims of each Side, a ninth Part of its <lb></lb>Breadth, which is call'd a Gutter-tile; the <lb></lb>other round, like Greaves, (a Piece of Armour <lb></lb>for the Legs,) which is called a Ridge-tile; <lb></lb>both broader in that Part which is to receive <lb></lb>the Rain, and narrower in that from which <lb></lb>they are to diſcharge it. </s> <s>But the Plain, or <lb></lb>Gutter-tiles are the moſt Commodius, pro<lb></lb>vided they are laid exactly even, ſo as not to <lb></lb>lean of either Side, nor to make either Vallies <lb></lb>or Hilocks to ſtop the Current of the Water, <lb></lb>or to let it ſettle in, nor to leave any Cranny <lb></lb>uncover'd. </s> <s>If the Superficies of the Roof is <lb></lb>very large, it requires bigger Gutter-tiles, that <lb></lb>the Rain may not overflow them for want of <lb></lb>a ſufficient Receptacle. </s> <s>To prevent the Fury <lb></lb>of the Wind from ripping off the Tiles, I <lb></lb>would have them all faſtened with Mortar; <lb></lb>eſpecially in publick Buildings: But in private <lb></lb>Ones, it will be enough if you ſecure only the <lb></lb>Gutter-tiles from that Violence, becauſe what<lb></lb>ever Miſchief is done, is eaſily repair'd. </s> <s>There <lb></lb>is another very convenient Way of Tiling, in <lb></lb>this Manner: If in Timber Roofs, inſtead of <lb></lb>Planks, you lay along the Girders Squares of <lb></lb>baked Clay, faſten'd with Plaiſter of <emph type="italics"></emph>Paris,<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end> and <lb></lb>over theſe Squares lay your Tiles with Mortar, <lb></lb>it will be a Covering very ſecure againſt Fire, <lb></lb>and very commodious to the Inhabitants; and <lb></lb>it will be leſs expenſive, if, inſtead of Squares, <lb></lb>you underlay it with Reeds, bound with Mor<lb></lb>tar. </s> <s>I would not have you uſe your Tiles, <lb></lb>and eſpecially thoſe which you lay with Mor<lb></lb>tar, in publick Works, till they have ſupported <lb></lb>the Froſt and Sun two Years; becauſe, if you <lb></lb>happen to uſe any bad ones, there is no taking <lb></lb>them out again without a good deal of <lb></lb>Trouble and Expence. </s> <s>It may not be amiſs <lb></lb>here to mention what I have read in <emph type="italics"></emph>Diodorus<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end><lb></lb>the Hiſtorian, relating to the famous hanging <lb></lb>Gardens in <emph type="italics"></emph>Syria,<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end> which were contrived with <lb></lb>a new, and not unuſeful Invention: For upon <lb></lb>the Beams they laid Ruſhes dawb'd over with <lb></lb>Pitch, and on theſe two Rows of baked <lb></lb>Bricks, one above the other, cemented with <lb></lb>Mortar; and in the third Place, they laid <lb></lb>Plates of Lead ſo diſpoſed, and faſten'd to<lb></lb>gether, that not the leaſt wet could penetrate <lb></lb>to the Brick.</s></p><p type="head"> <s>CHAP. XVI.</s></p><p type="main"> <s><emph type="italics"></emph>Of Pavements according to the Opinion of<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end> Pliny <emph type="italics"></emph>and<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end> Vitruvius, <emph type="italics"></emph>and the Works <lb></lb>of the Ancients; and of the proper Seaſons for Beginning and Finiſhing <lb></lb>the ſeveral Parts of Building.<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end></s></p><p type="main"> <s>We come now to treat of Pavements, <lb></lb>which alſo partake ſomewhat of the <lb></lb>Nature of Coverings. </s> <s>Of theſe, ſome are <lb></lb>open to the Air; others are laid upon Rafters <lb></lb>and Boards, others not: All require for their <lb></lb>Foundation a ſolid, and even Superficies, laid <lb></lb>exactly according to their proper Lines. </s> <s>Thoſe <lb></lb>which are open to the Air ought to be raiſed <lb></lb>in ſuch a Manner, that every ten Foot may <lb></lb>have a Declivity of, at leaſt, two Inches, to <lb></lb>throw off the Water, which ought to be con<lb></lb>veyed from thence either into Ciſterns or <lb></lb>Sinks. </s> <s>If from theſe Sinks you have not the <lb></lb>Conveniency of a Drain, either into the Sea, <lb></lb>or ſome River, dig Pits for the Soil in conve<lb></lb>nient Places, ſo deep as to come to ſome Spring <lb></lb>of Water, and then fill up thoſe Pits with <lb></lb>round Pebbles.</s></p><p type="main"> <s>LASTLY, if you have no Opportunity to <lb></lb>do this, make good large Sinks, and fling <lb></lb>Coals into them, and then fill them up with <lb></lb>Sand, which will ſuck up, and dry away the <lb></lb>ſuperfluous Moiſture. </s> <s>If the Superficies that <lb></lb>your Pavement is to be laid upon, is a ſoft <lb></lb>looſe Earth, ram it ſoundly, and lay it over <lb></lb>with broken Fragments of Stone, well beat in <lb></lb>with the Rammer alſo: But if the Pavement <lb></lb>is to be upon Rafters, cover them over with <lb></lb>Boards, and upon them lay your Rubbiſh or <lb></lb>Fragments of Stone a Foot high, and beaten <lb></lb>together, and conſolidated with the Rammer. <lb></lb></s> <s>Some are of Opinion, that under theſe we <lb></lb>ought to lay Fern, or Spart, to keep the Mor<lb></lb>tar from rotting the Timber. </s> <s>If your Rub<lb></lb>biſh is of new Stone, allow one Part of Mortar <lb></lb>to three of Rubbiſh; if it is of old, you muſt <lb></lb>allow two Parts in five; and when it is laid, <lb></lb>the Way to ſtiffen it, is to pound it heartily <lb></lb>with the Rammer. </s> <s>Over theſe you lay a <lb></lb>Plaiſter ſix Inches high, made of broken <lb></lb>Tiles, or Bricks pounded, mix'd with one <lb></lb>fourth Part of Mortar; and upon this, laſtly, <lb></lb>you lay your Pavement, of whatſoever Sort it <lb></lb>is, whether of Brick or Tile, exactly by Rule <pb xlink:href="003/01/079.jpg" pagenum="62"></pb>and Level. </s> <s>The Work will be more ſecure <lb></lb>ſtill, if between the Rubbiſh, and the Plaiſter <lb></lb>you lay a Row of plain Tiles cemented with <lb></lb>Mortar, mixed up with Oil. </s> <s>As for Pave<lb></lb>ments which are not to be expoſed to the open <lb></lb>Air. <emph type="italics"></emph>Varro<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end> directs us to make them in the <lb></lb>following Manner, which he tells us will be <lb></lb>very ſerviceable by means of its extraordinary <lb></lb>Dryneſs: Dig two Foot deep into the Ground, <lb></lb>then ram the Bottom ſoundly, and lay a Pave<lb></lb>ment, either of Rubbiſh, or broken Brick, <lb></lb>leaving Vent-holes for the Vapours to diſcharge <lb></lb>themſelves; over this lay Coals well levell'd, <lb></lb>and ramm'd down, and over all a Cruſt made <lb></lb>of Sand, Mortar, and Aſhes. </s> <s>Theſe Things <lb></lb>already mention'd, we have gathered from <lb></lb><emph type="italics"></emph>Pliny<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end> and <emph type="italics"></emph>Vitruvius<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end> eſpecially: I will now ſet <lb></lb>down what I have with great Pains and Labour <lb></lb>diſcovered relating to Pavements from the <lb></lb>actual Works of the Ancients; from whence, <lb></lb>I conſeſs, I have learnt much more than from <lb></lb>their Writings. </s> <s>We will begin with the Out<lb></lb>ward Shell, which it is very difficult to make, <lb></lb>ſo as it ſhall not rot, or crack: For when once <lb></lb>it has been thoroughly ſoak'd with wet, and <lb></lb>comes to dry again, either by Sun, or Wind, <lb></lb>it dries by Scales, and as we ſee in Mud left <lb></lb>after Floods, the upper Coat ſhrinks, and <lb></lb>leaves Cracks which cannot be filled up; for <lb></lb>thoſe Parts which are dried and hardened, <lb></lb>cannot be made to cohere again by any Art <lb></lb>whatſoever, and thoſe which are ſtill moiſt, <lb></lb>yield and give Way to the leaſt Violence. </s> <s>I <lb></lb>find the Ancients made their Shell either of <lb></lb>baked Earth, or of Stone; and where Mens <lb></lb>Feet were not to tread, they made their Tiles <lb></lb>ſometimes a Foot and a half every Way, ce<lb></lb>mented with Mortar mixed up with Oil; we <lb></lb>alſo ſometimes meet with ſmall Bricks one <lb></lb>Inch in Thickneſs, two in Breadth, and four in <lb></lb>Length, join'd Sideways like a Fiſh's Back<lb></lb>bone. </s> <s>We often find Pavements of very large <lb></lb>Slabs of Marble, and others again of ſmaller <lb></lb>Pieces, and little Squares. </s> <s>There are other An<lb></lb>cient Pavements made all of one Piece, which <lb></lb>I ſuppoſe, was a Mixture of Lime, Sand, and <lb></lb>pounded Brick, of each a third Part: which <lb></lb>may be made more ſtrong and laſting yet, by <lb></lb>the Addition of one fourth Part of <emph type="italics"></emph>Tyber<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end><lb></lb>Stone, beat to Powder. </s> <s>Others in this Sort of <lb></lb>Plaiſter mightily commend the Sand of <emph type="italics"></emph>Poz<lb></lb>zuolo,<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end> which they call <emph type="italics"></emph>Rapillo.<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end></s><s> Plaiſter that is <lb></lb>deſigned for Pavements muſt be tried by con<lb></lb>tinual beating, whereby it will daily acquire <lb></lb>greater Stiffneſs and Hardneſs, till it comes to be <lb></lb>in a Manner firmer than Stone itſelf. And it <lb></lb>is certain, that if this Plaiſter is ſprinkled with <lb></lb>Lime-water, and Linſeed-oil, it will grow <lb></lb>almoſt as hard as Glaſs, and deſy all Manner of <lb></lb>Weather. </s> <s>Mortar worked up with Oil, is ſaid <lb></lb>in Pavements to keep out every Thing that is <lb></lb>noxious. </s> <s>Under the Shell I obſerve they made <lb></lb>a Layer of Mortar, and ſmall Pieces of broken <lb></lb>Brick, of the Thickneſs of two or three Inches. <lb></lb></s> <s>Next to this we find a Courſe of Rubbiſh, of <lb></lb>Bits of Bricks and Chippings of Stone, ſuch as <lb></lb>the Maſons cut off with their Chizzel, and this <lb></lb>is about a Foot in Thickneſs. </s> <s>In ſome Places <lb></lb>betwixt theſe two Courſes, we find a regular <lb></lb>one of baked Tile, or Brick, and at the Bottom <lb></lb>of all a Layer of Stones, none bigger than a <lb></lb>Man's Fiſt. </s> <s>The Stones found in Rivers, <lb></lb>which are called Male ones, as for Inſtance, <lb></lb>thoſe round ones which partake of the Nature <lb></lb>of Flint, or Glaſs, grow dry immediately when <lb></lb>they are taken out of the Water, whereas Brick <lb></lb>and ordinary Stone retain Moiſture a long <lb></lb>Time; for which Reaſon, many affirm that the <lb></lb>Damps which ariſe out of the Earth will never <lb></lb>be able to penetrate to the Shell of the Pave<lb></lb>ment, if it is underlaid with thoſe Stones. </s> <s>We <lb></lb>ſometimes find that they made little ſquare <lb></lb>Pilaſters a Foot and a half high next to the <lb></lb>Ground, ſtanding about two Foot diſtance one <lb></lb>from the other, upon which they laid baked <lb></lb>Tiles, and upon theſe the Pavement above<lb></lb>mention'd. </s> <s>But this Kind of Pavement belongs <lb></lb>chiefly to Baths; of which we ſhall treat in <lb></lb>their proper Place. </s> <s>Pavements delight in <lb></lb>Damps, and a wet Air, while they are making, <lb></lb>and endure beſt and longeſt in moiſt and ſhady <lb></lb>Places; and their chief Enemies are the Looſe<lb></lb>neſs of the Earth, and ſudden Droughts. </s> <s>For <lb></lb>as repeated Rains make the Ground cloſe and <lb></lb>firm, ſo Pavements being heartily wetted, grow <lb></lb>compact, and hard as Iron. </s> <s>That Part of the <lb></lb>Pavement which is to receive the Water falling <lb></lb>from the Gutters, ought to be made of the <lb></lb>largeſt and ſoundeſt Stones, ſuch as will not <lb></lb>eaſily be worn away by the continual Malice <lb></lb>(if we may ſo call it) of the Spouts that fall <lb></lb>upon them. </s> <s>In ſuch Pavements as are laid <lb></lb>upon Timber-work, or Roofing, you muſt take <lb></lb>Care that the Ribs upon which it reſts are <lb></lb>ſufficiently ſtrong, and equal one to the other; <lb></lb>for if it ſhould be otherwife, or one Wall, or <lb></lb>Rafter which it lies upon, ſhould be ſtronger <lb></lb>than another, the Pavement would decay and <lb></lb>ſplit in that Part; for as Timber-work will <lb></lb>not always keep exactly in the ſame Condition, <pb xlink:href="003/01/080.jpg" pagenum="63"></pb>but is affected and altered by the Variety of <lb></lb>Weather, being ſwell'd by wet, and dried and <lb></lb>ſhrunk by Heat, it is no Wonder that the wea<lb></lb>ker Parts ſhould ſink under the Weight, and <lb></lb>ſo crack the Pavement. </s> <s>But of this we have <lb></lb>ſaid enough.</s></p><p type="main"> <s>HOWEVER, I will not paſs over one Thing <lb></lb>which is not at all foreign to our Purpoſe, <lb></lb>namely, that different Times and Seaſons, and <lb></lb>Diſpoſitions of the Air, are proper for digging <lb></lb>the Foundations, filling them up, raiſing the <lb></lb>Wall, turning of Vaults, and finiſhing the <lb></lb>Shells. </s> <s>The Foundations are beſt dug while <lb></lb>the Sun is in <emph type="italics"></emph>Leo,<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end> and in <emph type="italics"></emph>Autumn,<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end> the Ground <lb></lb>being then thoroughly dry, which will keep <lb></lb>your Trench from being infeſted with Water. <lb></lb></s> <s>The Spring is very convenient for filling them <lb></lb>up, eſpecially if they are pretty deep; becauſe <lb></lb>they will be ſufficiently defended from the <lb></lb>Heat of the Summer, by means of the Ground <lb></lb>which ſtands about them as their Protector; <lb></lb>though it will be ſtill more convenient to fill <lb></lb>them up in the Beginning of Winter, unleſs in <lb></lb>Countries near the Pole, or in ſuch cold <lb></lb>Climates where they will be likely to freeze <lb></lb>before they are dry. </s> <s>The Wall too abhors <lb></lb>both exceſſive Heat, exceſſive Cold, and ſud<lb></lb>den Froſts, and eſpecially Northerly Winds. <lb></lb></s> <s>Vaults, till they are dry and ſettled, require <lb></lb>an equal and temperate Seaſon, more than <lb></lb>any other Sort of Structure. </s> <s>The beſt Time <lb></lb>for laying on the Coat is about the riſing of <lb></lb>the Stars, call'd the <emph type="italics"></emph>Pleiadas,<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end> (which is in <lb></lb>Spring) and particularly ſuch Days as have <lb></lb>been ſufficiently moiſtened with ſoutherly <lb></lb>Breezes; for if the Work which you are to <lb></lb>plaiſter over, or white-waſh, is not extreamly <lb></lb>moiſt, nothing that you lay on will ſtick to it, <lb></lb>but it will part and crack, and always look <lb></lb>rough and ſcandalous. </s> <s>But of Plaiſtering and <lb></lb>Stuc-work we ſhall treat more largely in its <lb></lb>proper Place. </s> <s>Having now gone through the <lb></lb>general Conſideration of our Subject, it remains <lb></lb>that we deſcend to Particulars; and accor<lb></lb>dingly we deſign to ſhew firſt the different <lb></lb>Sorts of Buildings, and the Qualities requiſite <lb></lb>in each of them; then their Ornaments; and <lb></lb>laſtly, how to remedy ſuch Defects in them as <lb></lb>are owing either to the Fault of the Workman, <lb></lb>or the Injury of Time.</s></p><p type="head"> <s><emph type="italics"></emph>The End of Book<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end> III.<lb></lb><figure id="id.003.01.080.1.jpg" xlink:href="003/01/080/1.jpg"></figure></s></p><pb xlink:href="003/01/081.jpg"></pb><figure id="id.003.01.081.1.jpg" xlink:href="003/01/081/1.jpg"></figure><p type="head"> <s>THE <lb></lb><emph type="bold"></emph>ARCHITECTURE<emph.end type="bold"></emph.end><lb></lb>OF <lb></lb><emph type="bold"></emph><emph type="italics"></emph>Leone Batiſta Alberti.<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end><emph.end type="bold"></emph.end></s></p><p type="head"> <s>BOOK IV. CHAP. I.</s></p><p type="main"> <s><emph type="italics"></emph>Of Works of a publick Nature. </s> <s>That all Buildings, whether contrived for <lb></lb>Neceſſity, Conveniency or Pleaſure, were intended for the Service of Man<lb></lb>kind. </s> <s>Of the ſeveral Diviſions of humane Conditions, whence ariſes the <lb></lb>Diverſity of Buildings.<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end></s></p><p type="main"> <s>It is plain that Building was in<lb></lb>vented for the Service of Man<lb></lb>kind; for if we conſider the <lb></lb>Matter ever ſo little, it is natural <lb></lb>to ſuppoſe that their firſt Deſign <lb></lb>was only to raiſe a Structure that might de<lb></lb>fend them and theirs from the ill Qualities of <lb></lb>the Weather; afterwards they proceeded to <lb></lb>make not only every Thing that was ne<lb></lb>ceſſary to their Safety, but alſo every Thing <lb></lb>that might be convenient or uſeful to them. <lb></lb></s> <s>At laſt, inſtructed and allured by the Oppor<lb></lb>tunities that naturally offer'd themſelves, they <lb></lb>began to contrive how to make their Build<lb></lb>ings ſubſervient to their Pleaſures and Recre<lb></lb>adons, and proceeded every Day further and <lb></lb>further in ſo doing: So that if upon conſider<lb></lb>ing the various Sorts of Buildings, we <lb></lb>ſhould ſay, that ſome were contrived by Ne<lb></lb>ceſſity, ſome by Convenience, and ſome by <lb></lb>Pleaſure, it might, perhaps, be no ill Defini<lb></lb>tion of the Matter. </s> <s>Yet when we take a View <lb></lb>of the great Plenty and Variety of Buildings <lb></lb>all about us, we eaſily perceive that all were <lb></lb>not erected merely upon thoſe Accounts, or <lb></lb>for one Occaſion more than another, but that <lb></lb>this great Variety and Difference among them, <lb></lb>are owing principally to the Variety there is <lb></lb>among Mankind. </s> <s>So that, if according to <lb></lb>our Method we would make a careful Enquiry <lb></lb>into their Sorts and Parts, it is here that we <lb></lb>muſt begin our Diſquiſition, namely, from the <lb></lb>Nature of Mankind, and wherein they differ <lb></lb>from one another; ſince upon their Account <lb></lb>it is that Buildings are erected, and for their <lb></lb>Uſes varied: So that having thoroughly con<lb></lb>ſidered theſe Things, we may treat of them <lb></lb>more clearly. </s> <s>For this Purpoſe, it will not <lb></lb>be amiſs to recollect the Opinions of the wiſe <lb></lb>Founders of ancient Republicks and Laws con<pb xlink:href="003/01/082.jpg" pagenum="65"></pb>cerning the Diviſion of the People into differ<lb></lb>ent Orders; in as much as they applied them<lb></lb>ſelves to the Conſideration of theſe Things <lb></lb>with the greateſt Care, Diligence and Appli<lb></lb>cation, and have received the higheſt Applauſes <lb></lb>for their Diſcoveries.</s></p><p type="main"> <s><emph type="italics"></emph>Plutarch<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end> tells us, that <emph type="italics"></emph>Theſeus<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end> divided the <lb></lb>Commonwealth into two Ranks, one that made <lb></lb>and expounded the Laws, both Humane and <lb></lb>Divine, and the other that follow'd manual Oc<lb></lb>cupations. <emph type="italics"></emph>Solon<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end> diſtinguiſh'd his Citizens <lb></lb>according to their Wealth, and ſuch as did not <lb></lb>raiſe from their Poſſeſſions three hundred <lb></lb>Buſhels of Grain every Year, he reckon'd ſcarce <lb></lb>worthy to be eſteem'd a Citizen. </s> <s>The <emph type="italics"></emph>Athenians<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end><lb></lb>gave the firſt Rank to Men of Learning and <lb></lb>Wiſdom; the ſecond to the Orators, and the <lb></lb>laſt to Artificers. <emph type="italics"></emph>Romulùs<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end> ſeparated the Knights <lb></lb>and <emph type="italics"></emph>Patricians<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end> from the <emph type="italics"></emph>Plebeians;<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end> and <emph type="italics"></emph>Numa<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end><lb></lb>divided the <emph type="italics"></emph>Plebeians<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end> according to their re<lb></lb>ſpective Employments. </s> <s>In <emph type="italics"></emph>France<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end> the <emph type="italics"></emph>Plebeians<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end><lb></lb>were in a Manner Slaves; the reſt, ſays <emph type="italics"></emph>Cæſar,<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end><lb></lb>were either Soldiers, or Profeſſors of Religion, <lb></lb>or the Study of Wiſdom, whom they call'd <lb></lb><emph type="italics"></emph>Druids.<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end></s><s> Among the <emph type="italics"></emph>Panchæi<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end> the firſt were <lb></lb>the Prieſts; the ſecond, the Husbandmen, <lb></lb>and the laſt, the Soldiers, with whom were <lb></lb>reckon'd the Shepherds, and Tenders of Herds. <lb></lb></s> <s>The <emph type="italics"></emph>Britons<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end> were divided into four Orders; <lb></lb>the firſt were thoſe out of whoſe Number <lb></lb>they choſe their King; the ſecond were the <lb></lb>Prieſts; the third, the Soldiers, and the laſt <lb></lb>the common People. </s> <s>The <emph type="italics"></emph>Ægyptians<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end> gave the <lb></lb>firſt Rank to their Prieſts; the ſecond to their <lb></lb>King and Governours; the third to the Sol<lb></lb>diers, and the reſt of the People were ſubdi<lb></lb>vided into Husbandmen, Shepherds, and Ar<lb></lb>tificers, and further, as <emph type="italics"></emph>Herodotus<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end> informs us, <lb></lb>into Mercenaries, and Seamen. </s> <s>We are told, that <lb></lb><emph type="italics"></emph>Hipodamus<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end> divided his Republic into three Parts, <lb></lb>Artificers, Husbandmen, and Soldiers. <emph type="italics"></emph>Ariſtotle<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end><lb></lb>ſeems not diſpleaſed with thoſe who ſeparated <lb></lb>from the Multitude ſome Men of greateſt <lb></lb>Worth to manage their Counſels, and exerciſe <lb></lb>their Office of Magiſtracy and Judicature, and <lb></lb>divided the Remainder of the People into <lb></lb>Husbandmen, Artificers, Merchants, Merce<lb></lb>naries, Horſe, Foot and Seamen. </s> <s>Not much <lb></lb>unlike this, according to <emph type="italics"></emph>Diodorus<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end> the Hiſto<lb></lb>rian, was the Commonwealth of the <emph type="italics"></emph>Indians,<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end><lb></lb>who were diſtinguiſhed into Prieſts, Husband<lb></lb>men, Shepherds, Artificers, Soldiers, Ephori, <lb></lb>or Super-intendants, and thoſe who preſided <lb></lb>over the publick Counſels.</s></p><p type="main"> <s><emph type="italics"></emph>Plato<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end> obſerves that a Nation is ſometimes <lb></lb>peaceable and deſirous of Quiet and Repoſe; <lb></lb>and at other Times reſtleſs and warlike, ac<lb></lb>cording to the Temper of thoſe at the Helm; <lb></lb>and therefore he divides the Body of the Citi<lb></lb>zens according to the Parts of the Mind of <lb></lb>Man; one to moderate every Thing with <lb></lb>Reaſon and Counſel; another to reſent and <lb></lb>repel Injuries with Force; and a third to <lb></lb>prepare and adminiſter Nouriſhment to all <lb></lb>the reſt. </s> <s>Theſe Things I have thus briefly <lb></lb>recited out of numorous Writings of the An<lb></lb>cients; and the natural Reſult ſeems to be <lb></lb>this, that all theſe which I have mentioned <lb></lb>are every one of them different Parts of the <lb></lb>Republick, and conſequently that each re<lb></lb>quires a particular Kind of Building. </s> <s>But <lb></lb>that according to our Cuſtom we may be <lb></lb>able to treat of this Subject more diſtinctly, it <lb></lb>will not be amiſs to reflect upon the follow<lb></lb>ing Conſiderations: If any one were to ſepa<lb></lb>rate the whole Number of Mankind into dif<lb></lb>ferent Parts, the firſt Thing that would offer <lb></lb>itſelf to his Thoughts would be this; that it <lb></lb>is not the ſame Thing to conſider all the In<lb></lb>habitants of any one Province all together <lb></lb>collectively, and to conſider them ſeparately <lb></lb>according to their reſpective Diſtinctions; and <lb></lb>the next Thing would be, that by a Contem<lb></lb>plation of Nature itſelf, he would take Notice <lb></lb>in what Particular they differ'd moſt from <lb></lb>one another, that from thence he might take <lb></lb>Occaſion to ſeparate them into their proper <lb></lb>Diviſions. </s> <s>Now there is nothing wherein Men <lb></lb>differ more one from the other, than in the <lb></lb>very particular wherein they differ from <lb></lb>Brutes; namely, in Reaſon, and the Know<lb></lb>ledge of uſeful Arts, to which, if you pleaſe, <lb></lb>you may add Proſperity of Fortune: In all <lb></lb>which Gifts there are very few that excel at <lb></lb>the ſame Time. </s> <s>This then opens to us our <lb></lb>firſt Diviſion, and inſtructs us to ſelect from <lb></lb>the Multitude, a ſmall Number, whereof ſome <lb></lb>are illuſtrious for their Wiſdom, Experience <lb></lb>and Capacity; others for their Progreſs, and <lb></lb>Knowledge in uſeful Arts; and others, laſtly, <lb></lb>for their Riches, and Abundance in the Goods <lb></lb>of Fortune. </s> <s>And who will deny that theſe <lb></lb>are the moſt fit to be intruſted with the prin<lb></lb>cipal Offices in the Commonwealth? </s> <s>The <lb></lb>moſt excellent Perſons, therefore, who are <lb></lb>endued with the greateſt Share of Wiſdom, <lb></lb>ought to be intruſted with the chief Care and <lb></lb>Power of moderating in all Affairs. </s> <s>Such <pb xlink:href="003/01/083.jpg" pagenum="66"></pb>will order the ſacred Ceremonies with religious <lb></lb>Minds, and frame Laws with Juſtice and <lb></lb>Equity, and themſelves ſet the Example of <lb></lb>Living orderly and happily. </s> <s>They will watch <lb></lb>continually for the Defence and Enlargement <lb></lb>of the Authority and Dignity of their Fellow<lb></lb>Citizens. </s> <s>And when they have determined <lb></lb>upon any Thing convement, uſeful, or neceſ<lb></lb>ſary; being perhaps themſelves worn out <lb></lb>with Years, and fitter for Contemplation than <lb></lb>Action, they will commit the Execution of it <lb></lb>to ſuch as they know to be well experienced, <lb></lb>and brisk and courageous to bring the Matter <lb></lb>to effect, to whom they will give an Oppor<lb></lb>tunity of deſerving well of their Country, by <lb></lb>the Proſecution of their Deſign. </s> <s>Then theſe <lb></lb>others, having taken the Buſineſs upon them<lb></lb>ſelves, will faithfully perform their Parts at <lb></lb>home with Study and Application, and abroad <lb></lb>with Diligence and Labour, giving Judgment, <lb></lb>leading Armies, and exerciſing their own In<lb></lb>duſtry, and that of thoſe who are under them. <lb></lb></s> <s>And laſtly, as it is in vain to think of effecting <lb></lb>any Thing without Means, the next in Place <lb></lb>to thoſe already mentioned are ſuch as ſupply <lb></lb>theſe with their Wealth, either by Husbandry <lb></lb>or Merchandize. </s> <s>All the other Orders of <lb></lb>Men ought in Reaſon to obey and be ſub<lb></lb>ſervient to theſe as chief. </s> <s>Now if any Thing <lb></lb>is to be gather'd from all this to our Purpoſe, <lb></lb>it is certainly that of the different Kinds of <lb></lb>Building, one Sort belongs to the Publick, <lb></lb>another to the principal Citizens, and another <lb></lb>to the Commonality.</s></p><p type="main"> <s>AND again, among the principal Sort, one <lb></lb>is proper for thoſe who bear the Weight of <lb></lb>the publick Counſels and Deliberations, an<lb></lb>other for thoſe who are employ'd in the Exe<lb></lb>cution, and another for ſuch as apply them<lb></lb>ſelves to the amaſſing of Wealth. </s> <s>Of all <lb></lb>which one Part, as we obſerved before, having <lb></lb>Relation to Neceſſity, and another to Con<lb></lb>venience; it will be no Preſumption in us <lb></lb>who are treating of Buildings to allow another <lb></lb>Part to Plcaſure, while inſtead of claiming <lb></lb>any Merit upon this Account to ourſelves, we <lb></lb>confeſs that the Principles of this Diviſion are <lb></lb>to be drawn from the firſt Rudiments of the <lb></lb>Philoſophers.</s></p><p type="main"> <s>OF this, therefore, we are now to treat, <lb></lb>what belongs to a publick Building, what <lb></lb>to thoſe of the principal Citizens, and what <lb></lb>to thoſe of the common Sort. </s> <s>But where ſhall <lb></lb>we begin ſuch great Matters? </s> <s>Shall we follow <lb></lb>the gradual Courſe of Mankind in their pro<lb></lb>curing of all theſe, and ſo beginning with the <lb></lb>mean Huts of poor People, go on by degrees <lb></lb>to thoſe vaſt Structures which we ſee of Thea<lb></lb>tres, Baths, and Temples. </s> <s>It is certain it was <lb></lb>a great while before Mankind encloſed their <lb></lb>Cities with Walls. </s> <s>Hiſtorians tell us that <lb></lb>when <emph type="italics"></emph>Bacchus<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end> made his Progreſs thro' <emph type="italics"></emph>India,<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end><lb></lb>he did not meet with one walled Town; and <lb></lb><emph type="italics"></emph>Thucydides<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end> writes, that formerly there were <lb></lb>none in <emph type="italics"></emph>Greece<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end> itſelf: And in <emph type="italics"></emph>Burgundy,<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end> a <lb></lb>Province of <emph type="italics"></emph>Gaul,<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end> even in <emph type="italics"></emph>Cæſar<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end>'s Time, there <lb></lb>were no Towns encompaſs'd with Walls, but <lb></lb>the People dwelt up and down in Villages. <lb></lb></s> <s>The firſt City I find any Mention of is <emph type="italics"></emph>Biblus,<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end><lb></lb>belonging to the <emph type="italics"></emph>Phænicians,<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end> which <emph type="italics"></emph>Saturn<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end><lb></lb>girt in with a Wall drawn round all their <lb></lb>Houſes: Whatever <emph type="italics"></emph>Pomponius Mela<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end> may ſay <lb></lb>of <emph type="italics"></emph>Joppa<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end> built even before the Flood. <emph type="italics"></emph>Hero<lb></lb>dotus<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end> informs us, that while the <emph type="italics"></emph>Æthiopians<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end><lb></lb>had Poſſeſſion of <emph type="italics"></emph>Ægypt,<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end> they never puniſh'd <lb></lb>any Criminal with Death, but obliged him to <lb></lb>raiſe the Earth all round the Village he lived <lb></lb>in; and this, they ſay, was the firſt Beginning <lb></lb>of Cities in <emph type="italics"></emph>Ægypt.<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end></s><s> But we ſhall ſpeak of <lb></lb>them in another Place. </s> <s>And though it muſt <lb></lb>be confeſs'd that all humane Inventions take <lb></lb>their Riſe from very ſmall Beginnings, yet I <lb></lb>intend here to begin with the Works of the <lb></lb>greateſt Perfection.</s></p><p type="head"> <s>CHAP. II.</s></p><p type="main"> <s><emph type="italics"></emph>Of the Region, Place, and Conveniencies and Inconveniencies of a Situation <lb></lb>for a City, according to the Opinion of the Ancients, and that of the <lb></lb>Author.<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end></s></p><p type="main"> <s>All the Citizens are concerned in every <lb></lb>Thing of a publick Nature that makes <lb></lb>Part of the City: And if we are convinced of <lb></lb>what the Philoſophers teach, that the Occaſion <lb></lb>and Reaſon of Building Cities is that the In<lb></lb>habitants may dwell in them in Peace, and, <lb></lb>as far as poſſibly may be, free from all Incon<lb></lb>veniencies and Moleſtations, then certainly it <pb xlink:href="003/01/084.jpg" pagenum="67"></pb>requires the moſt deliberate Conſideration in <lb></lb>what Place or Situation, and with what Cir<lb></lb>cuit of Lines it ought to be fix'd. </s> <s>Concern<lb></lb>ing theſe Things there have been various <lb></lb>Opinions.</s></p><p type="main"> <s><emph type="italics"></emph>Cæſar<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end> writes, that the <emph type="italics"></emph>Germans<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end> accounted <lb></lb>it the greateſt Glory to have vaſt uninhabited <lb></lb>Deſarts for their Confines: Becauſe they <lb></lb>thought theſe Deſarts ſecured them againſt <lb></lb>ſudden Irruptions from their Enemies. </s> <s>The <lb></lb>Hiſtorians ſuppoſe that the only Thing which <lb></lb>deterr'd <emph type="italics"></emph>Seſoſtris,<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end> King of <emph type="italics"></emph>Ægypt,<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end> from lead<lb></lb>ing his Army into <emph type="italics"></emph>Æthiopia<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end> was the Want of <lb></lb>Proviſions, and the Difficulty of the Places <lb></lb>through which he muſt march. </s> <s>The <emph type="italics"></emph>Aſſyrians<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end><lb></lb>being defended by their Deſarts and Marſhes, <lb></lb>never fell under the Dominion of any foreign <lb></lb>Prince. </s> <s>They ſay, that the <emph type="italics"></emph>Arabians<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end> too <lb></lb>wanting both Water and Fruits, never felt the <lb></lb>Aſſaults, or Injuries of any Enemies. <emph type="italics"></emph>Pliny<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end><lb></lb>ſays that <emph type="italics"></emph>Italy<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end> has been ſo often infeſted with <lb></lb>Armies of Barbarians only for the Sake of her <lb></lb>Wines and Figs: We may add that the too <lb></lb>great Plenty of ſuch Things as ſerve only to <lb></lb>Luxury, are very prejudicial, as <emph type="italics"></emph>Crates<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end> teaches, <lb></lb>both to Young and Old; becauſe it is apt to <lb></lb>make the Latter cruel, and the Former effe<lb></lb>minate.</s></p><p type="main"> <s><emph type="italics"></emph>Livy<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end> tells us, that among the <emph type="italics"></emph>Æmerici<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end> there <lb></lb>is a Region wonderfully fruitful, which as it <lb></lb>generally happens in rich Soils, engenders a <lb></lb>very cowardly weak Race of Men; whereas <lb></lb>on the contrary the <emph type="italics"></emph>Ligii,<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end> who dwelt in a <lb></lb>ſtony Country, being forced to conſtant La<lb></lb>bour, and to live with great Frugality, were <lb></lb>extremely robuſt and induſtrious. </s> <s>The State <lb></lb>of Things being ſo, it is probable ſome may <lb></lb>not diſlike theſe barren difficult Places for <lb></lb>fixing a City in; tho' others again may be of <lb></lb>a contrary Opinion, deſiring to enjoy all the <lb></lb>Benefits and Gifts of Nature, and to want no<lb></lb>thing that may contribute either to Neceſſity <lb></lb>or Pleaſure; and for the right uſing of theſe <lb></lb>Benefits, the Fathers may provide by Laws <lb></lb>and Statutes. </s> <s>And they think the Conveni<lb></lb>encies of Life are much more pleaſing when <lb></lb>they may be had at home, than when they are <lb></lb>obliged to fetch them from abroad: for which <lb></lb>Reaſon, they deſire ſuch a Soil as <emph type="italics"></emph>Varro<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end> tells us <lb></lb>is to be found near <emph type="italics"></emph>Memphis,<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end> which enjoys ſo <lb></lb>favourable a Climate, that all the Trees even <lb></lb>the Vines themſelves, never drop their Leaves <lb></lb>the whole Year round: or ſuch a one as is <lb></lb>under Mount <emph type="italics"></emph>Taurus<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end> in thoſe Parts which look <lb></lb>to the North, where <emph type="italics"></emph>Strabo<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end> ſays the Bunches of <lb></lb>Grapes are three Foot long, and that every <lb></lb>ſingle Vine Tree yields half a Barrel of Wine, <lb></lb>and one Fig Tree an hundred and forty <lb></lb>Pound Weight of Figs; or ſuch a one as is <lb></lb>in <emph type="italics"></emph>India,<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end> or the <emph type="italics"></emph>Hyperborean<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end> Iſland in the <lb></lb>Ocean, where <emph type="italics"></emph>Herodotus<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end> tells us they gather <lb></lb>their Fruits twice every Year; or like that of <emph type="italics"></emph>Por<lb></lb>tugal,<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end> where the Seeds that fall by chance <lb></lb>yields ſeveral Harveſts, or rather like <emph type="italics"></emph>Talge,<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end> in <lb></lb>the <emph type="italics"></emph>Caſpian<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end> Mountains, where the Earth <lb></lb>brings forth Corn without Tillage. </s> <s>But theſe <lb></lb>Things are uncommon, and rather to be with'd <lb></lb>for than had. </s> <s>And therefore the wife An<lb></lb>cients who have written upon this Subject, <lb></lb>either from their own Obſervations, or the <lb></lb>Books of others, are of Opinion, that a City <lb></lb>ought to be ſo placed as to have all ſufficient <lb></lb>Neceſſaries within its own Territory (as far as <lb></lb>the Condition of human Affairs will permit) <lb></lb>without being obliged to ſeek them abroad; <lb></lb>and that the Circuit of its Confines ought to <lb></lb>be fortified, that no Enemy can eaſily make <lb></lb>an Irruption upon them, though at the ſame <lb></lb>time they may ſend out Armies into the Coun<lb></lb>tries of their Neighbours, whatever the Enemy <lb></lb>can do to prevent it; which is a Situation that <lb></lb>they tell us will enable a City not only to <lb></lb>defend its Liberty, but alſo to enlarge the <lb></lb>Bounds of its Dominion. </s> <s>But after all, what <lb></lb>ſhall we ſay? </s> <s>No Place ever had thoſe Ad<lb></lb>vantages more than <emph type="italics"></emph>Ægypt,<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end> which was ſo <lb></lb>ſtrongly fortified in all its Parts, as to be in a <lb></lb>Manner inacceſſible, having on one Side, the <lb></lb>Sea, and on the other a vaſt Deſart; on the <lb></lb>right Hand ſteep Mountains; and on the <lb></lb>Left, huge Marſhes; beſides, the Fruitfulneſs <lb></lb>of the Soil is ſo great, that the Ancients uſed <lb></lb>to call <emph type="italics"></emph>Egypt<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end> the Granary of the World, and <lb></lb>fabled that the Gods made it their common <lb></lb>Retreat either for Safety or Pleaſure; and yet <lb></lb>even this Country, though ſo ſtrong, and ſo <lb></lb>abounding in all Manner of Plenty, that it <lb></lb>could boaſt of feeding the Univerſe, and of <lb></lb>entertaining and harbouring the Gods them<lb></lb>ſelves, could not, as <emph type="italics"></emph>Joſephus<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end> informs us, al<lb></lb>ways preſerve its Liberty.</s></p><p type="main"> <s>THOSE therefore are entirely in the Right, <lb></lb>who teach us, though in Fables, that human <lb></lb>Affairs are never perſectly ſecure though laid <lb></lb>in the Lap of <emph type="italics"></emph>Jupiter<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end> himſelf. </s> <s>Upon which <lb></lb>Occaſion we may not improperly make uſe of <lb></lb>the ſame Anſwer that <emph type="italics"></emph>Plato<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end> made when he <lb></lb>was ask'd where that perfect Commonwealth <lb></lb>was to be found, which he had made ſo fine <lb></lb>a Deſcription of; that, ſays he, was not the <pb xlink:href="003/01/085.jpg" pagenum="68"></pb>Thing I troubled myſelf about; all I ſtudied <lb></lb>was how to frame the beſt that poſſibly could <lb></lb>be, and that which deviates leaſt from a Re<lb></lb>ſemblance of this, ought to be preferred above <lb></lb>all the reſt. </s> <s>So our Deſign is to deſcribe and <lb></lb>illuſtrate by Examples ſuch a City as the wiſeſt <lb></lb>Men judge to be in all Reſpects the moſt con<lb></lb>venient; and in other Reſpects accommodat<lb></lb>ing ourſelves to Time and Neceſſity, we ſhall <lb></lb>follow the Opinion of <emph type="italics"></emph>Socrates,<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end> that whatever <lb></lb>cannot be alter'd but for the worſe, is really <lb></lb>beſt. </s> <s>I lay it down therefore for granted, that <lb></lb>our City ought to be contrived as to ſuffer <lb></lb>none of the Inconveniencies ſpoken of in the <lb></lb>firſt Book, nor to want any of the Neceſſaries <lb></lb>of Life. </s> <s>Its Territory ſhall be healthy, wide, <lb></lb>pleaſant, various, fruitful, ſecure, and abound<lb></lb>ing with Plenty of Fruits, and great Quantities <lb></lb>of Water. </s> <s>It muſt not want Rivers, Lakes, <lb></lb>and an open Paſſage to the Sea for the con<lb></lb>venient bringing in of ſuch Things as are <lb></lb>wanted, and carrying out ſuch as may be <lb></lb>ſpared. </s> <s>All Things, in a Word, muſt con<lb></lb>tribute to the eſtabliſhing and improving all <lb></lb>Affairs both civil and military, whereby the <lb></lb>Commonwealth may be a Defence to its Sub<lb></lb>jects, an Ornament to itſelf, a Pleaſure to its <lb></lb>Friends, and a Terror to its Enemies. </s> <s>I take <lb></lb>it to be a great Happineſs to any City, to be <lb></lb>able to cultivate a good handſome Part of its <lb></lb>Territory, in Spite of any Enemy whatſoever. <lb></lb></s> <s>Moreover your City ought to ſtand in the <lb></lb>Middle of its Territory, in a Place from <lb></lb>whence it can have a View all round its Coun<lb></lb>try, and watch its Opportunities, and be ready <lb></lb>where-ever Neceſſity calls, which may lie con<lb></lb>venient for the Farmer, and Ploughman to go <lb></lb>out to his daily Labour, and return with Eaſe <lb></lb>laden with Grain and Fruits. </s> <s>But the Situation <lb></lb>is one of the Things of greateſt Importance, <lb></lb>whether it ſhould be upon an open Plain, or <lb></lb>upon the Shore, or on a Hill: becauſe each of <lb></lb>theſe have ſome particular Qualities that are <lb></lb>uſeful, and others on the contrary that are not <lb></lb>ſo agreeable.</s></p><p type="main"> <s>WHEN <emph type="italics"></emph>Bacchus<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end> led his Army through <emph type="italics"></emph>India,<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end><lb></lb>the exceſſive Heat bred Diſtempers among <lb></lb>them; whereupon he carried them up to the <lb></lb>Hills, where the Wholeſomneſs of the Air im<lb></lb>mediately cured them. </s> <s>Thoſe that firſt built <lb></lb>Cites upon Hills, ſeem to have done it upon Ac<lb></lb>count of the Security of ſuch a Situation; but <lb></lb>then they generally want Water. </s> <s>The Plains af<lb></lb>ford great Conveniencies of Water, and of <lb></lb>Rivers; but the Air is more groſs, which <lb></lb>makes the Summer exceſſively hot, and the <lb></lb>Winter as cold; beſides, being leſs defended <lb></lb>againſt any Violence.</s></p><p type="main"> <s>THE Sea-ſhore is mighty convenient for the <lb></lb>Importation of Merchandizes; but all Sea<lb></lb>towns are reckoned too fond and greedy of <lb></lb>Novelties, and to ſuffer perpetual Commo<lb></lb>tions from the too great Concourſe, and the <lb></lb>Broils of Strangers, and are expoſed to very <lb></lb>dangerous Inſults and Revolutions from foreign <lb></lb>Fleets. </s> <s>In which ſoever of theſe Situations <lb></lb>therefore you build your City, you ſhould en<lb></lb>deavour to contrive that it may partake of all <lb></lb>the Advantages, and be liable to none of <lb></lb>the Diſadvantages. </s> <s>Upon a Hill I would <lb></lb>make the Ground level, and upon a Plain I <lb></lb>would raiſe it to an Eminence in that Part <lb></lb>where my City was to be placed. </s> <s>And if we <lb></lb>cannot effect this juſt according to our Wiſh, <lb></lb>by reaſon of the great Variety of Places, let <lb></lb>us make uſe of the following Methods to ob<lb></lb>tain at leaſt every Thing that is neceſſary: <lb></lb>On a maritime Coaſt, if it is a Plain, do not <lb></lb>let the City ſtand too near the Sea; nor too <lb></lb>far from it, if it is hilly. </s> <s>We are told that <lb></lb>the Shores of the Sea are liable to Alteration; <lb></lb>and that ſeveral Towns, and particularly <lb></lb><emph type="italics"></emph>Baiæ<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end> in <emph type="italics"></emph>Italy,<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end> have been ſwallow'd up by the <lb></lb>Waves.</s></p><p type="main"> <s><emph type="italics"></emph>Pharos<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end> in <emph type="italics"></emph>Ægypt,<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end> which anciently was ſur<lb></lb>rounded by the Sea, is now become a <emph type="italics"></emph>Cherſo<lb></lb>neſus,<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end> or Neck of Land. <emph type="italics"></emph>Strabo<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end> writes, that <lb></lb><emph type="italics"></emph>Tyre<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end> and <emph type="italics"></emph>Clazomene<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end> underwent the ſame <lb></lb>Change: Nay they tell us that the Temple <lb></lb>of <emph type="italics"></emph>Jupiter Hammon<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end> ſtood once upon the Sea<lb></lb>ſhore, though now the Sea has left it, and it <lb></lb>ſtands far within the Land. </s> <s>They adviſe us <lb></lb>to build our City either cloſe to the Shore, or <lb></lb>elſe at a pretty good Diſtance from the Sea: <lb></lb>for we find that the Winds from the Sea are <lb></lb>heavy and ſharp, by reaſon of their Saltneſs: <lb></lb>And therefore, when they arrive at ſome Place <lb></lb>at a middling Diſtance from the Sea, eſpecially <lb></lb>if it is a Plain, you will find the Air there ex<lb></lb>tremely moiſt through the diſſolving of the <lb></lb>Salt which it took from the Sea, which makes <lb></lb>it thick and heavy, and perfectly ropy; ſo <lb></lb>that in ſuch Places you ſhall ſometimes ſee a <lb></lb>Sort of Strings flying about in the Air like <lb></lb>Cobwebs; And they tell us, that a Mixture <lb></lb>of Salt has the ſame Effect upon the Air as it <lb></lb>has upon Water, which it will corrupt to <lb></lb>ſuch a Degree as to make it ſtink very offen<lb></lb>ſively. </s> <s>The Ancients, and chiefly <emph type="italics"></emph>Plato,<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end> are <lb></lb>for having a City ſtand at ten Miles Diſtance <pb xlink:href="003/01/086.jpg" pagenum="69"></pb>from the Sea; but if you cannot place it ſo <lb></lb>far off, let it be at leaſt in ſome Situation where <lb></lb>the above-mention'd Winds cannot reach it, <lb></lb>otherwiſe than broken, tired and purified; <lb></lb>placing it ſo, that between it and the Sea there <lb></lb>may ſtand ſome Hill to interrupt any noxi<lb></lb>ous Vapour from thence. </s> <s>A Proſpect of the <lb></lb>Sea from the Shore is wonderfully pleaſant, and <lb></lb>is generally attended with a wholeſome Air; <lb></lb>and <emph type="italics"></emph>Ariſtotle<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end> thinks thoſe Countries are moſt <lb></lb>healthy where the Winds keep the Atmoſphere <lb></lb>in continual Motion: but then the Sea there <lb></lb>muſt not be weedy, with a low Beach ſcarce <lb></lb>covered with Water; but deep with a high <lb></lb>bold Shore of a living craggy Rock. </s> <s>The <lb></lb>placing a City upon the proud Shoulders of a <lb></lb>Mountain (if we may be allowed ſo florid an <lb></lb>Expreſſion) contributes greatly not only to <lb></lb>Dignity and Pleaſure, but yet more to Health. <lb></lb></s> <s>In thoſe Places where the Hills overſhadow the <lb></lb>Sea, the Water is always deep; beſides that if <lb></lb>any groſs Vapours do ariſe from the Sea, they <lb></lb>ſpend themſelves before they reach ſo high; <lb></lb>and if any ſudden Attack is made upon you from <lb></lb>an Enemy, you lie leſs liable to be ſurprized, <lb></lb>and more advantageouſly for defending your<lb></lb>ſelf. </s> <s>The Ancients commend a Situation upon <lb></lb>the Eaſt Side of a Hill, and in hot Countries, <lb></lb>that Side which lies open to Northern Winds. <lb></lb></s> <s>Others perhaps may rather chuſe the Weſt Side, <lb></lb>from this Inducement, that manured Ground <lb></lb>lying to that Aſpect is the moſt fruitful: And <lb></lb>indeed it is certain Hiſtorians tell us, that under <lb></lb>Mount <emph type="italics"></emph>Taurus,<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end> the Side which looks to the <lb></lb>North, is much more healthy than the others, <lb></lb>for the very ſame Reaſon that it is alſo more <lb></lb>fruitful. </s> <s>Laſtly, if we build our City upon a <lb></lb>Hill, we ſhould take particular Care that we are <lb></lb>not expoſed to one great Inconvenience which <lb></lb>generally happens in ſuch a Situation, eſpecially <lb></lb>if there are other Hills near, which raiſe their <lb></lb>Heads above us; namely, that there is not a <lb></lb>ſettled heavy Body of Clouds to darken and <lb></lb>eclipſe the Day and infect the Air. </s> <s>We ought, <lb></lb>beſides, to have a Care that this Situation is <lb></lb>not expoſed to the raging Fury and Violence <lb></lb>of Winds, and eſpecially of the North-wind; <lb></lb>which, as <emph type="italics"></emph>Heſiod<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end> tells us, ſhrinks up and bends <lb></lb>every Body, and particularly old People. </s> <s>It <lb></lb>will make the Situation very bad if there is <lb></lb>any neighbouring Rock ſtanding above the <lb></lb>City, ſo as to throw upon it the Vapours <lb></lb>raiſed by the Sun, or any very deep Valley <lb></lb>reaking with unwholeſome Steams. </s> <s>Others ad<lb></lb>viſe that the Circuit of the Town ſhould ter<lb></lb>minate in Clifts and Precipices; but that theſe <lb></lb>are not always ſafe againſt Earthquakes, or <lb></lb>Storms, is ſufficiently evident from very many <lb></lb>Towns, and particularly <emph type="italics"></emph>Voltera<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end> in <emph type="italics"></emph>Tuſcany;<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end><lb></lb>for the very Ground itſelf falls away in ſuch <lb></lb>Places, and brings down after it whatſoever is <lb></lb>built upon it.</s></p><p type="main"> <s>YOU ought alſo to take particular Care that <lb></lb>ſuch a Situation has no Hill near that riſes <lb></lb>above it, which falling into the Hands of an <lb></lb>Enemy, may enable him to give you continual <lb></lb>Trouble; nor any Plain laying under it big <lb></lb>enough to conceal an Army in Safety, and <lb></lb>give it Time to make Lodgments and open <lb></lb>Trenches, or to range its Forces in Order of <lb></lb>Battle to attack you. </s> <s>We read that <emph type="italics"></emph>Dedalus<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end><lb></lb>built the Town of <emph type="italics"></emph>Agrigentum,<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end> now called <lb></lb><emph type="italics"></emph>Gergento,<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end> upon a very ſteep Rock, with a very <lb></lb>difficult Paſſage to it, inſomuch that only <lb></lb>three Men were ſufficient to defend it; a Fort<lb></lb>reſs certainly very convenient, provided your <lb></lb>Paſſage out cannot be ſtopt by the ſame Num<lb></lb>ber of Men that can ſecure the Paſſage in. <lb></lb></s> <s>Men of Experience in military Affairs greatly <lb></lb>commend the Town of <emph type="italics"></emph>Cingoli,<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end> built by <emph type="italics"></emph>Labi<lb></lb>enus<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end> in the Mark of <emph type="italics"></emph>Ancona;<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end> becauſe, beſides <lb></lb>ſeveral other Advantages that it has, it will not <lb></lb>allow of one Thing common in mountainous <lb></lb>Situations, which is that when once you have <lb></lb>climbed up to the Top, you then can fight <lb></lb>upon an equal Foot; for here you are repulſed <lb></lb>by a very high ſteep Precipice: Neither can the <lb></lb>Enemy here waſte and deſtroy the Country <lb></lb>round with one ſingle Excurſion, nor ſecure <lb></lb>all the Ways at one Time, nor make a ſecure <lb></lb>Retreat to their Camp, nor ſend out to For<lb></lb>age, or to get Wood or Water without Dan<lb></lb>ger; whereas thoſe in the Town enjoy all the <lb></lb>contrary Advantages; for by Means of the <lb></lb>Hills that lie beneath them all running one <lb></lb>into another with a great Number of little <lb></lb>Vallies between, they can at any Time iſſue <lb></lb>out of a ſudden to attack the Enemy una<lb></lb>wares, and ſurprize them whenever any im<lb></lb>mediate Opportunity offers itſelf. </s> <s>Nor are <lb></lb>they leſs pleaſed with <emph type="italics"></emph>Biſſeium,<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end> a Town of the <lb></lb><emph type="italics"></emph>Marſians,<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end> prodigiouſly ſecured by the three <lb></lb>Rivers which meet there from different Quar<lb></lb>ters, and very difficult of Acceſs thro' the <lb></lb>narrow Paſſes of the Vallies guarded all round <lb></lb>with ſteep and unpaſſable Mountains: ſo that <lb></lb>the Enemy can find no Place to fix a Camp <lb></lb>for a Siege, and can never guard all the Paſſes, <lb></lb>which are vaſtly convenient to thoſe in the <lb></lb>Place for bringing in Proviſions and Succours, <pb xlink:href="003/01/087.jpg" pagenum="70"></pb>and making Sallies. </s> <s>But let this ſuffice as to <lb></lb>mountainous Situations. </s> <s>But if you build your <lb></lb>City in a Plain, and according to the general <lb></lb>Practice on the Banks of a River, ſo perhaps as <lb></lb>to have the Stream run through the Middle of <lb></lb>the Town, you muſt have a Care that this <lb></lb>River does not come from the South, nor run <lb></lb>towards that Point: Becauſe on one Side the <lb></lb>Damps, and on the other the Cold being en<lb></lb>creaſed by the Vapours of the Water, will <lb></lb>come to you with double Violence and Un<lb></lb>wholeſomeneſs. </s> <s>But if the River flows with<lb></lb>out the Compaſs of the Walls, you muſt take <lb></lb>a View of the Country round about, and con<lb></lb>ſider on which Side the Winds have the freeſt <lb></lb>Paſſage, that you may there erect a ſufficient <lb></lb>Wall to reſtrain the River within its Limits. <lb></lb></s> <s>As for other Precautions, it may not be amiſs <lb></lb>to conſider what the Mariners tell us; to <lb></lb>wit, that the Winds are naturally inclined to <lb></lb>follow the Sun and the Eaſtern Breezes, when <lb></lb>the Phyſicians obſerve, that thoſe of the Morn<lb></lb>ing are the pureſt, and thoſe of the Evening <lb></lb>the moſt damp: Whereas on the Contrary when <lb></lb>they blow from the Weſt they are heavieſt at <lb></lb>Sun-riſe, and lighteſt at Sun-ſet. </s> <s>For theſe <lb></lb>Reaſons the beſt Poſition for a City will be to <lb></lb>have the River come in from the Eaſt, and <lb></lb>go out towards the Weſt; becauſe then that <lb></lb>Breeze or gentle Wind which riſes with the <lb></lb>Sun, will carry the Vapours out of the City, <lb></lb>if any noxious ones ſhould ariſe, or at leaſt it <lb></lb>will not encreaſe them itſelf: However, I <lb></lb>would rather have a River, Lake, or any other <lb></lb>Water extend to the North than to the South, <lb></lb>provided the Town do not ſtand under the Sha<lb></lb>dow of a Mountain, which is the worſt Situation <lb></lb>in the World. </s> <s>I will not repeat what we have <lb></lb>ſaid before, and we know that the South Wind <lb></lb>is very heavy and ſlow in its Nature, inſomuch <lb></lb>that when the Sails of a Ship are filled with <lb></lb>it, the Veſſel ſeems oppreſſed with its Weight, <lb></lb>and draws more Water; whereas, the <lb></lb>North Wind on the contrary ſeems to lighten <lb></lb>the Ship and the Sea too: however, it is better <lb></lb>to keep both theſe at a Diſtance, than to have <lb></lb>them continually beating againſt the Wall. <lb></lb></s> <s>Nothing is more condemned than a River flow<lb></lb>ing under high ſteep Banks, with a very deep <lb></lb>ſtony Channel, and always ſhaded; becauſe its <lb></lb>Water is unwholſome to drink, and the Air upon <lb></lb>it dangerous: And to avoid ſettling near Bogs <lb></lb>and Marſhes, or ſtanding muddy Waters is the <lb></lb>Part of every prudent conſiderate Builder. </s> <s>I <lb></lb>need not mention here the Diſeaſes occaſion'd <lb></lb>by ſuch Neighbourhoods: We need only ob<lb></lb>ſerve of theſe Places, that beſides the common <lb></lb>Nuiſances in Summer of ill Smells, Fleas and <lb></lb>other naſty Vermin, they are liable to one <lb></lb>great Inconvenience beſides, when you imagine <lb></lb>the Air to be wholeſomeſt and cleareſt (which <lb></lb>we alſo took Notice of in relation to all <lb></lb>Plains) that they are Subject to exceſſive Colds <lb></lb>in Winter and exceſſive Heats in Summer. <lb></lb></s> <s>Laſtly, we muſt be very ſure that none of theſe, <lb></lb>whether Hill, Rock, Lake, Bog, River or Well, <lb></lb>or the like, may be ſo diſpoſed as to be likely <lb></lb>to ſtrengthen or ſupport an Enemy, or to bring <lb></lb>any Manner of Inconveniencies upon your own <lb></lb>Citizens. </s> <s>And this is as much as is neceſſary <lb></lb>with Regard to the Region and Situation.</s></p><p type="head"> <s>CHAP. III.</s></p><p type="main"> <s><emph type="italics"></emph>Of the Compaſs, Space and Bigneſs of the City, of the Form and Diſpoſition <lb></lb>of the Walls and Fortifications, and of the Cuſtoms and Ceremonies ob<lb></lb>ſerved by the Ancients in marking them out.<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end></s></p><p type="main"> <s>It is certain the Form of the City and the <lb></lb>Diſtribution of its Parts muſt be various <lb></lb>according to the Variety of Places; ſince we <lb></lb>ſee it is impoſſible upon a Hill to lay out an <lb></lb>Area whether round or ſquare, or of any other <lb></lb>regular Form, with that Eaſe, that you may <lb></lb>upon an open Plain. </s> <s>The ancient Architects <lb></lb>in encompaſſing their Towns with Walls, con<lb></lb>demn'd all Angles jutting out from the naked <lb></lb>of the Wall, as thinking they help the Enemy <lb></lb>more in their Aſſault than the Inhabitants in <lb></lb>their Defence; and that they were very weak <lb></lb>againſt the Shocks of military Engines; and <lb></lb>indeed for Treacheries, and for the ſafer <lb></lb>throwing their Darts they are of ſome Ad<lb></lb>vantage to the Enemy, eſpecially where they <lb></lb>can run up to the Walls, and withdraw again <lb></lb>immediately to their Camp; but yet they are <lb></lb>ſometimes of very great Service in Towns <lb></lb>ſeated upon Hills, if they are ſet juſt anſwering <pb xlink:href="003/01/088.jpg" pagenum="71"></pb>to the Streets. </s> <s>At the famous City <emph type="italics"></emph>Peruſia,<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end><lb></lb>which has ſeveral little Towers placed here <lb></lb>and there upon the Hills, like the Fingers of <lb></lb>a Man's Hand extending out, if the Enemy <lb></lb>offers to attack one of the Angles with a good <lb></lb>Number of Men, he can find no Place to be<lb></lb>gin his Aſſault, and being obliged to march <lb></lb>under thoſe Towers, is not able to withſtand <lb></lb>the Weapons that will be caſt, and the Sallies <lb></lb>made upon him. </s> <s>So that the ſame Method <lb></lb>for walling of Towns will not ſerve in all Pla<lb></lb>ces. </s> <s>Moreover the Ancients lay it down for <lb></lb>a Rule, that Cities and Ships ſhould by no <lb></lb>means be either ſo big as to look empty, nor <lb></lb>ſo little as to be crowded. </s> <s>Others are for hav<lb></lb>ing their Towns full and cloſe, believing that <lb></lb>it adds to their Safety: Others, feeding them<lb></lb>ſelves with great Hopes of Times to come, de<lb></lb>light in having a vaſt deal of Room: Others, <lb></lb>perhaps, have an Eye to the Fame and Ho<lb></lb>nour of Poſterity. </s> <s>The City of the <emph type="italics"></emph>Sun,<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end> built <lb></lb>by <emph type="italics"></emph>Buſiris,<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end> and call'd <emph type="italics"></emph>Thebes,<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end> as Hiſtories in<lb></lb>form us, was twenty Miles in Circuit; <emph type="italics"></emph>Mem<lb></lb>phis,<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end> eighteen Miles, ſix Furlongs; <emph type="italics"></emph>Babylon,<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end><lb></lb>three and forty Miles, ſix Furlong; <emph type="italics"></emph>Nineveh,<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end><lb></lb>threeſcore Miles; and ſome Towns encloſed <lb></lb>ſo much Ground, that even within the Walls <lb></lb>they could raiſe Proviſions for the whole Year. <lb></lb></s> <s>But, I think, there is a great deal of Wiſdom <lb></lb>in the old Proverb, which tells us, that we <lb></lb>ought in all Things to avoid exceſs; though <lb></lb>if I were to commit an Error of either Side, <lb></lb>I ſhould rather chuſe that Proportion which <lb></lb>would allow of an Encreaſe of Citizens, than that <lb></lb>which is hardly ſufficient to contain the preſent <lb></lb>Inhabitants. </s> <s>Add to this, that a City is not <lb></lb>built wholly for the Sake of Shelter, but ought <lb></lb>to be ſo contrived, that beſides mere civil <lb></lb>Conveniencies there may be handſome Spaces <lb></lb>left for Squares, Courſes for Chariots, Gardens, <lb></lb>Places to take the Air in, for Swimming, and <lb></lb>the like, both for Ornament and Recreation.</s></p><p type="main"> <s>WE read in the Ancients <emph type="italics"></emph>Varro, Plutarch<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end><lb></lb>and others, that their Forefathers us'd to <lb></lb>deſign the Walls of their Town with abundance <lb></lb>of religious Rites and Ceremonies. </s> <s>After the <lb></lb>repeated taking of Auſpices they yoked a Bull <lb></lb>and a Cow together to draw a brazen Plough, <lb></lb>with which they traced out the Line that was <lb></lb>to be the Circuit of the Wall, the Cow being <lb></lb>placed on the Inſide, and the Bull without. <lb></lb></s> <s>The Fathers and Elders that were to dwell in <lb></lb>the Town followed the Plough, laying all the <lb></lb>Clods of Earth into the Furrow again inward, <lb></lb>ſo that none might lie ſcattering outward, and <lb></lb>when they came to thoſe Places where the Gates <lb></lb>were to be, they lifted up the Plough and car<lb></lb>ried it in their Hands, that the Groundſell of <lb></lb>the Gates might remain untouch'd; and for <lb></lb>this Reaſon they eſteem'd the whole Circle of <lb></lb>the Wall to be ſacred, all except the Gates, <lb></lb>which were by no means to be called ſo.</s></p><p type="main"> <s>In the Days of <emph type="italics"></emph>Romulus, Dionyſius<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end> of <emph type="italics"></emph>Hali<lb></lb>carnaſſus,<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end> tells us, that the Fathers in Beginning <lb></lb>their Towns, uſed, after performing a Sacriſice, <lb></lb>to kindle Fires before their Tents, and to <lb></lb>make the People paſs through them, believing <lb></lb>that they were purged and purified by the <lb></lb>Flame; and they held it unlawful to admit <lb></lb>any Body to this Ceremony that was polluted <lb></lb>or unclean. </s> <s>This is what we find to have <lb></lb>been the Cuſtom of thoſe Nations. </s> <s>In other <lb></lb>Places they uſed to mark out the Foundation <lb></lb>of their Walls by ſtrowing all the Way a Duſt <lb></lb>made of white Earth, which they called <emph type="italics"></emph>pure;<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end><lb></lb>and <emph type="italics"></emph>Alexander,<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end> upon laying out the Town of <lb></lb><emph type="italics"></emph>Pharos,<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end> for want of this Earth made uſe of <lb></lb>Meal. </s> <s>From theſe Ceremonies the Diviners <lb></lb>took Occaſion to foretell what ſhould happen <lb></lb>in Times to come; for noting the Nativity, as <lb></lb>we may call it, of the City, and ſome Events <lb></lb>that ſeemed to have ſome Connection with it, <lb></lb>they imagined they might thence draw Pre<lb></lb>dictions of its future Succeſſes. </s> <s>The <emph type="italics"></emph>Hetrurians<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end><lb></lb>too in the Books of their Ceremonies taught <lb></lb>this Art of foretelling the Fortune of Towns <lb></lb>from the Day of their Nativities; and this not <lb></lb>from the Obſervation of the Heavens, which <lb></lb>we mentioned in the Second Book, but from <lb></lb>Principles and Conjectures founded upon <lb></lb>preſent Circumſtances. <emph type="italics"></emph>Cenſorinus<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end> informs us, <lb></lb>that the Method they taught was this: Such <lb></lb>Men as happened to be born the very ſame <lb></lb>Day that the City was begun, and lived the <lb></lb>Longeſt of any one born on that Day, were <lb></lb>reckoned by their Death to put a Period to the <lb></lb>firſt Age of that City; next, the longeſt Liver <lb></lb>of thoſe that dwelt in the City; at that Time, <lb></lb>when they died concluded the ſecond Age; <lb></lb>and ſo for the other Ages. </s> <s>Then they ſup<lb></lb>poſed that the Gods generally ſent Omens to <lb></lb>point out the Concluſion of each particular <lb></lb>Age. </s> <s>Theſe were the Superſtitions which <lb></lb>they taught; and they add that the <emph type="italics"></emph>Hetrurians<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end><lb></lb>by theſe Prognoſticks could certainly fix every <lb></lb>Age of their City, which they determined to <lb></lb>to be as follows; their firſt four Ages they <lb></lb>made an hundred Years each; the Fifth, an <lb></lb>hundred and Twenty-three; the Sixth, an <lb></lb>hundred and Twenty, and as many the <pb xlink:href="003/01/089.jpg" pagenum="72"></pb>Seventh; the Eighth was the Time they then <lb></lb>lived in under the Emperors, and the Ninth <lb></lb>was to come; and by theſe Prognoſticks they <lb></lb>thought it no hard Matter to diſcover even the <lb></lb>Events of future Ages. </s> <s>They conjectured that <lb></lb><emph type="italics"></emph>Rome<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end> ſhould come to be Miſtreſs of the World, <lb></lb>from this Symptom, namely, becauſe a Man <lb></lb>born on the Day of her Foundation became in <lb></lb>Time her Maſter. </s> <s>And this Man, I find, was <lb></lb><emph type="italics"></emph>Numa:<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end> for <emph type="italics"></emph>Plutarch<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end> inſorms us, that on the <lb></lb>Nineteenth of <emph type="italics"></emph>April, Rome<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end> was begun, and <lb></lb><emph type="italics"></emph>Numa<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end> born. </s> <s>But the <emph type="italics"></emph>Spartans<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end> gloried in ha<lb></lb>ving no Walls at all about their City; for con<lb></lb>fiding in the Valour and Fortitude of their <lb></lb>Citizens, they thought there was no Occaſion <lb></lb>for any Fortification beſides good Laws. </s> <s>The <lb></lb><emph type="italics"></emph>Ægyptians<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end> and <emph type="italics"></emph>Perſians,<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end> on the contrary, en<lb></lb>cloſed their Cities with the ſtrongeſt Walls; <lb></lb>for not to mention others, <emph type="italics"></emph>Nineveh<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end> and <emph type="italics"></emph>Semi<lb></lb>ramis<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end> made the Walls of their Towns ſo thick, <lb></lb>that two Chariots might paſs upon the Top <lb></lb>abreaſt, and ſo high, that they were above an <lb></lb>hundred Cubits. <emph type="italics"></emph>Arrian<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end> relates that the Walls <lb></lb>of <emph type="italics"></emph>Tyre<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end> were an hundred and Fifty Foot high. <lb></lb></s> <s>Some again have not been ſatisfied with one <lb></lb>Wall: The <emph type="italics"></emph>Carthaginians<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end> encloſed their City <lb></lb>with Three; and <emph type="italics"></emph>Herodotus<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end> writes that <emph type="italics"></emph>Deioces<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end><lb></lb>fortiſied his Town of <emph type="italics"></emph>Ecbatana,<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end> though it <lb></lb>was ſeated upon an Hill with Seven. </s> <s>Now <lb></lb>as it is certain that Walls are a very <lb></lb>powerful Defence both of our Perſons and <lb></lb>Liberties, when the Enemy happens to be <lb></lb>ſuperior either in Number or Fortune, I can<lb></lb>not join in with thoſe who are for having their <lb></lb>City quite naked without any Wall, neither <lb></lb>with ſuch as ſeem to place all their Hopes of <lb></lb>Defence in their Wallalone. </s> <s>I agree with what <lb></lb><emph type="italics"></emph>Plato<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end> obſerves, that every City ſtands con<lb></lb>tinually expoſed to the Danger of being brought <lb></lb>under Subjection; ſince, whether it be owing <lb></lb>to Nature or Cuſtom, neither publick Bodies <lb></lb>nor private Perſons can ever ſet Bounds to their <lb></lb>inſatiable Deſire of getting and poſſeſſing ſtill <lb></lb>more and more; from which one Source <lb></lb>ariſes all the Miſchiefs of War. </s> <s>So that what <lb></lb>is there to be ſaid againſt adding Security to <lb></lb>Security, and Fortification to Fortification? <lb></lb></s> <s>From what has been already ſaid, we may <lb></lb>conclude that of all Cities, the moſt Capacious <lb></lb>is the round One; and the moſt Secure, that <lb></lb>which is encompaſſed with Walls broken here <lb></lb>and there into Angles or Baſtions jutting out at <lb></lb>certain Diſtances, as <emph type="italics"></emph>Tacitus<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end> inſorms us <emph type="italics"></emph>Jeru<lb></lb>ſalem<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end> was: Becauſe it is certain, the Enemy <lb></lb>cannot come up to the Wall between two <lb></lb>Angles jutting out, without expoſing them<lb></lb>ſelves to very great Danger; nor can their <lb></lb>military Engines attack the Heads of thoſe <lb></lb>Angles with any Hopes of Succeſs. </s> <s>But, <lb></lb>however, we ſhould be ſure to make uſe of all <lb></lb>the natural Advantages that offer themſelves <lb></lb>for the Security of our Town or Fortification; <lb></lb>as we may obſerve the Ancients did, accor<lb></lb>ding to the Opportunity or Neceſſity of the <lb></lb>Situation. </s> <s>Thus <emph type="italics"></emph>Antium,<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end> an ancient City of <lb></lb>the <emph type="italics"></emph>Latins,<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end> in order to embrace the Winding <lb></lb>of the Shore, appears from the old Ruins <lb></lb>which are left, to have been built of a very <lb></lb>great Length. <emph type="italics"></emph>Cairo,<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end> upon the <emph type="italics"></emph>Nile,<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end> is ſaid <lb></lb>alſo to be a very long City. <emph type="italics"></emph>Palimbrota,<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end> a <lb></lb>City of <emph type="italics"></emph>India,<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end> belonging to the <emph type="italics"></emph>Graſii,<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end> as <lb></lb><emph type="italics"></emph>Metaſthenes<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end> informs us, was ſixteen Miles long, <lb></lb>and three broad, running along the Side of the <lb></lb>River. </s> <s>We read that the Walls of <emph type="italics"></emph>Babylon<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end><lb></lb>were ſquare; and thoſe of <emph type="italics"></emph>Memphis<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end> built in <lb></lb>Shape of a D. </s> <s>But whatever Shape is choſen <lb></lb>for the Walls, <emph type="italics"></emph>Vegetius<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end> thinks it ſufficient for <lb></lb>Service, if they are ſo broad, that two armed <lb></lb>Soldiers poſted there for Defence, may eaſily <lb></lb>paſs without being in one anothers Way; and <lb></lb>ſo high, that they cannot be ſcaled with Lad<lb></lb>ders; and built ſo firm and ſtrong, as not to <lb></lb>yield to the battering Rams and other En<lb></lb>gines. </s> <s>The military Engines are of two Sorts; <lb></lb>one Sort are thoſe which break and demoliſh <lb></lb>the Wall by Battery; the other are ſuch as <lb></lb>attack and undermine the Foundation, and ſo <lb></lb>bring down the Superſtructure. </s> <s>Now the <lb></lb>greateſt Security againſt both theſe, is not ſo <lb></lb>much a Wall as a good Ditch. </s> <s>The Wall is <lb></lb>of no Uſe in the laſt Caſe, unleſs its Founda<lb></lb>tion lies under Water, or upon a ſolid Rock. <lb></lb></s> <s>The Ditch ought to be very broad and very deep; <lb></lb>for then it will hinder the moveable Tortoiſe<lb></lb>ſhell, Towers, or other ſuch Machines from ap<lb></lb>proaching the Wall; and when the Founda<lb></lb>tion is under Water, or on a Rock, it will be in <lb></lb>vain to think of undermining it. </s> <s>It is a Diſ<lb></lb>pute among the military Men, whether it is <lb></lb>beſt for the Ditch to be full of Water, or to <lb></lb>be kept dry; but it is allow'd, that the firſt <lb></lb>Thing to be conſulted is, which is moſt for <lb></lb>the Health of the Inhabitants; and then ſome <lb></lb>ſay thoſe Ditches are certainly beſt which are <lb></lb>ſo contrived, that if by the Force of Battery <lb></lb>any Part of the Wall is beaten into them, it <lb></lb>may be ſoon removed, and the Ditch kept <lb></lb>clear, that it may not be filled up, and ſo <lb></lb>make a Path for the Enemy.</s></p><pb xlink:href="003/01/090.jpg" pagenum="73"></pb><p type="head"> <s>CHAP. IV.</s></p><p type="head"> <s><emph type="italics"></emph>Of the IV alls, Battlements, Towers, Corniſhes and Gates, and the Timber-work <lb></lb>belonging to them.<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end></s></p><p type="main"> <s>But to return to the Walls. </s> <s>The Ancients <lb></lb>adviſe us to build them after this Man<lb></lb>ner. </s> <s>Raiſe two Walls one within the other, <lb></lb>leaving between them a Space of twenty Foot, <lb></lb>which Space is to be fill'd up with the Earth <lb></lb>dug out of the Ditch, and well ramm'd in; <lb></lb>and let theſe Walls be built in ſuch a Manner, <lb></lb>that you may mount from the Level of the <lb></lb>City quite to the Top of the Battlements, by <lb></lb>an eaſy Aſcent, as it were by Steps. </s> <s>Others <lb></lb>ſay, that the Earth which is dug out of the <lb></lb>Ditch, ought to be thrown without the Wall, <lb></lb>on the other Side of the Ditch, and there caſt <lb></lb>up into a Rampart, and from the Bottom of <lb></lb>the Ditch a Wall ſhould be run up, thick <lb></lb>and ſtrong enough to ſupport the Weight of the <lb></lb>aforeſaid Earth which bears upon it. </s> <s>At a <lb></lb>Diſtance from this another Wall ſhould be <lb></lb>raiſed in the Town, higher than the other, and <lb></lb>as far from it, as to leave Space enough for <lb></lb>the Soldiers to be drawn up, and to have <lb></lb>Room to fight in. </s> <s>Beſides this, you ſhould <lb></lb>between the principal Walls, and thoſe within, <lb></lb>erect other Walls croſſways from one to the <lb></lb>other, by the Help whereof, the principal <lb></lb>Walls may unite with thoſe behind, and more <lb></lb>eaſily ſupport the Weight of the Earth caſt in <lb></lb>between them. </s> <s>But indeed for my Part, I am <lb></lb>beſt pleaſed with thoſe Walls which are ſo <lb></lb>ſituated, that if they happen to be at length <lb></lb>demoliſhed by the Force of Battery, they have <lb></lb>ſomewhat of a Plain at the Foot of them, <lb></lb>where they may lie and form a Kind of Ram<lb></lb>part, and ſo be kept from filling up the Ditch <lb></lb>with their Ruins. </s> <s>In other Reſpects I am <lb></lb>very well pleaſed with <emph type="italics"></emph>Vitruvius,<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end> who ſays <lb></lb>the Wall ought to be built thus: Within the <lb></lb>Body of the Wall we ſhould lay a good many <lb></lb>Timbers of Olive-wood burnt, to the Intent <lb></lb>that the two Sides of the Walls being faſtened <lb></lb>together by theſe wooden Bracers, the Work <lb></lb>may be the more durable. </s> <s>Such a Wall as this, <lb></lb>we are told by <emph type="italics"></emph>Thucydides,<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end> was made by the <lb></lb><emph type="italics"></emph>Platæans,<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end> to defend themſelves againſt the <lb></lb>People of the <emph type="italics"></emph>Morea,<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end> by whom they were be<lb></lb>ſieged; inaſmuch as they mixed Timbers a<lb></lb>mong their Brick-work, and made a very ſtout <lb></lb>Fortification of it. </s> <s>And <emph type="italics"></emph>Cæſar<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end> informs us, <lb></lb>that in <emph type="italics"></emph>France<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end> moſt of their Walls were built <lb></lb>in this Manner: They laid Beams within the <lb></lb>Wall, and braced them together at equal Di<lb></lb>ſtances, filling up the Vacancies with huge <lb></lb>Stones, ſo that one Beam never touched the <lb></lb>other; and ſo proceeded with ſeveral Courſes <lb></lb>of Work in the ſame Method, till they raiſed <lb></lb>a Wall of a good conſiderable Height. </s> <s>This <lb></lb>Kind of Work was not unhandſome to the <lb></lb>Sight, and was a very ſtrong Fortification, be<lb></lb>cauſe the Stones ſecured it againſt Fire, and <lb></lb>the Timbers againſt the Battering Rams. </s> <s>But <lb></lb>this mix'd Work others diſapprove of; becauſe <lb></lb>they ſay the Lime and the Wood will not <lb></lb>long agree together, for Timber is eaten and <lb></lb>burnt up both by the Saltneſs and Heat of the <lb></lb>Lime. </s> <s>Beſides that, if the Wall ſhould hap<lb></lb>pen to be demoliſh'd by Battery, they ſay, <lb></lb>that as it is thus made in a Manner all of one <lb></lb>Piece, the whole Wall will be apt to go all <lb></lb>together at once. </s> <s>In my Opinion one very <lb></lb>good Way of Building a ſtrong Wall, capable <lb></lb>to ſtand the Shocks of Engines, is this: make tri<lb></lb>angular Projections out from the naked of the <lb></lb>Wall, with one Angle facing the Enemy, at the <lb></lb>Diſtance of every ten Cubits, and turn Arches <lb></lb>from one Projection to the other; then fill up the <lb></lb>Vacancies between them with Straw and Earth, <lb></lb>well rammed down together. </s> <s>By this Means <lb></lb>the Force and Violence of the Shocks of the <lb></lb>Engines, will be deadened by the Softneſs of the <lb></lb>Earth, and the Wall will not be weakned by <lb></lb>the Battery, only here and there, and thoſe <lb></lb>ſmall Breaches, or rather Holes, that are made <lb></lb>in it, will preſently be ſtopt up again. </s> <s>In <emph type="italics"></emph>Sicily,<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end><lb></lb>their Pumice-ſtones, which they have in great <lb></lb>Plenty, will do extreamly well for this Kind of <lb></lb>Work: But in other Places, for want of Pu<lb></lb>mice-ſtones and Earth, any ſoft Stone may <lb></lb>be made uſe of; nor is Terraſs amiſs for this <lb></lb>Purpoſe. </s> <s>Laſtly, if any Part of ſuch a Struc<lb></lb>ture ſtands expoſed to the moſt ſoutherly <lb></lb>Winds, or nocturnal Vapours, cloath and face <lb></lb>it with a Shell of Stone. </s> <s>And particularly it <lb></lb>will be of great Service to let the outer Bank <lb></lb>of the Ditch have a good Slope, and lie a <pb xlink:href="003/01/091.jpg" pagenum="74"></pb>pretty deal higher than the Ground beyond <lb></lb>it: For this will baulk the Aim of the mili<lb></lb>tary Engines, and make them throw over the <lb></lb>Wall. </s> <s>And ſome think no Wall is ſo ſafe <lb></lb>againſt Battery, as thoſe which are built in un<lb></lb>even Lines, like the Teeth of a Saw.</s></p><p type="main"> <s>I AM very well pleaſed with thoſe Walls in <lb></lb><emph type="italics"></emph>Rome,<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end> which at about half Way up to the <lb></lb>Top have a Walk with little private Holes, <lb></lb>out of which, the Archers may privately annoy <lb></lb>the Enemy, as he moves about the Field in <lb></lb>Security; and at the Diſtance of every fifty <lb></lb>Cubits are Towers, adjoining to the Wall like <lb></lb>Buttreſſes, projecting out in a round Figure <lb></lb>forwards, and ſomewhat higher than the Wall <lb></lb>itſelf; ſo that whoever offers to approach be<lb></lb>tween theſe Towers, is expoſed to be taken in <lb></lb>Flank and ſlain; and thus the Wall is de<lb></lb>fended by theſe Towers, and the Towers <lb></lb>mutually by one another. </s> <s>The Back of the <lb></lb>Towers, which look into the Town, ought to <lb></lb>have no Wall, but ſhould be left quite open <lb></lb>and naked; that if the Enemy ſhould get <lb></lb>Poſſeſſion of them, they may not be ſafe in <lb></lb>them from the Aſſaults of the Inhabitants.</s></p><p type="main"> <s>THE Corniſhes of the Towers and Walls, <lb></lb>beſides that they add to their Beauty, and are <lb></lb>a Ligature to ſtrengthen their Work, do alſo <lb></lb>by their Projection hinder the getting into the <lb></lb>Town from ſcaling Ladders. </s> <s>Some are for <lb></lb>leaving Precipices of deep Holes here and there <lb></lb>along the Side of the Wall, and eſpecially near <lb></lb>the Towers, ſortified with wooden Bridges <lb></lb>which may be preſently raiſed or let down, as <lb></lb>Occaſion requires.</s></p><p type="main"> <s>THE Ancients uſed on each Side of their <lb></lb>Gates to erect two Towers, larger than the <lb></lb>reſt, and ſtrongly fortified on all Sides, to ſe<lb></lb>cure and protect the Entrance into the Town. <lb></lb></s> <s>There ought to be no Rooms with vaulted <lb></lb>Roofs in the Towers, but only wooden Floors, <lb></lb>that upon any Emergency may eaſily be re<lb></lb>moved or burnt; and thoſe Floors ſhould not <lb></lb>be faſtened with Nails, that if the Enemy gets <lb></lb>the better, they may be taken away without <lb></lb>Difficulty. </s> <s>All that is neceſſary is to have a <lb></lb>Covering to ſhelter the Centinels from the <lb></lb>Storms and Injuries of the Weather. </s> <s>The <lb></lb>Battlements over the Gate ſhould have Holes <lb></lb>through the Bottom of them, through which, <lb></lb>Stones and Firebrands may be thrown down <lb></lb>upon the Enemy's Heads, or even Water, if <lb></lb>they have ſet Fire to the Gate; which for its <lb></lb>Security againſt ſuch a Misfortune, they tell us <lb></lb>ought to be covered over with Leather and <lb></lb>Plates of Iron. </s> <s>But of this, enough.</s></p><p type="head"> <s>CHAP. V.</s></p><p type="head"> <s><emph type="italics"></emph>Of the Proportion, Faſhion and Conſtruction of great Ways, and private Ones.<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end></s></p><p type="main"> <s>In making our Gates we should obſerve, that <lb></lb>they ought to be juſt as many in Num<lb></lb>ber as the Highways, or Streets; for ſome we <lb></lb>ſhall call High Streets, and others, private ones. <lb></lb></s> <s>Not that I intend to trouble my ſelf about the <lb></lb>Diſtinction of the Lawyers, who ſay that the <lb></lb>Road for Beaſts, and the Way for Men, ought <lb></lb>to be called by different Names: But by the <lb></lb>Name of Way, I ſhall underſtand them all. <lb></lb></s> <s>The Highways are properly thoſe by which <lb></lb>we go into the Provinces, with our Armies <lb></lb>and all their Baggage; for which Reaſon the <lb></lb>Highways ought to be much broader than <lb></lb>others, and I find the Ancients ſeldom uſed <lb></lb>to make them leſs than eight Cubits in any <lb></lb>Part. </s> <s>By a Law in the twelve Tables it was <lb></lb>ordained, that the Ways which ran ſtrait <lb></lb>ſhould be twelve Foot broad, and thoſe which <lb></lb>were crooked or winding, not leſs than ſixteen. <lb></lb></s> <s>The private Ways are thoſe which leaving the <lb></lb>publick ones, lead us to ſome Town or Caſtle, <lb></lb>or elſe into ſome other Highway, as Lanes in <lb></lb>Cities, and croſs Roads in the Country. </s> <s>There <lb></lb>are another Kind of publick Ways, which may <lb></lb>not improperly be called High Streets, as are <lb></lb>ſuch which are deſigned for ſome certain Pur<lb></lb>poſe, eſpecially any publick one; as for In<lb></lb>ſtance, thoſe which lead to ſome Temple, or <lb></lb>to the Courſe for Races, or to a Place of <lb></lb>Juſtice. </s> <s>The Ways are not to be made in the <lb></lb>ſame Manner in the Country, that they are in <lb></lb>the City. </s> <s>In the Country they ought to be <lb></lb>ſpacious and open, ſo as a Man may ſee all <lb></lb>about him; free and clear from all Manner <lb></lb>of Impediments, either of Water or Ruins; <lb></lb>without lurking Places or Retreats of any Sort <lb></lb>for Rogues to hide themſelves in, nor too <lb></lb>many croſs Roads to favour their Villanies: <lb></lb>Laſtly, they ought to be as ſtrait, and as ſhort as <lb></lb>poſſible: I do not reckon the ſhorteſt Way to be <pb xlink:href="003/01/092.jpg" pagenum="75"></pb>always that which is the ſtraiteſt, but that which <lb></lb>is the ſaſeſt: I would rather chuſe to have it <lb></lb>ſomewhat the longer, than to have it inconveni<lb></lb>ent. </s> <s>Some think the Country of <emph type="italics"></emph>Piperno<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end> the <lb></lb>moſt ſecure of any, becauſe it is cut through <lb></lb>with deep Roads almoſt like Pits, doubtful at <lb></lb>the Entrance, uncertain in their Paſſage, and <lb></lb>unſafe upon Account of the Ground which lies <lb></lb>above them, from whence any Enemy may be <lb></lb>prodigiouſly inſeſted.</s></p><p type="main"> <s>THE Men of beſt Experience think that <lb></lb>Way the moſt ſecure, which is carried over <lb></lb>the Backs of ſmall Hills, made level. </s> <s>Next <lb></lb>to this are ſuch as are made through the Fields <lb></lb>upon a high raiſed Bank, according to the <lb></lb>Manner of the Ancients, who indeed upon <lb></lb>that Account gave them the Name of <emph type="italics"></emph>Aggeres,<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end><lb></lb>or <emph type="italics"></emph>Highways.<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end></s><s> And it is certain ſuch raiſed <lb></lb>Cauſeys have a vaſt many Conveniences: It <lb></lb>relieves the Traveller from the Fatigue and <lb></lb>Vexation of his Journey, to enjoy a fine Proſ<lb></lb>pect from the Heighth of the Cauſey all the <lb></lb>Way as he travels; beſides that, it is a great <lb></lb>Convenience to be able to perceive an Enemy <lb></lb>at a good Diſtance, and to have ſuch an Ad<lb></lb>vantage as either to be able to repel them <lb></lb>with a ſmall Force, or to retire without Loſs, <lb></lb>if you find they are the ſtronger. </s> <s>There is a <lb></lb>great Convenience, not at all foreign to our <lb></lb>Purpoſe, which I have obſerved in the Road <lb></lb>that goes to the Port of <emph type="italics"></emph>Oſtia.<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end></s><s> As there is a <lb></lb>vaſt Concourſe of People, and great Quantities <lb></lb>of Merchandize brought thither from <emph type="italics"></emph>Ægypt, <lb></lb>Africa, Lybia, Spain, Germany,<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end> and the Iſl<lb></lb>ands, the Road is made double, and in the <lb></lb>Middle of it is a Row of Stones, ſtanding up <lb></lb>a Foot high like Terms to direct the Paſſen<lb></lb>gers to go on one Side, and return on the other, <lb></lb>ſo to avoid the Inconvenience of meeting one <lb></lb>another.</s></p><p type="main"> <s>To conclude, ſuch ſhould be the Ways out <lb></lb>of the City; ſhort, ſtrait, and ſecure. </s> <s>When <lb></lb>they come to the Town, if the City is noble <lb></lb>and powerful, the Streets ſhould be ſtrait and <lb></lb>broad, which carries an Air of Greatneſs and <lb></lb>Majeſty; but if it is only a ſmall Town or a <lb></lb>Fortification, it will be better, and as ſafe, not <lb></lb>for the Streets to run ſtrait to the Gates; but <lb></lb>to have them wind about ſometimes to the <lb></lb>Right, ſometimes to the Left, near the Wall, <lb></lb>and eſpecially under the Towers upon the <lb></lb>Wall; and within the Heart of the Town, it <lb></lb>will be handſomer not to have them ſtrait, <lb></lb>but winding about ſeveral Ways, backwards <lb></lb>and ſorwards, like the Coarſe of a River. </s> <s>For <lb></lb>thus, beſides that by appearing ſo much the lon<lb></lb>ger, they will add to the Idea of the Greatneſs <lb></lb>of the Town, they will likewiſe conduce very <lb></lb>much to Beauty and Convenience, and be a <lb></lb>greater Security againſt all Accidents and <lb></lb>Emergencies. </s> <s>Moreover, this winding of the <lb></lb>Streets will make the Paſſenger at every Step <lb></lb>diſcover a new Structure, and the Front and <lb></lb>Door of every Houſe will directly face the <lb></lb>Middle of the Street; and whereas in larger <lb></lb>Towns even too much Breadth is unhandſome <lb></lb>and unhealthy, in a ſmall one it will be both <lb></lb>healthy and pleaſant, to have ſuch an open <lb></lb>View from every Houſe by Means of the <lb></lb>Turn of the Street.</s></p><p type="main"> <s><emph type="italics"></emph>Cornelius Tacitus<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end> writes, that <emph type="italics"></emph>Nero<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end> having <lb></lb>widened the Streets of <emph type="italics"></emph>Rome,<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end> thereby made the <lb></lb>City hotter, and therefore leſs healthy; but in <lb></lb>other Places, where the Streets are narrow, the <lb></lb>Air is crude and raw, and there is a continual <lb></lb>Shade even in Summer. </s> <s>But further; in our <lb></lb>winding Streets there will be no Houſe but <lb></lb>what, in ſome Part of the Day, will enjoy <lb></lb>ſome Sun; nor will they ever be without <lb></lb>gentle Breezes, which whatever Corner they <lb></lb>come from, will never want a free and clear <lb></lb>Paſſage; and yet they will not be moleſted <lb></lb>by ſtormy Blaſts, becauſe ſuch will be broken <lb></lb>by the turning of the Streets. </s> <s>Add to all <lb></lb>theſe Advantages, that if the Enemy gets into <lb></lb>the Town, he will be in Danger on every Side, <lb></lb>in Front, in Flank, and in Rear, from Aſſaults <lb></lb>from the Houſes. </s> <s>So much for the publick <lb></lb>Streets. </s> <s>The private ones ſhould be like the <lb></lb>publick; unleſs there be this Difference, that <lb></lb>they be built exactly in ſtrait Lines, which will <lb></lb>anſwer better to the Corners of the Building, <lb></lb>and the Diviſions and Parts of the Houſes. <lb></lb></s> <s>The Ancients in all Towns were for having <lb></lb>ſome intricate Ways and turn-again Streets, <lb></lb>without any Paſſage through them, that if an <lb></lb>Enemy comes into them, he may be at a Loſs, <lb></lb>and be in Confuſion and Suſpence; or if he <lb></lb>puſhes on daringly, may be eaſily deſtroyed. <lb></lb></s> <s>It is alſo proper to have ſmaller ſhort Streets, <lb></lb>running croſs from one great Street to another; <lb></lb>not to be as a direct publick Way, but only <lb></lb>as a Paſſage to ſome Houſe that fronts it; <lb></lb>which will both give Light to the Houſes, and <lb></lb>make it more difficult for an Enemy to over<lb></lb>run all Parts of the Town.</s></p><p type="main"> <s><emph type="italics"></emph><expan abbr="q.">que</expan> Curtius<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end> writes that <emph type="italics"></emph>Babylon<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end> was divided <lb></lb>into a great Number of ſeparate Quarters, and <pb xlink:href="003/01/093.jpg" pagenum="76"></pb>that the Buildings there did not joyn one to <lb></lb>ano her. <emph type="italics"></emph>Plato,<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end> on the contrary, is ſo far from <lb></lb>approving of thoſe Separations, that he would <lb></lb>have the Houſes all cloſe contiguous, and <lb></lb>that the joyning together of their Walls ſhould <lb></lb>make a Wall to the City.</s></p><p type="head"> <s>CHAP. VI.</s></p><p type="head"> <s><emph type="italics"></emph>Of Bridges both of Wood and Stone, their proper Situation, their Peers, <lb></lb>Arches, Angles, Feet, Key-ſtones, Cramps, Pavements, and Slopes.<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end></s></p><p type="main"> <s>The Bridge, no doubt, is a main Part <lb></lb>of the Street; nor is every Part of the <lb></lb>City proper for a Bridge; for beſides that it <lb></lb>is inconvenient to place it in a remote Corner <lb></lb>of the Town, where it can be of Uſe but to <lb></lb>few, and that it ought to be in the very Heart <lb></lb>of the City, to lie at hand for every body; it <lb></lb>ought certainly to be contrived in a Place <lb></lb>where it may eaſily be erected, and without <lb></lb>too great an Expence, and where it is likely <lb></lb>to be the moſt durable. </s> <s>We ſhould therefore <lb></lb>chuſe a Ford where the Water is not too deep; <lb></lb>where the Shore is not too ſteep; which is <lb></lb>not uncertain and moveable, but conſtant <lb></lb>and laſting. </s> <s>We ſhould avoid all Whirl<lb></lb>pools, Eddies, Gulphs, and the like Inconve<lb></lb>niences common in bad Rivers. </s> <s>We ſhould <lb></lb>alſo moſt carefully avoid all Elbows, where the <lb></lb>Water takes a Turn; for very many Reaſons; <lb></lb>the Banks in ſuch Places being very liable to <lb></lb>be broken, as we ſee by Experience, and be<lb></lb>cauſe Pieces of Timber, Trunks of Trees, and <lb></lb>the like, brought down from the Country by <lb></lb>Storms and Floods, cannot ſwim down ſuch <lb></lb>Elbows in a ſtrait Line, but turn aſlant, meet <lb></lb>and hinder one another, and lodging againſt <lb></lb>the Piles grow into a great Heap, which ſtops <lb></lb>up the Arches, and with the additional <lb></lb>Weight of the Water at length quite breaks <lb></lb>them down.</s></p><p type="main"> <s>OF Bridges, ſome are of Stone, others of <lb></lb>Wood. </s> <s>We ſhall ſpeak firſt of thoſe which <lb></lb>are of Wood, as the moſt eaſy of Execution; <lb></lb>next we ſhall treat of thoſe which are built of <lb></lb>Stone. </s> <s>Both ought to be as ſtrong as poſſible; <lb></lb>that therefore which is built of Wood, muſt <lb></lb>be fortified with a good Quantity of the <lb></lb><arrow.to.target n="marg11"></arrow.to.target><lb></lb>ſtrongeſt Timbers. </s> <s>We cannot give a better <lb></lb>Example of this Sort of Bridges than that built <lb></lb>by <emph type="italics"></emph>fulius Cæſar,<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end> which he gives us a Deſcrip<lb></lb>tion of himſelf, as follows: He faſtened to<lb></lb>gether two Timbers, leaving a Diſtance be<lb></lb>tween them of two Foot; their Length was <lb></lb>proportioned to the Depth of the River, and <lb></lb>they were a Foot and an half thick, and cut <lb></lb>ſharp at the Ends. </s> <s>Theſe he let down into <lb></lb>the River with Cranes, and drove them well in <lb></lb>with a Sort of Rammers, not perpendicularly <lb></lb>down like Piles, but ſlanting upwards, and <lb></lb>giving Way according to the Current of the <lb></lb>River. </s> <s>Then, oppoſite to theſe, he drove in <lb></lb>two others, faſtened together in the ſame Man<lb></lb>ner, with a Diſtance between them at Bottom <lb></lb>of forty Foot, ſlanting contrary to the Force <lb></lb>and Current of the Stream. </s> <s>When theſe were <lb></lb>thus fixed, he laid acroſs from one to the other, <lb></lb>Beams of the Thickneſs of two Foot, which <lb></lb>was the Diſtance left between the Timbers <lb></lb>drove down; and faſtened theſe Beams at the <lb></lb>End, each with two Braces, which being <lb></lb>bound round and faſtened of oppoſite Sides, <lb></lb>the Strength of the whole Work was ſo great <lb></lb>and of ſuch a Nature, that the greatcr the <lb></lb>Force of Water was which bore againſt it, <lb></lb>the cloſer and firmer the Beams united. </s> <s>Over <lb></lb>theſe other Beams were laid acroſs and faſtened <lb></lb>to them, and a Floor, as we may call it, made <lb></lb>over them with Poles and Hurdles. </s> <s>At the <lb></lb>ſame Time, in the lower Part of the River, <lb></lb>below the Bridge, other Timbers, or ſloping <lb></lb>Piles, were driven down, which being faſtened <lb></lb>to the reſt of the Structure, ſhould be a Kind <lb></lb>of Buttreſs to reſiſt the Force of the Stream; <lb></lb>and other Piles were alſo driven in at a ſmall <lb></lb>Diſtance above the Bridge, and ſtanding ſome<lb></lb>what above the Water, that if the Enemy <lb></lb>ſhould ſend Trunks of Trees, or Veſſels, down <lb></lb>the Stream, in order to break the Bridge, thoſe <lb></lb>Piles might receive and intercept their Vio<lb></lb>lence, and prevent their doing any Prejudice <lb></lb>to the Work. </s> <s>All this we learn from <emph type="italics"></emph>Cæſar.<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end><lb></lb>Nor is it foreign to our Purpoſe to take Notice <lb></lb>of what is practiced at <emph type="italics"></emph>Verona,<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end> where they <lb></lb>pave their wooden Bridges with Bars of Iron, <lb></lb>eſpecially where the Wheels of Carts and Wag<lb></lb>gons are to paſs. </s> <s>It remains now that we <lb></lb></s></p><pb xlink:href="003/01/094.jpg"></pb><p type="margin"> <s><margin.target id="marg11"></margin.target>*</s></p><p type="caption"> <s>PLATE 9. <emph type="italics"></emph>(Page 76)<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end><lb></lb><figure id="id.003.01.094.1.jpg" xlink:href="003/01/094/1.jpg"></figure><pb xlink:href="003/01/095.jpg" pagenum="77"></pb>treat of the Stone-Bridge, the Parts whereof <lb></lb>are theſe: The Banks of the Shore, the Piers, <lb></lb>the Arches, and the Pavement. </s> <s>Between the <lb></lb>Banks of the Shore and the Piers, is this Diffe<lb></lb>rence, that the Banks ought to be by much the <lb></lb>ſtrongeſt, inaſmuch as they are not only to ſup<lb></lb>port the Weight of the Arches like the Piers, <lb></lb>but are alſo to bear the Foot of the Bridge, and <lb></lb>to bear againſt the Weight of the Arches, to <lb></lb>keep them from opening in any Part. </s> <s>We <lb></lb>ought therefore to be very careful in the Choice <lb></lb>of our Shore, and to find out, if poſſible, a <lb></lb>Rock of ſolid Stone, ſince nothing can be too <lb></lb>ſtrong that we are to intruſt with the Feet of <lb></lb>the Bridge; and as to the Piers, they muſt be <lb></lb>more or leſs numerous in Proportion to the <lb></lb>Breadth of the River. </s> <s>An odd Number of Ar<lb></lb>ches is both moſt pleaſant to the Sight, and <lb></lb>conduces alſo to Strength; for the farther the <lb></lb>Current of the River lies from the Shore, the <lb></lb>freer it is from Impediment, and the freer <lb></lb>it is the ſwifter and eaſier it flows away; <lb></lb>for this therefore we ought to leave a Paſſage <lb></lb>perfectly free and open, that it may not ſhake <lb></lb>and prejudice the Piers by ſtruggling with the <lb></lb>Reſiſtance which it meets with from them. <lb></lb></s> <s>The Piers ought to be placed in thoſe Parts of <lb></lb>the River, where the Water flows the moſt <lb></lb>ſlowly, and (to uſe ſuch an Expreſſion) the <lb></lb>moſt lazily: And thoſe Parts you may eaſily <lb></lb>find out by means of the Tides: Otherwiſe <lb></lb>you may diſcover them in the following Man<lb></lb>ner: Imitate thoſe who threw Nuts into a <lb></lb>River, whereby the Inhabitants of a Town be<lb></lb>ſieged, gathering them up, were preſerved <lb></lb>from ſtarving; ſtrew the whole Breadth of the <lb></lb>River, about fifteen hundred Paces above the <lb></lb>Place which you intend for your Bridge, and <lb></lb>eſpecially when the River is fulleſt, with ſome <lb></lb>ſuch light Stuff that will eaſily float: And in <lb></lb>thoſe Places where the Things you have <lb></lb>thrown in Cluſters thickeſt together, you may <lb></lb>be ſure the Current is ſtrongeſt. </s> <s>In the Situ<lb></lb>ation of your Piers therefore avoid thoſe Places, <lb></lb>and chuſe thoſe others to which the Things <lb></lb>you throw in come the ſloweſt and thinneſt.</s></p><p type="main"> <s>KING <emph type="italics"></emph>Mina,<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end> when he intended to build the <lb></lb>Bridge of <emph type="italics"></emph>Memphis,<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end> turned the <emph type="italics"></emph>Nile<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end> out of its <lb></lb>Channel, and carried it another Way among <lb></lb>ſome Hills, and when he had finiſhed his Build<lb></lb>ing brought it back again into its old Bed. <lb></lb><emph type="italics"></emph>Nicore<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end> Queen of the <emph type="italics"></emph>Aſſyrians,<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end> having pre<lb></lb>pared all the Materials for building a Bridge, <lb></lb>dug a great Lake, and into that turned the <lb></lb>River; and as the Channel grew dry as the <lb></lb>Lake filled, ſhe took that Time to build her <lb></lb>Piers. </s> <s>Theſe mighty Things were done by <lb></lb>thoſe great Princes: As for us, we are to pro<lb></lb>ceed in the following Manner: Make the <lb></lb>Foundations of your Piers in Autumn, when <lb></lb>the Water is loweſt, having firſt raiſed an In<lb></lb>cloſure to keep off the Water, which you may <lb></lb>do in this Manner: Drive in a double Row of <lb></lb>Stakes, very cloſe and thick ſet, with their <lb></lb>Heads above the Top of the Water, like a <lb></lb>Trench; then put Hurdles within this double <lb></lb>Row of Stakes, cloſe to that Side of the Row <lb></lb>which is next the intended Pier, and fill up <lb></lb>the Hollow between the two Rows with Ruſhes <lb></lb>and Mud, ramming them together ſo hard <lb></lb>that no Water can poſſibly get through. </s> <s>Then <lb></lb>whatever you find within this Incloſure, Water, <lb></lb>Mud, Sand, and whatever elſe is a Hindrance <lb></lb>to you, throw out. </s> <s>For the reſt of your Work, <lb></lb>you muſt obſerve the Rules we have laid down <lb></lb>in the preceding Book. </s> <s>Dig till you come to <lb></lb>a ſolid Foundation, or rather make one of <lb></lb>Piles burnt at the End, and driven in as cloſe <lb></lb>together as ever they can ſtick. </s> <s>And here I <lb></lb>have obſerved that the beſt Architects uſed to <lb></lb>make a continued Foundation of the whole <lb></lb>Length of the Bridge, and not only under each <lb></lb>Pier; and this they did, not by ſhutting out <lb></lb>the whole River at once by one ſingle Inclo<lb></lb>ſure, but by firſt making one Part, then another, <lb></lb>and ſo joyning the whole together by degrees; <lb></lb>for it would be impoſſible to withſtand and <lb></lb>repulſe the whole Force of the Water at once; <lb></lb>we muſt therefore, while we are at work with <lb></lb>one Part, leave another Part open, for a Paſ<lb></lb>ſage for the Stream.</s></p><p type="main"> <s>YOU may leave theſe Paſſages either in the <lb></lb>Channel itſelf, or if you think it more conve<lb></lb>nient, you may frame wooden Dams, or hang<lb></lb>ing Channels, by which the ſuperfluous Wa<lb></lb>ter may run off. </s> <s>But if you find the Expence <lb></lb>of a continued Foundation for the whole Bridge <lb></lb>too great, you may only make a ſeparate Foun<lb></lb>dation for every particular Pier, in the Form <lb></lb>of a Ship with one Angle in the Stern, and an<lb></lb>other in the Head, lying directly even with the <lb></lb>Current of the Water, that the Force of the <lb></lb>Water may be broken by the Angle. </s> <s>We are <lb></lb>to remember that the Water is much more <lb></lb>dangerous to the Stern, than to the Head of <lb></lb>the Piers, which appears from this, that at <lb></lb>the Stern the Water is in a more violent Mo<lb></lb>tion than at the Head, and forms Eddies, <lb></lb>which turn up the Ground at the Bottom; <lb></lb>while the Head ſtands firm and ſafe, being <lb></lb>guarded and defended by the Banks of Sand <lb></lb>thrown up before it by the Channel. </s> <s>Now <pb xlink:href="003/01/096.jpg" pagenum="78"></pb>this being ſo, this Part ought of the whole <lb></lb>Structure to be beſt fortified againſt the <lb></lb>Violence of the Waters; and nothing will <lb></lb>conduce more to this, than to make the Pile<lb></lb>work deep and broad every Way, and eſpeci<lb></lb>ally at the Stern, that if any Accidents ſhould <lb></lb>carry away any of the Piles, there may be enow <lb></lb>leſt to ſuſtain the Weight of the Pier. </s> <s>It will <lb></lb>be alſo extremely proper to begin your Foun<lb></lb>dation at the upper Part of the Channel, and <lb></lb>to make it with an eaſy Deſcent, that the <lb></lb>Water which runs over it may not fall upon <lb></lb>it violently as into a Precipice, but glide over <lb></lb>gently, with an eaſy Slope; becauſe the Water <lb></lb>that ruſhes down precipitately, routs up the <lb></lb>Bottom, and ſo being made ſtill rougher carries <lb></lb>away every Thing that it can looſen, and is <lb></lb>every Moment undermining the Work.</s></p><p type="main"> <s>BUILD the Piers of the biggeſt and longeſt <lb></lb>Stones, and of ſuch as in their Nature are beſt <lb></lb>adapted for ſupporting of Froſts, and as do <lb></lb>not decay in Water, nor are eaſily ſoftened by <lb></lb>any Accident, and will not crack and ſplit <lb></lb>under a great Weight; and build them ex<lb></lb>actly according to the Square, Level and Plum<lb></lb>line, omitting no Sort of Ligature Length<lb></lb>ways, and placing the Stones Breadth-ways in <lb></lb>alternate Order, ſo as to be a Binding one to <lb></lb>another; abſolutely rejecting any ſtuffing with <lb></lb>ſmall Pieces of Stone. </s> <s>You muſt alſo faſten <lb></lb>your Work with a good Number of Braſs <lb></lb>Cramps and Pins, ſo well fitted in, that the <lb></lb>Joynts of the Structure may not ſeparate, but <lb></lb>be kept tight and firm. </s> <s>Raiſe both the Fronts <lb></lb>of the Building angular, both Head and Stern, <lb></lb>and let the Top of the Pier be ſure to be <lb></lb>higher than the fulleſt Tide; and let the Thick<lb></lb>neſs of the Pier be one fourth of the Heighth <lb></lb>of the Bridge. </s> <s>There have been ſome that <lb></lb>have not terminated the Head and Stern of <lb></lb>their Piers with an Angle, but with an half <lb></lb>Circle; induced thereto, I ſuppoſe, by the <lb></lb>Beautifulneſs of that Figure. </s> <s>But though I <lb></lb>have ſaid elſewhere, that the Circle has the <lb></lb>ſame Strength as an Angle, yet here I approve <lb></lb>better of an Angle, provided it be not ſo ſharp <lb></lb>as to be broken and defaced by every little Acci<lb></lb>dent: Nor am I altogether diſpleaſed with thoſe <lb></lb>which end in a Curve, provided it be very much <lb></lb>lengthened out, and not left ſo obtuſe as to re<lb></lb>ſiſt the Force and Weight of the Water. </s> <s>The <lb></lb>Angle of the Pier is of a good Sharpneſs, if it <lb></lb>is three Quarters of a Right Angle, or if you <lb></lb>like it better, you may make it two thirds. <lb></lb></s> <s>And thus much may ſuffice as to the Piers. </s> <s>If <lb></lb>the Nature of your Situation is ſuch, that the <lb></lb>Sides or Banks of the Shore are not as you <lb></lb>could wiſh; make them good in the ſome Man<lb></lb>ner as you build your Piers, and indeed make <lb></lb>other Piers upon the Shore, and turn ſome <lb></lb>Arches even upon the dry Ground; to the <lb></lb>Intent, that if in Proceſs of Time, by the con<lb></lb>tinual waſhing of the Water, and the Force of <lb></lb>the Tides, any Part of the Bank ſhould be <lb></lb>carried away, your Paſſage may ſtill be pre<lb></lb>ſerved ſafe, by the Production of the Bridge <lb></lb>into the Land. </s> <s>The Arches ought upon all <lb></lb>Accounts, and particularly becauſe of the con<lb></lb>tinual violent ſhaking and Concuſſion of Carts <lb></lb>and other Carriages, to be extreamly ſtout and <lb></lb>ſtrong. </s> <s>Beſides, as ſometimes you may be <lb></lb>obliged to draw immenſe Weights over them, <lb></lb>ſuch as a Coloſſus, an Obelisk or the like; you <lb></lb>ſhould provide againſt the Inconvenience which <lb></lb>happened to <emph type="italics"></emph>Scaurus,<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end> who when he was re<lb></lb>moving that great Boundary Stone, alarmed all <lb></lb>the publick Officers, upon Account of the <lb></lb>Miſchief that might enſue. </s> <s>For theſe Reaſons, <lb></lb>a Bridge both in its Deſign, and in its whole <lb></lb>Execution, ſhould be well fitted to bear the <lb></lb>continual and violent Jars which it is to re<lb></lb>ceive from Carriages. </s> <s>That Bridges ought to <lb></lb>be built of very large and ſtout Stones, is very <lb></lb>manifeſt by the Example of an Anvil, which, <lb></lb>if is large and heavy, ſtands the Blows of the <lb></lb>Hammer unmoved; but if it is light, rebounds <lb></lb>and trembles at every Stroke. </s> <s>We have al<lb></lb>ready ſaid, that all vaulted Work conſiſts of <lb></lb>Arches and Stuffing, and that the ſtrongeſt of <lb></lb>all Arches is the Semi-circle. </s> <s>But if by the <lb></lb>Diſpoſition of the Piers, the Semi-circle ſhould <lb></lb>riſe ſo high as to be inconvenient, we may <lb></lb>make uſe of the Scheme Arch, only taking <lb></lb>Care to make the laſt Piers on the Shore the <lb></lb>ſtronger and thicker. </s> <s>But whatever Sort of <lb></lb>Arch you vault your Bridge with, it muſt be <lb></lb>built of the hardeſt and largeſt Stones, ſuch as <lb></lb>you uſe in your Piers; and there ſhould not <lb></lb>be a ſingle Stone in the Arch but what is in <lb></lb>Thickneſs at leaſt one tenth Part of the Chord <lb></lb>of that Arch; nor ſhould the Chord itſelf be <lb></lb>longer than ſix Times the Thickneſs of the <lb></lb>Pier, nor ſhorter than four Times. </s> <s>The Stones <lb></lb>alſo ſhould be ſtrongly faſtened together with <lb></lb>Pins and Cramps of Braſs. </s> <s>And the laſt Wedge, <lb></lb>which is called the Key-ſtone, ſhould be cut <lb></lb>according to the Lines of the other Wedges, <lb></lb>but left a ſmall Matter bigger at the Top, ſo <lb></lb>that it may not be got into its Place without <lb></lb>ſome Strokes of a light Beetle; which will <pb xlink:href="003/01/097.jpg" pagenum="79"></pb>drive the lower Wedges cloſer together, and <lb></lb>ſo keep them tight to their Duty. </s> <s>The filling <lb></lb>up, or ſtuffing between the Arches ſhould be <lb></lb>wrought with the ſtrongeſt Stone, and with the <lb></lb>cloſeſt Joynts that can poſſibly be made, But <lb></lb>if you have not a ſufficient Plenty of ſtrong <lb></lb>Stone to make your Stuffing of it, you may in <lb></lb>Caſe of Neceſſity make uſe of a weaker Sort; <lb></lb>ſtill provided that the whole Turn of the Arch, <lb></lb>and the Courſe of Work behind both the Sides <lb></lb>of it, be built entirely of ſtrong Stone.</s></p><p type="main"> <s>THE next Work it to pave the Bridge; and <lb></lb>here we ſhould obſerve, that we ought to <lb></lb>make the Ground upon a Bridge as firm and <lb></lb>ſolid as the moſt durable Roads; we ſhould <lb></lb>raiſe it with Gravel or coarſe Sand, to the <lb></lb>Heighth of a Cubit, and then pave it with <lb></lb>Stone, filling up the Joints either with River <lb></lb>or Sea-ſand. </s> <s>But the Subſtrature or Layer <lb></lb>under the Pavement of a Bridge ought firſt to <lb></lb>be levelled and raiſed quite to the Top of the <lb></lb>Arches; with regular Maſonry, and then the <lb></lb>Pavement itſelf ſhould be cemented with Mor<lb></lb>tar. </s> <s>In all other Reſpects we ſhould obſerve <lb></lb>the ſame Rules in paving a Bridge, as in pav<lb></lb>ing a Road. </s> <s>The Sides ſhould be made firm <lb></lb>with the ſtrongeſt Work, and the reſt paved <lb></lb>with Stones, neither ſo ſmall as to be eaſily <lb></lb>raiſed and thrown out upon the leaſt Strain; <lb></lb>nor ſo large, that the Beaſts of Burden ſhould <lb></lb>ſlide upon them as upon Ice, and fall before <lb></lb>they meet with any Catch for their Foot. </s> <s>And <lb></lb>certainly we muſt own it to be of very great <lb></lb>Importance what Kind of Stone we uſe in our <lb></lb>Pavements, if we conſider how much they <lb></lb>muſt be worn by the continual grinding of <lb></lb>the Wheels, and the Hoofs of all Manner of <lb></lb>Cattle, when we ſee that even ſuch ſmall Ani<lb></lb>mals as Ants, with conſtant paſſing up and <lb></lb>down, will wear Traces even in Flints.</s></p><p type="main"> <s>I HAVE obſerved that the Ancients in many <lb></lb>Places, and particularly in the Way to <emph type="italics"></emph>Tivoli,<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end><lb></lb>paved the Middle of the Road with Flints, and <lb></lb>only covered the Sides with ſmall Gravel. </s> <s>This <lb></lb>they did, that the Wheels might make the leſs <lb></lb>Impreſſion, and that the Horſes Hoofs might <lb></lb>not want ſufficient Hold. </s> <s>In other Places, and <lb></lb>eſpecially over Bridges, there was a raiſed Way <lb></lb>on each Side, with Stone Steps, for Foot Paſ<lb></lb>ſengers; and the Middle of the Way was leſt <lb></lb>for Beaſts and Carriages. </s> <s>Laſtly, the Ancients, <lb></lb>for this Sort of Work greatly commend Flints, <lb></lb>and eſpecially thoſe which are fulleſt of Holes; <lb></lb>not becauſe ſuch are the ſtrongeſt, but becauſe <lb></lb>they are the leaſt ſlippery. </s> <s>But we may make <lb></lb>uſe of any Sort of Stone, according to what <lb></lb>we have in greateſt Plenty, provided we only <lb></lb>uſe the ſtrongeſt we can get, and with thoſe <lb></lb>pave at leaſt that Part of the Way which is <lb></lb>moſt beaten by Cattle; and the Part moſt <lb></lb>beaten by them is always moſt level, becauſe <lb></lb>they always avoid all ſloping Ground as much <lb></lb>as they can. </s> <s>Let the Middle and higheſt Part <lb></lb>of the Way be laid with Flints, or whatever <lb></lb>other Stone you uſe, of the Thickneſs of a <lb></lb>Foot and an half, and the Breadth of at leaſt <lb></lb>a Foot, with the upper Face even, and ſo cloſe <lb></lb>compacted together that there are no Grevices <lb></lb>left in order to throw off the Rain. </s> <s>There <lb></lb>are three different Slopes for all Streets; either <lb></lb>towards the Middle, which is proper for a <lb></lb>broad Street, or to the Sides, which is leaſt <lb></lb>Hindrance to a narrow one; or elſe Length<lb></lb>ways. </s> <s>But in this we are to govern ourſelves <lb></lb>according to the Conveniences and Advanta<lb></lb>ges of our Drains and Currents, whether into <lb></lb>the Sea, Lake or River. </s> <s>A very good Riſe <lb></lb>for a Slope is half an Inch in every three Foot. <lb></lb></s> <s>I have obſerved that the Riſe with which the <lb></lb>Ancients uſed to build their Bridges, was one <lb></lb>Foot in every thirty; and in ſome Parts, as <lb></lb>particularly at the Summit of the Bridge, four <lb></lb>Inches in every Cubit or Foot and an half; <lb></lb>but this was only for ſo little a Way, that a <lb></lb>Beaſt heavy loaden could get over it at one <lb></lb>Strain.</s></p><p type="head"> <s>CHAP. VII.</s></p><p type="head"> <s><emph type="italics"></emph>Of Drains or Sewers, their different Sorts and Uſes; and of Rivers and <lb></lb>Canals for Ships.<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end></s></p><p type="main"> <s>Drains or Sewers are look'd upon as <lb></lb>a Part of the Street, inaſmuch as they <lb></lb>are to be made under the Street, thro' the <lb></lb>Middle of it; and are of great Service, as well <lb></lb>in the paving and levelling, as in cleaning the <lb></lb>Streets; for which Reaſon they are by no <lb></lb>means to be neglected here. </s> <s>And indeed, may <lb></lb>we not very properly ſay that a Drain is a <pb xlink:href="003/01/098.jpg" pagenum="80"></pb>Bridge, or rather a very long Arch; ſo that <lb></lb>in the Conſtruction of it we ought to obſerve <lb></lb>all the ſame Rules that we have juſt now been <lb></lb>laying down concerning Bridges. </s> <s>The Anci<lb></lb>ents had ſo high a Notion of the Serviceable<lb></lb>neſs of Drains and Sewers, that they beſtowed <lb></lb>no greater Care and Expence upon any Struc<lb></lb>ture whatſoever, than they did upon them; and <lb></lb>among all the wonderful Buildings in the City <lb></lb>of <emph type="italics"></emph>Rome,<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end> the Drains are accounted the nobleſt. <lb></lb></s> <s>I ſhall not ſpend Time to ſhew how many Con<lb></lb>veniences ariſe from good Drains; how clean <lb></lb>they keep the City, and how neat all Buildings <lb></lb>both publick and private, or how much they <lb></lb>conduce to the Clearneſs and Healthineſs of <lb></lb>the Air.</s></p><p type="main"> <s>THE City of <emph type="italics"></emph>Smyrna,<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end> where <emph type="italics"></emph>Trebonius<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end> was <lb></lb>beſieged and relieved by <emph type="italics"></emph>Dolabella,<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end> is ſaid to have <lb></lb>been extremely beautiful, both for the Straitneſs <lb></lb>of the Streets, and its many noble Structures; <lb></lb>but not having Drains to receive and carry away <lb></lb>its own Filth, it offended the Inhabitants abo<lb></lb>minable with ill Smells. <emph type="italics"></emph>Siena,<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end> a City in <emph type="italics"></emph>Tuſ<lb></lb>cany,<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end> not having Drains wants a very great <lb></lb>Help to Cleanlineſs; by which Means the <lb></lb>Town not only ſtinks every Night and Morn<lb></lb>ing, when People throw their Naſtineſs out of <lb></lb>the Windows, but even in the Day Time it is <lb></lb>ſeen lying about the Streets. </s> <s>Drains are of <lb></lb>two Sorts; one carries away the Filth into <lb></lb>ſome River, Lake or Sea; the other is a deep <lb></lb>Hole dug in the Ground, where the Naſtineſs <lb></lb>lies till it is conſumed in the Bowels of the <lb></lb>Earth. </s> <s>That which carries it away, ought <lb></lb>to have a ſmooth ſloping Pavement, ſtrong <lb></lb>compacted, that the Ordure may run off freely, <lb></lb>and that the Structure itſelf may not be rotted <lb></lb>by the Moiſture lying continually ſoaking <lb></lb>upon it. </s> <s>It ſhould alſo lie ſo high above the <lb></lb>River, that no Floods or Tides may fill it with <lb></lb>Mud and choak it up. </s> <s>A Drain that is to <lb></lb>lie open and uncover'd to the Air, need have <lb></lb>no other Pavement but the Ground itſelf; for <lb></lb>the Poets call the Earth <emph type="italics"></emph>Cerberus,<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end> and the Phi<lb></lb>loſophers, the <emph type="italics"></emph>Woolf of the Gods,<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end> becauſe it de<lb></lb>vours and conſumes every Thing. </s> <s>So that <lb></lb>whatever Filth and Naſtineſs is brought into <lb></lb>it, the Earth rots and deſtroys it, and prevents <lb></lb>its emitting ill Steams. </s> <s>Sinks for the Recep<lb></lb>tion of Urine, ſhould be as far from the Houſe <lb></lb>as poſſible; becauſe the Heat of the Sun makes <lb></lb>it rot and ſmell intolerably. </s> <s>Moreover, I can<lb></lb>not help thinking that Rivers and Canals, eſ<lb></lb>pecially ſuch as are for the Paſſage of Ships, <lb></lb>ought to be included under the Denomination <lb></lb>of Roads; ſince many are of Opinion, that <lb></lb>Ships are nothing but a Sort of Carriages, and <lb></lb>the Sea itſelf no more than a huge Road. </s> <s>But <lb></lb>there is no Neceſſity to ſay any thing more of <lb></lb>theſe in this Place. </s> <s>And if it happens that <lb></lb>the Conveniences we have here treated of, are <lb></lb>not found ſufficient, our Buſineſs is to ſtudy <lb></lb>how to mend the Faults, and make whatever <lb></lb>other Additions are needful: The Method of <lb></lb>doing which, we ſhall ſpeak of in due Time.</s></p><p type="head"> <s>CHAP. VIII.</s></p><p type="head"> <s><emph type="italics"></emph>Of the proper Structure for a Haven, and of making convenient Squares in <lb></lb>the City.<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end></s></p><p type="main"> <s>Now if there is any other Part of the <lb></lb>City that falls in properly with the Sub<lb></lb>ject of this Book, it is certainly the Haven, <lb></lb>which may be defined a Goal or proper Place <lb></lb>from whence you may begin a Voyage, or <lb></lb>where having performed it you may put an <lb></lb>End to the Fatigue of it, and take Repoſe. <lb></lb></s> <s>Others perhaps would ſay that a Haven is a Sta<lb></lb>ble for Ships; but let it be what you will, ei<lb></lb>ther a Goal, a Stable, or a Receptacle, it is cer<lb></lb>tain that if the Buſineſs of a Haven is to give a <lb></lb>Reception to Ships out of the Violence of Storms, <lb></lb>it ought to be made in ſuch a Manner as to be <lb></lb>a ſufficient Shelter for that Purpoſe: Let its <lb></lb>Sides be ſtrong and high, and let there be <lb></lb>Room enough for large Veſſels heavy laden to <lb></lb>come in and lie quiet in it. </s> <s>Which Conveni<lb></lb>ences, if they are offered to you by the natu<lb></lb>ral Situation of the Place, you have nothing <lb></lb>more to wiſh for; unleſs, as at <emph type="italics"></emph>Athens<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end> where <lb></lb><emph type="italics"></emph>Thucidides<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end> ſays there were three Havens made <lb></lb>by Nature, it ſhould happen that you are <lb></lb>doubtful among ſuch a Number, which to <lb></lb>chuſe. </s> <s>But it is evident from what we have <lb></lb>already ſaid in the firſt Book, that there are <lb></lb>ſome Places where all the Winds cannot be, <lb></lb>and others where ſome actually are continually <lb></lb>troubleſome and dangerous. </s> <s>Let us therefore <pb xlink:href="003/01/099.jpg" pagenum="81"></pb>make Choice of that Haven into whoſe Mouth <lb></lb>none blow but the moſt gentle and temperate <lb></lb>Winds, and where you may enter or go out, <lb></lb>with the moſt eaſy Breezes, without being <lb></lb>forced to wait too long for them.</s></p><p type="main"> <s>THEY ſay, that of all Winds the North is <lb></lb>the gentleſt; and that when the Sea is di<lb></lb>ſturbed by this Wind, as ſoon as ever the <lb></lb>Wind ceaſes, it is calm again: But if a South<lb></lb>wind raiſes a Storm, the Sea continues turbu<lb></lb>lent a long while. </s> <s>But as Places are various, <lb></lb>our Buſineſs is to chuſe ſuch a one as is beſt <lb></lb>provided with all Conveniencies for Shipping: <lb></lb>we muſt be ſure to have ſuch a Depth, in the <lb></lb>Mouth, Boſem and Sides of the Haven, as <lb></lb>will nor refuſe Ships of Burthen, though <lb></lb>ever ſo deep laden; the Bottom too ought to <lb></lb>be clear, and not ſull of any Sort of Weeds: <lb></lb>Though, ſometimes, thick entangled Weeds <lb></lb>are of a good deal of Uſe in faſtening the An<lb></lb>chor. </s> <s>Yet I ſhould rather chuſe an Haven <lb></lb>that does not produce any thing which can <lb></lb>contaminate the Purity of the Air, or preju<lb></lb>dice the Ships, as Ruſhes and Weeds which <lb></lb>grow in the Water really do; for they en<lb></lb>gender a great many Kinds of Worms which <lb></lb>get into the Timbers of the Veſſel, and the <lb></lb>rotting of the Weeds raiſes unwholeſome Va<lb></lb>pours. </s> <s>There is another Thing which makes <lb></lb>an Haven noiſome and unhealthy, and that is <lb></lb>a Mixture of freſh Water; eſpecially Rain<lb></lb>water that runs down from Hills: Though I <lb></lb>would be ſure to have Streams and Springs in <lb></lb>the Neighbourhood, from whence, freſh Water <lb></lb>that will keep may be brought for the Uſe of <lb></lb>the Veſſels. </s> <s>A Port alſo ought to have a clear, <lb></lb>ſtrait and ſafe Paſſage outwards, with a Bot<lb></lb>tom not often ſhifting, free from all Impedi<lb></lb>ments, and ſecure from the Ambuſhes of Ene<lb></lb>mies and Pirates. </s> <s>Moreover, I would have <lb></lb>it covered with ſome high ſteep Hill, that may <lb></lb>be ſeen a great Way off, and ſerve as a Land<lb></lb>mark for the Sailors to ſteer their Courſe by. <lb></lb></s> <s>Within the Port we ſhould make a Key and <lb></lb>a Bridge for the more eaſy unlading of the <lb></lb>Shipping. </s> <s>Theſe Works the Ancients raiſed <lb></lb>in different Ways, which it is not yet our <lb></lb>Time to ſpeak of; and we ſhall come to it <lb></lb>more properly when we ſpeak of the Method <lb></lb>of improving a Haven and running up a Pier. <lb></lb></s> <s>Beſides all this, a good Haven ſhould have <lb></lb>Places to walk in, and a Portico and Temple, <lb></lb>for the Reception of Perſons that are juſt <lb></lb>landed; nor ſhould it want Pillars, Bars and <lb></lb>Rings to faſten Ships to; and there ſhould alſo <lb></lb>be a good Number of Warehouſes or Vaults <lb></lb>for the laying up of Goods. </s> <s>We ſhould alſo <lb></lb>at the Mouth erect high and ſtrong Towers, <lb></lb>from the Lanterns of which we may ſpy what <lb></lb>Sails approach, and by Fires give Directions to <lb></lb>the Mariners, and which by their Fortificati<lb></lb>ons may defend the Veſſels of our Friends, and <lb></lb>lay Chains acroſs the Port to keep out an <lb></lb>Enemy. </s> <s>And from the Port ſtrait thro' the <lb></lb>Heart of the City ought to run a large Street, <lb></lb>in which ſeveral other Quarters of the Town <lb></lb>ſhould center, that the Inhabitants may pre<lb></lb>ſently run thither from all Parts to repulſe any <lb></lb>Inſult from an Enemy. </s> <s>Within the Boſom of <lb></lb>the Haven likewiſe, ſhould be ſeveral ſmaller <lb></lb>Docks, where battered Veſſels may refit. </s> <s>But <lb></lb>there is one Thing which we ought not to <lb></lb>omit, ſince it relates entirely to the Haven; <lb></lb>which is, that there have been, and now are, <lb></lb>many famous Cities, whoſe greateſt Security <lb></lb>has lain in the unſafe and uncertain Entrance <lb></lb>of their Harbours, and from the Variety of its <lb></lb>Channels made almoſt hourly for the con<lb></lb>tinual Alteration of the Bottom. </s> <s>Thus much <lb></lb>we thought proper to ſay of publick Works in <lb></lb>the univerſal Acceptation; and I cannot tell <lb></lb>whether there is any Occaſion to add what <lb></lb>ſome inſiſt upon, that there ought to be ſe<lb></lb>veral Squares laid out in different Parts of the <lb></lb>City, ſome for the expoſing of Merchandizes <lb></lb>to ſale in Time of Peace; others for the Exer<lb></lb>ciſes proper for Youth; and others for laying <lb></lb>up Stores in Time of War, of Timber, For<lb></lb>age, and the like Proviſions neceſſary for the <lb></lb>ſuſtaining of a Siege. </s> <s>As for Temples, Cha<lb></lb>pels, Halls for the Adminiſtration of Juſtice, <lb></lb>and Places for Shows, they are Buildings that, <lb></lb>tho' for publick Uſe, are yet the Property of <lb></lb>only a few Perſons; which are the Prieſts <lb></lb>and Magiſtrates; and therefore we ſhall treat <lb></lb>of them in their proper Places.</s></p><p type="head"> <s><emph type="italics"></emph>The End of Book<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end> IV.</s></p><pb xlink:href="003/01/100.jpg"></pb><figure id="id.003.01.100.1.jpg" xlink:href="003/01/100/1.jpg"></figure><p type="head"> <s>THE <lb></lb>ARCHITECTURE <lb></lb>OF <lb></lb><emph type="italics"></emph>Leone Batiſta Alberti.<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end></s></p><p type="head"> <s>BOOK V. CHAP. I.</s></p><p type="head"> <s><emph type="italics"></emph>Of Buildings for particular Perſons. </s> <s>Of the Caſtles or Habitations of a <lb></lb>King or a Tyrant; their different Properties and Parts.<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end></s></p><p type="main"> <s>We ſhewed in the laſt Book, that <lb></lb>Buildings ought to be variouſly ac<lb></lb>commodated, both in City and <lb></lb>Country, according to the Neceſſi<lb></lb>ties of the Citizens and Inhabitants; and that <lb></lb>ſome belong'd to the Citizens in common, <lb></lb>others to thoſe of greater Quality, and others <lb></lb>to the meaner Sort; and finiſh'd our Account <lb></lb>of thoſe of the firſt Kind. </s> <s>The Deſign of this <lb></lb>fifth Book is to conſider of the ſupplying the <lb></lb>Neceſſaries and Conveniencies for particular <lb></lb>Perſons. </s> <s>And in this copious and difficult <lb></lb>Subject we ſhall make it our Study, to the ut<lb></lb>moſt of our Ability and Induſtry, to omit <lb></lb>nothing really material or inſtructive, and not <lb></lb>to ſay any thing more for the Embelliſhment <lb></lb>of our Diſcourſe than for the neceſſary Expla<lb></lb>nation of our Subject. </s> <s>Let us begin therefore <lb></lb>with the nobleſt. </s> <s>The nobleſt are certainly <lb></lb>thoſe who are entruſted with the ſupreme Au<lb></lb>thority and Moderation in publick Affairs. <lb></lb></s> <s>This is ſometimes a ſingle Perſon, and ſome<lb></lb>times Many. </s> <s>If it is a ſingle Perſon, that Per<lb></lb>ſon ought certainly to be him that has the <lb></lb>greateſt Merit. </s> <s>We ſhall therefore firſt con<lb></lb>ſider what is neceſſary to be done for one that <lb></lb>has the ſole Power in himſelf. </s> <s>But we muſt <lb></lb>previouſly enquire into one very material Dif<lb></lb>ſerence; what Kind of a Governour this is; <lb></lb>whether one that with Juſtice and Integrity <lb></lb>rules over willing Subjects; one not guided ſo <lb></lb>much by his own Intereſt, as the Good and <lb></lb>Welfare of his People: or ſuch a one as would <lb></lb>have Things ſo contrived with Relation to his <lb></lb>Subjects, that he may be able to continue his <lb></lb>Dominion over them, let them be ever ſo uneaſy <lb></lb>under it. </s> <s>For the Generality of particular <lb></lb>Buildings, and the City itſelf ought to be laid <lb></lb>out differently for a Tyrant, from what they <lb></lb>are for thoſe who enjoy and protect a Govern<lb></lb>ment as if it were a Magiſtracy voluntarily put <lb></lb>into their Hands. </s> <s>A good King takes Care to <lb></lb>have his City ſtrongly fortified in thoſe Parts, <lb></lb>which are moſt liable to be aſſaulted by a foreign <lb></lb>Enemy: a Tyrant, having no leſs Danger to <lb></lb>fear from his Subjects than from Strangers, muſt <lb></lb>fortify his City no leſs againſt his own People, <lb></lb>than againſt Foreigners: and his Fortifications <lb></lb>muſt be ſo contrived, that upon Occaſion he <lb></lb>may employ the Aſſiſtance of Strangers againſt <lb></lb>his own People, and of one Part of his People <lb></lb>againſt the other. </s> <s>In the preceding Book, we <lb></lb>ſhewed how a City ought to be fortified againſt <lb></lb>foreign Enemies: Let us here conſider how it is <lb></lb>to be provided againſt the Inhabitants them<lb></lb>ſelves.</s></p><p type="main"> <s><emph type="italics"></emph>Euripides<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end> thinks the Multitude is naturally a <lb></lb>very powerful Enemy, and that if they added <pb xlink:href="003/01/101.jpg" pagenum="83"></pb>Cunning and Fraud to their Strength, they <lb></lb>would be irreſiſtible. </s> <s>The politick Kings of <lb></lb><emph type="italics"></emph>Cairo<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end> in <emph type="italics"></emph>Ægypt,<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end> a City ſo populous that they <lb></lb>thought it was extremely healthy and flouriſh<lb></lb>ing, when no more than a thouſand People died <lb></lb>in a Day, divided it by ſo many Cuts and Chan<lb></lb>nels, that it ſeemed not to be one ſingle City, <lb></lb>but a great Number of ſmall Towns lying toge<lb></lb>ther. </s> <s>This I ſuppoſe they did, not ſo much <lb></lb>that the Conveniencies of the River might be <lb></lb>equally diſtributed, as to ſecure themſelves <lb></lb>againſt the popular Commotions of a great <lb></lb>Multitude, and that if any ſuch ſhould happen, <lb></lb>they might the more caſily ſuppreſs them: juſt <lb></lb>as if a Man out of one huge Coloſſus, ſhould <lb></lb>make two or more Statues, that he might be better <lb></lb>able to manage or remove them. </s> <s>The <emph type="italics"></emph>Romans<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end><lb></lb>never uſed to ſend a Senator into <emph type="italics"></emph>Ægypt,<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end> with <lb></lb>Proconſular Authority, to govern the whole <lb></lb>Province; but only ſome Knights, with Com<lb></lb>miſſion to govern ſeparate Parts of it. </s> <s>And <lb></lb>this they did, as we are informed by <emph type="italics"></emph>Arrian,<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end> to <lb></lb>Intent that a Province ſo inclined to Tumults <lb></lb>and Innovations, might not be under the Care <lb></lb>of a ſingle Perſon: and they obſerved that no <lb></lb>City was more exempt from Diſcord, than thoſe <lb></lb>which were divided by Nature, either by a Ri<lb></lb>ver flowing thro' the Middle of it, or by a Num<lb></lb>ber of little ſeparate Hills; or by being built <lb></lb>one Part upon a Hill, and the other upon a <lb></lb>Plain, with a Wall between them. </s> <s>And this <lb></lb>Wall or Diviſion, I think, ought not to bedrawn <lb></lb>like a Diameter clear thro'the Area, but ought <lb></lb>rather to be made to encloſe one Circle within <lb></lb>another: for the richer Sort, deſiring a more <lb></lb>open Space and more Room, will eaſily conſent <lb></lb>to be ſhut out of the inner Circle, and will be <lb></lb>very willing to leave the Middle of the Town, <lb></lb>to Cooks, Victuallers and other ſuch Trades; <lb></lb>and all the ſcoundrel Rabble belonging to <emph type="italics"></emph>Te<lb></lb>rence's<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end> Paraſite, Cooks, Bakers, Butchers and <lb></lb>the like, will be leſs dangerous there than if <lb></lb>they were not to live ſeparate from the nobler <lb></lb>Citizens. </s> <s>Nor is it ſoreign to our Purpoſe <lb></lb>what we read in <emph type="italics"></emph>Feſtus,<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end> that <emph type="italics"></emph>Servius Tullius<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end><lb></lb>commanded the <emph type="italics"></emph>Patricians<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end> to dwell in a cer<lb></lb>tain Part of the Town, where if they offered <lb></lb>at any Diſturbance, he was immediately ready <lb></lb>to quell them from a ſuperior Situation. </s> <s>This <lb></lb>Wall within the City ought to run thro' every <lb></lb>Diſtrict of the Town; and it ſhould be built ſo <lb></lb>ſtrong and thick in all Reſpects, and be raiſed <lb></lb>ſo high (as indeed ſo ought all the other City <lb></lb>Walls) that it may overlook all the private <lb></lb>Houſes. </s> <s>It ſhould alſo be fortified with Bat<lb></lb>tlements and Towers; and a good Ditch on <lb></lb>both Sides would not be amiſs; that your Men <lb></lb>may the more eaſily defend it on any Side. <lb></lb></s> <s>The Towers upon this Wall ought not to be <lb></lb>open on the Inſide, but walled up quite round; <lb></lb>and they ſhould be ſo ſeated as not only to re<lb></lb>pulſe the Aſſaults of a foreign Enemy, but of <lb></lb>Domeſtick one too upon Occaſion; and particu<lb></lb>larly they ought to command the great Streets, <lb></lb>and the Tops of all high Temples. </s> <s>I would <lb></lb>have no Paſſage into theſe Towers but from off <lb></lb>the Wall itſelf; nor any Way up to the <lb></lb>Wall but what is entirely in the Power of the <lb></lb>Prince. </s> <s>There ſhould be no Arches nor Tow<lb></lb>ers in the Streets that lead from the Fortreſs <lb></lb>into the City; nor Leads or Terraſſes from <lb></lb>whence the Soldiers may be moleſted with <lb></lb>Stones or Darts as they paſs to their Duty. </s> <s>In <lb></lb>a Word, the whole ſhould be ſo contrived that <lb></lb>every Place, which any Way commands the <lb></lb>Town, ſhould be in the Hands of the Prince; <lb></lb>and that it ſhould not be in the Power of any <lb></lb>Perſon whatſoever, to prevent his Men from <lb></lb>over-running the whole City as he pleaſes. <lb></lb></s> <s>And herein the City of a Tyrant differs from <lb></lb>that of a King; and perhaps they differ too in <lb></lb>this, that a Town in a Plain is moſt conveni<lb></lb>ent for a free People; but one upon a Hill the <lb></lb>ſafeſt ſor a Tyrant. </s> <s>The other Edifices for <lb></lb>the Habitation both for King and Tyrant, are <lb></lb>not only the ſame in moſt reſpects, but alſo <lb></lb>differ very little from the Houſes of private <lb></lb>Perſons: And in ſome Particulars they differ <lb></lb>both from one another, and from theſe latter <lb></lb>too. </s> <s>We ſhall ſpeak firſt of thoſe Things <lb></lb>wherein they agree; and of their Peculiarities <lb></lb>afterwards. </s> <s>This Sort of Buildings is ſaid to <lb></lb>have been invented only for Neceſſity: Yet <lb></lb>there are ſome Parts of them which ſerve be<lb></lb>ſides to Conveniency, that by Uſe and Habit <lb></lb>ſeem to be grown as neceſſary as any: Such as <lb></lb>Porticoes, Places for taking the Air in, and the <lb></lb>like: Which, though Method may ſeem to re<lb></lb>quire it, I ſhall not diſtinguiſh ſo nicely, as to <lb></lb>divide what is convenient from what is neceſ<lb></lb>ſary: But ſhall only ſay, that as in the City it<lb></lb>ſelf, ſo in theſe Particular Structures, ſome <lb></lb>Parts belong to the whole Houſhold, ſome to <lb></lb>the Uſes of a few, and others to that of a ſingle <lb></lb>Perſon.</s></p><pb xlink:href="003/01/102.jpg" pagenum="84"></pb><p type="head"> <s>CHAP. II.</s></p><p type="main"> <s><emph type="italics"></emph>Of the Portico, Veſtibule, Court-yard, Hall, Stairs, Lobbies, Apertures, Back<lb></lb>doors, concealed Paſſages and private Apartments; and wherein the Houſes <lb></lb>of Princes differ from thoſe of private Men; as alſo of the ſeparate and <lb></lb>common Apartments for the Prince and his Spouſe.<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end></s></p><p type="main"> <s>I do not think the Portico and Veſtibule <lb></lb>were made only for the Conveniency of <lb></lb>Servants, as <emph type="italics"></emph>Diodorus<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end> ſays; but rather for the <lb></lb>common Uſe of the Citizens: But Places for <lb></lb>walking in within the Houſe, the inner Court<lb></lb>yard, the Hall (which I believe took its Name <lb></lb>from Dancing, becauſe Nuptials and Feaſts <lb></lb>are celebrated in it) do not belong at all to the <lb></lb>Publick, but entirely to the Inhabitants. </s> <s>Par<lb></lb>lours for eating in are of two Sorts, ſome for <lb></lb>the Maſter, and others for the Servants: Bed<lb></lb>chambers are for the Matrons, Virgins, Gueſts, <lb></lb>and are to be ſeparate for each. </s> <s>Of the uni<lb></lb>verſal Diviſion of theſe, we have already treat<lb></lb>ed in our firſt Book of Deſigns, as far as was <lb></lb>neceſſary under a general Title: We ſhall now <lb></lb>proceed to ſhew the Number of all theſe, their <lb></lb>Proportions, and proper Situations for the great<lb></lb>eſt Convenience of the Inhabitants. </s> <s>The Por<lb></lb>tico and Veſtibule are adorned by the Noble<lb></lb>neſs of Entrance; the Entrance is adorned by <lb></lb>the View which it has before it, and by the <lb></lb>Magnificence of its Workmanſhip. </s> <s>Then the <lb></lb>inner Rooms for eating, laying up all Manner <lb></lb>of Neceſſaries, and the like, ought to be ſo <lb></lb>contrived and ſituated, that the Things pre<lb></lb>ſerved in them may be well kept, that there be <lb></lb>no want of Sun or Air, and that they have all <lb></lb>Manner of proper Conveniencies, and be kept <lb></lb>diſtinct, ſo that too great Familarity may not <lb></lb>leſſen the Dignity, Conveniency or Pleaſure of <lb></lb>Gueſts, nor encourage the Impertinence of <lb></lb>Perſons that pay their Attendance to you. <lb></lb></s> <s>And indeed Veſtibules, Halls, and the like <lb></lb>Places of publick Reception in Houſes, ought <lb></lb>to be like Squares and other open Places in <lb></lb>Cities; not in a remote private Corner, but in <lb></lb>the Center and the moſt publick Place, where all <lb></lb>the other Members may readily meet: For here <lb></lb>all Lobbies and Stair-caſes are to terminate; <lb></lb>here you meet and receive your Gueſts. </s> <s>More<lb></lb>over, the Houſe ſhould not have above one <lb></lb>Entrance, to the Intent that nobody may come <lb></lb>in, nor any thing be carried out, without the <lb></lb>Knowledge of the Porter. </s> <s>Take Care too, <lb></lb>that the Windows and Doors do not lie handy <lb></lb>for Thieves, nor be ſo open to the Neighbours <lb></lb>that they can interrupt, or ſee or hear what is <lb></lb>ſaid or done in the Houſe. </s> <s>The <emph type="italics"></emph>Ægyptians<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end><lb></lb>built their private Houſes without any Win<lb></lb>dows outwards. </s> <s>Some perhaps may be for <lb></lb>having a Back-gate to which the Fruits of the <lb></lb>Harveſt may be brought home, either in Carts <lb></lb>or on Horſes, and not make a Naſtineſs before <lb></lb>the principal Entrance; as alſo a ſmaller pri<lb></lb>vate Door, at which the Maſter of the Houſe, <lb></lb>without the Knowledge of any of his Family, <lb></lb>may receive any private Meſſages or Advices, <lb></lb>and go out himſelf, as his Occaſions call him. <lb></lb></s> <s>I have nothing to ſay againſt theſe: And I am <lb></lb>entirely for having concealed Paſſages and pri<lb></lb>vate and hidden Apartments, barely known to <lb></lb>the Maſter himſelf; where, upon any Misfor<lb></lb>tune, he may hide his Plate and other Wealth, <lb></lb>or by which, if need be, he may eſcape him<lb></lb>ſelf. </s> <s>In <emph type="italics"></emph>David's<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end> Sepulchre there were ſeveral <lb></lb>private Places made for concealing the King's <lb></lb>Hereditary Treaſures; and they were contriv<lb></lb>ed ſo cunningly, that it was hardly poſſible to <lb></lb>find them out. </s> <s>Out of one of theſe Places, <lb></lb><emph type="italics"></emph>Joſephus<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end> informs us, that <emph type="italics"></emph>Hircanus,<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end> the High <lb></lb>Prieſt, thirteen hundred Years afterwards. </s> <s>took <lb></lb>three thouſand Talents of Gold (which makes <lb></lb>eighteen hundred thouſand <emph type="italics"></emph>Italian<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end> Crowns) to <lb></lb>free the City from <emph type="italics"></emph>Antiochus's<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end> Siege: And out <lb></lb>of another of them, <emph type="italics"></emph>Herod,<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end> a long Time after <lb></lb>that, got a vaſt Quantity of Gold. </s> <s>In theſe <lb></lb>Things therefore the Houſes of Princes agree <lb></lb>with thoſe of private Perſons. </s> <s>The chief Dif<lb></lb>ference between private Houſes and Palaces is, <lb></lb>that there is a particular Air ſuitable to each: <lb></lb>In the Latter the Rooms deſigned for the Re<lb></lb>ception of Company ſhould be more numerous <lb></lb>and ſpacious; thoſe which are intended only <lb></lb>for the Uſe of a Few, or only of one Perſon, <lb></lb>ſhould be rather neat than large: But here <lb></lb>again a Palace ſhould differ from the Houſe <lb></lb>of a private Perſon, and even theſe private A<lb></lb>partments ſhould be made more ſpacious and <lb></lb>large, becauſe all Parts of a Prince's Palace are <pb xlink:href="003/01/103.jpg" pagenum="85"></pb>generally crowded. </s> <s>In private Houſes, thoſe <lb></lb>Parts which are for the Reception of many, <lb></lb>ſhould not be made at all different from thoſe <lb></lb>of a Prince; and the Apartments ſhould be <lb></lb>kept diſtinct for the Wife, for the Huſband, <lb></lb>and for the Servants; and every thing is not <lb></lb>to be contrived merely for Conveniency, but <lb></lb>for Grandeur too, and ſo, that the Number of <lb></lb>Servants may not breed any Confuſion. </s> <s>All <lb></lb>this indeed is very difficult, and hardly poſſi<lb></lb>ble to be done under a ſingle Roof: therefore <lb></lb>every Member of the Houſe muſt have its par<lb></lb>ticular Area and Platform, and have a diſtinct <lb></lb>Covering and Wall of its own: but then all <lb></lb>the Members ſhould be ſo joined together by <lb></lb>the Roof and by Lobbies, that the Servants, <lb></lb>when they are wanted about their Buſineſs, <lb></lb>may not be called, as it were, out of another <lb></lb>Houſe, but be always ready at Hand. </s> <s>Children <lb></lb>and Maids, among whom there is an eternal <lb></lb>Chattering, ſhould be entirely ſeparated from <lb></lb>the Maſter's Apartment, and ſo ſhould the <lb></lb>Dirtineſs of the Servants. </s> <s>The Apartments <lb></lb>where Princes are to eat ſhould be in the no<lb></lb>bleſt Part of the Palace; it ſhould ſtand high, <lb></lb>and command a fine Proſpect of Sea, Hills, <lb></lb>and wide Views, which gives it an Air of <lb></lb>Greatneſs. </s> <s>The Houſe for his Spouſe ſhould <lb></lb>be entirely ſeparated from that of the Prince <lb></lb>her Husband, except only in the laſt Apart<lb></lb>ment or Bed-chamber, which ſhould be in <lb></lb>common between both; but then a ſingle Gate, <lb></lb>under the Care of the ſame Porter, ſhould <lb></lb>ſerve both their Houſes. </s> <s>The other Particu<lb></lb>lars wherein the Houſes of Princes differ from <lb></lb>thoſe of private Perſons, are ſuch as are in a <lb></lb>Manner peculiar to theſe latter; and therefore <lb></lb>we ſhall ſpeak of them in their Place. </s> <s>The <lb></lb>Houſes of Princes agree with one another in an<lb></lb>other Reſpect; which is, that beſides thoſe <lb></lb>Conveniencies which they ought to have for <lb></lb>their private Uſe, they ſhould have an Entrance <lb></lb>from the Maſter Way, and eſpecially from the <lb></lb>Sea or River; and inſtead of a Veſtibule, they <lb></lb>ſhould have a large open Area, big enough to <lb></lb>receive the Train of an Ambaſſador, or any <lb></lb>other Great Man, whether they come in <lb></lb>Coaches, in Barks, or on Horſeback.</s></p><p type="head"> <s>CHAP. III.</s></p><p type="main"> <s><emph type="italics"></emph>Of the Properties of the Portico, Lobby, Halls, both for Summer and Winter, <lb></lb>Watch-Towers, and the Difference between the Caſtle for a Tyrant, and the <lb></lb>Palace for a King.<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end></s></p><p type="main"> <s>I would have the Portico be not only a con<lb></lb>venient Covering for Men, but for Beaſts <lb></lb>alſo, to ſhelter them from Sun or Rain. </s> <s>Juſt <lb></lb>before the Veſtibule nothing can be nobler <lb></lb>than a handſome Portico, where the Youth, <lb></lb>waiting till their old Gentlemen return from <lb></lb>tranſacting Buſineſs with the Prince, may em<lb></lb>ploy themſelves in all Manner of Exerciſe, <lb></lb>Leaping, Tennis, Throwing of Stones, or <lb></lb>Wreſtling. </s> <s>Next within ſhould be a handſome <lb></lb>Lobby, or a large Hall; where the Clients <lb></lb>waiting for their Patrons, may converſe toge<lb></lb>ther; and where the Prince's Seat may be pre<lb></lb>pared for his giving his Decrees. </s> <s>Wherein this <lb></lb>there muſt be another Hall, where the principal <lb></lb>Men in the State may aſſemble themſelves to<lb></lb>gether in order to ſalute their Prince, and to give <lb></lb>their Thoughts concerning whatſoever he queſti<lb></lb>ons them about: Perhaps it may not be amiſs to <lb></lb>have two of thoſe, one for Summer and ano<lb></lb>ther for Winter; and in the Contrivance of them, <lb></lb>particular Regard muſt be had to the great Age <lb></lb>of the Fathers that are to meet in them, that <lb></lb>there be no Inconveniencies in them which may <lb></lb>any way endanger their Health, and that they <lb></lb>may ſtay in them as long as their Buſineſs re<lb></lb>quires, with Safety and Pleaſure. </s> <s>We are told <lb></lb>by <emph type="italics"></emph>Seneca,<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end> that <emph type="italics"></emph>Gracchus<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end> firſt, and afterwards <lb></lb><emph type="italics"></emph>Druſus,<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end> contrived not to give Audience to <lb></lb>every body in the ſame Place, but to make <lb></lb>proper Diſtinctions among the Crowd, and to <lb></lb>receive ſome in private, others in ſelect Num<lb></lb>bers, and the Reſt in publick, to ſhew which <lb></lb>had the firſt, and which only the ſecond Share <lb></lb>in their Friendſhip. </s> <s>If you are in the ſame <lb></lb>high Rank of Fortune, and this Manner of <lb></lb>Proceeding either becomes or pleaſes you, the <lb></lb>beſt Way will be to have ſeveral Doors to re<lb></lb>ceive your Friends at, by which you may diſ<lb></lb>miſs thoſe that have had Audience, and keep <lb></lb>out ſuch as you don't care to grant it to, with<lb></lb>out giving them too much Offence. </s> <s>At the <lb></lb>Top of the Houſe there ſhould be a high <lb></lb>Watch-Tower, from whence you may at any <pb xlink:href="003/01/104.jpg" pagenum="86"></pb>Time ſee any Commotion in the City. </s> <s>In theſe <lb></lb>Particulars the Palace of a King and of a Ty<lb></lb>rant agree; but then they differ in theſe <lb></lb>other. </s> <s>The Palace of a King ſhould ſtand in <lb></lb>the Heart of a City, it ſhould be eaſy of Acceſs, <lb></lb>beautiſully adorned, and rather delicate and <lb></lb>polite than proud or ſtately: But a Tyrant <lb></lb>ſhould have rather a Caſtle than a Palace, and <lb></lb>it ſhould ſtand in a Manner out of the City and <lb></lb>in it at the ſame Time. </s> <s>It looks noble to have <lb></lb>the Palace of a King be near adjoyning to the <lb></lb>Theatre, the Temple, and ſome Noblemens <lb></lb>handſome Houſes: The Tyrant muſt have his <lb></lb>Caſtle entirely ſeparated from all other Build<lb></lb>ings. </s> <s>Both ſhould be built in a handſome and <lb></lb>noble Manner, but yet ſo that the Palace may <lb></lb>not be ſo large and rambling as to be not eaſily <lb></lb>defended againſt any Inſult; nor the Caſtle ſo <lb></lb>cloſe and ſo crampt up, as to look more like a <lb></lb>Jail than the Reſidence of a great Prince. <lb></lb></s> <s>We ſhould not omit one Contrivance very con<lb></lb>venient for a Tyrant, which is to have ſome <lb></lb>private Pipes concealed within the Body of the <lb></lb>Wall, by which he may ſecretly hear every <lb></lb>Thing that is ſaid either by Strangers or Ser<lb></lb>vants. </s> <s>But as a Royal Houſe is different from <lb></lb>a Fortreſs in almoſt all Reſpects, and eſpecial<lb></lb>ly in the main Ones, the beſt Way is to let the <lb></lb>Palace join to the Fortreſs. </s> <s>The Ancients <lb></lb>uſed to build their Fortreſs in the City, that to <lb></lb>they or their King might have a Place to fly <lb></lb>to in any Time of Adverſity, and where the Vir<lb></lb>tue of their Virgins and Matrons might be <lb></lb>protected by the Holineſs of a Sanctuary: For <lb></lb><emph type="italics"></emph>Feſtus<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end> tells us, that the Ancients uſed to con<lb></lb>ſecrate their Fortreſſes to Religion, upon which <lb></lb>Account they were called <emph type="italics"></emph>Auguriales,<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end> and that <lb></lb>in them a certain Sacrifice uſed to be perform<lb></lb>ed by Virgins, which was extremely ſecret and <lb></lb>entirely remote from the Knowledge of the <lb></lb>Vulgar. </s> <s>Accordingly you ſeldom meet with <lb></lb>an ancient Fortreſs without its Temple. </s> <s>But <lb></lb>Tyrants afterwards uſurped the Fortreſs to <lb></lb>themſelves, and overthrew the Piety and Reli<lb></lb>gion of the Place, converting it to their cruel <lb></lb>and wicked Purpoſes, and ſo made what was <lb></lb>deſigned as a Refuge to the Miſerable, a Source <lb></lb>of Miſeries. </s> <s>But, to return. </s> <s>The Fortreſs be<lb></lb>longing to the Temple of <emph type="italics"></emph>Jupiter Hammon<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end><lb></lb>was encompaſſed with three Walls; the firſt <lb></lb>Fortification was for the Prince, the ſecond for <lb></lb>his Spouſe and her Children, and the laſt was <lb></lb>the Poſt of the Soldiers. </s> <s>A Stucture very well <lb></lb>contrived, only that it was much better adapt<lb></lb>ed for Defence than Offence. </s> <s>I muſt confeſs <lb></lb>that as I cannot ſay much for the Valour of a <lb></lb>Soldier that only knows how to repulſe an E<lb></lb>nemy that aſſaults him, ſo I cannot much <lb></lb>commend a Fort that, beſides being able to <lb></lb>defend itſelf, is not alſo well diſpoſed for of<lb></lb>fending its Enemies. </s> <s>But yet you ſhould con<lb></lb>trive the Matter ſo, that though you have both <lb></lb>thoſe Advantages, you ſhould ſeem to have had <lb></lb>an Eye only to one of them, namely, your own <lb></lb>Defence; that it may be thought the other <lb></lb>happened only from the Situation and Nature <lb></lb>of the Building.</s></p><p type="head"> <s>CHAP. IV.</s></p><p type="main"> <s><emph type="italics"></emph>Of the proper Situation, Structure and Fortification of a Fortreſs, whether in <lb></lb>a Plain, or upon a Hill, its Incloſure, Area, Walls, Ditches, Bridges, and <lb></lb>Towers.<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end></s></p><p type="main"> <s>I find that even Men of good Experience in <lb></lb>military Affairs, are in Doubt which is the <lb></lb>beſt and ſtrongeſt Manner of building a For<lb></lb>treſs, either upon a Hill or Plain. </s> <s>There is <lb></lb>ſcarce any Hill but what may be either at<lb></lb>tacked or undermined; nor any Plain but <lb></lb>what may be ſo well fortified that it ſhall be <lb></lb>impoſſible to aſſault it without great Danger. <lb></lb></s> <s>But I ſhall not diſpute about this Queſtion. <lb></lb></s> <s>Our Buſineſs is to contrive every Thing ſuita<lb></lb>bly to the Nature of the Place; and indeed all <lb></lb>the Rules which we have laid down for the <lb></lb>building a City, ſhould be obſerved in the <lb></lb>building a Fortreſs. </s> <s>The Fortreſs particular<lb></lb>ly ſhould be ſure to have even and direct <lb></lb>Streets, by which the Garriſon may march to <lb></lb>attack an Enemy, or in Caſe of Sedition or <lb></lb>Treachery, their own Citizens and Inhabitants, <lb></lb>and bring in Succours, either out of their own <lb></lb>Country or from Abroad, without Impedi<lb></lb>ment, by Land, River, Lake, or Sea. </s> <s>One <lb></lb>very good Form for the Area of a Fortreſs, is <lb></lb>that of a C joining to all the City Walls as to <lb></lb>a round O with bending Horns, but not en<pb xlink:href="003/01/105.jpg" pagenum="87"></pb>compaſſing them quite round; as is alſo that <lb></lb>which is ſhaped like a Star with Rays running <lb></lb>out to the Circumference; and thus the For<lb></lb>treſs will be, as we before obſerved it ought, <lb></lb>neither within nor without the City. </s> <s>If we <lb></lb>were to give a brief Deſcription of the Fortreſs, <lb></lb>or Citadel, it might perhaps be not amiſs to <lb></lb>ſay that it is the Back-door to the City ſtrong<lb></lb>ly ſortified on all Sides. </s> <s>But let it be what it <lb></lb>will, whether the Crown of the Wall, or the <lb></lb>Key to the City, it ought to look fierce, ter<lb></lb>rible, rugged, dangerous, and unconquerable; <lb></lb>and the leſs it is, the ſtronger it will be. </s> <s>A <lb></lb>ſmall one will require the Fidelity only of a <lb></lb>few, but a large one that of a great many: <lb></lb>And, as <emph type="italics"></emph>Euripides<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end> ſays, there never was a Mul<lb></lb>titude without a great many dangerous Spirits <lb></lb>in it; ſo that in the Caſe before us, the Fewer <lb></lb>we have occaſion to truſt, the Safer we ſhall be. <lb></lb></s> <s>The outward Wall, or Incloſure of the For<lb></lb>treſs ſhould be built very ſtrong, of large <lb></lb>Stone, with a good Slope on the Outſide, that <lb></lb>the Ladders ſet againſt it may be weakened by <lb></lb>their ſtanding too oblique; and that the Ene<lb></lb>my who Aſſaults it and endeavours to ſcale it, <lb></lb>may lie entirely open to the Stones thrown <lb></lb>down upon him; and that Things caſt at the <lb></lb>Wall by the military Engines may not ſtrike <lb></lb>it full, but be thrown off aſlant. </s> <s>The Ground <lb></lb>or Area on the Inſide ſhould be all paved with <lb></lb>two or even three Layers of very large Stones, <lb></lb>that the Beſiegers may not get in upon you by <lb></lb>Mines run under the Wall. </s> <s>All the Reſt of <lb></lb>the Walls ſhould be made very high, and very <lb></lb>ſtrong and thick quite to the uppermoſt Cor<lb></lb>niſh, that they may ſtoutly reſiſt all Manner of <lb></lb>Battery, and not eaſily be mounted by Ladders, <lb></lb>nor commanded by Intrenchments caſt up on <lb></lb>the Outſide. </s> <s>In other Reſpects the ſame <lb></lb>Rules are to be obſerved that we have given <lb></lb>for the Walls of the City. </s> <s>The greateſt De<lb></lb>fence to the Walls either of a City or Fortreſs <lb></lb>is to be ſo provided, that the Enemy cannot <lb></lb>approach you on any Side without being ex<lb></lb>poſed to imminent Danger. </s> <s>This is done both <lb></lb>by making very broad and deep Ditches, as <lb></lb>we ſaid before; and alſo by leaving private <lb></lb>Loop-Holes almoſt at the very Bottom of the <lb></lb>Wall, by which, while the Enemy is covering <lb></lb>himſelf with his Shield from the Beſieged above, <lb></lb>he may be taken in his Flank which lies un<lb></lb>guarded. </s> <s>And indeed, there is no Kind of <lb></lb>Defence ſo ſerviceable as this. </s> <s>You gaul the <lb></lb>Enemy from theſe Loop-Holes with the greateſt <lb></lb>Safety to yourſelf, you have a nearer Aim at <lb></lb>him, and you are ſure to do moſt Execution, <lb></lb>ſince it is impoſſible he ſhould defend all Parts <lb></lb>of his Body at the ſame Time: And if your <lb></lb>Weapon paſſes by the firſt Man without hurt<lb></lb>ing him, it meets another, and ſometimes <lb></lb>wounds two or three at a Time. </s> <s>On the <lb></lb>Contrary, when the beſieged throws Things <lb></lb>down from the Top of the Wall, they muſt <lb></lb>ſtand expoſed to a good Deal of Danger, and <lb></lb>it is a great Chance whether they hit ſo much <lb></lb>as one Man, who may eaſily ſee what is com<lb></lb>ing upon him, and avoid it, or turn it aſide <lb></lb>with his Buckler. </s> <s>If the Fortreſs ſtands upon <lb></lb>the Sea-ſide, you ſhould fix Piles and Heaps of <lb></lb>Stone ſcattered up and down about the Coaſt <lb></lb>to make it unſafe, and prevent any Batteries in <lb></lb>Shipping from coming too near. </s> <s>If it is upon <lb></lb>a Plain it ſhould be ſurrounded with a Ditch <lb></lb>filled with Water; but then to prevent its <lb></lb>ſtinking and infecting the Air, you ſhould dig <lb></lb>for it till you come to a living Spring. </s> <s>If it is upon <lb></lb>a Hill, it ſhould be encompaſſed with broken <lb></lb>Precipices; and where we have an Opportuni<lb></lb>ty we ſhould make uſe of all theſe Advantages <lb></lb>together. </s> <s>Thoſe Parts which are expoſed to <lb></lb>battery, ſhould be made Semi-circular, or ra<lb></lb>ther with a ſharp Angle like the Head of a <lb></lb>Ship. </s> <s>I am not to learn that ſome People of <lb></lb>good Experience in military Matters, are of <lb></lb>Opinion that very high Walls are dangerous in <lb></lb>Caſe of Battery; becauſe their Ruins fill up the <lb></lb>Ditch, and make a Way in it for the Enemy to <lb></lb>approach and aſſault the Place. </s> <s>But we ſhall <lb></lb>avoid this Inconvenience, if we obſerve all the <lb></lb>Rules before laid down. </s> <s>But to return. </s> <s>With<lb></lb>in the Fortreſs ought to be one principal Tower, <lb></lb>built in the ſtouteſt Manner, and ſortified as <lb></lb>ſtrongly as poſſible, higher than any other Part <lb></lb>of the Caſtle, and not acceſſible by more than <lb></lb>one Way, to which there ſhould be no other <lb></lb>Entrance but by a Draw-bridge. </s> <s>Draw<lb></lb>bridges are of two Sorts; one which is lifted up <lb></lb>and ſtops up the Entrance; the other, which <lb></lb>ſlides out and in, as you have occaſion for it. <lb></lb></s> <s>In a Place expoſed to boiſterous Winds, this <lb></lb>laſt is the moſt Convenient. </s> <s>Any Tower that <lb></lb>may poſſibly infeſt this principal One, ought <lb></lb>to be left quite open and naked on that Side <lb></lb>which ſtands towards it, or faced only with a <lb></lb>very thin weak Wall.</s></p><pb xlink:href="003/01/106.jpg" pagenum="88"></pb><p type="head"> <s>CHAP. V.</s></p><p type="main"> <s><emph type="italics"></emph>Of thoſe Parts of the Fortreſs where the Soldiers are to ſtand either to keep <lb></lb>centinel, or to fight. </s> <s>Of the Covering or Roof of the Fortreſs, and in what <lb></lb>Manner it is to be made ſtrong, and of the other Conveniencies neceſſary in the <lb></lb>Caſtle, either of a King or a Tyrant.<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end></s></p><p type="main"> <s>The Place where the Soldiers are to ſtand <lb></lb>to keep centinel, and to defend the <lb></lb>Wall, ſhould be ſo laid out, that ſome may <lb></lb>guard the lower Parts of the Fortreſs, others <lb></lb>the upper, thus being all diſtributed into vari<lb></lb>ous Poſts and Employments. </s> <s>In a Word, the <lb></lb>Entrance in, and Paſſage out, and every ſepa<lb></lb>rate Part ſhould be ſo contrived and ſecured, <lb></lb>that it may be expoſed neither to the Treach<lb></lb>ery of Friends, nor the Force or Fraud of Ene<lb></lb>mies. </s> <s>The Roofs in a Fortreſs ſhould be built <lb></lb>with an acute Angle, and very ſtrong, that <lb></lb>they may not eaſily be demoliſhed by the <lb></lb>Weight of what is thrown from the military <lb></lb>Engines; the Rafters in them muſt ſtand very <lb></lb>cloſe together, and a Covering over them, and <lb></lb>then lay the Gutters for carrying off the Rain, <lb></lb>but entirely without Lime or Mortar. </s> <s>Then <lb></lb>make a Covering over the Whole of Pieces of <lb></lb>Tile, or rather of Pumice-ſtones, to the Heighth <lb></lb>of three Foot: Thus it will neither be in <lb></lb>Danger from any Weight falling upon it, nor <lb></lb>from Fire. </s> <s>In ſhort, a Fortreſs is to be built <lb></lb>like a little Town: It ſhould be fortified with <lb></lb>the ſame Care and Art, and if poſſible, pro<lb></lb>vided with all the Conveniencies that a Town <lb></lb>ſhould be. </s> <s>It muſt not want Water, nor ſuf<lb></lb>ficient room for lodging the Soldiers, and laying <lb></lb>up Stores of Arms, Corn, Salted-meat, Vine<lb></lb>gar, and particularly Wood. </s> <s>And within this <lb></lb>Fortreſs too, that which we called the princi<lb></lb>pal Tower, ought to be a little Fortreſs within <lb></lb>itſelf, and ſhould want none of the Conveni<lb></lb>encies required in a great one. </s> <s>It ſhould have <lb></lb>its own Ciſterns, and Store-rooms for all Pro<lb></lb>viſions neceſſary, either for its Maintenance or <lb></lb>Defence. </s> <s>It ſhould have Paſſages, by which <lb></lb>it may upon Occaſion attack even its own <lb></lb>Friends, and for the Admiſſion of Succours. </s> <s>I <lb></lb>will not omit one Circumſtance, which is, that <lb></lb>Caſtles have ſometimes been defended by <lb></lb>Means of their private Paſſages for Water, and <lb></lb>Towns taken by Means of their Drains. </s> <s>Both <lb></lb>theſe may be of Uſe for ſending out private <lb></lb>Meſſengers. </s> <s>But you ſhould be ſure to con<lb></lb>trive them ſo, that they may do you more Ser<lb></lb>vice than Prejudice. </s> <s>Let them therefore be <lb></lb>made but juſt big enough; let them run wind<lb></lb>ing ſeveral Ways, and let them end in ſome <lb></lb>very deep Place, that there may not be room <lb></lb>enough for a Man with his Arms, and that <lb></lb>even one unarmed may not get into the Caſtle <lb></lb>without being permitted or called. </s> <s>The <lb></lb>Mouths of them may end very conveniently <lb></lb>in ſome common Drain, or rather in ſome un<lb></lb>known deſart Place, or in a private Chapel, or <lb></lb>a Tomb in ſome Church. </s> <s>We ſhould like<lb></lb>wiſe never be unprovided againſt human Acci<lb></lb>dents and Calamities; and therefore it will be <lb></lb>very proper to have ſome Paſſage into the very <lb></lb>Heart of the Fortreſs, known to nobody but <lb></lb>yourſelf; by which if you ſhould ever happen <lb></lb>to be ſhut out, you may immediately get in <lb></lb>with an armed Force: And perhaps one good <lb></lb>Way to do this may be to have ſome very pri<lb></lb>vate Part of the Wall built only of Earth or <lb></lb>Chalk, and not of Stone and Mortar. </s> <s>Thus <lb></lb>much may ſuffice for what is neceſſary to be <lb></lb>done for a ſingle Perſon that is poſſeſſed of the <lb></lb>Government, whether King or Tyrant.</s></p><p type="head"> <s>CHAP. VI.</s></p><p type="main"> <s><emph type="italics"></emph>Of the ſeveral Parts of which the Republick conſiſts. </s> <s>The proper Situation and <lb></lb>Building for the Houſes of thoſe that govern the Republick, and of the Prieſts. <lb></lb></s> <s>Of Temples, as well large as ſmall, Chapels and Oratories.<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end></s></p><p type="main"> <s>We are now to treat of thoſe Things <lb></lb>which are proper to ſuch as are at the <lb></lb>Head not of a Monarchy but of a Common<lb></lb>wealth; and here the Power is lodged either <lb></lb>in the Hands of ſome one ſingle Magiſtrate, <lb></lb>or elſe is divided among a certain Number. <pb xlink:href="003/01/107.jpg" pagenum="89"></pb>The Republick conſiſts of Things ſacred, <lb></lb>which appertain to the publick Worſhip: The <lb></lb>Care of which is in the Prieſts; and of Things <lb></lb>profane, which regard the Welfare and good of <lb></lb>the Society; the Care of which is in the Sena<lb></lb>tors and Judges at Home, and in the Generals <lb></lb>of Armies and Fleets Abroad. </s> <s>To each of <lb></lb>theſe belong two Kinds of Building, one upon <lb></lb>account of the Perſon's Office, the other for <lb></lb>the Uſe of his own private Family. </s> <s>Every <lb></lb>Man's Houſe ſhould certainly be ſuited to the <lb></lb>Condition of Life which he is in, whether he <lb></lb>is a King, a Tyrant, or a private Perſon. </s> <s>There <lb></lb>are ſome Circumſtances which in a particular <lb></lb>Manner become Men in high Stations. <emph type="italics"></emph>Virgil<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end><lb></lb>very judiciouſly makes <emph type="italics"></emph>Anchiſes<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end> have his Houſe <lb></lb>in a private Part of the City, and ſhaded with <lb></lb>Trees; knowing very well that the Habitati<lb></lb>ons of great Men, for the Dignity and Quiet <lb></lb>both of themſelves and Families, ſhould be re<lb></lb>mote from the Concourſe of the Vulgar, and <lb></lb>from the Noiſe of Trades; and this not only <lb></lb>for the Pleaſure and Conveniency of having <lb></lb>Room for Gardens, Groves, or the like, but <lb></lb>alſo that ſo large a Family, conſiſting of diffe<lb></lb>rent Sorts of People, may not lie in the Way <lb></lb>to be corrupted and debauched by an ill <lb></lb>Neighbourhood, ſince (as is rightly obſerved) <lb></lb>more Miſchief is done by Wine Abroad than at <lb></lb>Home: And moreover, in order to avoid the <lb></lb>eternal Torment of numerous Viſitors and At<lb></lb>tendants. </s> <s>I have indeed obſerved that wiſe <lb></lb>Princes have not only placed themſelves out of <lb></lb>the Way of the Crowd, but even out of the <lb></lb>City itſelf, that the common People might not <lb></lb>be troubleſome to them, but when they were <lb></lb>in ſome particular Want of their Protection: <lb></lb>And, in Reality, what ſignifies all their Wealth <lb></lb>and Greatneſs, if they can never enjoy a few <lb></lb>Hours of Repoſe and Leiſure? </s> <s>However, their <lb></lb>Houſes, let them ſtand where they will, ought <lb></lb>to have large ſpacious Apartments to receive <lb></lb>thoſe that come to attend them, and the Street <lb></lb>which leads from them to the Places where the <lb></lb>publick Affairs are tranſacted, ſhould be of a <lb></lb>good Breadth, that their Servants, Clients, <lb></lb>Suitors and Followers crowding to attend their <lb></lb>Patron, may not ſtop up the Way, and breed <lb></lb>Confuſion. </s> <s>The different Places where the <lb></lb>Magiſtrates are to exerciſe their Offices, are <lb></lb>known to every Body: The Buſineſs of the <lb></lb>Senator, is in the Senate-houſe; of the Judge, <lb></lb>in the Tribunal, or Court of Juſtice; of the <lb></lb>General in the Army; of the Admiral on board <lb></lb>the Fleet. </s> <s>But what ſhall we ſay of the Prieſts? <lb></lb></s> <s>to whom belongs not only the Temple, but <lb></lb>alſo the Cloyſter, which might be called a <lb></lb>Lodgement, or Camp for Soldiers, ſince the <lb></lb>chief Prieſts, and all his inferior Miniſters, are <lb></lb>employed in a ſtubborn and laborious Warfare, <lb></lb>(as we have ſhewed in the Book called <emph type="italics"></emph>The <lb></lb>Prieſt<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end>) namely, that of Virtue againſt Vice. <lb></lb></s> <s>Of Temples, ſome are principal, as is that <lb></lb>wherein the chief Prieſt upon ſtated Seaſons ce<lb></lb>lebrates ſome ſolemn Rites and Sacrifices: <lb></lb>Others are under the Guardianſhip of inferior <lb></lb>Prieſts, as all Chapels in Town, and Oratories <lb></lb>in the Country. </s> <s>Perhaps the moſt convenient <lb></lb>Situation for the principal Temple may be in <lb></lb>the Middle of the City; but it is more Decent <lb></lb>to have it ſomewhat remote from the Crowd: <lb></lb>A Hill gives it an Air of Dignity, but it is more <lb></lb>ſecure from Earthquakes in a Plain. </s> <s>In a <lb></lb>Word, the Temple is to be placed where it <lb></lb>may appear with moſt Majeſty and Reverence: <lb></lb>For which Reaſon it ſhould lie entirely out of <lb></lb>the Way of all Filth and Indecency, to the In<lb></lb>tent that Fathers, Matrons and Virgins, who <lb></lb>come to offer up their Prayers, may not be <lb></lb>ſhocked and offended, or perverted from their <lb></lb>intended Devotions. <emph type="italics"></emph>Nigrigeneus<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end> the Archi<lb></lb>tect, who wrote about the <emph type="italics"></emph>Termini,<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end> informs us, <lb></lb>that the ancient Architects were for having the <lb></lb>Fronts of their Temples facing the Weſt: But <lb></lb>this Cuſtom was afterwards quite altered, and <lb></lb>it was thought better to have the Temples and <lb></lb>the <emph type="italics"></emph>Termini<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end> look to the Eaſt, that they might <lb></lb>have a View of the riſing Sun. </s> <s>But I have ob<lb></lb>ſerved myſelf that the Ancients in the ſituating <lb></lb>of their ſmaller Temples or Chapels, generally <lb></lb>turned their Fronts ſo as they might be ſeen <lb></lb>from the Sea, or ſome River or great Road. <lb></lb></s> <s>To conclude, a Structure of this Kind ought <lb></lb>to be ſo built as to entice thoſe who are abſent <lb></lb>to come and ſee it, and to charm and detain <lb></lb>thoſe that are preſent by the Beauty and Curi<lb></lb>oſity of its Workmanſhip. </s> <s>An arched Roof <lb></lb>will ſecure it moſt againſt Fire, and a flat one <lb></lb>againſt Earthquakes; but the former will be <lb></lb>the leaſt liable to Decay by the Injury of Time. <lb></lb></s> <s>And this may ſuffice as to the Temples, be<lb></lb>cauſe many Things which ſeem neceſſary to be <lb></lb>ſaid here, belong more properly to their Orna<lb></lb>ment than to their real Uſe: And therefore of <lb></lb>thoſe we ſhall treat elſewhere. </s> <s>Smaller Tem<lb></lb>ples and Chaples muſt imitate the Greater, ac<lb></lb>cording to the Dignity of their Situation and <lb></lb>Uſes.</s></p><pb xlink:href="003/01/108.jpg" pagenum="90"></pb><p type="head"> <s>CHAP. VII.</s></p><p type="head"> <s><emph type="italics"></emph>That the Prieſt's Camp is the Cloyſter; the Duty of the Prieſt; the various <lb></lb>Sorts of Cloyſters and their proper Situations.<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end></s></p><p type="main"> <s>The Prieſt's Camp is the Cloyſter, in <lb></lb>which a certain Number of Perſons ſhut <lb></lb>themſelves up together in order to devote them<lb></lb>ſelves either to Religion or Virtue; ſuch are thoſe <lb></lb>who have dedicated themſelves to the ſacred <lb></lb>Functions, or who have taken upon themſelves <lb></lb>a Vow of Chaſtity. </s> <s>Beſides this Cloyſter is a <lb></lb>Place where Perſons of ſtudious Diſpoſitions <lb></lb>employ themſelves about the Knowledge of <lb></lb>Things as well Divine as Human; for as the <lb></lb>Prieſt's Duty is as far as in him lies to lead <lb></lb>Mankind into a Courſe of Life as near to Per<lb></lb>fection as poſſible, this can never be done more <lb></lb>effectually than by Philoſophy. </s> <s>For as there <lb></lb>are two Things in the Nature of Man to which <lb></lb>this muſt be owing, Virtue and Truth; when <lb></lb>the former has taught us to calm and govern <lb></lb>our Paſſions, and the latter to know the Prin<lb></lb>ciples and Secrets of Nature, which will purge <lb></lb>the Mind from Ignorance and the Contagion of <lb></lb>the Body; we may then be qualified to enter <lb></lb>into a happy Courſe of Life, and to have ſome <lb></lb>Reſemblance with the divine Nature itſelf. </s> <s>Add <lb></lb>to this, that it is the Duty of all good Men, as <lb></lb>the Prieſts ought and would be thought to be, <lb></lb>to exerciſe themſelves in all thoſe Offices of <lb></lb>Humanity which are due from every Man to <lb></lb>his Neighbour, namely, to aſſiſt and relieve the <lb></lb>Poor, the Diſtreſſed and the Infirm, to the ut<lb></lb>moſt of their Power. </s> <s>Theſe are the Things <lb></lb>in which the Prieſt is to employ himſelf and <lb></lb>all thoſe under his Direction. </s> <s>Of the Struc<lb></lb>tures proper for theſe Purpoſes, whether be<lb></lb>longing to the ſuperior or inferior Rank of <lb></lb>Prieſts, we are now to treat; and firſt we ſhall <lb></lb>begin with the Cloyſter. </s> <s>Cloyſters are of ſe<lb></lb>veral Sorts, either for ſuch Perſons as are to be <lb></lb>ſo ſtrictly confined that they muſt never ap<lb></lb>pear in publick at all, unleſs at Church or in <lb></lb>Proceſſions; or for thoſe who are to be allow<lb></lb>ed a little more Liberty. </s> <s>Of theſe again ſome <lb></lb>are for Men, others for Women. </s> <s>Thoſe for <lb></lb>Women ſhould, in my Opinion, be neither too <lb></lb>much in the City, nor too much out of it: For <lb></lb>though in a Solitude they may not be ſo much <lb></lb>ſrequented, yet any one that has a Deſign may <lb></lb>have more Opportunity to execute any villan<lb></lb>ous Enterprize where there are ſo few Wit<lb></lb>neſſes, than where there are a great many both <lb></lb>to ſhame and diſſwade him from ſuch an At<lb></lb>tempt. </s> <s>It is our Buſineſs in both to take Care <lb></lb>not that they have no Inclinations to be un<lb></lb>chaſte, but no means. </s> <s>For this Purpoſe every <lb></lb>Entrance muſt be ſo ſecured, that nobody can <lb></lb>poſſibly get in; and ſo well watched, that no<lb></lb>body may loyter about in order to attempt it <lb></lb>without inſtant Suſpicion and Shame. </s> <s>No <lb></lb>Camp for an Army ſhould be ſo well guarded <lb></lb>by Intrenchments and Paliſadoes, as a Monaſ<lb></lb>tery ought to be by high Walls, without either <lb></lb>Doors or Windows in them, or the leaſt Hole <lb></lb>by which not only no Violator of Chaſtity, but <lb></lb>not ſo much as the leaſt Temptation either by <lb></lb>the Eye or Ear, may poſſibly get in to diſorder, <lb></lb>or pollute the Minds of the Recluſe. </s> <s>Let them <lb></lb>receive their Light from an open Court on the <lb></lb>Inſide. </s> <s>Round this Court the Portico, Cells, <lb></lb>Refectory, Chapter-houſe and the like Conve<lb></lb>niencies ſhould be diſpoſed according to their <lb></lb>various Uſes, in the ſame Manner as in private <lb></lb>Houſes. </s> <s>Nor ſhould Space be wanting for <lb></lb>Gardens and Meadows, for the moderate Re<lb></lb>creation of the Mind, but not for adminiſtring <lb></lb>to Pleaſure. </s> <s>If all theſe Precautions are ta<lb></lb>ken, it will be beſt to have them out of the <lb></lb>Way of a Concourſe of People. </s> <s>The Cloyſters <lb></lb>for both Sexes therefore cannot be better placed <lb></lb>than without the City; that the Attention of <lb></lb>their Thoughts which are entirely dedicated to <lb></lb>Holineſs, and the calm and ſettled Religion of <lb></lb>their Minds may not be diſturbed by too many <lb></lb>Viſitors. </s> <s>But then I would have their Houſes, <lb></lb>whether they are for Men or Women, ſituated <lb></lb>in the moſt healthy Air that can be found out; <lb></lb>that the Recluſe, while they are wholly intent <lb></lb>upon the Care of their Souls, may not have <lb></lb>their Bodies, already impared, by conſtant faſt<lb></lb>ing and watching, oppreſſed likewiſe with <lb></lb>Weakneſs and Diſeaſes. </s> <s>Thoſe who are with<lb></lb>out the City ſhould be placed in a Situation <lb></lb>naturally ſtrong, that neither Robbers nor any <lb></lb>plundering Enemy with a ſmall Force, may <lb></lb>be able at every turn to ſack it; and I would <lb></lb>have it moreover fortified with a Trench and a <pb xlink:href="003/01/109.jpg" pagenum="91"></pb>Wall, nor would it be amiſs to add a Tower, <lb></lb>which is not at all inconſiſtent with a religious <lb></lb>Edifice. </s> <s>The Monaſtery for thoſe Recluſe <lb></lb>who to Religion join the Study of the liberal <lb></lb>Arts, that they may be the more ready to pro<lb></lb>mote the Good of Mankind, according to the <lb></lb>Obligation of their Character, ought to be nei<lb></lb>ther within the Noiſe and Hurry of Tradeſ<lb></lb>men, nor too far remote from the Acceſs of the <lb></lb>Citizens. </s> <s>And as they are a great many in <lb></lb>Family, and there is generally a great Con<lb></lb>courſe of People to hear them Preach and Diſ<lb></lb>pute concerning ſacred Things; they require a <lb></lb>very large Houſe. </s> <s>They can be placed no where <lb></lb>better than among ſome publick Buildings, <lb></lb>ſuch as Theatres, Circuſſes, or Squares, where <lb></lb>the Multitude going for their Pleaſure may <lb></lb>more eaſily by the Exhortations, Example and <lb></lb>Admonition of the Religious, be drawn from <lb></lb>Vice to Virtue, and from Ignorance to Know<lb></lb>ledge.</s></p><p type="head"> <s>CHAP. VIII.</s></p><p type="head"> <s><emph type="italics"></emph>Of Places for Exerciſe, publick Schools, and Hoſpitals both for Men and <lb></lb>Women.<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end></s></p><p type="main"> <s>The Ancients, and eſpecially the <emph type="italics"></emph>Greeks,<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end><lb></lb>uſed in the very Middle of their Cities <lb></lb>to erect thoſe Edifices which they called <lb></lb><emph type="italics"></emph>Palæſtræ,<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end> where thoſe who applied themſelves <lb></lb>to Philoſophy, attended publick Diſputations. <lb></lb></s> <s>They were large ſpacious Places full of Win<lb></lb>dows, with a free Proſpect on all Sides, and <lb></lb>raiſed Seats, and Porticoes running round ſome <lb></lb>green flowery Meadow. </s> <s>Such a Structure is <lb></lb>extremely proper for theſe Perſons, who may <lb></lb>be reckoned a Kind of Religious; and I would <lb></lb>have thoſe who delight in the Study of Learn<lb></lb>ing, be provided with every Thing that may <lb></lb>induce them to ſtay with their Tutors with <lb></lb>Pleaſure, and without Uneaſineſs or Satiety. <lb></lb></s> <s>For this Reaſon, I would have the Meadow, <lb></lb>the Portico, and every Thing elſe ſo laid out, <lb></lb>that nothing whatſoever could be better con<lb></lb>trived for Recreation. </s> <s>In Winter let them re<lb></lb>ceive the kindly Beams of the Sun, and in Sum<lb></lb>mer be ſhady and open to gentle refreſhing <lb></lb>Breezes. </s> <s>But of the Delicacies of this Kind of <lb></lb>Structures we ſhall ſpeak more particularly in <lb></lb>another Place. </s> <s>Only if you do reſolve to erect <lb></lb>publick Schools, where the Learned may meet <lb></lb>and converſe, place them in that Situation <lb></lb>which may be moſt convenient and pleaſant for <lb></lb>them. </s> <s>Let there be no Noiſes of working Trades, <lb></lb>no noiſome ill Smells; and do not let it be a <lb></lb>Place for idle People to loyter in; but let it <lb></lb>have more the Air of a Solitude, ſuch as be<lb></lb>comes Men of Gravity employed about the no<lb></lb>bleſt and moſt curious Enquiries: In a Word, <lb></lb>it ſhould have more of Majeſty than Nicety. <lb></lb></s> <s>As for Hoſpitals where the Prieſt is to exerciſe <lb></lb>his Charity towards the Poor and Diſtreſſed, <lb></lb>they are to be built with much Thought, and <lb></lb>a good Deal of Variety; for one Place is pro<lb></lb>per for harbouring the Diſtreſſed, and another <lb></lb>for curing and foſtering the Sick and Infirm: <lb></lb>Among theſe laſt too we ſhould take Care to <lb></lb>make a good Deal of Diſtinction, that while <lb></lb>we are providing for a few uſeleſs People, we <lb></lb>do not neglect more that might really be of <lb></lb>Service. </s> <s>There have been ſome Princes in <emph type="italics"></emph>Italy<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end><lb></lb>that would never ſuffer any tattered Cripples <lb></lb>to go about their Cities begging Charity from <lb></lb>Door to Door; but as ſoon as ever they came, <lb></lb>an Order was brought to them not to be ſeen <lb></lb>in that City without working at ſome Trade <lb></lb>above three Days: For there is hardly any ſo <lb></lb>maimed but what may do ſome Work or other; <lb></lb>and even a blind Man may turn a Rope<lb></lb>maker's Wheel, if he can do nothing elſe. </s> <s>As <lb></lb>for thoſe who are entirely oppreſſed and dif<lb></lb>abled by ſome heavier Infirmity, they were <lb></lb>taken care of by Magiſtrates appointed on pur<lb></lb>poſe to provide for ſick Strangers, and diſtri<lb></lb>buted regularly to inferior Hoſpitlers, to be <lb></lb>looked after. </s> <s>And by this Means theſe poor <lb></lb>Wretches did not wander about begging Re<lb></lb>lief, perhaps in vain; and the City was not of<lb></lb>fended by miſerable and filthy Objects. </s> <s>In <lb></lb><emph type="italics"></emph>Tuſcany,<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end> always famous for Religion and Pie<lb></lb>ty, there are noble Hoſpitals, built at a vaſt <lb></lb>Expence; where as well Strangers as Natives, <lb></lb>are furniſhed plentifully with all Manner of <lb></lb>Neceſſaries for their Cure. </s> <s>But as the Sick are <lb></lb>of various Sorts, ſome afflicted with Leproſy or <lb></lb>Plague, with which they might infect thoſe who <lb></lb>are in Health, and others, if ſuch an Expreſ<lb></lb>ſion may be allowed, with more wholſome <pb xlink:href="003/01/110.jpg" pagenum="92"></pb>Diſtempers: They ought to have Places en<lb></lb>tirely ſeperate. </s> <s>The Ancients dedicated their <lb></lb>Buildings of this Nature to <emph type="italics"></emph>Æculapius, Apollo,<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end><lb></lb>and <emph type="italics"></emph>Health,<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end> Gods among them to whom they <lb></lb>aſcribed the Cure of Sickneſs and Preſervation <lb></lb>Health, and ſituated them in the beſt Air they <lb></lb>could find out, and near Plenty of the cleareſt <lb></lb>Water, where the Sick might recover their <lb></lb>Health, not ſo much by the Aſſiſtanc of thoſe <lb></lb>Gods, as the natural Healthineſs of the Place: <lb></lb>And certainly nothing can be more reaſonable <lb></lb>than to carry the Sick, whether under a private <lb></lb>or a publick Cure, into the moſt healthy Places; <lb></lb>and perhaps none are more ſo, than thoſe which <lb></lb>are very dry and ſtony, fanned with continual <lb></lb>Breezes, not burnt up by the Sun, but cool and <lb></lb>temperate: Since we find that all Moiſture is <lb></lb>the Mother of Corruption. </s> <s>We ſee that Na<lb></lb>ture in every Thing loves a Medium; and even <lb></lb>Health itſelf is nothing but a due Moderation <lb></lb>of the Qualities of the Body; and indeed no<lb></lb>thing that is in Extreams can pleaſe. </s> <s>For the <lb></lb>Reſt, thoſe who are ſeized with Diſeaſes which <lb></lb>are contagious, ſhould be taken Care of not on<lb></lb>ly without the City, but remote even from any <lb></lb>high Road; the others may be kept in the <lb></lb>City. </s> <s>The Apartments for all theſe ſhould be <lb></lb>ſo laid out and diſtributed, that there may be <lb></lb>diſtinct Places for thoſe who are curable, and <lb></lb>thoſe whom you take in rather to maintain <lb></lb>them for the Remainder of their unhappy <lb></lb>Days, than to cure them: Of this Sort are the <lb></lb>Superannuated, and thoſe who want their <lb></lb>Senſes. </s> <s>Add further, that the Men and Wo<lb></lb>men, as well the Patients, as the Perſons that <lb></lb>attend them, ſhould have Apartments ſeparate <lb></lb>from one another; and as ſome Parts of the <lb></lb>Building ſhould be for Particulars, others ſhould <lb></lb>be in common, according as it ſhall be found <lb></lb>neceſſary for the Management of the Patients, <lb></lb>and the more eaſy cohabiting together: Of <lb></lb>which there is no Occaſion to ſay more in this <lb></lb>Place. </s> <s>We ſhall only obſerve that all theſe <lb></lb>Conveniencies are to be contrived according to <lb></lb>the Rules hereafter to be laid down for the <lb></lb>Houſes of private Perſons. </s> <s>We ſhall there<lb></lb>fore now proceed according to the Method <lb></lb>which we have preſcribed to ourſelves.</s></p><p type="head"> <s>CHAP. IX.</s></p><p type="head"> <s><emph type="italics"></emph>Of the Senate-houſe, the Temple, and the Tribunals for the Adminiſtration of <lb></lb>Juſtice.<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end></s></p><p type="main"> <s>Having already obſerved that the Re<lb></lb>publick conſiſts of two Parts, the Sacred <lb></lb>and the Profane, and having treated of the <lb></lb>Sacred as much as was requiſite, and in a good <lb></lb>Meaſure too of the Profane, where we took <lb></lb>Notice of the Place in the Palace of the Prince <lb></lb>where the Senate was to meet, and where <lb></lb>Cauſes were to be heard; we ſhall now very <lb></lb>briefly ſpeak of thoſe Things which ſeem neceſ<lb></lb>ſary to be further added, then proceed to In<lb></lb>campments and Fleets, and laſtly treat of <lb></lb>Things relating to the Uſes of private Perſons. <lb></lb></s> <s>The Ancients uſed to call their Senates together <lb></lb>in Temples, and afterwards it grew a Cuſtom <lb></lb>for them to meet ſomewhere out of the City. <lb></lb></s> <s>But at length, both for greater Dignity and <lb></lb>Conveniency in tranſacting the publick Affairs, <lb></lb>it was found neceſſary to raiſe Structures for <lb></lb>this Purpoſe only; where neither the Length <lb></lb>of the Way, nor any Inconveniency in the <lb></lb>Place itſelf, might deter the aged Fathers from <lb></lb>meeting often, and continuing a good while <lb></lb>together; and for this Reaſon they placed the <lb></lb>Senate-houſe in the Middle of the City, with <lb></lb>the Place for the Adminiſtration of Juſtice and <lb></lb>the Temple near adjoining, that not only thoſe <lb></lb>who made Intereſt for Offices, or were obliged <lb></lb>to attend Law-ſuits, might with greater Con<lb></lb>venience, and without loſing their Time or <lb></lb>Opportunity, look after their Affairs of both <lb></lb>Natures; but alſo that the Fathers (as Men are <lb></lb>generally moſt devoted to Religion in their old <lb></lb>Age) might firſt pay their Devotions in the <lb></lb>Temple, and afterwards repair immediately to <lb></lb>the Tranſaction of the publick Buſineſs. </s> <s>Add <lb></lb>to all this, that when any Ambaſſador or fo<lb></lb>reign Prince deſires Audience of the Senate, it <lb></lb>becomes the Republick to have a Place ſuitable <lb></lb>to the Dignity both of the Stranger and of the <lb></lb>City, to receive them in, while they wait for <lb></lb>Introduction. </s> <s>Laſtly, in publick Buildings of <lb></lb>this Sort, you muſt neglect none of thoſe Rules <lb></lb>which belong to the convenient and honoura<lb></lb>ble Reception of a Multitude of Citizens, and <lb></lb>their eaſy Diſmiſſion: And above all you muſt <lb></lb>take particular Care, that there is not the leaſt <pb xlink:href="003/01/111.jpg" pagenum="93"></pb>Want of ſufſicient Paſſages, Lights, open Areas, <lb></lb>and the like. </s> <s>But in the Hall for the Admi<lb></lb>niſtration of Juſtice, where Numbers of Peo<lb></lb>ple reſort about various Contentions, the A<lb></lb>pertures muſt be more and larger, and more <lb></lb>direct than either in the Temple or Senate<lb></lb>houſe. </s> <s>The Entrance into the Senate-houſe <lb></lb>ought to be made no leſs ſtrong than hand<lb></lb>ſome, for very many Reaſons, and particularly <lb></lb>to the Intent that no fooliſh headſtrong Rab<lb></lb>ble, at the Inſtigation of any ſeditious Ring<lb></lb>leader, may be able at any Time to attack and <lb></lb>inſult the Senators: For which Reaſon, more <lb></lb>than for any other, there ought to be Porti<lb></lb>coes, Veſtibules, and the like, where Servants, <lb></lb>Clients and Attendants, waiting for their Pa<lb></lb>trons, may be ready at Hand to defend them <lb></lb>in Caſe of any ſudden Commotion. </s> <s>I will not <lb></lb>omit one Obſervation, namely, that no Place <lb></lb>where we are to hear the Voices of Perſons <lb></lb>either ſpeaking, ſinging, or diſputing, ſhould <lb></lb>ever be vaulted becauſe ſuch Roofs confound <lb></lb>the Voice with Ecchoes: Whereas a flat Ceil<lb></lb>ing made of Timbers renders the Sound more <lb></lb>clear and diſtinct.</s></p><p type="head"> <s>CHAP. X.</s></p><p type="main"> <s><emph type="italics"></emph>That Incampments, or Lodgments for Soldiers by Land are of three Sorts; in <lb></lb>what Manner they are to be fortified; and the various Methods uſed by <lb></lb>different Nations.<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end></s></p><p type="main"> <s>In laying down a Camp we ought to review <lb></lb>and re-conſider all thoſe Rules which we <lb></lb>gave in the laſt Book for the Situation of a Ci<lb></lb>ty; for, indeed, Camps are as it were the Seeds <lb></lb>of Cities, and you will find that not a few Ci<lb></lb>ties have been built in thoſe very Places, where <lb></lb>excellent Generals had before incamped with <lb></lb>their Armies. </s> <s>In making a Camp, the chief <lb></lb>Matter is to know to what Intent it is deſign<lb></lb>ed. </s> <s>There would not be the leaſt Occaſion <lb></lb>for a Camp if it were not for unforeſeen Acci<lb></lb>dents in War, and for the Apprehenſion of Aſ<lb></lb>ſaults from a ſuperior Force: And therefore <lb></lb>we are to conſider the Nature of the Enemy. <lb></lb></s> <s>Of Enemies ſome are inferior as to Valour and <lb></lb>Number; ſome equal, ſome ſuperior. </s> <s>For this <lb></lb>Reaſon we ſhall determine the different Sorts <lb></lb>of Incampments to be three; the Firſt is that <lb></lb>which is made only for a Time, and is move<lb></lb>able every Moment, which is proper for with<lb></lb>ſtanding and managing an Enemy equal to <lb></lb>yourſelf, and is deſigned partly for keeping the <lb></lb>Soldier ſafe from ſudden Attacks, and partly <lb></lb>for watching and obtaining Opportunities of <lb></lb>effecting your Deſigns. </s> <s>The ſecond Sort of <lb></lb>Incampment is ſtationary, in which you wait <lb></lb>to oppreſs and ſubdue an Enemy, who, diſ<lb></lb>truſting his own Forces, ſhuts himſelf up in <lb></lb>ſome ſtrong Hold. </s> <s>The third Sort is that in <lb></lb>which you ſhut up yourſelf, to receive and re<lb></lb>pulſe the Attacks of a ſuperior Force, ſo as to <lb></lb>be able to ſend the Enemy away weary of the <lb></lb>Fatigues and Loſs in beſieging you. </s> <s>In all <lb></lb>theſe you muſt take great Care that every <lb></lb>Thing be ſo ordered, that not the leaſt Parti<lb></lb>cular be wanting which can be of Service to <lb></lb>your own Security and Welfare, and to the <lb></lb>ſuſtaining, repulſing and breaking the Enemy; <lb></lb>and on the Contrary, that the Enemy, as far as <lb></lb>lies in your Power, may have no Conveniency <lb></lb>whatſoever, by means of which he may either <lb></lb>hurt you, or ſecure himſelf. </s> <s>For this Reaſon, <lb></lb>the firſt Thing to be conſulted, is the Nature <lb></lb>of the Situation, that it be in a Country well <lb></lb>furniſhed with all Manner of Proviſions, and <lb></lb>lie convenient for the eaſy bringing in either of <lb></lb>Convoys or Supplies upon all Occaſions. </s> <s>Let <lb></lb>Water by no means be wanting, and let Wood <lb></lb>and Paſture be not far off. </s> <s>Take care to have <lb></lb>a free Communication with your own Terri<lb></lb>tory, and an open Paſſage at pleaſure into the <lb></lb>Enemy's. </s> <s>Let the Enemy on the Contrary, have <lb></lb>nothing but Difficulties and Obſtacles. </s> <s>I am <lb></lb>for having a Camp placed on a Situation ſo <lb></lb>high, as to have an open View of the Enemy's <lb></lb>Country all round; ſo that they may not be<lb></lb>gin or attempt any Thing whatſoever, without <lb></lb>your being immediately aware of it. </s> <s>Let it be <lb></lb>ſecured all round with ſteep Slopes, difficult <lb></lb>Aſcents, and broken Precipices; that the Ene<lb></lb>my may not be able to ſurround you with <lb></lb>Multitudes, nor to attack you on any Side, <lb></lb>without expoſing himſelf to imminent Danger; <lb></lb>or that if he ſhould come cloſe up to you, he <lb></lb>may not conveniently uſe his Engines, or make <lb></lb>any ſecure Lodgments for himſelf near you. <pb xlink:href="003/01/112.jpg" pagenum="94"></pb>If the Situation offers all theſe Advantages, be <lb></lb>ſure to be the Firſt to lay hold of them; if <lb></lb>not, we muſt then conſider what Sort of Camp, <lb></lb>and what Kind of Situation will beſt anſwer <lb></lb>your Purpoſe. </s> <s>A ſtationary Camp ought to <lb></lb>be much better fortified than a Flying one: <lb></lb>And a Plain requires more Art and Diligence <lb></lb>to ſtrengthen it, than a Hill. </s> <s>We ſhall begin <lb></lb>with the moveable, or flying Camp, becauſe it <lb></lb>is much more frequently uſed than a ſtationary <lb></lb>one: And indeed, the frequent moving the <lb></lb>Camp, has very often conduced extremely to <lb></lb>the Health of the Army. </s> <s>In placing a Camp, <lb></lb>it is a Queſtion that naturally ariſes in the <lb></lb>Mind, whether it is beſt to fix it upon our <lb></lb>own Territory, or upon that of the Enemy. <lb></lb><emph type="italics"></emph>Xenophon<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end> ſays, that by frequent changing our <lb></lb>Camp, our Enemy is oppreſſed, but our Friends <lb></lb>eaſed. </s> <s>Without doubt, it is honourable and <lb></lb>brave to lie upon the Enemy's Country; but <lb></lb>it is convenient and ſafe to be upon our own. <lb></lb></s> <s>But indeed a Camp is, with regard to all the <lb></lb>Territory which is ſubject to it, what a Citadel <lb></lb>is to a City; which ought to have a ſhort and <lb></lb>eaſy Retreat towards its Friends, and an open <lb></lb>and ready Paſſage upon its Enemies. </s> <s>Laſtly, <lb></lb>in the fortifying of Camps various Methods <lb></lb>have been uſed. </s> <s>The <emph type="italics"></emph>Britains<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end> uſed to make a <lb></lb>Fence round their Camps with Stakes ten foot <lb></lb>long, ſharpened and burnt at the Ends, with <lb></lb>one End fixed in the Ground, and the other <lb></lb>ſtanding up to keep off the Enemy. <emph type="italics"></emph>Cæſar<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end><lb></lb>tells us, that the <emph type="italics"></emph>Gauls<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end> uſed to make a Ram<lb></lb>part of their Waggons, as he ſays the <emph type="italics"></emph>Thraci<lb></lb>ans<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end> alſo did againſt <emph type="italics"></emph>Alexander.<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end></s><s> The <emph type="italics"></emph>Nervii<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end><lb></lb>(or People of <emph type="italics"></emph>Tournay<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end>) uſed to cut down young <lb></lb>Trees, and binding and interlacing the Boughs <lb></lb>together made them into a ſtrong Hedge, <lb></lb>which ſerved chiefly for keeping off the Horſe. <lb></lb><emph type="italics"></emph>Arrian<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end> relates that when <emph type="italics"></emph>Nearchus, Alexan<lb></lb>der<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end>'s Admiral, ſailed along the <emph type="italics"></emph>Indian<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end> Sea, ha<lb></lb>ving Occaſion to land, he ſurrounded his Camp <lb></lb>with a Wall to ſecure himſelf againſt the <emph type="italics"></emph>Bar<lb></lb>barians.<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end></s><s> The <emph type="italics"></emph>Romans<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end> were always ſo well <lb></lb>provided, and had ſo much Foreſight, that <lb></lb>whatever happened they took care it ſhould <lb></lb>never be by their own Fault; and they uſed to <lb></lb>exerciſe their Soldiers no leſs in making In<lb></lb>campments, than in the other Parts of the Mi<lb></lb>litary Duty. </s> <s>Nor did they think there was ſo <lb></lb>much Merit in offending their Enemies, as in <lb></lb>ſecuring their own Men; and they accounted <lb></lb>it no ſmall Part of the Victory, to be able to <lb></lb>withſtand the Enemy, and to repulſe him ſo <lb></lb>ſtoutly as to make him Deſpair of Succeſs. </s> <s>For <lb></lb>which Reaſon they never neglected any Means <lb></lb>of Deſence that they could learn or invent for <lb></lb>their own Safety: And if high Hills or Preci<lb></lb>pices were not to be had, they imitated them <lb></lb>as well as they could with very deep Ditches <lb></lb>and high Ramparts, emcompaſſed with ſtrong <lb></lb>Fences of Stakes and Hurdles.</s></p><p type="head"> <s>CHAP. XI.</s></p><p type="main"> <s><emph type="italics"></emph>The moſt convenient Situation for a Camp, and its Size, Form and various <lb></lb>Parts; together with the different Methods of attacking and defending a <lb></lb>Camp or other Fortification.<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end></s></p><p type="main"> <s>We ſhall here proceed further upon this <lb></lb>Subject of Camps according to the <lb></lb>Methods of the aforementioned Ancients. </s> <s>We <lb></lb>muſt take Care to pitch upon a Place not only <lb></lb>convenient, but ſo well adapted for whatever <lb></lb>Purpoſe we have in Hand, that none could be <lb></lb>found more ſuitable. </s> <s>And beſides the other <lb></lb>Advantages before recited, let the Soil be dry, <lb></lb>not muddy nor liable at any Time to be over<lb></lb>flowed; but let the Situation be ſuch that it <lb></lb>may be always clear and free for your own <lb></lb>Men, and unfafe for the Enemy. </s> <s>Let there <lb></lb>be no foul Puddle in the Neighbourhood, and <lb></lb>let there be good Water at an eaſy Diſtance. <lb></lb></s> <s>Contrive, if poſſible, to have ſome clear Springs <lb></lb>within the Camp itſelf, or to have the Foſs <lb></lb>filled with ſome River or running Stream. </s> <s>The <lb></lb>Camp ought not to be ſo large, out of Propor<lb></lb>tion to the Number of your Soldiers, that they <lb></lb>cannot be able to keep ſufficient Centry about <lb></lb>it, ſo as to give the Watch-word round one to <lb></lb>another; or to relieve one another ſo often as <lb></lb>may be requiſite in defending the Ramparts: <lb></lb>Nor, on the Contrary, ought it to be ſo crampt <lb></lb>up and confined, as not to afford ſufficient <lb></lb>room for all proper Conveniencies. <emph type="italics"></emph>Lycurgus<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end><lb></lb>was of Opinion that Angles were uſeleſs in a <lb></lb>Camp, and therefore he always laid out his in <lb></lb>a Circle, unleſs he had ſome Hill, River or For<lb></lb>tification at his Back. </s> <s>Others commend a <pb xlink:href="003/01/113.jpg" pagenum="95"></pb>ſquare Area for Incampments: But indeed in <lb></lb>ſituating a Camp we muſt accommodate our<lb></lb>ſelves to the Neceſſity of the Time, and the <lb></lb>Nature of the Place, according to the Purpoſe <lb></lb>which we have in Hand, whether it be to op<lb></lb>preſs the Enemy or to reſiſt him. </s> <s>Let us <lb></lb>make our Foſs ſo big, that it may not be filled <lb></lb>up without great Labour, and a long Space of <lb></lb>Time; or rather let us have two Foſſes, with <lb></lb>ſome intermediate Space between them. </s> <s>The <lb></lb>Ancients, in Works of this Nature alſo, held it <lb></lb>a Point of Religion to make uſe of odd Num<lb></lb>bers; for which Reaſon it was their Cuſtom to <lb></lb>make their Ditches fifteent Foot wide, and nine <lb></lb>deep. </s> <s>Let the Sides of the Ditch be Perpen<lb></lb>dicular, ſo that it may be as broad at the Bot<lb></lb>tom as the Top; but where the Soil is looſe, <lb></lb>you may allow a ſmall Slope, running ſome<lb></lb>what narrower towards the Bottom. </s> <s>In a <lb></lb>Plain, or a low Situation, fill your Ditch with <lb></lb>Water brought from ſome River, Lake, or Sea: <lb></lb>But if this cannot be effected ſtrew all the Bot<lb></lb>tom with ſharp Points of Steel and Caltrops, <lb></lb>and fix up and down a good Number of Stakes <lb></lb>with their Ends ſmoothed and ſharpened, to <lb></lb>keep off the Enemy. </s> <s>Having compleated your <lb></lb>Ditch, make your Rampart ſo thick, that it <lb></lb>may not be to be ſhaken by every little mili<lb></lb>tary Engine, and ſo high as to be above the <lb></lb>Reach of the grappling Hooks, and even of <lb></lb>Darts thrown by the Hand. </s> <s>The Earth dug <lb></lb>out of the Foſs lies very convenient and ready <lb></lb>at Hand for making up the Rampart. </s> <s>The <lb></lb>Ancients for that Work very much commend<lb></lb>ed Turfs dug out of the Meadows with the <lb></lb>Graſs upon them, the Roots whereof faſten <lb></lb>them very ſtrongly together. </s> <s>Others intermix <lb></lb>them with Twigs of green Oziers, which ſtrike <lb></lb>their Roots into the Rampart, and by the Con<lb></lb>texture of their Fibres ſtrengthen the whole <lb></lb>Work. </s> <s>Along the inward Edge of the Foſs <lb></lb>and the Outſide of the Rampart ſet Thorns, <lb></lb>Spikes, Tenter-hooks and the like, to retard <lb></lb>the Enemy in his Aſcent. </s> <s>Let the Top of the <lb></lb>Rampart be girt with a ſtrong Frame of Tim<lb></lb>bers joyned to one another croſſways like a <lb></lb>Corniſh, with Hurdles and Earth well rammed <lb></lb>in together between them; and upon theſe <lb></lb>raiſe your Battlements, and ſtick in forked Pa<lb></lb>liſadoes like Stag's Horns. </s> <s>In a Word, let <lb></lb>every Thing be ſo contrived in this Kind of <lb></lb>Structure, as to make it difficult to be either <lb></lb>undermined, thrown down, or mounted; and <lb></lb>to protect the Soldier who is to defend it. <lb></lb></s> <s>Upon the Edge of this Rampart erect Towers <lb></lb>at the Diſtance of every hundred Feet, and <lb></lb>eſpecially in ſuch Parts as are moſt likely to be <lb></lb>attacked, where they ought to ſtand cloſer and <lb></lb>be built higher that they may the more effec<lb></lb>tually annoy the Enemy, when he attempts to <lb></lb>make his Way into the Camp. </s> <s>Let the <emph type="italics"></emph>Præ<lb></lb>torium,<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end> or General's Tent, and the Gate look<lb></lb>ing towards the Enemy, as alſo that in the <lb></lb>Back of the Camp, which two Gates uſed <lb></lb>formerly to be called the <emph type="italics"></emph>porta Quintana,<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end> and <lb></lb>the <emph type="italics"></emph>porta Decumana,<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end> be placed in the ſtrong<lb></lb>eſt Parts of the Camp, and lie convenient for <lb></lb>making any ſudden Sally with the Army, or <lb></lb>bringing in of Proviſions, or giving a ready <lb></lb>Retreat to your own Men. </s> <s>All theſe Con<lb></lb>veniencies belong more particularly to a ſtati<lb></lb>onary Camp, than to a flying one: But as we <lb></lb>ought to be provided againſt all Accidents that <lb></lb>either Fortune or the Calamity of the Times <lb></lb>can produce, we ſhould not, even in a flying <lb></lb>Camp, neglect any of thoſe Particulars which <lb></lb>we have ſpoken of, as far as may be neceſſary. <lb></lb></s> <s>Thoſe Things which belong to a ſtationary <lb></lb>Camp, eſpecially one that is to expect a Siege, <lb></lb>are very nearly the ſame with thoſe which we <lb></lb>ſpoke of with Relation to the Citadel of a Ty<lb></lb>rant. </s> <s>A Citadel is a Structure purpoſely de<lb></lb>ſigned for the Suſtaining a Siege, ſince the Ci<lb></lb>tizens always look upon it with an irreconcile<lb></lb>able Hatred: And it is indeed the moſt cruel <lb></lb>Kind of Siege that can be imagined, to be con<lb></lb>tinually watching it, and to be always upon the <lb></lb>Catch for an Opportunity that may offer, by <lb></lb>Means of which you may ſatisfy the ſtrong De<lb></lb>ſire you have to deſtroy it: And for this Rea<lb></lb>ſon, as we obſerved before, we ſhould take the <lb></lb>greateſt Care to make it ſtrong, ſtout, durable, <lb></lb>well provided for its own Defence, and for <lb></lb>weakening and repulſing the Enemy, and able <lb></lb>to defy the moſt obſtinate and violent Attacks. <lb></lb></s> <s>On the other Hand in thoſe Camps, where you <lb></lb>are to be ſhut up and moleſt an Enemy, all the <lb></lb>ſame Things are to be obſerved with the ſame <lb></lb>Care: For it is indeed a juſt Obſervation, that <lb></lb>the Nature of War is ſuch, that he who be<lb></lb>ſieges is in a great Meaſure beſieged himſelf. <lb></lb></s> <s>For this Reaſon you are to conſider not only <lb></lb>how you may take the Place, but alſo how <lb></lb>you may keep yourſelf from being oppreſſed, <lb></lb>either by the Boldneſs or Diligence of the E<lb></lb>nemy, or by the Careleſſneſs of your own Men. <lb></lb></s> <s>In order to take the Place, you muſt proceed <lb></lb>either by Siege or by Aſſault: And to keep <lb></lb>yourſelf from being oppreſſed, there are alſo <lb></lb>two Methods, which are, being ſtoutly fortified, <pb xlink:href="003/01/114.jpg" pagenum="96"></pb>and making a brave Defence. </s> <s>The whole Pur<lb></lb>poſe of an Aſſault is to break in either upon a <lb></lb>Town or a Fortification. </s> <s>I ſhall not ſpeak here <lb></lb>either of Scaling-ladders, by Means whereof <lb></lb>you mount the Wall in ſpite of the Enemy; <lb></lb>nor of Mines, moveable Towers, Engines for <lb></lb>Battery, nor of any other Methods of Offence <lb></lb>either by Fire, Water, or any other Force: In<lb></lb>aſmuch as we intend to treat of theſe military <lb></lb>Engines more clearly in another Place. </s> <s>Thus <lb></lb>much it may be proper here to mention, that <lb></lb>againſt the Violence of Battery we ſhould op<lb></lb>poſe Beams, Planks, Parapets of ſtrong Tim<lb></lb>ber, Hurdles, Ropes, Faſcines, Sacks ſtuffed <lb></lb>with Wool, Ruſhes, or Earth; and they ſhould <lb></lb>be ſo contrived as to hang looſe and pliable. <lb></lb></s> <s>Againſt Fire theſe Things ought to be wetted, <lb></lb>and eſpecially with Vinegar, or Mud, and co<lb></lb>vered with Brick unbaked; againſt Water, to <lb></lb>prevent the Bricks from being waſhed away, <lb></lb>they ſhould be covered over with the Hides of <lb></lb>Beaſts; and laſtly, againſt Battery, that the <lb></lb>Hides may not be broken through or torn <lb></lb>away, add any coarſe Cloths or Tarpawlins <lb></lb>thoroughly wetted and ſoaked. </s> <s>Circumvalla<lb></lb>tions or Trenches round the Place beſieged, <lb></lb>ought for ſeveral Reaſons to be drawn pretty <lb></lb>near it; for by that Means their Circuit will <lb></lb>be leſs, they will require fewer Hands, Ex<lb></lb>pence and Materials, to finiſh them, and when <lb></lb>finiſhed, the fewer Men will be neceſſary to <lb></lb>defend them: But they muſt not run ſo cloſe <lb></lb>under the Wall, that the Beſieged may an<lb></lb>noy your Men within their Trenches by En<lb></lb>gines upon the Wall. </s> <s>If the Circumvallation <lb></lb>be only intended to cut off from the Beſieged <lb></lb>all Manner of Supplies, either of Men or Pro<lb></lb>viſions from without; you may do this by <lb></lb>ſtopping up all the Ways and Paſſages, either <lb></lb>by barracading the Bridges, and Fords, and <lb></lb>blocking up the Roads with ſtrong Fences of <lb></lb>Wood or Stones; or by running up a continu<lb></lb>ed Rampart to joyn together the Lakes, Bogs, <lb></lb>Marſhes, Rivers and Hills; or if you can any <lb></lb>Ways lay the Country under Water. </s> <s>To theſe <lb></lb>Precautions we ſhould add thoſe which relate <lb></lb>to the Defence of our own Camp: For the <lb></lb>Trenches, Ramparts, Towers and the like <lb></lb>ought to be ſo well fortified both towards the <lb></lb>Place beſieged, and on the Side of any Coun<lb></lb>try that might throw in Succours, that the <lb></lb>former may not be able to annoy you by Sallies, <lb></lb>nor the Latter by Incurſions. </s> <s>Moreover, in <lb></lb>convenient Places erect Watch-towers and <lb></lb>Forts, that your Men may go out to forage for <lb></lb>Wood, Water and Proviſions with Safety and <lb></lb>Freedom. </s> <s>But do not let your Troops be diſ<lb></lb>perſed up and down in Places ſo remote from <lb></lb>one another, that they cannot obey the Orders <lb></lb>of a ſingle General, nor fight with united <lb></lb>Forces, nor be ready at Hand to aſſiſt one an<lb></lb>other upon any ſudden Emergency. </s> <s>It will <lb></lb>not be foreign to our Purpoſe to ſet down here <lb></lb>an Account of a Fortification out of <emph type="italics"></emph>Appian,<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end><lb></lb>well worthy to be remembered. </s> <s>He tells us, <lb></lb>that when <emph type="italics"></emph>Octavianus Auguſtus<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end> beſieged <emph type="italics"></emph>Lu<lb></lb>cius Antonius<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end> in <emph type="italics"></emph>Peruſia,<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end> he made a Trench <lb></lb>quite to the <emph type="italics"></emph>Tyber,<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end> ſeven Miles long, thirty <lb></lb>Foot broad, and as many deep: Which he for<lb></lb>tified with a high Wall, and with a thouſand <lb></lb>and fifty wooden Towers ſtanding up, each <lb></lb>threeſcore Foot above the Wall, and made the <lb></lb>Whole ſo ſtrong, that the Beſieged were not <lb></lb>more ſtraitened in by it, than they were ex<lb></lb>cluded from annoying the Enemy in any Part. <lb></lb></s> <s>And thus much may ſuffice for Incampments <lb></lb>or Stations by Land, unleſs it may be thought <lb></lb>neceſſary to add, that we ought to chuſe out a <lb></lb>Place of the greateſt Dignity and Honour, <lb></lb>wherein to plant the Standard of the Com<lb></lb>monwealth with befitting Majeſty, where the <lb></lb>Rites of Religion may be performed with all <lb></lb>due Reverence, and where the Generals and <lb></lb>other chief Officers may meet either in Coun<lb></lb>cil or for the Adminiſtration of Juſtice.</s></p><p type="head"> <s>CHAP. XII.</s></p><p type="head"> <s><emph type="italics"></emph>Of Incampments or Stations at Sea, which are Fleets; of Ships and their <lb></lb>Parts; as alſo of Havens and their proper Fortification.<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end></s></p><p type="main"> <s>Some perhaps will not allow that Fleets <lb></lb>are Sea Incampments; but will be rather <lb></lb>for ſaying, that we uſe Ships like a Kind of <lb></lb>Water Elephant, which we direct as we pleaſe <lb></lb>by its Bridle; and that the Haven is much <lb></lb>more like a Sea Incampment, than the Fleet. <lb></lb></s> <s>Others on the Contrary, will ſay, that a Ship <lb></lb>is no other than a travelling Fortreſs. </s> <s>We ſhall <pb xlink:href="003/01/115.jpg" pagenum="97"></pb>paſs by theſe Diſputes, and proceed to ſhew <lb></lb>that there are two Things by Means of which <lb></lb>the Art of Building may contribute to the <lb></lb>Saſety and Victory of Generals of Fleets and <lb></lb>their Forces: The Firſt conſiſts in the right <lb></lb>Conſtruction and Rigging of the Veſſels, and <lb></lb>the Second in the proper fortifying the Haven; <lb></lb>whether you are to go to attack the Enemy, <lb></lb>or to ſtay to defend yourſelf. </s> <s>The primary <lb></lb>Uſe of Shipping is to convey you and yours: <lb></lb>The Second, is to fight without Danger. </s> <s>The <lb></lb>Danger muſt ariſe either from the Ships them<lb></lb>ſelves, in which Caſe it ſeems to be innate and <lb></lb>incorporate with them; or elſe muſt happen to <lb></lb>them from without. </s> <s>That from without, is <lb></lb>from the Force and Violence of Winds and <lb></lb>Waves, from Rocks and Shelves; all which are <lb></lb>to be avoided by Experience in Sea-affairs, and <lb></lb>a thorough Knowledge of Places and Winds: <lb></lb>But the Danger incorporate and innate with <lb></lb>the Veſſel itſelf, ariſes either from the Deſign, <lb></lb>or the Timbers; againſt which Defects it falls <lb></lb>under our Province to provide. </s> <s>We ſhould <lb></lb>reject all Timber that is brittle, or apt to ſplit, <lb></lb>too heavy or liable to rot ſoon. </s> <s>Nails and Pins <lb></lb>of Braſs or Copper, are reckoned better than <lb></lb>thoſe of Iron. </s> <s>I have obſerved by Means of <lb></lb><emph type="italics"></emph>Trajan<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end>'s Ship, which while I was writing this <lb></lb>Treatiſe was dug up out of the <emph type="italics"></emph>lago di Nemi,<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end><lb></lb>where it had lain under Water above thirteen <lb></lb>hundred Years, that the Pine and Cypreſs <lb></lb>Wood which was in it had remained ſurpriz<lb></lb>ingly ſound. </s> <s>It was covered on the Outſide <lb></lb>with double Planks, done over with <emph type="italics"></emph>Greek<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end><lb></lb>Pitch, to which ſtuck a Coat of Linen Cloth, <lb></lb>and that again was plated over with Sheets of <lb></lb>Lead faſtened on with braſs Nails. </s> <s>The anci<lb></lb>ent Architects took the Model of their Ships <lb></lb>from the Shape of a Fiſh; that Part which <lb></lb>was the Back of the Fiſh, in the Ship was the <lb></lb>Keel; that which in the Fiſh was the Head, <lb></lb>in the Ship was the Prow; the Tail was the <lb></lb>Helm, and inſtead of Fins and Gills, they made <lb></lb>Oars. </s> <s>Ships are of two Sorts, and are built <lb></lb>either for Burthen or for Speed: A long Veſ<lb></lb>ſel cuts its Way quickeſt through the Water, <lb></lb>eſpecially when it Sails before the Wind; but <lb></lb>a ſhort one is moſt obedient to the Helm. </s> <s>I <lb></lb>would not have the Length of a Veſſel of Bur<lb></lb>then leſs than three Times its Breadth; nor <lb></lb>that of a Veſſel for Speed, more than nine <lb></lb>Times. </s> <s>We have treated more particularly of <lb></lb>every Thing relating to a Veſſel in a Book in<lb></lb>tended wholly for that Purpoſe, called the <lb></lb>Ship; and therefore ſhall have Occaſion to ſay <lb></lb>no more of it here, than what is juſt neceſſary. <lb></lb></s> <s>The Parts of a Ship are theſe, the Keel, the <lb></lb>Poop, the Prow, the two Sides, to which you <lb></lb>may, if you pleaſe, add the Sail, the Helm, <lb></lb>and the Reſt of the Parts that belong to the <lb></lb>Courſe of the Ship. </s> <s>The Hollow of the Veſſel <lb></lb>will bear any Weight that is equal to the <lb></lb>Weight of Water that would fill it quite up to <lb></lb>the Top. </s> <s>The Keel muſt be ſtraight, but all <lb></lb>the other Parts made with curve Lines. </s> <s>The <lb></lb>broader the Keel is, the greater Weight the <lb></lb>Veſſel will carry, but then it will be the ſlow<lb></lb>er; the narrower the Keel is, the Swiſter will <lb></lb>be the Ship, but then it will be unſteady, un<lb></lb>leſs you fill it with Ballaſt. </s> <s>The broad Keel is <lb></lb>moſt convenient in ſhallow Water; but in deep <lb></lb>Seas the narrow one will be more ſecure. </s> <s>The <lb></lb>Sides and Prow built high will make the ſtout<lb></lb>eſt Reſiſtance againſt the Waves, but then <lb></lb>they are more expoſed to Danger from the <lb></lb>Winds; the Sharper the Head is, the Swifter <lb></lb>the Ship will make its Way; and the Thinner <lb></lb>the Stern, the more Steady will be the Veſſel <lb></lb>in its Courſe. </s> <s>The Sides of the Ship towards <lb></lb>the Head ought to be very ſtout, and a little <lb></lb>Swelling outwards to throw off the Waves <lb></lb>when it ploughs through the Water both with <lb></lb>Sails and Oars; but towards the Stern they <lb></lb>ſhould grow narrower, in order to ſlip through <lb></lb>the Waves with the more Eaſe. </s> <s>A Number <lb></lb>of Helms adds Firmneſs to the Veſſel, but takes <lb></lb>off from its Swiftneſs. </s> <s>The Maſt ſhould be as <lb></lb>long as the whole Ship. </s> <s>We ſhall not here <lb></lb>deſcend to other minute Particulars neceſſary <lb></lb>both to the Way and Defence of the Veſſel, <lb></lb>ſuch as Oars, Ropes, ſharp Beaks, Towers, <lb></lb>Bridges and the like; but ſhall only obſerve, <lb></lb>that the Planks and Timbers which hang <lb></lb>down by the Sides and ſtick out by the Beak <lb></lb>of the Veſſel, will ſerve inſtead of a Fortifica<lb></lb>tion againſt the Attacks of the Enemy as will <lb></lb>Poles ſtuck upright, inſtead of Towers, and <lb></lb>the Boom, or the Skiff laid over the Boom, in<lb></lb>ſtead of Bridges. </s> <s>The Ancients uſed in the <lb></lb>Prow of their Ships to place a military En<lb></lb>gine, which they called a <emph type="italics"></emph>Corvus:<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end> But our <lb></lb>Mariners now in the Head and Stem of their <lb></lb>Veſſels near the Maſts have learnt to ſet up <lb></lb>Towers, which they fence round with old <lb></lb>coarſe Cloths, Ropes, Sacks, and the like, to <lb></lb>deaden the Force of any Violence that might <lb></lb>attack them; and to keep off any Enemy that <lb></lb>ſhould attempt to board them, they ſet up a <lb></lb>Fence of Net-work. </s> <s>I have in another Place <lb></lb>contrived and ſhewn how the Floor of the Ship <pb xlink:href="003/01/116.jpg" pagenum="98"></pb>may in a Moment, in the midſt of an Engage<lb></lb>ment, be filled with ſharp Points ſticking up <lb></lb>cloſe to one another, ſo that an Enemy can <lb></lb>never ſet his Foot any where without a Wound; <lb></lb>and on the other Hand when there is Occaſion, <lb></lb>how all theſe may in leſs Space of Time be all <lb></lb>removed and cleared away; but this is not a <lb></lb>proper Place for repeating it again, and it is <lb></lb>ſufficient to have given the Hint to an ingeni<lb></lb>ous Mind. </s> <s>Moreover I have found a Way how, <lb></lb>with a ſlight Stroke of a Hammer, to throw <lb></lb>down the whole Floor, with all the Men that <lb></lb>have boarded the Veſſel and ſtand upon it, and <lb></lb>then again with very little Labour to replace <lb></lb>it as it was before, whenever it is thought ne<lb></lb>ceſſary ſo to do. </s> <s>Neither is this a proper Place <lb></lb>to relate the Methods which I have invented <lb></lb>to ſink and burn the Enemy's Ships and de<lb></lb>ſtroy their Crews by miſerable Deaths. </s> <s>We <lb></lb>may perhaps ſpeak of them elſewhere. </s> <s>One <lb></lb>Thing muſt not be omitted, namely, that Veſ<lb></lb>ſels of different Heights and Sizes are requi<lb></lb>ſite in different Places. </s> <s>In the <emph type="italics"></emph>Mare Mag<lb></lb>giore,<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end> in the Narrows among the Iſlands, a <lb></lb>large Ship, that cannot be managed with<lb></lb>out a great Number of Hands, is very un<lb></lb>ſafe when the Winds are any thing boiſterous: <lb></lb>On the Contrary out of the Strait's Mouth, in <lb></lb>the wide Ocean, a little Veſſel will not be able <lb></lb>to live. </s> <s>To this Head of maritime Affairs alſo <lb></lb>belong the Defending and Blocking up a Ha<lb></lb>ven. </s> <s>This may be done by ſinking any great <lb></lb>Body, or by Moles, Piers, Chains and the like, <lb></lb>whereof we have treated in the preceding <lb></lb>Book. </s> <s>Drive in Piles, block the Port up with <lb></lb>huge Stones, and ſink large hollow Frames <lb></lb>made either of Planks or Oziers and filled <lb></lb>with any heavy Stuff. </s> <s>But if the Nature of <lb></lb>the Place, or the Greatneſs of the Expence will <lb></lb>not allow of this, as for Inſtance, if the Bot<lb></lb>tom be a Sand or Mud continually moving, or <lb></lb>the Water be of too great a Depth, you may <lb></lb>then block up the Haven in the following <lb></lb>Manner. </s> <s>Make a Float of great Barrels faſten<lb></lb>ed together, with Planks and Timbers joyned <lb></lb>croſs-ways to one another, and with large <lb></lb>Spikes and ſharp Beaks ſticking out from the <lb></lb>Float, and Piles with Points of Iron, ſuch as <lb></lb>are called ſhod Piles, to the Intent that none <lb></lb>of the Enemy's light Ships may dare to drive <lb></lb>againſt the Float with full Sails, in order to <lb></lb>endeavour to break or paſs it. </s> <s>Dawb the Float <lb></lb>over with Mud to ſecure it againſt Fire, and <lb></lb>fortify it with a Paliſado of Hurdles or ſtrong <lb></lb>Boards, and in convenient Places with wooden <lb></lb>Towers, faſtening the whole Work againſt the <lb></lb>Fury of the Waves with a good Number of <lb></lb>Anchors concealed from the Enemy. </s> <s>It would <lb></lb>not be amiſs to make ſuch a Work ſinuous or <lb></lb>wavy, with the Backs of the Arches turned <lb></lb>againſt the Streſs of the Weather, that the <lb></lb>Float may bear the lefs upon its Anchors. <lb></lb></s> <s>But upon this Subject, thus much may ſuffice.</s></p><p type="head"> <s>CHAP. XIII.</s></p><p type="main"> <s><emph type="italics"></emph>Of the Commiſſaries, Chamberlains, publick Receivers and the like Magiſtrates, <lb></lb>whoſe Buſineſs is to ſupply and preſide over the publick Granaries, Chambers <lb></lb>of Accompts, Arſenals, Marts, Docks and Stables; as alſo of the three Sorts <lb></lb>of Priſons, their Structures, Situations and Compartitions.<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end></s></p><p type="main"> <s>Now as the Execution of all theſe <lb></lb>Things requires good Store of Proviſi<lb></lb>ons, and of Treaſures to ſupply the Expence; <lb></lb>it will be neceſſary to ſay ſomething of the Ma<lb></lb>giſtrates who have the Care of this Part of the <lb></lb>Buſineſs; as for Inſtance, Commiſſaries, Cham<lb></lb>berlains, publick Receivers, and the like, for <lb></lb>whom the following Structures muſt Be erect<lb></lb>ed: The Granary, the Chamber for keeping <lb></lb>the Treaſures, the Arſenal, the Mart or Place <lb></lb>for the tranſacting Commerce, the Dock and <lb></lb>the publick Stables for Horſes. </s> <s>We ſhall have <lb></lb>but little to ſay here upon theſe Heads, but <lb></lb>that little muſt not be neglected. </s> <s>It is evident <lb></lb>to every Man's Reaſon, that the Granary, the <lb></lb>Chamber of Accompts, and the Arſenal or <lb></lb>Magazine for Arms ought to be placed in the <lb></lb>Heart of the City, and in the Place of great<lb></lb>eſt Honour, for the greater Security and Con<lb></lb>veniency. </s> <s>The Docks or Arſenals for Ship<lb></lb>ping ſhould be placed at a Diſtance from the <lb></lb>Houſes of the Citizens, for fear of Fire. </s> <s>We <lb></lb>ſhould alſo be ſure, in this laſt Sort of Struc<lb></lb>ture, to raife a good many entire Party-walls <pb xlink:href="003/01/117.jpg" pagenum="99"></pb>in different Places, running from the Ground <lb></lb>quite up above the Roof, to confine the Flame, <lb></lb>if any ſhould happen, and prevent it catching <lb></lb>from one Roof to another. </s> <s>Marts ought to be <lb></lb>fixed by the Sea-ſidé, upon the Mouths of Ri<lb></lb>vers, and the Meeting of ſeveral great Roads. <lb></lb></s> <s>The Docks or Arſenals for Shipping ſhould <lb></lb>have large Baſons or Canals of Water, wherein <lb></lb>to receive ſuch Veſſels as want refitting, and <lb></lb>from which they may be conveniently launched <lb></lb>out again to Sea; but we ſhould take Care <lb></lb>that this Water be not a ſtanding one, but be <lb></lb>kept in conſtant Motion. </s> <s>Shipping is very <lb></lb>much rotted by ſoutherly Winds, and cracked <lb></lb>by the mid-day Heat; but the Aſpect of the <lb></lb>riſing Sun preſerves it. </s> <s>All Granaries, or other <lb></lb>Structures built for the laying up of Stores, ab<lb></lb>ſolutely require a Drineſs both of Air and Si<lb></lb>tuation. </s> <s>But we ſhall ſpeak more fully of <lb></lb>the Particulars, when we come to the Conve<lb></lb>niencies belonging to private Perſons, to whoſe <lb></lb>uſe they are indeed referred; only we ſhall ſay <lb></lb>ſomething here of the Places for laying up Salt. <lb></lb></s> <s>A Storehouſe for Salt ought to be made in the <lb></lb>following Manner. </s> <s>Make up the Ground <lb></lb>with a Layer of Coal to the Height of one <lb></lb>Cubit or Foot and an half, and ſtamp it down <lb></lb>very tight; then ſtrew it with Sand pounded <lb></lb>together with clean Chalk, to the Height of <lb></lb>three Hands breadths, and lay it exactly level; <lb></lb>and then pave it with ſquare Bricks baked till <lb></lb>they are quite black. </s> <s>The Face of the Walls <lb></lb>on the Inſide ought to be made of the ſame <lb></lb>Sort of Bricks; but if you have not a ſufficient <lb></lb>Quantity of them, you may build it with ſquare <lb></lb>Stone, not either with ſoft Stone or Flint, but <lb></lb>with ſome Stone of a middle Nature between <lb></lb>thoſe two, only very hard; and let this Sort of <lb></lb>Work go the Thickneſs of a Cubit into the <lb></lb>Wall; and then let the whole Inſide be lined <lb></lb>with Planks of Wood, faſtened with braſs Nails, <lb></lb>or rather joynted together without any Nails <lb></lb>at all, and fill up the intermediate Space be<lb></lb>tween the Lining and the Wall, with Reeds. <lb></lb></s> <s>It would alſo have a mighty good Effect to <lb></lb>dawb over the Planks with Chalk ſteeped in <lb></lb>Lees of Oil, and mixed with Spart and Ruſhes <lb></lb>ſhred ſmall. </s> <s>Laſtly, all publick Buildings of <lb></lb>this Nature ought to be well fortified with <lb></lb>ſtout Walls, Towers, and Ammunition, againſt <lb></lb>all Manner of Force, Malice, or Fraud either <lb></lb>of Robbers, Enemies or ſeditious Citizens. </s> <s>I <lb></lb>think I have now ſaid enough of publick <lb></lb>Structures, unleſs it may be thought neceſſary <lb></lb>to conſider of one Particular more which con<lb></lb>cerns the Magiſtrate, and that not a little; <lb></lb>namely, that it is neceſſary he ſhould have <lb></lb>Places for the Confinement of ſuch as he has <lb></lb>condemned either for Contumacy, Treachery <lb></lb>or Villany. </s> <s>I obſerve that the Ancients had <lb></lb>three Sorts of Priſons. </s> <s>The firſt was that <lb></lb>wherein they kept the Diſorderly and the Igno<lb></lb>rant, to the Intent that every Night they might <lb></lb>be doctored and inſtructed by learned and able <lb></lb>Profeſſors of the beſt Arts, in thoſe Points <lb></lb>which related to good Manners and an honeſt <lb></lb>Life. </s> <s>The Second was for the Confinement <lb></lb>of Debtors, and for the Reformation of ſuch <lb></lb>as were got into a licentious Way of Living. <lb></lb></s> <s>The laſt was for the moſt wicked Wretches and <lb></lb>horrid Profligates, unworthy of the Light of the <lb></lb>Sun or the Society of Mankind, and ſoon to be <lb></lb>delivered over to capital Puniſhment or perpe<lb></lb>tual Impriſonment and Miſery. </s> <s>If any Man is <lb></lb>of Opinion that this laſt Sort of Priſon ought <lb></lb>to be made like ſome ſubterraneous Cavern, or <lb></lb>frightful Sepulchre, he has certainly a greater <lb></lb>Regard to the Puniſhment of the Criminal than <lb></lb>is agreeable either to the Deſign of the Law or <lb></lb>to Humanity; and though wicked Men do by <lb></lb>their Crimes deſerve the higheſt Puniſhment, <lb></lb>yet the Prince or Commonwealth ought never <lb></lb>to forget Mercy in the Midſt of Juſtice. </s> <s>There<lb></lb>fore let it be ſufficient to make this Sort of <lb></lb>Buildings very ſtrong and ſecure, with ſtout <lb></lb>Walls, Roofs and Apertures, that the Perſon <lb></lb>confined may have no Means of making his <lb></lb>Eſcape; which may in a great Meaſure be ob<lb></lb>tained, by the Thickneſs, Depth and Height of <lb></lb>the Walls, and their being built with very hard <lb></lb>and large Stones, joyned together with Pins of <lb></lb>Iron or Braſs. </s> <s>To this you may, if you pleaſe, <lb></lb>add Windows grated with ſtrong Bars of Iron <lb></lb>or Wood; though in reality nothing of this Sort <lb></lb>whatſoever can fully ſecure a Priſoner always <lb></lb>thoughtful of his Liberty and Safety, nor pre<lb></lb>vent his making his Eſcape, if you let him uſe <lb></lb>the Strength which Nature and Cunning have <lb></lb>beſtowed upon him, and on which Account <lb></lb>there is an excellent Admonition contained in <lb></lb>this Saying, that the vigilant Eye of a Goaler is <lb></lb>a Priſon of Adamant. </s> <s>But in other Reſpects, <lb></lb>let us follow the Method and Cuſtoms of the <lb></lb>Ancients. </s> <s>We muſt remember that in a Pri<lb></lb>ſon there muſt be Privies and Hearths for Fire, <lb></lb>which ought to be contrived to be without <lb></lb>either Smoake or ill Smells. </s> <s>the following <lb></lb>Plan of an entire Priſon may anſwer all the a<lb></lb>forementioned Purpoſes. </s> <s>Encloſe with very <lb></lb>high and ſtrong Walls, without any Apertures, <pb xlink:href="003/01/118.jpg" pagenum="100"></pb>a Space of Ground in ſome ſecure and not un<lb></lb>frequented Part of the City, and fortify it with <lb></lb>Towers and Galleries. </s> <s>From this Wall in<lb></lb>wards the Apartments where the Priſoners are <lb></lb>to be confined, let there be an open Walk <lb></lb>about four Foot and an half wide, where the <lb></lb>Keepers may take their Rounds every Night <lb></lb>to prevent any Eſcapes by Conſpiracy among the <lb></lb>Priſoners. </s> <s>The Space remaining in the Mid<lb></lb>dle of this Circuit divide in the following Man<lb></lb>ner. </s> <s>Inſtead of a Veſtibule make a good plea<lb></lb>ſant Hall, where thoſe may be inſtructed who <lb></lb>are ſent thither in order to be forced to learn <lb></lb>how to demean themſelves. </s> <s>Next to this Hall, <lb></lb>make Habitations for the Goalers and Places <lb></lb>for them to keep guard in, within an Encloſure <lb></lb>of Lattices and Croſs-bars. </s> <s>Next let there be <lb></lb>an open Court, with Porticoes on each Side of <lb></lb>it, with Windows in them, through which you <lb></lb>may ſee into all the Cells within; in which <lb></lb>Cells Bankrupts and Debtors are to be confin<lb></lb>ed, not all together, but in different Apart<lb></lb>ments. </s> <s>In the Front of this Court there muſt <lb></lb>be a cloſer Priſon, for ſuch as are guilty of <lb></lb>ſmall Offences, and beyond that a Place where <lb></lb>Priſoners for capital Crimes may be confined <lb></lb>with yet greater Strictneſs and Privacy.</s></p><p type="head"> <s>CHAP. XIV.</s></p><p type="head"> <s><emph type="italics"></emph>Of private Houſes and their Differences; as alſo of the Country Houſe, and <lb></lb>the Rules to be obſerved in its Situation and Structure.<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end></s></p><p type="main"> <s>I now come to treat of private Edifices. </s> <s>I <lb></lb>have already obſerved elſewhere, that a <lb></lb>Houſe is a little City. </s> <s>We are therefore in the <lb></lb>building of it, to have an Eye almoſt to every <lb></lb>Thing that relates to the Building of a City; <lb></lb>that it be healthy, furniſhed with all Manner <lb></lb>of Neceſſaries, not defficient in any of the Con<lb></lb>veniencies that conduce to the Repoſe, Tran<lb></lb>quility or Delicacy of Life. </s> <s>What thoſe are <lb></lb>and how they are to be obtained, I think I have <lb></lb>already, in a great Meaſure, ſhewn in the pre<lb></lb>ceding Books. </s> <s>However, as the Occaſion here <lb></lb>is different, we ſhall conſider them over again <lb></lb>in the following Manner. </s> <s>A private Houſe is <lb></lb>manifeſtly deſigned for the Uſe of a Family, <lb></lb>to which it ought to be a uſeful and conveni<lb></lb>ent Abode. </s> <s>It will not be ſo convenient as it <lb></lb>ought, if it has not every Thing within itſelf <lb></lb>that the Family has Occaſion for. </s> <s>There is a <lb></lb>great Number of Perſons and Things in a Fa<lb></lb>mily, which you cannot diſtribute as you would <lb></lb>in a City ſo well as you can in the Country. <lb></lb></s> <s>In building a Houſe in Town, your Neigh<lb></lb>bour's Wall, a common Gutter, a publick <lb></lb>Square or Street, and the like, ſhall all hinder <lb></lb>you from contriving it juſt to your own Mind; <lb></lb>which is not ſo in the Country, where you have <lb></lb>as much Freedom as you have Obſtruction in <lb></lb>Town. </s> <s>For this, and other Reaſons, there<lb></lb>fore, I ſhall diſtinguiſh the Matter thus: That <lb></lb>the Habitation for a private Perſon muſt be <lb></lb>different in Town from what it is in the Coun<lb></lb>try. </s> <s>In both theſe there muſt again be a Dif<lb></lb>ference between thoſe which are for the meaner <lb></lb>Sort of Citizens, and thoſe which are for the <lb></lb>Rich. </s> <s>The meaner Sort build only for Ne<lb></lb>ceſſity; but the Rich for Pleaſure and Delight. <lb></lb></s> <s>I ſhall ſet down ſuch Rules as the Modeſty of <lb></lb>the wiſeſt Men may approve of in all Sorts of <lb></lb>Buildings, and for that Purpoſe ſhall begin <lb></lb>with thoſe which are moſt eaſy. </s> <s>Habitations <lb></lb>in the Country are the freeſt from all Obſtruc<lb></lb>tions, and therefore People are more inclined to <lb></lb>beſtow their Expence in the Country than in <lb></lb>Town. </s> <s>We ſhall therefore firſt take a Review <lb></lb>of ſome Obſervations which we have already <lb></lb>made, and which are very material with Re<lb></lb>lation to the chief Uſes of a Country Houſe. <lb></lb></s> <s>They are as follows: We ſhould carefully avoid <lb></lb>a bad Air and an ill Soil. </s> <s>We ſhould build <lb></lb>in the Middle of an open Champian, under the <lb></lb>Shelter of ſome Hill, where there is Plenty of <lb></lb>Water, and pleaſant Proſpects, and in the <lb></lb>healthieſt Part of a healthy Country. </s> <s>A heavy <lb></lb>unhealthy Air is ſaid to be occaſioned not on<lb></lb>ly by thoſe Inconveniencies which we mention<lb></lb>ed in the firſt Book, but alſo by thick Woods, <lb></lb>eſpecially if they are full of Trees with bitter <lb></lb>Leaves; becauſe the Air in ſuch Places being <lb></lb>not kept in Motion either by Sun or Winds, <lb></lb>wants its due Concoction; it is alſo occaſioned <lb></lb>by a barren and unwholſome Soil, which will <lb></lb>never produce any Thing but Woods. </s> <s>A <lb></lb>Country Houſe ought to ſtand in ſuch a Place <lb></lb>as may lie moſt convenient for the Owner's <lb></lb>Houſe in Town. <emph type="italics"></emph>Xenophon<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end> would have a Man <pb xlink:href="003/01/119.jpg" pagenum="101"></pb>go to his Country Houſe on Foot, for the Sake <lb></lb>of Exerciſe, and return on Horſeback. </s> <s>It ought <lb></lb>not therefore to lie far from the City, and the <lb></lb>Way to it ſhould be both good and clear, ſo as <lb></lb>he may go it either in Summer or Winter, either <lb></lb>in a Coach, or on Foot, and if poſſible by <lb></lb>Water. </s> <s>It will be alſo very convenient to have <lb></lb>your Way to it lie through a Gate of the City <lb></lb>that is not far from your Town Houſe, but as <lb></lb>near it as may be, that you may go backwards <lb></lb>and forwards from Town to Country, and from <lb></lb>Country to Town, with your Wife and Fami<lb></lb>ly, as often as you pleaſe, without being too <lb></lb>much obſerved by the People, or being obliged <lb></lb>in the leaſt to conſult your Dreſs. </s> <s>It is not <lb></lb>amiſs to have a Villa ſo placed, that when you <lb></lb>go to it in a Morning the Rays of the riſing <lb></lb>Sun may not be troubleſome to your Eyes, nor <lb></lb>thoſe of the ſetting Sun in the Evening when <lb></lb>you return to the City. </s> <s>Neither ſhould a Coun<lb></lb>try Houſe ſtand in a remote, deſart, mean Cor<lb></lb>ner, diſtant from a reaſonable Neighbourhood: <lb></lb>but in a Situation where you may have Peo<lb></lb>ple to converſe with, drawn to the ſame Place <lb></lb>by the Fruitfulneſs of the Soil, the Pleaſantneſs <lb></lb>of the Air, the Plentifulneſs of the Country, <lb></lb>the Sweetneſs of the Fields, and the Security of <lb></lb>the Neighbourhood. </s> <s>Nor ſhould a Villa be <lb></lb>ſeated in a Place of too much Reſort, near ad<lb></lb>joyning either to the City, or any great Road, <lb></lb>or to a Port where great Numbers of Veſſels <lb></lb>and Boats are continually putting in; but in <lb></lb>ſuch a Situation, as though none of thoſe Plea<lb></lb>ſures may be wanting, yet your Family may <lb></lb>not be eternally moleſted with the Viſits of <lb></lb>Strangers and Paſſengers. </s> <s>The Ancients ſay <lb></lb>that in windy Places Things are never ſpoilt <lb></lb>by Ruſt or Mildew; but in moiſt Places, and <lb></lb>low Vallies, where the Winds have not a free <lb></lb>Courſe, they are very much expoſed to them. <lb></lb></s> <s>I cannot approve of one general Rule which is <lb></lb>laid down for all Places, namely, that a Coun<lb></lb>try Houſe ought to be built ſo as to look to<lb></lb>wards the riſing of the Sun when it is in the <lb></lb>Equinox: For nothing can be ſaid relating to <lb></lb>the Sun and Winds but what muſt alter accord<lb></lb>ing to the Difference of the Climate, ſince the <lb></lb>North Wind is not light and the South un<lb></lb>healthy in all Places. <emph type="italics"></emph>Celſus,<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end> the Phyſician, <lb></lb>very well obſerved that all Winds which blow <lb></lb>from the Sea, are groſſer than thoſe which <lb></lb>blow over Land, which are always lighter. <lb></lb></s> <s>Upon this Account of the Winds we ought to <lb></lb>avoid the Mouths of all Vallies, becauſe in ſuch <lb></lb>Places the Winds are too cold if they come in <lb></lb>the Night, or too hot, if in the Day, being <lb></lb>over-heated by the too great Reflection of the <lb></lb>Sun's Rays.</s></p><p type="head"> <s>CHAP. XV.</s></p><p type="main"> <s><emph type="italics"></emph>That Country Houſes are of two Sorts; the proper Diſpoſition of all their <lb></lb>Members whether for the Lodging of Men, Animals, or Tools of Agricul<lb></lb>ture and other neceſſary Inſtruments.<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end></s></p><p type="main"> <s>But as of Habitations in the Country ſome <lb></lb>are deſigned for Gentlemen, others for <lb></lb>Huſbandmen, ſome invented for Uſe, others <lb></lb>perhaps for Pleaſure; we ſhall begin with thoſe <lb></lb>which belong to Husbandmen. </s> <s>The Habita<lb></lb>tions of theſe ought not to be far from their <lb></lb>Maſter's Houſe, that he may be at Hand to <lb></lb>over-look them every now and then, to ſee <lb></lb>what they are doing, and what Orders it is <lb></lb>neceſſary for him to give. </s> <s>The peculiar Buſi<lb></lb>neſs of theſe Structures is for the getting in, <lb></lb>ordering and preſerving the Fruits of the Earth: <lb></lb>Unleſs you will ſay that this laſt Office, name<lb></lb>ly, of preſerving the Grain, belongs rather to <lb></lb>the Houſe of the Maſter, and even rather to his <lb></lb>Houſe in the City than to that in the Country. <lb></lb></s> <s>This Buſineſs is to be done by a Number of <lb></lb>Hands and a good Quantity of Tools, but moſt <lb></lb>of all by the Diligence and Induſtry of the <lb></lb>Farmer or Overſeer. </s> <s>The Ancients comput<lb></lb>ed the neceſſary Family of a Farmer to be <lb></lb>about fifteen Perſons; for theſe therefore you <lb></lb>muſt have convenient Places where they may <lb></lb>warm themſelves when they are cold, or retire <lb></lb>for Shelter when they are driven from their <lb></lb>Labour by foul Weather, where they may eat <lb></lb>their Meals, reſt themſelves and prepare the <lb></lb>Things they will want in their Buſineſs. </s> <s>Make <lb></lb>therefore a large Kitchen, not obſcure, nor li<lb></lb>able to Danger from Fire, with an Oven, Stove, <lb></lb>Pump and Sink. </s> <s>Beyond the Kitchen let there <lb></lb>be a Room where the better Sort among your <lb></lb>People may lie, and a Larder for preſerving all <lb></lb>Sorts of Proviſions for daily Uſe. </s> <s>Let all the <pb xlink:href="003/01/120.jpg" pagenum="102"></pb>other People be ſo diſtributed, that every one <lb></lb>may be near thoſe Things which are under his <lb></lb>particular Care. </s> <s>Let the Overſeer lie near the <lb></lb>principal Gate, that nobody may paſs and re<lb></lb>paſs or carry any Thing out in the Night with<lb></lb>out his Knowledge. </s> <s>Let thoſe who have the <lb></lb>Care of the Cattle, lie near the Stable, that <lb></lb>they may be always at Hand to keep every <lb></lb>Thing in good Order. </s> <s>And this may be ſuf<lb></lb>ficient with Relation to your People. </s> <s>Of <lb></lb>Tools or Inſtruments, ſome are animate, as <lb></lb>Cattle; and ſome inanimate, as Carts, all Sorts <lb></lb>of iron Tools, and the like; for theſe erect on <lb></lb>one Side of the Kitchen a large Shed under <lb></lb>which you may ſet your Cart, Plough, Har<lb></lb>row, Yoke, Hay-baskets, and the like Utenſils; <lb></lb>and let this Shed have a South Aſpect, that in <lb></lb>Winter Time the Family may divert themſelves <lb></lb>under it on Holydays. </s> <s>Make a very large <lb></lb>and neat Place for your Preſſes both of Wine <lb></lb>and Oil. </s> <s>Let there be alſo a Store-houſe for <lb></lb>the laying up and preſerving your Meaſures, <lb></lb>Hampers, Baskets, Cordage, Houghs, Pitch<lb></lb>forks and ſo forth. </s> <s>Over the Rafters that run <lb></lb>acroſs within the Shed, you may ſpread Hur<lb></lb>dles, and upon them you may lay up Poles, <lb></lb>Rods, Staves, Boughs, Leaves and Fodder for <lb></lb>your Oxen, Hemp and Flax unwrought, and <lb></lb>ſuch like Stores. </s> <s>Cattle is of two Sorts; one, <lb></lb>for Labour; as Oxen and Horſes; the other, <lb></lb>for Profit, as Hogs, Sheep, Goats, and all Sorts <lb></lb>of Herds. </s> <s>We ſhall ſpeak firſt of the labour<lb></lb>ing Sort, becauſe they ſeem to come under the <lb></lb>Head of Inſtruments; and afterwards we ſhall <lb></lb>ſay ſomething of thoſe which are for Profit, <lb></lb>which belong properly to the Induſtry of your <lb></lb>Overſeer or Farmer. </s> <s>Let the Stables for Horſes, <lb></lb>and for Oxen, and all other black Cattle, be <lb></lb>warm in Winter, and let their Racks be ſtrong <lb></lb>and well fenced, that they may not ſcatter their <lb></lb>Meat. </s> <s>Let the Hay for the Horſes be above <lb></lb>them, that they may not reach it without ſome <lb></lb>Pains, and that they may be forced to raiſe <lb></lb>their Heads high for it, which makes their <lb></lb>Heads drier and their Shoulders lighter. </s> <s>On <lb></lb>the Contrary, let their Oats and other Grain <lb></lb>lie ſo as they may be forced to ſtoop low for <lb></lb>it; which will prevent their taking too large <lb></lb>Mouthfuls, and ſwallowing too much whole; <lb></lb>beſides that it will ſtrengthen their Breaſt and <lb></lb>Muſcles. </s> <s>But above all you muſt take parti<lb></lb>cular Care that the Wall behind the Manger, <lb></lb>againſt which the Horſe's Head is to ſtand, be <lb></lb>not damp. </s> <s>The Bone which covers the Horſe's <lb></lb>Brain is ſo thin, that it will bear neither Damp <lb></lb>nor Cold; and therefore take Care alſo that the <lb></lb>Moon's Beams do not come in at the Win<lb></lb>dows; which are very apt to make him Wall<lb></lb>eyed and to give him grievous Coughs; and <lb></lb>indeed the Moon's Beams are as bad as a Peſ<lb></lb>tilence to any Cattle that are infirm. </s> <s>Let the <lb></lb>Oxe's Manger be ſet lower, that he may eat as <lb></lb>he lyes. </s> <s>If Horſes ſee the Fire, they are pro<lb></lb>digiouſly frightened and will grow rugged. <lb></lb></s> <s>Oxen are pleaſed with the Sight of Men. </s> <s>If a <lb></lb>Mule is ſet up in a hot or dark Place, ſhe runs <lb></lb>Mad. </s> <s>Some think the Mule does not want ſo <lb></lb>much as the leaſt Shelter for any other Part <lb></lb>but her Head, and that it is not at all the <lb></lb>Worſe if her other Parts are expoſed to Dews <lb></lb>and Colds. </s> <s>Let the Ground under the Oxen <lb></lb>be paved with Stone, that the Filth and Dung <lb></lb>may not rot their Hoofs. </s> <s>Under Horſes, make <lb></lb>a Trench in the Pavement, and cover it with <lb></lb>Planks of Holm or Oak, that their Urine may <lb></lb>not ſettle under them, and that by their pawing <lb></lb>they may not ſpoil both their Hoofs and the <lb></lb>Pavement.</s></p><p type="head"> <s>CHAP. XVI.</s></p><p type="main"> <s><emph type="italics"></emph>That the Induſtry of the Farmer or Overſeer ought to be employed as well about <lb></lb>all Sorts of Animals, as about the Fruits of the Earth; as alſo of the Con<lb></lb>ſtruction of the Threſhing-floor.<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end></s></p><p type="main"> <s>We ſhall juſt briefly mention that the <lb></lb>Induſtry of the Overſeer, is not only <lb></lb>to be employed about gathering in the Fruits <lb></lb>of the Earth, but alſo about the Management <lb></lb>and Improvement of Cattle, Fowls, Fiſh and <lb></lb>other Animals. </s> <s>Set the Stalls for Cattle in a <lb></lb>dry Place, and never in a Damp one; clear <lb></lb>away every little Stone from under them, and <lb></lb>make them with a Slope, that you may eaſily <lb></lb>ſweep and clean them; let one Part of them <lb></lb>be covered, and the other open, and take Care <lb></lb>that no ſoutherly or other moiſt Wind can af<lb></lb>fect the Cattle in the Night, and that they be <lb></lb>ſheltered from all other troubleſome Blaſts. <pb xlink:href="003/01/121.jpg" pagenum="103"></pb>For a Place to keep Rabbits in, build a Wall <lb></lb>of ſquare Stone, with its Foundations dug ſo <lb></lb>low as to be in Water; within the Space en<lb></lb>cloſed make a Floor of male Sand, with little <lb></lb>Hillocks here and there of Fuller's Earth. </s> <s>Let <lb></lb>your Poultry have a Shed in the Yard facing <lb></lb>the South, and thick ſtrewed with Aſhes, and <lb></lb>over this Places for them to lay their Eggs, <lb></lb>and Perches to rooſt upon in the Night. </s> <s>Some <lb></lb>are for keeping their Poultry in large Coops in <lb></lb>ſome handſome inclofed Area facing the Eaſt; <lb></lb>but thoſe that are defigned for laying and <lb></lb>hatching of Eggs, as they are more cheerful, <lb></lb>having their Liberty, ſo too they are more <lb></lb>fruitful; whereas, thoſe which are kept in a <lb></lb>dark confined Place, ſeldom bring their Eggs <lb></lb>to any Thing. </s> <s>Place your Dove-houſe ſo as <lb></lb>to be in View of Water, and do not make it <lb></lb>too lofty, but of ſuch an eaſy Heigth, that the <lb></lb>Pidgeons wearied with flying, or after ſporting <lb></lb>about in the Air with one another, may gent<lb></lb>ly glide down upon it with Eaſe and Pleaſure. <lb></lb></s> <s>Some there are who ſay that when the Pidgeon <lb></lb>has found her Meat in the Field, the farther ſhe <lb></lb>has it to carry to her Young, the Fatter ſhe <lb></lb>makes them with it; and the Reaſon they give <lb></lb>is, becauſe the Meat which they carry Home <lb></lb>to feed their Young in their Crop, by ſtaying <lb></lb>there a good While is half concocted; and up<lb></lb>on this Account, they are for placing the Dove<lb></lb>houſe on ſome very high ſteep Situation. </s> <s>They <lb></lb>think too, that it is beſt for the Dove-houſe to <lb></lb>be at a pretty good Diſtance from its Water, <lb></lb>that the Pidgeons may not chill their Eggs by <lb></lb>coming to them with their Feet wet. </s> <s>If in <lb></lb>one Corner of the Tower you encloſe a Kaſtrel, <lb></lb>it will ſecure your Dove-houſe from Birds of <lb></lb>Prey. </s> <s>If under the Door you bury the Head <lb></lb>of a Wolf ſtrewed over with Cummin-ſeed, in <lb></lb>an earthen Veſſel full of Holes for the Smell to <lb></lb>get out, it will bring you an infinite Number <lb></lb>of Pidgeons. </s> <s>If you make your Dove-houſe <lb></lb>Floor of Chalk, and wet it thoroughly with <lb></lb>Man's Urine, you will bring Multitudes of <lb></lb>Pidgeons from the Seats of their Anceſtors, to <lb></lb>take up their Abode with you. </s> <s>Before the <lb></lb>Windows let there be Cornices of Stone, or of <lb></lb>Olive-wood, projecting out a Cubit, for the <lb></lb>Pidgeons to light upon at their coming Home, <lb></lb>and to take their Flight from at their going <lb></lb>Abroad. </s> <s>If the Young ones which are con<lb></lb>fined have a View of Trees and the Sky before <lb></lb>they can fly, it will make them Droop and <lb></lb>Pine away. </s> <s>Other ſmaller Birds which you <lb></lb>have a Deſire to breed, ought to have their <lb></lb>Neſts and Apartments made for them in ſome <lb></lb>warm Place. </s> <s>Thoſe which walk more than <lb></lb>they fly, ſhould have them low, and upon the <lb></lb>Ground itſelf; for others they ſhould be made <lb></lb>higher. </s> <s>Each ſhould have a ſeparate Apart<lb></lb>ment, divided by Partitions on each Side to <lb></lb>keep their Eggs or Young from falling out of <lb></lb>the Neſt. </s> <s>Clay is better to make the Neſts of <lb></lb>than Lime, and Lime than Terraſs. </s> <s>All Sort <lb></lb>of old Stone new cut is bad; Bricks are better <lb></lb>than Turf, if not too much baked. </s> <s>The Wood <lb></lb>either of Poplar or Fir is very uſeful. </s> <s>All the <lb></lb>Apartments for Birds ought to be ſmooth, clean <lb></lb>and ſweet, and eſpecially ſor Pidgeons. </s> <s>Even <lb></lb>four footed Beaſts, if kept naſty, will grow <lb></lb>Scabby. </s> <s>Let every Part, therefore, be well <lb></lb>done over with Rough-caſt, and plaiſtered and <lb></lb>white waſhed, not leaving the leaſt Cranny un<lb></lb>ſtopped, that Pole-cats, Weezels, Newts, or the <lb></lb>like Vermin may not deſtroy the Eggs, or the <lb></lb>Young, or prejudice the Wall; and be ſure to <lb></lb>make convenient Places to keep their Meat and <lb></lb>Water in. </s> <s>It will be very Convenient for this <lb></lb>Purpoſe to have a Moat quite round your Houſe, <lb></lb>wherein your Geeſe, Ducks, Hogs and Cows <lb></lb>may water and waſh themſelves, and near <lb></lb>which, in all Weathers, they may have as much <lb></lb>Meat lying ready for them as they will eat. <lb></lb></s> <s>Let the Water and Meat for your ſmaller <lb></lb>Fowls be kept in Tunnels along the Wall, ſo <lb></lb>that they may not ſeatter or dirty it with their <lb></lb>Feet; and you may have Pipes into theſe Tun<lb></lb>nels from without, through which you may <lb></lb>convey their Food into them. </s> <s>In the Middle, <lb></lb>let there be a Place for them to waſh in, with <lb></lb>a conſtant ſupply of clean Water. </s> <s>Make your <lb></lb>Piſh-pond in a chalky Soil, and dig it ſo deep <lb></lb>that the Water may neither be over heated by <lb></lb>the Rays of the Sun, nor too eaſily frozen up <lb></lb>by the Cold. </s> <s>Moreover, make ſome Caverns <lb></lb>in the Sides, for the Fiſh to run into upon any <lb></lb>ſudden Diſturbance of the Water, that they <lb></lb>may not be waſted and worn away by conti<lb></lb>nual Alarms. </s> <s>Fiſh are nouriſhed by the Juices <lb></lb>of the Earth; great Heat torments them, and <lb></lb>extreme Froſt kills them; but they are very <lb></lb>much pleaſed and delighted by the Mid-day <lb></lb>Sun. </s> <s>It is thought not amiſs to have the tur<lb></lb>bid Floods after Rains flow into the Pond ſome<lb></lb>times; but never upon the firſt Rain after the <lb></lb>Dog-days; becauſe they then have a ſtrong <lb></lb>Tincture of Lime, and will kill the Fiſh; and <lb></lb>afterwards too they ſhould be admitted but <lb></lb>rarely, becauſe their ſtinking Slime is apt to <lb></lb>prejudice both the Fiſh and Water too; but <pb xlink:href="003/01/122.jpg" pagenum="104"></pb>ſtill there ought to be a continual Flux and <lb></lb>Reflux of Water, either from ſome Spring, <lb></lb>River, Lake or Sea. </s> <s>But concerning Fiſh<lb></lb>ponds which are to be ſupplied by the Sea-wa<lb></lb>ter, the Ancients have given us fuller Inſtruc<lb></lb>tions, in the following Manner. </s> <s>A muddy Soil <lb></lb>affords the beſt Nourithment for flat Fiſh, ſuch <lb></lb>as Soals and the like, and a ſandy is beſt for <lb></lb>ſhell Fiſh. </s> <s>The Sea itſelf is beſt for others, as <lb></lb>the Dory and Shark; and the Sea-thruſt and <lb></lb>Whiting feed beſt among the Rocks where <lb></lb>they are naturally bred Laſtly, they ſay that <lb></lb>there can be no better Pond for keeping Fiſh <lb></lb>in, than one ſo ſituated that the Waves of the <lb></lb>Sea which flow into it are continually remov<lb></lb>ing thoſe which were in it before, not ſuffering <lb></lb>the Water ever to ſtagnate, and that the ſlower <lb></lb>the Water is in renewing, the leſs wholeſome <lb></lb>it is. </s> <s>And thus much may ſuffice as to the <lb></lb>Care and Induſtry of the Farmer or Overſeer, <lb></lb>in the Affairs abovementioned. </s> <s>But we muſt <lb></lb>not here omit the chief Thing needful with Re<lb></lb>lation to the gathering together and ſtoring up <lb></lb>the Fruits of the Harveſt, and that is the <lb></lb>Threſhing-floor which ought to lie open to the <lb></lb>Sun and Air, and not far from the Shed men<lb></lb>tioned before, that upon any ſudden Rain you <lb></lb>may immediately remove both your Grain and <lb></lb>Workmen into Shelter. </s> <s>In order to make your <lb></lb>Floor, you need not give yourſelf the Trouble <lb></lb>to lay the Ground exactly level; but only <lb></lb>plain it pretty even, and then dig it up and <lb></lb>throw a good Quantity of Lees of Oil upon it, <lb></lb>and let it ſoak in thoroughly; then break the <lb></lb>Clods very ſmall and lay them down even, <lb></lb>either with a Roller or a Harrow, and beat it <lb></lb>down cloſe with a Rammer; then pour ſome <lb></lb>more Lees of Oil upon it, and when this is <lb></lb>dried into it, neither Mice, nor Ants will come <lb></lb>a-near it, neither will it ever grow poachy or <lb></lb>produce Graſs or Weeds. </s> <s>Chalk likewiſe adds <lb></lb>a good Deal of Firmneſs to a Work of this <lb></lb>Nature. </s> <s>And thus much for the Habitation <lb></lb>of the Labourers.</s></p><p type="head"> <s>CHAP. XVII.</s></p><p type="head"> <s><emph type="italics"></emph>Of the Country Houſe for a Gentleman; its various Parts, and the proper <lb></lb>Diſpoſition of each of thoſe Parts.<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end></s></p><p type="main"> <s>Some are of Opinion that a Gentleman's <lb></lb>Country Houſe ſhould have quite diffe<lb></lb>rent Conveniencies for Summer and for Win<lb></lb>ter; and the Rules they give for this Purpoſe <lb></lb>are theſe: The Bed-chambers for the Winter <lb></lb>ſhould look towards the Point at which the <lb></lb>Sun riſes in Winter, and the Parlour, towards <lb></lb>the Equinoctial Sun-ſetting; whereas the Bed<lb></lb>chambers for Summer ſhould look to the South, <lb></lb>the Parlours, to the Winter Sun-riſing, and the <lb></lb>Portico or Place for walking in, to the South. <lb></lb></s> <s>But, in my Opinion, all theſe Conveniencies <lb></lb>ought to be varied according to the Difference <lb></lb>of the Country and Climate, ſo as to temper <lb></lb>Heat by Cold and Dry by Moiſt. </s> <s>I do not <lb></lb>think it neceſſary for the Gentleman's Houſe <lb></lb>to ſtand in the moſt fruitful Part of his whole <lb></lb>Eſtate, but rather in the moſt Honourable, <lb></lb>where he can uncontrolled enjoy all the Pleaſures <lb></lb>and Conveniencies of Air, Sun, and fine Pro<lb></lb>ſpects, go down eaſily at any Time into his <lb></lb>Eſtate, receive Strangers handſomely and ſpaci<lb></lb>ouſly, be ſeen by Paſſengers for a good Way <lb></lb>round, and have a View of ſome City, Towns, <lb></lb>the Sea, an open Plain, and the Tops of ſome <lb></lb>known Hills and Mountains. </s> <s>Let him have <lb></lb>the Delights of Gardens, and the Diverſions of <lb></lb>Fiſhing and Hunting cloſe under his Eye. </s> <s>We <lb></lb>have in another Place obſerved, that of the dif<lb></lb>ferent Members of a Houſe, ſome belong to the <lb></lb>whole Family in general, other to a certain <lb></lb>Number of Perſons in it, and others again on<lb></lb>ly to one or more Perſons ſeparately. </s> <s>In our <lb></lb>Country Houſe, with Regard to thoſe Members <lb></lb>which belong to the whole Family in general, <lb></lb>let us imitate the Prince's Palace. </s> <s>Before the <lb></lb>Door let there be a large open Space, for the <lb></lb>Exerciſes either of Chariot or Horſe Racing, <lb></lb>much longer than a Youth can either draw a <lb></lb>Bow or throw a Dart. </s> <s>Within the Houſe, <lb></lb>with Regard to thoſe Conveniencies neceſſary <lb></lb>for a Number of Perſons in the Family, let <lb></lb>there not be wanting open Places for Walking, <lb></lb>Swimming, and other Diverſions, Court-yards, <lb></lb>Graſs-plots and Porticoes, where the old Men <lb></lb>may chat together in the kindly Warmth of <lb></lb>the Sun in Winter, and where the Family may <lb></lb>divert themſelves and enjoy the Shade in Sum<lb></lb>mer. </s> <s>It is manifeſt ſome Parts of the Houſe <lb></lb>are for the Family themſelves, and others for <pb xlink:href="003/01/123.jpg" pagenum="105"></pb>the Things neceſſary and uſeful to the Family. <lb></lb></s> <s>The Family conſiſts of the following Perſons: <lb></lb>The Husband, the Wife, their Children and <lb></lb>Relations, and all the different Sorts of Ser<lb></lb>vants attendant upon theſe; beſides which, <lb></lb>Gueſts too are to be reckoned as Part of the <lb></lb>Family. </s> <s>The Things uſeſul to the Family are <lb></lb>Proviſions and all Manner of Neceſſaries, ſuch <lb></lb>as Cloths, Arms, Books, and Horſes alſo. </s> <s>The <lb></lb>principal Member of the whole Building, is <lb></lb>that which (whatever Names others may give <lb></lb>it) I ſhall call the Court-yard with its Portico; <lb></lb>next to this is the Parlour, within this the Bed<lb></lb>chambers, and laſtly, the private Rooms for <lb></lb>the particular Uſes of each Perſon in the Fa<lb></lb>mily. </s> <s>The other Members of the Houſe are <lb></lb>ſufficiently known by their Uſes. </s> <s>The Court<lb></lb>yard therefore is the principal Member, to <lb></lb>which all the other ſmaller Members muſt cor<lb></lb>reſpond, as being in a Manner a publick Mar<lb></lb>ket-place to the whole Houſe, which from this <lb></lb>Court-yard derives all the Advantages of Com<lb></lb>munication and Light. </s> <s>For this Reaſon every <lb></lb>one deſires to have his Court-yard as ſpacious, <lb></lb>large, open, handſome and convenient as poſ<lb></lb>ſible. </s> <s>Some content themſelves with one Court<lb></lb>yard, others are for having more, and for en<lb></lb>cloſing them all with very high Walls, or ſome <lb></lb>with higher and ſome with lower; and they <lb></lb>are for having them ſome covered and others <lb></lb>open, and others again half covered and half <lb></lb>uncovered; in ſome they would have a Portico <lb></lb>only on one Side, in others on two or more, <lb></lb>and in others all round; and theſe Porticoes, <lb></lb>laſtly, ſome would build with flat, others with <lb></lb>arched Rooſs. </s> <s>Upon theſe Heads I have no<lb></lb>thing more to ſay, but that Regard muſt be had <lb></lb>to the Climate and Seaſon, and to Neceſſity <lb></lb>and Convenience; ſo as in cold Countries to <lb></lb>ward againſt the bleak North-wind, and the <lb></lb>Severity of the Air and Soil; and in hot Cli<lb></lb>mates, to avoid the troubleſome and ſcorching <lb></lb>Rays of the Sun. </s> <s>Admit the pleaſanteſt <lb></lb>Breezes on all Sides, and ſuch a grateſul Quan<lb></lb>tity of Light as is neceſſary; but do not let <lb></lb>your Court-yard be expoſed to any noxious <lb></lb>Vapours exhaled from any damp Place, nor to <lb></lb>frequent haſty Showers from ſome overlooking <lb></lb>Hill in the Neighbourhood. </s> <s>Exactly anſwer<lb></lb>ing the Middle of your Court-yard place your <lb></lb>Entrance, with a handſome Veſtibule, neither <lb></lb>narrow, difficult or obſcure. </s> <s>Let the firſt Room <lb></lb>that offers itſelf be a Chapel dedicated to God, <lb></lb>with its Altar, where Strangers and Gueſts may <lb></lb>offer their Devotions, beginning their Friend<lb></lb>ſhip by Religion; and where the Father of the <lb></lb>Family may put up his Prayers for the Peace <lb></lb>of his Houſe and the Welfare of his Relations. <lb></lb></s> <s>Here let him embrace thoſe who come to viſit <lb></lb>him, and if any Cauſe be referred to him by his <lb></lb>Friends, or he has any other ſerious Buſineſs <lb></lb>of that Nature to tranſact, let him do it in this <lb></lb>Place. </s> <s>Nothing is handſomer in the Middle <lb></lb>of the Portico, than Windows of Glaſs, through <lb></lb>which you may receive the Pleaſure either of <lb></lb>Sun or Air, according to the Seaſon. <emph type="italics"></emph>Martial<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end><lb></lb>ſays, that Windows looking to the South, re<lb></lb>ceive a pure Sun and a clear Light; and the <lb></lb>Ancients thought it beſt to place their Porti<lb></lb>coes fronting the South, becauſe the Sun in <lb></lb>Summer running his Courſe higher, did not <lb></lb>throw in his Rays, where they would enter in <lb></lb>Winter. </s> <s>The Proſpect of Hills to the South, <lb></lb>when thoſe Hills, on the Side which you have <lb></lb>a View of, are continually covered with Clouds <lb></lb>and Vapours, is not very pleaſant, if they are <lb></lb>at a great Diſtance; and if they are near, and <lb></lb>in a Manner juſt over your Head, they will <lb></lb>incommode you with chill Shadows and cold <lb></lb>Rimes; but if they are at a convenient Dif<lb></lb>tance, they are both pleaſant and convenient, <lb></lb>becauſe they defend you from the ſouthern <lb></lb>Winds. </s> <s>Hills towards the North reverberating <lb></lb>the Rays of the Sun, encreaſe the Heat; but at <lb></lb>a pretty good Diſtance, they are very delight<lb></lb>ful, becauſe the Clearneſs of the Air, which is <lb></lb>always ſerene in ſuch a Situation, and the <lb></lb>Brightneſs of the Sun, which it always enjoys, <lb></lb>is extremely chearful to the Sight. </s> <s>Hills to the <lb></lb>Eaſt and ſo likewiſe to the Weſt, will make <lb></lb>your Mornings cold and the Dews plentiſul, <lb></lb>if they are near you; but both, if at ſome toler<lb></lb>able Diſtance, are wonderfully Pleaſant. </s> <s>So <lb></lb>too, Rivers and Lakes are inconvenient if too <lb></lb>near, and afford no Delight, if too far off: <lb></lb>Whereas, on the Contrary, the Sea, if it is at <lb></lb>a large Diſtance, makes both your Air and Sun <lb></lb>unhealthy; but when it is cloſe to you, it does <lb></lb>you leſs Harm, becauſe then you have always <lb></lb>an Equality in your Air. </s> <s>Indeed there is this <lb></lb>to be ſaid, that when it is at a great Diſtance, <lb></lb>it encreaſes the Deſire we have to ſee it. </s> <s>There <lb></lb>is a good Deal too in the Point to which we <lb></lb>lie open to it: For if you are expoſed to the <lb></lb>Sea towards the South, it ſcorches you; if to<lb></lb>wards the Eaſt, it infeſts you with Damps; if <lb></lb>to the Weſt, it makes your Air cloudy and full <lb></lb>of Vapours; and if to the North, it chills you <lb></lb>with exceſſive Cold. </s> <s>From the Court-yard <lb></lb>we proceed to the Parlours, which muſt be <pb xlink:href="003/01/124.jpg" pagenum="106"></pb>contrived for different Seaſons, ſome to be uſed <lb></lb>n Summer, others in Winter; and others as we <lb></lb>may ſay in the middle Seaſons. </s> <s>Parlours for <lb></lb>Summer require Water and the Verdure of <lb></lb>Gardens; thoſe for Winter, muſt be warm and <lb></lb>have good Fire-places. </s> <s>Both ſhould be large, <lb></lb>pleaſant and delicate. </s> <s>There are many Ar<lb></lb>guments to convince us that Chimnies were in <lb></lb>Uſe among the Ancients; but not ſuch as ours <lb></lb>are now. </s> <s>One of the Ancients ſays, the Tops <lb></lb>of the Houſes ſmoke, <emph type="italics"></emph>Et fumant culmina tecti:<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end><lb></lb>And we find it continues the ſame all over <lb></lb><emph type="italics"></emph>Italy<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end> to this Day, except in <emph type="italics"></emph>Lombardy<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end> and <lb></lb><emph type="italics"></emph>Tuſcany,<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end> and that the Mouths of none of the <lb></lb>Chimnies riſe higher than the Tops of the <lb></lb>Houſes. <emph type="italics"></emph>Vitruvius<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end> ſays, that in Winter Par<lb></lb>lours it is ridiculous to adorn the Ceiling with <lb></lb>handſome Painting, becauſe it will be preſent<lb></lb>ly ſpoilt by the conſtant Smoke and continual <lb></lb>Fires; for which Reaſon the Ancients uſed to <lb></lb>paint thoſe Ceilings with Black, that it might <lb></lb>ſeem to be done by the Smoke itſelf. </s> <s>I find <lb></lb>too, that they made Uſe of a purified Sort of <lb></lb>Wood, that was quite clear of Smoke, like our <lb></lb>Charcoal, upon which Account it was a Diſ<lb></lb>pute among the Lawyers, whether or no Coal <lb></lb>was to come under the Denomination of Wood; <lb></lb>and therefore it is probable they generally uſed <lb></lb>moveable Hearths or Chafing-pans either of <lb></lb>Braſs or Iron, which they carried from Place to <lb></lb>Place where-everthey had Occaſion to make a <lb></lb>Fire. </s> <s>And perhaps that warlike Race of Men, <lb></lb>hardened by continual Incampments, did not <lb></lb>make ſo much Uſe of Fire as we do now; and <lb></lb>Phyſicians will not allow it wholeſome, to be <lb></lb>too much by the Fire-ſide. <emph type="italics"></emph>Ariſtotle<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end> ſays, <lb></lb>that the Fleſh of Animals gains its Firmneſs <lb></lb>and Solidity from Cold; and thoſe whoſe Buſi<lb></lb>neſs it is to take Notice of Things of this Na<lb></lb>ture have obſerved, that thoſe working Men <lb></lb>who are continually employed about the Fur<lb></lb>nace have generally dry wrinkled Skins; the <lb></lb>Reaſon of which they ſay is, becauſe the Jui<lb></lb>ces, of which the Fleſh is formed, are exhauſt<lb></lb>ed by the Fire, and evaporate in Steam. </s> <s>In <lb></lb><emph type="italics"></emph>Germany, Colchos,<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end> and other Places, where Fire <lb></lb>is abſolutely neceſſary againſt the extreme <lb></lb>Cold, they make Uſe of Stoves; of which we <lb></lb>ſhall ſpeak elſewhere. </s> <s>Let us return to the <lb></lb>Chimney, which may be beſt made ſerviceable <lb></lb>in the following Manner. </s> <s>It muſt be as direct <lb></lb>as poſſible, capacious, not too far from the <lb></lb>Light, it muſt not draw the Wind too much, <lb></lb>but enough however to carry up the Smoke, <lb></lb>which elſe would not go up the Tunnel. </s> <s>For <lb></lb>theſe Reaſons do not make it juſt in a Corner, <lb></lb>nor too far within the Wall, nor let it take up <lb></lb>the beſt Part of the Room where your chief <lb></lb>Gueſts ought to ſit. </s> <s>Do not let it be in<lb></lb>commoded by the Air either of Doors or Win<lb></lb>dows, nor ſhould it project too ſar out into the <lb></lb>Room. </s> <s>Let its Tunnel be very wide and car<lb></lb>ried up perpendicular, and let the Top of it <lb></lb>riſe above the higheſt Part of the whole Build<lb></lb>ing; and this not only upon Account of the <lb></lb>Danger of Fire, but alſo to prevent the Smoke <lb></lb>from being driven down the Chimney again by <lb></lb>any Eddy of Wind on the Top of the Houſe. <lb></lb></s> <s>Smoke being hot naturally mounts, and the <lb></lb>Heat of the Flame quickens its Aſcent: When <lb></lb>it comes therefore into the Tunnel of the <lb></lb>Chimney, it is compreſſed and ſtraitened as in <lb></lb>a Channel, and being puſhed on by the Heat <lb></lb>of the Fire, is thruſt out in the ſame Manner <lb></lb>as the Sound is out of a Trumpet. </s> <s>And as a <lb></lb>Trumpet, if it is too big, does not give a clear <lb></lb>Sound, becauſe the Air has Room to rowl about <lb></lb>in it; the ſame will hold good with Relation <lb></lb>to the Smoke in a Chimney. </s> <s>Let the Top of <lb></lb>the Chimney be covered to keep out Rain, and <lb></lb>all round the Sides let there be wide Holes for <lb></lb>the Paſſage of the Smoke, with Breaks projec<lb></lb>ting out between each Hole to keep off the <lb></lb>Violence of the Wind. </s> <s>Where this is not ſo <lb></lb>convenient, erect an upright Pin, and on it hang <lb></lb>a braſs Cover broad enough to take in the <lb></lb>whole Mouth of the Chimney, and let this Co<lb></lb>ver have a Vane at the Top like a Sort of <lb></lb>Creſt, which like a Helm may turn it round <lb></lb>according to the Wind. </s> <s>Another very good <lb></lb>Method alſo is to ſet on the Chimney Top ſome <lb></lb>Spire like a Hunter's Horn, either of Braſs or <lb></lb>baked Earth, broader at one End than the <lb></lb>other, with the broad End turned downwards <lb></lb>to the Mouth of the Chimney; by which <lb></lb>means the Smoke being received in at the <lb></lb>broad End, will force its Way out at the Nar<lb></lb>row, in Spite of the Wind. </s> <s>To the Parlours <lb></lb>we muſt accommodate the Kitchen, and the <lb></lb>Pantry for ſetting by what is left after Meals, <lb></lb>together with all Manner of Veſſels and Linen. <lb></lb></s> <s>The Kitchen ought to be neither juſt under the <lb></lb>Noſes of the Gueſts, nor at too great a Diſ<lb></lb>tance; but ſo that the Victuals may be brought <lb></lb>in neither too hot nor too cold, and that the <lb></lb>Noiſe of the Scullions, with the Clatter of <lb></lb>their Pans, Diſhes and other Utenſils, may not <lb></lb>be troubleſome. </s> <s>The Paſſage through which <lb></lb>the Victuals are to be carried, ſhould be hand<lb></lb>ſome and convenient, not open to the Weather, <pb xlink:href="003/01/125.jpg" pagenum="107"></pb>nor diſhonoured by any Filth that may offend <lb></lb>the Stomachs of the Gueſts. </s> <s>From the Par<lb></lb>lour the next Step is to the Bed-chamber; and <lb></lb>for a Man of Figure and Elegance, there ſhould <lb></lb>be different ones of theſe latter, as well as of <lb></lb>the former, for Summer and for Winter. </s> <s>This <lb></lb>puts me in Mind of <emph type="italics"></emph>Lucullus<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end>'s Saying, that it <lb></lb>is not fit a great Man ſhould be worſe lodged <lb></lb>than a Swallow or a Crane. </s> <s>However I ſhall <lb></lb>only ſet down ſuch Rules, with Relation to <lb></lb>theſe Apartments, as are compatible with the <lb></lb>greateſt Modeſty and Moderation. </s> <s>I remem<lb></lb>ber to have read in <emph type="italics"></emph>Æmilius Probus<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end> the Hiſto<lb></lb>rian, that among the <emph type="italics"></emph>Greeks<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end> it was never uſual <lb></lb>for the Wife to appear at Table, if any body <lb></lb>was there beſides Relations; and that the A<lb></lb>partments for the Women, were Parts of the <lb></lb>Houſe where no Men ever ſet his Foot except <lb></lb>the neareſt Kindred. </s> <s>And indeed I muſt own <lb></lb>I think the Apartments for the Ladies, ought <lb></lb>to be ſacred like Places dedicated to Religion <lb></lb>and Chaſtity. </s> <s>I am beſides for having the <lb></lb>Rooms particularly deſigned for Virgins and <lb></lb>young Ladies, fitted up in the neateſt and moſt <lb></lb>delicate Manner, that their tender Minds may <lb></lb>paſs their Time in them with leſs Regret and <lb></lb>be as little weary of themſelves as poſſible. </s> <s>The <lb></lb>Miſtreſs of the Family ſhould have an Apart<lb></lb>ment, in which ſhe may eaſily hear every <lb></lb>Thing that is done in the Houſe. </s> <s>However, <lb></lb>in theſe Particulars, the Cuſtoms of every <lb></lb>Country are always to be principally obſerved. <lb></lb></s> <s>The Husband and the Wife ſhould each have <lb></lb>a ſeparate Chamber, not only that the Wife, <lb></lb>either when ſhe lies in, or in Caſe of any other <lb></lb>Indiſpoſition, may not be troubleſome to her <lb></lb>Husband; but alſo that in Summer Time, <lb></lb>either of them may lie alone whenever they <lb></lb>think fit. </s> <s>Each of theſe Chambers ſhould have <lb></lb>its ſeparate Door, beſides which there ſhould <lb></lb>be a common Paſſage between them both, that <lb></lb>one may go to the other without being obſerv<lb></lb>ed by any body. </s> <s>The Wife's Chamber ſhould <lb></lb>go into the Wardrobe; the Husband's into the <lb></lb>Library. </s> <s>Their ancient Mother, who requires <lb></lb>Tranquility and Repoſe, ſhould have a warm <lb></lb>Chamber, well ſecured againſt the Cold, and <lb></lb>out of the Way of all Noiſes either from with<lb></lb>in or without. </s> <s>Be ſure particularly to let it <lb></lb>have a good Fire-place, and all other Conve<lb></lb>niencies neceſſary for an infirm Perſon, to com<lb></lb>fort and cheer both the Body and Mind. </s> <s>Out <lb></lb>of this Chamber let there be a Paſſage to the <lb></lb>Place where you keep your Treaſure. </s> <s>Here <lb></lb>place the Boys; and by the Wardrobe the <lb></lb>Girls, and near them the Lodgings for the <lb></lb>Nurſes. </s> <s>Strangers and Gueſts ſhould be lodged <lb></lb>in Chambers near the Veſtibule or Fore-gate; <lb></lb>that they may have full Freedom both in their <lb></lb>own Actions, and in receiving Viſits from their <lb></lb>Friends, without diſturbing the Reſt of the Fa<lb></lb>mily. </s> <s>The Sons of fixteen or ſeventeen Years <lb></lb>old, ſhould have Apartments oppoſite to the <lb></lb>Gueſts, or at leaſt not far from them, that <lb></lb>they may have an Opportunity to converſe and <lb></lb>grow familiar with them. </s> <s>The Strangers too <lb></lb>ſhould have ſome Place to themſelves, where <lb></lb>they may lock up any Thing private or valu<lb></lb>able, and take it out again whenever they <lb></lb>think fit. </s> <s>Next to the Lodgings of the young <lb></lb>Gentlemen, ſhould be the Place where the <lb></lb>Arms are kept. </s> <s>Stewards, Officers and Ser<lb></lb>vants ſhould be ſo lodged aſunder from the <lb></lb>Gentlemen, that each may have a convenient <lb></lb>Place, ſuitable to his reſpective Buſineſs. </s> <s>The <lb></lb>Maid-ſervants and Valets ſhould always be <lb></lb>within eaſy Call, to be ready upon any Occa<lb></lb>ſion that they are wanted for. </s> <s>The Butler's <lb></lb>Lodging ſhould be near both to the Vault and <lb></lb>Pantry. </s> <s>The Grooms ſhould lie near the Stable. <lb></lb></s> <s>The Saddle-horſes ought not to be kept in the <lb></lb>ſame Place with thoſe of Draught or Burthen; <lb></lb>and they ſhould be placed where they cannot <lb></lb>offend the Houſe with any Smells, nor pre<lb></lb>judice it by their Kicking, and out of all Danger <lb></lb>of Fire. </s> <s>Corn and all Manner of Grain is ſpoilt <lb></lb>by Moiſture, tarniſhed and turned pale by <lb></lb>Heat, ſhrunk by Wind, and rotted by the <lb></lb>Touch of Lime. </s> <s>Where-ever therefore you in<lb></lb>tend to lay it, whether in a Cave, Pit, Vault, <lb></lb>or on an open Area, be ſure that the Place be <lb></lb>thoroughly dry and perfectly clean and new <lb></lb>made. <emph type="italics"></emph>Joſephus<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end> affirms, that there was Corn <lb></lb>dug up near <emph type="italics"></emph>Siboli<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end> perfectly good and ſound, <lb></lb>though it had lain hid above an hundred <lb></lb>Years. </s> <s>Some ſay, that Barley laid in a warm <lb></lb>Place, will not ſpoil; but it will keep very <lb></lb>little above a Year. </s> <s>The Philoſophers tell us, <lb></lb>that Bodies are prepared ſor Corruption by <lb></lb>Moiſture, but are aſterwards actually corrupt<lb></lb>ed by Heat. </s> <s>If you make a Floor in your <lb></lb>Granary of Lees of Oil mixed with Potter's <lb></lb>Clay and Spart or Straw chopt ſmall, and beat <lb></lb>well together, your Grain will keep ſound up<lb></lb>on it a great While, and be neither ſpoilt by <lb></lb>Weevil nor ſtolen by the Ant. </s> <s>Granaries de<lb></lb>ſigned only for Seeds are beſt built of unbaked <lb></lb>Bricks. </s> <s>The North-wind is leſs prejudicial <lb></lb>than the South to all Stores of Seeds and Fruits; <lb></lb>but any Wind whatſoever blowing from damp <pb xlink:href="003/01/126.jpg" pagenum="108"></pb>Places will fill them with Maggots and Worms; <lb></lb>andany conſtant impetuous Wind willmake them <lb></lb>ſhrivelled and withered. </s> <s>For Pulſe and eſpe<lb></lb>cially Beans make a Floor of Aſhes mixed with <lb></lb>Lees and Oil. </s> <s>Keep Apples in ſome very cloſe, <lb></lb>but cool boarded Room. <emph type="italics"></emph>Ariſtotle<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end> is of Opi<lb></lb>nion, that they will keep the whole Year round <lb></lb>in Bladders blown up and tied cloſe. </s> <s>The In<lb></lb>conſtancy of the Air is what ſpoils every <lb></lb>Thing; and therefore keep every Breath of it <lb></lb>from your Apples, if poſſible; and particularly <lb></lb>the North-wind, which is thought to ſhrivel <lb></lb>them up. </s> <s>We are told that Vaults for Wine <lb></lb>ſhould lie deep under Ground, and be very cloſe <lb></lb>ſtopt up; and yet there are ſome Wines which <lb></lb>decay in the Shade. </s> <s>Wine is ſpoilt by the <lb></lb>Eaſtern, Southern and Weſtern Winds, and <lb></lb>eſpecially in the Winter or the Spring. </s> <s>If it is <lb></lb>touched even by the North-wind in the Dog<lb></lb>days, it will receive Injury. </s> <s>The Rays of the <lb></lb>Sun make it heady; thoſe of the Moon, thick. <lb></lb></s> <s>If it is in the leaſt ſtirred, it loſes its Spirit and <lb></lb>grows weak. </s> <s>Wine will take any Smell that <lb></lb>is near it, and will grow dead near a Stink. <lb></lb></s> <s>When it is kept in a dry cool Place, always <lb></lb>equally tempered, it will remain good for many <lb></lb>Years. </s> <s>Wine, ſays <emph type="italics"></emph>Columella,<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end> ſo long as it is <lb></lb>kept cool, ſo long it will keep good. </s> <s>Make <lb></lb>your Vault for Wine therefore in a ſteady <lb></lb>Place, never ſhaken by any Sort of Carriages; <lb></lb>and its Sides and Lights ſhould be towards the <lb></lb>North. </s> <s>All Manner of Filth and ill Smells, <lb></lb>Damps, Vapours, Smoke, the Stinks of all <lb></lb>Sorts of rotten Garden-ſtuff, Onions, Cabbage, <lb></lb>wild or domeſtick Figs, ſhould by all Means <lb></lb>be quite ſhut out. </s> <s>Let the Floor of your Vault <lb></lb>be pargetted, and in the Middle make a little <lb></lb>Trench, to ſave any Wine that may be ſpilt by <lb></lb>the Fault of the Veſſels. </s> <s>Some make their <lb></lb>Veſſels themſelves of Stue or Stone. </s> <s>The big<lb></lb>ger the Veſſel is, the more Spirit and Strength <lb></lb>will be in the Wine. </s> <s>Oil delights in a warm <lb></lb>Shade, and cannot endure any cold Wind; and <lb></lb>is ſpoilt by Smoke or any other Steam. </s> <s>We <lb></lb>ſhall not dwell upon coarſer Matters; namely, <lb></lb>how there ought to be two Places for keeping <lb></lb>Dung in, one for the Old, and another for the <lb></lb>New; that it loves the Sun and Moiſture, and <lb></lb>is dried up and exhauſted by the Wind; but <lb></lb>ſhall only give this general Rule, that thoſe <lb></lb>Places which are moſt liable to Danger by Fire, <lb></lb>as Hay-lofts and the like, and thoſe which are <lb></lb>unpleaſant either to the Sight or Smell, ought <lb></lb>to be ſet out of the Way and ſeparated by <lb></lb>themſelves. </s> <s>It may not be amiſs juſt to men<lb></lb>tion here, that the Dung of Oxen will not <lb></lb>breed Scrpents. </s> <s>But there is one filthy Prac<lb></lb>tiſe which I cannot help taking Notice of. </s> <s>We <lb></lb>take Care in the Country to ſet the Dunghill <lb></lb>out of the Way in ſome remote Corner, that <lb></lb>the Smell may not offend our Ploughmen; <lb></lb>and yet in our own Houſes, in our beſt Cham<lb></lb>bers (where we ourſelves are to reſt) and as it <lb></lb>were at our very Bolſters, we are ſo unpolite as <lb></lb>to make ſecret Privies, or rather Store-rooms of <lb></lb>Stink. </s> <s>If a Man is Sick, let him make uſe of <lb></lb>a Cloſe-ſtool; but when he is in Health, ſure<lb></lb>ly ſuch Naſtineſs cannot be too far off. </s> <s>It is <lb></lb>worth obſerving how careful Birds are, and par<lb></lb>ticularly Swallows, to keep their Neſts clean <lb></lb>and neat for their young ones. </s> <s>The Example <lb></lb>Nature herein ſets us is wonderful. </s> <s>Even the <lb></lb>young Swallows, as ſoon as ever Time has <lb></lb>ſtrengthened their Limbs will never Mute, but <lb></lb>out of the Neſt; and the old ones, to keep the <lb></lb>Filth at a ſtill greater Diſtance, will catch it <lb></lb>in their Bills as it is falling, to carry it further <lb></lb>off from their own Neſt. </s> <s>Since Nature has <lb></lb>given us this excellent Inſtruction, I think we <lb></lb>ought by no means to neglect it.</s></p><p type="head"> <s>CHAP. XVIII.</s></p><p type="main"> <s><emph type="italics"></emph>The Difference between the Country Houſe and Town Houſe for the Rich. <lb></lb></s> <s>The Habitations of the middling Sort ought to reſemble thoſe of the Rich; <lb></lb>at leaſt in Proportion to their Circumſtances. </s> <s>Buildings ſhould be contrived <lb></lb>more for Summer, than for Winter.<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end></s></p><p type="main"> <s>The Country Houſe and Town Houſe <lb></lb>for the Rich differ in this Circum<lb></lb>ſtance; that they uſe their Country Houſe <lb></lb>chiefly for a Habitation in the Summer, and <lb></lb>their Town Houſe as a convenient Place of <lb></lb>Shelter in the Winter. </s> <s>In their Country Houſe <lb></lb>therefore they enjoy the Pleaſures of Light, <lb></lb>Air, ſpacious Walks and fine Proſpects; in <pb xlink:href="003/01/127.jpg" pagenum="109"></pb>Town, there are but few Pleaſures, but thoſe <lb></lb>of Luxury and the Night. </s> <s>It is ſufficient there<lb></lb>fore if in Town they can have an Abode that <lb></lb>does not want any Conveniencies for living <lb></lb>with Health, Dignity and Politeneſs: But yet, <lb></lb>as far as the Want of Room and Proſpect will <lb></lb>admit, our Habitation in Town ſhould not be <lb></lb>without any of the Delicacies of that in the <lb></lb>Country. </s> <s>We ſhould be ſure to have a good <lb></lb>Court-yard, Portico, Places for Exerciſe, and <lb></lb>ſome Garden. </s> <s>If you are crampt for Room, <lb></lb>and cannot make all your Conveniencies upon <lb></lb>one Floor, make ſeveral Stories, by which <lb></lb>means you may make the Members of your <lb></lb>Houſe as large as is neceſſary; and if the Na<lb></lb>ture of your Foundation will allow it, dig <lb></lb>Places under Ground for your Wines, Oil, Wood, <lb></lb>and even ſome Part of your Family, and ſuch <lb></lb>a Baſement will add Majeſty to your whole <lb></lb>Structure. </s> <s>Thus you may build as many Stories <lb></lb>as you pleaſe, till you have fully provided for <lb></lb>all the Occaſions of your Family. </s> <s>The prin<lb></lb>cipal Parts may be allotted to the principal Oc<lb></lb>caſions; and the moſt Honourable, to the moſt <lb></lb>Honourable. </s> <s>No Store-rooms ſhould be want<lb></lb>ing for laying up Corn, Fruits, and all Manner <lb></lb>of Tools, Implements and Houſhold-ſtuff; <lb></lb>nor Places for divine Worſhip; nor Wardrobes <lb></lb>for the Women. </s> <s>Nor muſt you be without <lb></lb>convenient Store-rooms for laying up Cloaths <lb></lb>deſigned for your Family to wear only on Ho<lb></lb>lidays, and Arms both deſenſive and offenſive, <lb></lb>Implements for all Sorts of Works in Wool, <lb></lb>Preparations for the Entertainment of Gueſts, <lb></lb>and all Manner of Neceſſaries for any extraor<lb></lb>dinary Occaſions. </s> <s>There ſhould be different <lb></lb>Places for thoſe Things that are not wanted <lb></lb>above once a Month, or perhaps once a Year, <lb></lb>and for thoſe that are in Uſe every Day. </s> <s>Every <lb></lb>one of which, though they cannot be always <lb></lb>kept lockt up in Store-rooms, ought however <lb></lb>to be kept in ſome Place where they may be <lb></lb>conſtantly in Sight; and eſpecially ſuch Things <lb></lb>as are ſeldomeſt in Uſe; becauſe thoſe Things <lb></lb>which are moſt in Sight, are leaſt in Danger <lb></lb>of Thieves. </s> <s>The Habitations of middling Peo<lb></lb>ple ought to reſemble the Delicacy of thoſe of <lb></lb>the richer Sort, in Proportion to their Circum<lb></lb>ſtances; ſtill imitating them with ſuch Mode<lb></lb>ration, as not to run into a greater Expence <lb></lb>than they can well ſupport. </s> <s>The Country <lb></lb>Houſes for theſe, therefore, ſhould be contrived <lb></lb>with little leſs Regard to their Flocks and <lb></lb>Herds, than to their Wives. </s> <s>Their Dove<lb></lb>houſe, Fiſh-ponds, and the like ſhould be leſs <lb></lb>for Pleaſure, than for Proſit: But yet their <lb></lb>Country Houſe ſhould be built in ſuch a Man<lb></lb>ner, that the Wife may like the Abode, and <lb></lb>look after her Buſineſs in it with Pleaſure; nor <lb></lb>ſhould we have our Eye ſo entirely upon Pro<lb></lb>fit, as to neglect the Health of the Inhabitants. <lb></lb></s> <s>Whenever we have Occaſion for Change of <lb></lb>Air, <emph type="italics"></emph>Celſus<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end> adviſes us to take it in Winter; for <lb></lb>our Bodies will grow accuſtomed to Winter <lb></lb>Colds, with leſs Danger of our Health than to <lb></lb>Summer Heats. </s> <s>But we, on the Contrary, are <lb></lb>fond of going to our Country Houſes chiefly <lb></lb>in Summer; we ought therefore to take Care <lb></lb>to have that the moſt Healthy. </s> <s>As for the <lb></lb>Town Houſe for a Tradeſman, more Regard <lb></lb>muſt be had to the Conveniency of his Shop, <lb></lb>from whence his Gain and Livelihood is to <lb></lb>ariſe than to the Beauty of his Parlour; the <lb></lb>beſt Situation for this is, in Croſs-ways, at a <lb></lb>Corner; in a Market-place or Square, in the <lb></lb>Middle of the Place; in a High-ſtreet, ſome <lb></lb>remarkable jutting out; inaſmuch as his chief <lb></lb>Deſign is to draw the Eyes of Cuſtomers. </s> <s>In <lb></lb>the middle Parts of his Houſe he need have no <lb></lb>Partitions but of unbaked Bricks and common <lb></lb>Plaiſter; but in the Front and Sides, as he can<lb></lb>not always be ſure of having honeſt Neighbours, <lb></lb>he muſt make his Walls ſtronger againſt the <lb></lb>Aſſaults both of Men and Weather. </s> <s>He ſhould <lb></lb>alſo build his Houſe either at ſuch a proper <lb></lb>Diſtance from his next Neighbour's, that there <lb></lb>may be room for the Air to dry the Walls af<lb></lb>ter any Rain; or ſo cloſe, that the Water may <lb></lb>run off from both in the ſame Gutter; and let <lb></lb>the Top of the Houſe, and the Gutters parti<lb></lb>cularly, have a very good Slope, that the Rain <lb></lb>may neither lie ſoaking too long, nor daſh back <lb></lb>into the Houſe; but be carried away as quick <lb></lb>and as clear as poſſible. </s> <s>There remains no<lb></lb>thing now but to recollect ſome few Rules laid <lb></lb>down in the firſt Book, and which ſeem to be<lb></lb>long to this Head. </s> <s>Let thoſe Parts of the <lb></lb>Building which are to be particularly ſecure <lb></lb>againſt Fire, and the Injuries of the Weather, <lb></lb>or which are to be cloſer or freer from Noiſe, <lb></lb>be all vaulted; ſo likewiſe ſhould all Places un<lb></lb>der Ground: But for Rooms above Ground, <lb></lb>flat Ceilings are wholeſomer. </s> <s>Thoſe which <lb></lb>require the cleareſt Light, ſuch as the common <lb></lb>Parlour, the Portico, and eſpecially the Library, <lb></lb>ſhould be ſituated full Eaſt? </s> <s>Thoſe Things <lb></lb>which are injured by Moths, Ruſt or Milldew, <lb></lb>ſuch as Cloaths, Books, Arms, and all Manner <pb xlink:href="003/01/128.jpg" pagenum="110"></pb>of Proviſions, ſhould be kept towards the <lb></lb>South or Weſt. </s> <s>If there be Occaſion for an <lb></lb>equal conſtant Light, ſuch as is neceſſary for <lb></lb>Painters, Writers, Sculptors and the like, let <lb></lb>them have it from the North. </s> <s>Laſtly, let all <lb></lb>Summer Apartments ſtand open to the Northern <lb></lb>Winds, all Winter ones to the South, and all <lb></lb>thoſe for Spring and Autumn to the Eaſt. </s> <s>Baths <lb></lb>and ſupper Parlours for the Spring Seaſon ſhould <lb></lb>be towards the Weſt. </s> <s>And if you cannot poſ<lb></lb>ſibly have all theſe exactly according to your <lb></lb>Wiſh, at leaſt chuſe out the moſt convenient <lb></lb>Places for your Summer Apartments: For in<lb></lb>deed, in my Opinion, a wiſe Man ſhould build <lb></lb>rather for Summer than for Winter. </s> <s>We may <lb></lb>eaſily arm ourſelves againſt the Cold by ma<lb></lb>king all cloſe, and keeping good Fires; but <lb></lb>many more Things are requiſite againſt Heat, <lb></lb>and even all will ſometimes be no great Re<lb></lb>lief. </s> <s>Let Winter Rooms therefore be ſmall, <lb></lb>low and little Windows, and Summer ones, on <lb></lb>the Contrary, large, ſpacious, and open to cool <lb></lb>Breezes, but not to the Sun or the hot Air <lb></lb>that comes from it. </s> <s>A great Quantity of Air <lb></lb>incloſed in a large Room, is like a great Quan<lb></lb>tity of Water, not eaſily heated.</s></p><p type="head"> <s><emph type="italics"></emph>The End of Book<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end> V.<lb></lb><figure id="id.003.01.128.1.jpg" xlink:href="003/01/128/1.jpg"></figure></s></p><pb xlink:href="003/01/129.jpg"></pb><figure id="id.003.01.129.1.jpg" xlink:href="003/01/129/1.jpg"></figure><p type="head"> <s>THE <lb></lb><emph type="bold"></emph>ARCHITECTURE<emph.end type="bold"></emph.end><lb></lb>OF <lb></lb><emph type="bold"></emph><emph type="italics"></emph>Leone Batiſta Alberti.<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end><emph.end type="bold"></emph.end></s></p><p type="head"> <s>BOOK VI. CHAP. I.</s></p><p type="main"> <s><emph type="italics"></emph>Of the Reaſon and Difficulty of the Author's Undertaking, whereby it appears <lb></lb>how much Pains, Study and Application he has employed in writing upon <lb></lb>theſe Matters.<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end></s></p><p type="main"> <s>In the five preceding Books we have <lb></lb>treated of the Deſigns, of the Ma<lb></lb>terials for the Work, of the Work<lb></lb>men, and of every Thing elſe that <lb></lb>appeared neceſſary to the Con<lb></lb>ſtruction of an Ediſice, whether publick or <lb></lb>private, ſacred or profane, ſo far as related to <lb></lb>its being made ſtrong againſt all Injuries of <lb></lb>Weather, and convenient for its reſpective Uſe, <lb></lb>as to Times Places, Men and Things: With <lb></lb>how much Care we have treated of all theſe <lb></lb>Matters, you may ſee by the Books themſelves, <lb></lb>from whence you may judge whether it was <lb></lb>poſſible to do it with much greater. </s> <s>The La<lb></lb>bour indeed was much more than I could have <lb></lb>foreſeen at the Beginning of this Undertaking. <lb></lb></s> <s>Continual Difficulties every Moment aroſe <lb></lb>either in explaining the Matter, or inventing <lb></lb>Names, or methodizing the Subject, which per<lb></lb>ſectly conſounded me, and diſheartened me <lb></lb>from my Undertaking. </s> <s>On the other Hand, <lb></lb>the ſame Reaſons which induced me to be be<lb></lb>gin this Work, preſſed and encouraged me to <lb></lb>proceed. </s> <s>It grieved me that ſo many great <lb></lb>and noble Inſtructions of ancient Authors <lb></lb>ſhould be loſt by the Injury of Time, ſo that <lb></lb>ſcarce any but <emph type="italics"></emph>Vitruvius<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end> has eſcaped this ge<lb></lb>neral Wreek: A Writer indeed of univerſal <lb></lb>Knowledge, but ſo maimed by Age, that in <lb></lb>many Places there are great Chaſms, and many <lb></lb>Things imperfect in others. </s> <s>Beſides this, his <lb></lb>Style is abſolutely void of all Ornaments, and <lb></lb>he wrote in ſuch a Manner, that to the <emph type="italics"></emph>Latins<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end><lb></lb>he ſeems to write <emph type="italics"></emph>Greek,<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end> and to the <emph type="italics"></emph>Greeks, <lb></lb>Latin:<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end> But indeed it is plain from the Book <lb></lb>itſelf, that he wrote neither <emph type="italics"></emph>Greek<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end> nor <emph type="italics"></emph>Latin,<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end><lb></lb>and he might almoſt as well have never <lb></lb>wrote at all, at leaſt with Regard to us, ſince <lb></lb>we cannot underſtand him. </s> <s>There remained <lb></lb>many Examples of the ancient Works, Temples <lb></lb>and Theatres, from whence, as from the moſt <lb></lb>skilful Maſters, a great deal was to be learn<lb></lb>ed; but theſe I ſaw, and with Tears I ſaw it, <lb></lb>mouldering away daily. </s> <s>I obſerved too that <lb></lb>thoſe who in theſe Days happen to undertake <lb></lb>any new Structure, generally ran after the <lb></lb>Whims of the Moderns, inſtead of being de<lb></lb>lighted and directed by the Juſtneſs of more <lb></lb>noble Works. </s> <s>By this Means it was plain, that <lb></lb>this Part of Knowledge, and in a Manner of <lb></lb>Life itſelf, was likely in a ſhort Time to be <lb></lb>wholly loſt. </s> <s>In this unhappy State of Things, <lb></lb>I could not help having it long, and often, in <lb></lb>my Thoughts to write upon this Subject my<lb></lb>ſelf. </s> <s>At the ſame Time I conſidered that in <lb></lb>the Examination of ſo many noble and uſeful <pb xlink:href="003/01/130.jpg" pagenum="112"></pb>Matters, and ſo neceſſary to Mankind; it would <lb></lb>be a Shame to neglect any of thoſe Obſervati<lb></lb>ons which voluntarily offered themſelves to me; <lb></lb>and I thought it the Duty of an honeſt and <lb></lb>ſtudious Mind, to endeavour to free this Sci<lb></lb>ence, for which the moſt Learned among the <lb></lb>Ancients had always a very great Eſteem, from <lb></lb>its preſent Ruin and Oppreſſion. </s> <s>Thus I ſtood <lb></lb>doubtful, and knew not how to reſolve, whe<lb></lb>ther I ſhould drop my Deſign, or go on. </s> <s>At <lb></lb>length my Love and Inclination for theſe Stu<lb></lb>dies prevailed; and what I wanted in Capacity, <lb></lb>I made up in Diligence and Application. </s> <s>There <lb></lb>was not the leaſt Remain of any ancient Struc<lb></lb>ture, that had any Merit in it, but what I went <lb></lb>and examined, to ſee if any Thing was to be <lb></lb>learned from it. </s> <s>Thus I was continually ſearch<lb></lb>ing, conſidering, meaſuring and making <lb></lb>Draughts of every Thing I could hear of, till <lb></lb>ſuch Time as I had made myſelf perfect Ma<lb></lb>ſter of every Contrivance or Invention that had <lb></lb>been uſed in thoſe ancient Remains; and thus <lb></lb>I alleviated the Fatigue of writing, by the <lb></lb>Thirſt and Pleaſure of gaining Information. <lb></lb></s> <s>And indeed the Collecting together, rehearſing <lb></lb>without Meanneſs, reducing into a juſt Method, <lb></lb>writing in an accurate Style, and explaining <lb></lb>perſpicuouſly ſo many various Matters, ſo un<lb></lb>equal, ſo diſperſed, and ſo remote from the <lb></lb>common Uſe and Knowledge of Mankind, <lb></lb>certainly required a greater Genius, and more <lb></lb>Learning than I can pretend to. </s> <s>But ſtill I <lb></lb>ſhall not repent of my Labour, if I have only <lb></lb>effected what I chiefly propoſed to myſelf, <lb></lb>namely, to be clear and intelligible to the <lb></lb>Reader, rather than Eloquent. </s> <s>How difficult <lb></lb>a Thing this is, in handling Subjects of this <lb></lb>Nature, is better known to thoſe who have <lb></lb>attempted it, then believed by thoſe who never <lb></lb>tried it. </s> <s>And I flatter myſelf, it will at leaſt <lb></lb>be allowed me, that I have wrote according to <lb></lb>the Rules of this Language, and in no obſcure <lb></lb>Style. </s> <s>We ſhall endeavour to do the ſame in <lb></lb>the remaining Parts of this Work. </s> <s>Of the <lb></lb>three Properties required in all Manner of <lb></lb>Buildings, namely, that they be accommoda<lb></lb>ted to their reſpective Purpoſes, ſtout and <lb></lb>ſtrong for Duration, and pleaſant and delight<lb></lb>ful to the Sight, we have diſpatched the two <lb></lb>firſt, and are now to treat of the third, which <lb></lb>is by much the moſt Noble of all, and very <lb></lb>neceſſary beſides.</s></p><p type="head"> <s>CHAP. II.</s></p><p type="main"> <s><emph type="italics"></emph>Of Beauty and Ornament, their Effects and Difference, that they are owing <lb></lb>to Art and Exactneſs of Proportion; as alſo of the Birth and Progreſs <lb></lb>of Arts.<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end></s></p><p type="main"> <s>It is generally allowed, that the Pleaſure and <lb></lb>Delight which we feel on the View of any <lb></lb>Building, ariſe from nothing elſe but Beauty <lb></lb>and Ornament, ſince there is hardly any Man <lb></lb>ſo melancholy or ſtupid, ſo rough or unpoliſh<lb></lb>ed, but what is very much pleaſed with what <lb></lb>is beautiful, and purſues thoſe Things which <lb></lb>are moſt adorned, and rejects the unadorned <lb></lb>and neglected; and if in any Thing that he <lb></lb>Views he perceives any Ornament is wanting, <lb></lb>he declares that there is ſomething deficient <lb></lb>which would make the Work more delightful <lb></lb>and noble. </s> <s>We ſhould therefore conſult Beauty <lb></lb>as one of the main and principal Requiſites in <lb></lb>any Thing which we have a Mind ſhould pleaſe <lb></lb>others. </s> <s>How neceſſary our Forefathers, Men <lb></lb>remarkable for their Wiſdom, looked upon this <lb></lb>to be, appears, as indeed from almoſt every <lb></lb>thing they did, ſo particularly from their Laws, <lb></lb>their Militia, their ſacred and all other pub<lb></lb>lick Ceremonies; which it is almoſt incredible <lb></lb>what Pains they took to adorn; inſomuch that <lb></lb>one would almoſt imagine they had a Mind to <lb></lb>have it thought, that all theſe Things (ſo ab<lb></lb>ſolutely neceſſary to the Life of Mankind) if <lb></lb>ſtript of their Pomp and Ornament, would be <lb></lb>ſomewhat ſtupid and inſipid. </s> <s>When we lift <lb></lb>up our Eyes to Heaven, and view the wonder<lb></lb>ful Works of God, we admire him more for <lb></lb>the Beauties which we ſee, than for the Con<lb></lb>veniencies which we feel and derive from <lb></lb>them. </s> <s>But what Occaſion is there to inſiſt upon <lb></lb>this? </s> <s>When weſee that Nature conſults Beauty <lb></lb>in a Manner to exceſs, in every Thing ſhe does, <lb></lb>even in painting the Flowers of the Field. </s> <s>If <lb></lb>Beauty therefore is neceſſary in any Thing, it <lb></lb>is ſo particularly in Building, which can never <lb></lb>be without it, without giving Offence both to <lb></lb>the Skilful and the Ignorant. </s> <s>How are we <lb></lb>moved by a huge ſhapeleſs ill-contrived Pile <pb xlink:href="003/01/131.jpg" pagenum="113"></pb>of Stones? </s> <s>the greater it is, the more we blame <lb></lb>the Folly of the Expence, and condemn the <lb></lb>Builder's inconſiderate Luſt of heaping up Stone <lb></lb>upon Stone without Contrivance. </s> <s>The having <lb></lb>ſatisfied Neceſſity is a very ſmall Matter, and <lb></lb>the having provided for Conveniency affords <lb></lb>no Manner of Pleaſure, where you are ſhocked <lb></lb>by the Deformity of the Work. </s> <s>Add to this, <lb></lb>that the very Thing we ſpeak of is itſelf no <lb></lb>ſmall help to Conveniency and Duration: For <lb></lb>who will deny that it is much more convenient <lb></lb>to be lodged in a neat handſome Structure, <lb></lb>than in a naſty ill-contrived Hole? </s> <s>or can any <lb></lb>Building be made ſo ſtrong by all the Contri<lb></lb>vance of Art, as to be ſafe from Violence and <lb></lb>Force? </s> <s>But Beauty will have ſuch an Effect <lb></lb>even upon an enraged Enemy, that it will diſ<lb></lb>arm his Anger, and prevent him from offering <lb></lb>it any Injury: Inſomuch that I will be bold to <lb></lb>ſay, there can be no greater Security to any <lb></lb>Work againſt Violence and Injury, than Beau<lb></lb>ty and Dignity. </s> <s>Your whole Care, Diligence <lb></lb>and Expence, therefore ſhould all tend to this, <lb></lb>that whatever you build may be not only uſe<lb></lb>ful and convenient, but alſo handſomely <lb></lb>adorned, and by that means delightful to the <lb></lb>Sight, that whoever views it may own the Ex<lb></lb>pence could never have been better beſtowed. <lb></lb></s> <s>But what Beauty and Ornament are in them<lb></lb>ſelves, and what Difference there is between <lb></lb>them, may perhaps be eaſier for the Reader to <lb></lb>conceive in his Mind, than for me to explain <lb></lb>by Words. </s> <s>In order therefore to be as brief <lb></lb>as poſſible, I ſhall define Beauty to be a Har<lb></lb>mony of all the Parts, in whatſoever Subject it <lb></lb>appears, fitted together with ſuch Proportion <lb></lb>and Connection, that nothing could be added, <lb></lb>diminiſhed or altered, but for the Worſe. </s> <s>A <lb></lb>Quality ſo Noble and Divine, that the whole <lb></lb>Force of Wit and Art has been ſpent to pro<lb></lb>cure it; and it is but very rarely granted to any <lb></lb>one, or even to Nature herſelf, to produce any <lb></lb>Thing every Way perfect and compleat. </s> <s>How <lb></lb>extraordinary a Thing (ſays the Perſon intro<lb></lb>duced in <emph type="italics"></emph>Tully<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end>) is a handſome Youth in <emph type="italics"></emph>Athens!<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end><lb></lb>This Critick in Beauty found that there was <lb></lb>ſomething deficient or ſuperfluous, in the Per<lb></lb>ſons he diſliked, which was not compatible <lb></lb>with the Perfection of Beauty, which I imagine <lb></lb>might have been obtained by Means of Orna<lb></lb>ment, by painting and concealing any Thing <lb></lb>that was deformed, and trimming and poliſhing <lb></lb>what was handſome; ſo that the unſightly <lb></lb>Parts might have given leſs Offence, and the <lb></lb>more lovely more Delight. </s> <s>If this be grant<lb></lb>ed we may define Ornament to be a Kind of <lb></lb>an auxiliary Brightneſs and Improvement to <lb></lb>Beauty. </s> <s>So that then Beauty is ſomewhat <lb></lb>lovely which is proper and innate, and diffuſed <lb></lb>over the whole Body, and Ornament ſome<lb></lb>what added or faſtened on, rather than proper <lb></lb>and innate. </s> <s>To return therefore where we <lb></lb>leſt off. </s> <s>Whoever would build ſo as to have <lb></lb>their Building commended, which every rea<lb></lb>ſonable Man would deſire, muſt build accord<lb></lb>ing to a Juſtneſs of Proportion, and this Juſt<lb></lb>neſs of Proportion muſt be owing to Art. </s> <s>Who <lb></lb>therefore will affirm, that a handſome and juſt <lb></lb>Structure can be raiſed any otherwiſe than by <lb></lb>the Means of Art? </s> <s>and conſequently this Part <lb></lb>of Building, which relates to Beauty and Orna<lb></lb>ment, being the Chief of all the Reſt, muſt <lb></lb>without doubt be directed by ſome ſure Rules <lb></lb>of Art and Proportion, which whoever ne<lb></lb>glects will make himſelf ridiculous. </s> <s>But there <lb></lb>are ſome who will by no means allow of this, <lb></lb>and ſay that Men are guided by a Variety of <lb></lb>Opinions in their Judgment of Beauty and of <lb></lb>Buildings; and that the Forms of Structures <lb></lb>muſt vary according to every Man's particular <lb></lb>Taſte and Fancy, and not be tied down to any <lb></lb>Rules of Art. </s> <s>A common Thing with the <lb></lb>Ignorant, to deſpiſe what they do not under<lb></lb>ſtand! It may not therefore be amiſs to confute <lb></lb>this Error; not that I think it neceſſary to <lb></lb>enter into a long Diſcuſſion about the Origin <lb></lb>of Arts, from what Principles they were de<lb></lb>duced, and by what Methods improved. </s> <s>I <lb></lb>ſhall only take Notice that all Arts were begot <lb></lb>by Chance and Obſervation, and nurſed by <lb></lb>Uſe and Experience, and improved and per<lb></lb>fected by Reaſon and Study. </s> <s>Thus we are <lb></lb>told that Phyſick was invented in a thouſand <lb></lb>Years by a thouſand thouſand Men; and ſo too <lb></lb>the Art of Navigation; as, indeed, all other <lb></lb>Arts have grown up by Degrees from the ſmall<lb></lb>eſt Beginnings.</s></p><pb xlink:href="003/01/132.jpg" pagenum="114"></pb><p type="head"> <s>CHAP. III.</s></p><p type="head"> <s><emph type="italics"></emph>That Architecture began in<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end> Aſia, <emph type="italics"></emph>flouriſhed in<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end> Greece, <emph type="italics"></emph>and was brought to <lb></lb>Perfection in<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end> Italy.</s></p><p type="main"> <s>The Art of Building, as far as I can <lb></lb>gather from the Works of the Ancients, <lb></lb>ſpent the firſt Vigour of its Youth (if I may <lb></lb>be allowed that Expreſſion) in <emph type="italics"></emph>Aſia:<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end> It after<lb></lb>wards flouriſhed among the <emph type="italics"></emph>Greeks;<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end> and at <lb></lb>laſt came to its full Maturity in <emph type="italics"></emph>Italy.<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end></s><s> And <lb></lb>this Account ſeems very probable; for the <lb></lb>Kings of <emph type="italics"></emph>Aſia<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end> abounding in Wealth and Lei<lb></lb>ſure, when they came to conſider themſelves, <lb></lb>their own Riches, and the Greatneſs and Ma<lb></lb>jeſty of their Empire, and found that they had <lb></lb>Occaſion for larger and nobler Habitations, <lb></lb>they began to ſearch out and collect every <lb></lb>Thing that might ſerve to this Purpoſe; and <lb></lb>in order to make their Buildings larger and <lb></lb>handſomer, began perhaps with building their <lb></lb>Roofs of larger Timbers, and their Walls of a <lb></lb>better Sort of Stone. </s> <s>This ſhewed noble and <lb></lb>great, and not unhandſome. </s> <s>Then finding <lb></lb>that ſuch Works were admired for being very <lb></lb>large, and imagining that a King was obliged <lb></lb>to do ſomething which private Men could not <lb></lb>effect, theſe great Monarchs began to be de<lb></lb>lighted with huge Works, which they fell to <lb></lb>raiſing with a Kind of Emulation of one an<lb></lb>other, till they came to erecting thoſe wild im<lb></lb>menſe Moles, the Pyramids. </s> <s>Hereupon I ima<lb></lb>gine that by frequent Building they began to <lb></lb>find out the Difference that there was between <lb></lb>a Structure built in one Manner, and one built <lb></lb>in another, and ſo getting ſome Notion of <lb></lb>Beauty and Proportion, began to neglect thoſe <lb></lb>Things which wanted thoſe Qualities. <emph type="italics"></emph>Greece<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end><lb></lb>came next; which flouriſhing in excellent <lb></lb>Geniuſſes and Men of Learning, paſſionately <lb></lb>deſirous of adorning their Country, began to <lb></lb>erect Temples and other publick Structures. <lb></lb></s> <s>They then thought fit to look abroad and take <lb></lb>a more careful View of the Works of the <emph type="italics"></emph>Aſ<lb></lb>ſyrians<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end> and <emph type="italics"></emph>Ægyptians,<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end> till at laſt they came <lb></lb>to underſtand that in all Things of this Nature <lb></lb>the Skill of the Workman was more admired <lb></lb>than the Wealth of the Prince: For any one <lb></lb>that is rich may raiſe a great Pile of Building; <lb></lb>but to raiſe ſuch a one as may be commended <lb></lb>by the Skilful, is the Part only of a ſuperior <lb></lb>Genius. </s> <s>Hereupon <emph type="italics"></emph>Greece<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end> finding that in theſe <lb></lb>Works ſhe could not equal thoſe Nations in <lb></lb>Expence, reſolved to try if ſhe could not out-do <lb></lb>them in Ingenuity. </s> <s>She began therefore to <lb></lb>trace and deduce this Art of Building, as in<lb></lb>deed ſhe did all others, from the very Lap of <lb></lb>Nature itſelf, examining, weighing and con<lb></lb>ſidering it in all its Parts with the greateſt Di<lb></lb>ligence and Exactneſs: enquiring with the <lb></lb>greateſt Strictneſs into the Difference between <lb></lb>thoſe Buildings which were highly praiſed, and <lb></lb>thoſe which were diſliked, without neglecting <lb></lb>the leaſt Particular. </s> <s>She tried all Manner of <lb></lb>Experiments, ſtill tracing and keeping cloſe to <lb></lb>the Footſteps of Nature, mingling uneven <lb></lb>Numbers with even, ſtrait Lines with Curves, <lb></lb>Light with Shade, hoping that as it happens <lb></lb>from the Conjunction of Male and Female, ſhe <lb></lb>ſhould by the Mixture of theſe Oppoſites hit <lb></lb>upon ſome third Thing that would anſwer her <lb></lb>Purpoſe: Nor even in the moſt minute Parti<lb></lb>culars did ſhe neglect to weigh and conſider all <lb></lb>the Parts over and over again, how thoſe on <lb></lb>the right Hand agreed with thoſe on the left, <lb></lb>the Upright with the Platform, the nearer with <lb></lb>the more remote, adding, diminiſhing, propor<lb></lb>tioning the great Parts to the Small, the Simi<lb></lb>lar to the Diſſimilar, the Laſt to the Firſt, till <lb></lb>ſhe had clearly demonſtrated that different <lb></lb>Rules were to be obſerved in thoſe Edifices <lb></lb>which were intended for Duration, to ſtand as <lb></lb>it were Monuments to Eternity, and thoſe <lb></lb>which were deſigned chiefly for Beauty. </s> <s>Theſe <lb></lb>were the Methods purſued by the <emph type="italics"></emph>Greeks. <lb></lb></s> <s>Italy,<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end> in her firſt Beginnings, having Regard <lb></lb>wholly to Parſimony, concluded that the Mem<lb></lb>bers in Buildings ought to be contrived in the <lb></lb>ſame Manner as in Animals; as, for Inſtance, <lb></lb>in a Horſe, whoſe Limbs are generally moſt <lb></lb>beautiful when they are moſt uſeful for Service: <lb></lb>from whence they inferred that Beauty was <lb></lb>never ſeparate and diſtinct from Conveniency. <lb></lb></s> <s>But afterwards when they had obtained the <lb></lb>Empire of the World, being then no leſs in<lb></lb>flamed than the <emph type="italics"></emph>Greeks<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end> with the Deſire of a<lb></lb>dorning their City and themſelves, in leſs than <lb></lb>thirty Years that which before was the fineſt <lb></lb>Houſe in the whole City of <emph type="italics"></emph>Rome,<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end> could not <pb xlink:href="003/01/133.jpg" pagenum="115"></pb>then be reckoned ſo by a hundred; and they <lb></lb>abounded in ſuch an incredible Number of in<lb></lb>genious Men who exerciſe their Talent this <lb></lb>Way, that we are told there was at one Time <lb></lb>no leſs than ſeven hundred Architects at <emph type="italics"></emph>Rome,<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end><lb></lb>whoſe Works were ſo noble that the extraor<lb></lb>dinary Praiſe which is beſtowed upon them, <lb></lb>is hardly equal to their Merit. </s> <s>And as the <lb></lb>Wealth of the Empire was ſufficient to bear the <lb></lb>Expence of the moſt ſtately Structures, ſo we <lb></lb>are told that a private Man, by Name <emph type="italics"></emph>Tatius,<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end><lb></lb>at his own proper Charges built Baths for the <lb></lb>People of <emph type="italics"></emph>Oſtia<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end> with an hundred Columns of <lb></lb><emph type="italics"></emph>Numidian<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end> Marble. </s> <s>But ſtill though the Con<lb></lb>dition of their State was thus flouriſhing, they <lb></lb>thought it moſt laudable to join the Magnifi<lb></lb>cence of the moſt profuſe Monarchs, to the an<lb></lb>cient Parſimony and frugal Contrivance of their <lb></lb>own Country: But ſtill in ſuch a Manner, that <lb></lb>their Frugality ſhould not prejudice Conveni<lb></lb>ency, nor Conveniency be too cautious and <lb></lb>fearful of Expence; but that both ſhould be <lb></lb>embelliſhed by every thing that was delicate or <lb></lb>beautiful. </s> <s>In a Word, being to the greateſt <lb></lb>Degree careful and exact in all their Buildings, <lb></lb>they became at laſt ſo excellent in this Art, <lb></lb>that there was nothing in it ſo hiden or ſecret <lb></lb>but what they traced out, diſcovered and <lb></lb>brought to light, by the Favour of Heaven, <lb></lb>and the Art itſelf not frowning upon their En<lb></lb>deavours: For the Art of Building having had <lb></lb>her ancient Seat in <emph type="italics"></emph>Italy,<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end> and eſpecially among <lb></lb>the <emph type="italics"></emph>Hetrurians,<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end> who beſides thoſe miraculous <lb></lb>Structures which we read to have been erected <lb></lb>by their Kings, of Labyrinths and Sepulchres, <lb></lb>had among them ſome excellent ancient Writ<lb></lb>ings, which taught the Manner of building <lb></lb>Temples, according to the Practice of the An<lb></lb>cient <emph type="italics"></emph>Tuſcans:<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end> I ſay, this Art having had her <lb></lb>ancient Seat in <emph type="italics"></emph>Italy,<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end> and knowing with how <lb></lb>much Fervour ſhe was courted there, ſhe ſeems <lb></lb>to have reſolved, that this Empire of the World, <lb></lb>which was already adorned with all other Vir<lb></lb>tues, ſhould be made ſtill more admirable by <lb></lb>her Embelliſhments. </s> <s>For this Reaſon ſhe gave <lb></lb>herſelf to them to be throughly known and un<lb></lb>derſtood; thinking it a Shame that the Head <lb></lb>of the Univerſe and the Glory of all Nations <lb></lb>ſhould be equalled in Magnificence by thoſe <lb></lb>whom ſhe had excelled in all Virtues and Sci<lb></lb>ences. </s> <s>Why ſhould I inſiſt here upon their <lb></lb>Porticoes, Temples, Gates, Theatres, Baths, <lb></lb>and other gigantick Structures; Works ſo a<lb></lb>mazing, that though they were actually exe<lb></lb>cuted, ſome very great foreign Architects <lb></lb>thought them impracticable. </s> <s>In ſhort, I need <lb></lb>ſay no more than that they could not bear to <lb></lb>have even their common Drains void of Beau<lb></lb>ty, and were ſo delighted with Magnificence <lb></lb>and Ornament, that they thought it no Profu<lb></lb>ſion to ſpend the Wealth of the State in Build<lb></lb>ings that were hardly deſigned for any thing <lb></lb>elſe. </s> <s>By the Examples therefore of the Anci<lb></lb>ents, and the Precepts of great Maſters, and <lb></lb>conſtant Practice, a thorough Knowledge is to <lb></lb>be gained of the Method of raiſing ſuch mag<lb></lb>nificent Structures; from this Knowledge <lb></lb>ſound Rules are to be drawn, which are by no <lb></lb>means to be neglected by thoſe who have not <lb></lb>a Mind to make themſelves ridiculous by build<lb></lb>ing, as I ſuppoſe nobody has. </s> <s>Theſe Rules it <lb></lb>is our Buſineſs here to collect and explain, ac<lb></lb>cording to the beſt of our Capacity. </s> <s>Of theſe <lb></lb>ſome regard the univerſal Beauty and Orna<lb></lb>ment of the whole Edifice; other the particu<lb></lb>lar Parts and Members taken ſeparately. </s> <s>The <lb></lb>former are taken immediately from Philoſophy <lb></lb>and are intended to direct and regulate the <lb></lb>Operations of this Art; the others from Ex<lb></lb>perience, as we have ſhewn above, only filed <lb></lb>and perfected by the Principles of Philo<lb></lb>ſophy. </s> <s>I ſhall ſpeak firſt of thoſe wherein this <lb></lb>particular Art is moſt concerned; and as for <lb></lb>the others, which relate to the Univerſality, <lb></lb>they ſhall ſerve by Way of Epilogue.</s></p><p type="head"> <s>CHAP. IV</s></p><p type="main"> <s><emph type="italics"></emph>That Beauty and Ornament in every Thing ariſe from Contrivance, or the <lb></lb>Hand of the Artificer, or from Nature; and that though the Region indeed <lb></lb>can hardly be improved by the Wit or Labour of Man, yet many other <lb></lb>Things may be done highly worthy of Admiration, and ſcarcely credible.<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end></s></p><p type="main"> <s>That which delights us in Things that <lb></lb>are either beautiful or finely adorned, <lb></lb>muſt proceed either from the Contrivance and <lb></lb>Invention of the Mind, or the Hand of the <lb></lb>Artificer, or from ſomewhat derived immedi<lb></lb>ately from Nature herſelf. </s> <s>To the Mind be<pb xlink:href="003/01/134.jpg" pagenum="116"></pb>long the Flection, Diſtribution, Diſpoſition, <lb></lb>and other Things of the like Nature which <lb></lb>give Dignity to the Work: To the Hand, the <lb></lb>amaſſing, adding, diminiſhing, chipping, po<lb></lb>liſhing, and the like, which make the Work <lb></lb>delicate: The Qualities derived from Nature <lb></lb>are Heavineſs, Lightneſs, Thickneſs, Clearneſs, <lb></lb>Durability, <emph type="italics"></emph>&c.<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end> which make the Work wond<lb></lb>erful. </s> <s>Theſe three Operations are to be adapt<lb></lb>cd to the ſeveral Parts according to their various <lb></lb>Uſes and Offices. </s> <s>There are ſeveral Ways of <lb></lb>dividing and conſidering the different Parts: <lb></lb>But at preſent we ſhall divide all Buildings <lb></lb>either according to the Parts in which they <lb></lb>generally agree, or to thoſe in which they ge<lb></lb>nerally differ. </s> <s>In the firſt Book we ſaw that <lb></lb>all Edifices muſt have Region, Situation, Com<lb></lb>partition, Walling, Covering, and Apertures; <lb></lb>in theſe Particulars therefore they agree. </s> <s>But <lb></lb>then in theſe others they differ, namely, that <lb></lb>ſome are Sacred, others Profane, ſome Pub<lb></lb>lick, others Private, ſome deſigned for Neceſ<lb></lb>ſity, others for Pleaſure, and ſo on. </s> <s>Let us be<lb></lb>gin with thoſe Particulars wherein they agree. <lb></lb></s> <s>What the Hand or Wit of Man can add to <lb></lb>the Region, either of Beauty or Dignity, is <lb></lb>hardly diſcoverable; unleſs we would give in<lb></lb>to thoſe miraculous and ſuperſtitious Accounts <lb></lb>which we read of ſome Works. </s> <s>Nor are the <lb></lb>Undertakers of ſuch Works blamed by pru<lb></lb>dent Men, if their Deſigns anſwer any great <lb></lb>Conveniency; but if they take Pains to do <lb></lb>what there was no Neceſſity for, they are juſt<lb></lb>ly denied the Praiſe they hunt after. </s> <s>For who <lb></lb>would be ſo daring as to undertake, like <emph type="italics"></emph>Staſi<lb></lb>crates,<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end> (according to <emph type="italics"></emph>Plutarch<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end>) or <emph type="italics"></emph>Dinocrates<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end><lb></lb>(according to <emph type="italics"></emph>Vitruvius<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end>) to make Mount <emph type="italics"></emph>Athos<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end><lb></lb>into a Statue of <emph type="italics"></emph>Alexander,<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end> and in one of the <lb></lb>Hands to build a City big enough to contain <lb></lb>ten thouſand Men? </s> <s>Indeed I ſhould not diſ<lb></lb>commend Queen <emph type="italics"></emph>Nitocris<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end> for having forced <lb></lb>the River <emph type="italics"></emph>Euphrates,<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end> by making vaſt Cuts, to <lb></lb>flow three Times round the City of the <emph type="italics"></emph>Aſſy<lb></lb>rians,<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end> if ſhe made the Region ſtrong and ſecure <lb></lb>by thoſe Trenches, and fruitful by the over<lb></lb>flowing of the Water. </s> <s>But let us leave it to <lb></lb>mighty Kings to be delighted with ſuch Un<lb></lb>dertakings: Let them join Sea to Sea by cut<lb></lb>ting the Land between them: Let them level <lb></lb>Hills: Let them make new Iſlands, or join old <lb></lb>ones to the Continent: Let them put it out <lb></lb>of the Power of any others to imitate them, <lb></lb>and ſo make their Names memorable to Poſte<lb></lb>rity: Still all their waſt Works will be com<lb></lb>mended not ſo much in Proportion to their <lb></lb>Greatneſs as their Uſe. </s> <s>The Ancients ſome<lb></lb>times added Dignity not only to particular <lb></lb>Groves, but even to the whole Region, by <lb></lb>Means of Religion. </s> <s>We read that all <emph type="italics"></emph>Sicily<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end><lb></lb>was conſecrated to <emph type="italics"></emph>Ceres;<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end> but theſe are Things <lb></lb>not now to be inſiſted upon. </s> <s>It will be of great <lb></lb>and real Advantages, if the Region be poſſeſſed <lb></lb>of ſome rare Quality, no leſs uſeful than extra<lb></lb>ordinary: As for Inſtance, if the Air be more <lb></lb>temperate than in any other Place, and always <lb></lb>equal and uniform, as we are told it is at <lb></lb><emph type="italics"></emph>Moroe,<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end> where Men live in a Manner as long as <lb></lb>they pleaſe; or if the Region produces ſome<lb></lb>thing not to be found elſewhere and very de<lb></lb>ſirable and wholeſome to Man, as that which <lb></lb>produces Amber, Cinnamon, and Balſam; or <lb></lb>if it has ſome divine Influence in it, as there is <lb></lb>in the Soil of the Iſland <emph type="italics"></emph>Eubœa,<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end> where we are <lb></lb>told nothing noxious is produced. </s> <s>The Situ<lb></lb>ation, being a certain determinate Part of the <lb></lb>Region, is adorned by all the ſame Particulars <lb></lb>as beautify the Region itſelf. </s> <s>But Nature ge<lb></lb>nerally offers more Conveniencies, and thoſe <lb></lb>more ready at Hand, for adorning the Situati<lb></lb>on than the Region; for we very frequently <lb></lb>meet with Circumſtances extreamly noble and <lb></lb>ſurpriſing, ſuch as Promontories, Rocks, brok<lb></lb>en Hills vaſtly high and ſharp, Grottoes, Ca<lb></lb>verns, Springs and the like; near which, if we <lb></lb>would have our Situation ſtrike the Beholders <lb></lb>with Surprize, we may build to our Hearts <lb></lb>deſire. </s> <s>Nor ſhould their be wanting in the <lb></lb>Proſpect Remains of Antiquity, on which we <lb></lb>cannot turn our Eyes without conſidering the <lb></lb>various Revolutions of Men and Things, and <lb></lb>being filled with Wonder and Admiration. </s> <s>I <lb></lb>need not mention the Place where <emph type="italics"></emph>Troy<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end> once <lb></lb>ſtood, or the Plains of <emph type="italics"></emph>Leuctra<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end> ſtained with <lb></lb>Blood, nor the Fields near <emph type="italics"></emph>Traſumenus,<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end> and a <lb></lb>thouſand other Places memorable for ſome <lb></lb>great Event. </s> <s>How the Hand and Wit of Man <lb></lb>may add to the Beauty of the Situation, is not <lb></lb>ſo eaſily ſhewn. </s> <s>I paſs over Things com<lb></lb>monly done; ſuch as Plane-trees brought by <lb></lb>Sea to the Iſland of <emph type="italics"></emph>Tremeti<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end> to adorn the Situ<lb></lb>ation, or Columns, Obelisks and Trees left by <lb></lb>great Men in order to ſtrike Poſterity with Ve<lb></lb>neration; as for Inſtance, the Olive-tree planted <lb></lb>by <emph type="italics"></emph>Neptune<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end> and <emph type="italics"></emph>Minerva,<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end> which flouriſhed for <lb></lb>ſo many Ages in the Citadel of <emph type="italics"></emph>Athens:<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end> I like<lb></lb>wife paſs over ancient Traditions handed down <lb></lb>from Age to Age, as that of the Turpentine<lb></lb>tree near <emph type="italics"></emph>Hebron,<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end> which was reported to have <lb></lb>ſtood from the Creation of the World to the <lb></lb>Days of <emph type="italics"></emph>Joſephus<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end> the Hiſtorian. </s> <s>Nothing can <pb xlink:href="003/01/135.jpg" pagenum="117"></pb>give a greater Air of Dignity and Awſulneſs to <lb></lb>a Place than ſome artful Laws made by the <lb></lb>Ancients; ſuch as theſe: That nothing Male <lb></lb>ſhould preſume to ſet Foot in the Temple of <lb></lb>the <emph type="italics"></emph>Bona Dea,<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end> nor in that of <emph type="italics"></emph>Diana<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end> in the Pa<lb></lb>trician Portico; and at <emph type="italics"></emph>Tanagra,<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end> that no Wo<lb></lb>man ſhould enter the ſacred Grove, nor the in<lb></lb>ner Parts of the Temple of <emph type="italics"></emph>Jeruſalem;<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end> and <lb></lb>that no Perſon whatſoever, beſides the Prieſt, <lb></lb>and he only in order to purify himſelf for Sa<lb></lb>criſice, ſhould waſh in the Fountain near <emph type="italics"></emph>Pan<lb></lb>thos;<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end> and that nobody ſhould preſume to ſpit <lb></lb>in the Place called <emph type="italics"></emph>Doliola<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end> near the great Drain <lb></lb>at <emph type="italics"></emph>Rome,<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end> where the Bones of <emph type="italics"></emph>Numa Pompilius<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end><lb></lb>were depoſited; and upon ſome Chapels there <lb></lb>have been Inſcriptions, ſtrictly forbidding any <lb></lb>common Proſtitute to enter; in the Temple of <lb></lb><emph type="italics"></emph>Diana<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end> at <emph type="italics"></emph>Crete,<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end> none were admitted, except <lb></lb>they were bare-footed; it was unlawful to bring <lb></lb>a Bond-woman into the Temple of the God<lb></lb>deſs <emph type="italics"></emph>Matuta;<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end> and all common Cryers were ex<lb></lb>cluded from the Temple of <emph type="italics"></emph>Orodio<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end> at <emph type="italics"></emph>Rhodes,<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end><lb></lb>and all Fiddlers from that of <emph type="italics"></emph>Temnius<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end> at <emph type="italics"></emph>Te<lb></lb>nedos.<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end></s><s> So again, it was unlawful to go out of <lb></lb>the Temple of <emph type="italics"></emph>Jupiter Alfiſtius<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end> without ſacri<lb></lb>ficing, and to carry any Ivy into the Temple <lb></lb>of <emph type="italics"></emph>Minerva<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end> at <emph type="italics"></emph>Athens,<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end> or into that of <emph type="italics"></emph>Venus<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end> at <lb></lb><emph type="italics"></emph>Thebes.<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end></s><s> In the Temple of <emph type="italics"></emph>Fauna,<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end> it was not <lb></lb>lawful ſo much as to mention the Name of <lb></lb>Wine. </s> <s>In the ſame Manner it was decreed, <lb></lb>that the Gate <emph type="italics"></emph>Janualis<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end> at <emph type="italics"></emph>Rome<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end> ſhould never <lb></lb>be ſhut, but in Time of War, nor the Temple <lb></lb>of <emph type="italics"></emph>Janus<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end> ever opened in Time of Peace; and <lb></lb>that the Temple of the Goddeſs <emph type="italics"></emph>Hora<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end> ſhould <lb></lb>ſtand always open. </s> <s>If we were to imitate any <lb></lb>of theſe Cuſtoms, perhaps it might not be a<lb></lb>miſs to make it criminal for Women to enter <lb></lb>the Temples of Martyrs; or Men, thoſe dedi<lb></lb>cated to Virgin Saints. </s> <s>Moreover there are ſome <lb></lb>Advantages very deſirable, ſaid to be procured <lb></lb>by Art, which when we read of, we could <lb></lb>ſcarcely believe, unleſs we ſaw ſomething like <lb></lb>it in ſome particular Places even at this Day. <lb></lb></s> <s>We are told that it was brought about by hu<lb></lb>man Art, that in <emph type="italics"></emph>Conſtantinople<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end> Serpents will <lb></lb>never hurt any body, and that no Daws will fly <lb></lb>within the Walls; and that no Graſshoppers <lb></lb>are ever heard in <emph type="italics"></emph>Naples,<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end> nor any Owls in <lb></lb><emph type="italics"></emph>Candy.<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end></s><s> In the Temple of <emph type="italics"></emph>Achilles,<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end> in the <lb></lb>Iſland of <emph type="italics"></emph>Boriſthenes<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end> no Bird whatſoever will <lb></lb>enter, nor any Dog or Fly of any Sort in the <lb></lb>Temple of <emph type="italics"></emph>Hercules<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end> near the <emph type="italics"></emph>Forum Boarium<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end><lb></lb>at <emph type="italics"></emph>Rome.<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end></s><s> But what ſhall we ſay of this ſur<lb></lb>prizing Particularity, that at <emph type="italics"></emph>Venice,<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end> even at <lb></lb>this Day, no Kind of Fly ever enters the pub<lb></lb>lick Palace of the <emph type="italics"></emph>Cenſors?<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end> And even in the <lb></lb>Fleſh-market at <emph type="italics"></emph>Toledo,<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end> there is never more than <lb></lb>one Fly ſeen throughout the Year, and that a <lb></lb>remarkable one for its Whiteneſs. </s> <s>Theſe <lb></lb>ſtrange Accounts which we find in Authors, <lb></lb>are too numerous to be all inſerted here, and <lb></lb>whether they are owing to Nature or Art, I <lb></lb>ſhall not now pretend to decide. </s> <s>But then, <lb></lb>again, how can we, either by Nature or Art, <lb></lb>account for what they tell us of a Laurel-tree <lb></lb>growing in the Sepulchre of <emph type="italics"></emph>Bibrias<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end> King of <lb></lb><emph type="italics"></emph>Pontus,<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end> from which if the leaſt Twig is brok<lb></lb>en, and put aboard a Ship, that Ship ſhall ne<lb></lb>ver be free from Mutinies and Tumults till the <lb></lb>Twig is thrown out of it: Or for its never <lb></lb>raining upon the <emph type="italics"></emph>Altar<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end> in <emph type="italics"></emph>Venus's<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end> Temple at <lb></lb><emph type="italics"></emph>Paphos:<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end> Or for this, that whatever Part of the <lb></lb>Sacrifice is left at <emph type="italics"></emph>Minerva's<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end> Shrine in <emph type="italics"></emph>Phrygia <lb></lb>minor,<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end> will never corrupt: Or this, if you <lb></lb>break off any Part of <emph type="italics"></emph>Anteus's<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end> Sepulchre, it <lb></lb>immediately begins to rain, and never leaves off <lb></lb>till it is made whole again? </s> <s>Some indeed af<lb></lb>firm, that all theſe Things may be done by an <lb></lb>Art, now loſt, by means of little conſtellated <lb></lb>Images, which Aſtronomers pretend are not <lb></lb>unknown to them. </s> <s>I remember to have read <lb></lb>in the Author of the Life of <emph type="italics"></emph>Apollonius Tyaneus,<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end><lb></lb>that in the chief Apartments of the Royal Palace <lb></lb>at <emph type="italics"></emph>Babylon,<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end> ſome Magicians faſtened to the <lb></lb>Cieling four golden Birds, which they called <lb></lb>the Tongues of the Gods, and that theſe were <lb></lb>endued with the Virtue of conciliating the Af<lb></lb>fection of the Multitude towards their King: <lb></lb>And <emph type="italics"></emph>Joſephus,<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end> a very grave Author, ſays that <lb></lb>he himſelf ſaw a certain Man named <emph type="italics"></emph>Eleazer,<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end><lb></lb>who in the Prefence of the Emperor <emph type="italics"></emph>Veſpaſian<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end><lb></lb>and his Sons, immediately cured a Man that <lb></lb>was poſſeſſed, by faſtening a Ring to his Noſe; <lb></lb>and the ſame Author writes that <emph type="italics"></emph>Solomon<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end> com<lb></lb>poſed certain Verſes, which would give Eaſe <lb></lb>in Diſtempers; and <emph type="italics"></emph>Euſebius Pamphilus<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end> ſays, <lb></lb>that the <emph type="italics"></emph>Ægyptian<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end> God <emph type="italics"></emph>Serapis,<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end> whom we call <lb></lb><emph type="italics"></emph>Pluto,<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end> invented certain Charms which would <lb></lb>drive away evil Spirits, and taught the Methods <lb></lb>by which <emph type="italics"></emph>Dæmons<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end> aſſumed the Shapes of brute <lb></lb>Beaſts to do miſchief. <emph type="italics"></emph>Servius<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end> too ſays, that <lb></lb>there were Men who uſed to carry Charms <lb></lb>about them, by which they were ſecured a<lb></lb>gainſt all unhappy Turns of Fortune; and that <lb></lb>thoſe Charms were ſo powerful, that the Per<lb></lb>ſons who wore them could never die till they <lb></lb>were taken from them. </s> <s>If theſe Things could <lb></lb>be true, I ſhould eaſily believe what we read <lb></lb>in <emph type="italics"></emph>Plutarch,<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end> that among the <emph type="italics"></emph>Pelenei<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end> there was <lb></lb>an Image, which if it were brought out of the <pb xlink:href="003/01/136.jpg" pagenum="118"></pb>Temple by the Prieſt, filled every Creature <lb></lb>with Terror and Dread on whatever Side it was <lb></lb>turned; and that no Eye durſt look towards <lb></lb>it, for Fear. </s> <s>Theſe miraculous Accounts we <lb></lb>have inſerted only by way of Amuſement. </s> <s>As <lb></lb>to other Particulars which may help to make <lb></lb>the Situation beautiful, conſidered in a general <lb></lb>View, ſuch as the Circumference, the Space <lb></lb>round about it, its Elevation, Levelling, <lb></lb>Strengthening, and the like, I have nothing <lb></lb>more to ſay here, but to refer you for Inſtruc<lb></lb>tions to the firſt and third Books. </s> <s>The chief <lb></lb>Qualities requiſite in a Situation or Platform <lb></lb>(as we have there obſerved) are to be perfectly <lb></lb>dry, even, and ſolid, as alſo convenient and <lb></lb>ſuitable to the Purpoſe of the Building; and <lb></lb>it will be a very great Help to it, to ſtrengthen <lb></lb>it with a good Bottom made of baked Earth, <lb></lb>in the Manner which we ſhall teach when we <lb></lb>come to treat of the Wall. </s> <s>We muſt not here <lb></lb>omit an Obſervation made by <emph type="italics"></emph>Plato,<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end> that it <lb></lb>will be a great Addition to the Dignity of the <lb></lb>Place, if you give it ſome great Name; and <lb></lb>this we find the Emperor <emph type="italics"></emph>Adrian<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end> was very <lb></lb>fond of doing, when he gave the Names of <lb></lb><emph type="italics"></emph>Lycus, Canopeis, Academia, Tempe<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end> and other <lb></lb>great Titles to the ſeveral Parts of his <emph type="italics"></emph>Villa<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end> at <lb></lb><emph type="italics"></emph>Tivoli.<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end></s></p><p type="head"> <s>CHAP. V.</s></p><p type="head"> <s><emph type="italics"></emph>A ſhort Recapitulation of the Compartition, and of the juſt Compoſition and <lb></lb>adorning the Wall and Covering.<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end></s></p><p type="main"> <s>Though we have already ſaid almoſt <lb></lb>as much as was neceſſary of the Com<lb></lb>partition in the firſt Book, yet we ſhall take a <lb></lb>brief Review of it again here. </s> <s>The chief and <lb></lb>firſt Ornament of any Thing is to be free from <lb></lb>all Improprieties. </s> <s>It will therefore be a juſt <lb></lb>and proper Compartition, if it is neither con<lb></lb>fuſed nor interrupted, neither too rambling nor <lb></lb>compoſed of unſuitable Parts, and if the Mem<lb></lb>bers be neither too many nor too few, neither <lb></lb>too ſmall nor too large, nor miſ-matcht nor un<lb></lb>ſightly, nor as it were ſeparate and divided <lb></lb>from the Reſt of the Body: But every Thing <lb></lb>ſo diſpoſed according to Nature and Conveni<lb></lb>ence, and the Uſes for which the Structure is <lb></lb>intended, with ſuch Order, Number, Size, Si<lb></lb>tuation and Form, that we may be ſatisfied <lb></lb>there is nothing throughout the whole Fabrick, <lb></lb>but what was contrived for ſome Uſe or Con<lb></lb>venience, and with the handſomeſt Compact<lb></lb>neſs of all the Parts. </s> <s>If the Compartition <lb></lb>anſwers in all theſe Reſpects, the Beauty and <lb></lb>Richneſs of any Ornaments will ſit well upon <lb></lb>it; if not, it is impoſſible it ſhould have any <lb></lb>Air of Dignity at all. </s> <s>The whole Compoſiti<lb></lb>on of the Members therefore ſhould ſeem to be <lb></lb>made and directed entirely by Neceſſity and <lb></lb>Conveniency; ſo that you may not be ſo much <lb></lb>pleaſed that there are ſuch or ſuch Parts in <lb></lb>the Building, as that they are diſpoſed and laid <lb></lb>out in ſuch a Situation, Order and Connection. <lb></lb></s> <s>In adorning the Wall and Covering, you will <lb></lb>have ſufficient Room to diſplay the fineſt Ma<lb></lb>terials produced by Nature, and the moſt curi<lb></lb>ous Contrivance and Skill of the Artificer. </s> <s>If <lb></lb>it were in your Power to imitate the ancient <lb></lb><emph type="italics"></emph>Oſiris,<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end> who, we are told, built two Temples of <lb></lb>Gold, one to the Heavenly, the other to the <lb></lb>Royal <emph type="italics"></emph>Jupiter;<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end> or if you could raiſe ſome vaſt <lb></lb>Stone, almoſt beyond humane Belief, like that <lb></lb>which <emph type="italics"></emph>Semiramis<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end> brought from the Mountains <lb></lb>of <emph type="italics"></emph>Arabia,<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end> which was twenty Cubits broad <lb></lb>every Way, and an hundred and fifty long; <lb></lb>or if you had ſuch large Stone, that you could <lb></lb>make ſome Part of the Work all of one Piece, <lb></lb>like a Chapel in <emph type="italics"></emph>Latona's<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end> Temple in <emph type="italics"></emph>Ægypt,<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end><lb></lb>forty Cubits wide in Front, and hollowed in <lb></lb>one ſingle Stone, and ſo alſo covered with an<lb></lb>other: This no doubt would create a vaſt deal <lb></lb>of Admiration in the Beholders, and eſpecially <lb></lb>if the Stone was a foreign one, and brought <lb></lb>through difficult Ways, like that which <emph type="italics"></emph>Hero<lb></lb>dotus<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end> relates to have been brought from the City <lb></lb>of <emph type="italics"></emph>Elephantis,<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end> which was about twenty Cubits <lb></lb>broad, and fifteen high, and was carried as far <lb></lb>as <emph type="italics"></emph>Suſa<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end> in twenty Days. </s> <s>It will alſo add great<lb></lb>ly to the Ornament and Wonder of the Work, <lb></lb>if ſuch an extraordinary Stone be ſet in a re<lb></lb>markable and honourable Place. </s> <s>Thus the <lb></lb>little Temple at <emph type="italics"></emph>Chemmis,<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end> an Iſland in <emph type="italics"></emph>Ægypt,<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end><lb></lb>is not ſo ſurprizing upon Account of being co<lb></lb>vered with one ſingle Stone, as upon Account <lb></lb>of ſuch a huge Stone's being raiſed to ſo great a <lb></lb>Height. </s> <s>The Rarity and Beauty of the Stone <lb></lb>itſelf will alſo add greatly to the Ornament; as <lb></lb>for Inſtance, if it is that ſort of Marble, with <pb xlink:href="003/01/137.jpg" pagenum="119"></pb>which we are told <emph type="italics"></emph>Nero<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end> built a Temple to <lb></lb><emph type="italics"></emph>Fortune<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end> in his golden Palace, which was ſo <lb></lb>white, ſo clear and tranſparent, that even when <lb></lb>all the Doors were ſhut the Light ſeemed to be <lb></lb>encloſe within the Temple. </s> <s>All theſe Things <lb></lb>are very Noble in themſelves; but they will <lb></lb>make no Figure if there is not Care and Art <lb></lb>uſed in their Compoſition or putting together: <lb></lb>For every Thing muſt be reduced to exact Mea<lb></lb>ſure, ſo that all the Parts may correſpond with <lb></lb>one another, the Right with the Left, the <lb></lb>lower Parts with the Upper, with nothing in<lb></lb>terfering that may blemiſh either the Order or <lb></lb>the Materials, but every Thing ſquared to ex<lb></lb>act Angles and ſimilar Lines. </s> <s>We may often <lb></lb>obſerve that baſe Materials managed with Art, <lb></lb>make a handſomer Shew than the Nobleſt <lb></lb>heaped together in Confuſion. </s> <s>Who can ima<lb></lb>gine that the Wall of <emph type="italics"></emph>Atheus,<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end> which <emph type="italics"></emph>Thucydides<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end><lb></lb>informs us was built ſo tumultuouſly that they <lb></lb>even threw into it ſome of the Statues of their <lb></lb>Sepulchres, could have any Beauty in it, or be <lb></lb>any ways adorned by being full of broken Sta<lb></lb>tues? </s> <s>On the Contrary, we are very much <lb></lb>pleaſed with the Walls of ſome old Country<lb></lb>Houſes, though they are built of any Stone <lb></lb>that the People could pick up; becauſe they <lb></lb>are diſpoſed in even Rows, with an alternate <lb></lb>Checquer of Black and White: ſo that con<lb></lb>ſidering the Meanneſs of the Structure, no<lb></lb>thing can be deſired handſomer. </s> <s>But perhaps <lb></lb>this Conſideration belongs rather to that Part <lb></lb>of the Wall which is called the outward Coat, <lb></lb>than to the Body of the Wall itſelf. </s> <s>To con<lb></lb>clude, all your Materials ſhould be ſo diſtribu<lb></lb>ted that nothing ſhould be begun, but accord<lb></lb>ing to ſome judicious Plan; nothing carried on <lb></lb>but in purſuance of the ſame; and no Part of <lb></lb>it left imperfect, but finiſhed and compleated <lb></lb>with the utmoſt Care and Diligence. </s> <s>But the <lb></lb>principal Ornament both of the Wall and Co<lb></lb>vering, and eſpecially of all vaulted Roofs (al<lb></lb>ways excepted Columns) is the outward Coat: <lb></lb>And this may be of ſeveral Sorts; either all <lb></lb>white, or adorned with Figures and Stuc-work, <lb></lb>or with Painting, or Pictures ſet in Pannels, or <lb></lb>with <emph type="italics"></emph>Moſaie<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end> Work, or elſe a Mixture of all <lb></lb>theſe together.</s></p><p type="head"> <s>CHAP. VI.</s></p><p type="head"> <s><emph type="italics"></emph>In what Manner great Weights and large Stones are moved from one Place to <lb></lb>another or raiſed to any great Height.<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end></s></p><p type="main"> <s>Of thoſe Ornaments laſt mentioned we are <lb></lb>to treat; and to ſhew what they are and <lb></lb>how they are to be made; but having in the <lb></lb>laſt Chapter mentioned the moving of vaſt <lb></lb>Stones, it ſeems neceſſary here to give ſome <lb></lb>Account in what Manner ſuch huge Bodies are <lb></lb>moved, and how they are raiſed to ſuch high <lb></lb>and difficult Places. <emph type="italics"></emph>Plutarch<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end> relates that <lb></lb><emph type="italics"></emph>Archimedes,<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end> the great Mathematician of <emph type="italics"></emph>Syra<lb></lb>cuſe,<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end> drew a Ship of Burthen with all its lad<lb></lb>ing through the Middle of the Market Place, <lb></lb>with his Hand, as if he had been only leading <lb></lb>along a Horſe by the Bridle: But we ſhall here <lb></lb>conſider only thoſe Things that are neceſſary <lb></lb>in Practice; and then take Notice of ſome <lb></lb>Points, by which Men of Learning and good <lb></lb>Apprehenſions may fully and clearly under<lb></lb>ſtand the whole Buſineſs of themſelves. <emph type="italics"></emph>Pliny<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end><lb></lb>ſays, that the Obelisk brought from <emph type="italics"></emph>Phœnicia<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end><lb></lb>to <emph type="italics"></emph>Thebes,<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end> was brought down a Canal cut from <lb></lb>the <emph type="italics"></emph>Nile,<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end> in Ships full of Bricks, ſo that by ta<lb></lb>king out ſome of the Bricks they could at any <lb></lb>Time lighten the Veſſel of its Lading. </s> <s>We <lb></lb>find in <emph type="italics"></emph>Ammianus Marcellinus<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end> the Hiſtorian, <lb></lb>that an Obelisk was brought from the <emph type="italics"></emph>Nile,<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end> in <lb></lb>a Veſſel of three hundred Oars, and laid upon <lb></lb>Rollers at three Miles diſtance from <emph type="italics"></emph>Rome,<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end> and <lb></lb>ſo drawn into the great <emph type="italics"></emph>Circus<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end> through the <lb></lb>Gate that leads to <emph type="italics"></emph>Oſtia:<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end> And that ſeveral <lb></lb>thouſand Men laboured hard at the crecting it, <lb></lb>though the whole <emph type="italics"></emph>Circus<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end> was full of nothing <lb></lb>but vaſt Engines and Ropes of a prodigious <lb></lb>Thickneſs. </s> <s>We read in <emph type="italics"></emph>Vitruvius<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end> that <emph type="italics"></emph>Cteſiphon<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end><lb></lb>and his Son <emph type="italics"></emph>Metagenes<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end> brought his Columns <lb></lb>and Architraves to <emph type="italics"></emph>Epheſus<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end> by a Method which <lb></lb>they borrowed from thoſe Cylinders with <lb></lb>which the Ancients uſed to level the Ground: <lb></lb>For in each End of the Stone they fixed a Pin <lb></lb>of Iron which they faſtened in with Lead, <lb></lb>which Pin ſtood out and ſerved as an Axis, <lb></lb>and at each End was let into a Wheel ſo large <lb></lb>as for the Stone to hang upon its Pins above <lb></lb>the Ground; and ſo by the Motion of the <lb></lb>Wheels the Stones were carried along with a <lb></lb>great deal of Eaſe. </s> <s>We are told that <emph type="italics"></emph>Chem<lb></lb>minus<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end> the <emph type="italics"></emph>Ægyptian,<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end> when he built that vaſt <pb xlink:href="003/01/138.jpg" pagenum="120"></pb>Pyramid of above ſix Furlongs high, raiſed a <lb></lb>Mound of Earth all the Way up along with <lb></lb>the Building, by which he carried up thoſe <lb></lb>huge Stones into their Places. <emph type="italics"></emph>Herodotus<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end> writes <lb></lb>that <emph type="italics"></emph>Cheops,<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end> the Son of <emph type="italics"></emph>Rhampſinites,<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end> in the <lb></lb>building of that Pyramid which employed an <lb></lb>hundred thouſand Men for many Years, left <lb></lb>Steps on the Outſide of it, by means of which <lb></lb>the largeſt Stones might by proper Engines, be <lb></lb>raiſed up into their Places without having Oc<lb></lb>caſion for very long Timbers. </s> <s>We read too <lb></lb>of Architraves of vaſt Stones being laid upon <lb></lb>huge Columns in the following Manner: Un<lb></lb>der the Middle of the Architrave they ſet two <lb></lb>Bearers acroſs, pretty near each other. </s> <s>Then <lb></lb>they loaded one End of the Architraves with a <lb></lb>great Number of Baskets full of Sand, the <lb></lb>Weight of which raiſed up the other End, on <lb></lb>which there were no Baskets, and one of the <lb></lb>Bearers was left without any Weight upon it: <lb></lb>Then removing the Baskets to the other End <lb></lb>ſo raiſed up, and putting under ſome higher <lb></lb>Bearers in the Room of that which was left <lb></lb>without Weight, the Stone by little and little <lb></lb>roſe up as it were of its own accord. </s> <s>Theſe <lb></lb>Things which we have here briefly collect<lb></lb>ed together, we leave to be more clearly <lb></lb>learnt from the Authors themſelves. </s> <s>But <lb></lb>the Method of this Treatiſe requires, that we <lb></lb>ſhould ſpeak ſuccinctly of ſome few Things <lb></lb>that make to our Purpoſe. </s> <s>I ſhall not waſte <lb></lb>Time in explaining any ſuch curious Principles, <lb></lb>as that it is the Nature of all heavy Bodies to <lb></lb>preſs continually downwards, and obſtinately <lb></lb>to ſeek the loweſt Place; that they make the <lb></lb>greateſt Reſiſtance they are able againſt being <lb></lb>raiſed aloft, and never change their Place, but <lb></lb>after the ſtouteſt Conflict, being either over<lb></lb>come by ſome greater Weight or ſome more <lb></lb>powerful contrary Force. </s> <s>Nor ſhall I ſtand to <lb></lb>obſerve that Motions are various, from high to <lb></lb>low or from low to high, directly, or about a <lb></lb>Curve; and that ſome Things are carried, ſome <lb></lb>drawn, ſome puſhed on, and the like; of <lb></lb>which Enquiries we ſhall treat more copiouſly <lb></lb>in another Place. </s> <s>This we may lay down for <lb></lb>certain, that a Weight is never moved with ſo <lb></lb>much Eaſe as it is downwards; becauſe it then <lb></lb>moves itſelf, nor ever with more Difficulty, <lb></lb>than upwards; becauſe it naturally reſiſts that <lb></lb>Direction; and that there is a Kind of middle <lb></lb>Motion between theſe two, which perhaps par<lb></lb>takes ſomewhat of the Nature of both the <lb></lb>others, inaſmuch as it neither moves of itſelf, <lb></lb>nor of itſelf reſiſts, as when a Weight is drawn <lb></lb>upon an even Plain, free from all Rubs. </s> <s>All <lb></lb>other Motions are eaſy or difficult in Proporti<lb></lb>on as they approach to either of the preceding. <lb></lb></s> <s>And indeed Nature herſelf ſeems in a good <lb></lb>Meaſure to have ſhewn us in what Manner <lb></lb>great Weights are to be moved: for we may <lb></lb>obſerve, that if any conſiderable Weight is laid <lb></lb>upon a Column ſtanding upright, the leaſt <lb></lb>Shove will puſh it off, and when once it be<lb></lb>gins to fall, hardly any Force is ſufficient to <lb></lb>ſtop it. </s> <s>We may alſo obſerve, that any round <lb></lb>Column, or Wheel, or any other Body that <lb></lb>turns about, is very eaſily moved, and very <lb></lb>hard to ſtop when once it is ſet on going; and <lb></lb>if it is draged along without rowling, it does <lb></lb>not move with half the Eaſe. </s> <s>We further ſee, <lb></lb>that the vaſt Weight of a Ship may be moved <lb></lb>upon a ſtanding Water with a very ſmall Force, <lb></lb>if you keep pulling continually; but if you <lb></lb>ſtrike it with ever ſo great a Blow ſuddenly, it <lb></lb>will not ſtir an Inch: On the Contrary, ſome <lb></lb>Things will move with a ſudden Blow or a fu<lb></lb>rious Puſh, which could not otherwiſe be ſtirred <lb></lb>without a mighty Force or huge Engines. <lb></lb></s> <s>Upon Ice too the greateſt Weights make but a <lb></lb>ſmall Reſiſtance, againſt one that tries to draw <lb></lb>them. </s> <s>We likewiſe ſee that any Weight which <lb></lb>hangs upon a long Rope, is very eaſily moved <lb></lb>as far as a certain Point; but not ſo eaſily, fur<lb></lb>ther. </s> <s>The Conſideration of the Reaſons of <lb></lb>theſe Things, and the Imitation of them, may <lb></lb>be very uſeful to our Purpoſe; and therefore <lb></lb>we ſhall briefly treat of them here. </s> <s>The Keel <lb></lb>or Bottom of any Weight, that is to be drawn <lb></lb>along, ſhould be even and ſolid; and the <lb></lb>Broader it is, the leſs it will plough up the <lb></lb>Ground all the Way under it, but then the <lb></lb>Thinner it is, it will ſlip along the Quicker, <lb></lb>only it will make the deeper Furrows, and be <lb></lb>apter to ſtick: If there are any Angles or Ine<lb></lb>qualities in the Bottom of the Weight, it will <lb></lb>uſe them as Claws to faſten itſelf in the Plain, <lb></lb>and to reſiſt its own Motion. </s> <s>If the Plain be <lb></lb>ſmooth, ſound, even, hard, not riſing or ſink<lb></lb>ing on any Side, the Weight will have nothing <lb></lb>to hinder its Motion, or to make it reſuſe to <lb></lb>obey, but its own natural Love of Reſt, which <lb></lb>makes it lazy and unwilling to be moved. <lb></lb></s> <s>Perhaps it was from a Conſideration of theſe <lb></lb>Things, and from a deeper Examination of the <lb></lb>Particulars we have here mentioned, and <emph type="italics"></emph>Ar<lb></lb>chimedes<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end> was induced to ſay, that if he had on<lb></lb>ly a Baſis for ſo immenſe a Weight, he would <lb></lb>not doubt to turn the World itſelf about. </s> <s>The <lb></lb>Preparation of the Bottom of the Weight and <pb xlink:href="003/01/139.jpg" pagenum="121"></pb>the Plain upon which it is to be drawn, which <lb></lb>is what we are here to conſider, may be effect<lb></lb>ed in the following Manner. </s> <s>Let ſuch a Num<lb></lb>ber of Poles be laid along, and of ſuch a <lb></lb>Strength and Thickneſs as may be ſufficient <lb></lb>for the Weight; let them be ſound, even, <lb></lb>ſmooth, and cloſe joined to one another: Be<lb></lb>tween the Bottom of the Weight and this Plain <lb></lb>which it is to ſlide upon, there ſhould be ſome<lb></lb>thing to make the Way more ſlippery; and <lb></lb>this may be either Soap, or Tallow, or Lees of <lb></lb>Oil, or perhaps Slime. </s> <s>There is another Way <lb></lb>of making the Weight ſlip along, which is by <lb></lb>underlaying it croſs-ways with Rollers: But <lb></lb>theſe, though you have a ſufficient Number of <lb></lb>them, are very hard to be kept even to their <lb></lb>proper Lines and exact Direction; which it is <lb></lb>abſolutely neceſſary they ſhould be, and that <lb></lb>they ſhould all do Duty equally and at once, <lb></lb>or elſe they will run together in Confuſion, <lb></lb>and carry the Weight to one Side And if you <lb></lb>have but few of them, being continually load<lb></lb>ed, they will either be ſplit or flatted, and ſo <lb></lb>be rendered uſeleſs; or elſe that ſingle Line <lb></lb>with which they touch the Plain underneath, <lb></lb>or that other with which they touch the <lb></lb>Weight that is laid upon them, will ſtick faſt <lb></lb>with their ſharp Points and be immoveable <lb></lb>A Cylinder or Roller is a Body conſiſting of a <lb></lb>Number of Circles joined together; and the <lb></lb>Mathematicians ſay that a Circle can never <lb></lb>touch a right Line in more than one Point; <lb></lb>for which Reaſon I call the ſingle Line which <lb></lb>is preſſed by the Weight, the Point of the Rol<lb></lb>ler. </s> <s>The only Way to provide againſt this In<lb></lb>convenience, is to have the Roller made of the <lb></lb>ſtrongeſt and ſoundeſt Stuff, and exactly ac<lb></lb>cording to Rule and Proportion.</s></p><p type="head"> <s>CHAP. VII.</s></p><p type="head"> <s><emph type="italics"></emph>Of Wheels, Pins, Leavers, Pullies, their Parts, Sizes and Figures.<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end></s></p><p type="main"> <s>But as there are ſeveral other Things, be<lb></lb>ſides thoſe already mentioned, which are <lb></lb>neceſſary for our Purpoſe, ſuch as Wheels, Pul<lb></lb>lies, Skrews and Leavers, we ſhall here treat of <lb></lb>them more diſtinctly. </s> <s>Wheels in a great Mea<lb></lb>ſure are the ſame as Rollers, as they always <lb></lb>preſs down perpendicularly upon one Point: <lb></lb>But there is this Difference between them, <lb></lb>namely, that Rollers are more expeditious, <lb></lb>Wheels being hindered by the Friction of their <lb></lb>Pins or Axis. </s> <s>The Parts of a Wheel are three: <lb></lb>The large outer Circle, the Pin or Axis in the <lb></lb>Middle, and the Hole or Circle into which the <lb></lb>Pin is let. </s> <s>This Circle ſome perhaps would <lb></lb>rather call the Pole; but becauſe in ſome Ma<lb></lb>chines it ſtands ſtill, and in others moves about, <lb></lb>we rather deſire Leave to call it the Axicle. <lb></lb></s> <s>If the Wheel turns upon a very thick Axis, it <lb></lb>will go very hard; if upon too thin a one, it <lb></lb>will not ſupport its Load; if the outer Circle <lb></lb>of the Wheel be too ſmall, the ſame Inconve<lb></lb>nience will happen that we obſerved of the <lb></lb>Roller, that is, it will ſtick in the Plain; if it <lb></lb>be too large, it will go along tottering from <lb></lb>Side to Side, and it will never be ready or <lb></lb>handy at turning one way or the other. </s> <s>If the <lb></lb>Axicle or Circle in which the Axis turns, be <lb></lb>too large, it will grind its Way out; if it be <lb></lb>too narrow, it will hardly be able to turn. </s> <s>Be<lb></lb>tween the Axis and the Circle in which it turns, <lb></lb>there ſhould be ſomewhat to lubricate: Be<lb></lb>cauſe one of theſe is to be conſidered as the <lb></lb>Plain, and the other as the Bottom or Keel of <lb></lb>the Weights. </s> <s>Rollers and Wheels ſhould be <lb></lb>made of Elm or Holm-Oak: The Axis of <lb></lb>Holly or the Cornel-tree, or indeed rather of <lb></lb>Iron: The Circle for the Wheel to turn in, is <lb></lb>made beſt of Braſs with one third of Tin. </s> <s>Pul<lb></lb>lies are little Wheels. </s> <s>Leavers are of the Na<lb></lb>ture of the Radii or Spokes of a Wheel. </s> <s>But <lb></lb>every Thing of this Sort, whether large Wheels <lb></lb>which Men turn about by walking within <lb></lb>them, or Cranes or Skrews, or any other En<lb></lb>gine, working either by Leavers or Pullies; the <lb></lb>Principles, I ſay, of all theſe are deduced from <lb></lb>the Balance. </s> <s>They tell us, that <emph type="italics"></emph>Mercury<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end> was <lb></lb>believed to be a God chiefly upon this Ac<lb></lb>count, that without the leaſt Geſture with his <lb></lb>Hand, he could make his Meaning perfectly <lb></lb>clear and plain by his Words. </s> <s>This, though <lb></lb>I am a little fearful of ſucceeding in it, I ſhall <lb></lb>here endeavour to do to the utmoſt of my <lb></lb>Power: For my Deſign is to ſpeak of theſe <lb></lb>Things not like a Mathematician, but like a <lb></lb>Workman; and to ſay no more than is abſo<lb></lb><arrow.to.target n="marg12"></arrow.to.target><lb></lb>lutely neceſſary. </s> <s>For the clearer underſtand<lb></lb>ing therefore of this Matter, I will ſuppoſe that <lb></lb>you have in your Hand, a Dart. </s> <s>In this Dart I <lb></lb><pb xlink:href="003/01/140.jpg" pagenum="122"></pb>would have you conſider three Places, which <lb></lb>I call Points; the two Ends, that is the Steel <lb></lb>and the Peathers, and the third is the Loop in <lb></lb>the Middle for throwing the Dart by; and the <lb></lb>two Spaces between the two Ends and the <lb></lb>Loop, I ſhall call the Radii. </s> <s>I ſhall not diſ<lb></lb>pute about the Reaſons of theſe Names, which <lb></lb>will appear better from the Conſideration of <lb></lb>the Thing itſelf. </s> <s>If the Loop be placed ex<lb></lb>actly in the Middle of the Dart, and the Fea<lb></lb>ther End be juſt equal in Weight to the Steel, <lb></lb>both Ends of the Dart will certainly hang even <lb></lb>and be equally poiſed; if the ſteel End be the <lb></lb>Heavieſt, the Feather will be thrown up, but <lb></lb>yet there will be a certain Point in the Dart <lb></lb>further towards the heavy End, to which if <lb></lb>you ſlip the Loop, the Weight will be imme<lb></lb>diately brought to an equal Poiſe again; and <lb></lb>this will be the Point by which the larger Ra<lb></lb>dius exceeds the ſmaller juſt as much as the <lb></lb>ſmaller Weight is exceeded by the larger. </s> <s>For <lb></lb>thoſe who apply themſelves to the Study of <lb></lb>theſe Matters, tell us, that unequal Radii may <lb></lb>be made equal to unequal Weights, provided <lb></lb>the Number of the Parts of the Radius and <lb></lb>Weight of the right Side, multiplied together, <lb></lb>be equal to the Number of thoſe Parts on the <lb></lb>oppoſite left Side: Thus if the Steel be three <lb></lb>Parts, and the Feather two, the Radius be<lb></lb>tween the Loop and the Steel muſt be two, and <lb></lb>the other Radius between the Loop and the <lb></lb>Feather muſt be three. </s> <s>By which Means, as <lb></lb>this Number five will anſwer to the five on the <lb></lb>oppoſite Side, the Radii and the Weights an<lb></lb>ſwering equally to one another, they will hang <lb></lb>even and be equally poiſed. </s> <s>If the Number <lb></lb>on each Side do not anſwer to one another, <lb></lb>that Side will overcome on which that Inequa<lb></lb>lity of Numbers lies. </s> <s>I will not omit one Ob<lb></lb>ſervation, namely, that if equal Radii run out <lb></lb>from both Sides of the Loop, and you give the <lb></lb>Ends a twirl round in the Air they will de<lb></lb>ſeribe equal Circles; but if the Radii be un<lb></lb>equal, the Circles which they deſcribe, will be <lb></lb>unequal alſo. </s> <s>We have already ſaid that a <lb></lb>Wheel is made up of a Number of Circles: <lb></lb>Whence it is evident, that if two Wheels let <lb></lb>into the ſame Axis be turned by one and the <lb></lb>ſame Motion, ſo as when one moves the <lb></lb>other cannot ſtand ſtill, or when one ſtands <lb></lb>ſtill the other cannot move; from the Length <lb></lb>of the Radii or Spokes in each Wheel we may <lb></lb>come at the Knowledge of the Force which is <lb></lb>in that Wheel, remembring always to take the <lb></lb>Length of the Radius ſrom the very Center of <lb></lb>the Axis. </s> <s>If theſe Principles are ſufficiently <lb></lb>underſtood, the whole Secret of all theſe En<lb></lb>gines of which we are here treating, will be <lb></lb>maniſeſt; eſpecially with Relation to Wheels <lb></lb>and Leavers. </s> <s>In Pullies indeed we may con<lb></lb>ſider ſome ſurther Particulars: For both the <lb></lb>Rope which runs in the Pully and the little <lb></lb>Wheel in the Pully are as the Plain, whereon <lb></lb>the Weight is to be carried with the middle <lb></lb>Motion, which we obſerved in the laſt Chapter <lb></lb>was between the moſt Eaſy and the moſt Dif<lb></lb>ficult, inaſmuch as it is neither to be raiſed up <lb></lb>nor let down, but to be drawn along upon the <lb></lb>Plain keeping always to one Center. </s> <s>But that <lb></lb>you may underſtand the Reaſon of the Thing <lb></lb>more clearly, take a Statue of a thouſand <lb></lb>Weight; if you hang this to the Trunk of a <lb></lb>Tree by one ſingle Rope, it is evident this Rope <lb></lb>muſt bear the whole thouſand Weight. </s> <s>Faſten <lb></lb>a Pully to the Statue, and into this Pully let <lb></lb>the Rope by which the Statute hangs, and bring <lb></lb>this Rope up again to the Trunk of the Tree, <lb></lb>ſo as the Statue may hang upon the double <lb></lb>Rope, it is plain the Weight of the Statue is <lb></lb>then divided between two Ropes, and that the <lb></lb>Pully in the Middle divides the Weight equal<lb></lb>ly between them. </s> <s>Let us go on yet further, <lb></lb>and to the Trunk of the Tree faſten another <lb></lb>Pully and bring the Rope up through this <lb></lb>likewiſe. </s> <s>I ask you what Weight this Part of <lb></lb>the Rope thus brought up and put through <lb></lb>the Pully will take upon itſelf: You will ſay <lb></lb>five hundred; do you not perceive from hence <lb></lb>that no greater Weight can be thrown upon <lb></lb>this ſecond Pully by the Rope, than what the <lb></lb>Rope has itſelf; and that is five hundred. </s> <s>I <lb></lb>ſhall therefore go no farther, having, I think, <lb></lb>demonſtrated that a Weight is divided by Pul<lb></lb>lies, by which means a greater Weight may be <lb></lb>moved by a ſmaller; and the more Pullies <lb></lb>there are, the more ſtill the Weight is divided; <lb></lb>from whence it follows that the more Wheels <lb></lb>there are in them, ſo many more Parts the <lb></lb>Weight is ſplit into and may ſo much the more <lb></lb>eaſily be managed.<lb></lb></s></p><pb xlink:href="003/01/141.jpg"></pb><p type="margin"> <s><margin.target id="marg12"></margin.target>*</s></p><p type="caption"> <s>PLATE 10. <emph type="italics"></emph>(Pages 121-22)<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end><lb></lb><figure id="id.003.01.141.1.jpg" xlink:href="003/01/141/1.jpg"></figure></s></p><pb xlink:href="003/01/142.jpg"></pb><p type="caption"> <s>PLATE 11. <emph type="italics"></emph>(Page 122)<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end><lb></lb><figure id="id.003.01.142.1.jpg" xlink:href="003/01/142/1.jpg"></figure></s></p><pb xlink:href="003/01/143.jpg"></pb><p type="caption"> <s>PLATE 12. <emph type="italics"></emph>(Page 122)<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end><lb></lb><figure id="id.003.01.143.1.jpg" xlink:href="003/01/143/1.jpg"></figure></s></p><pb xlink:href="003/01/144.jpg"></pb><p type="caption"> <s>PLATE 13. <emph type="italics"></emph>(Page 122<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end>)</s></p><figure id="id.003.01.144.1.jpg" xlink:href="003/01/144/1.jpg"></figure><pb xlink:href="003/01/145.jpg" pagenum="123"></pb><p type="head"> <s>CHAP. VIII.</s></p><p type="head"> <s><emph type="italics"></emph>Of the Skrew and its Circles or Worm, and in what Manner great Weights <lb></lb>are either drawn, carried or puſhed along.<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end></s></p><p type="main"> <s>We have already treated of Wheels, Pul<lb></lb>lies and Leavers; we are now to pro<lb></lb>ceed to the Skrew. </s> <s>A Skrew conſiſts of a <lb></lb>Number of Circles like Rings, which take up<lb></lb>on themſelves the Burthen of the Weight. </s> <s>If <lb></lb>theſe Rings were entire, and not broken in <lb></lb>ſuch a Manner, that the End of one of them is <lb></lb>the Beginning of the other; it is certain the <lb></lb>Weight which they ſupport, though it might <lb></lb>be moved about, would neither go upwards nor <lb></lb>downwards, but evenly round upon an equal <lb></lb>Plain according to the Direction of the Rings: <lb></lb>The Weight therefore is forced to ſlide either <lb></lb>upwards or downwards along the Slope of the <lb></lb>Rings, which act herein after the Manner of <lb></lb>the Leaver. </s> <s>Again, if theſe Rings or this Worm <lb></lb>be of a ſmall Circumference, or be cut in too <lb></lb>near to the Center of the Skrew, the Weight <lb></lb>will then be moved by ſhorter Leavers and <lb></lb>with a ſmaller Force. </s> <s>I will not here omit one <lb></lb>Thing which I did not think to have menti<lb></lb>oned in this Place: Namely, that if you could <lb></lb>ſo order it that the Bottom or Keel of any <lb></lb>Weight which you would move might (as far <lb></lb>as could be done by the Art and Skill of the <lb></lb>Workman) be made no broader than a Point, <lb></lb>and be moved in ſuch a Manner upon a firm <lb></lb>and ſolid Plain as not in the leaſt to cut into <lb></lb>it, I would engage you ſhould move <emph type="italics"></emph>Archi<lb></lb>medes's<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end> Ship, or effect any thing elſe of this <lb></lb>Nature whatſoever. </s> <s>But of theſe Matters we <lb></lb>ſhall treat in another Place. </s> <s>Each of theſe <lb></lb>Forces in particular, of which we have already <lb></lb>ſpoken, are of great Power for the moving of <lb></lb>any Weight; but when they are all joined to<lb></lb>gether, they are vaſtly ſtronger. </s> <s>In <emph type="italics"></emph>Germany<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end><lb></lb>you every where ſee the Youth ſporting upon <lb></lb>the Ice with a ſort of wooden Pattens with a <lb></lb>very fine thin Bottom of Steel, in which with <lb></lb>a very ſmall Strain they ſlip over the Ice with <lb></lb>ſo much Swiftneſs, that the quickeſt flying <lb></lb>Bird can hardly out-go them. </s> <s>But as all Weights <lb></lb>are either drawn, or puſhed along, or carried, <lb></lb>we may diſtinguiſh them thus: That they are <lb></lb>drawn by Ropes; puſhed along by Leavers; <lb></lb>and carried by Wheels, Rollers and the like: <lb></lb>And how all theſe Powers may be made uſe of <lb></lb><arrow.to.target n="marg13"></arrow.to.target><lb></lb>at the ſame Time, is manifeſt. </s> <s>But in all theſe <lb></lb>Methods, there muſt of Neceſſity be ſome one <lb></lb>Thing, which ſtanding firm and immoveable <lb></lb>itſelf, may ſerve to move the Weight in Queſ<lb></lb>tion. </s> <s>If this Weight is to be drawn, there muſt <lb></lb>be ſome greater Weight, to which you may <lb></lb>faſten the Inſtruments you are to employ; and <lb></lb>if no ſuch Weight can be had, fix a ſtrong iron <lb></lb>Stake of the Length of three Cubits, deep in<lb></lb>to the Ground which muſt be rammed down <lb></lb>tight all about it, or well ſtrengthened with <lb></lb>Piles laid croſs-ways: And then faſten the <lb></lb>Ropes of your Pullies or Cranes to the Head <lb></lb>of the Stake which ſtands up out of the Ground. <lb></lb></s> <s>If the Ground be ſandy, lay long Poles all the <lb></lb>Way for the Weight to ſlide upon, and at the <lb></lb>Head of theſe Poles faſten your Inſtruments to <lb></lb>a good ſtrong Stake. </s> <s>I will take Notice of <lb></lb>one Thing which the Unexperienced will never <lb></lb>allow, till they underſtand the Matter thorough<lb></lb>ly; which is, that along a Plain it is more con<lb></lb>venient to draw two Weights than one; and <lb></lb>this is done in the following Manner: Having <lb></lb>moved the firſt Weight to the End of the <lb></lb>Timbers laid for it to ſlide upon, fix it there <lb></lb>with Wedges in ſuch a Manner that nothing <lb></lb>can ſtir it, and then faſten or tie to it the En<lb></lb>gines, or Inſtruments with which you are to <lb></lb>draw your other Weight; and thus the move<lb></lb>able Weight will be overcome and drawn along <lb></lb>the ſame Plain by the other Weight, which is <lb></lb>no more than equal to it, but only that it is <lb></lb>fixed. </s> <s>If the Weight is to be drawn up on high, <lb></lb>we may very conveniently make uſe of one <lb></lb>ſingle Pole, or rather of the Maſt of a Ship; <lb></lb>but it muſt be very ſtout and ſtrong. </s> <s>This <lb></lb>Maſt we muſt ſet upright, faſtening the Foot <lb></lb>of it to a Stake, or fixing it ſtrong in any other <lb></lb>Manner that you pleaſe. </s> <s>To the upper End of <lb></lb>it we muſt faſten no leſs than three Ropes, one <lb></lb>on the right Side, another on the leſt, and the <lb></lb>other running down directly even with the <lb></lb>Maſt. </s> <s>Then at ſome Diſtance from the Foot <lb></lb>of the Maſt fix your Capſtern and Pullies in <lb></lb>the Ground, and putting this laſt Rope through <lb></lb>the Pullies, let it run through them ſo as to <lb></lb>draw the Head of the Maſt a little downwards, <lb></lb><pb xlink:href="003/01/146.jpg" pagenum="124"></pb>and we may guide it which way we think <lb></lb>proper by means of the two ſide Ropes, as with <lb></lb>two Reins, making it either ſtand upright <lb></lb>whenever we find it neceſſary, or ſtoop which<lb></lb>ſoever way we Pleaſe to ſet down the Weight <lb></lb>in the proper place. </s> <s>As to theſe two ſide <lb></lb>Ropes, if you have no greater Weight to faſten <lb></lb>them to, you may fix them in the following <lb></lb>Manner: Dig a ſquare Pit in the Ground, and <lb></lb>in it lay the Trunk of a Tree, to which faſten <lb></lb>one or more Loops that may ſtand up out of <lb></lb>the Ground; then lay ſome croſs Timbers over <lb></lb>the Trunk, and fill up the Pit with Earth, ram<lb></lb>ming it down very cloſe, and if you wet it, it <lb></lb>will be the heavier. </s> <s>In all the other Particu<lb></lb>lars, you may obſerve the Rules we have laid <lb></lb>down as to the Plain on which the Weight is <lb></lb>to ſlide: For you muſt faſten Pullies both to <lb></lb>the Head of the Maſt and to the Weight which <lb></lb>is to be raiſed, and near the Foot of the Maſt <lb></lb>you muſt fix your Capſtern, or whatever other <lb></lb>Inſtrument you uſe that acts with the Power of <lb></lb>the Leaver. </s> <s>In all Engines of this Nature de<lb></lb>ſigned for the moving of great Weights, we <lb></lb>ſhould take Care that none of the Parts of the <lb></lb>Machine which are to have any Streſs upon <lb></lb>them, be too ſmall, and that none of our <lb></lb>Ropes, Spokes, or any other Medium which <lb></lb>we uſe in the Movement be weak by means of <lb></lb>their Length; for indeed long and thin are in <lb></lb>a Manner ſynonimous Terms, and ſo, on the <lb></lb>Contrary, are ſhort and thick. </s> <s>If the Ropes <lb></lb>are ſmall let them run double in the Pullies; <lb></lb>if they are very thick, you muſt get larger <lb></lb>Pullies, that the Rope may not be cut by the <lb></lb>Edges of the Pully-wheel. </s> <s>The Axis of the <lb></lb>Pully ſhould be Iron, and not leſs in Thickneſs <lb></lb>than the ſixth Part of the Semidiameter of the <lb></lb>Pully itſelf, nor more than the eighth Part of <lb></lb>the whole Diameter. </s> <s>If the Rope be wetted, <lb></lb>it will be the more ſecure from taking Fire, <lb></lb>which ſometimes happens by means of its Mo<lb></lb>tion and Friction in the Pully; it will alſo turn <lb></lb>the Pully round the better, and keep better <lb></lb>within the Wheel. </s> <s>It is better to wet the <lb></lb>Rope with Vinegar than with Water; but if <lb></lb>you do it with Water, Sea-water is beſt. </s> <s>If <lb></lb>you wet with freſh Water, and it is expoſed to <lb></lb>the Heat of the Sun, it will rot preſently. <lb></lb></s> <s>Twiſting the Ropes together is much ſafer than <lb></lb>tying them; and eſpecially you muſt take Care <lb></lb>that one Rope does not cut the other. </s> <s>The <lb></lb>Ancients uſed a Bar or Rule of Iron, to which <lb></lb>they faſtened the firſt Knots of their Ropes, <lb></lb>and their Pullies, and for taking up any Weight, <lb></lb>and eſpecially of Stone, they had a Kind of <lb></lb>Pincers or Forceps of Iron. </s> <s>The Shape of <lb></lb>theſe Pincers or Forceps was taken from the <lb></lb>Letter X, the lower Limbs of it being turned <lb></lb>inwards like a Crab's Claw, by which means it <lb></lb>faſtened itſelf to the Weight. </s> <s>The two upper <lb></lb>Limbs had Holes at the Top, through which <lb></lb>they put a Rope, which being tied, and ſtrain<lb></lb>ed tight by the moving Force, made the Teeth <lb></lb><arrow.to.target n="marg14"></arrow.to.target><lb></lb>of the Pincers keep cloſer to the Weight -A-. <lb></lb>In very large Stones, and eſpecially in the <lb></lb>Middle of Columns, though perfectly ſmooth <lb></lb>in all other Parts, I have ſeen little Knobs left <lb></lb>jutting out, like Handles, againſt which the <lb></lb>Ropes were hitched, to prevent their ſlipping. <lb></lb></s> <s>It is alſo common, eſpecially in Cornices, to <lb></lb>make a Hole in the Stone like a Mortiſe, after <lb></lb>this Manner; you make a Hole in the Stone <lb></lb>like an empty Purſe, of a Bigneſs anſwerable <lb></lb>to the Size of the Stone, narrower at the Mouth <lb></lb>than at the Bottom. </s> <s>I have ſeen ſome of theſe <lb></lb>Holes a Foot deep. </s> <s>You then fill it with iron <lb></lb><arrow.to.target n="marg15"></arrow.to.target><lb></lb>Wedges, -B-the two ſide Wedges being ſhap<lb></lb>ed like the letter D, which are put in firſt to <lb></lb>fill up the Sides of the Hole, and the middle <lb></lb>Wedge is put in laſt between theſe two. </s> <s>All <lb></lb>theſe three Wedges have their Ears which pro<lb></lb>ject out beyond the Mortiſe, and theſe Ears <lb></lb>have a Hole drilled in them, through which <lb></lb>you put an iron Pin, which faſtens on a ſtrong <lb></lb>Handle or Ring; and to this Ring you faſten <lb></lb>the Rope which runs through the Pully that <lb></lb>is to draw up the Weight. </s> <s>My way of faſten<lb></lb>ing my Ropes about Columns, Jambs of Doors, <lb></lb>and other ſuch Stones which are to be ſet up<lb></lb>right, is as follows. </s> <s>I make a Cincture or <lb></lb>Hoop of Wood or Iron of a due Strength for <lb></lb>bearing the Weight which I am to move, and <lb></lb>with this Hoop I ſurround the Column or <lb></lb>other Stone in ſome convenient Part, making <lb></lb>it tight to the Stone with long thin Wedges <lb></lb>drove in gently with a Hammer, then I faſten <lb></lb>my Ligatures to this Hoop, and by this Means <lb></lb>I neither ſpoil the Beauty of the Stone by ma<lb></lb>king Mortiſes in it, nor break the Edges of the <lb></lb>Jambs by the Rubbing of the Ropes againſt <lb></lb>them: Beſides that it is the moſt expeditious, <lb></lb>convenient and ſafeſt Way of faſtening the <lb></lb>Ropes that has been thought of. </s> <s>In another <lb></lb>Place I ſhall enlarge more particularly upon <lb></lb>many Things relating to this Subject. </s> <s>All I <lb></lb>ſhall obſervc further here is, that all Engines <lb></lb>may be looked upon to be a Sort of Animals, <lb></lb>with prodigious ſtrong Hands; and that they <lb></lb>move Weights juſt in the ſame Manner as we <lb></lb></s></p><pb xlink:href="003/01/147.jpg"></pb><p type="margin"> <s><margin.target id="marg13"></margin.target>*</s></p><p type="margin"> <s><margin.target id="marg14"></margin.target>*</s></p><p type="margin"> <s><margin.target id="marg15"></margin.target>*</s></p><p type="caption"> <s>PLATE 14. <emph type="italics"></emph>(Page 123)<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end><lb></lb><figure id="id.003.01.147.1.jpg" xlink:href="003/01/147/1.jpg"></figure></s></p><pb xlink:href="003/01/148.jpg"></pb><p type="caption"> <s>PLATE 15. <emph type="italics"></emph>(Page 124)<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end><lb></lb><figure id="id.003.01.148.1.jpg" xlink:href="003/01/148/1.jpg"></figure><pb xlink:href="003/01/149.jpg" pagenum="125"></pb>Men do with our Arms. </s> <s>For this Reaſon, the <lb></lb>ſame Diſtention and Contraction of the Mem<lb></lb>bers and Nerves which we uſe in pulling, <lb></lb>thruſting or lifting, we are to imitate in our <lb></lb>Engines. </s> <s>I ſhall only add one Piece of Ad<lb></lb>vice more, which is, that whenever you are to <lb></lb>move any great Weight, in any Manner what<lb></lb>ſoever, you would go about it carefully, cauti<lb></lb>ouſly and deliberately, remembering the many <lb></lb>uncertain and irrecoverable Accidents and <lb></lb>Dangers which ſometimes happen in Attempts <lb></lb>of this Nature, even to the moſt experienced: <lb></lb>For you will never get ſo much Honour and <lb></lb>Reputation if what you undertake, ſucceeds, as <lb></lb>you will incur Blame and the Imputation of <lb></lb>Raſhneſs, if it fails. </s> <s>We ſhall now leave this <lb></lb>Subject, to proceed to the outward Coat of <lb></lb>the Wall.</s></p><p type="head"> <s>CHAP. IX.</s></p><p type="main"> <s><emph type="italics"></emph>That the Incruſtations which are made upon the Wall with Mortar, muſt be <lb></lb>three in Number: How they are to be made, and to what Purpoſes they are <lb></lb>to ſerve. </s> <s>Of the ſeveral Sorts of Mortar, and in what Manner the <lb></lb>Lime is to be prepared for making them: Of Baſs-relieves in Stuc-work <lb></lb>and Paintings, with which the Wall may be adorned.<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end></s></p><p type="main"> <s>In all Incruſtations there muſt be at leaſt <lb></lb>three Coats of Mortar; the firſt is called <lb></lb>Rough-caſting, and its Office is to ſtick as cloſe <lb></lb>as poſſible to the Wall and to bind on the two <lb></lb>outer Coats; the Office of the outer Coat, is <lb></lb>to make the Work ſhew neat, ſmooth, and po<lb></lb>liſhed; that of the middle Coat, which we call <lb></lb>Plaiſtering, is to prevent any Faults or Defects <lb></lb>in either of the other two. </s> <s>The Defects are <lb></lb>theſe: If the two laſt, that is to ſay, the Plaiſt<lb></lb>ering and the outer Coat are ſharp, and to uſe <lb></lb>ſuch an Expreſſion, tenacious of the Wall, as <lb></lb>the Rough-caſt ought to be, their Acrimony <lb></lb>will occaſion an infinite Number of Cracks in <lb></lb>them in drying. </s> <s>And if the Rough-caſt be <lb></lb>ſoft, as the outer Coat ſhould be, it will not <lb></lb>take hold of the Wall as it ought, but will fall <lb></lb>off in Pieces. </s> <s>The oftener we plaiſter the Wall <lb></lb>over, the better we may poliſh it, and the <lb></lb>longer it will endure the Injuries of Time. <lb></lb></s> <s>Among the ancient Buildings I have ſeen ſome <lb></lb>which have been done over no leſs than nine <lb></lb>Times. </s> <s>The firſt of theſe ſhould be very ſharp, <lb></lb>and made of Pit-Sand and Brick beaten not <lb></lb>too fine, but about the Size of ſmall Gravel, <lb></lb>and laid on about the Thickneſs of three <lb></lb>Inches. </s> <s>For the Plaiſtering, or middle Coat, <lb></lb>River-Sand is better, and is leſs apt to crack. <lb></lb></s> <s>This Coat too ſhould be ſomewhat rough, be<lb></lb>cauſe to a ſmooth Surface nothing will ſtick <lb></lb>that you lay on. </s> <s>The laſt of all ſhould be as <lb></lb>white as Marble; for which Reaſon, inſtead of <lb></lb>Sand you ſhould uſe the whiteſt Stone that can <lb></lb>be got pounded ſmall; and it will be ſufficient <lb></lb>if this Coat be laid on about half an Inch thick, <lb></lb>ſor when it is much more, it will not eaſily <lb></lb>dry. </s> <s>I know ſome that, out of good Huſ<lb></lb>bandry, make it no thicker than a Piece of <lb></lb>Shoe-leather. </s> <s>The ſecond Coat, or Plaiſter<lb></lb>ing, ought to be ordered according to its Proxi<lb></lb>mity to either of the other two. </s> <s>In Moun<lb></lb>tains where there are Stone-pits, you meet <lb></lb>with certain Veins extremely like a tranſparent <lb></lb>Alabaſter, which are neither Marble nor Tarres, <lb></lb>but of a Kind of middle Nature between both, <lb></lb>and very friable. </s> <s>If this be beat ſmall and <lb></lb>mixed up inſtead of Sand, it will ſhew full of <lb></lb>little Sparks that will ſhine like a fine Sort of <lb></lb>Marble. </s> <s>In many Places we ſee Nails ſtuck <lb></lb>into the Wall to keep on the Plaiſtering, and <lb></lb>Time has proved to us that it is better to have <lb></lb>them of Braſs than of Iron. </s> <s>I am very much <lb></lb>pleaſed with thoſe who, inſtead of Nails, ſtick <lb></lb>little Pieces of Flint in between the Joints of <lb></lb>the Stone; which they drive in gently with a <lb></lb>wooden Hammer. </s> <s>The freſher and rougher <lb></lb>the Wall itſelf is, the faſter all your plaiſtering <lb></lb>Work will cleave to it: For which Reaſon, if, <lb></lb>as you build the Wall, and while the Work is <lb></lb>Green, you rough-caſt it, though but ſlightly, <lb></lb>the Plaiſtering and outer Coat will ſtick to it <lb></lb>ſo faſt, as hardly ever to peel off. </s> <s>After ſouther<lb></lb>ly Winds, it is very proper to do any of this <lb></lb>Sort of Work; but if when a north Wind <lb></lb>blows, or in any great Cold or Heat, you offer <lb></lb>at any Sort of Plaiſtering, eſpecially at laying <lb></lb>on the outer Coat, it will ſcale off preſently. <lb></lb></s> <s>Laſtly, all Incruſtations are of two Sorts; either <pb xlink:href="003/01/150.jpg" pagenum="126"></pb>ſpread on, or faſtened to the Work. </s> <s>Stuc and <lb></lb>Plaiſter are ſpread on; but Stuc is never good <lb></lb>but in very dry Places. </s> <s>The Moiſture trick<lb></lb>ling down from old Walls is extremely preju<lb></lb>dicial to all Sorts of Incruſtations. </s> <s>Theſe In<lb></lb>cruſtations which are faſtened to the Work are <lb></lb>Stone, Glaſs and the like. </s> <s>The different Sorts <lb></lb>of Incruſtations which are ſpread on are either <lb></lb>flat White, Baſs-relieve, or painted in Freſco. <lb></lb></s> <s>Thoſe which are faſtened on, are either plain, <lb></lb>pannelled or teſſelated. </s> <s>We ſhall ſpeak firſt of <lb></lb>thoſe which are ſpread on, for which the Lime <lb></lb>muſt be prepared in the following Manner: <lb></lb>Quench it in a covered Pit with clear Water, <lb></lb>and let there be much more Water than Lime; <lb></lb>then with an Axe chop and cut it as if you <lb></lb>were chopping of Wood, and you will know <lb></lb>when it is ſufficiently ſoaked and diſſolved by <lb></lb>the Axes not being offended by the leaſt Stone <lb></lb>or Grit. </s> <s>It is thought not to be ſufficiently <lb></lb>ſoaked under three Months. </s> <s>It is never good <lb></lb>unleſs it be very glutinous and clammy; for if <lb></lb>the Axe comes out of it dry, it is a Sign it has <lb></lb>not had a ſufficient Quantity of Water to quench <lb></lb>its Thirſt. </s> <s>When you mix it up with the Sand, <lb></lb>or any other pounded Materials, beat it over <lb></lb>and over again very heartily, till it perfectly <lb></lb>foams again. </s> <s>That which was deſigned for <lb></lb>the outer Coat the Ancients uſed to pound in <lb></lb>a Mortar, and they tempered their Mixture ſo <lb></lb>well, that it never ſtuck to the Trowel when <lb></lb>they came to lay it on. </s> <s>Upon this firſt Coat, <lb></lb>while it is ſtill wet and freſh, lay on the ſecond, <lb></lb>and be ſure to let all the three be laid on ſo <lb></lb>faſt as to dry together, beating them even and <lb></lb>ſmooth while they are wet. </s> <s>The outer Coat <lb></lb>of flat White, if you rub and ſmooth it well, <lb></lb>will ſhine like a Looking-glaſs; and if when <lb></lb>it is almoſt dry, you anoint it with Wax and <lb></lb>Gum Maſtix diſſolved in a little Oil, and heat <lb></lb>the Wall thus anointed with a Pan of Charcoal, <lb></lb>ſo that it may imbibe that Ointment, it will <lb></lb>out-do any Marble in Whiteneſs. </s> <s>I have found <lb></lb>by Experience that this Coat will never ſcale <lb></lb>off, if while you are working it, upon the firſt <lb></lb>Appearance of any Crack, you make it good <lb></lb>with a few Twigs of white Mallows or wild <lb></lb>Spart. </s> <s>But if you are obliged to plaiſter in <lb></lb>the Dog-days, or in any very hot Place, cut <lb></lb>and beat ſome old Ropes very ſmall, and mix <lb></lb>them with the Plaiſter. </s> <s>You may alſo give it <lb></lb>a very fine Poliſh, by throwing in a little <lb></lb>white Soap diſſolved in warm Water; but if <lb></lb>you uſe too much of this, it will make your <lb></lb>Work look pale. </s> <s>Figures in Stuc-work are <lb></lb>eaſily made from a Mold; and the Mold itſelf <lb></lb>is taken off from any Relieve, by pouring ſome <lb></lb>liquid Plaiſter over it; and as it is drying, if it <lb></lb>is anointed with the Compoſition above men<lb></lb>tioned, it will get a Surface like Marble. </s> <s>Theſe <lb></lb>Figures are of two Sorts, one alto Relieve and <lb></lb>the other baſſo Relieve. </s> <s>In an upright Wall, <lb></lb>the alto Relieve do extremely well: But on an <lb></lb>arched Cieling the baſſo Relieve are better; <lb></lb>becauſe thoſe of the high Relieve being to hang <lb></lb>down from the Cieling, are very apt to break <lb></lb>off by their own Weight, which may endanger <lb></lb>the Perſons in the Room. </s> <s>It is a very good <lb></lb>Admonition, that where there is likely to be <lb></lb>much Duſt, we ſhould never make Ornaments <lb></lb>of high Relieve; but flat and low, that they <lb></lb>may be eaſily cleaned. </s> <s>Of painted Surfaces <lb></lb>ſome are done while the Work is freſh, and <lb></lb>others when it is dry. </s> <s>All natural Colours <lb></lb>which proceed from the Earth, from Mines or <lb></lb>the like, are proper for Paintings in Freſco: <lb></lb>But all artificial Colours, and eſpecially thoſe <lb></lb>which are altered by Means of Fire, require a <lb></lb>very dry Surface, and abhor Lime, the Rays of <lb></lb>the Moon, and ſouthern Winds. </s> <s>It has been <lb></lb>newly found out that Colours mixed up with <lb></lb>Linſeed Oil, will ſtand a vaſt While againſt all <lb></lb>the Injuries of the Air and Seaſons, provided <lb></lb>the Wall on which they are laid be perfectly <lb></lb>dry, and quite clear of all Moiſture; though I <lb></lb>have obſerved that the antient Painters, in <lb></lb>painting the Poops of their Ships, make uſe of <lb></lb>liquid Wax, inſtead of Size. </s> <s>I have alſo ſeen <lb></lb>in the Works of the Ancients, ſome Colours of <lb></lb>Gems laid on the Wall, if I judge rightly, with <lb></lb>Wax, or perhaps with a white Sort of Terraſs, <lb></lb>which was ſo hardened by Time, that it could <lb></lb>not be got off either by Fire or Water, and you <lb></lb>would have taken it for a hard Sort of Glaſs. <lb></lb></s> <s>I have known ſome too, that with the white <lb></lb>milky Flower of Lime, have laid Colours up<lb></lb>on the Wall, while it was ſtill freſh, that have <lb></lb>looked as much like Glaſs as poſſible. </s> <s>But of <lb></lb>this Subject, we need ſay no more.</s></p><pb xlink:href="003/01/151.jpg" pagenum="127"></pb><p type="head"> <s>CHAP. X.</s></p><p type="main"> <s><emph type="italics"></emph>Of the Method of cutting Marble into thin Scantlings, and what Sand is beſt <lb></lb>for that Purpoſe; as alſo of the Difference and Agreement between<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end> Moſaic <lb></lb><emph type="italics"></emph>Work in Relieve, and Flat, and of the Cement to be uſed in that Sort of Work.<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end></s></p><p type="main"> <s>As to thoſe Incruſtations which are faſten<lb></lb>ed on to the Work, whether flat Facings, <lb></lb>or pannelled Work, the ſame Method is to be <lb></lb>uſed in both. </s> <s>It is very ſurprizing to conſider <lb></lb>the Diligence which the Antients uſed in ſaw<lb></lb>ing and poliſhing their Scantlings of Marble. <lb></lb></s> <s>I myſelf have ſeen ſome Pieces of Marble above <lb></lb>ſix Foot long and three broad, and yet ſcarce <lb></lb>half an Inch thick, and theſe have been joined <lb></lb>together with a curve Line, that the Spectators <lb></lb>might not eaſily find out where the Junctures <lb></lb>were. <emph type="italics"></emph>Pliny<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end> tells us, that the Ancients com<lb></lb>mended the Sand of <emph type="italics"></emph>Æthiopia<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end> as the Beſt for <lb></lb>ſawing of Marble, and that the <emph type="italics"></emph>Indian<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end> came up <lb></lb>the neareſt to it: But that the <emph type="italics"></emph>Ægyptian<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end> was <lb></lb>rather too ſoft, though even that was better than <lb></lb>ours. </s> <s>They tell us that there is a Sort found <lb></lb>in a certain Flat in the <emph type="italics"></emph>Adriatic<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end> Sea, which <lb></lb>was much uſed by the Ancients. </s> <s>We dig a <lb></lb>Sand about the Shore of <emph type="italics"></emph>Pozzuolo,<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end> which is not <lb></lb>improper for this Purpoſe. </s> <s>The ſharp Sand <lb></lb>found in any Sort of Torrent is good, but the <lb></lb>larger it is, the wider it cuts and the more it <lb></lb>eats into the Stone; whereas the ſofter it goes <lb></lb>through, the Smoother it leaves the Surface, <lb></lb>and the more eaſily to be poliſhed. </s> <s>The Po<lb></lb>liſhing muſt be begun with chizzelling, but <lb></lb>ended with the ſofteſt and ſmootheſt rubbing. <lb></lb></s> <s>The <emph type="italics"></emph>Theban<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end> Sand is much commended for rub<lb></lb>bing and poliſhing of Marble; ſo is the Whet<lb></lb>ſtone, and the Emeril, whoſe Duſt nothing can <lb></lb>exceed for this Purpoſe. </s> <s>The Pumice-ſtone <lb></lb>too, for giving the laſt Poliſh, is very uſeful. <lb></lb></s> <s>The Scum of calcined Tin, which we call Put<lb></lb>ty, white Lead burnt, the <emph type="italics"></emph>Tripoli<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end> Chalk in <lb></lb>particular, and the like, if they are beat in<lb></lb>to the fineſt Duſt that poſſibly can be, ſtill re<lb></lb>taining their Sharpneſs, are very good for this <lb></lb>Work. </s> <s>For faſtening on the Scantlings, if <lb></lb>they are thick, fix into the Wall either Pins of <lb></lb>Iron, or little Spars of Marble ſticking out from <lb></lb>the Wall, to which you may faſten your Scant<lb></lb>ling without any Thing of Cement. </s> <s>But if the <lb></lb>Scantlings are thin, after the ſecond Plaiſter<lb></lb>ing, inſtead of Mortar, take Wax, Pitch, Ro<lb></lb>ſin, Gum Maſtic, and a good Quantity of any <lb></lb>other Sort of Gum whatſoever, all melted and <lb></lb>mixed together, and warm your Piece of Mar<lb></lb>ble by degrees, leſt if you put it to the Fire at <lb></lb>once of a Sudden, the Heat ſhould make it <lb></lb>crack. </s> <s>In fixing up your Scantlings, it will be <lb></lb>very laudable if the Juncture and Order in <lb></lb>which you place them, produce a beautiful Ef<lb></lb>fect, by means of the Veins and Colours an<lb></lb>ſwering and ſetting off one another. </s> <s>I am <lb></lb>mightily pleaſed with the Policy of the Anci<lb></lb>ents, who uſed to make thoſe Parts which lay <lb></lb>neareſt to the Eye as neat and as exactly poliſhed <lb></lb>as was poſſible, but did not take ſo much Pains <lb></lb>about thoſe which ſtood at any Diſtance, or <lb></lb>Heigth, and in ſome Places put them up with<lb></lb>out any poliſhing at all, where they knew the <lb></lb>Eye of the moſt curious Examiner could not <lb></lb>reach them. <emph type="italics"></emph>Moſaic<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end> Work in Relieve, and <lb></lb>that which is flat, agree in this Particular, <lb></lb>that both are deſigned to imitate Painting, by <lb></lb>means of an artful Compoſition of various Co<lb></lb>lours of Stones, Glaſs, and Shells. <emph type="italics"></emph>Nero<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end> is ſaid <lb></lb>to have been the Firſt that had Mother of <lb></lb>Pearl cut and mixed in <emph type="italics"></emph>Moſaic<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end> Work. </s> <s>But <lb></lb>herein they differ, that in <emph type="italics"></emph>Moſaic<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end> Work in Re<lb></lb>lieve we uſe the largeſt Pieces of Marble, <emph type="italics"></emph>&c.<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end><lb></lb>that we can get; whereas in the flat <emph type="italics"></emph>Moſaic,<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end><lb></lb>we put none but little ſquare Pieces, no big<lb></lb>ger than a Bean; and the ſmaller theſe Pieces <lb></lb>are, the more Bright and Sparkling they make <lb></lb>the Work, the Light by ſo many different Faces <lb></lb>being broke into the more various Parts. </s> <s>They <lb></lb>differ too in this, that in faſtening on the for<lb></lb>mer, Cement made of Gums is the Beſt; but <lb></lb>in the flat Work, we ſhould uſe Mortar made <lb></lb>of Lime, with a Mixture of <emph type="italics"></emph>Tyburtine<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end> Stone, <lb></lb>beat as ſmall as Duſt. </s> <s>There are ſome that, in <lb></lb>flat Work <emph type="italics"></emph>Moſaic<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end> Work, are for ſteeping the <lb></lb>Lime often in hot Water, in order to get out <lb></lb>its Saltneſs and make it ſofter and more gluey. <lb></lb></s> <s>I have known ſome of the hardeſt Stone poliſh<lb></lb>ed upon a Grind-ſtone, in order to be uſed in <lb></lb>the <emph type="italics"></emph>Moſaic<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end> in Relieve. </s> <s>In the flat <emph type="italics"></emph>Moſaic<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end> Work <lb></lb>you may faſten Gold to Glaſs with a Cement <lb></lb>of Lead or Litharge, which may be made more <lb></lb>liquid than any Sort of Glaſs whatſoever. </s> <s>All <pb xlink:href="003/01/152.jpg" pagenum="128"></pb>that we have here ſaid of the outer Coat, or <lb></lb>Surface of the Wall may likewiſe ſerve as to <lb></lb>Pavements, of which we promiſed to ſpeak, <lb></lb>only that on Pavements we never beſtow fine <lb></lb>Painting nor ſuch good <emph type="italics"></emph>Moſaic<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end> Work, unleſs <lb></lb>you will grant the Name of Painting to a Par<lb></lb>get of various Colours poured into hollow little <lb></lb>Spaces ſeparated from each other by thin Par<lb></lb>titions of Marble in Imitation of Painting. </s> <s>This <lb></lb>Parget may be made of red Oker burnt, with <lb></lb>Brick, Stone and the Droſs of Iron; and when <lb></lb>it is laid on and is thoroughly dry, it muſt be <lb></lb>cleared and ground down ſmooth, which is done <lb></lb>in the following Manner: Take a hard Stone, <lb></lb>or rather a Piece of Lead of threeſcore Pound <lb></lb>Weight, with its lower Surface perfectly ſmooth; <lb></lb>to each End of this faſten a Rope, by which <lb></lb>you muſt draw it backwards and forwards over <lb></lb>your Pavement, ſtill keeping it ſupplied with <lb></lb>Sand and Water, till it is rubbed exactly ſmooth, <lb></lb>and is poliſhed as it ought, which it never is <lb></lb>unleſs all the Lines and Angles of the Dies an<lb></lb>ſwer and fit one another to the greateſt Nice<lb></lb>neſs. </s> <s>If this Parget be rubbed over with Oil, <lb></lb>eſpecially that of Linſeed, it will get a Coat <lb></lb>like Glaſs. </s> <s>It alſo does very well to anoint it <lb></lb>with Lees of Oil, as alſo with Water in which <lb></lb>Lime has been quenched, with which you <lb></lb>ſhould rub it over often. </s> <s>In all our <emph type="italics"></emph>Moſaic<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end><lb></lb>Works we ſhould avoid uſing the ſame Co<lb></lb>lours too often in the ſame Places, as alſo too <lb></lb>frequent Repetitions of the ſame Figures and <lb></lb>Irregularity in the Compoſition of them. </s> <s>We <lb></lb>ſhould likewiſe take Care that the Junctures <lb></lb>are not too wide, but that every Thing be fit<lb></lb>ted together with the utmoſt Exactneſs, that <lb></lb>equal Care may appear to have been uſed in all <lb></lb>Parts of the Work.</s></p><p type="head"> <s>CHAP. XI.</s></p><p type="head"> <s><emph type="italics"></emph>Of the Ornaments of the Covering, which conſiſt in the Richneſs and Beauty <lb></lb>of the Rafters, Vaults and open Terraſſes.<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end></s></p><p type="main"> <s>The Coverings too have their Beauty and <lb></lb>Gratefulneſs from the Contrivance of <lb></lb>the Rafters, Vaults and open Terraſſes. </s> <s>There <lb></lb>are Roofs yet to be ſeen in <emph type="italics"></emph>Agrippa<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end>'s Portico <lb></lb>with Rafters of Braſs, forty Foot long; a Work <lb></lb>wherein we know not which to admire moſt, <lb></lb>the Greatneſs of the Expence, or the Skill of <lb></lb>the Workmen. </s> <s>In the Temple of <emph type="italics"></emph>Diana<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end> at <lb></lb><emph type="italics"></emph>Epheſus,<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end> as we have taken Notice elſewhere, <lb></lb>was a Roof of Cedar, which laſted a vaſt <lb></lb>While. <emph type="italics"></emph>Pliny<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end> relates that <emph type="italics"></emph>Salauces<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end> King of <lb></lb><emph type="italics"></emph>Colchos,<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end> after he had overcome <emph type="italics"></emph>Seſoſtris<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end> King <lb></lb>of <emph type="italics"></emph>Ægypt,<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end> made his Rafters of Gold and Sil<lb></lb>ver. </s> <s>There are ſtill to be ſeen Temples covered <lb></lb>with Slabs of Marble, as, we are told, was the <lb></lb>Temple of <emph type="italics"></emph>feruſalem<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end> with prodigious large <lb></lb>ones of ſuch wonderful Whiteneſs and Splen<lb></lb>dor, that at a Diſtance the whole Roof appear<lb></lb>ed like a Mountain of Snow. <emph type="italics"></emph>Catulus<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end> was the <lb></lb>firſt that gilt the Braſs Tiles on the Capitol <lb></lb>with Gold. </s> <s>I find too that the <emph type="italics"></emph>Pantheon,<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end> or <lb></lb><emph type="italics"></emph>Rotonda<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end> at <emph type="italics"></emph>Rome,<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end> was covered with Plates of <lb></lb>Braſs gilt; and Pope <emph type="italics"></emph>Honorius,<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end> he in whoſe <lb></lb>Time <emph type="italics"></emph>Mahomet<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end> taught <emph type="italics"></emph>Ægypt<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end> and <emph type="italics"></emph>Africa<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end> a <lb></lb>new Religion and Worſhip, covered the Church <lb></lb>of St. <emph type="italics"></emph>Peter<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end> all over with Plates of Braſs. <emph type="italics"></emph>Ger<lb></lb>many<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end> ſhines with Tiles glazed over. </s> <s>In many <lb></lb>Places we cover our Roofs with Lead, which <lb></lb>will endure a great While, ſhews very hand<lb></lb>ſome, and is not very expenſive; but it is at<lb></lb>tended with this Inconvenience, that if it is laid <lb></lb>upon a Stone Roof, not having room for Air <lb></lb>under it, when the Stones come to be heated <lb></lb>by the Rays of the Sun, it will melt. </s> <s>There <lb></lb>is an Experiment which may convince us of <lb></lb>the Truth of this. </s> <s>If you ſet a leaden Veſſel <lb></lb>full of Water upon the Fire, it will not melt; <lb></lb>but if you throw the leaſt Stone into it, <lb></lb>where that touches it will immediately melt <lb></lb>into a Hole. </s> <s>Beſides this, if it is not well <lb></lb>cramped and pinned down in all Parts, it is <lb></lb>eaſily ripped off by the Wind. </s> <s>Moreover it is <lb></lb>preſently eat into and ſpoilt by the Saltneſs of <lb></lb>Lime; ſo that it does much the beſt upon <lb></lb>Timbers, if you are not afraid of Fire: But <lb></lb>here again, there is a great Inconvenience arif<lb></lb>ing from the Nails, eſpecially if they are of <lb></lb>Iron, inaſmuch as they are more apt to grow <lb></lb>hoter than Stone, and, beſides, eat away the <lb></lb>Lead all about them with Ruſt. </s> <s>For this <lb></lb>Reaſon the Cramps and Pins ought alſo to be <lb></lb>all of Lead, and muſt be faſtened into the <lb></lb>Sheets with hot Sodder. </s> <s>Under this Covering <lb></lb>you ſhould make a thin Bed of Aſhes of Wil<lb></lb>low, waſhed and mixed with Chalk. </s> <s>Braſs <lb></lb>Nails are not ſo apt to grow hot or to ruſt, as <pb xlink:href="003/01/153.jpg" pagenum="129"></pb>Iron ones. </s> <s>If Lead is daubed with any Sort <lb></lb>of Filch, it quickly ſpoils; and for this Reaſon <lb></lb>we ſhould take Care that our Roof be not a <lb></lb>convenient Harbour for Birds; or if it is a like<lb></lb>ly Place for them to get together in, we ſhould <lb></lb>make our Stuff thick where their Dung is to <lb></lb>fall. <emph type="italics"></emph>Euſebius<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end> tells us, that all round the Top <lb></lb>of <emph type="italics"></emph>Solomon<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end>'s Temple there was a great Number <lb></lb>of Chains, to which hung four hundred little <lb></lb>Bells continually vibrating, the Noiſe of which <lb></lb>drove away the Birds. </s> <s>In the Covering we <lb></lb>alſo adorn the Ridge, Gutters and Angles, by <lb></lb>ſetting up Vaſes, Balls, Statues, Chariots and <lb></lb>the like, each of which we ſhall ſpeak of in <lb></lb>particular in its due Place. </s> <s>At preſent I do <lb></lb>not call to Mind any thing further relating to <lb></lb>this Sort of Ornaments in general, except that <lb></lb>each be adapted to the Place to which it is <lb></lb>moſt ſuitable.</s></p><p type="head"> <s>CHAP. XII.</s></p><p type="main"> <s><emph type="italics"></emph>That the Ornaments of the Apertures are very pleaſing, but are attended with <lb></lb>many and various Difficulties and Inconveniences; that the falſe Apertures <lb></lb>are of two Sorts, and what is required in each.<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end></s></p><p type="main"> <s>The Ornaments of the Aperture give no <lb></lb>ſmall Beauty and Dignity to the Work, <lb></lb>but they are attended with many great Diffi<lb></lb>culties, which cannot be provided againſt <lb></lb>without a good deal of Skill in the Artificer, <lb></lb>and a conſiderable Expence. </s> <s>They require very <lb></lb>large Stones, ſound, equal, handſome and rare, <lb></lb>which are Things not eaſily to be got, and <lb></lb>when got not eaſily removed, poliſhed, or ſet <lb></lb>up according to your Intention. <emph type="italics"></emph>Cicero<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end> ſays, <lb></lb>that the Architects owned they could not ſet <lb></lb>up a Column exactly perpendicular, which in <lb></lb>all Apertures is abſolutely neceſſary both with <lb></lb>Reſpect to Duration and Beauty. </s> <s>There are <lb></lb>other Inconveniencies beſides; which, as far as <lb></lb>lies in our Power, we ſhall endeavour to pro<lb></lb>vide againſt. </s> <s>An Aperture naturally implies <lb></lb>an Opening; but ſometimes behind this Open<lb></lb>ing we run up a Wall which makes a Kind <lb></lb>of falſe Opening which is not pervious but <lb></lb>cloſed up; which for this Reaſon we ſhall ac<lb></lb>cordingly call a falſe Aperture. </s> <s>This Sort of <lb></lb>Ornaments, as indeed were moſt of thoſe <lb></lb>which ſerve either to ſtrengthen the Work or <lb></lb>to ſave Expence, was firſt invented by the <lb></lb>Carpenters, and afterwards imitated by the <lb></lb>Maſons, who thereby gave no ſmall Beauty to <lb></lb>their Structures. </s> <s>Any of theſe Apertures would <lb></lb>be more beautiful if their Ribs were all of one <lb></lb>Piece, made of one entire Stone; and next to <lb></lb>this, is the having the Parts ſo nicely joined <lb></lb>that the Joints cannot be ſeen. </s> <s>The Ancients <lb></lb>uſed to erect their Columns and other Stones <lb></lb>which ſerved as Ribs to theſe falſe Apertures, <lb></lb>and fix them firm on their Baſes, before they <lb></lb>carried up the Wall; and herein they did very <lb></lb>wiſely; for by this Means they had more Room <lb></lb>to uſe their Engines, and could take the Per<lb></lb>pendicular more exactly. </s> <s>You may plant your <lb></lb>Column perpendicular upon its Baſe in the fol<lb></lb>lowing Manner: In the Baſe and at the Top <lb></lb>and Bottom of the Column mark the exact <lb></lb>Center of each Circle. </s> <s>Into the Center of the <lb></lb>Baſe faſten an iron Pin, ſoddering it in with <lb></lb>Lead, and make a Hole in the Center of the <lb></lb>Bottom of the Column, juſt big enough to re<lb></lb>ceive the Pin which ſticks up in the Center of <lb></lb>the Baſe. </s> <s>In the Top of your Engine, or <lb></lb>Scaffolding, make a Mark exactly perpendicu<lb></lb>lar over the Pin which ſticks up in the Center <lb></lb>of the Baſe, which you may find by letting ſall <lb></lb>Line from thence to that Pin. </s> <s>When you <lb></lb>have thus prepared every Thing, it will be no <lb></lb>hard Matter to move the Head of the Shaft <lb></lb>till its Center anſwers exactly to the Mark <lb></lb>which you have made above and is perpendi<lb></lb>cular to the Center of its Baſe. </s> <s>I have obſerv<lb></lb>ed from the Works of the Ancients that the <lb></lb>ſofter Sort of Marble may be ſmoothed with <lb></lb>the very ſame Inſtruments with which we <lb></lb>plane Wood. </s> <s>The Ancients alſo uſed to ſet <lb></lb>up their Stones quite rough, only ſmoothing <lb></lb>the Heads and Sides of them which were to <lb></lb>join to other Stones, and aſterwards when the <lb></lb>Building was raiſed, they poliſhed the Faces of <lb></lb>the Stones, which they had leſt rough before; <lb></lb>and this I believe they did that they might <lb></lb>leave the leaſt Expence that was poſſible to the <lb></lb>Hazards of their Engines: For it would have <lb></lb>been a much greater Loſs to them, if by Acci<lb></lb>dent any Stone that was quite ſmoothed and <lb></lb>poliſhed had been let fall and broke, than if <pb xlink:href="003/01/154.jpg" pagenum="130"></pb>they broke one that was only half wrought. <lb></lb></s> <s>Beſides that by this means they had the Ad<lb></lb>vantage of doing their Work at different Times, <lb></lb>according to the different Seaſons which are re<lb></lb>quiſite for building the Wall, and for cloathing <lb></lb><arrow.to.target n="marg16"></arrow.to.target><lb></lb>and poliſhing it. </s> <s>There are two Sorts of falſe <lb></lb>Apertures: One is that where the Columns or <lb></lb>Pilaſters are ſo joined to the Wall, that one Part <lb></lb>of them is hid within it, and only Part of them <lb></lb>appears; the other is that wherein the whole <lb></lb>Columns ſtand out of the Wall, ſomewhat <lb></lb>imitating a Portico. </s> <s>The former therefore we <lb></lb>may call the low Relieve, and the latter the <lb></lb>whole Relieve. </s> <s>In the low Relieve we may uſe <lb></lb>either half Columns or Pilaſters. </s> <s>The half <lb></lb>Columns muſt never ſtand more nor leſs out of <lb></lb>the Wall than one half of their Diameter. </s> <s>Pi<lb></lb>laſter, never more than one fourth Part of its <lb></lb>Breadth, nor leſs than a ſixth. </s> <s>In the whole <lb></lb>Relieve the Columns muſt never ſtand out <lb></lb>from the Naked of the Wall more than with <lb></lb>their whole Baſe and one fourth Part of the <lb></lb>Breadth of their Baſe; and never leſs than with <lb></lb>their whole Baſe and Shaſt ſtanding out clear <lb></lb>from the Wall. </s> <s>But thoſe which ſtand out <lb></lb>from the Wall with their whole Baſe and one <lb></lb>fourth Part more muſt have their Pilaſters of <lb></lb>the low Relieve, fixed againſt the Wall to an<lb></lb>ſwer to them. </s> <s>In the whole Relieve the En<lb></lb>tablature muſt not run all along the Wall but <lb></lb>be broke and project over the Head of each <lb></lb>Column, as you may ſee in Plate 19. No. </s> <s>4. <lb></lb>But in the half Relieve you may do as you <lb></lb>think fit, either carrying on your Entablature <lb></lb>entire all the Length of the Wall, or breaking <lb></lb>it over each Pilaſter with a Sweep, after the <lb></lb>Manner of the whole Relieve. </s> <s>We have now <lb></lb>treated of thoſe Ornaments wherein all Build<lb></lb>ings agree: But of thoſe wherein they differ, <lb></lb>we ſhall ſpeak in the following Book, this be<lb></lb>ing already long enough. </s> <s>But as in this we <lb></lb>undertook to treat of every Thing relating to <lb></lb>Ornaments in general, we ſhall not paſs by any <lb></lb>Thing that may be ſerviceable under this Head.</s></p><p type="margin"> <s><margin.target id="marg16"></margin.target>*</s></p><p type="main"> <s>A. <emph type="italics"></emph>Plan of the Inter-ſpace of the two half <lb></lb>Columns, called<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end> Baſſo Relievo.</s></p><p type="head"> <s>CHAP. XIII.</s></p><p type="head"> <s><emph type="italics"></emph>Of Columns and their Ornaments, their Plans, Axes, Out-lines, Sweeps, Di<lb></lb>minutions, Swells, Aſtragals and Fillets.<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end></s></p><p type="main"> <s>The principal Ornament in all Archi<lb></lb>tecture certainly lies in Columns; for <lb></lb>many of them ſet together embelliſh Porticoes, <lb></lb>Walls and all Manner of Apertures, and even <lb></lb>a ſingle one is handſome, and adorns the Meet<lb></lb>ing of ſeveral Streets, a Theatre, an open <lb></lb>Square, ſerves for ſetting up Trophies, and pre<lb></lb>ſerving the Memory of great Events, and is ſo <lb></lb>Beautiful and Noble that it is almoſt incredible <lb></lb>what Expence the Ancients uſed to beſtow in <lb></lb>ſingle Pillars, which they looked upon as a very <lb></lb>ſtately Ornament: For oſtentimes, not being <lb></lb>content with making them of <emph type="italics"></emph>Parian, Nu<lb></lb>midian<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end> or other fine Marbles, they would alſo <lb></lb>have them carved with Figures and Hiſtories <lb></lb>by the moſt excellent Sculptors; and of ſuch <lb></lb>Columns as theſe we are told there were above <lb></lb>an Hundred and Twenty in the Temple of <lb></lb><emph type="italics"></emph>Diana at Epheſus.<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end></s><s> Others made their Capi<lb></lb>tals and Baſes of gilt Braſs, as we may ſee in <lb></lb>the double Portico at <emph type="italics"></emph>Rome,<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end> which was built <lb></lb>in the Conſulſhip of that <emph type="italics"></emph>Octavius<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end> who tri<lb></lb>umphed over <emph type="italics"></emph>Perſeus.<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end></s><s> Some made their whole <lb></lb>Columns of Braſs, and others plated them all <lb></lb>over with Silver; but we ſhall not dwell upon <lb></lb>ſuch Things as thoſe. </s> <s>Columns muſt be ex<lb></lb>actly round and perfectly ſmooth. </s> <s>We read <lb></lb>that one <emph type="italics"></emph>Theodorus<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end> and one <emph type="italics"></emph>Tholus,<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end> Architects <lb></lb>of <emph type="italics"></emph>Lemnos,<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end> contrived certain Wheels in their <lb></lb>Workhouſes, wherein they hung their Columns <lb></lb>with ſo nice a Poiſe, that they could be turned <lb></lb>about by a little Boy, and ſo poliſhed ſmooth. <lb></lb></s> <s>But this is a <emph type="italics"></emph>Greek<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end> Story. </s> <s>We ſhall proceed <lb></lb>to ſomething more material. </s> <s>In all Columns <lb></lb>we may conſider two long Lines in the Shaft; <lb></lb>one we may call the Axis of the Shaft, and the <lb></lb>other the Out-lines; the ſhort Lines that we <lb></lb>are to conſider are the ſeveral Diameters of <lb></lb>thoſe Circles which in different Places gird the <lb></lb>Column about; and of thoſe Circles, the prin<lb></lb>cipal are the two Superficies; one at the Top <lb></lb>and the other at the Bottom of the Shaft. </s> <s>The <lb></lb>Axis of the Shaft is a Line drawn through the <lb></lb>very Center of the Column from the Center of <lb></lb>the Circle which forms the flat Superficies at <lb></lb>the Top, to the Center of the Circle which is <lb></lb>the flat Superficies at the Bottom, and this <lb></lb>Line may be alſo called the Perpendicular in <lb></lb>the Middle of the Column. </s> <s>In this Line meet <lb></lb>the Centers of all the Circles. </s> <s>But the out Line <lb></lb>is one drawn from the Sweep of the Fillet at <lb></lb>the Top along the Surface of the Column to <lb></lb></s></p><pb xlink:href="003/01/155.jpg"></pb><p type="caption"> <s>PLATE 16. <emph type="italics"></emph>(Page 130, No. </s> <s>1)<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end><lb></lb><figure id="id.003.01.155.1.jpg" xlink:href="003/01/155/1.jpg"></figure></s></p><pb xlink:href="003/01/156.jpg"></pb><p type="caption"> <s>PLATE 17. <emph type="italics"></emph>(Page 130, No. </s> <s>2)<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end><lb></lb><figure id="id.003.01.156.1.jpg" xlink:href="003/01/156/1.jpg"></figure></s></p><pb xlink:href="003/01/157.jpg"></pb><p type="caption"> <s>PLATE 18. <emph type="italics"></emph>(Page 130, No. </s> <s>3)<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end><lb></lb><figure id="id.003.01.157.1.jpg" xlink:href="003/01/157/1.jpg"></figure></s></p><pb xlink:href="003/01/158.jpg"></pb><p type="caption"> <s>PLATE 19. <emph type="italics"></emph>(Page 130, No. </s> <s>4)<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end><lb></lb><figure id="id.003.01.158.1.jpg" xlink:href="003/01/158/1.jpg"></figure></s></p><pb xlink:href="003/01/159.jpg"></pb><p type="caption"> <s>PLATE 20. <emph type="italics"></emph>(Page 131)<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end><lb></lb><figure id="id.003.01.159.1.jpg" xlink:href="003/01/159/1.jpg"></figure><pb xlink:href="003/01/160.jpg" pagenum="131"></pb>the Sweep of the Fillet at Bottom; and in this <lb></lb>terminate all the Diameters that are in the <lb></lb>Thickneſs of the Shaſt, and it does not run <lb></lb>ſtrait like the Axis, but is compoſed of a great <lb></lb>Number of Lines, ſome ſtrait and ſome curve; <lb></lb>as we ſhall ſhew hereafter. </s> <s>The ſeveral Dia<lb></lb>meters of Circles which we are to conſider in <lb></lb>different Parts of the Column, are ſive; the <lb></lb>Sweeps, the Diminutions, and the Swell or Belly <lb></lb>of the Shaft. </s> <s>The Sweeps are two, one at the <lb></lb>Top and the other at the Bottom of the Co<lb></lb>lumn, and are called Sweeps upon account of <lb></lb>their running out a little beyond the Reſt of <lb></lb>the Shaft, The Diminutions are likewiſe two, <lb></lb>cloſe by the Sweeps at the Bottom and Top, <lb></lb>and are ſo called becauſe in thoſe Parts the <lb></lb><arrow.to.target n="marg17"></arrow.to.target><lb></lb>Shaft diminiſhes inwards. </s> <s>The Diameter of <lb></lb>the Swell or Belly of the Column is to be ob<lb></lb>ſerved about the Middle of the Shaft, and is <lb></lb>called the Belly, becauſe the Column ſeems to <lb></lb>ſwell out juſt in that Part. </s> <s>Again, the Sweeps <lb></lb>differ from one another, for that which is at <lb></lb>the Bottom is formed by the Fillet and a ſmall <lb></lb>Curve running from the Fillet to the Body of <lb></lb>the Shaft; but the Sweep at the Top of the <lb></lb>Shaſt, beſides this Curve and its Fillet has like<lb></lb>wiſe the Aſtragal. </s> <s>Laſtly, the Out-lines muſt <lb></lb>be formed in the following Manner: On the <lb></lb>Pavement, or upon the flat Side of a Wall, <lb></lb>which is proper for the Drawing your Deſign, <lb></lb>draw a ſtrait Line, of the Length which you <lb></lb>intend to give the Column, which perhaps is <lb></lb>as yet in the Quarry. </s> <s>This Line we call the <lb></lb>Axis of the Shaft. </s> <s>Then divide this Axis into <lb></lb>a certain Number of determinate Parts, ac<lb></lb>cording to the Nature of the Building, and of <lb></lb>the various Sorts of Columns which you are to <lb></lb>erect, of which Variety we ſhall ſpeak in due <lb></lb>Time; and according to a due Proportion of <lb></lb>theſe Parts you muſt make the Diameter of the <lb></lb>Bottom of your Shaft, with a little Line drawn <lb></lb>acroſs the Axis. </s> <s>The Diameter you divide in<lb></lb>to four-and-twenty Parts, one of which you <lb></lb>give to the Height of the Fillet, which Height <lb></lb>we mark upon the Wall with a ſmall Stroke; <lb></lb>then take three more of thoſe Parts, and at <lb></lb>that Height make a Mark in the Axis of the <lb></lb>Shaft, which is to be the Center of the next <lb></lb>Diminution, and through this Center draw a <lb></lb>Line exactly parallel with the Diameter of the <lb></lb>Bottom of the Shaft, which Line muſt be the <lb></lb>Diameter of the lower Diminution, and be one <lb></lb>ſeventh Part ſhorter than the Diameter of the <lb></lb>Bottom of the Shaft. </s> <s>Having marked theſe <lb></lb>two Lines, that is to ſay, the Diameter of the <lb></lb>Diminution, and the Fillet, draw from the <lb></lb>Point of the End of the Fillet to the Point of <lb></lb>that Diameter in the Shaft of the Column a <lb></lb>curve Line, as eaſy and neat as poſſible; the <lb></lb>Beginning of this curve Line muſt be one Quar<lb></lb>ter of a little Circle, the Semi-diameter of <lb></lb>which muſt be the Height of the Fillet. </s> <s>Then <lb></lb>divide the whole Length of the Shaft into ſeven <lb></lb>equal Parts, and mark thoſe Diviſions with lit<lb></lb>tle Dots. </s> <s>At the fourth Dot, counting from <lb></lb>the Bottom, make the Center of the Belly of <lb></lb>the Shaft, acroſs which draw its Diameter, <lb></lb>whoſe Length muſt be equal to the Diameter <lb></lb>of the Diminution at the Bottom. </s> <s>The Di<lb></lb>minution and Sweep at the Top muſt be made <lb></lb>as follows: According to the Species of the <lb></lb>Column, of which we ſhall treat elſewhere, <lb></lb>take the Diameter of the upper Superficies from <lb></lb>the Diameter of the Bottom of the Shaft, and <lb></lb>draw it at the Top of the Column in your De<lb></lb>ſign; which Diameter ſo drawn muſt be di<lb></lb>vided into twelve Parts, one of which Parts <lb></lb>muſt be allowed to the Projecture of the Fillet <lb></lb>and Aſtragal, giving two thirds of it to the <lb></lb>latter, and one third to the former. </s> <s>Then <lb></lb>make the Center of your Diminution, at the <lb></lb>Diſtance of one and a half of thoſe Parts from <lb></lb>the Center of the upper Surface of the Shaft, <lb></lb>and the Diameter of this Diminution a ninth <lb></lb>Part leſs than the largeſt Diameter of that Sur<lb></lb>face. </s> <s>You muſt afterwards draw the Curve or <lb></lb>Sweep in the ſame Manner as I taught you to <lb></lb>draw that below. </s> <s>Laſtly, having thus marked <lb></lb>in your Deſign the Sweeps, Diminutions, and <lb></lb>all the other Particulars which we have here <lb></lb>mentioned, draw a ſtrait Line from the Dimi<lb></lb>nution at the Top, and another from the Di<lb></lb>minution at the Bottom to the Diameter of the <lb></lb>Belly or Swell of the Column, and this will <lb></lb>make in your Deſign what we called the Out<lb></lb>line of the Column, and by this Line you may <lb></lb>make a Model of Wood by which your Ma<lb></lb>ſons may ſhape and finiſh the Column itſelf. <lb></lb></s> <s>The Superficies of the Bottom of the Shaft, if <lb></lb>the Column be exactly rounded, muſt make <lb></lb>equal Angles on all Sides with the Axis in the <lb></lb>Middle, and with the like Superficies at the Top <lb></lb>of the Shaft. </s> <s>Theſe Things I do not find com<lb></lb>mitted to writing by any of the Ancients, but I <lb></lb>have gathered them by my own Induſtry and <lb></lb>Application from the Works of the beſt Ma<lb></lb>ſters. </s> <s>All that is to follow may be for the <lb></lb>moſt Part referred to the Proportions of the <lb></lb>Lines already treated of, and will be very de<lb></lb>lightful and of great Uſe, eſpecially to the Im<lb></lb>provement of Painters.</s></p><p type="margin"> <s><margin.target id="marg17"></margin.target>*</s></p><p type="head"> <s><emph type="italics"></emph>The End of Book<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end><lb></lb></s></p><pb xlink:href="003/01/161.jpg"></pb><figure id="id.003.01.161.1.jpg" xlink:href="003/01/161/1.jpg"></figure><p type="head"> <s>THE <lb></lb>ARCHITECTURE <lb></lb>OF <lb></lb><emph type="italics"></emph>Leone Batiſta Alberti.<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end></s></p><p type="head"> <s>BOOK VII. CHAP. I.</s></p><p type="head"> <s>Of the ORNAMENTS of Sacred EDIFICES.</s></p><p type="main"> <s><emph type="italics"></emph>That the Walls of Cities, the Temples, and Courts of Juſtice, uſed to be con<lb></lb>ſecrated to the Gods; of the proper Region for the City, its Situation and <lb></lb>principal Ornaments.<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end></s></p><p type="main"> <s>We have already obſerved that all <lb></lb>Buildings conſiſt of ſeveral Parts, <lb></lb>and that of theſe Parts ſome are <lb></lb>thoſe wherein all Manner of Build<lb></lb>ings in general agree; ſuch as Si<lb></lb>tuation, Covering, and the like; and others, <lb></lb>thoſe wherein they differ. </s> <s>We have already <lb></lb>treated of the Ornaments which belong to the <lb></lb>former; we are now to ſpeak of thoſe which <lb></lb>are proper to the latter. </s> <s>And this Diſcourſe <lb></lb>will be of ſo uſeful a Nature, that even Painters, <lb></lb>thoſe moſt accurate Searchers after every Thing <lb></lb>that is beautiful, will confeſs, that they them<lb></lb>ſelves have abſolute Occaſion for it. </s> <s>As for <lb></lb>the Pleaſantneſs of it, I ſhall only ſay, that I be<lb></lb>lieve nobody will repent his having read it. <lb></lb></s> <s>But I muſt now deſire not to be blamed, if, <lb></lb>having propoſed new Ends to myſelf, I begin <lb></lb>to handle my Subject upon freſh Principles. <lb></lb></s> <s>The Principles and Steps to any Subject are <lb></lb>found by the Diviſion, Intent and Conſidera<lb></lb>tion of the Parts whereof that Subject conſiſts. <lb></lb></s> <s>For as in a Statue made of Braſs, Gold and <lb></lb>Silver melted together, the Workman conſiders <lb></lb>the Parts with regard to their Weight, the <lb></lb>Statuary with regard to their Out-lines, and <lb></lb>others perhaps as to other Reſpects; ſo, as we <lb></lb>have obſerved before, the Parts of Architecture <lb></lb>ought to be divided in ſuch a Manner, that our <lb></lb>Conſiderations upon each of them may be as <lb></lb>clear and diſtinct as poſſible. </s> <s>We ſhall now <lb></lb>therefore proceed upon that Diviſion which <lb></lb>regards the Beauty and Ornament of Buildings, <lb></lb>more than either their Conveniency or Strength. <lb></lb></s> <s>Though indeed all theſe Qualifications have <lb></lb>ſuch a mutual Agreement with one another, <lb></lb>that where any one of them is wanting, the <lb></lb>others alſo loſe their Commendation. </s> <s>All <lb></lb>Buildings therefore are either publick or pri<lb></lb>vate; and both publick and private, are either <lb></lb>ſacred or profane. </s> <s>We ſhall firſt treat of pub<lb></lb>lick Edifices. </s> <s>The Ancients uſed to found the <lb></lb>Walls of their Cities with the greateſt Religion, <lb></lb>dedicating them to ſome God who was to be <lb></lb>their Guardian: Nor did they think that it <lb></lb>was poſſible for the publick Weal to be ſo per<lb></lb>fectly ſecured by the Prudence of any Man <lb></lb>whatſoever, but that it might be endangered <pb xlink:href="003/01/162.jpg" pagenum="133"></pb>by the Inſults and Treachery of thoſe who <lb></lb>were concerned with it; and they were of Opi<lb></lb>nion that a City, either through the Negli<lb></lb>gence of its own People, or the Envy of its <lb></lb>Neighbours, was continually expoſed to Dangers <lb></lb>and Accidents; juſt as a Ship is which is toſſed <lb></lb>on the Sea. </s> <s>And upon this Account I ſuppoſe, <lb></lb>they fabled that <emph type="italics"></emph>Saturn,<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end> out of his Care of hu<lb></lb>man Affairs, appointed Semi-Gods and Heroes <lb></lb>to be Guardians over Cities and to protect them <lb></lb>by their Wiſdom; ſince indeed we are not to <lb></lb>truſt wholly to Walls for our Defence, but <lb></lb>ſtand in need beſides of the Favour of Heaven. <lb></lb></s> <s>And the Reaſon they gave for <emph type="italics"></emph>Saturn<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end>'s ſo do<lb></lb>ing was this, that as we do not ſet one of the <lb></lb>Beaſts themſelves to take Care of a Flock or <lb></lb>Herd, but a Shepherd; ſo it was reaſonable <lb></lb>that the Guardians appointed over Men, ſhould <lb></lb>be ſome other Kind of Beings of ſuperior Wiſ<lb></lb>dom and greater Virtue than common Men; <lb></lb>and therefore they dedicated their Walls to the <lb></lb>Gods. </s> <s>Others ſay, that it is ſo ordered by the <lb></lb>Providence of the great and good God, that as <lb></lb>the Minds of Men have their fatal <emph type="italics"></emph>Genii,<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end> ſo <lb></lb>have Cities alſo. </s> <s>It is no Wonder therefore <lb></lb>that the Walls within which the Citizens were <lb></lb>to be aſſociated and defended, were accounted <lb></lb>holy; and that the Ancients, whenever they <lb></lb>were about to lay Siege to any Town, leſt they <lb></lb>ſhould ſeem to offer any Inſult to Religion, <lb></lb>uſed to invoke, and with ſacred Hymns en<lb></lb>deavoured to appeaſe the Gods that were <lb></lb>Guardians of the Place, beſeeching them to <lb></lb>paſs willingly over to them. </s> <s>As for the Tem<lb></lb>ple, who can doubt that to be ſacred, as well <lb></lb>for other Reaſons, as chiefly becauſe we there <lb></lb>pay the due Reverence and Honour to God <lb></lb>for thoſe infinite Obligations which Mankind <lb></lb>has towards him? </s> <s>Piety is one of the Princi<lb></lb>pal Parts of Juſtice, and who can doubt that <lb></lb>Juſtice is a Preſent from Heaven? </s> <s>Another <lb></lb>Part of Juſtice which has a very near Relation <lb></lb>to the preceding, and is of the greateſt Excel<lb></lb>lence and Dignity, and extremely grateful to <lb></lb>the divine Being, and conſequently highly <lb></lb>ſacred, it is that which is diſpenſed between <lb></lb>Man and Man for the Maintenance of Peace <lb></lb>and Tranquillity, and giving to every one his <lb></lb>due Deſerts: For this Reaſon the Places ſet <lb></lb>apart for the Adminiſtration of Juſtice, ſhould <lb></lb>always be looked upon as ſacred to Religion. <lb></lb></s> <s>What ſhall we ſay of the Monuments of great <lb></lb>Actions and Events which are dedicated to <lb></lb>Eternity, and left to future Ages? </s> <s>Surely we <lb></lb>may venture to affirm, that all theſe have ſome <lb></lb>Relation to Juſtice and Religion. </s> <s>We are <lb></lb>now therefore to treat of the Walls, Temples, <lb></lb>Places for the Adminiſtration of Juſtice, and <lb></lb>Monuments of great Events; unleſs it may be <lb></lb>firſt thought neceſſary to ſet down ſome Ob<lb></lb>ſervations concerning Cities in general, which <lb></lb>ought not to be omitted. </s> <s>A large Number of <lb></lb>Edifices well diſtributed, and diſpoſed in their <lb></lb>proper Places, cannot fail of giving a City a <lb></lb>great Air of Magnificence. <emph type="italics"></emph>Plato<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end> was for di<lb></lb>viding the whole Area of a City into twelve <lb></lb>Parts, allotting to each its particular Temples <lb></lb>and Chapels, To theſe I would add particu<lb></lb>lar Courts of Judicature for each Diſtrict, to<lb></lb>gether with Places for other inferior Magi<lb></lb>ſtrates, Fortreſſes, Spaces for publick Races, <lb></lb>Exerciſes and Games, and every Thing elſe of <lb></lb>this Nature, provided there be a ſufficient <lb></lb>Number of Houſes to be allotted to every Diſ<lb></lb>trict: For of Cities, ſome are large, others <lb></lb>ſmall; ſuch as are generally fortified Towns, <lb></lb>and Places deſigned chiefly for Strength. </s> <s>The <lb></lb>ancient Writers were of Opinion that the Cities <lb></lb>which ſtood in Plains were not very ancient, <lb></lb>and therefore could not pretend to much Au<lb></lb>thority; believing that ſuch could not be built <lb></lb>till long after the Deluge. </s> <s>But, indeed, Cities <lb></lb>in large open Plains, and Caſtles in Places of <lb></lb>ſteep and difficult Acceſs, are beſt ſituated <lb></lb>both for Pleaſure and Convenience: But ſtill <lb></lb>in each of theſe I would always have this Dif<lb></lb>ference, that the Town which ſtands in a Plain <lb></lb>ſhould riſe upon a gentle Slope, for the Re<lb></lb>moval of Dirt and Filth; and that which is on <lb></lb>a Hill, ſhould be built upon a level and even <lb></lb>Area, for the greater Beauty of the Streets and <lb></lb>Buildings. <emph type="italics"></emph>Cicero<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end> was of Opinion, that <emph type="italics"></emph>Capua<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end><lb></lb>was preferable to <emph type="italics"></emph>Rome,<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end> becauſe it neither hung <lb></lb>upon Hills, nor was broken by Vallies, but lay <lb></lb>open and level. <emph type="italics"></emph>Alexander<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end> deſiſted from com<lb></lb>pleating the Town he had begun to build in <lb></lb>the Iſland of <emph type="italics"></emph>Pharos,<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end> though otherwiſe a Place <lb></lb>of great Strength and many Conveniences, be<lb></lb>cauſe he found it would not have Room enough <lb></lb>to enlarge itſelf, as in all Probability it would <lb></lb>have Occaſion to do. </s> <s>Nor ſhould we omit to <lb></lb>take Notice here, that the greateſt Ornament <lb></lb>of a City is the Multitude of her Citizens. </s> <s>We <lb></lb>read that <emph type="italics"></emph>Tigranes,<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end> when he built the City of <lb></lb><emph type="italics"></emph>Tigranocerta,<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end> conſtrained a vaſt Number of the <lb></lb>Richeſt and moſt Honourable of his Subjects, <lb></lb>to remove thither with all their Wealth to in<lb></lb>habit it, publiſhing an Edict, that whatever <lb></lb>Effects they did not carry with them, but left <lb></lb>elſewhere, ſhould be forfeited to the publick <pb xlink:href="003/01/163.jpg" pagenum="134"></pb>Treaſury. </s> <s>But this is no more than what the <lb></lb>Neighbours all around, and other Strangers, <lb></lb>will do willingly and of their own Accord, to <lb></lb>a Place where they know they can live with <lb></lb>Health, Pleaſure and Plenty, and among a <lb></lb>People of a fair and regular Behaviour. </s> <s>But <lb></lb>the principal Ornament of the City will ariſe <lb></lb>ſrom the Diſpoſition of the Streets, Squares and <lb></lb>publick Edifices, and their being all laid out <lb></lb>and contrived beautifully and conveniently, ac<lb></lb>cording to their ſeveral Uſes; for without Or<lb></lb>der, there can be nothing Handſome, Conve<lb></lb>nient or Pleaſing. </s> <s>In a well regulated City, <lb></lb><emph type="italics"></emph>Plato<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end> is of Opinion that the Laws ſhould pre<lb></lb>vent the introducing of any foreign Delicacies <lb></lb>or Corruptions; and, in order thereto ſhould <lb></lb>ſuffer no Citizen to travel till full forty Years <lb></lb>of Age; and that ſuch Strangers as ſhould be <lb></lb>admitted into the City, in order to proſecute <lb></lb>their Studies, when they had ſufficiently im<lb></lb>proved themſelves, ſhould be ſent Home again <lb></lb>to their own Country. </s> <s>And this is neceſſary, <lb></lb>becauſe the Citizens, from the Contagion of <lb></lb>Foreigners, are apt to fall off daily more and <lb></lb>more from that Parſimony wherein they were <lb></lb>educated by their Anceſtors, and to deſpiſe <lb></lb>their own old Cuſtoms and Uſages; which is <lb></lb>the chief Reaſon that Cities grow ſo univer<lb></lb>ſally corrupted. <emph type="italics"></emph>Plutarch<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end> tells us, that the <lb></lb>People of <emph type="italics"></emph>Epidaurus<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end> obſerving that their Citi<lb></lb>zens grew vicious by their Intercourſe with the <lb></lb><emph type="italics"></emph>Illyrians,<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end> and knowing that a Depravity of <lb></lb>Manners is always the Occaſion of continual <lb></lb>Innovations; in order to prevent it, elected one <lb></lb>Citizen yearly out of their Number, who was <lb></lb>always to be a Man of Gravity and Circum<lb></lb>ſpection, who ſhould go among the <emph type="italics"></emph>Illyrians,<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end><lb></lb>and provide and bring them all ſuch Things as <lb></lb>any of theſe Citizens gave him Commiſſion to <lb></lb>procure them. </s> <s>In a Word, all the wiſeſt Men <lb></lb>are agreed in this, that the greateſt Care and <lb></lb>Precaution ought to be uſed to keep the City <lb></lb>from being corrupted by the Intercourſe of <lb></lb>Strangers who come to it. </s> <s>Not that I am for imi<lb></lb>tating thoſe who are againſt granting Admiſſion <lb></lb>to any Strangers whatſoever. </s> <s>Among the <emph type="italics"></emph>Greeks<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end><lb></lb>it was the ancient Cuſtom never to receive any <lb></lb>People that were not in League with them, <lb></lb>though not in Enmity neither, if they had Oc<lb></lb>caſion to paſs through their Country in Arms: <lb></lb>Neither would they drive them away; but <lb></lb>they uſed to appoint a Market for all Neceſſa<lb></lb>ries at ſome little Diſtance without the Walls, <lb></lb>where the Strangers might refreſh themſelves <lb></lb>with whatever Conveniencies they wanted, and <lb></lb>the Citizens might not be expoſed to any <lb></lb>Danger. </s> <s>But I, for my Part, am beſt pleaſed <lb></lb>with the <emph type="italics"></emph>Carthaginians,<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end> who, though they <lb></lb>permitted Strangers to come among them, <lb></lb>would not ſuffer them to have every Thing <lb></lb>in common with their own Citizens. </s> <s>The <lb></lb>Streets which led to the Market or publick <lb></lb>Place were open to all Strangers; but the more <lb></lb>private Parts of the City, ſuch as the Arſenal, <lb></lb>and the like, they were not allowed ſo much <lb></lb>as to ſee. </s> <s>Inſtructed therefore by theſe Ex<lb></lb>amples, let us lay out the Platform of our City <lb></lb>in ſuch a Manner, that not only Strangers may <lb></lb>have their Habitations ſeparate, convenient for <lb></lb>them, and not inconvenient to the Citizens; <lb></lb>but alſo that the Citizens themſelves may con<lb></lb>verſe, negociate and dwell together commo<lb></lb>diouſly and honourably, according to their ſe<lb></lb>veral Ranks and Occaſions. </s> <s>It will add much <lb></lb>to the Beauty of the City, if the Shops for par<lb></lb>ticular Trades ſtand in particular Streets and <lb></lb>Diſtricts in the moſt convenient Parts of the <lb></lb>Town. </s> <s>Goldſmiths, Silverſmiths and Painters <lb></lb>may have their Shops in the publick Place, and <lb></lb>ſo may the Sellers of Drugs, of Habits, and <lb></lb>other creditable Trades; but all naſty, ſtink<lb></lb>ing Occupations ſhould be removed out of the <lb></lb>Way, eſpecially the offenſive Smells of Tan<lb></lb>ners, which ſhould be ſet by themſelves and <lb></lb>towards the North, becauſe the Winds ſeldom <lb></lb>blow into the City from that Corner; or, if <lb></lb>they do, they blow ſo ſtrong that they rather <lb></lb>fly than paſs over it. </s> <s>There may perhaps be <lb></lb>ſome who would like better to have the Ha<lb></lb>bitations of the Gentry ſeparate by themſelves, <lb></lb>quite clear and free from all Mixture with the <lb></lb>meaner Sort of People. </s> <s>Others are for having <lb></lb>every Diſtrict of the City ſo laid out, that each <lb></lb>Part might be ſupplied at Hand with every <lb></lb>Thing that it could have Occaſion for, and for <lb></lb>this Reaſon they are not againſt having the <lb></lb>meaneſt Trades in the Neighbourhood of the <lb></lb>moſt honourable Citizens. </s> <s>But of this Sub<lb></lb>ject we have ſaid enough. </s> <s>Conveniency is one <lb></lb>Thing, and Dignity another. </s> <s>Let us now <lb></lb>return.</s></p><pb xlink:href="003/01/164.jpg" pagenum="135"></pb><p type="head"> <s>CHAP. II.</s></p><p type="head"> <s><emph type="italics"></emph>Of how large and what Kind of Stone the Walls ought to be built, and who <lb></lb>were the firſt that erected Temples.<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end></s></p><p type="main"> <s>The Ancients, and particularly the <emph type="italics"></emph>He<lb></lb>trurians,<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end> built their Walls of ſquare <lb></lb>Stones, and the Largeſt that could be got. <lb></lb></s> <s>The <emph type="italics"></emph>Athenians,<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end> as we are informed by <emph type="italics"></emph>Themiſ<lb></lb>tocles,<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end> did the ſame in their <emph type="italics"></emph>Pireum.<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end></s><s> There <lb></lb>are ſome very ancient Caſtles ſtill to be ſeen in <lb></lb><emph type="italics"></emph>Tuſcany,<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end> and in the Territory of <emph type="italics"></emph>Spoleto,<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end> and <lb></lb>near <emph type="italics"></emph>Piperno<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end> in <emph type="italics"></emph>Campania,<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end> built of huge un<lb></lb>wrought Stone; which Sort of Work pleaſes <lb></lb>me extremely, becauſe it gives the Building a <lb></lb>rugged Air of the antique Severity, which is a <lb></lb>very great Ornament to a Town. </s> <s>I would <lb></lb>have the Walls of a City built in ſuch a Man<lb></lb>ner, that the Enemy at the bare Sight of them <lb></lb>may be ſtruck with Terror, and be ſent away <lb></lb>with a Diſtruſt of his own Forces. </s> <s>There is <lb></lb>a good deal of Majeſty too in very broad deep <lb></lb>Ditches cloſe to the Foot of the Wall, with <lb></lb>very ſteep Sides, like thoſe which we are told <lb></lb>were at <emph type="italics"></emph>Babylon,<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end> which were fifty royal Cubits <lb></lb>broad and above an hundred deep. </s> <s>There is <lb></lb>alſo much Majeſty in the Height and Thick<lb></lb>neſs of the Walls themſelves, ſuch as we are <lb></lb>told were built by <emph type="italics"></emph>Ninus, Semiramis<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end> and <emph type="italics"></emph>Ti<lb></lb>granes,<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end> and moſt of thoſe whoſe Minds were <lb></lb>inclined to Magnificence. </s> <s>In the Towers and <lb></lb>Corridors of the Walls of <emph type="italics"></emph>Rome,<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end> I have ſeen <lb></lb>Pavements of <emph type="italics"></emph>Moſaic<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end> Work, and Walls incruſ<lb></lb>tated with the handſomeſt Materials; but all <lb></lb>Ornaments are not ſuitable to all Cities alike. <lb></lb></s> <s>Delicate Cornices and Incruſtations are not ſo <lb></lb>proper for the Walls of a Town; but inſtead of <lb></lb>a Cornice let there be a projecting Row of long <lb></lb>Stones, ſomewhat more regularly wrought than <lb></lb>the Reſt, and ſet by the Level and Plum-line; <lb></lb>and inſtead of Incruſtations, tho' I would have <lb></lb>the Front preſerve its rugged and threatning <lb></lb>Aſpect, yet I would have the Stones ſo well fit<lb></lb>ted to one another, that there may be no <lb></lb>Cracks in the Building. </s> <s>The beſt Way to fit <lb></lb>ſuch Stones together is by Means of the <emph type="italics"></emph>Doric<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end><lb></lb>Rule; like which <emph type="italics"></emph>Ariſtotle<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end> uſed to ſay, the <lb></lb>Laws ought to be made; for it was of Lead <lb></lb>and pliable; becauſe having very hard Stones <lb></lb>and difficult to be wrought, for the ſaving of <lb></lb>Expence and Labour, they did not take the <lb></lb>Pains to ſquare them, but ſet them in the Wall <lb></lb>without any certain Order and where-ever they <lb></lb>would fit in; and finding it an endleſs Task <lb></lb>to remove them from Place to Place till they <lb></lb>could fit them in exactly, they invented this <lb></lb>Rule which would bend any Way, which they <lb></lb>moulded to the Sides and Corners of the Stone <lb></lb>which they had already ſet, and to which they <lb></lb>were to fit the next, and made uſe of the Rule <lb></lb>thus moulded for chuſing out ſuch Stones as <lb></lb>would fit the Vacancies they were to fill up, <lb></lb>and anſwer beſt to the Stones which they had <lb></lb>already ſet in the Wall. </s> <s>Moreover, for a ſtill <lb></lb>greater Addition of Reverence and Dignity, I <lb></lb>would have a very handſome open Space left <lb></lb>both within and without the Walls, and dedi<lb></lb>cated to the publick Liberty; which ſhould <lb></lb>not be cumbered up by any Perſon whatſoever, <lb></lb>either with Trench, Wall, Hedge, or Shrub, <lb></lb>under very great Penalties. </s> <s>Let us now pro<lb></lb>ceed to the Temple. </s> <s>The firſt Builders of <lb></lb>Temples I find to have been in <emph type="italics"></emph>Italy,<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end> Father <lb></lb><emph type="italics"></emph>Janus,<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end> and for that Reaſon the Ancients, in <lb></lb>their Sacrifices, uſed always to begin with a <lb></lb>Prayer to <emph type="italics"></emph>Janus.<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end></s><s> Some were of Opinion that <lb></lb><emph type="italics"></emph>Jupiter<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end> in <emph type="italics"></emph>Crete<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end> was the firſt that built Tem<lb></lb>ples, and upon that Account thought him the <lb></lb>firſt God to be adored. </s> <s>They ſay that in <emph type="italics"></emph>Phe<lb></lb>nicia, Uſo<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end> was the firſt that erected Altars, and <lb></lb>built Temples to Fire and Wind. </s> <s>Others tell <lb></lb>us that <emph type="italics"></emph>Dionyſius,<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end> another Name for <emph type="italics"></emph>Bacchus,<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end><lb></lb>in his Paſſage through <emph type="italics"></emph>India,<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end> finding no Cities <lb></lb>in all that Region, after he had built Towns <lb></lb>there, alſo erected Temples and eſtabliſhed re<lb></lb>ligious Rites. </s> <s>Others ſay that in <emph type="italics"></emph>Achaia, Ce<lb></lb>crops<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end> was the firſt that built a Temple to the <lb></lb>Goddeſs <emph type="italics"></emph>Ops,<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end> and the <emph type="italics"></emph>Arcadians<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end> the firſt that <lb></lb>built one to <emph type="italics"></emph>Jupiter.<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end></s><s> Some write that <emph type="italics"></emph>Iſis,<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end><lb></lb>who was alſo called the Law-giver, becauſe ſhe <lb></lb>was the firſt Deity that commanded Men to <lb></lb>live according to her Laws, was alſo the firſt <lb></lb>that raiſed a Temple to <emph type="italics"></emph>Jupiter<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end> and <emph type="italics"></emph>Juno<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end> her <lb></lb>Progenitors, and appointed Prieſts to attend their <lb></lb>Worſhip. </s> <s>But what Manner of Temples any <lb></lb>of theſe were, is not ſo well known. </s> <s>I am <lb></lb>very much inclined to believe they were like <lb></lb>that which was in the Citadel of <emph type="italics"></emph>Athens,<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end> or <lb></lb>that in the Capitol at <emph type="italics"></emph>Rome;<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end> which, even when <pb xlink:href="003/01/165.jpg" pagenum="136"></pb>the City flouriſhed, was covered with Straw <lb></lb>and Reeds, the <emph type="italics"></emph>Romans<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end> ſtill adhering to the an<lb></lb>cient Parſimony of their Forefathers. </s> <s>But when <lb></lb>the great Wealth of their Kings and of many <lb></lb>of their Citizens brought them to think of ho<lb></lb>nouring themſelves and their City by the State<lb></lb>lineſs of their Edifices, they looked upon it to <lb></lb>be a Shame that the Habitations of the Gods <lb></lb>ſhould not be made handſomer than the Houſes <lb></lb>of Men; and this Humour in a ſhort Time <lb></lb>made ſo great a Progreſs, that only in the <lb></lb>Foundation of one ſingle Temple, while the <lb></lb>City was yet extremely frugal, King <emph type="italics"></emph>Numa<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end><lb></lb>laid out four thouſand Pounds Weight of Sil<lb></lb>ver: And I highly commend that Prince for <lb></lb>this Act of Generoſity, as it was done out of <lb></lb>Regard to the Dignity of the City, and to the <lb></lb>Reverence which is due to the Gods, to whom <lb></lb>we owe all Things: Though it has been the <lb></lb>Opinion of ſome, who have had the Reputati<lb></lb>on of Wiſdom, that it is very improper to de<lb></lb>dicate or build any Temples at all to the Gods, <lb></lb>and we are told, that it was in this Perſuaſion <lb></lb>that <emph type="italics"></emph>Xerxes<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end> burnt down the Temples in <emph type="italics"></emph>Greece,<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end><lb></lb>thinking it an impious Thing to ſhut up the <lb></lb>Gods between Walls, to whom all Things <lb></lb>ought to be open, and to whom the whole <lb></lb>World ought to ſerve as a Temple. </s> <s>But let <lb></lb>us return to our Subject.</s></p><p type="head"> <s>CHAP. III.</s></p><p type="main"> <s><emph type="italics"></emph>With how much Thought, Care and Diligence we ought to lay out and adorn <lb></lb>our Temples; to what Gods and in what Places we ſhould build them, and <lb></lb>of the various Kinds of Sacrifices.<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end></s></p><p type="main"> <s>In the whole Compaſs of the Art of Build<lb></lb>ing, there is nothing in which we ought to <lb></lb>employ more Thought, Care and Diligence <lb></lb>than in the laying out and adorning a Tem<lb></lb>ple; becauſe, not to mention that a Temple <lb></lb>well built and handſomely adorned is the great<lb></lb>eſt and nobleſt Ornament a City can have; it <lb></lb>is moreover the Habitation of the Gods: And <lb></lb>if we adorn and beautify the Houſe where a <lb></lb>King or any great Man is to dwell, with all the <lb></lb>Art we are Maſters of, what ought we to do <lb></lb>to thoſe of the immortal Gods? </s> <s>Whom we <lb></lb>expect, when invoked, to be preſent at our Sa<lb></lb>crifices, and to give Ear to our Prayers. </s> <s>And <lb></lb>though the Gods may deſpiſe thoſe periſhable <lb></lb>Things which we moſt highly value; yet Men <lb></lb>are moved by the Purity of beautiful Materials, <lb></lb>and raiſed by them to Reverence and Devoti<lb></lb>on for the Deity to which they are ſacred. </s> <s>It <lb></lb>is certain that Temples may be of great Uſe <lb></lb>for ſtirring up Men to Piety, by filling their <lb></lb>Minds with Delight, and Entertaining them <lb></lb>with Admiration of their Beauty. </s> <s>The An<lb></lb>cients were wont to ſay, that Piety was ho<lb></lb>noured when the Temples were frequented. <lb></lb></s> <s>For this Reaſon I would have the Temple <lb></lb>made ſo beautiful, that the Imagination ſhould <lb></lb>not be able to form an Idea of any Place more <lb></lb>ſo; and I would have every Part ſo contrived <lb></lb>and adorned, as to fill the Beholders with Awe <lb></lb>and Amazement, at the Conſideration of ſo <lb></lb>many noble and excellent Things, and almoſt <lb></lb>force them to cry out with Aſtoniſhment: <lb></lb>This Place is certainly worthy of God! <emph type="italics"></emph>Strabo<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end><lb></lb>ſays, that the <emph type="italics"></emph>Mileſians<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end> built their Temple ſo <lb></lb>large, that they were not able to make a Roof <lb></lb>to cover it; which I do not approve. </s> <s>The <lb></lb><emph type="italics"></emph>Samians<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end> boaſted of having the biggeſt Temple <lb></lb>in the World. </s> <s>I am not againſt building them <lb></lb>ſuch, that it ſhould be very hard to make any <lb></lb>Addition to them. </s> <s>Ornaments are in a Man<lb></lb>ner infinite, and even in ſmall Temples there is <lb></lb>always ſomething which we imagine might <lb></lb>and ought to be added. </s> <s>I would have the <lb></lb>Temple as large as the Bigneſs of the City re<lb></lb>quires, but not unmeaſurably huge. </s> <s>What I <lb></lb>ſhould chiefly deſire in a Temple, would be <lb></lb>this, that every Thing which you behold ſhould <lb></lb>be ſuch; that you ſhould be at a Stand which <lb></lb>moſt to commend, the Genius and Skill of the <lb></lb>Workmen, or the Zeal and Generoſity of the <lb></lb>Citizens in procuring and dedicating ſuch rare <lb></lb>and beautiful Materials to this Service; and <lb></lb>be doubtful whether thoſe very Materials con<lb></lb>duce moſt to Beauty and Statelineſs, or to Du<lb></lb>ration, which, as in all other Buildings both <lb></lb>publick and private, ſo chiefly in the Structure <lb></lb>of Temples, ought to be very carefully con<lb></lb>ſulted; in as much as it is in the higheſt De<lb></lb>gree reaſonable that ſuch a great Expence <lb></lb>ſhould be well ſecured from being loſt by means <lb></lb>of any Accidents, beſides that Antiquity gives <pb xlink:href="003/01/166.jpg" pagenum="137"></pb>no leſs Awfulneſs, than Ornaments do Beauty, <lb></lb>to any Structure of this Nature. </s> <s>The Anci<lb></lb>ents, who had their Inſtructions from the <lb></lb><emph type="italics"></emph>Etrurians,<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end> thought the ſame Kind of Situation <lb></lb>not proper for the Temples of different Gods: <lb></lb>The Temples to the Gods that preſided over <lb></lb>Peace, Modeſty and good Arts, they judged <lb></lb>fit to be placed within the Compaſs of the <lb></lb>Walls; but thoſe Deities that were the Guar<lb></lb>dians of Pleaſures, Feuds and Combuſtions, <lb></lb>ſuch as <emph type="italics"></emph>Venus, Mars<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end> and <emph type="italics"></emph>Vulcan,<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end> they placed <lb></lb>ſomewhere without the City. <emph type="italics"></emph>Veſta, Jupiter<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end><lb></lb>and <emph type="italics"></emph>Minerva,<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end> whom <emph type="italics"></emph>Plato<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end> calls the Protectors <lb></lb>of Cities, they ſeated in the Heart of the <lb></lb>Town, or in the Citadel; <emph type="italics"></emph>Pallas,<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end> the Goddeſs <lb></lb>of working Trades, and <emph type="italics"></emph>Mercury,<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end> to whom the <lb></lb>Merchants ſacrificed in the Month of <emph type="italics"></emph>May,<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end><lb></lb>and <emph type="italics"></emph>Iſis,<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end> they ſet in the publick Market-place; <lb></lb><emph type="italics"></emph>Neptune,<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end> upon the Sea-ſhore, and <emph type="italics"></emph>Janus<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end> on <lb></lb>the Summit of the higheſt Hills; the Temple <lb></lb>of <emph type="italics"></emph>Æſculapius<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end> they built in the Iſland of the <lb></lb><emph type="italics"></emph>Tiber,<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end> being of Opinion that the chief Thing <lb></lb>neceſſary to the Sick, was Water. </s> <s>In other <lb></lb>Countries <emph type="italics"></emph>Plutarch<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end> tells us, that they uſed to <lb></lb>place the Temple of this God out of the City, <lb></lb>for the Sake of the Goodneſs of the Air. </s> <s>Fur<lb></lb>ther, they imagined that the Temples of vari<lb></lb>ous Gods ought to be built in various Forms. <lb></lb></s> <s>The Temple of the <emph type="italics"></emph>Sun<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end> and of <emph type="italics"></emph>Bacchus<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end> they <lb></lb>thought ſhould be round; and <emph type="italics"></emph>Varro<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end> ſays, <lb></lb>that of <emph type="italics"></emph>Jupiter<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end> ſhould be partly uncovered at the <lb></lb>Top, becauſe it was that God who opened the <lb></lb>Seeds of all Things. </s> <s>The Temple of the God<lb></lb>deſs <emph type="italics"></emph>Veſta,<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end> ſuppoſing her to be the Earth, they <lb></lb>built as round as a Ball: Thoſe of the other <lb></lb>celeſtial Gods they raiſed ſomewhat above the <lb></lb>Ground; thoſe of the infernal Gods they built <lb></lb>under Ground, and thoſe of the terreſtrial <lb></lb>they ſet upon the Level. </s> <s>If I am not miſtaken <lb></lb>too, their various Sorts of Sacrifices made them <lb></lb>invent different Sorts of Temples: For ſome <lb></lb>waſhed their Altars with Blood, others ſacrificed <lb></lb>with Wine and a Cake; others were daily <lb></lb>practiſing new Rites. <emph type="italics"></emph>Poſthumius<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end> enacted a <lb></lb>Law among the <emph type="italics"></emph>Romans,<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end> that no Wine ſhould <lb></lb>be ſprinkled upon a funeral Pile; for which <lb></lb>Reaſon the Ancients uſed to perform their Li<lb></lb>bations not with Wine but Milk. </s> <s>In the <emph type="italics"></emph>Hy<lb></lb>perborean<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end> Iſland in the Ocean, where <emph type="italics"></emph>Latona<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end><lb></lb>was fabled to be born, the Metropolis was con<lb></lb>ſecrated to <emph type="italics"></emph>Apollo;<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end> the Citizens of which, be<lb></lb>ing uſed conſtantly every Day to ſing the <lb></lb>Praiſes of their Gods, were all good Maſters of <lb></lb>Muſick. </s> <s>I find in <emph type="italics"></emph>Theophraſtus<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end> the Sophiſt, that <lb></lb>the People of the Iſthmus, or the <emph type="italics"></emph>Morea,<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end> uſed <lb></lb>to ſacrifice an Ant to the Sun and to <emph type="italics"></emph>Neptune.<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end><lb></lb>It was not lawful for the <emph type="italics"></emph>Ægyptians<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end> to appeaſe <lb></lb>their Gods by any Thing but Prayers within <lb></lb>their City; wherefore, that they might ſacri<lb></lb>fice Sheep to <emph type="italics"></emph>Saturn<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end> and <emph type="italics"></emph>Serapis,<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end> they built <lb></lb>their Temples out of the Town. </s> <s>But our <lb></lb>Countrymen by Degrees got into a Way of <lb></lb>making uſe of Baſiliques or Palaces for their <lb></lb>Places of Worſhip; which was occaſioned by <lb></lb>their being accuſtomed from the Beginning to <lb></lb>meet and get together in the Palaces of private <lb></lb>Perſons; beſides, that the Altar had a very <lb></lb>great Air of Dignity when ſet in the Place of <lb></lb>the Tribunal, as had alſo the Choir when diſ<lb></lb>poſed about the Altar. </s> <s>The other Parts of the <lb></lb>Structure, ſuch as the Nave and the Portico, <lb></lb>ſerved the People either to walk about in, or <lb></lb>to attend the religious Ceremonies. </s> <s>Add to <lb></lb>this, that the Voice of the Pontiff, when he <lb></lb>preached, might be more diſtinctly heard in a <lb></lb>Baſilique cieled with a Timber, than in a Tem<lb></lb>ple with a vaulted Roof: But of theſe Things <lb></lb>we ſhall treat in another Place. </s> <s>It may not <lb></lb>be amiſs to take Notice here of what the An<lb></lb>cients tell us, that the Temples dedicated to <lb></lb><emph type="italics"></emph>Venus, Diana,<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end> the <emph type="italics"></emph>Muſes,<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end> the Nymphs and the <lb></lb>more tender Goddeſſes, ought in their Struc<lb></lb>ture to imitate that Virgin's Delicacy and ſmil<lb></lb>ing Gaiety of Youth, which is proper to them; <lb></lb>but that <emph type="italics"></emph>Hercules, Mars,<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end> and the other greater <lb></lb>Deities ſhould have Temples which ſhould ra<lb></lb>ther fill the Beholders with Awe by their Gra<lb></lb>vity, than with Pleaſure by their Beauty. </s> <s>Laſt<lb></lb>ly, the Place where you intend to fix a Tem<lb></lb>ple, ought to be noted, famous, and indeed <lb></lb>ſtately, clear from all Contagion of ſecular <lb></lb>Things, and, in order thereunto, it ſhould have <lb></lb>a ſpacious handſome Area in its Front, and be <lb></lb>ſurrounded on every Side with great Streets, or <lb></lb>rather with noble Squares, that you may have <lb></lb>a beautiful View of it on every Side.</s></p><pb xlink:href="003/01/167.jpg" pagenum="138"></pb><p type="head"> <s>CHAP. IV.</s></p><p type="head"> <s><emph type="italics"></emph>Of the Parts, Forms and Figures of Temples and their Chapels, and how theſe <lb></lb>latter ſhould be diſtributed.<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end></s></p><p type="main"> <s>The Parts of the Temple are two; the <lb></lb>Portico and the Inſide: But they differ <lb></lb>very much from one another in both theſe Re<lb></lb>ſpects; for ſome Temples are round, ſome <lb></lb>ſquare, and others, laſtly, have many Sides. </s> <s>It <lb></lb>is manifeſt that Nature delights principally in <lb></lb>round Figures, ſince we find that moſt Things <lb></lb>which are generated, made or directed by Na<lb></lb>ture, are round. </s> <s>Why need I inſtance in the <lb></lb>Stars, Trees, Animals, the Neſts of Birds, or <lb></lb>the like Parts of the Creation, which ſhe has <lb></lb>choſen to make generally round? </s> <s>We find too <lb></lb>that Nature is ſometimes delighted with Figures <lb></lb>of ſix Sides; for Bees, Hornets, and all other <lb></lb>Kinds of Waſps have learnt no other Figure <lb></lb>for building their Cells in their Hives, but the <lb></lb>Hexagon. </s> <s>The Area for a round Temple <lb></lb>ſhould be marked out exactly circular. </s> <s>The <lb></lb>Ancients, in almoſt all their quadrangular <lb></lb>Temples made the Platform half as long again <lb></lb>as it was broad. </s> <s>Some made it only a third <lb></lb>Part of the Breadth longer; and others would <lb></lb>have it full thrice the Breadth long. </s> <s>But in <lb></lb>all theſe quadrangular Platforms the greateſt <lb></lb>Blemiſh is for the Corners to be not exactly <lb></lb>rectangular. </s> <s>The Polygons uſed by the An<lb></lb>cients were either of ſix, eight, or ſometimes <lb></lb><arrow.to.target n="marg18"></arrow.to.target><lb></lb>ten Sides. </s> <s>The Angles of ſuch Platforms <lb></lb>ſhould all terminate within a Circle, and indeed <lb></lb>from a Circle is the beſt Way of deducing <lb></lb>them; for the Semidiameter of the Circle will <lb></lb>make one of the ſix Sides which can be con<lb></lb>tained in that Circle. </s> <s>And if from the Cen<lb></lb>ter you draw Right-lines to cut each of thoſe <lb></lb>ſix Sides exactly in the Middle, you will plainly <lb></lb>ſee what Method you are to take to draw a <lb></lb>Platform of twelve Sides, and from that of <lb></lb>twelve Sides you may make one of four, or <lb></lb>eight, as in Fig. <emph type="italics"></emph>B. C.<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end></s><s> However here is an<lb></lb>other eaſier Way of drawing a Platform of eight <lb></lb>Sides. </s> <s>Having drawn an equilateral and right<lb></lb>angled Square together with its Diagonals from <lb></lb>Corner to Corner; from the Point where thoſe <lb></lb>Diagonals interſect each other in the Middle, I <lb></lb>turn a Circle, opening the Compaſſes ſo wide <lb></lb>as to take in all the Sides of the Square; then <lb></lb>I divide one of thoſe Sides into two equal Parts, <lb></lb>and through the Point of that Diviſion draw a <lb></lb>Line from the Center to the Circumference of <lb></lb>the Circle <emph type="italics"></emph>D,<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end> and thus from the Point where <lb></lb>that Line touches the Circumference to the <lb></lb>Angle of the Square, will be exactly one of the <lb></lb>eight Sides which that Circle will contain. <lb></lb></s> <s>We may alſo draw a Platform of ten Sides by <lb></lb>means of a Circle, in the following Manner: <lb></lb>Draw two Diameters in the Circle, interſecting <lb></lb>each other at Right-angles, and then divide <lb></lb>the Half of either of thoſe Diameters into two <lb></lb>equal Parts, and from that Diviſion draw a <lb></lb>ſtraight Line upwards aſlant to the Head of <lb></lb>the other Diameter; and if from this ſlant <lb></lb>Line you take off the Quantity of the fourth <lb></lb>Part of one of the Diameters, the Remainder of <lb></lb>that Line will be one of the ten Sides which <lb></lb>can be contained in that Circle, as you may <lb></lb>ſee in Letter <emph type="italics"></emph>E.<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end></s><s> To Temples it is uſual to <lb></lb>joyn Chapels; to ſome, more; to others fewer. <lb></lb></s> <s>In quadrangular Temples it is very unuſual to <lb></lb>make above one, and that is placed at the <lb></lb>Head, ſo as to be ſeen immediately by thoſe <lb></lb>that come in at the Door. </s> <s>If you have a Mind <lb></lb>to make more Chapels on the Sides, they will <lb></lb>not be amiſs in thoſe quadrangular Temples <lb></lb>which are twice as long as broad; and there <lb></lb>we ſhould not make more than one in each <lb></lb>Side: Though if you do make more, it will <lb></lb>be better to make an odd Number on each Side <lb></lb>than an even one. </s> <s>In round Platforms, and <lb></lb>alſo in thoſe of many Faces (if we may ven<lb></lb>ture ſo to call them) we may very conveniently <lb></lb>make a greater Number of Chapels, according <lb></lb>to the Number of thoſe Faces, one to each, or one <lb></lb>with and one without alternately, anſwering to <lb></lb>each other. </s> <s>In round Platforms ſix Chapels, <lb></lb>or even eight will do extremely well. </s> <s>In Plat<lb></lb>forms of ſeveral Faces you muſt be ſure to let <lb></lb>the Corners be exactly anſwering and ſuiting <lb></lb>to one another. </s> <s>The Chapels themſelves muſt <lb></lb>be made either Parts of a rectangled Square, or <lb></lb>of a Circle. </s> <s>For the ſingle Chapel at the Head <lb></lb>of a Temple, the ſemicircular Form is much <lb></lb>the handſomeſt; and next to that is the rect<lb></lb>angular. </s> <s>But if you are to make a good Num<lb></lb>ber of Chapels, it will certainly be much more <lb></lb></s></p><pb xlink:href="003/01/168.jpg"></pb><p type="margin"> <s><margin.target id="marg18"></margin.target>*</s></p><p type="caption"> <s>PLATE 21. <emph type="italics"></emph>(Page 138)<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end><lb></lb><figure id="id.003.01.168.1.jpg" xlink:href="003/01/168/1.jpg"></figure></s></p><pb xlink:href="003/01/169.jpg"></pb><p type="caption"> <s>PLATE 22. <emph type="italics"></emph>(Page 139)<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end><pb xlink:href="003/01/170.jpg" pagenum="139"></pb>pleaſing to the Eye, to make Part of them <lb></lb>ſquare and Part round alternately, and anſwer<lb></lb>ing one to the other. </s> <s>For the Aperture of <lb></lb>theſe Chapels obſerve the following Rule. <lb></lb></s> <s>When you are to make a ſingle Chapel in a <lb></lb>quadrangular Temple, divide the Breadth of <lb></lb>the Temple into four Parts, and give two of <lb></lb>thoſe Parts to the Breadth of the Chapel. </s> <s>If <lb></lb>you have a Mind to have it more ſpacious, di<lb></lb>vide that Breadth into ſix Parts, and give four <lb></lb>of them to the Breadth of your Chapel. </s> <s>And <lb></lb>thus the Ornaments and Columns which you <lb></lb>are to add to them, the Windows, and the like, <lb></lb>may be handſomely fitted in their proper <lb></lb>Places. </s> <s>If you are to make a Number of <lb></lb>Chapels about a round Platform, you may, if <lb></lb>you pleaſe, make them all of the ſame Size <lb></lb>with the principal one; but to give that the <lb></lb>greater Air of Dignity, I ſhould rather chuſe <lb></lb>to have it a twelfth Part bigger than the reſt. <lb></lb></s> <s>There is alſo this other Difference in quadran<lb></lb>gular Temples, that if the principal Chapel is <lb></lb>made of equal Lines, that is to ſay, in an exact <lb></lb>Square, it may not be amiſs; but the other <lb></lb>Chapels ought to be twice as broad as they are <lb></lb>deep. </s> <s>The Solid of the Walls, or thoſe Ribs <lb></lb>of the Building which in Temples ſeparate one <lb></lb>Chapel from the other, ſhould never have leſs <lb></lb>Thickneſs than the fifth Part of the Break <lb></lb>which is left between them, nor more than the <lb></lb>third; or, if you would have them extremely <lb></lb>ſtrong, the half. </s> <s>But in round Platforms, if <lb></lb>the Chapels are in Number ſix, let the Solid or <lb></lb>Rib which is left between each Chapel, be one <lb></lb>half of the Break; and if there be eight of <lb></lb>thoſe Chapels, let the ſolid Wall between them, <lb></lb>eſpecially in great Temples, be as thick as the <lb></lb>whole Break for the Chapel: But if the Plat<lb></lb>form conſiſt of a great Number of Angles, let <lb></lb><arrow.to.target n="marg19"></arrow.to.target><lb></lb>the Solid always be one third of the Break. </s> <s>In <lb></lb>ſome Temples, according to the Cuſtom of the <lb></lb>ancient <emph type="italics"></emph>Hetrurians,<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end> it has been uſual to adorn <lb></lb>the Sides not with Chapels, but with a ſmall <lb></lb>Sort of Iſles, in the following Manner: They <lb></lb>choſe a Platform, which was one ſixth Part <lb></lb>longer than it was broad: Of this Length they <lb></lb>aſſigned two of thoſe ſix Parts to the Depth of <lb></lb>the Portico, which was to ſerve as a Veſtibule <lb></lb>to the Temple; the reſt they divided into three <lb></lb>Parts, which they gave to the three Breadths of <lb></lb>the ſide Iſles. </s> <s>Again, they divided the Breadth <lb></lb>of the Temple into ten Parts, three of which <lb></lb>they aſſigned to the little Iſles on the right <lb></lb>Hand, and as many to thoſe on the left, and <lb></lb>the other four they gave to the Area in the <lb></lb>Middle. </s> <s>At the Head of the Temple, and ſo <lb></lb>fronting the Middle of each ſide Iſle, they pla<lb></lb>ced Chapels, and the Walls which ſeparated <lb></lb>the ſeveral Iſles they made in Thickneſs one <lb></lb>fifth Part of the Interſpace.</s></p><p type="margin"> <s><margin.target id="marg19"></margin.target>*</s></p><p type="head"> <s>CHAP. V.</s></p><p type="head"> <s><emph type="italics"></emph>Of the Porticoes and Entrance to the Temple, its Aſcent, and the Apertures <lb></lb>and Interſpaces of the Portico.<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end></s></p><p type="main"> <s>Hitherto we have ſpoken of the <lb></lb>Platform for the Inſide. </s> <s>The Portico <lb></lb>to a quadrangular Temple may be either only <lb></lb>in Front, or on the Back of the Structure, or <lb></lb>elſe both in the Front and the back Part at the <lb></lb>ſame Time, or, laſtly, it may run quite round <lb></lb>the Fabrick. </s> <s>Where-ever any Chapel projects <lb></lb>out, there ſhould be no Portico. </s> <s>The Portico <lb></lb>ſhould never be ſhorter, in quadrangular Tem<lb></lb>ples, than the full Breadth of the Temple; <lb></lb>and never broader than the third Part of its <lb></lb>Length. </s> <s>In thoſe Porticoes which run along <lb></lb>the Sides of the Temple, let the Columns be <lb></lb>ſet as far from the Wall as they ſtand from one <lb></lb>another. </s> <s>The back Portico may imitate which <lb></lb>you pleaſe of the afore-mentioned. </s> <s>Circular <lb></lb>Temples have either a Portico quite round <lb></lb>them, or elſe have only one Portico, which <lb></lb>muſt be in Front. </s> <s>In both, the ſame Propor<lb></lb>tions muſt be obſerved as in thoſe to quadran<lb></lb>gular Platforms; nor indeed muſt ſuch Porti<lb></lb>coes be ever made other than quadrangular. <lb></lb></s> <s>As to their Length, it muſt either be equal to <lb></lb>the whole Breadth of the Inſide of the Plat<lb></lb>form, or an eighth Part leſs, or at the moſt a <lb></lb>fourth Part, which is the ſhorteſt that is ever <lb></lb>allowed. </s> <s>The <emph type="italics"></emph>Hebrews,<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end> according to the an<lb></lb>cient Laws of their Forefathers, were to have <lb></lb>one ſacred and chief City in a fit and conve<lb></lb>nient Place, and therein one ſingle Temple and <lb></lb>one Altar built of Stones, not hewn by Men's <lb></lb>Hands, but juſt ſuch as they could find, pro<lb></lb>vided they were white and clean; and there <lb></lb>was to be no Steps to aſcend to this Temple; <lb></lb><pb xlink:href="003/01/171.jpg" pagenum="140"></pb>inaſmuch as they were to be one People joyn<lb></lb>ing in the Worſhip of one God, by whom <lb></lb>alone they were defended and preſerved. </s> <s>Now <lb></lb>I cannot approve of either of theſe Particulars: <lb></lb>For as to the Firſt, it muſt be extremely in<lb></lb>convenient to the People, and eſpecially to <lb></lb>thoſe who frequent the Temples moſt, as the <lb></lb>old Folks and the Infirm; and the Second muſt <lb></lb>take very much from the Majeſty of the Struc<lb></lb>ture. </s> <s>As to what I have obſerved in ſome <lb></lb>ſacred Edifices, built not long before our Time, <lb></lb>to which you aſcend by a few Steps on the <lb></lb>Outſide, and afterwards have as many to go <lb></lb>down again within, I will not abſolutely call it <lb></lb>ridiculous; but why they ſhould contrive it in <lb></lb>this Manner, I cannot imagine. </s> <s>Indeed I would <lb></lb>have the Plain of the Portico, and ſo of the <lb></lb>whole Temple, ſomewhat raiſed above the Le<lb></lb>vel of the reſt of the Town, which gives the <lb></lb>Fabrick a great Air of Dignity. </s> <s>But as in an <lb></lb>Animal, the Head, the Feet, and every parti<lb></lb>cular Member, ſhould be exactly proportioned <lb></lb>to all the other Members, and to all the reſt <lb></lb>of the Body; ſo in a Building, and eſpecially <lb></lb>in a Temple, all the Parts ſhould be made to <lb></lb>correſpond ſo exactly, that let us conſider which <lb></lb>of them we pleaſe, it may bear its juſt Propor<lb></lb>tion to all the Reſt. </s> <s>Thus I find that moſt <lb></lb>of the beſt ancient Architects uſed to take their <lb></lb>Elevation of the Plain of their Temple, from <lb></lb>the Breadth of the Temple itſelf, which they <lb></lb>divided into ſix Parts, giving one of thoſe <lb></lb>Parts to the Height of the Plain or Mound of <lb></lb>the Structure. </s> <s>Others, in larger Temples, raiſ<lb></lb>ed it only a ſeventh Part, and in the Biggeſt of <lb></lb>all, only a ninth. </s> <s>The Portico, by its Nature, <lb></lb>ſhould have a continued Wall but of one Side, <lb></lb>and all the other Sides ſhould be full of large <lb></lb>Apertures for Paſſage. </s> <s>Your Buſineſs there<lb></lb>fore is to conſider what Kind of Apertures you <lb></lb>would make uſe of; for Colonades are of two <lb></lb>Sorts; one where the Columns ſtand wide and <lb></lb>at a great Diſtance from each other; and the <lb></lb>other, where they ſtand cloſe and thick. </s> <s>And <lb></lb>neither of theſe Sorts is without its Inconveni<lb></lb>encies; for in the wide Sort, the Apertures are <lb></lb>ſo large, that if you would make uſe of an <lb></lb>Architrave, it is apt to break in the Middle, <lb></lb>and if you would carry Arches over it, it is no <lb></lb>eaſy Matter to turn them upon the Heads of <lb></lb>the Columns. </s> <s>Where the Columns ſtand cloſe <lb></lb>and thick, they intercept the View, the Light <lb></lb>and the Paſſage, and upon this Account, a <lb></lb>third Manner has been found out, in a Medium <lb></lb>between the other two, which is called Elegant, <lb></lb>and avoids the Defects of the others; is more <lb></lb>convenient and much more approved. </s> <s>And <lb></lb>with theſe three Sorts we might have been con<lb></lb>tented; but the Diligence of Architects have <lb></lb>added two other Sorts, which I ſuppoſe may <lb></lb>be accounted for as follows: Not having a <lb></lb>ſufficient Number of Columns for the Exten<lb></lb>ſiveneſs of their Area, they deviated ſomewhat <lb></lb>from the laudable Medium, and imitated the <lb></lb>wider Apertures; and when they happen to <lb></lb>have Plenty of Columns, they were fond of <lb></lb>ſetting them cloſer together; whence aroſe five <lb></lb>Sorts of Intercolumniations, which we may call <lb></lb>by the Names of Wide, Cloſe, Elegant, Leſs<lb></lb>wide, Leſs-cloſe. </s> <s>I further ſuppoſe it to have <lb></lb>happened, that the Architects being ſometimes <lb></lb>deſtitute of long Stones, were obliged to make <lb></lb>their Columns ſhorter, knowing that this <lb></lb>would take much from the Beauty of the <lb></lb>Structure, they ſet a Plinth under their Columns, <lb></lb>in order to give them their juſt Height; for <lb></lb>they found by a careful View and Examinati<lb></lb>on of other Buildings, that Columns had no <lb></lb>Grace in a Portico, unleſs a right Proportion <lb></lb>was obſerved both in their Height and Thick<lb></lb>neſs. </s> <s>This induced them to lay down the fol<lb></lb>lowing Rules for this Purpoſe. </s> <s>The Interco<lb></lb>lumniation may be unequal; but the Columns <lb></lb>themſelves muſt always be exactly equal. </s> <s>Let <lb></lb>the Apertures that anſwers to the Door be ſome<lb></lb>what wider than the reſt. </s> <s>Where the Inter<lb></lb>columniation is cloſe, make uſe of thinner Co<lb></lb>lumns; where it is wide, make uſe of thicker; <lb></lb>thus always proportioning the Thickneſs of the <lb></lb>Colums to the Interſpaces, and the Interſpaces <lb></lb>to the Thickneſs of the Columns, which you <lb></lb>may do by the following Rules. </s> <s>In the cloſeſt <lb></lb>Sort of Colonades, let the Intercolumniation be <lb></lb>never narrower than one Diameter and a Half <lb></lb>of the Column; and in the wideſt, let it be <lb></lb>never broader than three Diameters and three <lb></lb>eighths. </s> <s>In the elegant Sort of Colonades you <lb></lb>may allow two Diameters and a Quarter, in the <lb></lb>Leſs-cloſe, two; in the Leſs-wide, three. </s> <s>The <lb></lb>middle Interſpace in the Colonade ſhould be <lb></lb>ſomewhat wider than the reſt, and the Ancients <lb></lb>direct us to give it an Addition of one fourth <lb></lb>Part: But by an Examination of old Buildings, <lb></lb>I find that this middle Interſpace was not al<lb></lb>ways made according to this Rule; for in the <lb></lb>wide Colonades, no good Architect ever made <lb></lb>it a fourth Part wider, but only about a <lb></lb>twelfth; and herein they acted very prudently, <lb></lb>leſt an unfaithful Architrave ſhould not be able <lb></lb>to bear even the Weight of its own Length, <pb xlink:href="003/01/172.jpg" pagenum="141"></pb>but crack in the Middle. </s> <s>Others indeed, in <lb></lb>other Colonades, have allowed a ſixth Part; <lb></lb>but moſt have made it only a twelfth, eſpecial<lb></lb>ly in thoſe Colonades which we have called <lb></lb>Elegant.</s></p><p type="head"> <s>CHAP. VI.</s></p><p type="head"> <s><emph type="italics"></emph>Of Golumns, and the different Sorts of Capitals.<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end></s></p><p type="main"> <s>When we have reſolved upon our In<lb></lb>tercolumniation, we are to erect our <lb></lb>Columns which are to ſupport the Roof or <lb></lb>Covering. </s> <s>But we are to make a great Dif<lb></lb>ference between a Work that conſiſts of Pilaſ<lb></lb>ters, and one that conſiſts of Columns, and <lb></lb>between covering them with Arches, or with <lb></lb>Architraves. </s> <s>Arches and Pilaſters are very <lb></lb>proper in Theatres, and Arches are not amiſs <lb></lb>in Baſiliques; but in the nobler Temples, we <lb></lb>never ſee any Porticoes without Architraves. <lb></lb></s> <s>Of theſe Things we are now to treat. </s> <s>The <lb></lb>Parts of the Column are theſe: The lower <lb></lb>Plinth, upon that the Baſe, upon the Baſe the <lb></lb>Column, then the Capital, next to that the <lb></lb>Architrave, after which comes the Freeze, <lb></lb>where the Ends of the Rafters either terminate <lb></lb>or are concealed, and over all is the Cornice. <lb></lb></s> <s>I think it will be proper to begin with the <lb></lb>Capitals, by which chiefly Columns are diſ<lb></lb>tinguiſhed from one another. </s> <s>And here I en<lb></lb>treat thoſe who ſhall hereafter copy this Book, <lb></lb>that they would take the Pains to write the <lb></lb>Numbers which I ſet down, with Letters at <lb></lb>length, in this Manner, twelve, twenty, forty, <lb></lb>and not with numeral Characters, as XII. XX. <lb></lb>XL. </s> <s>Neceſſity firſt taught Men to ſet Capi<lb></lb>tals upon their Columns, for the Heads of the <lb></lb>Timbers of their Architraves to meet and reſt <lb></lb>upon; but this being at firſt nothing but a <lb></lb>ſquare Block of Wood, looked very mean and <lb></lb>unhandſome. </s> <s>Some Artiſts therefore among <lb></lb>the <emph type="italics"></emph>Dorians<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end> (if we may thus allow the <emph type="italics"></emph>Greeks<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end><lb></lb>the Honour of all Inventions) were the firſt <lb></lb>that endeavoured to improve it by making it <lb></lb>round, ſo as to look like a Cup covered with <lb></lb>a ſquare Tile; and becauſe it ſeemed ſomewhat <lb></lb>too ſquat, they raiſed it higher by lengthening <lb></lb>the Neck. </s> <s>The <emph type="italics"></emph>Ionians,<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end> ſeeing the Inventi<lb></lb>on of the <emph type="italics"></emph>Dorians,<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end> commended this Introduc<lb></lb>tion of the Cup into the Capital; but they did <lb></lb>not like to ſee it ſo naked, nor with ſo long a <lb></lb>Neck, and thereſore they added to it the Imi<lb></lb>tation of the Bark of a Tree hanging down on <lb></lb>each Side, which by its Convolution inwards, <lb></lb>or Volute, embraced the Sides of the Cup. <lb></lb></s> <s>Next came the <emph type="italics"></emph>Corinthians,<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end> among whom a <lb></lb>certain Artiſt, named <emph type="italics"></emph>Callimachus,<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end> diſliking <lb></lb>the ſquat Cup, made uſe of a high Vaſe co<lb></lb>vered with Leaves, in Imitation of one which <lb></lb>he had ſeen on the Tomb of a young Maiden, <lb></lb>all over-grown with the Leaves of an Acanthus, <lb></lb>which had ſprung up quite round it, and which <lb></lb>he thought looked very beautiful. </s> <s>Thus three <lb></lb>Sorts of Capitals were now invented and re<lb></lb>ceived into Practice by the beſt Workmen in <lb></lb>thoſe Days: The <emph type="italics"></emph>Doric<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end> (though I am convinc<lb></lb>ed that this was in uſe before among the anci<lb></lb>ent <emph type="italics"></emph>Etrurians<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end>) the <emph type="italics"></emph>Doric,<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end> I ſay, the <emph type="italics"></emph>Ionic<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end> and <lb></lb>the <emph type="italics"></emph>Corinthian.<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end></s><s> And what think you, was the <lb></lb>Occaſion of that infinite Number of other Ca<lb></lb>pitals which we ſee quite different the one from <lb></lb>the other, but the Diligence and Application <lb></lb>with which Men have been continually ſtudy<lb></lb>ing to find out ſomething new? </s> <s>But yet there <lb></lb>is none that deſerves to be preferred before <lb></lb>thoſe already mentioned, except one which, <lb></lb>that we may not own ourſelves obliged to <lb></lb>Strangers for every thing, I call the <emph type="italics"></emph>Italian;<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end><lb></lb>for this Order to the Richneſs of the <emph type="italics"></emph>Corin<lb></lb>thian,<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end> has added the Delicacy of the <emph type="italics"></emph>Ionic,<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end> and <lb></lb>inſtead of thoſe Ears, has ſubſtituted Volutes, <lb></lb>which are extremely admired and commend<lb></lb>ed. </s> <s>But to return to the Ordonnance of Co<lb></lb>lumns; the ancient Architects have left us the <lb></lb>following Rules for their Proportions. </s> <s>They <lb></lb>tell us that the <emph type="italics"></emph>Doric<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end> Capital requires a Shaft <lb></lb>ſeven Times as long as its Diameter at Bottom; <lb></lb>the <emph type="italics"></emph>Ionic<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end> muſt have eight, and the <emph type="italics"></emph>Corinthian<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end><lb></lb>ten of its own Diameters. </s> <s>The Baſes of all <lb></lb>theſe Columns they made of the ſame Height; <lb></lb>but they made them of different Lineaments <lb></lb>and Deſigns: And indeed they differed as to <lb></lb>the Lineaments of almoſt every particular Part, <lb></lb>though they in a great Meaſure agreed as to <lb></lb>the Proportions of Columns in general, and <lb></lb>particularly as to thoſe Lineaments of Co<lb></lb>lumns, whereof we treated in the laſt Book, all <lb></lb>were of one accord, as well the <emph type="italics"></emph>Dorians<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end> and <lb></lb><emph type="italics"></emph>Ionians,<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end> as the <emph type="italics"></emph>Corinthians.<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end></s><s> In this Point too <pb xlink:href="003/01/173.jpg" pagenum="142"></pb>they agreed, from an Imitation of Nature, <lb></lb>namely, that the Tops of the Shafts of all Co<lb></lb>lumns ought to be thinner than they were at <lb></lb>Bottom. </s> <s>Some laid it down as a Rule, that <lb></lb>they ſhould be a fourth Part thicker at Bottom <lb></lb>than at the Top. </s> <s>Others conſidering that <lb></lb>Things always ſeem to loſe of their Bigneſs in <lb></lb>Proportion to the Diſtance from which they <lb></lb>are viewed, very prudently adviſe that ſuch <lb></lb>Columns as were to be of a great Length, <lb></lb>ſhould be made ſomewhat thicker at the Top <lb></lb>than thoſe that were ſhorter; and for this Pur<lb></lb>poſe they gave the following Directions. </s> <s>The <lb></lb>Diameter of the Bottom of a Column of fifteen <lb></lb>Foot high, ſhould be divided into ſix Parts, <lb></lb>whereof five ſhould be given to the Diameter <lb></lb>at the Top. </s> <s>Of all Columns from fifteen to <lb></lb>twenty Foot high, the lower Diameter ſhould <lb></lb>be divided into thirteen Parts, eleven whereof <lb></lb>are to be allowed to the Thickneſs at the Top; <lb></lb>all Columns from twenty to thirty Foot high, <lb></lb>muſt have ſeven Parts at the Bottom, and ſix <lb></lb>at the Top; thoſe from thirty to forty Foot, <lb></lb>muſt have fifteen Parts Thickneſs below and <lb></lb>thirteen above: Laſtly, thoſe amounting to <lb></lb>fifty Foot height, muſt have eight Parts at the <lb></lb>Bottom, and ſeven at the Top. </s> <s>According to <lb></lb>the ſame Rule and Proportion, as the Column <lb></lb>grows ſtill longer, the larger Diameter we muſt <lb></lb>allow to the Top of its Shaft: So that in theſe <lb></lb>Points all Columns agree. </s> <s>Not that I can <lb></lb>ſay, upon thoſe Meaſurements which I have <lb></lb>taken of ancient Structures, that theſe Rules <lb></lb>were always ſtrictly obſerved among the <emph type="italics"></emph>Ro<lb></lb>mans.<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end></s></p><p type="head"> <s>CHAP. VII.</s></p><p type="main"> <s><emph type="italics"></emph>A neceſſary Rehearſal of the ſeveral Members of Columns, the Baſe, Torus, <lb></lb>Scotia, Liſts, Die, and of the ſmaller Parts of thoſe Members, the Plat<lb></lb>band, Corona, Ovolo, ſmall Ogee, Cima-inverſa, and Cymatium, both up<lb></lb>right and reverſed.<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end></s></p><p type="main"> <s>We ſhall here take a ſecond Review of <lb></lb>the ſame Things relating to Columns, <lb></lb>which we conſidered in the laſt Book; not in<lb></lb>deed in the ſame Method, but in another no <lb></lb>leſs uſeful. </s> <s>For this Purpoſe, out of thoſe Co<lb></lb>lumns which the Ancients made uſe of in their <lb></lb>publick Buildings, I ſhall take one of a middle <lb></lb>Proportion between the Biggeſt and the Leaſt, <lb></lb>which I ſuppoſe to be of about thirty Foot. <lb></lb></s> <s>The biggeſt Diameter of the Shaft of this Co<lb></lb>lumn, I ſhall divide into nine equal Parts, <lb></lb>eight of which I ſhall aſſign to the biggeſt Di<lb></lb>ameter of its Cincture at the Top: Thus its <lb></lb>Proportion will be as eight to nine, which the <lb></lb><emph type="italics"></emph>Latins<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end> call a Seſquioctave. </s> <s>In the ſame Pro<lb></lb>portion I ſhall make the Diameter of the Di<lb></lb>minution at Bottom, to the largeſt Diameter <lb></lb>of the Shaſt, making the latter nine and the <lb></lb>ſormer eight. </s> <s>Again I ſhall make the Dia<lb></lb>meter of the Cincture at the Top to that of <lb></lb>the upper Diminution, as ſeven to eight, or in <lb></lb>the Proportion which the <emph type="italics"></emph>Latins<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end> call Seſqui<lb></lb>ſeptimal. </s> <s>I now proceed to the Deſcription <lb></lb>of thoſe Members wherein they differ. </s> <s>Baſes <lb></lb>conſiſt of theſe following; the Die, the Torus <lb></lb>and the Scotia. </s> <s>The Die is that ſquare Mem<lb></lb>ber which is at the Bottom of all, and I call it <lb></lb>by this Name, becauſe it is ſquare on every Side, <lb></lb>like a flat Die; the Toruſſes are thoſe Cuſhi<lb></lb>ons, upon one of which the Column reſts, and <lb></lb>the other ſtands upon the Die; the Scotia is <lb></lb>that circular Hollow which lies between two <lb></lb>Toruſſes, like the Hollow in the Wheel of a <lb></lb>Pully. </s> <s>All the Meaſures of theſe Members are <lb></lb>taken from the Diameter of the Bottom of the <lb></lb>Shaft; and firſt the <emph type="italics"></emph>Dorians<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end> gave the following <lb></lb><arrow.to.target n="marg20"></arrow.to.target><lb></lb>Proportions for them. </s> <s>They made the Height <lb></lb>of the Baſe to be half the Diameter of the Bot<lb></lb>tom of the Shaft, and the Plinth or Die, as <lb></lb>broad at moſt every Way as one Diameter and <lb></lb>a Half of the Column, and as one Diameter <lb></lb>and a Third at leaſt. </s> <s>They then divided the <lb></lb>Height of the whole Baſe into three Parts, one <lb></lb>of which they aſſigned to the Height of the <lb></lb>Die. </s> <s>Thus the Height of the whole Baſe was <lb></lb>three Times that of the Die, and the Breadth <lb></lb>of the Die was three times the Height of the <lb></lb>Baſe. </s> <s>Then excluſive of the Die they divided <lb></lb>the Reſt of the Height of the Baſe into four <lb></lb>Parts, the uppermoſt of which they gave to the <lb></lb>upper Torus. </s> <s>Again, what remained between <lb></lb>the upper Torus and the Die at Bottom, they <lb></lb>divided into two Parts, one of which they al<lb></lb>lowed to the lower Torus, and the other they <lb></lb></s></p><pb xlink:href="003/01/174.jpg"></pb><p type="margin"> <s><margin.target id="marg20"></margin.target>*</s></p><p type="caption"> <s>PLATE 23. <emph type="italics"></emph>(Page 142)<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end><lb></lb><figure id="id.003.01.174.1.jpg" xlink:href="003/01/174/1.jpg"></figure></s></p><pb xlink:href="003/01/175.jpg"></pb><p type="caption"> <s>PLATE 24. <emph type="italics"></emph>(Page 143)<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end><lb></lb><figure id="id.003.01.175.1.jpg" xlink:href="003/01/175/1.jpg"></figure><pb xlink:href="003/01/176.jpg" pagenum="143"></pb>hollowed into a Scotia which lay between the <lb></lb>two Toruſſes. </s> <s>A Scotia conſiſts of a hollow <lb></lb>Channel edged on each Side with an Annulet; <lb></lb>to each of thoſe Annulets they allowed one <lb></lb>ſeventh Part of the Scotia, and the reſt they <lb></lb>hollowed. </s> <s>We have formerly laid it down as a <lb></lb>Rule, that in all Building particular Care muſt <lb></lb>be taken that all the Work be ſet upon a per<lb></lb>fect Solid. </s> <s>Now it would not be ſo, if a Per<lb></lb>pendicular falling from the Edge of the upper <lb></lb>Stone were to meet with any void Space or Hol<lb></lb>low. </s> <s>For this Reaſon in cutting their Scotias, <lb></lb>they took Care not to go in ſo far as to come <lb></lb>within the Perpendicular of the Work above. <lb></lb></s> <s>The Toruſſes muſt project one Half and an <lb></lb>Eighth of their Thickneſs, and the extremeſt <lb></lb>Edge of the Circle of the biggeſt Torus muſt <lb></lb>be exactly Perpendicular to the Die. </s> <s>This was <lb></lb>the Method of the <emph type="italics"></emph>Dorians.<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end></s><s> The <emph type="italics"></emph>Ionians<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end> ap<lb></lb>proved of the <emph type="italics"></emph>Doric<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end> Height, but they made <lb></lb>two Scotias, and placed two Fillets between <lb></lb><arrow.to.target n="marg21"></arrow.to.target><lb></lb>them. </s> <s>Thus their Baſe was the Height of <lb></lb>half the Diameter of the Bottom of the Shaft; <lb></lb>and this Height they divided into four Parts, <lb></lb>one of which they aſſigned to the Height of the <lb></lb>Plinth, giving eleven of thoſe fourth Parts to its <lb></lb>Breadth: So that the whole Height of the Baſe <lb></lb>was as four, and the Breadth as eleven. </s> <s>Ha<lb></lb>ving thus deſigned their Plinth, they divided <lb></lb>the reſt of the Height into ſeven Parts, two of <lb></lb>which they gave to the Thickneſs of the lower <lb></lb>Torus, and what remained beſides this Torus <lb></lb>and the Plinth, they divided into three Parts, <lb></lb>one of which they hollowed to the upper To<lb></lb>rus, and the two middle Parts they gave to the <lb></lb>two Scotias with their two Fillets, which ſeem<lb></lb>ed to be ſqueezed between the two Toruſſes. <lb></lb></s> <s>The Proportions of theſe Scotias and Fillets <lb></lb>were as follows: They divided the Space be<lb></lb>tween the two Toruſſes into ſeven Parts, one <lb></lb>of which they gave to each Fillet, dividing the <lb></lb>reſt equally between the two Scotias. </s> <s>As to <lb></lb>the Projecture of the Toruſſes they obſerved <lb></lb>the ſame Rules as the <emph type="italics"></emph>Dorians,<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end> and in hollow<lb></lb>ing their Scotias had regard to the Perpendi<lb></lb>cular Solid of the Stone that was to be laid <lb></lb>over them; but they made their Annulets on<lb></lb>ly an eighth Part of the Scotia. </s> <s>Others were <lb></lb>of Opinion, that excluſive of the Plinth, the <lb></lb>Baſe ought to be divided into ſixteen Parts, <lb></lb>which we call Minutes; and of theſe they gave <lb></lb>four to the lower Torus, and three to the upper, <lb></lb>three and a half to the lower Scotia, and three <lb></lb>and a half to the upper, and the other two <lb></lb>they aſſigned to the Fillets between them. <lb></lb></s> <s>Theſe were the <emph type="italics"></emph>Ionic<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end> Proportions. </s> <s>The <emph type="italics"></emph>Co<lb></lb>rinthians<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end> liked both the <emph type="italics"></emph>Ionic<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end> and the <emph type="italics"></emph>Doric<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end><lb></lb>Baſe too, and made uſe indifferently of them <lb></lb>both; ſo that indeed they added nothing to the <lb></lb>Column, but a Capital. </s> <s>We are told that the <lb></lb><emph type="italics"></emph>Etrurians<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end> under their Columns (which we call <lb></lb>the <emph type="italics"></emph>Italian<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end>) uſed to put not a ſquare but a <lb></lb>round Plinth; but I never met with ſuch a <lb></lb>Baſe among the Works of the Ancients. </s> <s>In<lb></lb>deed I have taken Notice, that in Porticoes <lb></lb>which uſed to go clear round their circular <lb></lb>Temples, the Ancients carved one continued <lb></lb>Plinth quite round, which ſerved for all the <lb></lb>Columns, and of the due Height which the <lb></lb>Plinth of the Baſe ought to be of. </s> <s>This I <lb></lb>doubt not they did, becauſe they were con<lb></lb>vinced that ſquare Members did not ſuit with <lb></lb>a circular Structure. </s> <s>I have obſerved, that <lb></lb>ſome have made even the Sides of the Abacus <lb></lb>of their Capitals point to the Center of the <lb></lb>Temple, which, if it were to be done in the <lb></lb>Baſes, might not be altogether amiſs, though it <lb></lb>would ſcarce be much commended. </s> <s>And here <lb></lb>it may not be improper to ſay ſomething of the <lb></lb>ſeveral Members of the Ornaments made uſe <lb></lb>of in Architecture; and they are theſe; the <lb></lb>Plat-band, the Corona, the Ovolo, or Quarter<lb></lb>round, the ſmall Ovolo, or Ogee, the Cima<lb></lb>inverſa, and the Cymatium, or Doucine, both <lb></lb>upright and reverſed. </s> <s>All theſe particular <lb></lb>Members have each a Projecture, but with <lb></lb>different Lines. </s> <s>The Plat-band projects in a <lb></lb>Square like the Letter L, and is indeed the <lb></lb>ſame as a Liſt or Fillet, but ſomewhat broader. <lb></lb></s> <s>The Corona has a much greater Projecture <lb></lb>than the Plat-band; the Ovolo, or Quarter<lb></lb>round, I was almoſt tempted to call the Ivy, <lb></lb>becauſe it runs along and cleaves to another <lb></lb>Member, and its Projecture is like a C placed <lb></lb>under the Letter L, thus <30> and the ſmall Ovolo, <lb></lb>or Ogee is only ſomewhat leſs. </s> <s>But if you <lb></lb>place this Letter C reverſed under the Letter L, <lb></lb>thus <31> it forms the Cima-inverſa. </s> <s>Again, if <lb></lb>under the ſame Letter L you place an S in this <lb></lb>Manner <32> it is called the Cymatium, or Gola <lb></lb>from its Reſemblance to a Man's Throat; but <lb></lb>if you place it inverted thus <33> it is called Cima<lb></lb>inverſa, or by ſome from the Similitude of its <lb></lb>Curve, the Onda, or Undula. </s> <s>Again, theſe <lb></lb>Members are either plain, or elſe have ſome <lb></lb>other Ornaments inſerted into them. </s> <s>In the <lb></lb>Plat-band or Faſcia it is common to carve <lb></lb>Cockle-ſhells, Birds, or Inſcriptions. </s> <s>In the <lb></lb>Corona we frequently have Dentils, which are <lb></lb>made in the following Proportions: Their <lb></lb><pb xlink:href="003/01/177.jpg" pagenum="144"></pb>Breadth is one half of their Height, and the <lb></lb>Interſpace between them is two thirds of their <lb></lb>Breadth. </s> <s>The Ovolo, or Quarter-round, is <lb></lb>ſometimes adorned with Eggs and ſometimes <lb></lb>with Leaves, and theſe Eggs are ſometimes <lb></lb>carved entire, and ſometimes ſheared off at the <lb></lb>Top. </s> <s>The Ogee, or Baguette is make like a <lb></lb>Row of Beads, ſtrung upon a Thread. </s> <s>The <lb></lb>Cymatiums are never carved with any thing <lb></lb>but Leaves. </s> <s>The Annulets are always left <lb></lb>plain on every Side. </s> <s>In the putting theſe <lb></lb>Members together, we muſt always keep to <lb></lb>this Rule, that the upper ones have always <lb></lb>more Projecture than thoſe below them. </s> <s>The <lb></lb>Annulets are what ſeparate one Member from <lb></lb>the other, and ſerve as a Kind of Cymaize to <lb></lb>each Member; the Cymaize being any Liſt <lb></lb>that is at the Top of any Member whatſoever. <lb></lb></s> <s>Theſe Cymaizes, or Annulets being always <lb></lb>ſmooth and poliſhed, are alſo of Uſe in diſtin<lb></lb>guiſhing the rough carved Members from each <lb></lb>other, and their Breadth is a ſixth Part of the <lb></lb>Member over which they are ſet, whether it be <lb></lb>the Corona or Ovolo; but in the Cymatium <lb></lb>their Breadth is one whole third.</s></p><p type="margin"> <s><margin.target id="marg21"></margin.target>*</s></p><p type="head"> <s>CHAP. VIII.</s></p><p type="head"> <s><emph type="italics"></emph>Of the Doric, Ionic, Corinthian and Compoſite Capitals.<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end></s></p><p type="main"> <s>Let us now return to the Capitals. </s> <s>The <lb></lb><arrow.to.target n="marg22"></arrow.to.target><lb></lb><emph type="italics"></emph>Dorians<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end> made their Capital of the ſame <lb></lb>Height as their Baſe, and divided that Height <lb></lb>into three Parts: The Firſt they gave to the <lb></lb>Abacus, the Second to the Ovolo which is un<lb></lb>de rthe Abacus, and the Third they allowed to <lb></lb>the Gorgerin or Neck of the Capital which is <lb></lb>under the Ovolo. </s> <s>The Breadth of the Abacus <lb></lb>every Way was equal to one whole Diameter, <lb></lb>and a twelfth of the Bottom of the Shaft. </s> <s>This <lb></lb>Abacus is divided into two Members, an up<lb></lb>right Cymatium and a Plinth, and the Cyma<lb></lb>tium is two fifth Parts of the whole Abacus. <lb></lb></s> <s>The upper Edge of the Ovolo joyned cloſe to <lb></lb>the Bottom of the Abacus. </s> <s>At the Bottom of <lb></lb>the Ovolo ſome made three little Annulets, and <lb></lb>others a Cymatium as an Ornament, but theſe <lb></lb>never took up above a third Part of the Ovolo. <lb></lb></s> <s>The Diameter of the Neck of the Capital, <lb></lb>which was the loweſt Part of it, never exceed<lb></lb>ed the Thickneſs of the Top of the Shaſt, <lb></lb>which is to be obſerved in all Sorts of Capitals. <lb></lb></s> <s>Others, according to the Obſervations which I <lb></lb>have made upon ancient Buildings, uſed to <lb></lb>make the Height of the <emph type="italics"></emph>Doric<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end> Capital three <lb></lb>Quarters of the Diameter of the Bottom of the <lb></lb>Shaft, and divided this whole Height of the <lb></lb>Capital into eleven Parts, of which they allow<lb></lb>ed four to the Abacus, four to the Ovolo, and <lb></lb>three to the Neck of the Capital. </s> <s>Then they <lb></lb>divided the Abacus into two Parts, the up<lb></lb>permoſt of which they gave to the Cymatium <lb></lb>and the lowermoſt to the Plinth. </s> <s>The Ovolo <lb></lb>alſo they divided into two Parts, aſſigning the <lb></lb>lowermoſt either to the Annulets or to a Cy<lb></lb>matium, which ſerved as an Edging to the <lb></lb>Ovolo, and in the Neck of the Capital ſome <lb></lb>cut Roſes, and others Leaves with a high Pro<lb></lb>jecture. </s> <s>This was the Practice of the <emph type="italics"></emph>Dorians.<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end><lb></lb><arrow.to.target n="marg23"></arrow.to.target><lb></lb>Our Rules for the <emph type="italics"></emph>Ionic<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end> Capital are as follows. <lb></lb></s> <s>Let the whole Height of the Capital be one <lb></lb>half the Diameter of the Bottom of the Co<lb></lb>lumn. </s> <s>Let us divide this Height into nineteen <lb></lb>Parts, or Minutes, three of which we muſt give <lb></lb>to the Abacus, four to the Thickneſs of the <lb></lb>Volute, ſix to the Ovolo, and the other ſix be<lb></lb>low we muſt leave for the Turn of the Volutes <lb></lb>on each Side. </s> <s>The Breadth of the Abacus <lb></lb>every Way muſt be equal to the Diameter of <lb></lb>the Top of the Shafts; the Breadth of the Rind <lb></lb>which is to terminate in the Scroll muſt both <lb></lb>in the Front and Back of the Capital be equal <lb></lb>to the Abacus. </s> <s>This Rind muſt fall down on <lb></lb>each Side winding round like a Snail-ſhell. <lb></lb></s> <s>The Center of the Volute on the right Side <lb></lb>muſt be diſtant from that on the Left two<lb></lb>and-thirty Minutes, and from the higheſt <lb></lb>Point of the Abacus twelve Minutes. </s> <s>The <lb></lb>Method of turning this Volute is as follows: <lb></lb>About the Center of the Volute deſcribe a lit<lb></lb>tle Circle, the Semi-diameter of which muſt be <lb></lb>one of the afore-mentioned Minutes. </s> <s>This is <lb></lb>the Eye of the Volute. </s> <s>In the Circumference <lb></lb>of this little Circle make two Points oppoſite <lb></lb>to each other, one above and the other below. <lb></lb></s> <s>Then fix one Foot of your Compaſſes into the <lb></lb>uppermoſt Point, and extend the other to the <lb></lb>Line that divides the Abacus from the Rind, <lb></lb>and turn it outwards from the Capital till you <lb></lb>have made a perfect Semi-circle ending Per<lb></lb>pendicular under the loweſt Point or Dot in <lb></lb>the Eye of the Volute. </s> <s>Then contract your <lb></lb></s></p><pb xlink:href="003/01/178.jpg"></pb><p type="margin"> <s><margin.target id="marg22"></margin.target>*</s></p><p type="margin"> <s><margin.target id="marg23"></margin.target>*</s></p><p type="caption"> <s>PLATE 25. <emph type="italics"></emph>(Page 144)<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end></s></p><figure id="id.003.01.178.1.jpg" xlink:href="003/01/178/1.jpg"></figure><p type="caption"> <s><emph type="italics"></emph>“(Altro) Capitello Dorico” = (another) Doric capital. </s> <s>“Diametro etc.” = diameter of <lb></lb>the column below. </s> <s>“minu.” = minutes.<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end></s></p><pb xlink:href="003/01/179.jpg"></pb><p type="caption"> <s>PLATE 26. <emph type="italics"></emph>(Pages 144-45)<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end></s></p><figure id="id.003.01.179.1.jpg" xlink:href="003/01/179/1.jpg"></figure><p type="caption"> <s><emph type="italics"></emph>“Il lato del Capitello” = the side of the capital. </s> <s>“Voluta” = volute. </s> <s>“Profilo” = <lb></lb>profile. </s> <s>“Pianta” = plan. </s> <s>“Capitello Ionico in prospeto” = Ionic capital in elevation.<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end></s></p><pb xlink:href="003/01/180.jpg"></pb><p type="caption"> <s>PLATE 27. <emph type="italics"></emph>(Page 145)<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end></s></p><figure id="id.003.01.180.1.jpg" xlink:href="003/01/180/1.jpg"></figure><p type="caption"> <s><emph type="italics"></emph>“Capitello Corinthio” = Corinthian capital.<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end></s></p><pb xlink:href="003/01/181.jpg"></pb><p type="caption"> <s>PLATE 28. <emph type="italics"></emph>(Page 145)<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end></s></p><figure id="id.003.01.181.1.jpg" xlink:href="003/01/181/1.jpg"></figure><p type="caption"> <s><emph type="italics"></emph>“Capitello Composito” = composite capital.<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end><pb xlink:href="003/01/182.jpg" pagenum="145"></pb>Compaſſes, and fixing one Foot in the Point <lb></lb>below the Eye, let the other reach to the End <lb></lb>of the Line which you have already turned, <lb></lb>that is to ſay, to the End of your Semi-circle, <lb></lb>and turn it upwards till you touch the upper <lb></lb>Edge of the Ovolo. </s> <s>Thus with two unequal <lb></lb>Semi-circles, you will have made one entire <lb></lb>Compaſs about the Eye of your Volute. </s> <s>Then <lb></lb>go on with your Sweep in the ſame Manner, <lb></lb>till you have turned it quite to the Eye of the <lb></lb>Volute, or that little Circle in the Middle. <lb></lb></s> <s>The Top of the Ovolo in the Front muſt have <lb></lb>a Projecture of two Minutes beyond the Rind, <lb></lb>and the lower Part of it muſt be even with the <lb></lb>Top of the Shaft. </s> <s>The Sides of the Volutes <lb></lb>where the hindmoſt joins to the foremoſt on <lb></lb>each Side of the Capital, muſt be contracted to <lb></lb>the ſame Width as the Ovolo, with the Addi<lb></lb>tion only of one half Minute. </s> <s>The Abacus <lb></lb>muſt be adorned with an upright Cymatium <lb></lb>of one Minute. </s> <s>The Back of the Volute muſt <lb></lb>be adorned with a little Channel half a Minute <lb></lb>deep, and the Annulets on the Side of this <lb></lb>Channel muſt be one Fourth of its Breadth, <lb></lb>and the Spaces on each Side the Channel muſt <lb></lb>be filled with Leaves or Fruits. </s> <s>That Part of <lb></lb>the Ovolo which appears forward in the Front <lb></lb>of the Capital muſt be carved with Eggs, and <lb></lb>under them with Berries. </s> <s>In the Void left on <lb></lb>each Side by the Sweep of the Volute, carve <lb></lb>Leaves or Scales. </s> <s>And thus much for the <emph type="italics"></emph>Ionic<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end><lb></lb><arrow.to.target n="marg24"></arrow.to.target><lb></lb>Capital. </s> <s>The <emph type="italics"></emph>Corinthian<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end> Capital is in Height <lb></lb>one whole Diameter of the Bottom of the Shaft. <lb></lb></s> <s>This Height muſt be divided into ſeven Parts <lb></lb>or Minutes, of which the Abacus muſt be al<lb></lb>lowed one. </s> <s>The reſt is entirely taken up by <lb></lb>the Bell or Vaſe, the Breadth of which at the <lb></lb>Bottom muſt be exactly equal to that of the <lb></lb>Top of the Shaft, without any of its Projec<lb></lb>tures, and the Breadth of the Top of the Vaſe <lb></lb>muſt be equal to the largeſt Diameter of the <lb></lb>Bottom of the Shaft. </s> <s>The Length of the A<lb></lb>bacus on every Side muſt be equal to ten of the <lb></lb>afore-mentioned Parts; but the Corners of it <lb></lb>muſt be cut away to the Breadth of one half <lb></lb>of thoſe Parts. </s> <s>The Abacus of the other Ca<lb></lb>pitals conſiſts entirely of ſtraight Lines, but <lb></lb>that of the <emph type="italics"></emph>Corinthian<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end> muſt go with a Sweep <lb></lb>inwards to the Thickneſs of the Bottom of the <lb></lb>Vaſe. </s> <s>The Thickneſs of the Abacus is divid<lb></lb>ed into three Parts, the Uppermoſt of which <lb></lb>muſt be made exactly as we adorn the Top of <lb></lb>the Shaft, that is to ſay, with a Fillet and ſmall <lb></lb>Baguette. </s> <s>The Vaſe muſt be covered with <lb></lb>two Rows of Leaves ſtanding upright, each <lb></lb>Row conſiſting of eight Leaves. </s> <s>Each Row <lb></lb>muſt be in Height two of the afore-mentioned <lb></lb>Parts, and the remaining Parts muſt be given <lb></lb>to ſeveral little Shoots riſing out of the Leaves <lb></lb>to the Top of the Vaſe. </s> <s>Theſe Shoots are in <lb></lb>Number ſixteen, of which four are tied in each <lb></lb>Front of the Capital, two on the leſt Hand in <lb></lb>one Knot, and two on the right in another, <lb></lb>ſpreading away from each Knot in ſuch a Man<lb></lb>ner, that the Tops of the two outward ones <lb></lb>make a Sort of a Volute exactly under the <lb></lb>Horns of the Abacus. </s> <s>The two Middle ones <lb></lb>in each Front join together, winding alſo like <lb></lb>Volutes, and exactly over the Middle of them <lb></lb>is carved a beautiful Flower riſing out of the <lb></lb>Vaſe, which muſt not exceed the Abacus in <lb></lb>Breadth. </s> <s>The Breadth of thoſe Parts of the <lb></lb>Lips of the Vaſe which thoſe Shoots do not <lb></lb>conceal from us, is only one of the afore-men<lb></lb>tioned ſeventh Parts. </s> <s>The Leaves muſt be di<lb></lb>vided into five Plumes, and never more than <lb></lb>into ſeven. </s> <s>The Tops of the Leaves muſt pro<lb></lb>ject half a Minute. </s> <s>It looks handſome in the <lb></lb>Leaves of this Capital, and all other Carving <lb></lb>of the ſame Nature, to have all the Lines cut <lb></lb>in deep and bold. </s> <s>This was the Capital of <lb></lb><arrow.to.target n="marg25"></arrow.to.target><lb></lb>the <emph type="italics"></emph>Corinthians.<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end></s><s> The <emph type="italics"></emph>Italians<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end> brought into <lb></lb>their Capital all the Ornaments that they found <lb></lb>in the others, and obſerved the ſame Method <lb></lb>in making the Vaſe, Abacus, Leaves, and the <lb></lb>Flower in the Abacus, as the <emph type="italics"></emph>Corinthians.<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end></s><s> But <lb></lb>inſtead of Shoots they made uſe of a Sort of <lb></lb>Volutes, under the four Horns of the Abacus, <lb></lb>projecting two whole Minutes. </s> <s>The Front of <lb></lb>the Capital, being otherwiſe naked, borrowed <lb></lb>its Ornaments from the <emph type="italics"></emph>Ionic;<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end> for inſtead of <lb></lb>Shoots it has Volutes, and the Lips of its Vaſe <lb></lb>are carved full of Eggs with Berries underneath <lb></lb>them, like an Ovolo. </s> <s>Beſides the Capitals here <lb></lb>deſcribed, we up and down ſee a great many <lb></lb>other Sorts made up of the Members of theſe, <lb></lb>with either Additions or Diminutions: But I <lb></lb>do not find that they are much approved. <lb></lb></s> <s>And thus much may ſuffice of Capitals, unleſs <lb></lb>it be neceſſary juſt to mention one Practice; <lb></lb>which is, that it is common over the Abacus <lb></lb>to lay a very thick ſquare Piece of Stone, or <lb></lb>Plinth, which ſeems as it were to give the Ca<lb></lb>pital Breadth, and to prevent its being oppreſſ<lb></lb>ed by the Architrave, and at the ſame Time is <lb></lb>of Uſe to keep the niceſt and moſt delicate <lb></lb>Parts of the Work from being injured in laying <lb></lb>the Superſtructure.<lb></lb></s></p><pb xlink:href="003/01/183.jpg" pagenum="146"></pb><p type="margin"> <s><margin.target id="marg24"></margin.target>*</s></p><p type="margin"> <s><margin.target id="marg25"></margin.target>*</s></p><p type="head"> <s>CHAP. IX.</s></p><p type="main"> <s><emph type="italics"></emph>Of the Entablature, the Architrave, Triglyphs, Dentils, Mutules, Cavetto, <lb></lb>and Drip or Crona, as alſo of Flutings and ſome other Ornaments helong<lb></lb>ing to Columns.<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end></s></p><p type="main"> <s>Having fixed our Capitals, we upon <lb></lb>them raiſe our Architraves, upon the <lb></lb>Architrave the Freze, Cornice and other Mem<lb></lb>bers of the Covering. </s> <s>In moſt of theſe Mem<lb></lb>bers the <emph type="italics"></emph>Ionians<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end> and all others differ very much <lb></lb>from the <emph type="italics"></emph>Dorians;<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end> though in ſome Particulars <lb></lb>they agree. </s> <s>For Inſtance, it is a general Rule, <lb></lb>that the Thickneſs of the Bottom of the Ar<lb></lb>chitrave ſhould be never greater than the Solid <lb></lb>of the Top of the Shaft of the Column, nor <lb></lb>ſhould the Breadth of the Top of the ſame <lb></lb>Architrave be greater than the Diameter of the <lb></lb>Bottom of the Shaft. </s> <s>The Cornice is that <lb></lb>Member which lies upon the Freze, and pro<lb></lb>jects over it. </s> <s>In this too they obſerved the <lb></lb>Rule which we have already given, that the <lb></lb>Projecture of all Members that ſtood out from <lb></lb>the Naked of the Wall ought to be equal to <lb></lb>their Height. </s> <s>It was alſo uſual with them to <lb></lb>make their Cornice lean forwards about a <lb></lb>twelfth Part of its Width, knowing that this <lb></lb>Member would ſeem to be falling backwards, <lb></lb>if it were ſet up at right Angles. </s> <s>I here again <lb></lb>entreat thoſe who ſhall hereafter tranſcribe this <lb></lb>Book, and I do it in the moſt earneſt Manner, <lb></lb>that they would write the Numbers which I <lb></lb>ſet down with Letters at Length, and not with <lb></lb>numeral Characters, for the avoiding of more <lb></lb><arrow.to.target n="marg26"></arrow.to.target><lb></lb>numerous Errors. </s> <s>The <emph type="italics"></emph>Dorians<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end> then never <lb></lb>made the Height of their Architrave leſs than <lb></lb>half the Diameter of the Bottom of their Co<lb></lb>lumn, and this Architrave they divided into <lb></lb>three Faſcias, under the uppermoſt of which <lb></lb>ran ſome ſhort Mouldings, in each whereof <lb></lb>ſtuck ſix Nails, which were fixed in thoſe <lb></lb>Mouldings with their Heads downwards, and <lb></lb>might at firſt be intended to keep the Freze <lb></lb>from retiring backward. </s> <s>The whole Height <lb></lb>of this Architrave they divided into twelve <lb></lb>Parts or Minutes, by which we ſhall meaſure <lb></lb>all the following Members. </s> <s>Four of theſe <lb></lb>Minutes they gave to the lower Faſcia, ſix to <lb></lb>the Middle one which is above it, and the other <lb></lb>two they left for the upper Faſcia; and of the <lb></lb>ſix Minutes given to the middle Faſcia, one <lb></lb>was allowed to the Reglet or Moulding under <lb></lb>the Tænia, and another to the Nails which <lb></lb>ſtuck in that Moulding. </s> <s>The Length of theſe <lb></lb>Reglets was twelves Minutes, and the Spaces <lb></lb>from one Reglet to the other were eighteen. <lb></lb></s> <s>Over the Architrave for an Ornament they ſet <lb></lb>the Triglyphs, the Front of which, being raiſed <lb></lb>High and Perpendicular, projected over the <lb></lb>Architrave half a Minute. </s> <s>The Breadth of <lb></lb>the Triglyphs muſt be equal to the Thickneſs <lb></lb>of the Architrave, and their Height or Length <lb></lb>half as much more, ſo that this will be eight<lb></lb>teen Minutes. </s> <s>Lengthways in the Face of theſe <lb></lb>Triglyphs we cut three Furrows at equal Diſ<lb></lb>tance from each other, and hollowed at right <lb></lb>Angles, allowing the Breadth of the opening <lb></lb>one Minute. </s> <s>The Corners of theſe Furrows or <lb></lb>Channels muſt be cut away to the Breadth of <lb></lb>half a Minute. </s> <s>The Spaces or Metopes be<lb></lb>tween the Triglyphs, where the Proportions are <lb></lb>elegant, are flat Tables exactly ſquare, and the <lb></lb>Triglyphs themſelves muſt be ſet perpendicu<lb></lb>larly over the Solid of their Columns. </s> <s>The <lb></lb>Face of the Triglyphs project half a Minute out <lb></lb>from the Metopes; but the Perpendicular of <lb></lb>the Metopes muſt fall exactly upon the lower <lb></lb>Faſcia of the Architrave. </s> <s>In theſe Metopes it <lb></lb>is uſual to carve the Skulls of Oxen, Pateras, <lb></lb>Wheels, and the like. </s> <s>Over each of theſe <lb></lb>Triglyphs and Metopes, inſtead of a Cymati<lb></lb>um, muſt run a Fillet of the Breadth of two <lb></lb>Minutes, over theſe a Cima-inverſa of the <lb></lb>Breadth of two Minutes, and above that a Plat<lb></lb>band of the Breadth of three Minutes, which is <lb></lb>adorned with little Eggs, in Imitation, perhaps, <lb></lb>of the ſmall Stones which ſometimes burſt out <lb></lb>between the Joints of a Pavement through the <lb></lb>too great Abundance of Mortar. </s> <s>In theſe we <lb></lb>fix the Mutules of the ſame Breadth as the <lb></lb>Triglyphs, and of the ſame Height as the Plat<lb></lb>band, placed directly over the Heads of the <lb></lb>Triglyphs and projecting twelve Minutes. </s> <s>The <lb></lb>Heads of the Mutules are cut Perpendicular, <lb></lb>with a Cymaiſe over them. </s> <s>Over the Mutules <lb></lb>runs a ſmall Cima of three Quarters of a Mi<lb></lb>nute. </s> <s>In the Plat-fond of the Entablature be<lb></lb>tween the Mutules we carve a Roſe or a Flower <lb></lb></s></p><pb xlink:href="003/01/184.jpg"></pb><p type="margin"> <s><margin.target id="marg26"></margin.target>*</s></p><p type="caption"> <s>PLATE 29. <emph type="italics"></emph>(Page 146)<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end><lb></lb><figure id="id.003.01.184.1.jpg" xlink:href="003/01/184/1.jpg"></figure></s></p><pb xlink:href="003/01/185.jpg"></pb><p type="caption"> <s>PLATE 30. <emph type="italics"></emph>(Page 147)<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end><lb></lb><figure id="id.003.01.185.1.jpg" xlink:href="003/01/185/1.jpg"></figure><pb xlink:href="003/01/186.jpg" pagenum="147"></pb>of the Branca Urſina. </s> <s>Upon the Mutules lies <lb></lb>the Corona, which is allowed four Minutes, <lb></lb>and this Corona conſiſts of a Plat-band or Drip <lb></lb>and a Cima Recta, which laſt takes up one <lb></lb>Minute and a Half. </s> <s>If you are to have a Pe<lb></lb>diment over your Building, all the Members of <lb></lb>the Cornice muſt be transferred to that, and <lb></lb>every Member in the Pediment muſt correſpond <lb></lb>with the ſame in the Cornice, and anſwer to <lb></lb>the ſame Perpendiculars and Proportions. </s> <s>There <lb></lb>is only this Difference between Pediments and <lb></lb>the firſt Cornices, that in Pediments the high<lb></lb>eſt Member of the Cornice is always the Drip, <lb></lb>which in the <emph type="italics"></emph>Doric<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end> Order is a Cima-reverſa, <lb></lb>four Minutes in Height, whereas this Drip or <lb></lb>Cima has never Place in a Cornice that is to <lb></lb>have a Pediment over it; but in thoſe which <lb></lb>are to have no Pediment it is conſtantly uſed. <lb></lb></s> <s>But of Pediments we ſhall ſpeak by and by. <lb></lb></s> <s>This was the Entablature of the <emph type="italics"></emph>Dorians.<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end></s><s> The <lb></lb><arrow.to.target n="marg27"></arrow.to.target><lb></lb><emph type="italics"></emph>Ionians<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end> were of Opinion, and not without Rea<lb></lb>ſon, that the Proportion of the Architrave <lb></lb>ought to encreaſe according to the Bigneſs of <lb></lb>the Column; which muſt certainly have a good <lb></lb>Effect both here and in the <emph type="italics"></emph>Doric<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end> Order too. <lb></lb></s> <s>The Rules they gave for enlarging this Pro<lb></lb>portion were as follows: When the Column <lb></lb>was twenty Foot high the Architrave ought to <lb></lb>be the thirteenth Part of that Length; but <lb></lb>when the Column was to be five-and-twenty <lb></lb>Foot, the Architrave ſhould be the twelfth <lb></lb>Part of the Length of the Column. </s> <s>Laſtly, <lb></lb>if the Column was to be thirty Foot high, the <lb></lb>Architrave was to be the eleventh Part, and for <lb></lb>higher Columns in the ſame Gradation. </s> <s>The <lb></lb><emph type="italics"></emph>Ionic<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end> Architrave, beſides its Cymaiſe, conſiſted <lb></lb>of three Faſcias, and the Whole was divided <lb></lb>into nine Parts, two of which were allowed to <lb></lb>the Cymaiſe, which was an upright one. </s> <s>The <lb></lb>Remainder below the Cymaiſe they divided in<lb></lb>to twelve Parts, three of which went to the <lb></lb>lower, four to the middle, and five to the up<lb></lb>per Faſcia, which lies juſt below the Cymaiſe. <lb></lb></s> <s>Some made theſe Faſcias without any Sort of <lb></lb>Mouldings between them, but others made <lb></lb>them with Mouldings, and theſe were ſome<lb></lb>times a ſmall Cima-inverſa, taking up a fifth <lb></lb>Part of the Faſcia, and ſometimes a Baguette <lb></lb>taking up a ſeventh Part. </s> <s>We may obſerve in <lb></lb>the Works of the Ancients, that the Linea<lb></lb>ments or Members of the ſeveral Orders were <lb></lb>often mixed, one borrowing from another, and <lb></lb>often with a very good Effect. </s> <s>But they ſeem<lb></lb>ed chiefly pleaſed with an Architrave of only <lb></lb>two Faſcias, which I take to be entirely <emph type="italics"></emph>Doric<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end><lb></lb>without its Reglets and Drops. </s> <s>Their Man<lb></lb>ner of deſigning this Architrave was thus. </s> <s>They <lb></lb>divided the whole Height into nine Parts, aſ<lb></lb>ſigning one Part and two Thirds to the Cy<lb></lb>maiſe. </s> <s>The upper Faſcia had four Parts and <lb></lb>one Third, and the lower Faſcia the other three. <lb></lb></s> <s>Half the upper Part of this Cymaiſe was taken <lb></lb>up with a Cima-inverſa and a Fillet, and the <lb></lb>other half with a ſmall Quarter-round. </s> <s>The <lb></lb>upper Faſcia for its Cymaiſe had a Baguette, <lb></lb>which took up an eighth Part of the Faſcia, <lb></lb>and the lower Faſcia had a Cima-recta of the <lb></lb>third Part of its whole Breadth. </s> <s>Upon the <lb></lb>Architrave lay the Rafters; but their Heads <lb></lb>did not appear out, as in the <emph type="italics"></emph>Doric<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end> Order, but <lb></lb>were cut away Perpendicular to the Archi<lb></lb>trave, and were covered with a flat Pannel <lb></lb>which I call the Freze, the Breadth of which <lb></lb>was the ſame as the Height of the Architrave <lb></lb>which is under it. </s> <s>Upon this they uſed to <lb></lb>carve Vaſes and other Utenſils belonging to <lb></lb>their Sacrifices, or Skulls of Oxen at certain <lb></lb>ſtated Diſtances, with Feſtoons of Flowers and <lb></lb>Fruits hanging between their Horns. </s> <s>This <lb></lb>Freze had over it a Cima-recta, which was <lb></lb>never higher than ſour Parts of the Freze, nor <lb></lb>lower than three. </s> <s>Over this ran the Denticle, <lb></lb>four Parts high, ſometimes carved and ſome<lb></lb>times left quite plain. </s> <s>Above this was the <lb></lb>Ovolo, out of which came the Mutules, three <lb></lb>Parts in Height, and carved with Eggs, and <lb></lb>from hence came the Mutules ſupporting the <lb></lb>Drip, which was four Parts high and ſix Parts <lb></lb>and a half Broad in its Soffit, or that Face un<lb></lb>derneath which lay over the Mutules. </s> <s>Over <lb></lb>this Drip was a ſmall Cima-recta, or elſe a Ba<lb></lb>guette two Parts in Height, and at the Top of <lb></lb>all was a Cymaiſe or Cima-inverſa of three <lb></lb>Parts, or if you pleaſe of four. </s> <s>In this Cy<lb></lb>maiſe both the <emph type="italics"></emph>Ionians<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end> and the <emph type="italics"></emph>Dorians<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end> uſed to <lb></lb>carve the Mouths of Lyons, which ſerved for <lb></lb>Spouts to throw out the Water; but they took <lb></lb>Care that they ſhould neither ſprinkle any Body <lb></lb>that was going into the Temple, nor beat back <lb></lb>into any Part of the Temple itſelf; and for this <lb></lb>Reaſon they ſtopt up thoſe Mouths that were <lb></lb><arrow.to.target n="marg28"></arrow.to.target><lb></lb>over the Doors and Windows. </s> <s>The <emph type="italics"></emph>Corinthi<lb></lb>ans<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end> added nothing either to the Architrave, <lb></lb>Freze or Cornice, that I can call to Mind, ex<lb></lb>cept only that they did not make their Mutu<lb></lb>les ſquare like the <emph type="italics"></emph>Dorians,<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end> but with a Sort of <lb></lb>Sweep like a Cymaiſe, and made the Diſtances <lb></lb>between them equal to their Projecture from <lb></lb>the Naked of the Building. </s> <s>In all other Re<lb></lb>ſpects they followed the <emph type="italics"></emph>Ionians.<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end></s><s> Thus much <lb></lb><pb xlink:href="003/01/187.jpg" pagenum="148"></pb>may ſuffice for thoſe Colonades which are to <lb></lb>be covered with Architraves; of thoſe which are <lb></lb>to ſupport Arches we ſhall ſpeak by and by, <lb></lb>when we come to treat of the Baſilique. </s> <s>There <lb></lb>are only ſome few Particulars more relating to <lb></lb>Colonades of this Sort, which ought by no <lb></lb>Means to be omitted. </s> <s>It is certain that a Co<lb></lb>lumn which ſtands in the open Air, always <lb></lb>ſeems ſmaller than one that is under Cover, and <lb></lb>the more Flutings there are in its Shaft, the <lb></lb>Thicker it will appear. </s> <s>For this Reaſon we <lb></lb>are adviſed either to make thoſe fluted Co<lb></lb>lumns that ſtand in the open Air ſomewhat <lb></lb>thicker, or elſe to encreaſe the Number of the <lb></lb><arrow.to.target n="marg29"></arrow.to.target><lb></lb>Channels. </s> <s>Theſe Channels are made either <lb></lb>direct along the Shaft, or elſe run ſpiral about <lb></lb>it. </s> <s>The <emph type="italics"></emph>Dorians<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end> made them direct along the <lb></lb>Shaft. </s> <s>Theſe Channels are called by Archi<lb></lb>tects Striæ, and among the <emph type="italics"></emph>Dorians<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end> they were <lb></lb>in Number Twenty. </s> <s>Others made Twenty<lb></lb>four. </s> <s>Others ſeparated theſe Channels by ſmall <lb></lb>Liſts, which were never more than a third, nor <lb></lb>leſs than a fourth Part of the Groove of the <lb></lb>Fluting, and theſe Flutings were a ſemi-circu<lb></lb>lar Concave. </s> <s>In the <emph type="italics"></emph>Doric<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end> Order the Flut<lb></lb>ings are plain without any Liſt, with very little <lb></lb>hollow, or at moſt but the Quarter of a Circle, <lb></lb>terminating the Channels in an Angle. </s> <s>For <lb></lb>the lower third Part of the Shaft of the Co<lb></lb>lumn, they generally filled their Flutings with <lb></lb>a Cable, to make the Column ſtronger, and <lb></lb>leſs liable to Injuries. </s> <s>Thoſe Flutings which <lb></lb>run direct along the Shaft, make the Column <lb></lb>appear to the Eye of the Beholder thicker than <lb></lb>it really is. </s> <s>Thoſe Channels that run ſpiral <lb></lb>about the Shaft, vary it too; but the leſs they <lb></lb>ſwerve from the Perpendicular of the Column, <lb></lb>the Thicker the Column will appear. </s> <s>They <lb></lb>muſt round clear round the Column never <lb></lb>more than three Times, nor ever make leſs than <lb></lb>one compleat Revolution. </s> <s>Whatever Flutings <lb></lb>you make, they muſt always run from the Bot<lb></lb>tom to the Top of the Shaft in even and con<lb></lb>tinued Lines, with an equal Hollow all the <lb></lb>Way. </s> <s>The Sides of the Builder's Square will <lb></lb>ſerve us as a Guide for making our Channels. <lb></lb></s> <s>There is a mathematical Line, which being <lb></lb>drawn from any certain Point of the Circum<lb></lb>ference of a Semi-circle to the End of its Dia<lb></lb>meter is called a right Angle, which is the ſame <lb></lb>as the Builder's Square. </s> <s>Having then marked <lb></lb>out the Sides of your Flutings, ſink them ſo <lb></lb>deep in the Middle, that the Angle of your <lb></lb>Square may touch the Bottom and its two Sides <lb></lb>of the Lips of them at the ſame Time. </s> <s>At <lb></lb>each End of the Shaft of a fluted Column, you <lb></lb>muſt leave a proper Diſtance plain between the <lb></lb>Channels and the Cincture at one End, and <lb></lb>the Aſtragal at the other. </s> <s>We are told, that <lb></lb>all round the Temple of <emph type="italics"></emph>Memphis<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end>, inſtead of <lb></lb>Columns, they made uſe of Coloſſal Statues <lb></lb>eighteen Foot high. </s> <s>In other Places they had <lb></lb>wreathed Columns twiſted round with Ten<lb></lb>drils and Vine-leaves carved in Relief, and <lb></lb>with the Figures of little Birds here and there <lb></lb>interſperſed. </s> <s>But the plain Column is much <lb></lb>more agreeable to the Majeſty of a Temple. <lb></lb></s> <s>There are certain Dimentions which are great <lb></lb>Helps to the Workmen in the placing of their <lb></lb>Columns, and theſe are taken from the Num<lb></lb>ber of the Columns themſelves that are to be <lb></lb><arrow.to.target n="marg30"></arrow.to.target><lb></lb>uſed in the Structure. </s> <s>Thus, for Inſtance, to <lb></lb>begin with the <emph type="italics"></emph>Dorians<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end>; when they had four <lb></lb>Columns for the Front of their Building, they <lb></lb>divided the Front of the Platform into ſeven<lb></lb>and-twenty Parts. </s> <s>If they had ſix Columns, <lb></lb>they divided it into one-and-forty, and if eight <lb></lb>into ſix-and-fifty, and of theſe Parts they al<lb></lb>lowed two for the Thickneſs of each Column. <lb></lb><arrow.to.target n="marg31"></arrow.to.target><lb></lb>But in <emph type="italics"></emph>Ionic<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end> Structures where four Columns are <lb></lb>to be uſed, the Front of the Platform muſt be <lb></lb>divided into eleven Parts and a half; where <lb></lb>theſe are to be ſix, into eighteen, and where <lb></lb>eight, into four-and-twenty and a half; whereof <lb></lb>only one Part muſt be given to the Thickneſs <lb></lb>of each Column.</s></p><p type="margin"> <s><margin.target id="marg27"></margin.target>*</s></p><p type="margin"> <s><margin.target id="marg28"></margin.target>*</s></p><p type="margin"> <s><margin.target id="marg29"></margin.target>*</s></p><p type="margin"> <s><margin.target id="marg30"></margin.target>*</s></p><p type="margin"> <s><margin.target id="marg31"></margin.target>*</s></p><p type="head"> <s>CHAP. X.</s></p><p type="head"> <s><emph type="italics"></emph>Of the Pavement of the Temple and its inner Area, of the Place for the Al<lb></lb>tar, and of the Walls and their Ornaments.<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end></s></p><p type="main"> <s>It is the moſt approved Taſte to aſcend to <lb></lb>the Floor of the Temple and to the inner <lb></lb>Area by ſome Number of Steps, and to have <lb></lb>the Place where the Altar is to be fixed, raiſed <lb></lb>higher than the Reſt. </s> <s>The Apertures and En<lb></lb>trance to the Chapels on the Sides were ſome<lb></lb>times left quite open without any Incloſure <lb></lb>whatſoever, and ſometimes ſhut in with two <lb></lb></s></p><pb xlink:href="003/01/188.jpg"></pb><p type="caption"> <s>PLATE 31. <emph type="italics"></emph>(Pages 147-48)<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end><lb></lb><figure id="id.003.01.188.1.jpg" xlink:href="003/01/188/1.jpg"></figure></s></p><pb xlink:href="003/01/189.jpg"></pb><p type="caption"> <s>PLATE 32. <emph type="italics"></emph>(Page 148)<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end><lb></lb><figure id="id.003.01.189.1.jpg" xlink:href="003/01/189/1.jpg"></figure></s></p><pb xlink:href="003/01/190.jpg"></pb><p type="caption"> <s>PLATE 33. <emph type="italics"></emph>(Page 148)<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end><lb></lb><figure id="id.003.01.190.1.jpg" xlink:href="003/01/190/1.jpg"></figure></s></p><pb xlink:href="003/01/191.jpg"></pb><p type="caption"> <s>PLATE 34. <emph type="italics"></emph>(Page 148)<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end><lb></lb><figure id="id.003.01.191.1.jpg" xlink:href="003/01/191/1.jpg"></figure><pb xlink:href="003/01/192.jpg" pagenum="149"></pb>Columns, over which ran an Architrave, Freze <lb></lb>and Cornice, according to the Rules juſt now <lb></lb>laid down for Porticoes; and the reſt of the <lb></lb>Void above the Cornice was left quite open <lb></lb>for ſetting of Statues or large Candleſticks. <lb></lb></s> <s>Others incloſed the Entrance into ſuch Chapels <lb></lb>with a Walls brought half Way on each Side. <lb></lb></s> <s>Thoſe who imagine that the great Thickneſs <lb></lb>of the Walls adds Dignity to a Temple, are <lb></lb>greatly miſtaken; for who is there that does <lb></lb>not diſlike a Body compoſed of gouty Limbs? <lb></lb></s> <s>beſides that when the Walls are too thick, they <lb></lb>always intercept the Light. </s> <s>In the <emph type="italics"></emph>Rotonda<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end> at <lb></lb><emph type="italics"></emph>Rome<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end>, the excellent Architect who had the <lb></lb>Care of that great Work having in it Occaſion <lb></lb>for thick Walls, built the Ribs entirely of ſolid <lb></lb>Work, without any Stuffing, and thoſe Inter<lb></lb>ſpaces which a leſs skilful Artiſt would have <lb></lb>ſtuffed, he employed in Niches and other A<lb></lb>pertures, whereby he ſaved Expence, and made <lb></lb>the Structure leſs heavy, and more beautiful. <lb></lb></s> <s>The Thickneſs of the Walls muſt be proporti<lb></lb>oned after the Manner of Columns; that is to <lb></lb>ſay, their Thickneſs muſt correſpond to their <lb></lb>Height, as in thoſe. </s> <s>I have obſerved that the <lb></lb>Ancients, in building their Temples, uſed to <lb></lb>divide the Front of their Platform into twelve <lb></lb>Parts; or, when they would make them parti<lb></lb>cularly ſtrong, into nine, and one of thoſe <lb></lb>Parts was the Thickneſs of the Wall. </s> <s>In cir<lb></lb>cular Temples the Wall was never leſs high <lb></lb>than half the Diameter of its inner Area; <lb></lb>many made it two Thirds of that Diameter, <lb></lb>and ſome three Fourths, which was the Height <lb></lb>to which they carried the Wall before they be<lb></lb>gan the Sweep of the Cupola. </s> <s>But the more <lb></lb>diſcreet Workmen divided the Circumference <lb></lb>of this circular Platform into four Parts; and <lb></lb>one of thoſe fourth Parts being extended to a <lb></lb>Line was equal to the inward Height of the <lb></lb>Wall, which is as four to eleven: And this <lb></lb>Practice has been alſo imitated in ſquare Tem<lb></lb>ples as well as round ones, and in many other <lb></lb>Kinds of Structures that were to be covered <lb></lb>with Arches. </s> <s>But where there were to be <lb></lb>Chapels on each Side in the Wall, to make the <lb></lb>Aperture ſeem the Larger they ſometimes raiſed <lb></lb>their Wall equal in Height to the whole Breadth <lb></lb>of the Area. </s> <s>In round Temples the inward <lb></lb>Height of the Wall will not be the ſame as the <lb></lb>outward: Becauſe within the Wall ends exact<lb></lb>ly where the Sweep of the Arch begins; but <lb></lb>without, it is carried up ſtraight to the Top of <lb></lb>the Cornice. </s> <s>If the Cupola have a Cover on <lb></lb>the Outſide made with Degrees like Steps, the <lb></lb>outward Wall will take up a third Part of it; <lb></lb>but if the Cover be made with ſtraight Lines <lb></lb>and a common Slope, then the outward Wall <lb></lb>will take up half. </s> <s>Nothing is more conveni<lb></lb>ent for building the Walls of a Temple, than <lb></lb>Brick; but then it muſt be caſed with ſome<lb></lb>thing handſomer. </s> <s>There have been many dif<lb></lb>ferent Opinions with Relation to the Adorning <lb></lb>of the Walls of Temples. </s> <s>At <emph type="italics"></emph>Cyzicus<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end> a Town <lb></lb>in <emph type="italics"></emph>Bythinia<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end> there was a Temple which had its <lb></lb>Walls adorned with a very beautiful Stone, and all <lb></lb>the Joints pointed with maſſy Gold. </s> <s>In the Tem<lb></lb>ple of <emph type="italics"></emph>Minerva<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end> at <emph type="italics"></emph>Elis<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end>, the Brother of <emph type="italics"></emph>Phidias<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end>, <lb></lb>the celebrated Carver, made an Incruſtation of <lb></lb>Stuc tempered with Saffron and Milk. </s> <s>The <lb></lb>Kings of <emph type="italics"></emph>Ægypt<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end> encompaſſed the Monument <lb></lb>of <emph type="italics"></emph>Simandes<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end>, which was the Scpulchre for the <lb></lb>Concubines of <emph type="italics"></emph>Jupiter<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end>, with a Circle of Gold <lb></lb>no leſs than a Cubit or Foot and half broad, <lb></lb>and three hundred ſixty-five Cubits round, <lb></lb>with a Day of the Year inſcribed upon every <lb></lb>Cubit. </s> <s>Others condemned this Exceſs of Or<lb></lb>nament in Temples. <emph type="italics"></emph>Cicero<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end>, being guided by <lb></lb><emph type="italics"></emph>Plato's<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end> Opinion, thought it neceſſary that the <lb></lb>People ſhould be admoniſhed by the Laws to <lb></lb>lay aſide all Manner of Delicacy in the Adorn<lb></lb>ing their Temples, and take Care only to have <lb></lb>them perfectly clean and white. </s> <s>However, <lb></lb>ſays he, let the Structure of them be beautiful. <lb></lb></s> <s>I confeſs, for my own Part, I am very ready to <lb></lb>believe, that Purity and Simplicity of Colour, <lb></lb>as of Life, muſt be moſt pleaſing to the Divine <lb></lb>Being; and that it is not proper to have any <lb></lb>Thing in a Church that may be likely to draw <lb></lb>off Men's Thoughts from Devotion and fix <lb></lb>them upon the Pleaſure and Delight of the <lb></lb>Senſes: But ſtill I am of Opinion, that he is <lb></lb>highly to be commended, who, as in other <lb></lb>publick Structures, ſo alſo in Temples, without <lb></lb>departing from the Gravity requiſite in ſuch <lb></lb>Works, endeavours to have all the Parts, the <lb></lb>Walls, Roof, and Pavement, as handſome and <lb></lb>clegant as poſſible, ſtill chiefly having it in his <lb></lb>Eye to make all his Ornaments the moſt dura<lb></lb>ble that may be. </s> <s>Thus nothing can be more <lb></lb>proper for the Ornament of the Roof on the <lb></lb>Inſide than all Sorts of <emph type="italics"></emph>Moſaic<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end> Work made of <lb></lb>Marble, Glaſs, and other laſting Materials. <lb></lb></s> <s>Stuc-work with Figures, according to the Prac<lb></lb>tice of the Ancients, may be a very handſome <lb></lb>Coat for the Outſide. </s> <s>In both you muſt take <lb></lb>the greateſt Care to chuſe proper Places as <lb></lb>well for your Pictures as Figures. </s> <s>The Por<lb></lb>tico, for Inſtance, is the fitteſt Place for the <lb></lb>Repreſentation of great Actions in Pictures. <pb xlink:href="003/01/193.jpg" pagenum="150"></pb>Indeed, within the Temple I think detached <lb></lb>Pictures do much better than painting upon <lb></lb>the Wall itſelf, and in my Mind Statues are <lb></lb>handſomer than Pictures. </s> <s>unleſs they be ſuch <lb></lb>excellent ones as thoſe two, for which <emph type="italics"></emph>Cæſar<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end><lb></lb>the Dictator gave ninety Talents, or fourteen <lb></lb>hundred of our Crowns, in order to adorn the <lb></lb>Temple of <emph type="italics"></emph>Venus<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end> his Progenitor; and I look <lb></lb>upon a Picture with no leſs Pleaſure (I mean a <lb></lb>good one, for ill Painting is a Diſgrace to the <lb></lb>Wall) than I read a good Hiſtory. </s> <s>They both <lb></lb>indeed are Pictures, only the Hiſtorian paints <lb></lb>with Words, and the Painter with his Pencil. <lb></lb></s> <s>All other Qualifications are common to them <lb></lb>both, and they both require the greateſt Genius <lb></lb>and Application. </s> <s>But I would have nothing <lb></lb>either on the Wall or Pavement of the Tem<lb></lb>ple but what ſavours entirely of Philoſophy. </s> <s>We <lb></lb>read that in the Capitol there were Tables of <lb></lb>Braſs whereon were inſcribed the Laws by <lb></lb>which the Empire was to be governed; which, <lb></lb>when the Temple was deſtroyed by Fire, were <lb></lb>reſtored by the Emperor <emph type="italics"></emph>Veſpaſian<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end>, to the <lb></lb>Number of three Thouſand. </s> <s>We are told that <lb></lb>at the Entrance of the Temple of <emph type="italics"></emph>Apollo<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end> at <emph type="italics"></emph>De<lb></lb>los<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end>, there were Verſes engraved, containing ſe<lb></lb>veral Compoſitions of Herbs proper to be uſed <lb></lb>as Remedies againſt all Sorts of Poiſon. </s> <s>Thus <lb></lb>I ſhould think it would be proper among us, <lb></lb>by Way of Inſcription, to have ſuch Precepts <lb></lb>as may make us more juſt, more modeſt, more <lb></lb>uſeful, more adorned with all Virtues, and <lb></lb>more acceptable in the Sight of God; ſuch as <lb></lb>theſe, <emph type="italics"></emph>Be what you would be thought; Love if <lb></lb>you would be beloved<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end>, and the like. </s> <s>And I would <lb></lb>have the Compoſition of the Lines of the <lb></lb>Pavement full of muſical and geometrical Pro<lb></lb>portions; to the Intent that which-ſoever Way <lb></lb>we may turn our Eyes, we may be ſure to find <lb></lb>Employment for our Minds. </s> <s>One Method <lb></lb>which the Ancients took to adorn their Tem<lb></lb>ples, was to fill them with Things that were <lb></lb>uncommon and excellent; as in the Temple of <lb></lb><emph type="italics"></emph>Hercules<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end>, where were to be ſeen ſome Horns <lb></lb>of Emmets brought from <emph type="italics"></emph>India<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end>; or like thoſe <lb></lb>Crowns made of Cinnamon which <emph type="italics"></emph>Veſpaſian<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end><lb></lb>gave to the Capitol; or like that great Root of <lb></lb>Cinnamon which <emph type="italics"></emph>Auguſta<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end> placed in the prin<lb></lb>cipal Temple of Mount <emph type="italics"></emph>Palatine<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end>, in a Cup of <lb></lb>Gold. </s> <s>At <emph type="italics"></emph>Thermus<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end>, a Town in <emph type="italics"></emph>Ætolia<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end> plun<lb></lb>dered by <emph type="italics"></emph>Philip<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end>, we are told, that in the Por<lb></lb>ticoes of the Temple there were above fifteen <lb></lb>thouſand Suits of Armour, and to adorn the <lb></lb>Temple itſelf above two thouſand Statues; all <lb></lb>which, according to <emph type="italics"></emph>Polybius<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end>'s Relation, were <lb></lb>deſtroyed and broken by <emph type="italics"></emph>Philip<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end>, except thoſe <lb></lb>which were inſcribed with the Name, or bore <lb></lb>the Repreſentation of ſome God; and perhaps <lb></lb>Variety is more to be conſulted in ſuch Collec<lb></lb>tions than Number. <emph type="italics"></emph>Solinus<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end> informs us, that <lb></lb>in <emph type="italics"></emph>Sicily<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end> there were ſome Artificers who had <lb></lb>the Secret of making Statues of Salt; and <emph type="italics"></emph>Pliny<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end><lb></lb>tells us, that there was one made of Glaſs. <lb></lb></s> <s>There is no Queſtion but ſuch Things muſt be <lb></lb>exceeding rare, and very worthy to raiſe our <lb></lb>Admiration of the Work both of Nature and <lb></lb>Art. </s> <s>But of Statues we ſhall ſpeak in another <lb></lb>Place. </s> <s>The Walls and Apertures muſt be <lb></lb>adorned with Columns; but not like a Porti<lb></lb>co. </s> <s>There is one Thing which I have obſerv<lb></lb>ed in the Covering of ſome of the biggeſt <lb></lb>Temples, which is, that not having Columns <lb></lb>of Height ſufficient to reach to the Spring of <lb></lb>their Arches, they heightened the Sides of the <lb></lb>Arches themſelves in ſuch a Manner that their <lb></lb>Sagitta was a third Part longer than their Se<lb></lb>mi-diameter, which added not a little to the <lb></lb>Clearneſs and Beauty of the Work itſelf. </s> <s>And <lb></lb>here I muſt not omit one Precept, namely, that <lb></lb>the Spring of the Arch ſhould have at leaſt ſo <lb></lb>much Perpendicular, as to prevent the Projec<lb></lb>ture of the Cornices from taking away any Part <lb></lb>of the Arch from the Sight of thoſe that ſtaid <lb></lb>below in the Middle of the Temple.</s></p><p type="head"> <s>CHAP. XI.</s></p><p type="head"> <s><emph type="italics"></emph>Why the Roofs of Temples ought to be arched.<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end></s></p><p type="main"> <s>I am entirely for having the Roofs of Tem<lb></lb>ples arched, as well becauſe it gives them <lb></lb>the greater Dignity, as becauſe it makes them <lb></lb>more durable. </s> <s>And indeed I know not how <lb></lb>it happens that we ſhall hardly meet any one <lb></lb>Temple whatſoever that has not fallen into the <lb></lb>Calamity of Fire. </s> <s>We read that <emph type="italics"></emph>Cambyſes<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end> burnt <lb></lb>all the Temples in <emph type="italics"></emph>Ægypt<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end> in general, and re<lb></lb>moved the Treaſure and Ornaments belonging <lb></lb>to them to <emph type="italics"></emph>Perſepolis. </s> <s>Euſebius<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end> relates, that the <lb></lb>Oracle of <emph type="italics"></emph>Delphos<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end> was burnt three Times by <lb></lb>the <emph type="italics"></emph>Thracians<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end>, and another Time it took Fire <lb></lb>of itſelf, and was rebuilt by <emph type="italics"></emph>Amaſis<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end>, as we are <lb></lb>informed by <emph type="italics"></emph>Herodotus.<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end></s><s> We read too that it <pb xlink:href="003/01/194.jpg" pagenum="151"></pb>was once burnt by <emph type="italics"></emph>Phlegyas,<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end> about the Time <lb></lb>that <emph type="italics"></emph>Phœnice<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end> invented ſome Characters for the <lb></lb>Uſe of his Citizens. </s> <s>It was alſo conſumed by <lb></lb>Fire in the Reign of <emph type="italics"></emph>Cyrus,<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end> a few Years before <lb></lb>the Death of <emph type="italics"></emph>Servius Tallus,<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end> the King of <emph type="italics"></emph>Rome;<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end><lb></lb>and it is certain, that it was again burnt about <lb></lb>the Time of the Birth of thoſe three great Lu<lb></lb>minaries of Learning, <emph type="italics"></emph>Catullus, Sallus<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end> and <emph type="italics"></emph>Var<lb></lb>ro.<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end></s><s> The Temple of <emph type="italics"></emph>Epheſus<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end> was burnt by the <lb></lb><emph type="italics"></emph>Amazons,<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end> in the Reign of <emph type="italics"></emph>Sylvius Poſthumus,<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end><lb></lb>as it was alſo about the Time that <emph type="italics"></emph>Socrates<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end><lb></lb>was condemned to drink Poiſon at <emph type="italics"></emph>Athens:<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end><lb></lb>and the Temple of the <emph type="italics"></emph>Argives<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end> was deſtroyed <lb></lb>by Fire the ſame Year that <emph type="italics"></emph>Plato<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end> was born at <lb></lb><emph type="italics"></emph>Athens,<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end> at which Time <emph type="italics"></emph>Tarquin<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end> reigned at <emph type="italics"></emph>Rome.<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end><lb></lb>Why ſhould I mention the ſacred Porticoes of <lb></lb><emph type="italics"></emph>Jeruſalem?<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end> Or the Temple of <emph type="italics"></emph>Minerva<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end> at <lb></lb><emph type="italics"></emph>Miletus?<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end> Or that of <emph type="italics"></emph>Serapis<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end> at <emph type="italics"></emph>Alexandria?<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end><lb></lb>Or at <emph type="italics"></emph>Rome,<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end> the <emph type="italics"></emph>Pantheon?<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end> And the Temple <lb></lb>of the Goddeſs <emph type="italics"></emph>Veſta?<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end> And that of <emph type="italics"></emph>Apollo?<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end><lb></lb>In which laſt we are told the Sibyls Verſes <lb></lb>were deſtroyed. </s> <s>We indeed find, that ſcarce <lb></lb>any Temple eſcaped the ſame Calamity. <emph type="italics"></emph>Dia<lb></lb>dorus<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end> writes, that there was none beſides that <lb></lb>dedicated to <emph type="italics"></emph>Venus,<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end> in the City of <emph type="italics"></emph>Eryx<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end> in <emph type="italics"></emph>Si<lb></lb>cily,<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end> that had eſcaped to his Time unhurt by <lb></lb>the Flames. <emph type="italics"></emph>Cæſar<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end> owned that <emph type="italics"></emph>Alexandria<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end><lb></lb>eſcaped being burnt, when he himſelf took it, <lb></lb>becauſe its Roofs were vaulted. </s> <s>Nor are vault<lb></lb>ed Roofs deſtituted of their Ornaments. </s> <s>The <lb></lb>Ancients transferred all the ſame Ornaments to <lb></lb>their Cupolas, as the Goldſmiths uſed about <lb></lb>the Pateras or Cups for the Sacrifices; and the <lb></lb>ſame Sort of Work as was uſed in the Quilts <lb></lb>of their Beds, they imitated in their vaulted <lb></lb>Roofs, whether plain or camerated. </s> <s>Thus we <lb></lb>ſee them divided into four, eight, or more Pan<lb></lb>nels, or croſſed different Ways with equal <lb></lb>Angles and with Circles, in the moſt beautiful <lb></lb>Manner that can be imagined. </s> <s>And here it <lb></lb>may be proper to obſerve, that the Ornaments <lb></lb>of vaulted Roofs, which conſiſt in the Forms <lb></lb>of their Pannels or Excavations, are in many <lb></lb>Places exceeding handſome, and particularly <lb></lb>at the <emph type="italics"></emph>Rotonda<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end> at <emph type="italics"></emph>Rome;<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end> yet we have no where <lb></lb>any Inſtruction left us in Writing how to make <lb></lb>them. </s> <s>My Method of doing it, which is very <lb></lb>eaſy and cheap, is as follows: I deſcribe the <lb></lb>Lineaments of the future Pannels or Excavati<lb></lb>ons upon the Boards of the Scaffolding itſelf, <lb></lb>whether they are to be Quadrangular, Sexan<lb></lb>gular, or Octangular. </s> <s>Then thoſe Parts which <lb></lb>I intended to excavate in my Roof, I raiſe to <lb></lb>the ſtated Height with unbaked Bricks ſet in <lb></lb>Clay inſtead of Mortar. </s> <s>Upon this Kind of <lb></lb>Mount thus raiſed on the Back of the Scaffold<lb></lb>ing, I build my vaulted Roof of Brick and Mor<lb></lb>tar, taking great Care that the thinner Parts <lb></lb>cohere firmly with the Thicker and Stronger. <lb></lb></s> <s>When the Vault is compleated and ſettled and <lb></lb>the Scaffolding is taken away from under it, I <lb></lb>clear the ſolid Building from thoſe Mounts of <lb></lb>Clay which I had raiſed at firſt; and thus the <lb></lb>Shape of my Evcavations or Pannels are formed <lb></lb>according to my original Deſign. </s> <s>But to re<lb></lb>turn to our Subject. </s> <s>I am extremely delighted <lb></lb>with an Ornament mentioned by <emph type="italics"></emph>Varro,<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end> who <lb></lb>tells us of a Roof on which was painted a Sky <lb></lb>with a moving Star in it, which by a Kind of <lb></lb>Hand ſhewed at once the Hour of the Day and <lb></lb>what Wind blew abroad. </s> <s>I ſhould be wonder<lb></lb>fully pleaſed with ſuch a Contrivance. </s> <s>The <lb></lb>Ancients were of Opinion that raiſing the Roof <lb></lb>high and ending it with a Pedient gave ſuch an <lb></lb>Air of Greatneſs to a Building, that they uſed <lb></lb>to ſay the Houſe of <emph type="italics"></emph>Jove<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end> himſelf, though they <lb></lb>never ſuppoſed it rained in Heaven, could <lb></lb>not look handſome without it. </s> <s>The Rule for <lb></lb>theſe Pediments is as follows. </s> <s>Take not more <lb></lb>than the Fourth nor leſs than the Fifth of the <lb></lb>Breadth of your Front along the Cornice, and <lb></lb>let this be the Summit or upper Angle of your <lb></lb>Pediment. </s> <s>Upon this Summit, as alſo at each <lb></lb>End, you ſet Acroteria, or little Pedeſtals for <lb></lb>Statues. </s> <s>The Height of the Acroteria or Pe<lb></lb>deſtals at the Ends ſhould be equal to that of <lb></lb>the Freze and Cornice; but that which ſtands <lb></lb>on the Summit, ſhould be an eighth Part higher <lb></lb>than the others. </s> <s>We are told that <emph type="italics"></emph>Buccides<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end><lb></lb>was the firſt that adorned his Pediments with <lb></lb>Statues, which he made of Earth coloured red; <lb></lb>but afterwards they came to be made of Mar<lb></lb>ble, and the whole Covering too.</s></p><p type="head"> <s>CHAP. XII.</s></p><p type="head"> <s><emph type="italics"></emph>Of the Apertures proper to Temples, namely, the Windows, Doors, and Valves; <lb></lb>together with their Members, Proportions and Ornaments.<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end></s></p><p type="main"> <s>The Windows in the Temple ought to <lb></lb>be ſmall and high, ſo that nothing but <lb></lb>the Sky may be ſeen through them; to the <lb></lb>Intent that both the Prieſts that are employed <lb></lb>in the Performance of divine Offices, and thoſe <lb></lb>that aſſiſt upon Account of Devotion, may <pb xlink:href="003/01/195.jpg" pagenum="152"></pb>not have their Minds any Ways diverted by fo<lb></lb>reign Objects. </s> <s>That Horror with which a <lb></lb>ſolemn Gloom is apt to ſill the Mind naturally <lb></lb>raiſes our Veneration, and there is always ſome<lb></lb>what of an Auſterity in Majeſty: Beſides that <lb></lb>thoſe Lights which ſhould be always burning <lb></lb>in Temples, and than which nothing is more <lb></lb>awful for the Honour and Ornament of Re<lb></lb>ligion, look faint and languiſh, unleſs favoured <lb></lb>by ſome Obſcurity. </s> <s>For this Reaſon the Ancients <lb></lb>were very often contented without any other <lb></lb>Aperture beſides the Gate. </s> <s>For my own Part, <lb></lb>I am for having the Entrance into the Temple <lb></lb>thoroughly well lighted, and thoſe Parts with<lb></lb>in, where People are to walk, not melan<lb></lb>choly; but the Place where the Altar is to be <lb></lb>ſeated, I think ſhould have more of Majeſty <lb></lb>than Beauty. </s> <s>But to return to the Apertures <lb></lb>themſelves. </s> <s>Let us here remember what has <lb></lb>formerly been ſaid, namely, that Apertures <lb></lb>conſiſt of three Parts, the Void, the Jambs <lb></lb>and the Lintel, which two laſt we may call <lb></lb>the Frame of the Door or Window. </s> <s>The An<lb></lb>cients never uſed to make either Doors or Win<lb></lb>dows otherwiſe than ſquare. </s> <s>We ſhall treat <lb></lb>firſt of Doors. </s> <s>All the beſt Architects, whe<lb></lb>ther <emph type="italics"></emph>Dorians, Ionians<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end> or <emph type="italics"></emph>Corinthians,<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end> always <lb></lb>made their Doors narrower at the Top than <lb></lb>at the Bottom by one fourteenth Part. </s> <s>To <lb></lb>the Lintel they gave the ſame Thickneſs as <lb></lb>they found at the Top of the Jamb, making <lb></lb>the Lines of their Ornaments anſwer exactly <lb></lb>to one another, and meet together in juſt <lb></lb>Angles: And they raiſed the Cornice over the <lb></lb>Door equal in Height to the Capital of the <lb></lb>Columns in the Portico. </s> <s>Thus far they all <lb></lb>agreed, but in other Particulars they differed <lb></lb><arrow.to.target n="marg32"></arrow.to.target><lb></lb>very much. </s> <s>And firſt the <emph type="italics"></emph>Dorians<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end> divided this <lb></lb>whole Height, that is to ſay, from the Level of <lb></lb>the Pavement up to the Roof, into ſixteen <lb></lb>Parts, whereof they gave ten to the Height of <lb></lb>the Void, which the Ancients uſed to call the <lb></lb>Light; five to its Breadth, and one to the <lb></lb>Breadth of the Frame. </s> <s>This was the <emph type="italics"></emph>Doric<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end><lb></lb><arrow.to.target n="marg33"></arrow.to.target><lb></lb>Diviſion; but the <emph type="italics"></emph>Ionians<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end> divided the whole <lb></lb>Height to the Top of the Columns, as afore<lb></lb>mentioned, into nineteen Parts, whereof they <lb></lb>gave twelve to the Height of the Light, ſix to <lb></lb>its Breadth, and one to the Frame. </s> <s>The <emph type="italics"></emph>Co<lb></lb>rinthians<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end> divided it into one-and-twenty Parts, <lb></lb>aſſigning ſeven to the Breadth of the Light, <lb></lb>and doubling that Breadth for its Length, and <lb></lb>allowing for the Breadth of the Frame one <lb></lb>ſeventh Part of the Breadth of the Light. </s> <s>In <lb></lb>all theſe Doors the Frame was an Architrave. <lb></lb></s> <s>And, unleſs I am much miſtaken, the <emph type="italics"></emph>Ionians<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end><lb></lb>made uſe of their own Architrave, adorned <lb></lb>with three Faſcias, as did the <emph type="italics"></emph>Dorians<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end> too of <lb></lb>theirs, only leaving out the Reglets and <lb></lb>Drops; and all adorned their Lintels with <lb></lb>moſt of the Delicacies of their Cornice; only <lb></lb>the <emph type="italics"></emph>Dorians<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end> left out their Triglyphs, and in<lb></lb>ſtead of them made uſe of a Freze as broad as <lb></lb>the Jamb or Frame of the Door. </s> <s>Over the <lb></lb>Freze they added an upright Cymatium; and <lb></lb>over that a plain Dentil, and next an Ovolo; <lb></lb>above that ran the Mutules with their Cymaiſe, <lb></lb>and over them an inverted Cymatium; ob<lb></lb>ſerving in all theſe Members the ſame Pro<lb></lb>portions as we have already ſet down for the <lb></lb><emph type="italics"></emph>Doric<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end> Entablature. </s> <s>The <emph type="italics"></emph>Ionians,<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end> on the con<lb></lb>trary, did not make uſe of a plain Freze, as <lb></lb>in their common Entablature; but inſtead of <lb></lb>it made a ſwelling Freze, one third Part of <lb></lb>the Breadth of the Architrave, adorned with <lb></lb>Leaves bound about with a Kind of Swathes. <lb></lb></s> <s>Over this they made their Cymaſe, Dentil, <lb></lb>Ovolo, Mutules, with their Cymaiſe, and above <lb></lb>all the Drip and inverted Cymatium. </s> <s>Beſides <lb></lb>this, at each End of the Entablature, on the <lb></lb>Outſide of the Jamb, under the Drip, they <lb></lb>made a Sort of Ears, as we may call them, <lb></lb>from their Reſemblance to the handſome Ears <lb></lb>of a fine Spaniel, by Architects called, <emph type="italics"></emph>Conſoles.<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end><lb></lb>Theſe Conſoles were turned like a great S. <lb></lb></s> <s>The Ends winding round in this Manner, <29>, <lb></lb>and the Thickneſs of the Conſole at the Top <lb></lb>was equal to the Breadth of the ſwelling Freze, <lb></lb>and one fourth Part leſs at Bottom. </s> <s>The <lb></lb>Length reached down to the Top of the Void <lb></lb><arrow.to.target n="marg34"></arrow.to.target><lb></lb>or Light. </s> <s>The <emph type="italics"></emph>Corinthians<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end> applied to their <lb></lb>Doors all the Embelliſhments of a Collonade. <lb></lb></s> <s>And to avoid further Repetitions, we adorn a <lb></lb>Door, eſpecially when it is to ſtand under the <lb></lb>open Air with a Sort of little Portico, attached <lb></lb>againſt the Wall, in this Manner. </s> <s>Having made <lb></lb>the Frame of the Door, we place on each Side <lb></lb>an entire Column, or if you will only an half <lb></lb>Column, with their Baſes at ſuch a Diſtance <lb></lb>from each other, as to leave the Jambs, or <lb></lb>whole Antipagment clear. </s> <s>The Length of <lb></lb>the whole Columns with their Capitals, muſt <lb></lb>be equal to the Diſtance between the outward <lb></lb>Edge of the left Baſe to the outward Edge of <lb></lb>the Right. </s> <s>Over theſe Columns you make a <lb></lb>regular Architrave, Freze, Cornice and Pedi<lb></lb>ment, according to all the ſame Proportions as <lb></lb>as we have above laid down for a Portico. <lb></lb></s> <s>Some on each Side of the Door, inſtead of a <lb></lb>plain Jamb, made uſe of all the Ornaments of a <lb></lb></s></p><pb xlink:href="003/01/196.jpg"></pb><p type="margin"> <s><margin.target id="marg32"></margin.target>*</s></p><p type="margin"> <s><margin.target id="marg33"></margin.target>*</s></p><p type="margin"> <s><margin.target id="marg34"></margin.target>*</s></p><p type="caption"> <s>PLATE 35. <emph type="italics"></emph>(Page 152)<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end><lb></lb><figure id="id.003.01.196.1.jpg" xlink:href="003/01/196/1.jpg"></figure></s></p><pb xlink:href="003/01/197.jpg"></pb><p type="caption"> <s>PLATE 36. <emph type="italics"></emph>(Page 152)<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end><lb></lb><figure id="id.003.01.197.1.jpg" xlink:href="003/01/197/1.jpg"></figure></s></p><pb xlink:href="003/01/198.jpg"></pb><p type="caption"> <s>PLATE 37. <emph type="italics"></emph>(Pages 152-53)<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end><lb></lb><figure id="id.003.01.198.1.jpg" xlink:href="003/01/198/1.jpg"></figure><pb xlink:href="003/01/199.jpg" pagenum="153"></pb>Cornice, ſo allowing the Open a greater Width; <lb></lb>but this is a Delicacy much more ſuitable to <lb></lb>the Houſe of a private Perſon, and eſpecially <lb></lb>about Windows, than to the Door of a Tem<lb></lb>ple. </s> <s>In very large Temples, and eſpecially in <lb></lb>ſuch as have no other Apertures but the Door, <lb></lb>the Height of the Open of that Door is divided <lb></lb>into three Parts, the uppermoſt of which is left <lb></lb>by Way of Window, and grated, the Remain<lb></lb>der ſerves for the Door. </s> <s>The Door itſelf too, <lb></lb>or Valve, conſiſts of different Members and <lb></lb>Proportions. </s> <s>Of theſe Members the Chief is <lb></lb>the Hinge, which is contrived after two Man<lb></lb>ners; either by an iron Staple fixed in the <lb></lb>Door-caſe; or elſe by Pins coming out from <lb></lb>the Top and Bottom of the Door itſelf, upon <lb></lb>which it balances and turns, and ſo ſhuts and <lb></lb>opens. </s> <s>The Doors of Temples, which for the <lb></lb>Sake of Duration, are generally made of Braſs, <lb></lb>and conſequently muſt be very heavy, are bet<lb></lb>ter truſted to Axles, in the later Manner, than <lb></lb>to hang upon any Staples. </s> <s>I ſhall not here <lb></lb>ſpend Time in giving an Account of thoſe <lb></lb>Doors which we read of in Hiſtorians and Poets, <lb></lb>enriched with Gold, Ivory, and Statues, and <lb></lb>ſo heavy that they could never be opened with<lb></lb>out a Multitude of Hands, and ſuch a Noiſe as <lb></lb>terriſied the Hearers, I own Facility in open<lb></lb>ing and ſhutting them is more to my Mind. <lb></lb></s> <s>Under the Bottom therefore of the lower Pin <lb></lb>or Axle, make a Box of Braſs mixed with Tin, <lb></lb>and in this Box ſink a deep hollow Concave at <lb></lb>the Bottom; let the Bottom of the Axle have alſo <lb></lb>a Concavity in it, ſo that the Box and the Axle <lb></lb>may contain between them a round Ball of <lb></lb>Steel, perfectly ſmooth and well poliſhed. </s> <s>The <lb></lb>upper Pin or Axle muſt alſo be let into a braſs <lb></lb>Box made in the Lintel, and beſides muſt turn <lb></lb>in a moveable iron Circle as ſmooth as it can <lb></lb>be made; and by this Means the Door will <lb></lb>never make the leaſt Reſiſtance in turning, but <lb></lb>ſwing which Way you pleaſe with all the Eaſe <lb></lb>imaginable. </s> <s>Every Door ſhould have two Val<lb></lb>ves or Leaves, one opening to one Side, and the <lb></lb>other to the other. </s> <s>The Thickneſs of theſe <lb></lb>Leaves ſhould be one twelfth Part of their <lb></lb>Breadth. </s> <s>Their Ornament are Pannels or <lb></lb>ſquare Mouldings applied lengthways down the <lb></lb>Leaf, and you may have as many of them as <lb></lb>you will, either two or three, one above the <lb></lb>other, or only one. </s> <s>If you have two, they muſt <lb></lb>lie like the Steps of a Stair, one above the other, <lb></lb>and both muſt take up no more of the Breadth <lb></lb>of the Leaf than a fourth, nor leſs than a ſixth <lb></lb>Part; and let the laſt, which lies above the <lb></lb>other, be one fifth Part broader than the un<lb></lb>der one. </s> <s>If you have three of theſe Mould<lb></lb>ings, obſerve the ſame Proportions in them as <lb></lb>in the Faces of the <emph type="italics"></emph>Ionic<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end> Architrave: But if <lb></lb>you have only one Moulding, let it be not <lb></lb>more than a fifth, nor leſs than a ſeventh Part <lb></lb>of the Breadth of the Leaf. </s> <s>Theſe Mouldings <lb></lb>muſt all fall inward to the Leaf with a Cima<lb></lb>recta. </s> <s>The Length of the Leaf ſhould alſo be <lb></lb>divided by other Mouldings croſsways, giving <lb></lb>the upper Pannel two fifth Parts of the whole <lb></lb>Height of the Door. </s> <s>In Temples the Win<lb></lb>dows muſt be adorned in the ſame Manner as <lb></lb>the Doors; but their Apertures, being near the <lb></lb>higheſt Part of the Wall, and their Angles ter<lb></lb>minating near the Vault of the Roof, they are <lb></lb>therefore made with an Arch, contrary to the <lb></lb>Practice in Doors. </s> <s>Their Breadth is twice their <lb></lb>Height; and this Breadth is divided by two <lb></lb>little Columns, placed according to the ſame <lb></lb>Rules as in a Portico; only that theſe Columns <lb></lb>are generally ſquare. </s> <s>The Deſigns for Niches, <lb></lb>Statues or other Repreſentations, are borrowed <lb></lb>from thoſe of Doors; and their Height muſt <lb></lb>take up one third Part of their Wall. </s> <s>The <lb></lb>Ancients in the Windows of their Temples, <lb></lb>inſtead of Panes of Glaſs, made uſe of thin <lb></lb>tranſparent Scantlings of Alabaſter, to keep out <lb></lb>Wind and Weather; or elſe made a Grate of <lb></lb>Braſs or Marble, and filled up the Interſpaces <lb></lb>of this Grate not with brittle Glaſs, but with <lb></lb>a tranſparent Sort of Stone brought from <emph type="italics"></emph>Se<lb></lb>govia,<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end> a Town in <emph type="italics"></emph>Spain,<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end> or from <emph type="italics"></emph>Boulogne<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end> in <lb></lb><emph type="italics"></emph>Picardy.<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end></s><s> The Scantlings are ſeldom above a <lb></lb>Foot broad, and are of a bright tranſparent <lb></lb>Sort of Plaiſter or Talk, endued by Nature <lb></lb>with a particular Property, namely, that it <lb></lb>never decays.</s></p><p type="head"> <s>CHAP. XIII.</s></p><p type="head"> <s><emph type="italics"></emph>Of the Altar, Communion, Lights, Candleſticks, Holy Veſſels, and ſome other <lb></lb>noble Ornaments of Temples.<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end></s></p><p type="main"> <s>The next chief Point to be conſidered <lb></lb>in the Temple, is fixing the Altar, <lb></lb>where Divine Office is to be performed, which <lb></lb>ſhould be in the moſt honourable Place, and <lb></lb>this ſeems to be exactly in the Middle of the <lb></lb>Tribune. </s> <s>The Ancients uſed to make their <pb xlink:href="003/01/200.jpg" pagenum="154"></pb>Altar ſix Foot high and twelve Broad; and on <lb></lb>it placed the Statue of their Deity. </s> <s>Whether <lb></lb>or no it be proper to have more Altars for Sa<lb></lb>crifice in a Temple, than one, I ſhall leave to <lb></lb>the Judgment of others. </s> <s>Among our Fore<lb></lb>fathers, in the primitive Times of our Religi<lb></lb>on, the devout Chriſtians uſed to meet toge<lb></lb>ther at the Holy Supper, not to fill their Bodies <lb></lb>with Food, but in order to ſoften and huma<lb></lb>nize their Manners by frequent Converſation <lb></lb>and Communion with each other; and having <lb></lb>filled their Minds with good Inſtructions, they <lb></lb>returned every Man to his own Home, warm<lb></lb>ed and inflamed with the Love of Virtue. </s> <s>For <lb></lb>having rather taſted than eat the moderate <lb></lb>Portion that was ſet before them, they read <lb></lb>and reaſoned upon all Sort of divine Subjects. <lb></lb></s> <s>Every one burnt with Charity towards his <lb></lb>Neighbour, for their common Salvation, and <lb></lb>for the Divine Worſhip. </s> <s>Laſtly, every Man, <lb></lb>according to his Power, paid a Kind of Tax <lb></lb>due to Piety, for the Maintenance of ſuch as <lb></lb>truly deſerved it, and the Biſhop diſtributed <lb></lb>theſe Contributions among ſuch as wanted. <lb></lb></s> <s>Thus all Things were common among them, <lb></lb>as among loving Brethren. </s> <s>Afterwards when <lb></lb>Princes conſented that theſe Duties ſhould be per<lb></lb>formed publickly, they did not indeed deviate <lb></lb>much from the Inſtitution of their Forefathers; <lb></lb>but as greater Numbers came in than before, <lb></lb>the Supper was ſtill more moderate. </s> <s>The Ser<lb></lb>mons preached in thoſe Times by the learned <lb></lb>Biſhops, are ſtill extant in the Writings of the <lb></lb>Fathers. </s> <s>Thus in thoſe Ages they had but <lb></lb>one Altar, where they uſed to meet to cele<lb></lb>brate only one Sacrifice in a Day. </s> <s>Next ſuc<lb></lb>ceeded theſe our Times, which I wiſh to God <lb></lb>ſome worthy Man might ariſe to reform, and <lb></lb>be this ſaid without Offence to our Popes, who, <lb></lb>though to keep up their own Dignity, they <lb></lb>hardly ſuffer themſelves to be ſeen by the <lb></lb>People once in a Year, yet have ſo crowded <lb></lb>every Place with Altars, and perhaps too with <lb></lb>-------But I ſhall venture to ſay no more. <lb></lb></s> <s>This I may venture to affirm, that as there is <lb></lb>nothing in Nature can be imagined more Holy <lb></lb>or Noble than our Sacrifice, ſo I believe no <lb></lb>Man of Senſe can be for having it debaſed by <lb></lb>being made too common. </s> <s>There are other <lb></lb>Sorts of Ornaments alſo, not fixed, which <lb></lb>ſerve to adorn and grace the Sacrifice; and <lb></lb>others of the ſame Nature that embelliſh the <lb></lb>Temple itſelf, the Direction of which belongs <lb></lb>likewife to the Architect. </s> <s>It has been a Queſ<lb></lb>tion which is the moſt beautiful Sight: A large <lb></lb>Square full of Youth employed about their ſe<lb></lb>veral Sports; or a Sea full of Ships; or a Field <lb></lb>with a victorious Army drawn out in it; or a <lb></lb>Scnate-houſe full of venerable Magiſtrates; or <lb></lb>a Temple illuminated with a great Number of <lb></lb>chearful Lights? </s> <s>I would deſire that the Lights <lb></lb>in a Temple ſhould have ſomewhat of a Maje<lb></lb>ſty in them which is not to be found in the <lb></lb>blinking Tapers that we uſe now-a-days. </s> <s>They <lb></lb>might, indeed, have a good Effect enough if <lb></lb>they were ſet in Rows with any thing of a <lb></lb>pretty Regularity, or ſtuck all along the Edge <lb></lb>of the Cornice. </s> <s>But I am much better pleaſed <lb></lb>with the Ancients, who on the Top of their <lb></lb>Candleſticks fixed large Shells in which they <lb></lb>lighted an odoriferous Flame. </s> <s>They divided <lb></lb>the whole Length of the Candleſticks into ſe<lb></lb>ven Parts, two of which they gave to the Baſe, <lb></lb>which was triangular, and longer than it was <lb></lb>broad , and broader at Botton than <lb></lb>at Top . The Shaft of the Candle<lb></lb>ſtick was divided by ſeveral little Pans placed <lb></lb>one above the other, to catch the Drops that <lb></lb>fell from the upper Shell; and at the Top of <lb></lb>all was that Shell, full of Gums and odoriferous <lb></lb>Woods. </s> <s>We have an Account how much <lb></lb>ſweet Balm uſed to be burnt on every Holy<lb></lb>day in the principal Churches by the Emperor's <lb></lb>Order in <emph type="italics"></emph>Rome,<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end> at the publick Charge; and it <lb></lb>was no leſs than five hundred and four ſcore <lb></lb>Pounds Weight. </s> <s>And this may ſuffice as to <lb></lb>Lamps: Let us now juſt mention ſome other <lb></lb>Things, which are very noble Ornaments in <lb></lb>Temples. </s> <s>We read that <emph type="italics"></emph>Gyges<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end> gave to the <lb></lb>Temple of the <emph type="italics"></emph>Pythian Apollo,<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end> ſix great Cups <lb></lb>of maſſy Gold, which weighed thirty thouſand <lb></lb>Pound Weight; and that at <emph type="italics"></emph>Delphos<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end> there <lb></lb>were Veſſels of ſolid Gold and Silver, each of <lb></lb>which would contain ſix Amphoras, or about <lb></lb>four-and-fifty of our Gallons, among which <lb></lb>there were ſome that were more valued for the <lb></lb>Invention and Workmanſhip than for the Me<lb></lb>tal. </s> <s>We are told that in the Temple of <emph type="italics"></emph>Juno<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end><lb></lb>at <emph type="italics"></emph>Samos,<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end> there was a Veſſel, carved all about <lb></lb>with Figures in Steel, ſent by the <emph type="italics"></emph>Spartans<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end> as <lb></lb>a Preſent to <emph type="italics"></emph>Crœſus,<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end> ſo large, that it would <lb></lb>hold three hundred Amphoras, or two thou<lb></lb>ſand ſeven hundred Gallons. </s> <s>We read too that <lb></lb>the <emph type="italics"></emph>Samians<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end> ſent as a Preſent to <emph type="italics"></emph>Delphos<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end> an <lb></lb>iron Cauldron with the Heads of ſeveral Ani<lb></lb>mals finely wrought upon it, and ſupported ſe<lb></lb>veral kneeling coloſſal Statues ten Foot and a <lb></lb>half high. </s> <s>It was a wonderful Contrivance of <lb></lb><emph type="italics"></emph>Sanniticus<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end> the <emph type="italics"></emph>Ægyptian,<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end> in the Temple of the <lb></lb>God <emph type="italics"></emph>Apis,<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end> which was extremely rich in diffe<pb xlink:href="003/01/201.jpg" pagenum="155"></pb>rent Columns and Statues, in making an Image <lb></lb>of that God which was continually turning <lb></lb>round to face the Sun. </s> <s>And there was ſome<lb></lb>what yet more wonderful than this in the Tem<lb></lb>ple of <emph type="italics"></emph>Diana<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end> at <emph type="italics"></emph>Epheſus;<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end> which was, <emph type="italics"></emph>Cupid's<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end><lb></lb>Dart hanging upon nothing. </s> <s>For ſuch kind <lb></lb>of Ornaments no other certain Rule can be <lb></lb>given, but that they be ſet in decent Places, <lb></lb>where they may be viewed with Wonder and <lb></lb>Reverence.</s></p><p type="head"> <s>CHAP. XIV.</s></p><p type="head"> <s><emph type="italics"></emph>Of the firſt Original of Baſiliques, their Porticoes and different Members, and <lb></lb>wherein they differ from Temples.<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end></s></p><p type="main"> <s>It is certain that at firſt Baſiliques were no<lb></lb>thing but Places where the Magiſtrates uſed <lb></lb>to meet to adminiſter Juſtice under Shelter, <lb></lb>and the Tribunal was added to give the greater <lb></lb>Air of Majeſty to the Structure. </s> <s>Afterwards <lb></lb>in order to enlarge them, the principal Roof <lb></lb>being found not ſufficient, Porticoes were add<lb></lb>ed on each Side, firſt a ſingle, and in Time a <lb></lb>double one. </s> <s>Others acroſs the Tribunal made <lb></lb>a Nave, which we ſhall call the Juſticiary Nave, <lb></lb>as being the Place for the Concourſe of the <lb></lb>Notaries, Sollicitors and Advocates, and joined <lb></lb>this Nave to the other Iſles after the Manner of <lb></lb>the Letter T. </s> <s>The Porticoes without were <lb></lb>ſuppoſed to be added afterwards for the Con<lb></lb>venience of Servants: So that the Baſilique <lb></lb>conſiſts of Naves or Iſles, and of Porticoes: But <lb></lb>as the Baſilique ſeems to partake of the Na<lb></lb>ture of the Temple, it has claimed moſt of the <lb></lb>Ornaments belonging to the Temple, but ſtill <lb></lb>in ſuch a Manner as to ſeem rather to imitate <lb></lb>than to pretend to equal it in Embelliſhments. <lb></lb></s> <s>It is raiſed above the Level of the Ground, like <lb></lb>the Temple, but an eighth Part leſs; that ſo <lb></lb>it may yield to the Temple, as to the more <lb></lb>honourable Structure: And indeed none of its <lb></lb>other Ornaments muſt be allowed the ſame So<lb></lb>lemnity as thoſe uſed in a Temple. </s> <s>Moreover <lb></lb>there is this further Difference between the <lb></lb>Baſilique and the Temple, that the Iſles in the <lb></lb>former muſt be clear and open, and its Win<lb></lb>dows perſectly lightſome, upon account of the <lb></lb>ſometimes tumultuous Crowd of Litigants, and <lb></lb>for the Conveniency of examining and ſub<lb></lb>ſcribing to Writings; and it would be very <lb></lb>proper, if it could be ſo contrived, that ſuch as <lb></lb>came to ſeek either their Clients or their Pa<lb></lb>trons, might immediately find them out; For <lb></lb>which Reaſon the Columns ought to be ſet at <lb></lb>a greater Diſtance from each other; and there<lb></lb>fore thoſe that ſupport Arches are the moſt <lb></lb>proper, though ſuch as bear Architraves are <lb></lb>not to be wholly rejected. </s> <s>Thus we may de<lb></lb>fine the Baſilique to be a clear ſpacious Walk <lb></lb>covered with a Roof, with Porticoes or Iſles on <lb></lb>the Inſide; becauſe that which is without Iſles <lb></lb>ſeems to me to have more in it of the Court <lb></lb>of Juſtice or Senate-houſe, whereof we ſhall <lb></lb>ſpeak in due Time, than of the Baſilique. </s> <s>The <lb></lb>Platform of the Baſilique ſhould be twice as <lb></lb>long as broad; and the chief Iſle, which is that <lb></lb>in the Middle, and the croſs one, which we <lb></lb>have called the Juſticiary, ſhould be entirely <lb></lb><arrow.to.target n="marg35"></arrow.to.target><lb></lb>clear and free for Walkers. </s> <s>If it is to have on<lb></lb>ly one ſingle Iſle on each Side, without the <lb></lb>Juſticiary Nave, you may order your Propor<lb></lb>tions as follows: Divide the Breadth of the <lb></lb>Platform into nine Parts, whereof five of them <lb></lb>muſt be allowed to the middle Iſle, and two to <lb></lb>each Portico or ſide Iſle. </s> <s>The Length too <lb></lb>muſt be divided into nine Parts, one of which <lb></lb>muſt be given to the Sweep of the Tribunal, <lb></lb>and two to the Breadth or Entrance into that <lb></lb><arrow.to.target n="marg36"></arrow.to.target><lb></lb>Tribunal. </s> <s>But if beſides the ſide Iſle you <lb></lb>would have a Juſticiary Nave, then divide the <lb></lb>Breadth of the Platform only into four Parts, <lb></lb>giving two to the middle Iſle, and one to each <lb></lb>ſide Iſle; and divide the Length as follows: <lb></lb>Give one twelfth Part of it to the Sweep of the <lb></lb>Tribunal, two twelfths and an half to the <lb></lb>Breadth of its Entrance, and let the Breadth of <lb></lb>the Juſticiary Nave be the ſixth Part of the <lb></lb><arrow.to.target n="marg37"></arrow.to.target><lb></lb>Length of the whole Platform. </s> <s>But if you are <lb></lb>to have not only the Juſticiary Nave, but double <lb></lb>Iſles beſides; then divide the Breadth of the <lb></lb>Platform into ten Parts, giving four to the <lb></lb>middle Iſle, and three on each Side to be di<lb></lb>vided equally for the ſide Iſles, and divide the <lb></lb>Length into twenty Parts, giving one and a <lb></lb>half to the Sweep of the Tribunal, and three <lb></lb>and one third to its Entrance, and allowing on<lb></lb>ly three Parts to the Breadth of the Juſticiary <lb></lb>Nave. </s> <s>The Walls of the Baſilique need not <lb></lb>be ſo thick as thoſe of the Temple; becauſe <lb></lb><lb></lb><lb></lb><pb xlink:href="003/01/202.jpg" pagenum="156"></pb>they are not deſigned to ſupport the Weight <lb></lb>of a vaulted Roof, but only a flat one of Sum<lb></lb>mers and Rafters. </s> <s>Let their Thickneſs there<lb></lb>fore be only one twentieth Part of their Height, <lb></lb>and let their Height be only once the Breadth <lb></lb>of the Front and an Half, and never more. </s> <s>At <lb></lb>the Angles of the Iſles come out Pilaſters from <lb></lb>the Naked of the Wall, running parallel with, <lb></lb>and on a Line with, the Columns, not leſs than <lb></lb>twice, nor more than three Times the Thick<lb></lb>neſs of the Wall. </s> <s>Others, ſtill more to ſtrength<lb></lb>en the Building, make ſuch a Pilaſter in the <lb></lb>Middle of the Row of Columns, in Breadth <lb></lb>three of the Diameters of one the Columns, or <lb></lb>at moſt four. </s> <s>The Columns themſelves too <lb></lb>muſt never have the ſame Solidity as thoſe <lb></lb>uſed in Temples; and therefore, if we make <lb></lb>our Colonades with an Architrave over it, we <lb></lb>may obſerve the following Rules. </s> <s>If the Co<lb></lb>lumns are to be <emph type="italics"></emph>Corinthian,<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end> ſubſtract a twelfth <lb></lb>Part from their Diameter; if <emph type="italics"></emph>Ionic,<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end> a tenth; <lb></lb>if <emph type="italics"></emph>Doric,<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end> a ninth. </s> <s>As for the Compoſition of <lb></lb>the other Members, the Capitals, Architrave, <lb></lb>Freze, Cornice, and the like, you may proceed <lb></lb>in the ſame Manner as in Temples.</s></p><p type="margin"> <s><margin.target id="marg35"></margin.target>*</s></p><p type="margin"> <s><margin.target id="marg36"></margin.target>†</s></p><p type="margin"> <s><margin.target id="marg37"></margin.target>⤡</s></p><p type="head"> <s>CHAP. XV.</s></p><p type="main"> <s><emph type="italics"></emph>Of Colonades both with Architraves and with Arches; what Sort of Columns <lb></lb>are to be uſed in Baſiliques, and what Cornices, and where they are to be <lb></lb>placed; of the Height and Wedth of Windows and their Gratings; of the <lb></lb>Roofs and Doors of Baſiliques, and their Ornaments.<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end></s></p><p type="main"> <s>Columns that are to have Arches over <lb></lb>them, ought by rights to be ſquare; for <lb></lb>if they were round, the Work would not be <lb></lb>true, becauſe the Heads of the Arches would <lb></lb>not lie plum upon the Solid of the Column <lb></lb>underneath; but as much as their Squares ex<lb></lb>ceeded a Circle, ſo much of them would hang <lb></lb>over the Void. </s> <s>To remedy this Defect, the <lb></lb>beſt ancient Maſters placed over the Capitals <lb></lb>of their Columns another Abacus or Plinth, in <lb></lb>Thickneſs ſometimes one fourth and ſometimes <lb></lb>one fiſth Part of the Diameter of the Column; <lb></lb>the upper Part of this Plinth, which went off <lb></lb>with a Cima-recta, was equal to the greateſt <lb></lb>Breadth of the Top of the Capital, and its Pro<lb></lb>jecture was equal to its Height, ſo that by this <lb></lb>means the Heads and Angles of the Arches had <lb></lb>a ſuller and firmer Seat. </s> <s>Colonades with <lb></lb>Arches, as well as thoſe with Architraves, are <lb></lb>various, ſome being thinner ſet, others cloſer, <lb></lb>and ſo on. </s> <s>In the cloſer Sort the Height of <lb></lb>the Void muſt be three Times and an half the <lb></lb>Breadth of the Aperture; in the thin Set, the <lb></lb>Height muſt be once the Breadth and two <lb></lb>thirds; in the leſs thin, the Height muſt be <lb></lb>twice the Breadth; in the cloſeſt of all, the <lb></lb>Breadth muſt be one third of the Height. </s> <s>We <lb></lb>have formerly obſerved, that an Arch is no<lb></lb>thing elſe but a Beam bent. </s> <s>We may there<lb></lb>fore give the ſame Ornaments to Arches as to <lb></lb>Architraves, according to the different Sorts of <lb></lb>Columns over which they are turned; beſides <lb></lb>which, if we would have our Structure very <lb></lb>rich, over the Heads of our Arches we may <lb></lb>run an Architrave, Freze, and Cornice in a <lb></lb>ſtraight Line, with the ſame Proportions as we <lb></lb>ſhould make them over Columns that ſhould <lb></lb>reach to that Height. </s> <s>But as the Baſilique is <lb></lb>ſometimes encompaſſed only with one ſingle <lb></lb>Iſle, and at other Times with two, the Place of <lb></lb>the Cornice over the Columns and Arches muſt <lb></lb>vary accordingly. </s> <s>In thoſe which are encom<lb></lb>paſſed only with one ſingle Portico, having di<lb></lb>vided the Height of your Wall into nine Parts, <lb></lb>the Cornice muſt go only to five; or if you <lb></lb>divide it into ſeven, to four. </s> <s>But in thoſe <lb></lb>which are to have double Iſles, the Cornice <lb></lb>muſt be placed at one third of the Height of <lb></lb>the Wall at leaſt, and at never more than three <lb></lb>eighths. </s> <s>We may alſo over the firſt Cornice, <lb></lb>as well for the greater Ornament as for real <lb></lb>Uſe, place other Columns, and eſpecially Pi<lb></lb>laſters, directly plum over the Centers of the <lb></lb>Columns which are below them. </s> <s>And this <lb></lb>indeed is of great Service, as it maintains the <lb></lb>Strength and Firmneſs of the Ribs of the Work, <lb></lb>and adds Majeſty to it, and at the ſame Time <lb></lb>takes off much from the Weight and Expence <lb></lb>of the Wall; and over this upper Colonade <lb></lb>too we make a regular Entablature, according <lb></lb>to the Order of the Columns. </s> <s>In Baſiliques <lb></lb>with double Side Iſles, we may raiſe three Rows <lb></lb>of Columns in this Manner one above another; <lb></lb>but in others we ſhould make but two. </s> <s>Where </s></p><pb xlink:href="003/01/203.jpg"></pb><p type="caption"> <s>PLATE 38. <emph type="italics"></emph>(Page 155)<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end><lb></lb><figure id="id.003.01.203.1.jpg" xlink:href="003/01/203/1.jpg"></figure></s></p><pb xlink:href="003/01/204.jpg"></pb><p type="caption"> <s>PLATE 39. <emph type="italics"></emph>(Page 155)<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end><lb></lb><figure id="id.003.01.204.1.jpg" xlink:href="003/01/204/1.jpg"></figure></s></p><pb xlink:href="003/01/205.jpg"></pb><p type="caption"> <s>PLATE 40. <emph type="italics"></emph>(Page 155)<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end><lb></lb><figure id="id.003.01.205.1.jpg" xlink:href="003/01/205/1.jpg"></figure></s></p><pb xlink:href="003/01/206.jpg"></pb><p type="caption"> <s>PLATE 41. <emph type="italics"></emph>(Page 155)<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end><lb></lb><figure id="id.003.01.206.1.jpg" xlink:href="003/01/206/1.jpg"></figure></s></p><pb xlink:href="003/01/207.jpg"></pb><p type="caption"> <s>PLATE 42. <emph type="italics"></emph>(Page 155-56)<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end><lb></lb><figure id="id.003.01.207.1.jpg" xlink:href="003/01/207/1.jpg"></figure></s></p><pb xlink:href="003/01/208.jpg"></pb><p type="caption"> <s>PLATE 43. <emph type="italics"></emph>(Page 155-56)<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end><lb></lb><figure id="id.003.01.208.1.jpg" xlink:href="003/01/208/1.jpg"></figure><pb xlink:href="003/01/209.jpg" pagenum="157"></pb>you have three Rows of Columns, divide the <lb></lb>Space that is between the firſt Row and the <lb></lb>Roof into two Parts, and in that Diviſion end <lb></lb>the ſecond Cornice. </s> <s>Between the firſt and ſe<lb></lb>cond Cornices, let the Wall be preſerved en<lb></lb>tire, and adorn it with ſome beautiful Sorts of <lb></lb>Stuc-work; but in the Wall between the ſe<lb></lb>cond and the third Cornices, you muſt make <lb></lb>your Windows for lighting the whole Structure. <lb></lb></s> <s>The Windows in Baſiliques muſt be ſet exactly <lb></lb>over the Intercolumnations, and anſwer regu<lb></lb>larly to one another. </s> <s>The Breadth of theſe <lb></lb>Windows muſt not be leſs than three Fourths <lb></lb>of the Intercolumnation, and their Height <lb></lb>may very conveniently be twice their Breadth. <lb></lb></s> <s>Their Head-piece may be upon a Line with <lb></lb>the Top of the Columns, excluſive of the Ca<lb></lb>pitals, if theſe Windows be made ſquare; but <lb></lb>if they are round, their Arch may come al<lb></lb>moſt even with the Architrave, and ſo lower <lb></lb>as you think fit to diminiſh the Arch; but <lb></lb>they muſt never riſe above the Tops of the <lb></lb>Columns. </s> <s>At the Bottom of the Window <lb></lb>muſt be a Plat-band for a Reſt or Leaning <lb></lb>Place, with a Cima-recta and an Ovolo. </s> <s>The <lb></lb>Open of the Window muſt be grated, tho' not <lb></lb>paned with ſcantling Tale like thoſe of the <lb></lb>Temple; but ſtill they muſt have ſomething <lb></lb>to keep out Wind and Weather. </s> <s>On the other <lb></lb>Hand, it is neceſſary to have a free Vent for <lb></lb>the Air, that the Duſt which is raiſed by the <lb></lb>Peoples Feet may not injure their Eyes and <lb></lb>Lungs; and therefore I think nothing does <lb></lb>better here, than thoſe fine Grates, either of <lb></lb>Braſs or Lead, with an infinite Number of <lb></lb>ſmall Holes diſpoſed in a regular Order, al<lb></lb>moſt like a Picture, which admit both Light <lb></lb>and Air to refreſh the Spirits. </s> <s>The Roof or Ceil<lb></lb>ing will be extreamly handſome, if it is compoſ<lb></lb>ed of different Pannels nicely jointed together, <lb></lb>with large Circles, in handſome Proportions, <lb></lb>mixed with other Compartments and Angles, <lb></lb>and if thoſe Pannels are ſeparated from each <lb></lb>other with flying Cornices, with all their due <lb></lb>Members, and with their Coffits adorned with <lb></lb>carved Work of Gems in Relief, intermixed <lb></lb>with beautiful Flowers, either of the Acanthus <lb></lb>or any other, the Pannels being enriched with <lb></lb>lively Colours, by the Hand of ſome ingeni<lb></lb>ous Painter, which will add a ſingular Grace <lb></lb>to the whole Work. <emph type="italics"></emph>Pliny<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end> tells us of an ex<lb></lb>traordinary Cement for laying Gold upon <lb></lb>Wood-work; which may be made as follows. <lb></lb></s> <s>Mix together ſix Pounds of Sinoper, or Terra <lb></lb>Pontica, and ten Pounds of red Oker, mixed <lb></lb>with two Pounds of Terra Melina or White <lb></lb>Lead, which muſt be all ground together, and <lb></lb>the paſt kept full ten Days before it is uſed. <lb></lb></s> <s>Maſtic ſteept in Linſeed Oil, and mixed with <lb></lb>Helbic Sinoper or Ruddle well burnt, makes <lb></lb>a Cement or Glue that will hardly ever come <lb></lb>off. </s> <s>The Height of the Door of the Baſilique <lb></lb>muſt be anſwerable to that of the Iſles. </s> <s>If <lb></lb>there be a Portico on the Outſide, by Way of <lb></lb>Veſtibule, it muſt be of the ſame Height and <lb></lb>Breadth as the Iſle within. </s> <s>The Void Cham<lb></lb>branle, and other Members of the Door muſt <lb></lb>be made after the ſame Rules at the Door of <lb></lb>the Temple; but in a Baſilique the Leaf <lb></lb>ſhould never be of the Braſs. </s> <s>But you may <lb></lb>make it of Cypreſs, Cedar, or any other fine <lb></lb>Wood, and enrich it with Boſſes of Braſs, con<lb></lb>triving the Whole rather for Strength than <lb></lb>Delicacy: Or if you would have it beautiful <lb></lb>or noble, do not embeliſh it with any minute <lb></lb>Ornaments in Imitation of Painting, but adorn <lb></lb>it with ſome Relieve, not too high raiſed, <lb></lb>that may make the Work look handſome, and <lb></lb>not to be too liable to be injured. </s> <s>Some have <lb></lb>of late begun to build Baſiliques circular. </s> <s>In <lb></lb>theſe the Height in the Middle muſt be equal <lb></lb>to the Breadth of the whole Structure; but <lb></lb>the Porticoes, Colonades, Doors and Windows <lb></lb>muſt be in the ſame Proportions as in the <lb></lb>ſquare Baſilique. </s> <s>Of this Subject ſufficient has <lb></lb>been ſaid.</s></p><p type="head"> <s>CHAP. XVI.</s></p><p type="head"> <s><emph type="italics"></emph>Of Monuments raiſed for preſerving the Memory of publick Actions and <lb></lb>Events.<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end></s></p><p type="main"> <s>I come now to ſpeak of Monuments erected <lb></lb>for preſerving the Memory of great Events; <lb></lb>and here by Way of Relief I ſhall take the <lb></lb>Liberty to unbend myſelf a little from that In<lb></lb>tenſeneſs and Dryneſs which is neceſſary in <lb></lb>thoſe Parts of this Work which turn altogether <lb></lb>upon Numbers and Proportions: However, <lb></lb>I ſhall take Care not to be too prolix. </s> <s>Our <pb xlink:href="003/01/210.jpg" pagenum="158"></pb>Anceſtors, when, having overcome their Ene<lb></lb>mies, they were endeavouring with all their <lb></lb>Power to enlarge the Confines of their Em<lb></lb>pire, uſed to ſet up Statues and Terms to mark <lb></lb>the Courſe of their Victories, and to diſtinguiſh <lb></lb>the Limits of their Conqueſts. </s> <s>This was the <lb></lb>Origin of Pyramids, Obelisks, and the like <lb></lb>Monuments for the Diſtinction of Limits. <lb></lb></s> <s>Afterwards being willing to make ſome Ac<lb></lb>knowledgment to the Gods for the Victories <lb></lb>which they had gained, they dedicated Part of <lb></lb>their Plunder to Heaven, and conſecrated the <lb></lb>publick Rejoycings to Religion. </s> <s>This gave <lb></lb>Riſe to Altars, Chapels, and other Monuments <lb></lb>neceſſary for their Purpoſes. </s> <s>They were alſo <lb></lb>deſirous of eternizing their Memory to Poſte<lb></lb>rity, and of making even their Perſons, as well <lb></lb>as Virtues known to future Ages. </s> <s>This pro<lb></lb>duced Trophies, Spoils, Statues, Inſcriptions, <lb></lb>and the like Inventions for propagating the <lb></lb>Fame of great Exploits. </s> <s>People of lower Rank <lb></lb>too, tho' not eminent for any particular Ser<lb></lb>vice done their Country, but only for their <lb></lb>Wealth or Proſperity, were fond of imitating <lb></lb>the ſame Practice, in which many different <lb></lb>Methods have been taken. </s> <s>The Terms erected <lb></lb>by <emph type="italics"></emph>Bacchus,<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end> at the End of his Progreſs thro' <lb></lb><emph type="italics"></emph>India,<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end> were Stones ſet up at certain Diſtances, <lb></lb>and great Trees with their Trunks encom<lb></lb>paſſed with Ivy. </s> <s>At <emph type="italics"></emph>Lyſimachia<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end> was a very <lb></lb>large Altar, which was ſet up by the <emph type="italics"></emph>Argo<lb></lb>nauts,<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end> when they paſſed by that Place in their <lb></lb>Voyage. <emph type="italics"></emph>Pauſanias,<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end> on the Banks of the Ri<lb></lb>ver <emph type="italics"></emph>Hippanis,<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end> near the Black Sea, fixed a huge <lb></lb>Vaſe of Braſs, ſix Inches thick, which would <lb></lb>contain ſix hundred * Amphoras. <emph type="italics"></emph>Alexander,<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end><lb></lb>near the River <emph type="italics"></emph>Alceſtes,<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end> which falls into the <lb></lb>Ocean, erected twelve Altars of prodigious large <lb></lb>ſquare Stones, and near the <emph type="italics"></emph>Tanais<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end> ſurrounded <lb></lb>all the Space of Ground which his Army took <lb></lb>up in its Encampment, with a Wall which <lb></lb>was ſeven Miles and an half in Compaſs. <lb></lb><emph type="italics"></emph>Darius,<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end> having ſet down his Camp near <emph type="italics"></emph>Oth<lb></lb>ryſia,<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end> upon the River <emph type="italics"></emph>Arteſroe,<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end> commanded <lb></lb>his Soldiers to throw each of them one Stone <lb></lb>in different Heaps, which being very large <lb></lb>and numerous, might fill Poſterity with Aſ<lb></lb>toniſhment. <emph type="italics"></emph>Seſoſtris,<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end> in his Wars, erected an <lb></lb>Obelisk with handſome Inſcriptions, in Ho<lb></lb>nour of thoſe who made a brave Reſiſtance <lb></lb>againſt him; but thoſe who ſubmitted baſely <lb></lb>he branded with Infamy, by ſetting up Obe<lb></lb>lisks and Columns with the Pudenda of a Wo<lb></lb>man carved upon them. <emph type="italics"></emph>Jaſon,<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end> in all the <lb></lb>Countries thro' which he paſſed, erected <lb></lb>Temples in his own Honour, which we are <lb></lb>told were all demoliſhed by <emph type="italics"></emph>Parmenio,<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end> to the <lb></lb>Intent, that no Memorial might any where <lb></lb>remain but that of <emph type="italics"></emph>Alexander.<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end></s><s> Theſe were <lb></lb>Monuments erected during the Expeditions <lb></lb>themſelves; others, ſuch as follow, were raiſed <lb></lb>after the Victory obtained, and the Conqueſt <lb></lb>compleated. </s> <s>In the Temple of <emph type="italics"></emph>Pallas, the <lb></lb>Diligent<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end> hung the Shackles with which the <lb></lb><emph type="italics"></emph>Lacedemonians<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end> had been fettered. </s> <s>The <emph type="italics"></emph>Evi<lb></lb>ans<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end> not only preſerved in their Temple the <lb></lb>Stone with which the <emph type="italics"></emph>Phymian<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end> King ſlew the <lb></lb>King of <emph type="italics"></emph>Machienſes,<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end> but even worſhiped it as <lb></lb>a God. </s> <s>The <emph type="italics"></emph>Æginetæ<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end> dedicated to their <lb></lb>Temple the Beaks of the Ships which they <lb></lb>took from their Enemies. </s> <s>In Imitation of <lb></lb>them <emph type="italics"></emph>Auguſtus,<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end> having overcome the <emph type="italics"></emph>Ægyp<lb></lb>tians,<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end> erected four Trophies of the Beaks of <lb></lb>their Ships; which were afterwards removed <lb></lb>to the Capitol by the Emperor <emph type="italics"></emph>Domitian, Ju<lb></lb>lius Cæſar<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end> had before raiſed two of the ſame <lb></lb>Sort, one upon the Roſtrum, and the other <lb></lb>before the Senate, upon defeating the <emph type="italics"></emph>Cartha<lb></lb>ginians<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end> in a naval Engagement. </s> <s>Why need I <lb></lb>mention that infinite Number of Towers, <lb></lb>Temples, Obelisks, Pyramids, Labyrinths, and <lb></lb>the like Works which we read of in Hiſtori<lb></lb>ans? </s> <s>I ſhall only obſerve, that this Deſire of <lb></lb>perpetuating their Names by ſuch Structures, <lb></lb>roſe to ſuch a Pitch among the Heroes of old, <lb></lb>that they even built Towns for no other Pur<lb></lb>poſe, calling them by their own Names to de<lb></lb>liver them down to Poſterity. <emph type="italics"></emph>Alexander,<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end> not <lb></lb>to mention many others, beſides thoſe Cities <lb></lb>which he built in Honour of his own Name, <lb></lb>went ſo far as to build one after the Name of his <lb></lb>Horſe <emph type="italics"></emph>Bucephalus.<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end></s><s> But in my Opinion, what <lb></lb><emph type="italics"></emph>Pompey<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end> did was much more decent; when having <lb></lb>defeated <emph type="italics"></emph>Mithridates<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end> in the lower <emph type="italics"></emph>Armenia,<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end> he <lb></lb>built the City <emph type="italics"></emph>Nicopolis<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end> (or of Victory) in the <lb></lb>very Place where he had been Conqueror. </s> <s>But <lb></lb><emph type="italics"></emph>Seleucus<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end> ſeems to have far outſtript all theſe; <lb></lb>ſor he built three Cities in Honour of his <lb></lb>Wife, and called them <emph type="italics"></emph>Apamia;<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end> five in Ho<lb></lb>nour of his Mother, by the Name of <emph type="italics"></emph>Laodicea;<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end><lb></lb>nine called <emph type="italics"></emph>Seleucia,<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end> in Honour of his own <lb></lb>Name; and ten in Memory of his Father, <lb></lb>which were called <emph type="italics"></emph>Antiocha.<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end></s><s> Others have made <lb></lb>themſelves famous to Poſterity, not ſo much <lb></lb>by Magnificence and Expence, as by ſome par<lb></lb>ticular new Invention. <emph type="italics"></emph>Cæſar,<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end> with the Berries <lb></lb>of the Laurel which he had worn in Triumph, <lb></lb>planted a Grove which he conſecrated to fu<lb></lb>ture Triumphers. </s> <s>Near <emph type="italics"></emph>Aſcalon<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end> in <emph type="italics"></emph>Syria,<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end> was <lb></lb><pb xlink:href="003/01/211.jpg" pagenum="159"></pb>a famous Temple, in which ftood the Statue <lb></lb>of <emph type="italics"></emph>Dercetis<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end> (the ſame that is called in Scripture <lb></lb><emph type="italics"></emph>Dagon<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end>) with his upper Parts like a Man, and <lb></lb>his lower like a Fiſh; who was thus honoured, <lb></lb>becauſe from that Place he threw himſelf into <lb></lb>the Lake: And if any <emph type="italics"></emph>Sytian<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end> taſted of the <lb></lb>Fiſh that was in it, he was looked upon as ex<lb></lb>communicate. </s> <s>The <emph type="italics"></emph>Mutinii,<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end> or ancient <emph type="italics"></emph>Mo<lb></lb>deneze,<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end> near the Lake <emph type="italics"></emph>Fucinus,<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end> repreſented <lb></lb><emph type="italics"></emph>Medea<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end> the Serpent-killer, under the Shape of <lb></lb>a Serpent, becauſe by her Means they fancied <lb></lb>themſelves freed from thoſe Animals. </s> <s>Of the <lb></lb>ſame Nature was <emph type="italics"></emph>Hercules's Lernæan Hydra, <lb></lb>Io<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end> changed into a Cow, and the other Fables <lb></lb>related in the Verſes of the ancient Poets; <lb></lb>with which Inventions I am very much de<lb></lb>lighted, provided ſome virtuous Precept <lb></lb>be contained in them; as in that Symbol <lb></lb>which was carved upon <emph type="italics"></emph>Symandes<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end>'s Sepulchre, <lb></lb>in which was a Judge ſurrounded by ſome <lb></lb>other chief Magiſtrates cloathed in the Habits <lb></lb>of Prieſts, and from their Necks hung down <lb></lb>upon their Breaſts the Image of Truth with <lb></lb>her Eyes clos'd, and ſeeming to nod her Head <lb></lb>towards them. </s> <s>In the Middle was a Heap of <lb></lb>Books, with this Inſcription upon it: This is <lb></lb>the true Phyſick of the Mind.</s></p><p type="main"> <s>BUT the Invention of Statues was the moſt <lb></lb>excellent of all, as they are a noble Ornament <lb></lb>for all Sorts of Structures, whether ſacred or <lb></lb>profane, publick or private, and preſerve a <lb></lb>wonderful Repreſentation both of Perſons and <lb></lb>Actions. </s> <s>Whatever great Genius it was that <lb></lb>invented Statues, it is thought they owe their <lb></lb>Beginning to the ſame Nation as the Religion <lb></lb>of the ancient <emph type="italics"></emph>Romans;<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end> the firſt Statue being <lb></lb>by ſome ſaid to be made by the <emph type="italics"></emph>Etrurians.<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end><lb></lb>Others are of Opinion, that the <emph type="italics"></emph>Telchines<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end> of <lb></lb><emph type="italics"></emph>Rhodes,<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end> were the firſt that made Statues of the <lb></lb>Gods, which being formed according to cer<lb></lb>tain magical Rules, had Power to bring up <lb></lb>Clouds and Rain, and other Meteors, and to <lb></lb>change themſelves into the Shapes of different <lb></lb>Animals. </s> <s>Among the <emph type="italics"></emph>Greeks, Cadmus,<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end> the <lb></lb>Son of <emph type="italics"></emph>Agenor,<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end> was the firſt that conſecrated <lb></lb>Statues of the Gods to the Temple. </s> <s>We are <lb></lb>informed by <emph type="italics"></emph>Ariſtotle,<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end> that the firſt Statues that <lb></lb>were placed in the publick Forum of <emph type="italics"></emph>Athens,<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end><lb></lb>were thoſe of <emph type="italics"></emph>Harmodius<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end> and <emph type="italics"></emph>Ariſtogiton,<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end> who <lb></lb>were the firſt Deliverers of the City from Ty<lb></lb>ranny; and <emph type="italics"></emph>Arrian<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end> the Hiſtorian tells us, that <lb></lb>theſe very Statues were ſent back again to <lb></lb><emph type="italics"></emph>Athens<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end> by <emph type="italics"></emph>Alexander<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end> from <emph type="italics"></emph>Suſa,<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end> whither <emph type="italics"></emph>Xer<lb></lb>xes<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end> had removed them. </s> <s>The Number of Sta<lb></lb>tues was ſo great at <emph type="italics"></emph>Rome,<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end> that they were call<lb></lb>ed a Marble People. <emph type="italics"></emph>Rhapſinates,<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end> a very ancient <lb></lb><emph type="italics"></emph>Ægyptian<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end> King, erected a Statue of Stone to <lb></lb><emph type="italics"></emph>Vulcan<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end> above ſeven-and-thirty Foot high. <lb></lb><emph type="italics"></emph>Seſoſtris<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end> made Statues of himſelf and his Wife <lb></lb>of the Height of eight-and-forty Foot. <emph type="italics"></emph>Amaſis<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end><lb></lb>ſet up a Statue near <emph type="italics"></emph>Memphis,<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end> in a leaning <lb></lb>Poſture, which was forty-ſeven Foot long, and <lb></lb>in its Pedeſtal were two others, each twenty <lb></lb>Foot high. </s> <s>In the Sepulchre of <emph type="italics"></emph>Simandes<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end> were <lb></lb>three Statues of <emph type="italics"></emph>Jupiter,<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end> made by <emph type="italics"></emph>Memnon,<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end> of <lb></lb>wonderful Workmanſhip, being all cut out of <lb></lb>one ſingle Stone, whereof one, which was in a <lb></lb>ſitting Poſture, was ſo large, that only its Foot <lb></lb>was above ſeven Foot and an Half long; and <lb></lb>what was extremely ſurprizing in it, beſides the <lb></lb>Skill of the Artiſt, in all that huge Stone there <lb></lb>was not the leaſt Spot or Flaw. </s> <s>Others after<lb></lb>wards, when they could not find Stones large <lb></lb>enough to make Statues of the Size which they <lb></lb>deſired, made uſe of Braſs, and formed ſome of <lb></lb>no leſs than an hundred Cubits, or an hundred <lb></lb>and fifty Foot high. </s> <s>But the greateſt Work <lb></lb>we read of in this Kind, was that of <emph type="italics"></emph>Semiramis,<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end><lb></lb>who not being able to find any Stone large <lb></lb>enough for her Purpoſe, and being reſolved to <lb></lb>make ſomething much bigger than was poſſible <lb></lb>to be done with Braſs, contrived near a Moun<lb></lb>tain in <emph type="italics"></emph>Media<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end> called <emph type="italics"></emph>Bagiſtan,<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end> to have her own <lb></lb>Image carved out of a Rock of two Miles and <lb></lb>a furlong in Length, with the Figures of an <lb></lb>hundred Men offering Sacrifice to her, hewn <lb></lb>out of the ſame Stone. </s> <s>There is one Particu<lb></lb>lar relating to this Article of Statues, mention<lb></lb>ed by <emph type="italics"></emph>Diodorus,<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end> by no means to be omitted; <lb></lb>which is, that the <emph type="italics"></emph>Ægyptian<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end> Statuaries were <lb></lb>arrived at ſuch a Pitch of Skill in their Art, that <lb></lb>they would out of ſeveral Stones in ſeveral dif<lb></lb>ferent Places make one Statue, which when <lb></lb>put together ſhould ſeem to be all the Work <lb></lb>of one Hand; in which ſurprizing Manner we <lb></lb>are told the Statue of the <emph type="italics"></emph>Pythian Apollo<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end> at <lb></lb><emph type="italics"></emph>Samos<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end> was made, one half of it being wrought <lb></lb>by <emph type="italics"></emph>Theleſius,<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end> and the other half by <emph type="italics"></emph>Theodorus<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end> at <lb></lb><emph type="italics"></emph>Epheſus.<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end></s><s> Theſe Things I thought it not amiſs <lb></lb>to write here by way of Recreation, which, <lb></lb>though very uſeful in themſelves, are here in<lb></lb>ſerted only as an Introduction to the follow<lb></lb>ing Book, where we ſhall treat of the Monu<lb></lb>ments raiſed by private Perſons; to which <lb></lb>they properly belong. </s> <s>For as private Men have <lb></lb>ſcarce ſuffered even Princes to outdo them in <lb></lb>Greatneſs of Expence for perpetuating their <lb></lb>Memories, but being equally fired with the <lb></lb>Deſire of making their Names famous, have <lb></lb>ſpared for no Coſt which their Fortunes would <pb xlink:href="003/01/212.jpg" pagenum="160"></pb>bear, to get the Aſſiſtance and Skill of the beſt <lb></lb>Artiſts for their Purpoſe; they have accord<lb></lb>ingly rivalled the greateſt Kings in fine Deſigns <lb></lb>and noble Compoſitions, ſo as, in my Opinion, <lb></lb>to be very little, if at all, inferior to them. </s> <s>But <lb></lb>thoſe Works are reſerved for the next Book, <lb></lb>in which I dare promiſe the Reader he ſhall <lb></lb>find ſome Entertainment worth his Pains. </s> <s>But <lb></lb>firſt we are here to ſpeak of ſome few Particu<lb></lb>lars neceſſary to our preſent Subject.</s></p><p type="head"> <s>CHAP. XVII.</s></p><p type="head"> <s><emph type="italics"></emph>Whether Statues ought to be placed in Temples, and what Materials are the <lb></lb>moſt proper for making them.<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end></s></p><p type="main"> <s>Some are againſt placing any Statues in <lb></lb>Temples; and we are told that <emph type="italics"></emph>Numa,<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end><lb></lb>being a Diſciple of <emph type="italics"></emph>Pythagoras,<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end> would allow of <lb></lb>none: And <emph type="italics"></emph>Seneca<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end> rallies himſelf and his Coun<lb></lb>trymen upon this Account; we play with Ba<lb></lb>bies, ſays he, like Children. </s> <s>The Ancients, <lb></lb>who were of this Opinion, uſed to argue con<lb></lb>cerning the Gods in the following Manner: <lb></lb>Who can be ſo weak as not to know, that every <lb></lb>Thing relating to the Gods is to be conſidered <lb></lb>with the Mind, and not with the Eyes, ſince it <lb></lb>is impoſſible to give them any Form that can <lb></lb>be in the leaſt Degree anſwerable to the Ex<lb></lb>cellence of their Nature? </s> <s>And indeed they <lb></lb>thought that the having no viſible Repreſenta<lb></lb>tions of them made by Hands, muſt have a <lb></lb>very good Effect, as it would put every Man <lb></lb>upon forming ſuch an Idea of the firſt Mover, <lb></lb>and of the ſupreme Intelligence, as beſt ſuited <lb></lb>his own Capacity and Way of Thinking: By <lb></lb>which he would be the more induced to revere <lb></lb>the Majeſty of the Divine Name. </s> <s>Others <lb></lb>thought quite differently, holding, that the <lb></lb>Gods were repreſented under human Forms to <lb></lb>a very wiſe End, and that they had a very good <lb></lb>Influence upon the Minds and Morals of the <lb></lb>Vulgar, who when they approached thoſe Sta<lb></lb>tues, imagined they were in the Preſence of <lb></lb>the Gods themſelves. </s> <s>Others eſpecially were <lb></lb>for ſetting up to publick View in conſecrated <lb></lb>Places, the Effigies of ſuch as had deſerved well <lb></lb>of Mankind, and were therefore ſuppoſed to be <lb></lb>admitted among the Gods, believing it muſt <lb></lb>inſpire Poſterity, when they came to worſhip <lb></lb>them, with a Love of Glory, and an Emulati<lb></lb>on of their Virtue. </s> <s>It is certainly a Point of <lb></lb>great Importance what Statues we ſet up, eſ<lb></lb>pecially in Temples, as alſo whereabouts, in <lb></lb>what Number, and of what Materials: For no <lb></lb>ridiculous Figures are to be admitted here, as <lb></lb>of the God <emph type="italics"></emph>Priapus,<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end> that is uſually ſet up in <lb></lb>Gardens to ſcare away the Birds; nor of fight<lb></lb>ing Soldiers, as in Porticoes, or the like; nei<lb></lb>ther do I think they ſhould be placed in cloſe <lb></lb>Nooks and mean Corners. </s> <s>But firſt let us treat <lb></lb>of the Materials with which they ſhould be <lb></lb>made, and then proceed to the other Points. <lb></lb></s> <s>Of old, ſays <emph type="italics"></emph>Plutarch,<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end> they uſed to make their <lb></lb>Images of Wood; as was that of <emph type="italics"></emph>Apollo<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end> at <emph type="italics"></emph>De<lb></lb>los;<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end> and at <emph type="italics"></emph>Popolonia,<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end> near <emph type="italics"></emph>Piombino,<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end> was one <lb></lb>of <emph type="italics"></emph>Jupiter<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end> of Vine-tree, which many affirmed <lb></lb>to have remained perfectly clear of the leaſt <lb></lb>Corruption. </s> <s>Of the ſame Sort was that of the <lb></lb><emph type="italics"></emph>Epheſian Diana,<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end> which ſome ſaid was of Ebony, <lb></lb>but <emph type="italics"></emph>Muſianus<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end> tells us it was of Vine-tree. <emph type="italics"></emph>Peras,<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end><lb></lb>who built the Temple of <emph type="italics"></emph>Juno<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end> the <emph type="italics"></emph>Argive,<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end> and <lb></lb>dedicated his Daughter to be Prieſteſs of it, <lb></lb>made a <emph type="italics"></emph>Jupiter<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end> out of the Trunk of a Pear<lb></lb>tree. </s> <s>Some would not allow the Statues of the <lb></lb>Gods to be made of Stone, as thinking that <lb></lb>Material had ſomething in it too rugged and <lb></lb>cruel. </s> <s>They alſo diſapproved of Gold and <lb></lb>Silver for this Uſe, becauſe thoſe Metals are <lb></lb>produced of a barren ungrateful Soil, and have <lb></lb>a wan ſickly Hue. </s> <s>The Poet ſays:</s></p><p type="main"> <s><emph type="italics"></emph>Great<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end> Jove <emph type="italics"></emph>ſtood crampt beneath the lowly Roof, <lb></lb>Scarce full erect; and in his mighty Hand <lb></lb>Brandiſh'd aloft a Thunderbolt of Clay.<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end></s></p><p type="main"> <s>SOME among the <emph type="italics"></emph>Ægyptians<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end> were of Opini<lb></lb>on, that the Subſtance of God was Fire, and <lb></lb>that he dwelt in the elemental Flame, and <lb></lb>could not be conceived by the Senſes of Man<lb></lb>kind: For which Reaſon they made their <lb></lb>Gods of Chriſtal. </s> <s>Others thought the Gods <lb></lb>ought to be made of black Stone, in the Sup<lb></lb>poſition of that Colour being incomprehenſi<lb></lb>ble; and others laſtly of Gold, in Conformity <lb></lb>with the Colour of the Stars. </s> <s>I own for my <lb></lb>Part, I have been very much in Suſpenſe what <lb></lb>Materials was moſt proper for making Images <lb></lb>that are to be the Objects of Worſhip. </s> <s>You <lb></lb>will ſay, no doubt, that whatever is to be made <pb xlink:href="003/01/213.jpg" pagenum="161"></pb>into the Repreſentation of God, ought to be <lb></lb>the nobleſt Material that can be had. </s> <s>Next to <lb></lb>the nobleſt is the rareſt; and yet I would not be <lb></lb>for making them of Salt, as <emph type="italics"></emph>Solinus<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end> informs us <lb></lb>the <emph type="italics"></emph>Sicilians<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end> uſed to do; nor of Glaſs, like <lb></lb>ſome mentioned by <emph type="italics"></emph>Pliny;<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end> neither would I <lb></lb>have them of maſſy Gold or Silver, not that <lb></lb>I diſlike thoſe Materials for being produced of <lb></lb>a barren Soil, or for their ſickly Hue; but for <lb></lb>other Reaſons: Among which one is, that I <lb></lb>think it ſhould be a Point of Religion with us <lb></lb>that thoſe Repreſentations which we ſet up to <lb></lb>be adored as Gods, ſhould bear as much Re<lb></lb>ſemblance to the Divine Nature as poſſible. <lb></lb></s> <s>For this Reaſon, I would have them made im<lb></lb>mortal in Duration, as far as it is in the Power <lb></lb>of mortal Men to effect it. </s> <s>And here I cannot <lb></lb>help enquiring, what ſhould be the Reaſon of <lb></lb>a very whimſical, though very old Perſuaſion, <lb></lb>which is firmly rooted in the Minds of the Vul<lb></lb>gar, that a Picture of God, or of ſome Saint in <lb></lb>one Place ſhall hear the Prayers of Votaries, <lb></lb>when in another Place the Statue of the very <lb></lb>ſame God or Saint ſhall be utterly deaf to them? <lb></lb></s> <s>Nay, and what is ſtill more nonſenſical, if you <lb></lb>do but remove the very ſame Statue, for which <lb></lb>the People uſed to have the higheſt Venerati<lb></lb>on, to ſome other Station, they ſeem to look <lb></lb>upon it as a Bankrupt, and will neither truſt it <lb></lb>with their Prayers, nor take the leaſt Notice of <lb></lb>it. </s> <s>Such Statues ſhould therefore have Seats <lb></lb>that are fixed, eminent and peculiar to them<lb></lb>ſelves. </s> <s>It is ſaid, that there never was any <lb></lb>beautiful Piece of Workmanſhip known in the <lb></lb>Memory of Man to be made of Gold, as if that <lb></lb>Prince of Metals diſdained to owe any thing to <lb></lb>the Skill of an Artificer. </s> <s>If this be true, we <lb></lb>ſhould never uſe it in the Statues of our Gods, <lb></lb>which we ſhould deſire to make ſuitable to the <lb></lb>Subject. </s> <s>Beſides that, the Thirſt of the Gold <lb></lb>might tempt ſome not only to rob our Statue <lb></lb>of his Beard, but to melt him quite down. </s> <s>I <lb></lb>ſhould chuſe Braſs, if the lovely Purity of fine <lb></lb>white Marble did not oblige me to give that <lb></lb>the Preference. </s> <s>Yet there is one Conſiderati<lb></lb>on which weighs very much in Favour of Braſs, <lb></lb>and that is its Duration, provided we make our <lb></lb>Statue not ſo maſſy, but that the Odium and <lb></lb>Deteſtation of ſpoiling it may be much greater <lb></lb>than the Profit to be made by melting it down <lb></lb>for other Purpoſes: I would have it indeed no <lb></lb>more than if it were beat out with a Hammer, <lb></lb>or run into a thin Plate, ſo as to ſeem no more <lb></lb>than a Skin. </s> <s>We read of a Statue made of <lb></lb>Ivory, ſo large that it would hardly ſtand under <lb></lb>the Roof of the Temple. </s> <s>But that I diſlike, <lb></lb>for there ought to be a due Proportion obſerv<lb></lb>ed as well in Size, as in Form and Compoſiti<lb></lb>on: Upon which Accounts too the Figures of <lb></lb>the greater Deities, with their gruff Beards, and <lb></lb>ſtern Countenances, do not ſuit well in the <lb></lb>ſame Place with the ſoft Features of Virgins. </s> <s>I <lb></lb>am likewiſe of Opinion, that the having but <lb></lb>few Statues of Gods, may help to increaſe the <lb></lb>People's Veneration and Reverence to them. <lb></lb></s> <s>Two, or at moſt three, may be placed proper<lb></lb>ly enough upon the Altar. </s> <s>All the reſt may be <lb></lb>diſpoſed in Niches in other convenient Places. <lb></lb></s> <s>In all ſuch Repreſentations of Gods and Heroes, <lb></lb>the Sculptor ſhould endeavour as much as poſ<lb></lb>ſible, to expreſs both by the Habit and Action <lb></lb>of the Figure, the Character and Life of the <lb></lb>Perſon. </s> <s>Not that I approve of thoſe extrava<lb></lb>gant Attitudes which make a Statue look like <lb></lb>the Hero of a Droll, or a Prize-fighter; but I <lb></lb>would have ſomewhat of a Dignity and Maje<lb></lb>ſty both in the Countenance, and all the reſt <lb></lb>of the Body, that ſhould ſpeak the God, ſo that <lb></lb>he may ſeem both by his Look and Poſture to <lb></lb>be ready to hear and receive his Adorers. </s> <s>Such <lb></lb>ſhould be the Statues in Temples. </s> <s>Let others <lb></lb>be left to Theatres, and other profane Edifices.<lb></lb><figure id="id.003.01.213.1.jpg" xlink:href="003/01/213/1.jpg"></figure></s></p><pb xlink:href="003/01/214.jpg"></pb><figure id="id.003.01.214.1.jpg" xlink:href="003/01/214/1.jpg"></figure><p type="head"> <s>THE <lb></lb><emph type="bold"></emph>ARCHITECTURE<emph.end type="bold"></emph.end><lb></lb>OF <lb></lb><emph type="italics"></emph>Leone Batiſta Alberti.<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end></s></p><p type="head"> <s>BOOK VIII. CHAP. I.</s></p><p type="head"> <s><emph type="italics"></emph>Of the Ornaments of the great Ways eitherwithin or without the City, and of <lb></lb>the proper Places for interring or burning the Bodies of the Dead.<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end></s></p><p type="main"> <s>We have formerly obſerved, that the <lb></lb>Ornaments annexed to all Sorts of <lb></lb>Buildings make an eſſential Part of <lb></lb>Architecture, and it is manifeſt that <lb></lb>every Kind of Ornament is not proper for every <lb></lb>Kind of Structure. </s> <s>Thus we are to endeavour, <lb></lb>to the utmoſt of our Power, to make our ſacred <lb></lb>Works, eſpecially if they are of a publick Na<lb></lb>ture, as compleatly adorned as poſſible, as be<lb></lb>ing intended for the Honour of the Gods; <lb></lb>whereas profane Structures are deſigned en<lb></lb>tirely for Men. </s> <s>The meaner therefore ought <lb></lb>to yield to the more honourable; but yet they <lb></lb>too may be embelliſhed with ſuch Ornaments <lb></lb>as are ſuitable to them. </s> <s>In what Manner ſacred <lb></lb>Buildings of a publick Nature are to be adorn<lb></lb>ed, we have ſhewn in the laſt Book: We now <lb></lb>come to profane Structures, and to give an Ac<lb></lb>count what Ornaments are proper to each diſ<lb></lb>tinct Sort of them. </s> <s>And firſt I ſhall take No<lb></lb>tice, that all Ways are publick Works, as being <lb></lb>contrived for the Uſe of the Citizens, and the <lb></lb>Convenience of Strangers: But as there are <lb></lb>Travellers by Water as well as by Land, we <lb></lb>ſhall ſay ſomething of both. </s> <s>And here it will <lb></lb>be proper to call to Mind what has been ſaid <lb></lb>elſewhere, that of Ways ſome are properly <lb></lb>Highways, others in a Manner but private <lb></lb>ones; as alſo, that there muſt be a Difference <lb></lb>between the Ways within the City, and thoſe <lb></lb>in the Country. </s> <s>Highways in the Country re<lb></lb>ceive their greateſt Beauty from the Country <lb></lb>itſelf through which they lie, from its being <lb></lb>rich, well cultivated, full of Houſes and Villa<lb></lb>ges, affording delightful Proſpects, now of the <lb></lb>Sea, now of a fine Hill, now a River, now a <lb></lb>Spring, now a barren Spot and a Rock, now a <lb></lb>fine Plain, Wood, or Valley; nor will it be a <lb></lb>ſmall Addition to its Beauty, that it be not <lb></lb>ſteep, broken by Precipices, or deep with Dirt; <lb></lb>but clear, ſmooth, ſpacious and open on all <lb></lb>Sides: and what Pains were not the Ancients <lb></lb>at to obtain theſe Advantages? </s> <s>I ſhall not <lb></lb>waſte the Reader's Time to relate how they <lb></lb>paved their Highways for above an hundred <lb></lb>Miles round their Capital with extreme hard <lb></lb>Stones, raiſing ſolid Cauſeways under them <lb></lb>with huge Stones all the Way. </s> <s>The <emph type="italics"></emph>Appian<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end><lb></lb>Way was paved from <emph type="italics"></emph>Rome<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end> quite to <emph type="italics"></emph>Brunduſium.<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end><lb></lb>In many Places along their Highways we ſee <lb></lb>Rocks demoliſhed, Mountains levelled, Vallies <lb></lb>raiſed, Hills cut through, with incredible Ex<lb></lb>pence and miraculous Labour; Works of great <lb></lb>Uſe and Glory. </s> <s>Another great Embelliſhment <lb></lb>to a Highway, is its furniſhing Travellers with <lb></lb>frequent Occaſion of Diſcourſe, eſpecially upon <lb></lb>notable Subjects. </s> <s>A Friend or Companion that <lb></lb>is not ſparing of his Speech, ſays <emph type="italics"></emph>Laberius,<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end> up<lb></lb>on a Journey is as good as a Vehicle; and <lb></lb>there is no doubt but Diſcourſe takes of much <pb xlink:href="003/01/215.jpg" pagenum="163"></pb>from the Fatigue of Travelling. </s> <s>For which <lb></lb>Reaſon, as I had always the higheſt Eſteem for <lb></lb>the Prudence oſ our Anceſtors in all their In<lb></lb>ſtitutions, ſo I particularly commend them for <lb></lb>that Cuſtom of theirs, whereof we ſhall ſpeak <lb></lb>immediately, by which, though in it they aim<lb></lb>ed at much greater Ends, they afforded ſo much <lb></lb>Rccreation to Travellers. </s> <s>It was a Law of the <lb></lb>twelve Tables, that no dead Body ſhould be <lb></lb>interred or burnt within the City, and it was <lb></lb>a very ancient Law of the Senate that no <lb></lb>Corpſe ſhould be interred within the Walls, <lb></lb>except the Veſtal Virgins, and the Emperors, <lb></lb>who were not included within this Prohibition. <lb></lb><emph type="italics"></emph>Plutarch<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end> tell us, that the <emph type="italics"></emph>Valeri<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end> and the <emph type="italics"></emph>Fa<lb></lb>bricii,<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end> as a Mark of Honour, had a Privilege to <lb></lb>be buried in the Forum; but their Deſcend<lb></lb>ants, having only ſet their dead down in it, <lb></lb>and juſt clapt a Torch to the Body, uſed im<lb></lb>mediately to take it up again to bury it elſe<lb></lb>where; thereby ſhewing that they had ſuch a <lb></lb>Privilege, but that they did not think it decent <lb></lb>to make uſe of it. </s> <s>The Ancients thereſore <lb></lb>choſe their Sepulchres in convenient and conſpi<lb></lb>cuous Places by the Side of Highways, and em<lb></lb>belliſhed them, as far as their Abilities and the <lb></lb>Skill of the Architect would reach, with a per<lb></lb>fect Profuſion of Ornaments. </s> <s>They were built <lb></lb>after the nobleſt Deſigns; no Columns or Pi<lb></lb>laſters were ſpared for, nor did they want the <lb></lb>richeſt Incruſtations, nor any Delicacies that <lb></lb>Sculpture or Painting could afford; and they <lb></lb>were generally adorned with Buſts of Braſs or <lb></lb>marble finiſhed after the moſt exquiſite Taſte: <lb></lb>By which Cuſtom how much that prudent Peo<lb></lb>ple promoted the Service of the Common<lb></lb>wealth and good Manners, would be tedious <lb></lb>now to recapitulate. </s> <s>I ſhall only juſt touch <lb></lb>upon thoſe Points which make to our preſent <lb></lb>Purpoſe. </s> <s>And how, think ye, muſt it delight <lb></lb>Travellers as they paſſed along the <emph type="italics"></emph>Appian<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end><lb></lb>Way, or any other great Road, to find them <lb></lb>full of a vaſt Number of Tombs of the moſt <lb></lb>excellent Workmanſhip, and to be every Mo<lb></lb>ment picking out ſome more beautiful than the <lb></lb>reſt, and obſerving the Epitaphs and Effigies of <lb></lb>their greateſt Men? </s> <s>Do you not think that <lb></lb>from ſo many Monuments of ancient Story, <lb></lb>they muſt of Neceſſity take continual Occaſion <lb></lb>to diſcourſe of the noble Exploits perſormed by <lb></lb>thoſe Heroes of old, thereby ſweetning the Te<lb></lb>diouſneſs of their Journey, and exalting the Ho<lb></lb>nour of <emph type="italics"></emph>Rome,<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end> their native City? </s> <s>But this was <lb></lb>the leaſt of the good Effects which they pro<lb></lb>duced; and it was of much more Importance <lb></lb>that they conduced not a little the Preſervation <lb></lb>of the Commonwealth, and of the Fortunes of <lb></lb>private Perſons. </s> <s>One of the chief Cauſes why <lb></lb>the Rich rejected the <emph type="italics"></emph>Agrarian<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end> Law, as we <lb></lb>are inſormed by the Hiſtorian <emph type="italics"></emph>Appian,<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end> was be<lb></lb>cauſe they looked upon it to be an Impiety to <lb></lb>ſuffer the Property of the Tombs of their Fore<lb></lb>fathers to be transferred to others. </s> <s>How many <lb></lb>great Inheritances may we therefore ſuppoſe <lb></lb>them to have left untouched to their Poſterity, <lb></lb>merely upon this Principle of Duty, Piety or <lb></lb>Religion, which elſe would have been prodi<lb></lb>gally waſted in Riot and Gaming? </s> <s>Beſides <lb></lb>that thoſe Monuments were a very great Ho<lb></lb>nour to the Name of the City itſelf, and of a <lb></lb>great Number of private Families, and was a <lb></lb>conſtant Incitement to Poſterity to imitate the <lb></lb>Virtues of thoſe whom they ſaw ſo highly re<lb></lb>vered. </s> <s>Then again, with what Eyes think <lb></lb>you, whenever ſuch a Misfortune happened, <lb></lb>muſt they behold a furious and inſolent Enemy <lb></lb>ranſacking among the Sepulchres of their An<lb></lb>ceſtors? </s> <s>And what Man could be ſo baſe and <lb></lb>cowardly, as not to be immediately inflamed with <lb></lb>Rage and Deſire of revenging ſuch an Inſult <lb></lb>upon his Country and his Honour? </s> <s>And what <lb></lb>Boldneſs and Courage muſt Shame, Piety and <lb></lb>Grief ſtir up in the Hearts of Men upon ſuch <lb></lb>an Occaſion? </s> <s>The Ancients therefore are great<lb></lb>ly to be praiſed; not that I preſume to blame <lb></lb>the preſent Practice of burying our Dead within <lb></lb>the City, and in holy Places, provided we do <lb></lb>not lay them in our Temples, where our Ma<lb></lb>giſtrates and great Men are to meet for the <lb></lb>Celebration of holy Rites, ſo as to pollute the <lb></lb>moſt ſacred Offices with the noiſome Vapours <lb></lb>of a rotting Corpſe. </s> <s>The Cuſtom of burning <lb></lb>the Dead was much more convenient.</s></p><p type="head"> <s>CHAP. II.</s></p><p type="head"> <s><emph type="italics"></emph>Of Sepulchres, and the various Manner of Burial.<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end></s></p><p type="main"> <s>I shall here take an Opportunity to inſert <lb></lb>ſome Things, which in my Opinion, are by <lb></lb>no means to be omitted, concerning the Struc<lb></lb>ture of Sepulchres, ſince they ſeem to partake <lb></lb>of the Nature of publick Works, as being de<lb></lb>dicated to Religion. </s> <s>Let the Place where you <pb xlink:href="003/01/216.jpg" pagenum="164"></pb>inter a dead Body, ſays the old Law, be ſacred; <lb></lb>and we ſtill profeſs the ſame Belief, namely, <lb></lb>that Sepulchres belong to Religion. </s> <s>As Reli<lb></lb>gion therefore ought to be preferred before all <lb></lb>Things, I ſhall treat of theſe, though intended <lb></lb>for the Uſe of private Perſons, before I proceed <lb></lb>to profane Works of a publick Nature. </s> <s>There <lb></lb>ſcarce ever was a People ſo barbarous, as to be <lb></lb>without the Uſe of Sepulchres, except, perhaps, <lb></lb>thoſe wild <emph type="italics"></emph>Ichthyophagi<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end> in the remote Parts of <lb></lb><emph type="italics"></emph>India,<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end> who are ſaid to throw the Bodies of their <lb></lb>Dead into the Sea, affirming that it mattered <lb></lb>little whether they were conſumed by Fire, <lb></lb>Earth, or Water. </s> <s>The <emph type="italics"></emph>Albani<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end> of <emph type="italics"></emph>Scythia<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end> too <lb></lb>thought it to be a Crime to take any Care of <lb></lb>the Dead. </s> <s>The <emph type="italics"></emph>Sabæans<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end> looked upon a Corpſe <lb></lb>to be no better than ſo much Dung, and ac<lb></lb>cordingly they caſt the Bodies, even of their <lb></lb>Kings, upon the Dunghill. </s> <s>The <emph type="italics"></emph>Troglodytes<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end><lb></lb>uſed to tie the Head and Feet of their Dead to<lb></lb>gether, and ſo hurried them away, with Scoffs <lb></lb>and Flouts, to the firſt convenient Spot of <lb></lb>Ground they could find, without more Regard <lb></lb>to one Place than to another, where they threw <lb></lb>them in, ſetting up a Goat's Horn at their <lb></lb>Head. </s> <s>But no Man who has the leaſt Tinc<lb></lb>ture of Humanity, will approve of theſe bar<lb></lb>barous Cuſtoms. </s> <s>Others, as well among the <lb></lb><emph type="italics"></emph>Ægyptians<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end> as the <emph type="italics"></emph>Greeks,<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end> uſed to erect Sepul<lb></lb>chres not only to the Bodies, but even to the <lb></lb>Names of their Friends; which Piety muſt be <lb></lb>univerſally commended. </s> <s>It was a very lauda<lb></lb>ble Notion among the <emph type="italics"></emph>Indians,<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end> that the beſt <lb></lb>Monument was to live in the Memory of Poſ<lb></lb>terity; and therefore they celebrated the Fu<lb></lb>nerals of their greateſt Men no otherwiſe than <lb></lb>by ſinging their Praiſes. </s> <s>However, it is my <lb></lb>Opinion, that Care ought to be taken of the <lb></lb>dead Body, for the Sake of the Living; and <lb></lb>for the Preſervation of the Name to Poſterity, <lb></lb>there can be no Means more effectual than Se<lb></lb>pulchres. </s> <s>Our Anceſtors uſed to erect Statues <lb></lb>and Sepulchres, at the publick Expence, in <lb></lb>Honour of thoſe that had ſpilt their Blood and <lb></lb>loſt their Lives for the Commonwealth, as a <lb></lb>Reward of their Services, and an Incitement to <lb></lb>others to emulate their Virtue: But perhaps <lb></lb>they ſet up Statues to a great many, but Sepul<lb></lb>chres to few, becauſe they knew that the for<lb></lb>mer were defaced and conſumed by Age; <lb></lb>whereas the Sanctity of Sepulchres, ſays <emph type="italics"></emph>Cicero,<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end> is <lb></lb>ſo annexed to the very Ground itſelf, that nothing <lb></lb>can either efface or remove it: For whereas <lb></lb>other Things are deſtroyed, Tombs grow more <lb></lb>ſacred by Age. </s> <s>And they dedicated theſe Se<lb></lb>pulchres to Religion, as I imagine, with this <lb></lb>View, that the Memory of the Perſon, which <lb></lb>they truſted to the Protection of ſuch a Struc<lb></lb>ture, and to the Stability of the Ground, might <lb></lb>be defended by the Reverence and Fear of the <lb></lb>Gods, from all Violence from the Hand of <lb></lb>Man. </s> <s>Hence proceeded the Law of the twelve <lb></lb>Tables, that the Veſtibule or Entrance of a Se<lb></lb>pulchre ſhould not be employed to any Man's <lb></lb>private Uſe, and there was moreover a Law <lb></lb>which ordained the heavieſt Puniſhment upon <lb></lb>any Man that ſhould violate an Urn, or throw <lb></lb>down or break any of the Columns of a Tomb. <lb></lb></s> <s>In a Word, the Uſe oſ Sepulchres has been re<lb></lb>ceived by all the politeſt Nations, and the Care <lb></lb>and Reſpect of them was ſo great among the <lb></lb><emph type="italics"></emph>Athenians,<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end> that if any oſ their Generals neglec<lb></lb>ted to give honourable Burial to one of thoſe <lb></lb>that were ſlain in War, he was liable to capital <lb></lb>Puniſhment for it. </s> <s>There was a Law among <lb></lb>the <emph type="italics"></emph>Hebrews,<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end> which injoined them to give Bu<lb></lb>rial even to their Enemies. </s> <s>Many and various <lb></lb>are the Methods of Burial and Sepulture which <lb></lb>we read of; but they are entirely foreign to <lb></lb>our Deſign: As for Inſtance, that which is re<lb></lb>lated of the <emph type="italics"></emph>Scythians,<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end> who thought the greateſt <lb></lb>Honour they could do their Dead, was to eat <lb></lb>them at their Meals; and others kept Dogs to <lb></lb>devour them when they died: But of this we <lb></lb>need ſay no more. </s> <s>Moſt of the wiſeſt Legiſla<lb></lb>tors have been careful to prevent Exceſs in the <lb></lb>Expence and Magnificence of Funerals and <lb></lb>Tombs. <emph type="italics"></emph>Pittacus<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end> ordained, that the greateſt <lb></lb>Ornament that ſhould be erected over any Per<lb></lb>ſon's Grave, ſhould be three little Columns, <lb></lb>one ſingle Cubit high; for it was the Opinion, <lb></lb>that it was ridiculous to make any Difference <lb></lb>in a Thing that was common to the Nature of <lb></lb>every Man, and therefore in this Point the <lb></lb>Richeſt and the Pooreſt were ſet upon the ſame <lb></lb>Foot, and all were covered with common Earth, <lb></lb>according to the old Cuſtom; in doing which it <lb></lb>was the received Notion, that as Man was origi<lb></lb>nally formed of Earth, ſuch a Burial was only lay<lb></lb>ing him once more in his Mother's Lap. </s> <s>We alſo <lb></lb>find an ancient Regulation, that no Man ſhould <lb></lb>have a more magnificent Tomb, than could be <lb></lb>built by ten Men in the Space of three Days. <lb></lb></s> <s>The <emph type="italics"></emph>Ægyptians,<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end> on the contrary, were more <lb></lb>curious about their Sepulchres than any other <lb></lb>Nation whatſoever; and they uſed to ſay, that <lb></lb>it was very ridiculous in Men to take ſo much <lb></lb>Pains in the building of Houſes where they were <lb></lb>to dwell but a very ſhort Space of Time, and to <lb></lb>neglect the Structure of a Habitation where they <pb xlink:href="003/01/217.jpg" pagenum="165"></pb>were to dwell for ever. </s> <s>The moſt probable <lb></lb>Account I can find of the firſt Original of theſe <lb></lb>Structures, is as follows: The <emph type="italics"></emph>Getæ,<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end> in the <lb></lb>moſt remote Antiquity, uſed at firſt, in the <lb></lb>Place where they interred a dead Body, to ſet <lb></lb>up a Stone for a Mark, or perhaps (as <emph type="italics"></emph>Plato<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end> in <lb></lb>his Laws more approves) a Tree, and afterwards <lb></lb>they uſed to raiſe ſomething of a Fence about <lb></lb>it to keep off the Beaſts from routing it up, or <lb></lb>moving it out of its Place; and when the ſame <lb></lb>Seaſon of the Year came round again, and they <lb></lb>ſaw that Field either chequered with Flowers, <lb></lb>or laden with Grain as it was when the Perſon <lb></lb>died, it was no wonder if it awakened in them <lb></lb>the Love of their dear Friends whom they had <lb></lb>loſt, and prompted them to go together to the <lb></lb>Place where they lay, relating and ſinging their <lb></lb>Actions and Sayings, and dreſſing up their Mo<lb></lb>numents with whatever they thought would <lb></lb>embelliſh them. </s> <s>Hence perhaps aroſe the <lb></lb>Cuſtom among ſeveral different Nations, and <lb></lb>particularly among the <emph type="italics"></emph>Greeks,<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end> of adorning and <lb></lb>offering Sacrifices upon the Tombs of thoſe to <lb></lb>whom they were much obliged. </s> <s>They met, <lb></lb>ſays <emph type="italics"></emph>Thucydides,<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end> upon the Place, in Habits ſuit<lb></lb>able to the Occaſion, bringing with them the firſt <lb></lb>Fruits of their Harveſt, thinking the publick <lb></lb>Performance of theſe Rites to be an Act of the <lb></lb>greateſt Piety and Devotion. </s> <s>From whence I <lb></lb>proceed to conjecture, that beſides raiſing the <lb></lb>Ground over the Place of Burial, and erecting <lb></lb>little Columns for Marks, they uſed alſo to raiſe <lb></lb>little Alars whereon to celebrate thoſe Sacrifices <lb></lb>with the greateſt Decency, and conſequently <lb></lb>they took care to make them as convenient and <lb></lb>beautiful as was poſſible. </s> <s>The Places where <lb></lb>theſe Tombs were erected, were various amongſt <lb></lb>the Ancients. </s> <s>According to the Pontificial <lb></lb>Law, it was not permitted to erect a Tomb in <lb></lb>any publick Square. <emph type="italics"></emph>Plato<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end> was of Opinion, <lb></lb>that a Man ought not to be in the leaſt offen<lb></lb>ſive to human Society either alive or dead; and <lb></lb>for this Reaſon he ordained that the Dead <lb></lb>ſhould be interred without the City, in ſome <lb></lb>barren Place. </s> <s>In Imitation of this, others ſet <lb></lb>apart a certain determined Place of Burial, un<lb></lb>der the open Air, and out of the Way of all <lb></lb>Reſort; which I highly approve: Others, on <lb></lb>the contrary, preſerved the Bodies of their <lb></lb>Dead in their Houſes, incloſed either in Salt or <lb></lb>Terraſs. <emph type="italics"></emph>Mycerinus,<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end> King of <emph type="italics"></emph>Ægypt,<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end> incloſed <lb></lb>the dead Body of his Daughter within a wood<lb></lb>en Figure of a Bull, and commanded the Sa<lb></lb>crificers to perform Obſequies in her Honour <lb></lb>every Day. <emph type="italics"></emph>Servius<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end> relates, that the Ancients <lb></lb>uſed to place the Sepulchres of their Sons, that <lb></lb>had the greateſt Stock of Merit and Nobility, <lb></lb>upon the Top of very high Hills. </s> <s>The <emph type="italics"></emph>Alex<lb></lb>andrians,<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end> in the Time of <emph type="italics"></emph>Strabo<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end> the Hiſtorian, <lb></lb>had Gardens and Incloſures conſecrated wholly <lb></lb>to the Burial of the Dead. </s> <s>Our more modern <lb></lb>Anceſtors uſed to build little Chapels, along the <lb></lb>Sides of their great Churches, on purpoſe for <lb></lb>Tombs. </s> <s>All through the Country, which was <lb></lb>once the ancient <emph type="italics"></emph>Latium,<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end> we find the Burial<lb></lb>places of whole Families, made under Ground, <lb></lb>with Urns ſtanding in Rows along the Walls <lb></lb>full of the Aſhes of the Deceaſed, with ſhort <lb></lb>Inſcriptions, and the Names of the Baker, Bar<lb></lb>ber, Cook, Surgeon, and other Officers and Ser<lb></lb>vants that were reckoned Part of the Family; <lb></lb>in thoſe Urns which incloſed the Aſhes of little <lb></lb>Children, once the Joy of their Mothers, they <lb></lb>made their Effigies in Stuc; but thoſe of grown <lb></lb>Men, eſpecially if they were noble, were made <lb></lb>of Marble. </s> <s>Theſe were the Cuſtoms of the <lb></lb>Ancients: Nor do I blame the making uſe of <lb></lb>any Place indifferently for burying the Body, <lb></lb>provided ſome diſtinguiſhed Place be choſen <lb></lb>for ſetting up an Inſcription in the Perſon's <lb></lb>Honour. </s> <s>Now what chiefly delights us in all <lb></lb>Tombs, is the Deſign of the Structure, and the <lb></lb>Epitaph. </s> <s>What Sort of Deſign the Ancients <lb></lb>approved moſt in theſe Works, I cannot ſo <lb></lb>eaſily affirm. <emph type="italics"></emph>Auguſtus<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end>'s Sepulchre in <emph type="italics"></emph>Rome<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end><lb></lb>was built of ſquare Blocks of Marble, ſhaded <lb></lb>with Ever-greens, and at the Top ſtood his <lb></lb>Statue. </s> <s>In the Iſland of <emph type="italics"></emph>Tyrina,<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end> not far from <lb></lb><emph type="italics"></emph>Carmania,<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end> the Sepulchre of <emph type="italics"></emph>Erythræa<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end> was a <lb></lb>great Mound of Earth planted with wild Palm<lb></lb>trees. </s> <s>The Sepulchre of <emph type="italics"></emph>Zarina,<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end> Queen of the <lb></lb><emph type="italics"></emph>Saces,<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end> was a Pyramid of three Sides, with a <lb></lb>Statue of Gold on the Top. <emph type="italics"></emph>Archatheus,<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end> one <lb></lb>of <emph type="italics"></emph>Xerxes<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end>'s Lieutenants, had a Tomb of Earth <lb></lb>erected for him by the whole Army. </s> <s>But the <lb></lb>main Point which all ſeem to have aimed at, <lb></lb>was to have ſomething different from all others, <lb></lb>not as to condemn the Sepulchres of others, <lb></lb>but to draw the Eyes of Men to take the great<lb></lb>er Notice of them: And from this general Uſe <lb></lb>of Sepulchres, and theſe conſtant Endeavours <lb></lb>to invent ſomething new in that Way, the <lb></lb>Conſequence at laſt was, that it was impoſſible <lb></lb>to think of any thing which had not already <lb></lb>been put in Practice to a very great Perfection, <lb></lb>and all were extremely beautiful in their ſeve<lb></lb>ral Kinds. </s> <s>From the Obſervation I have made <lb></lb>of the numberleſs Works of this Nature, I find <lb></lb>that ſome had nothing in their Eye, but adorn<lb></lb>ing that which was to contain the Body, while <pb xlink:href="003/01/218.jpg" pagenum="166"></pb>others went farther, and raiſed ſuch a Super<lb></lb>ſtructure as was proper for placing Epitaphs <lb></lb>and Inſcriptións of the Perſon's Exploits. </s> <s>The <lb></lb>former were contented with a plain Caſe for <lb></lb>the Body, or with adding ſomewhat of a little <lb></lb>Chapel about it, according to the Religion of <lb></lb>the Place. </s> <s>But the others erected either a Co<lb></lb>lumn, or a Pyramid, an Obelisk, or ſome other <lb></lb>great Superſtructure, not principally for con<lb></lb>taining the Body, but rather for delivering <lb></lb>down the Name with Glory to Poſterity. </s> <s>We <lb></lb>have already taken Notice, that there is a Stone <lb></lb>called <emph type="italics"></emph>Sarcophagus,<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end> found at <emph type="italics"></emph>Aſon,<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end> a Town <lb></lb>of <emph type="italics"></emph>Troas,<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end> which conſumes a dead Body im<lb></lb>mediately; and in any made Ground, con<lb></lb>ſiſting chiefly of old Rubbiſh, the Moiſture is <lb></lb>preſently dried up. </s> <s>But I ſhall inſiſt no longer <lb></lb>upon theſe minute Particulars.</s></p><p type="head"> <s>CHAP. III.</s></p><p type="head"> <s><emph type="italics"></emph>Of little Chapels, by way of Sepulchres, Pyramids, Columns, Alars and Moles.<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end></s></p><p type="main"> <s>Now ſince the Sepulchres of the An<lb></lb>cients are generally approved, and we <lb></lb>find them in different Places built ſometimes <lb></lb>after the Manner of little Chapels, ſometimes <lb></lb>in Pyramids, ſometimes Columns, and in ſe<lb></lb>veral other Forms, as Moles and the like, we <lb></lb>ſhall ſay ſomething of each of theſe: And firſt <lb></lb>of Chapels. </s> <s>Theſe little Chapels ſhould be <lb></lb>like ſo many little Models of Temples; nor is <lb></lb>it at all improper to add the Ornaments and <lb></lb>Deſigns of any other Sort of Building, provi<lb></lb>ded they be equally well adapted both for <lb></lb>Beauty and Duration. </s> <s>Whether it be moſt <lb></lb>adviſeable to build a Sepulchre which we would <lb></lb>have, if poſſible, endure to Eternity, of noble <lb></lb>or mean Materials, is not thoroughly deter<lb></lb>mined, upon Account of the Danger of their <lb></lb>being removed for their Value. </s> <s>But the Beau<lb></lb>ty of its Ornaments, as we have obſerved elſe<lb></lb>where, is extremely effectual to its Preſerva<lb></lb>tion, and to ſecuring the Monument to Poſ<lb></lb>terity. </s> <s>Of the Sepulchres of thoſe great Prin<lb></lb>ces <emph type="italics"></emph>Caius Caligula,<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end> and <emph type="italics"></emph>Claudius Cæſar,<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end> which <lb></lb>no doubt muſt have been very noble, nothing <lb></lb>now remains but ſome few ſmall ſquare Stones <lb></lb>of two Cubits broad, on which their Names <lb></lb>are inſcribed; and if thoſe Inſcriptions had <lb></lb>been cut upon larger Stones, I doubt not they <lb></lb>too would e'er now have been carried away <lb></lb>with the other Ornaments. </s> <s>In other Places <lb></lb>we ſee Sepulchres of very great Antiquity, <lb></lb>which have never been injured by any body, <lb></lb>becauſe they were built of common Chequer<lb></lb>work, or of Stone that would not adorn any <lb></lb>other Building, ſo that they were never any <lb></lb>Temptation to Greedineſs. </s> <s>From whence I <lb></lb>draw this Admonition to thoſe who would <lb></lb>have their Sepulchres remain to Perpetuity, <lb></lb>that they build not indeed with a baſe Sort of <lb></lb>Stone, but not with ſuch excellent, as to be a <lb></lb>Temptation to every Man that beholds it, and <lb></lb>to be in perpetual Danger of being ſtolen away. <lb></lb></s> <s>Beſides, in all Works of this Nature, a decent <lb></lb>Modeſty ſhould be obſerved according to every <lb></lb>Man's Quality and Degree; ſo that, I con<lb></lb>demn a Profuſion of Expence in the Tombs <lb></lb>even of Monarchs themſelves, nor can I help <lb></lb>blaming thoſe huge Piles, built by the <emph type="italics"></emph>Ægyp<lb></lb>tian<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end> Kings for their Sepulchres, which ſeem to <lb></lb>have been diſpleaſing to the Gods themſelves, <lb></lb>ſince none of them were buried in thoſe proud <lb></lb>Monuments. </s> <s>Others perhaps may praiſe our <lb></lb><emph type="italics"></emph>Etrurians<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end> for not coming ſhort even of the <lb></lb><emph type="italics"></emph>Ægyptians<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end> in the Magnificence of their Tombs, <lb></lb>and particularly <emph type="italics"></emph>Porſena,<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end> who built himſelf a <lb></lb>Sepulchre below the Town of <emph type="italics"></emph>Cluſium,<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end> all of <lb></lb>ſquare Stone, in the Baſe whereof, which was <lb></lb>fifty Foot high, was a Labyrinth which no <lb></lb>Man could find his Way thro', and over this <lb></lb>Baſe five Pyramids, one in the Middle, and one <lb></lb>at each Corner, the Breadth of each whereof, <lb></lb>at the Bottom was ſeventy-five Foot; at the <lb></lb>Top of each hung a brazen Globe, to which <lb></lb>ſeveral little Bells were faſtened by Chains, <lb></lb>which being ſhaken by the Wind might be <lb></lb>heard at a conſiderable Diſtance: Over all <lb></lb>this were four other Pyramids, an hundred <lb></lb>Foot high, and others again over theſe, aſton<lb></lb>iſhing no leſs for their Workmanſhip than for <lb></lb>their Greatneſs. </s> <s>I cannot be pleaſed with theſe <lb></lb>enormous Structures, ſerving to no good Pur<lb></lb>poſe whatſoever. </s> <s>There is ſomething much <lb></lb>more commendable in the Tomb of <emph type="italics"></emph>Cyrus,<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end><lb></lb>King of the <emph type="italics"></emph>Perſians,<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end> and there is more true <lb></lb>Greatneſs in his Modeſty, than in the vain Glory <lb></lb>of all thoſe haughtier Piles. </s> <s>Near the Town <lb></lb>of <emph type="italics"></emph>Paſargardæ,<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end> in a little vaulted Temple <lb></lb>built of ſquare Stone, with a Door ſcarce two <lb></lb>Foot high, lay the Body of <emph type="italics"></emph>Cyrus,<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end> incloſed in <lb></lb>a golden Urn, as the Royal Dignity required; <pb xlink:href="003/01/219.jpg" pagenum="167"></pb>round this little Chapel was a Grove of all Sorts <lb></lb>of Fruit-trees, and a large green Meadow, full of <lb></lb>Roſes and other Flowers and Herbs of grateful <lb></lb>Scent, and of every Thing that could make the <lb></lb>Place delightful and agreeable. </s> <s>The Epitaph <lb></lb>was adapted to the Structure:</s></p><p type="main"> <s>Cyrus <emph type="italics"></emph>am I that founded<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end> Perſia's <emph type="italics"></emph>State, <lb></lb>Then envy not this little Place of Reſt.<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end></s></p><p type="main"> <s>BUT to return to Pyramids. </s> <s>Some few per<lb></lb>haps may have built their Pyramids with three <lb></lb>Sides, but they have generally been made with <lb></lb>four, and their Height has moſt commonly <lb></lb>been made equal to their Breadth. </s> <s>Some have <lb></lb>been particularly commended for making the <lb></lb>Joints of the Stones in their Pyramids ſo cloſe, <lb></lb>that the Shadow which they caſt was perfectly <lb></lb>ſtraight without the leaſt Interruption. </s> <s>Pyra<lb></lb>mids have for the moſt Part been made of <lb></lb>ſquare Stone, but ſome few have been built <lb></lb>with Brick. </s> <s>As for theſe Columns which have <lb></lb>been erected as Monuments; ſome have been <lb></lb>ſuch as are uſed in other Structures; others have <lb></lb>been ſo large as to be fit for no Edifice; but <lb></lb>merely to ſerve as a Monument to Poſterity.<lb></lb><arrow.to.target n="marg38"></arrow.to.target></s></p><p type="margin"> <s><margin.target id="marg38"></margin.target>*</s></p><p type="main"> <s>OF this laſt Sort we are now to treat, and its <lb></lb>Members are as follows: Inſtead of a Baſement <lb></lb>there are ſeveral Steps riſing above the Level <lb></lb>of the Platform, over theſe a ſquare Plinth, and <lb></lb>above that another not leſs than the firſt. </s> <s>In <lb></lb>the third Place came the Baſe of the Column, <lb></lb>then the Column with its Capital, and laſt of <lb></lb>all the Statue ſtanding upon a Plinth. </s> <s>Some <lb></lb>between the firſt and ſecond Plinths under the <lb></lb>Baſe placed a Sort of Die to raiſe the Work <lb></lb>higher, and give it the greater Air of Majeſty. <lb></lb></s> <s>The Proportions of all theſe Members are taken <lb></lb>from the Diameter of the Bottom of the Shaft, <lb></lb>as we obſerved with Relation to the Columns <lb></lb>of the Temples; but the Baſe, in this Caſe <lb></lb>where the Superſtructure is to be ſo very large, <lb></lb>muſt have but one Torus, and not ſeveral like <lb></lb>common Columns. </s> <s>The whole Thickneſs of <lb></lb>the Baſe therefore muſt be divided into five <lb></lb>Parts, two of which muſt be given to the To<lb></lb>rus, and three to the Plinth. </s> <s>The Meaſure of <lb></lb>the Plinth every Way muſt be one Diameter <lb></lb>and a Quarter of the Shaft of the Column. </s> <s>The <lb></lb>Pedeſtal on which this Baſe lies muſt have the <lb></lb>following Parts. </s> <s>The uppermoſt Member in <lb></lb>this, and indeed all other Ornaments, muſt be <lb></lb>a Cymatium, and the lowermoſt a Plinth, which, <lb></lb>whether it be in the Nature of Steps, or of a <lb></lb>Cyma either upright or reverſed, is properly the <lb></lb>Baſe of each Member. </s> <s>But we have ſome few <lb></lb>Things relating to Pedeſtals to take Notice of, <lb></lb>which we purpoſely omitted in the laſt Book, <lb></lb>in order to conſider them here. </s> <s>We obſerved <lb></lb>that it was uſual to run up a continued low <lb></lb>Wall under all the Columns, in order to ſup<lb></lb>port them; but then to make the Paſſage more <lb></lb>clear and open, it was common to remove that <lb></lb>Part of this Wall which lay between the Co<lb></lb>lumns, and to leave only that Part which was <lb></lb>really neceſſary to the Support of the Column. <lb></lb></s> <s>This Part of the Wall thus left I call the Pede<lb></lb>ſtal. </s> <s>The Ornament of this Pedeſtal at the <lb></lb>Top was a Cymatium, either upright or reverſ<lb></lb>ed, or ſomething of the ſame Nature, which <lb></lb>was anſwerd at the Bottom by a Plinth. </s> <s>Theſe <lb></lb>two Ornaments went clear round the Pedeſtal. <lb></lb></s> <s>The Cymatium was the fifth Part of the <lb></lb>Height of the whole Pedeſtal, or elſe the ſixth; <lb></lb>and the Body of the Pedeſtal was never leſs in <lb></lb>Thickneſs than the Diameter of the Bottom of <lb></lb>the Shaft, that the Plinth of the Baſe might not <lb></lb>lie upon a Void. </s> <s>Some, in order to ſtrengthen <lb></lb>the Work yet more, made the Pedeſtal broader <lb></lb>than the Plinth of the Baſe, by an eighth Part of <lb></lb>that Plinth. </s> <s>Laſtly, the Height of the Pede<lb></lb>ſtal, beſides its Cymatium and Plinth, was either <lb></lb>equal to its Breadth, or a fifth Part more: And <lb></lb>this I find to have been the Ordonnance of the <lb></lb>Pedeſtal under the Columns uſed by the moſt <lb></lb>excellent Workmen. </s> <s>But to return to the Co<lb></lb>lumn. </s> <s>Under the Baſe of the Column we are <lb></lb>to place the Pedeſtal, anſwering duly to the <lb></lb>Proportions of the Baſe in the Manner juſt now <lb></lb>mentioned. </s> <s>This Pedeſtal muſt be crowned <lb></lb>with an entire Cornice, which is moſt uſually <lb></lb>of the <emph type="italics"></emph>Ionic<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end> Order; the Members of which you <lb></lb>may remember to be as follows: The firſt and <lb></lb>loweſt Member is a Cymatium, then a Denticle, <lb></lb>next an Ovolo, with a ſmall Baguette and a <lb></lb>Fillet. </s> <s>Under this Pedeſtal is placed another <lb></lb>anſwerable to the former in every Member, and <lb></lb>of ſuch a Proportion that no Part of the Super<lb></lb>ſtructure may lie over a Void; but to this Pe<lb></lb>deſtal we muſt aſcend from the Level of the <lb></lb>Ground by three or five Steps, unequal both in <lb></lb>their Height and Breadth; and theſe Stepts all <lb></lb>together muſt not be higher than a fourth, nor <lb></lb>lower than a ſixth Part of the Height of the <lb></lb>Pedeſtal which ſtands upon them. </s> <s>In this lower <lb></lb>Pedeſtal we make a Door dreſſed after the Man<lb></lb>ner of the <emph type="italics"></emph>Doric<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end> or <emph type="italics"></emph>Ionic<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end> Order, according to <lb></lb>the Rules already laid down for the Doors of <lb></lb>Temples. </s> <s>In the upper Pedeſtal we place our <lb></lb>Inſcriptions or carve Trophies. </s> <s>If we make <lb></lb><pb xlink:href="003/01/220.jpg" pagenum="168"></pb>any Thing of a Plinth between theſe two Pe<lb></lb>deſtals, the Height of that Plinth muſt be a <lb></lb>third Part of the Height of the Pedeſtal itſelf; <lb></lb>and this Interſpace muſt be filled up with the Fi<lb></lb>gures of chearful Deities, ſuch as Victory, Glory, <lb></lb>Fame, Plenty, and the like. </s> <s>Some covered the <lb></lb>upper Pedeſtal with Plates of Braſs, gilt. </s> <s>The <lb></lb>Pedeſtals and the Baſe being compleated, the <lb></lb>next Work is to erect the Column upon them, <lb></lb>and its Height is uſually ſeven Times its Dia<lb></lb>meter. </s> <s>If the Column be very high, let its up<lb></lb>per Diameter be no more than one tenth Part <lb></lb>leſs than its lower; but in ſmaller Columns, <lb></lb>obſerve the Rules given in the laſt Book. </s> <s>Some <lb></lb>have erected Columns an hundred Foot high, <lb></lb>and enriched all the Body of the Shaft with <lb></lb>Figures and Stories in Relieve, leaving a Hol<lb></lb>low within for a winding Stair to aſcend to the <lb></lb>Top of the Column. </s> <s>On ſuch Columns they <lb></lb>ſet a <emph type="italics"></emph>Doric<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end> Capital, but without any Gorge<lb></lb>rine. </s> <s>Over the upper Cymaiſe of the Capital <lb></lb>in ſmaller Columns they made a regular Archi<lb></lb>trave, Freze and Cornice, full of Ornaments on <lb></lb>every Side; but in theſe great Columns thoſe <lb></lb>Members were omitted, it being no eaſy Mat<lb></lb>ter to find Stones ſufficiently large for ſuch a <lb></lb>Work, nor to ſet them in their Places when <lb></lb>found. </s> <s>But at the Top of the Capital both of <lb></lb>great and ſmall, there was always ſomething <lb></lb>to ſerve as a Pedeſtal for the Statue to ſtand <lb></lb>upon. </s> <s>If this Pedeſtal was a ſquare Plinth, <lb></lb>then none of its Angles ever exceeded the Solid <lb></lb>of the Column: But if it was round, its Dia<lb></lb>meter was not to be more than one of the Sides <lb></lb>of ſuch a Square. </s> <s>The Height of the Statue <lb></lb>was one third of the Column; and for this <lb></lb>Sort of Columns thus much may ſuffice. </s> <s>The <lb></lb>Structure of Moles among the Ancients was as <lb></lb>follows: Firſt they raiſed a ſquare Baſement as <lb></lb>they did for the Platforms of their Temples. <lb></lb></s> <s>Then they carried up a Wall not leſs high than <lb></lb>a ſixth, nor higher than a fourth of the Length <lb></lb>of the Platform. </s> <s>The whole Ornament of <lb></lb>this Wall was either at the Top and Bottom, <lb></lb>and ſometimes at the Angles, or elſe conſiſted <lb></lb>in a Kind of Colonade all along the Wall. </s> <s>If <lb></lb>there were no Columns but only at the Angles, <lb></lb>then the whole Height of the Wall, above the <lb></lb>Baſement, was divided into four Parts, three of <lb></lb>which were given to the Column with its Baſe <lb></lb>and Capital, and one to the other Ornaments <lb></lb>at the Top, to wit, the Architrave, Freze and <lb></lb>Cornice; and this laſt Part was again divided <lb></lb>into ſixteen Minutes, five of which were given <lb></lb>to the Architrave, five to the Freze, and ſix to <lb></lb>the Cornice and its Cymaiſe. </s> <s>The Space be<lb></lb>tween the Architrave and the Baſement was <lb></lb>divided into five-and-twenty Parts; three <lb></lb>whereof were given to the Height of the Ca<lb></lb>pital, and two to the Height of the Baſe, and <lb></lb>the Remainder to the Height of the Column, <lb></lb>and there were always ſquare Pilaſters at the <lb></lb>Angles according to this Proportion: The Baſe <lb></lb>conſiſted of a ſingle Torus, which was juſt half <lb></lb>the Height of the Baſe itſelf. </s> <s>The Pilaſter at <lb></lb>the Bottom, inſtead of a Fillet, had juſt <lb></lb>the ſame Projecture as at the Top of the <lb></lb>Shaft. </s> <s>The Breadth of the Pilaſter, in this <lb></lb>Sort of Structure, was one fourth of its Height; <lb></lb>but when the reſt of the Wall was adorned <lb></lb>with an Order of Columns, then the Pilaſters <lb></lb>at the Angles were in Breadth only a ſixth <lb></lb>Part of their Length, and the other Columns <lb></lb>along the Wall borrowed all their Ornaments <lb></lb>and Proportions from the Deſign of thoſe uſed <lb></lb>in Temples. </s> <s>There is only this Difference be<lb></lb>tween this Sort of Colonades and the former, <lb></lb>that in the firſt, as the Baſe is continued on <lb></lb>from one Angle of the Wall to the other, at <lb></lb>the Bottom, ſo alſo are the Fillet and Aſtragal <lb></lb>at the Top of the Column under the Archi<lb></lb>trave, which is not practiced where there are a <lb></lb>Number of Columns ſet againſt the Wall; <lb></lb>though ſome are for carrying on the Baſe quite <lb></lb>round the Structure here as well as in Temples. <lb></lb></s> <s>Over this ſquare Structure which ſerved for a <lb></lb>Baſement, roſe a round one of excellent Work<lb></lb>manſhip, exceeding the Baſement in Height <lb></lb>not leſs than half its Diameter, nor more than <lb></lb>two thirds, and the Breadth of this Rotunda <lb></lb>was never leſs than half one of the Sides of the <lb></lb>Baſement, nor more than five ſixths. </s> <s>Many <lb></lb>took five thirds, and over this round Building <lb></lb>raiſed another ſquare one, with a ſecond round <lb></lb>over that, after the ſame Manner as the former, <lb></lb>till the Edifice roſe to four Stories, adorning <lb></lb>them according to the foregoing Deſcription. <lb></lb></s> <s>Neither within the Mole itſelf wanted there <lb></lb>Stairs, or little Chapels for Devotion, or Co<lb></lb>lumns riſing from the Baſement to the upper <lb></lb>Stories, with Statues between them, and In<lb></lb>ſcriptions diſpoſed in convenient Places.</s></p><pb xlink:href="003/01/221.jpg" pagenum="169"></pb><p type="head"> <s>CHAP. IV.</s></p><p type="head"> <s><emph type="italics"></emph>Of the Inſcriptions and Symbols carved on Sepulchres<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end></s></p><p type="main"> <s>Let us now proceed to the Inſcriptions <lb></lb>themſelves, the Uſe whereof was various, <lb></lb>and almoſt infinite among the Ancients, being <lb></lb>by them not only uſed in their Sepulchres, but <lb></lb>alſo in their Temples, and even in their private <lb></lb>Houſes. <emph type="italics"></emph>Symmachus<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end> tells us, that on the Pe<lb></lb>diments of their Temples they uſed to cut the <lb></lb>Name of the God to whom they dedicated, <lb></lb>and it is the Practice with our Countrymen to <lb></lb>inſcribe upon their Churches the Name of the <lb></lb>Saints, and the Year when they were conſe<lb></lb>crated to them; which I highly approve. </s> <s>Nor <lb></lb>is it foreign to our Subject to take Notice, that <lb></lb>when <emph type="italics"></emph>Crates<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end> the Philoſopher came to <emph type="italics"></emph>Cyzicus,<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end><lb></lb>finding theſe Verſes wrote over the Door of al<lb></lb>moſt every private Houſe:</s></p><p type="main"> <s><emph type="italics"></emph>The mighty<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end> Hercules, <emph type="italics"></emph>the Son of<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end> Jove, <lb></lb><emph type="italics"></emph>The Scourge of Monſters, dwells within theſe Walls. <lb></lb></s> <s>Let nothing ill dare to approach the Place.<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end></s></p><p type="main"> <s>HE could not help laughing, and adviſed <lb></lb>them rather to write over their Doors: <emph type="italics"></emph>Here <lb></lb>dwells Poverty;<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end> thinking that would drive away <lb></lb>all Sorts of Monſters muſt faſter than <emph type="italics"></emph>Hercules<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end><lb></lb>himſelf, though he were to live again. </s> <s>Epitaphs <lb></lb>on Sepulchres are either written, which are pro<lb></lb>perly Epigrams, or repreſented by Figures and <lb></lb>Symbols. <emph type="italics"></emph>Plato<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end> would not have an Epitaph <lb></lb>conſiſt of more than four Lines; and accord<lb></lb>ingly <emph type="italics"></emph>Ovid<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end> ſays:</s></p><p type="main"> <s><emph type="italics"></emph>On the rear'd Column be my Story wrote, <lb></lb>But brief, that every Paſſenger may read.<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end></s></p><p type="main"> <s>AND it is certain that Prolixity, though it <lb></lb>is to be condemned every where, is worſe in <lb></lb>this Caſe than any other: Or if the Inſcription <lb></lb>be of any Length, it ought to be extremely <lb></lb>elegant, and apt to raiſe Compaſſion, and ſo <lb></lb>pleaſing that you may not regret the Trouble <lb></lb>of reading it, but be fond of getting it by Heart, <lb></lb>and repeating it often. </s> <s>That of <emph type="italics"></emph>Omenea<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end> has <lb></lb>been much commended.</s></p><p type="main"> <s><emph type="italics"></emph>If cruel Fate allow'd the ſad Exchange <lb></lb>Of Life for Life, how chearfully for thee, <lb></lb>My beſt-lov'd<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end> Omenea <emph type="italics"></emph>had I died! <lb></lb>But ſince it muſt not be, theſe weeping Eyes <lb></lb>The hated Sun and painful Light ſhall fly, <lb></lb>To ſeek thee in the gloomy Realms below.<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end></s></p><p type="main"> <s>So this other:</s></p><p type="main"> <s><emph type="italics"></emph>Behold, O Citizens, the Buſt and Urn <lb></lb>Of ancient<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end> Ennius, <emph type="italics"></emph>your old Bard, who ſung <lb></lb>In lofty Notes your Fathers brave Exploits. <lb></lb></s> <s>Let none with Tears or ſolemn funeral Pomp <lb></lb>Bewail my Death, for<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end> Ennius <emph type="italics"></emph>ſtill ſurvives, <lb></lb>Still honour'd lives upon the Tongue of Fame.<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end></s></p><p type="main"> <s>ON the Tombs of thoſe that were ſlain at <lb></lb><emph type="italics"></emph>Thermopylæ,<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end> was this Inſcription: <emph type="italics"></emph>O Paſſenger, <lb></lb>tell the<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end> Spartans <emph type="italics"></emph>that we lie here, obeying their <lb></lb>Commands.<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end></s><s> Nor is there any thing amiſs in <lb></lb>throwing in a Stroke of Pleaſantry upon ſuch <lb></lb>an Occaſion.</s></p><p type="main"> <s><emph type="italics"></emph>Thy Journey, Traveller, a Moment ſtay <lb></lb>To view a Wonder ſtrange and ſeldom ſeen: <lb></lb>A Man and Wife that lie for once at Peace. <lb></lb></s> <s>Thou ask'ſt our Name. </s> <s>Ne'er ſhalt thou know <lb></lb>from me. <lb></lb></s> <s>Mind not my ſtutt'ring Husband; come to me: <lb></lb>His Name is<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end> Balbus, Bebbra <emph type="italics"></emph>mine. </s> <s>Ah Wife! <lb></lb>Will nothing ſtop that drunken Tongue of thine!<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end></s></p><p type="main"> <s>I AM extremely delighted with ſuch Inſcripti<lb></lb>ons. </s> <s>The Ancients uſed to gild the Letters <lb></lb>which they uſed in their Inſcriptions. </s> <s>The <lb></lb><emph type="italics"></emph>Ægyptians<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end> employed Symbols in the following <lb></lb>Manner: They carved an Eye, by which they <lb></lb>underſtood God; a Vulture for Nature; a Bee <lb></lb>for King; a Circle for Time; an Ox for Peace, <lb></lb>and the like. </s> <s>And their Reaſon for expreſſing <lb></lb>their Senſe by theſe Symbols was, that Words <lb></lb>were underſtood only by the reſpective Nations <lb></lb>that talked the Language, and therefore In<lb></lb>ſcriptions in common Characters muſt in a ſhort <lb></lb>Time be loſt: As it has actually happened to <lb></lb>our <emph type="italics"></emph>Etrurian<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end> Characters: For among the Ruins <lb></lb>of ſeveral Towns, Caſtles and Burial-places, I <lb></lb>have ſeen Tomb-ſtones dug up with Inſcripti<lb></lb>ons on them, as is generally believed, in <emph type="italics"></emph>Etru<lb></lb>rian<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end> Characters, which are like both thoſe of <lb></lb>the <emph type="italics"></emph>Greeks<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end> and <emph type="italics"></emph>Latins;<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end> but no body can un<lb></lb>derſtand them: And the ſame, the <emph type="italics"></emph>Ægyptians<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end><lb></lb>ſuppoſed, muſt be the Caſe with all Sorts of <pb xlink:href="003/01/222.jpg" pagenum="170"></pb>Writing whatſoever; but the Manner of ex<lb></lb>preſſing their Senſe which they uſed upon theſe <lb></lb>Occaſions, by Symbols, they thought muſt al<lb></lb>ways be underſtood by ingenious Men of all <lb></lb>Nations, to whom alone they were of Opinion, <lb></lb>that Things of Moment were fit to be commu<lb></lb>nicated. </s> <s>In Imitation of this Practice, various <lb></lb>Symbols have been uſed upon Sepulchres. </s> <s>Over <lb></lb>the Grave of <emph type="italics"></emph>Diogenes<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end> the <emph type="italics"></emph>Cynic,<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end> was a Column <lb></lb>with a Dog upon the Top of it, cut in <emph type="italics"></emph>Parian<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end><lb></lb>Marble. <emph type="italics"></emph>Cicero<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end> glories, that he who was of <lb></lb><emph type="italics"></emph>Arpinum,<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end> was the Diſcoverer at <emph type="italics"></emph>Syracuſe<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end> of <lb></lb><emph type="italics"></emph>Archimedes<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end>'s Tomb, which was quite decayed <lb></lb>and neglected, and all over-grown with Bram<lb></lb>bles, and not known, even to the Inhabitants <lb></lb>of the Place, and which he found out by a Cy<lb></lb>linder and ſmall Sphere which he ſaw cut upon <lb></lb>a high Column that ſtood over it. </s> <s>On the <lb></lb>Sepulchre of <emph type="italics"></emph>Symandes,<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end> King of <emph type="italics"></emph>Ægypt,<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end> the <lb></lb>Figure of his Mother was cut out of a Piece of <lb></lb>Marble twenty Cubits high, with three Royal <lb></lb>Diadems upon her Head, denoting her to be <lb></lb>the Daughter, Wife and Mother of a King. <lb></lb></s> <s>On the Tomb of <emph type="italics"></emph>Sardanapalus,<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end> King of the <lb></lb><emph type="italics"></emph>Aſſyrians,<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end> was a Statue which ſeemed to clap <lb></lb>its Hands together by Way of Applauſe, with <lb></lb>an Epitaph to this Effect: <emph type="italics"></emph>In one ſingle Day I <lb></lb>built<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end> Tarſus <emph type="italics"></emph>and<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end> Archileum; <emph type="italics"></emph>but do you, Friend, <lb></lb>eat, drink and be merry; for there is nothing elſe <lb></lb>among Men that is worthy of this Applauſe.<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end><lb></lb>Such were the Inſcriptions and Symbols uſed <lb></lb>in thoſe Nations. </s> <s>But our <emph type="italics"></emph>Romans<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end> recorded <lb></lb>the Exploits of their great Men, by carving <lb></lb>their Story in Marble. </s> <s>This gave riſe to Co<lb></lb>lumns, Triumphal Arches, Porticoes enriched <lb></lb>with memorable Events, preſerved both in <lb></lb>Painting and Sculpture. </s> <s>But no Monument of <lb></lb>this Nature ſhould be made, except for Acti<lb></lb>ons that truly deſerve to be perpetuated. </s> <s>But <lb></lb>we have now dwelt long enough upon this <lb></lb>Subject. </s> <s>We have ſpoken of the publick Ways <lb></lb>by Land; and the ſame Ornaments will ſerve <lb></lb>thoſe by Water: But as high Watch-towers <lb></lb>belong to both, it is neceſſary here to ſay ſome<lb></lb>thing of them.</s></p><p type="head"> <s>CHAP. V.</s></p><p type="head"> <s><emph type="italics"></emph>Of Towers and their Ornaments.<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end></s></p><p type="main"> <s><arrow.to.target n="marg39"></arrow.to.target></s></p><p type="margin"> <s><margin.target id="marg39"></margin.target>*</s></p><p type="main"> <s>The greateſt Ornaments are lofty Tow<lb></lb>ers placed in proper Situations, and built <lb></lb>after handſome Deſigns: And when there are <lb></lb>a good Number of them ſtrewed up and down <lb></lb>the Country, they afford a moſt beautiful Pro<lb></lb>ſpect: Not that I commend the Age about <lb></lb>two hundred Years ago, when People ſeemed <lb></lb>to be ſeized with a Kind of general Infection <lb></lb>of building high Watch-towers, even in the <lb></lb>meaneſt Villages, inſomuch that ſcarce a com<lb></lb>mon Houſe-keeper thought he could not be <lb></lb>without his Turret: By which means there <lb></lb>aroſe a perfect Grove of Spires. </s> <s>Some are of <lb></lb>Opinion, that the Minds of Men take particu<lb></lb>lar Turns, at certain Seaſons, by the Influence <lb></lb>of ſome Planet. </s> <s>Between three and four hun<lb></lb>dred Years ſince the Zeal for Religion was ſo <lb></lb>warm, that Men ſeemed born for no other Em<lb></lb>ployment but to build Churches and Chapels; <lb></lb>for, to omit other Inſtances, in the ſingle City <lb></lb>of <emph type="italics"></emph>Rome<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end> at this Day, though above half thoſe <lb></lb>ſacred Structures are now ruinate, we ſee above <lb></lb>two thouſand five hundred Churches ſtill re<lb></lb>maining. </s> <s>And now again, what can be the <lb></lb>Reaſon, that juſt at this Time all <emph type="italics"></emph>Italy<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end> ſhould <lb></lb>be fired with a Kind of Emulation to put on <lb></lb>quite a new Face? </s> <s>How many Towns, which <lb></lb>when we were Children, were built of nothing <lb></lb>but Wood, are now lately ſtarted up all of <lb></lb>Marble? </s> <s>But to return to the Subject of Tow<lb></lb>ers. </s> <s>I ſhall not here ſtay to repeat what we <lb></lb>read in <emph type="italics"></emph>Herodotus,<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end> that in the Middle of the <lb></lb>Temple at <emph type="italics"></emph>Babylon<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end> there was a Tower, the <lb></lb>Baſe whereof was a whole Furlong, or the <lb></lb>eighth Part of a Mile, on every Side, and which <lb></lb>conſiſted of eight Stories built one above an<lb></lb>other; a Way of Building which I extremely <lb></lb>commend in Towers, becauſe each Story grow<lb></lb>ing leſs and leſs all the Way up, conduces both <lb></lb>to Strength and Beauty, and by being well knit <lb></lb>one into another, makes the whole Structure <lb></lb>firm. </s> <s>Towers are either ſquare or round, and <lb></lb>in both theſe the Height muſt anſwer in a cer<lb></lb>tain Proportion to the Breadth. </s> <s>When they <lb></lb>are deſigned to be very taper, ſquare ones <lb></lb>ſhould be ſix Times as high as they are broad, <lb></lb>and round ones ſhould have four Times the <lb></lb>Height of their Diameter. </s> <s>Thoſe which are <lb></lb>intended to be very thick, ſhould have in <lb></lb>Height, if ſquare, but four Times their Breadth, <lb></lb>and if round, but three Diameters. </s> <s>The Thick<lb></lb>neſs of the Walls, if they are forty Cubits high, <lb></lb></s></p><pb xlink:href="003/01/223.jpg"></pb><p type="caption"> <s>PLATE 44. <emph type="italics"></emph>(Pages 167-68)<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end></s></p><figure id="id.003.01.223.1.jpg" xlink:href="003/01/223/1.jpg"></figure><p type="caption"> <s><emph type="italics"></emph>“Colonn[a] Toscana” = Tuscan column. </s> <s>“Sei” = six.<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end></s></p><pb xlink:href="003/01/224.jpg"></pb><p type="caption"> <s>PLATE 45. <emph type="italics"></emph>(Pages 170-71)<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end></s></p><figure id="id.003.01.224.1.jpg" xlink:href="003/01/224/1.jpg"></figure><p type="caption"> <s><emph type="italics"></emph>“Pianta dell'Ordine Dorico” = plan of the Doric order.<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end></s></p><pb xlink:href="003/01/225.jpg"></pb><p type="caption"> <s>PLATE 46. <emph type="italics"></emph>(Pages 170-71)<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end><lb></lb><figure id="id.003.01.225.1.jpg" xlink:href="003/01/225/1.jpg"></figure></s></p><pb xlink:href="003/01/226.jpg"></pb><p type="caption"> <s>PLATE 48. <emph type="italics"></emph>(Pages 170-71)<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end><lb></lb><figure id="id.003.01.226.1.jpg" xlink:href="003/01/226/1.jpg"></figure><pb xlink:href="003/01/227.jpg"></pb><figure id="id.003.01.227.1.jpg" xlink:href="003/01/227/1.jpg"></figure></s></p><pb xlink:href="003/01/228.jpg"></pb><p type="caption"> <s>PLATE 47. <emph type="italics"></emph>(Pages 170-71)<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end><lb></lb><figure id="id.003.01.228.1.jpg" xlink:href="003/01/228/1.jpg"></figure><pb xlink:href="003/01/229.jpg" pagenum="171"></pb>muſt never be leſs than four Foot; if fifty Cu<lb></lb>bits, five Foot; if ſixty Cubits, ſix Foot, and <lb></lb>ſo on in the ſame Proportion. </s> <s>Theſe Rules <lb></lb>relate to Towers that are plain and ſimple: <lb></lb>But ſome Architects, about half Way of the <lb></lb>Height of the Tower, have adorned it with a <lb></lb>Kind of Portico with inſulate Columns, others <lb></lb>have made theſe Porticoes ſpiral all the Way <lb></lb>up, others have ſurrounded it with ſeveral Por<lb></lb>ticoes like ſo many Coronets, and ſome have <lb></lb>covered the whole Tower with Figures of Ani<lb></lb>mals. </s> <s>The Rules for theſe Colonades are not <lb></lb>different from thoſe for publick Edifices; only <lb></lb>that we may be allowed to be rather more <lb></lb>ſlender in all the Members, upon Account of <lb></lb>the Weight of the Building. </s> <s>But whoever <lb></lb>would erect a Tower beſt fitted for reſiſting <lb></lb>the Injuries of Age, and at the ſame Time ex<lb></lb>tremely delightful to behold, let him upon a <lb></lb>ſquare Baſis, raiſe a round Superſtructure, and <lb></lb>over that another ſquare one, and ſo on, ma<lb></lb>king the Work leſs and leſs by Degrees, ac<lb></lb>cording to the Proportions obſerved in Co<lb></lb>lumns. </s> <s>I will here deſcribe one which I think <lb></lb>well worthy Imitation. </s> <s>Firſt from a ſquare <lb></lb>Platſorm riſes a Baſement in Height one tenth <lb></lb>Part of the whole Structure, and in Breadth <lb></lb>one fourth Part of that whole Height. </s> <s>Againſt <lb></lb>this Baſement, in the Middle of each Front <lb></lb>ſtand two Columns, and one at each Angle, <lb></lb>diſtinguiſhed by their ſeveral Ornaments, in the <lb></lb>ſame Manner as we juſt now appointed for Se<lb></lb>pulchres. </s> <s>Over this Baſement we raiſe a ſquare <lb></lb>Superſtructure like a little Chapel, in Breadth <lb></lb>twice the Height of the Baſement, and as high <lb></lb>as broad, againſt which, we may ſet three, <lb></lb>four or five Orders of Columns, in the ſame <lb></lb>Manner as in Temples. </s> <s>Over this, we make <lb></lb>our Rotondas, which may even be three in <lb></lb>Number, and which from the Similitude of <lb></lb>the ſeveral Shoots in a Cane or Ruſh, we ſhall <lb></lb>call the Joints. </s> <s>The Height of each of theſe <lb></lb>Joints ſhall be equal to its Breadth, with the <lb></lb>Addition of one twelfth Part of that Breadth, <lb></lb>which twelfth Part ſhall ſerve as a Baſement <lb></lb>to each Joint. </s> <s>The Breadth ſhall be taken <lb></lb>from that ſquare Chapel which we placed up<lb></lb>on the firſt Baſement, in the following Man<lb></lb>ner: Dividing the Front of that ſquare Chapel <lb></lb>into twelve Parts, give eleven of thoſe Parts to <lb></lb>the firſt Joint; then dividing the Diameter of <lb></lb>this firſt Joint into twelve Parts, give eleven of <lb></lb>them to the ſecond Joint, and ſo make the <lb></lb>third Joint a twelfth Part narrower than the <lb></lb>ſecond, and thus the ſeveral Joints will have <lb></lb>the Beauty which the beſt ancient Architects <lb></lb>highly commended in Columns, namely, that <lb></lb>the lower Part of the Shaft ſhould be one ſourth <lb></lb>Part thicker than the upper. </s> <s>Round theſe <lb></lb>Joints we muſt raiſe Columns with their proper <lb></lb>Ornaments, in Number not leſs than eight, nor <lb></lb>more than ſix: Moreover, in each Joint, as al<lb></lb>ſo in the ſquare Chapel, we muſt open Lights <lb></lb>in convenient Places, and Niches with the Or<lb></lb>naments ſuitable to them. </s> <s>The Lights muſt <lb></lb>not take up above half the Aperture between <lb></lb>Column and Column. </s> <s>The ſixth Story in this <lb></lb>Tower, which riſes from the third Rotonda <lb></lb>muſt be a ſquare Structure, and its Breadth and <lb></lb>Height muſt not be allowed above two third <lb></lb>Parts of that third Rotonda. </s> <s>Its Ornament <lb></lb>muſt be only ſquare Pilaſters ſet againſt the <lb></lb>Wall, with Arches turned over them, with <lb></lb>their proper Dreſs of Capitals, Architraves and <lb></lb>the like, and between Pilaſter and Pilaſter, half <lb></lb>the Break may be leſt open for Paſſage. </s> <s>The <lb></lb>ſeventh and laſt Story ſhall be a circular Por<lb></lb>tico of inſulate Columns, open for Paſſage <lb></lb>every Way; the Length of theſe Columns, with <lb></lb>their Intablature, ſhall be equal to the Diame<lb></lb>ter of this Portico itſelf, and that Diameter <lb></lb>ſhall be three fourths of the ſquare Building, <lb></lb>on which it ſtands. </s> <s>This circular Portico ſhall <lb></lb>be covered with a Cupola. </s> <s>Upon the Angles <lb></lb>of the ſquare Stories in theſe Towers we ſhould <lb></lb>ſet Acroteria equal in Height to the Archi<lb></lb>trave, Freze and Cornice which are beneath <lb></lb>them. </s> <s>In the lowermoſt ſquare Story, placed <lb></lb>juſt above the Baſement, the open Area within <lb></lb>may be five eighths of the outward Breadth. <lb></lb></s> <s>Among the ancient Works of this Nature, I <lb></lb>am extremely well pleaſed with <emph type="italics"></emph>Ptolomey<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end>'s <lb></lb>Tower in the Iſland of <emph type="italics"></emph>Pharos,<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end> on the Top of <lb></lb>which, for the Direction of Mariners, he placed <lb></lb>large Fires, which were hung in a continual <lb></lb>Vibration, and kept always moving about from <lb></lb>Place to Place, leſt at a Diſtance thoſe Fires <lb></lb>ſhould be miſtaken for Stars; to which he ad<lb></lb>ded moveable Images, to ſhew from what Cor<lb></lb>ner the Wind blew with others, to ſhew in <lb></lb>what Part of the Heavens the Sun was at that <lb></lb>Time, and the Hour of the Day: Inventions <lb></lb>extremely proper in ſuch a Structure.</s></p><pb xlink:href="003/01/230.jpg" pagenum="172"></pb><p type="head"> <s>CHAP. VI.</s></p><p type="head"> <s><emph type="italics"></emph>Of the principle Ways belonging to the City, and the Methods of adorning the <lb></lb>Haven, Gates, Bridges, Arches, Croſs-ways and Squares.<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end></s></p><p type="main"> <s>It is now Time to make our Entrance into <lb></lb>the City; but as there are ſome Ways <lb></lb>both within and without the Town which are <lb></lb>much more eminent than the common Sort, <lb></lb>as thoſe which lead to the Temple, the Baſi<lb></lb>lique, or the Place for publick Spectacles, we <lb></lb>ſhall firſt ſay ſomething of theſe. </s> <s>We read <lb></lb>that <emph type="italics"></emph>Heliogabalus<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end> paved theſe broader and no<lb></lb>bler Ways with <emph type="italics"></emph>Macedonian<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end> Marble and Por<lb></lb>phiry. </s> <s>Hiſtorians ſay much in Praiſe of a noble <lb></lb>Street in <emph type="italics"></emph>Bubaſtus,<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end> a City of <emph type="italics"></emph>Ægypt,<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end> which led <lb></lb>to the Temple; for it ran thro' the Market<lb></lb>place, and was paved with very fine Stone, was <lb></lb>four Jugera, or four hundred and eighty Foot <lb></lb>broad, and bordered on each Side with ſtately <lb></lb>Trees. <emph type="italics"></emph>Ariſteas<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end> tells us, that in <emph type="italics"></emph>Feruſalem<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end><lb></lb>there were ſome very beautiful Streets, tho' <lb></lb>narrow, thro' which the Magiſtrates and Nobles <lb></lb>only were allowed to paſs, to the Intent chiefly <lb></lb>that the ſacred Things which they carried, <lb></lb>might not be polluted by the Touch of any <lb></lb>Thing profane. <emph type="italics"></emph>Plato<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end> highly celebrates a Way <lb></lb>all planted with Cypreſs Trees which led from <lb></lb><emph type="italics"></emph>Gnoſſus<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end> to the Cave and Temple of <emph type="italics"></emph>Fupiter.<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end> I <lb></lb>find that the <emph type="italics"></emph>Romans<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end> had two Streets of this <lb></lb>Sort, extremely noble and beautiful, one from <lb></lb>the Gate to the Church of St. <emph type="italics"></emph>Paul,<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end> fifteen <lb></lb>Stadia, or a Mile and ſeven Furlongs in Length, <lb></lb>and the other from the Bridge to the Church <lb></lb>of St. <emph type="italics"></emph>Peter,<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end> two thouſand five hundred Foot <lb></lb>long, and all covered with a Portico of Co<lb></lb>lumns of Marble, with a Roof of Lead. </s> <s>Such <lb></lb>Ornaments are extremely proper for Ways of <lb></lb>this Nature. </s> <s>But let us now return to the <lb></lb>more common Highways. </s> <s>The principal Head <lb></lb>and Boundary of all Highways, whether within <lb></lb>or without the City, unleſs I am miſtaken, is <lb></lb>the Gate for thoſe by Land, and the Haven for <lb></lb>thoſe by Sea: Unleſs we will take notice of <lb></lb>ſubterraneous Ways, of the Nature of thoſe <lb></lb>which we are told were at <emph type="italics"></emph>Thebes<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end> in <emph type="italics"></emph>Ægypt,<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end><lb></lb>thro' which their Kings could lead an Army <lb></lb>unknown to any of the Citizens, or thoſe which <lb></lb>I find to have been pretty numerous near <emph type="italics"></emph>Pre<lb></lb>neſte,<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end> in the ancient <emph type="italics"></emph>Latium,<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end> dug under Ground <lb></lb>from the Top of the Hill to the Level of the <lb></lb>Plain, with wonderful Art; in one of which <lb></lb>we are told, that <emph type="italics"></emph>Marius<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end> periſhed when cloſe <lb></lb>preſſed by the Siege. </s> <s>We are told by the <lb></lb>Author of the Life of <emph type="italics"></emph>Apollonius,<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end> of a very <lb></lb>wonderful Paſſage made by a Lady of <emph type="italics"></emph>Media<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end><lb></lb>at <emph type="italics"></emph>Babylon,<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end> under the River, and arched with <lb></lb>Stone and Bitumen, thro' which ſhe could go <lb></lb>dryſhod from the Palace to a Country Houſe, <lb></lb>on the other Side of the River. </s> <s>But we are <lb></lb>not obliged to believe all that the <emph type="italics"></emph>Greek<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end> Wri<lb></lb>ters tell us. </s> <s>To return to our Subject. </s> <s>The <lb></lb>Gates are adorned in the ſame Manner as tri<lb></lb>umphal Arches, of which anon. </s> <s>The Haven <lb></lb>is adorned by broad Porticoes, raiſed ſomewhat <lb></lb>above the Level of the Ground, by a ſtately <lb></lb>Temple, lofty and beautiful, with ſpacious <lb></lb>Squares before it, and the Mouth of the Ha<lb></lb>ven itſelf by huge Statues, ſuch as were for<lb></lb>merly to be ſeen in ſeveral Places, and particu<lb></lb>larly at <emph type="italics"></emph>Rhodes,<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end> where <emph type="italics"></emph>Herod<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end> is ſaid to have <lb></lb>erected three. </s> <s>Hiſtorians very much celebrate <lb></lb>the Mole at <emph type="italics"></emph>Samos,<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end> which they ſay was an <lb></lb>hundred and twenty Foot high, and ran out <lb></lb>two Furlongs into the Sea. </s> <s>Doubtleſs ſuch <lb></lb>Works muſt greatly adorn the Haven, eſpeci<lb></lb>ally if they are maſterly wrought, and not of <lb></lb>baſe Materials. </s> <s>The Streets within the City, <lb></lb>beſides being handſomely paved and cleanly <lb></lb>kept, will be rendered much more noble, if <lb></lb>the Doors are built all after the ſame Model, <lb></lb>and the Houſes on each Side ſtand in an even <lb></lb>Line, and none higher than another. </s> <s>The Parts <lb></lb>of the Street which are principally to be ad<lb></lb>orned, are theſe: The Bridge, the Croſs-ways, <lb></lb>and the Place for publick Spectactles, which <lb></lb>laſt is nothing elſe but an open Place, with </s></p><p type="main"> <s><arrow.to.target n="marg40"></arrow.to.target><lb></lb>Seats built about it. </s> <s>We will begin with the <lb></lb>Bridge, as being one of the chief Parts of the <lb></lb>Street. </s> <s>The Parts of the Bridge are the Piers, <lb></lb>the Arches and the Pavement, and alſo the <lb></lb>Street in the Middle for the Paſſage of Cattle, <lb></lb>and the raiſed Cauſeways on each Side for the <lb></lb>better Sort of Citizens, and the Sides or Rail, <lb></lb>and in ſome Places Houſes too, as in that moſt <lb></lb>noble Bridge called <emph type="italics"></emph>Adrian<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end>'s <emph type="italics"></emph>Mole,<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end> a Work <lb></lb>never to be forgotten, the very Skeleton where<lb></lb>of, if I may ſo call it, I can never behold <lb></lb>without a Sort of Reverence and Awe. </s> <s>It <lb></lb><pb xlink:href="003/01/231.jpg" pagenum="173"></pb>was covered with a Roof ſupported by two<lb></lb>and-forty Columns of Marble, with their Archi<lb></lb>trave, Freze and Cornice, the Roof plated with <lb></lb>Braſs, and richly adorned. </s> <s>The Bridge muſt be <lb></lb>made as broad as the Street which leads to it. <lb></lb></s> <s>The Piers muſt be equal to one another on <lb></lb>each Side both in Number and Size, and be <lb></lb>one third of the Aperture in Thickneſs. </s> <s>The <lb></lb>Angles or Heads of the Piers that lie againſt <lb></lb>the Stream muſt project in Length half the <lb></lb>Breadth of the Bridge, and be built higher than <lb></lb>the Water ever riſes. </s> <s>The Heads of the Piers <lb></lb>that lie along with the Stream muſt have the <lb></lb>ſame Projecture, but then it will not look amiſs <lb></lb>to have them leſs acute, and as it were blunt<lb></lb>ed. </s> <s>From the Heads of the Piers on each <lb></lb>Side, it will be very proper to raiſe Butreſſes for <lb></lb>the Support of the Bridge, in Thickneſs not <lb></lb>leſs than two thirds of the Pier itſelf. </s> <s>The <lb></lb>Crowns of all the Arches muſt ſtand quite clear <lb></lb>above the Water: Their Dreſs may be taken <lb></lb>from the <emph type="italics"></emph>Ionic<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end> or rather the <emph type="italics"></emph>Doric<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end> Architrave, <lb></lb>and in large Bridges it muſt not be leſs in <lb></lb>Breadth than the fifteenth Part of the whole <lb></lb>Aperture of the Arch. </s> <s>To make the Rail or <lb></lb>Side-wall of the Bridge the ſtronger, erect Pe<lb></lb>deſtals at certain Diſtances by the Square and <lb></lb>Plum-line, on which, if you pleaſe, you may <lb></lb>raiſe Columns to ſupport a Roof or Portico. <lb></lb></s> <s>The Height of this Side-wall with its Zocle <lb></lb>and Cornice muſt be four Foot. </s> <s>The Spaces <lb></lb>between the Pedeſtals may be filled up with a <lb></lb>ſlight Breaſt-wall. </s> <s>The Crown both of the <lb></lb>Pedeſtals and Breaſt-wall may be an upright <lb></lb>Cymatium, or rather a reverſed one, continu<lb></lb>ed the whole Length of the Bridge, and the <lb></lb>Plinth at Bottom muſt anſwer this Cymatium. <lb></lb></s> <s>The Cauſeway on each Side for Women and <lb></lb>Foot Paſſengers muſt be raiſed a Foot or two <lb></lb>higher than the Middle of the Bridge, which <lb></lb>being intended chiefly for Beaſts of Carriage, <lb></lb>may be paved only with Flints. </s> <s>The Height <lb></lb>of the Columns, with their Intablature, muſt <lb></lb>be equal to the Breadth of the Bridge. </s> <s>The <lb></lb>Croſſways and Squares differ only in their Big<lb></lb>neſs, the Croſſway being indeed nothing elſe but <lb></lb>a ſmall Square. <emph type="italics"></emph>Plato<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end> ordained that in all Croſſ<lb></lb>ways there ſhould be Spaces left for Nurſes to <lb></lb>meet in with their Children. </s> <s>His Deſign in <lb></lb>this Regulation was, I ſuppoſe, not only that <lb></lb>the Children might grow ſtrong by being in the <lb></lb>Air, but alſo that the Nurſes themſelves, by <lb></lb>ſeeing one another, might grow neater and <lb></lb>more delicate, and be leſs liable to Negligence <lb></lb>among ſo many careful Obſervers in the ſame <lb></lb>Buſineſs. </s> <s>It is certain, one of the greateſt Or<lb></lb>naments either of a Square, or of a Croſſway, <lb></lb>is a handſome Portico, under which the old <lb></lb>Men may ſpend the Heat of the Day, or be <lb></lb>mutually ſerviceable to each other; beſides that <lb></lb>the Preſence of the Fathers may deter and re<lb></lb>ſtrain the Youth, who are ſporting and divert<lb></lb>ing themſelves in the other Part of the Place, <lb></lb>from the Miſchievouſneſs and Folly natural to <lb></lb>their Age. </s> <s>The Squares muſt be ſo many dif<lb></lb>ſerent Markets, one for Gold and Silver, an<lb></lb>other for Herbs, another for Cattle, another for <lb></lb>Wood, and ſo on; each whereof ought to have <lb></lb>its particular Place in the City, and its diſtinct <lb></lb>Ornaments; but that where the Traffick of <lb></lb>Gold and Silver is to be carried on, ought to <lb></lb>be much the Nobleſt? </s> <s>The <emph type="italics"></emph>Greeks<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end> made their <lb></lb>Forums or Markets exactly ſquare, and encom<lb></lb>paſſed them with large double Porticoes, which <lb></lb>they adorned with Columns and their Intabla<lb></lb>tures, all of Stone, with noble Terraſſes at the <lb></lb>Top, for taking the Air upon. </s> <s>Among our <lb></lb>Countrymen the <emph type="italics"></emph>Italians,<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end> the Forums uſed to <lb></lb>be a third Part longer than they were broad: <lb></lb>And becauſe in ancient Times they were the <lb></lb>Places where the Shows of the <emph type="italics"></emph>Gladiators<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end> were <lb></lb>exhibited, the Columns in the Porticoes were <lb></lb>ſet at a greater Diſtance from each other, that <lb></lb>they might not obſtruct the Sight of thoſe Di<lb></lb>verſions. </s> <s>In the Porticoes were the Shows for <lb></lb>the Goldſmiths, and over the firſt Story were <lb></lb>Galleries projecting out for ſeeing the Shows <lb></lb>in, and the publick Magazines. </s> <s>This was the <lb></lb><arrow.to.target n="marg41"></arrow.to.target><lb></lb>Method among the Ancients. </s> <s>For my Part I <lb></lb>would have a Square twice as long as broad, <lb></lb>and that the Porticoes and other Buildings about <lb></lb>it ſhould anſwer in ſome Proportion to the open <lb></lb>Area in the Middle, that it may not ſeem too <lb></lb>large, by means of the Lowneſs of the Build<lb></lb>ings, nor too ſmall, from their being too high. <lb></lb></s> <s>A proper Height for the Buildings about a <lb></lb>Square is one third of the Breadth of the open <lb></lb>Area, or one ſixth at the leaſt. </s> <s>I would alſo <lb></lb>have the Porticoes raiſed above the Level of <lb></lb>the Ground, one fifth Part of their Breadth, <lb></lb>and that their Breadth ſhould be equal to half <lb></lb>the Height of their Columns, including the <lb></lb>Intablature. </s> <s>The Proportions of the Columns <lb></lb>ſhould be taken from thoſe of the Baſilique, <lb></lb>only with this Difference, that here the Archi<lb></lb>trave, Freze and Cornice together ſhould be <lb></lb>one fifth of the Column in Height. </s> <s>If you <lb></lb>would make a ſecond Row of Columns over <lb></lb>this firſt, thoſe Columns ſhould be one fourth <lb></lb>Part thinner and ſhorter than thoſe below, and <lb></lb><pb xlink:href="003/01/232.jpg" pagenum="174"></pb>for a Baſement to them you muſt make a <lb></lb>Plinth half the Height of the Baſement at the <lb></lb>Bottom. </s> <s>But nothing can be a greater Orna<lb></lb>ment either to Squares or the Meeting of ſeve<lb></lb>ral Streets, than Arches at the Entrance of the <lb></lb>Streets; an Arch being indeed nothing elſe but <lb></lb>a Gate ſtanding continually open. </s> <s>I am of <lb></lb>Opinion, that the Invention of Arches were <lb></lb>owing to thoſe that firſt enlarged the Bounds <lb></lb>of the Empire: For it was the ancient Cuſtom <lb></lb>with ſuch, as we are informed by <emph type="italics"></emph>Tacitus,<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end> to <lb></lb>enlarge the Pomoerium, or vacant Space left <lb></lb>next the City Walls, as we find particularly <lb></lb>that <emph type="italics"></emph>Claudius<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end> did. </s> <s>Now though they extend<lb></lb>ed the Limits of the City, yet they thought it <lb></lb>proper to preſerve the old Gates, for ſeveral <lb></lb>Reaſons, and particularly becauſe they might <lb></lb>ſome Time or other happen to be a Safeguard <lb></lb>againſt the Irruption of an Enemy. </s> <s>Afterwards <lb></lb>as theſe Gates ſtood in the moſt conſpicuous <lb></lb>Places, they adorned them with the Spoils <lb></lb>which they had won from their Enemies, and <lb></lb>the Enſigns of their Victories. </s> <s>To theſe Be<lb></lb>ginnings it was that Arches owed their Tro<lb></lb>phies, Inſcriptions, Statues and Relieves. </s> <s>A <lb></lb>very proper Situation for an Arch is where a <lb></lb>Street joins into a Square, and eſpecially in the <lb></lb>Royal Street, by which Name I underſtand the <lb></lb><arrow.to.target n="marg42"></arrow.to.target><lb></lb>moſt eminent in the City. </s> <s>An Arch, like a <lb></lb>Bridge, ſhould have no leſs than three open <lb></lb>Paſſages: That in the Middle for the Soldiers <lb></lb>to return through in Triumph to pay their <lb></lb>Devotions to their paternal Gods, and the two <lb></lb>Side ones for the Matrons and Citizens to go <lb></lb>out to meet and welcome them Home. </s> <s>When <lb></lb>you build one of theſe Triumphal Arches, let <lb></lb>the Line of the Platform which runs length<lb></lb>ways with the Street be the Half of the Line <lb></lb>that goes croſs the Street from Right to Left, <lb></lb>and the Length of this Croſs-line ſhould never <lb></lb>be leſs than fifty Cubits. </s> <s>This Kind of Struc<lb></lb>tures is very like that of a Bridge, only it never <lb></lb>conſiſts of more than four Piers and three <lb></lb>Arches. </s> <s>Of the ſhorteſt Line of the Platform <lb></lb>which runs lengthways with the Street, leaves <lb></lb>one eighth Part towards the Square, and as <lb></lb>much behind on the other Side, for the Plat<lb></lb>forms of Columns to be erected againſt the <lb></lb>Piers. </s> <s>The other longer Line which croſſes the <lb></lb>Street muſt alſo be divided into eight Parts, <lb></lb>two whereof muſt be given to the Aperture in <lb></lb>the Middle, and one to each Pier and to each <lb></lb>Side opening. </s> <s>The perpendicular Upright of <lb></lb>the Piers that ſupport the middle Arch, to the <lb></lb>Spring of that Arch, muſt be two of the afore<lb></lb>ſaid Parts and a Third; and the Piers of the <lb></lb>two Side Arches muſt bear the ſame Proporti<lb></lb>on to their reſpective Aperture. </s> <s>The Soffit of <lb></lb>the Arches muſt be perſect Vaults. </s> <s>The <lb></lb>Crowns of the Piers beneath the Spring of the <lb></lb>Arch, may be made in Imitation of the <emph type="italics"></emph>Doric<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end><lb></lb>Capital, only inſtead of the Ovolo and Abacus <lb></lb>they may have a projecting Cornice either <emph type="italics"></emph>Co<lb></lb>rinthian<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end> or <emph type="italics"></emph>Ionic,<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end> and beneath the Cornice by <lb></lb>Way of Gorgerine, a plain Freze, and below <lb></lb>that an Aſtragal and a Fillet like thoſe at the <lb></lb>Top of the Shaft of a Column. </s> <s>All theſe Or<lb></lb>naments together ſhould take up the ninth Part <lb></lb>of the Height of the Pier. </s> <s>This ninth Part <lb></lb>muſt be again ſubdivided into nine ſmaller Parts, <lb></lb>five whereof muſt be given to the Cornice, <lb></lb>three to the Freze, and one to the Aſtragal <lb></lb>and Fillet. </s> <s>The Architrave or Face of the <lb></lb>Arch that turns from Pier to Pier muſt never <lb></lb>be broader than the tenth Part of its Aperture, <lb></lb>nor narrower than the twelfth. </s> <s>The Columns <lb></lb>that are placed in Front againſt the Piers muſt <lb></lb>be regular and inſulate; they muſt be ſo raiſed <lb></lb>that the Top of their Shafts may be equal to <lb></lb>the Top of the Arch, and their Length muſt <lb></lb>be equal to the Breadth of the middle Aper<lb></lb>ture. </s> <s>Theſe Columns muſt have their Baſes, <lb></lb>Plinths and Pedeſtals as alſo their Capitals, <lb></lb>either <emph type="italics"></emph>Corinthian<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end> or <emph type="italics"></emph>Compoſite<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end> together with <lb></lb>Architrave, Freze and Cornice, either <emph type="italics"></emph>Ionic<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end> or <lb></lb><emph type="italics"></emph>Corinthian,<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end> according to the Proportions al<lb></lb>ready preſcribed for thoſe ſeveral Members. <lb></lb></s> <s>Above theſe Columns muſt be a plain Wall, <lb></lb>half as high as the whole Subſtructure from <lb></lb>the loweſt Baſement to the Top of the Cornice, <lb></lb>and the Height of this additional Wall muſt <lb></lb>be divided into eleven Parts, one of which muſt <lb></lb>be given to a plain Cornice at the Top, with<lb></lb>out either Freze or Architrave, and one and an <lb></lb>Half to a Baſement with a reverſed Cymatium <lb></lb>which muſt take up one third of the Height of <lb></lb>that Baſement. </s> <s>The Statues muſt be placed <lb></lb>directly over the Intablature of the Columns, <lb></lb>upon little Pedeſtals whoſe Height muſt be <lb></lb>equal to the Thickneſs of the Top of the Shaſt <lb></lb>of the Columns. </s> <s>The Height of the Statues <lb></lb>with their Pedeſtals muſt be eight of the eleven <lb></lb>Parts to which we divided the upper Wall. </s> <s>At <lb></lb>the Top of the whole Structure, eſpecially to<lb></lb>wards the Square, muſt be placed larger Sta<lb></lb>tues, triumphal Cars, Animals and other Tro<lb></lb>phies. </s> <s>The Baſe for theſe to ſtand upon, muſt <lb></lb>be a Plinth three Times as high as the Cor<lb></lb>nice, which is immediately below it. </s> <s>Theſe <lb></lb>larger Statues which we thus place uppermoſt, <lb></lb></s></p><pb xlink:href="003/01/233.jpg"></pb><p type="margin"> <s><margin.target id="marg40"></margin.target>*</s></p><p type="margin"> <s><margin.target id="marg41"></margin.target>*</s></p><p type="margin"> <s><margin.target id="marg42"></margin.target>*</s></p><p type="caption"> <s>PLATE 49. <emph type="italics"></emph>(Pages 172-73)<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end></s></p><figure id="id.003.01.233.1.jpg" xlink:href="003/01/233/1.jpg"></figure><p type="caption"> <s><emph type="italics"></emph>“Super[ficie] dell' Acqua” = surface of the water.<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end></s></p><pb xlink:href="003/01/234.jpg"></pb><p type="caption"> <s>PLATE 50. <emph type="italics"></emph>(Page 173)<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end><lb></lb><figure id="id.003.01.234.1.jpg" xlink:href="003/01/234/1.jpg"></figure></s></p><pb xlink:href="003/01/235.jpg"></pb><p type="caption"> <s>PLATE 51. <emph type="italics"></emph>(Page 173)<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end><lb></lb><figure id="id.003.01.235.1.jpg" xlink:href="003/01/235/1.jpg"></figure></s></p><pb xlink:href="003/01/236.jpg"></pb><p type="caption"> <s>PLATE 53. <emph type="italics"></emph>(Pages 174-75)<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end></s></p><figure id="id.003.01.236.1.jpg" xlink:href="003/01/236/1.jpg"></figure><p type="caption"> <s><emph type="italics"></emph>Inscription: “To Great Britain, which holds the destinies of Europe in even balance.”<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end><pb xlink:href="003/01/237.jpg"></pb><figure id="id.003.01.237.1.jpg" xlink:href="003/01/237/1.jpg"></figure></s></p><pb xlink:href="003/01/238.jpg"></pb><p type="caption"> <s>PLATE 52. <emph type="italics"></emph>(Pages 174-75)<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end><lb></lb><figure id="id.003.01.238.1.jpg" xlink:href="003/01/238/1.jpg"></figure><pb xlink:href="003/01/239.jpg" pagenum="175"></pb>muſt in Height exceed thoſe which ſtand be<lb></lb>low them over the Columns, not leſs than a <lb></lb>ſixth Part, nor more than two ninths. </s> <s>In con<lb></lb>venient Places in the Front of the upper Wall <lb></lb>we may cut Inſcriptions or Stories in Relieve, <lb></lb>in ſquare or round Pannels. </s> <s>Beneath the Vault <lb></lb>of the Arch the upper half of the Wall, upon <lb></lb>which the Arch turns, is extremely proper for <lb></lb>Stories in Relieve, but the lower Half being <lb></lb>expoſed to be ſpattered with Dirt, is very un<lb></lb>fit for ſuch Ornaments. </s> <s>For a Baſement to <lb></lb>the Piers we may make a Plinth not more than <lb></lb>a Cubit and an Half high, and that its Angle <lb></lb>may not be broke by the Bruſh of Wheels, we <lb></lb>may carry it off into a Cima-reverſa, which <lb></lb>muſt take up one fourth of the Height of the <lb></lb>Baſement itſelf.</s></p><p type="head"> <s>CHAP. VII.</s></p><p type="head"> <s><emph type="italics"></emph>Of the adorning Theatres and other Places for publick Shows, and of their <lb></lb>Uſefulneſs.<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end></s></p><p type="main"> <s>We come now to Places for publick <lb></lb>Shows. </s> <s>We are told that <emph type="italics"></emph>Epimenides,<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end><lb></lb>the ſame that ſlept fifty-ſeven Years in a Cave; <lb></lb>when the <emph type="italics"></emph>Athenians<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end> were building a Place for <lb></lb>publick Shows reproved them, telling them, you <lb></lb>know not how much Miſchief this Place ſhall <lb></lb>occaſion; if you did, you would pull it to <lb></lb>Pieces with your Teeth. </s> <s>Neither dare I pre<lb></lb>ſume to find Fault with our Pontiffs, and thoſe <lb></lb>whoſe Buſineſs it is to ſet good Examples to <lb></lb>others, for having, with good Cauſe no doubt, <lb></lb>aboliſhed the Uſe of publick Shows. </s> <s>Yet <emph type="italics"></emph>Moſes<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end><lb></lb>was commended for ordaining, that all his Peo<lb></lb>ple ſhould upon certain ſolemn Days meet to<lb></lb>gether in one Temple, and celebrate publick <lb></lb>Feſtivals at ſtated Seaſons. </s> <s>What may we ſup<lb></lb>poſe his View to have been in this Inſtitution? <lb></lb></s> <s>Doubtleſs he hoped the People, by thus meet<lb></lb>ing frequently together at publick Feaſts, might <lb></lb>grow more humane, and be the cloſer linked <lb></lb>in Friendſhip one with another. </s> <s>So I imagine <lb></lb>our Anceſtors inſtituted publick Shows in the <lb></lb>City, not ſo much for the Sake of the Diverſi<lb></lb>ons themſelves, as for their Uſefulneſs. </s> <s>And <lb></lb>indeed if we examine the Matter thoroughly, <lb></lb>we ſhall find many Reaſons to grieve that ſo <lb></lb>excellent and ſo uſeful an Entertainment ſhould <lb></lb>have been ſo long diſuſed: For as of theſe <lb></lb>publick Diverſions ſome were contrived for the <lb></lb>Delight and Amuſement of Peace and Leiſure, <lb></lb>others for an Exerciſe of War and Buſineſs; <lb></lb>the one ſerved wonderfully to revive and keep <lb></lb>up the Vigour and Fire of the Mind, and the <lb></lb>other to improve the Strength and Intrepidity <lb></lb>of the Heart. </s> <s>It is indeed true that ſome cer<lb></lb>tain and conſtant Medium ſhould be obſerved, <lb></lb>in order to make theſe Entertainments uſeful <lb></lb>and ornamental to a Country. </s> <s>The <emph type="italics"></emph>Arcadi<lb></lb>ans,<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end> we are told, were the firſt that invented <lb></lb>publick Games, to civilize and poliſh the Minds <lb></lb>of their People, who had been too much ac<lb></lb>cuſtomed to a hard and ſevere Way of Life; <lb></lb>and <emph type="italics"></emph>Polybius<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end> writes, that thoſe who afterwards <lb></lb>left off thoſe Entertainments, grew ſo barbarous <lb></lb>and cruel, that they became execrable to all <lb></lb><emph type="italics"></emph>Greece.<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end></s><s> But indeed the Memory of publick <lb></lb>Games is extremely ancient, and the Invention <lb></lb>of them is aſcribed to various Perſons. <emph type="italics"></emph>Dionyſi<lb></lb>us<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end> is ſaid to have been the firſt Inventor of <lb></lb>Dances and Sports, as <emph type="italics"></emph>Hercules<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end> was of the Di<lb></lb>verſion of the Combate. </s> <s>We read that the <lb></lb>Olympick Games were invented by the <emph type="italics"></emph>Æto<lb></lb>lians<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end> and the <emph type="italics"></emph>Eleans,<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end> after their return from the <lb></lb>Siege of <emph type="italics"></emph>Troy.<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end></s><s> We are told, that <emph type="italics"></emph>Dionyſius<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end> of <lb></lb><emph type="italics"></emph>Lemnos,<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end> who was the Inventor of the Chorus <lb></lb>in Tragedies, was alſo the firſt that built a <lb></lb>Place on purpoſe for publick Shows. </s> <s>In <emph type="italics"></emph>Italy, <lb></lb>Lucius Mummius,<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end> upon Occaſion of his Tri<lb></lb>umph, firſt introduced theatrical Entertain<lb></lb>ments two hundred Years before the Em<lb></lb>peror <emph type="italics"></emph>Nero's<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end> Time, and the Actors were <lb></lb>brought to <emph type="italics"></emph>Rome<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end> from <emph type="italics"></emph>Etruria.<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end></s><s> Horſe-Races <lb></lb>were brought from the <emph type="italics"></emph>Tyrians,<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end> and almoſt the <lb></lb>whole Variety of publick Diverſions came to <lb></lb><emph type="italics"></emph>Italy<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end> from <emph type="italics"></emph>Aſia.<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end> I am inclined to believe that <lb></lb>the ancient Race of Men, that firſt began to <lb></lb>cut the Figure of <emph type="italics"></emph>Janus<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end> upon their brazen <lb></lb>Coins, were content to ſtand to ſee theſe Sort <lb></lb>of Games under ſome Beech or Elm, according <lb></lb>to thoſe Verſes of <emph type="italics"></emph>Ovid,<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end> ſpeaking of <emph type="italics"></emph>Romulus's<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end><lb></lb>Show.</s></p><p type="main"> <s><emph type="italics"></emph>His Play-houſe, not of<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end> Parian <emph type="italics"></emph>Marble made, <lb></lb>Nor was it ſpread with purple Sails for ſhade. <lb></lb></s> <s>The Stage with Ruſhes or with Leaves they ſtrew'd: <lb></lb>No Scenes in Proſpect, no machining God.<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end><pb xlink:href="003/01/240.jpg" pagenum="176"></pb><emph type="italics"></emph>On Rows of homely Turf they ſat to ſee, <lb></lb>Crown'd with the Wreaths of every common Tree.<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end></s></p><p type="main"> <s>DRYDEN'S Tranſlation.</s></p><p type="main"> <s>HOWEVER, we read that <emph type="italics"></emph>Jolaus,<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end> the Son of <lb></lb><emph type="italics"></emph>Iphiclus,<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end> firſt contrived Seats for the Spectators <lb></lb>in <emph type="italics"></emph>Sardinia,<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end> when he received the Theſpiad <lb></lb>from <emph type="italics"></emph>Hercules.<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end></s><s> But at firſt Theatres were <lb></lb>built only of Wood; and we find that <emph type="italics"></emph>Pompey<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end><lb></lb>was blamed for having made the Seats fixed <lb></lb>and not moveable, as they uſed to be anciently: <lb></lb>But Diverſions of this Nature were afterwards <lb></lb>carried to ſuch a Height, that there were no <lb></lb>leſs than three vaſt Theatres within the City of <lb></lb><emph type="italics"></emph>Rome,<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end> beſides ſeveral Amphitheatres, one of <lb></lb>which was ſo large that it would hold above <lb></lb>two hundred thouſand Perſons, beſides the <emph type="italics"></emph>Cir<lb></lb>cus Maximus:<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end> All which were built of ſquare <lb></lb>Stone and adorned with Columns of Marble. <lb></lb></s> <s>Nay, not content with all theſe, they erected <lb></lb>Theatres, only for temporary Entertainments, <lb></lb>prodigiouſly enriched with Marble, Glaſs, and <lb></lb>great Numbers of Statues. </s> <s>The nobleſt Struc<lb></lb>ture in thoſe Days, and the moſt capacious, <lb></lb>which was at <emph type="italics"></emph>Placentia,<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end> a Town in <emph type="italics"></emph>Lombardy,<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end><lb></lb>was burnt in the Time of <emph type="italics"></emph>Octavianus's<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end> War. <lb></lb></s> <s>But we ſhall dwell no longer upon this ancient <lb></lb>Magnificence. </s> <s>Of publick Shows, ſome are <lb></lb>proper to Peace and Leiſure, others to War and <lb></lb>Buſineſs. </s> <s>Thoſe proper to Leiſure, belong to <lb></lb>the Poets, Muſicians and Actors: Thoſe pro<lb></lb>per to War, are Wreſtling, Boxing, Fencing, <lb></lb>Shooting, Running, and every Thing elſe re<lb></lb>lating to the Exerciſe of Arms. <emph type="italics"></emph>Plato<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end> ordained <lb></lb>that Shows of this laſt Nature ſhould be exhi<lb></lb>bited every Year, as highly tending to the <lb></lb>Welfare and Ornament of a City. </s> <s>Theſe Di<lb></lb>verſions required various Buildings, which there<lb></lb>fore have been called by various Names. </s> <s>Thoſe <lb></lb>deſigned for the Uſe of the Poets, Comick, <lb></lb>Tragick and the like, are called Theatres by <lb></lb>way of Excellence. </s> <s>The Place where the no<lb></lb>ble Youth exerciſed themſelves in driving Races <lb></lb>in Chariots with two or four Horſes, was called <lb></lb>the <emph type="italics"></emph>Circus.<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end></s><s> That laſtly, where wild Beaſt <lb></lb>were encloſed and baited, was called an Am<lb></lb>phitheatre. </s> <s>Almoſt all the Structures for theſe <lb></lb>different Sorts of Shows were built in Imitation <lb></lb>of the Figure of an Army drawn up in Order <lb></lb>of Battle, with its two Horns or Wings pro<lb></lb>tending forwards, and conſiſted of an Area <lb></lb>wherein the Actors, or Combatants, or Chari<lb></lb>ots are to exhibit the Spectacle, and of Rows <lb></lb>of Seats around for the Spectators to ſit on: <lb></lb>But then they differ as to the Form of the afore<lb></lb>ſaid Area; for thoſe which have this Area in <lb></lb>the Shape of a Moon in its Decreaſe are called <lb></lb>Theatres, but when the Horns are protracted <lb></lb>a great Way forwards, they are called <emph type="italics"></emph>Circuſſes,<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end><lb></lb>becauſe in them the Chariots make a Circle <lb></lb>about the Goal. </s> <s>Some tell us, that the Anci<lb></lb>ents uſed to celebrate Games of this Kind in <lb></lb>Rings between Rivers and Swords (<emph type="italics"></emph>interenſes & <lb></lb>flumina<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end>) and that therefore they were called <lb></lb><emph type="italics"></emph>Circenſes,<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end> and that the Inventor of theſe Di<lb></lb>verſions was one <emph type="italics"></emph>Monagus<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end> at <emph type="italics"></emph>Elis<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end> in <emph type="italics"></emph>Aſia.<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end></s><s> The <lb></lb>Area incloſed between the Fronts of two Thea<lb></lb>tres joined together was called <emph type="italics"></emph>Cavea,<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end> or the <lb></lb>Pit, and the whole Edifice an Amphitheatre. <lb></lb></s> <s>The Situation of a Building for publick Shows <lb></lb>ought particularly to be choſen in a good Air, <lb></lb>that the Spectators may not be incommoded <lb></lb>either by Wind, Sun, or any of the other In<lb></lb>conveniences mentioned in the firſt Book, and <lb></lb>the Theatre ought in an eſpecial Manner to <lb></lb>be ſheltered from the Sun, becauſe it is in the <lb></lb>Month of <emph type="italics"></emph>Auguſt<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end> chiefly, as <emph type="italics"></emph>Horace<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end> obſerves, <lb></lb>that the People are fond of the Recitals of the <lb></lb>Poets, and the lighter Recreations: And if the <lb></lb>Rays of the Sun beat in, and were confined <lb></lb>within any Part of the Theatre, the exceſſive <lb></lb>Heat might be apt to throw the Spectators into <lb></lb>Diſtempers. </s> <s>The Place ought alſo to be pro<lb></lb>per for Sound, and it is very convenient to have <lb></lb>Porticoes, either adjoining to the Theatre, or <lb></lb>at an eaſy Diſtance from it, for People to ſhel<lb></lb>ter themſelves under from ſudden Rains and <lb></lb>Storms. <emph type="italics"></emph>Plato<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end> was for having the Theatre <lb></lb>within the City, and the <emph type="italics"></emph>Circus<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end> ſomewhere out <lb></lb>of it. </s> <s>The Parts of the ancient Theatres were <lb></lb>as follows: The Area or open Space in the <lb></lb>Middle, which was quite uncovered; about <lb></lb>this Area, the Rows of Seats for the Specta<lb></lb>tors, and oppoſite to them the raiſed Floor or <lb></lb>Stage for the Actors, and the Decorations pro<lb></lb>per to the Repreſentation, and at the Top of <lb></lb>all, Colonades and Arches to receive the Actor's <lb></lb>Voice, and make it more ſonorous. </s> <s>But the <lb></lb><emph type="italics"></emph>Greek<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end> Theatres differed from thoſe of the <emph type="italics"></emph>Ro<lb></lb>mans<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end> in this Particular, that the <emph type="italics"></emph>Greeks<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end> brought <lb></lb>their Choruſes and Actors within the Area, <lb></lb>and by that Means had Occaſion for a ſmaller <lb></lb>Stage, whereas the <emph type="italics"></emph>Romans<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end> having the whole <lb></lb>Performance upon the <emph type="italics"></emph>Pulpitum,<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end> or Stage, be<lb></lb>yond the Semicircle of the Seats, were obliged <lb></lb>to make their Stage much larger. </s> <s>In this they <lb></lb>all agreed, that at firſt in marking out the Plat<lb></lb>form for the Theatre, they made uſe of a Se<lb></lb>micircle, only drawing out the Horns ſome<lb></lb>what farther than to be exactly ſemicircular, <pb xlink:href="003/01/241.jpg" pagenum="177"></pb>with a Line which ſome made ſtrait, others <lb></lb>curve. </s> <s>Thoſe who extended them with Strait<lb></lb>lines, drew them out beyond the Semicircle, <lb></lb>parallel to each other, to the Addition of one <lb></lb>fourth Part of the Diameter: But thoſe who <lb></lb>extended them with Curve-lines, firſt mark'd <lb></lb>out a compleat Circle, and then taking off one <lb></lb>fourth Part of its Circumference, the Remain<lb></lb>der was left for the Platform of the Theatre. <lb></lb></s> <s>The Limits of the Area being marked out and <lb></lb>fixed, the next Work was to raiſe the Seats; <lb></lb>and the firſt Thing to be done in order to this, <lb></lb>was to reſolve how high the Seats ſhould be, <lb></lb>and from their Height to calculate how much <lb></lb>of the Platform they muſt take up. </s> <s>Moſt <lb></lb>Architects made the Height of the Theatre <lb></lb>equal to the Area in the Middle, knowing that <lb></lb>in low Theatres the Voice was ſunk and loſt, <lb></lb>but made ſtronger and clearer in high ones. <lb></lb></s> <s>Some of the beſt Artiſts made the Height of <lb></lb>the Building to be four fifths of the Breadth <lb></lb>of the Area. </s> <s>Of this whole Height the Seats <lb></lb>never took up leſs than half, nor more than <lb></lb>two thirds, and their Breadth was ſometimes <lb></lb>equal to their Height, and ſometimes only two <lb></lb>fifths of it. </s> <s>I ſhall here deſcribe one of theſe <lb></lb>Structures which I think the moſt compleat <lb></lb>and perfect of any. </s> <s>The outermoſt Founda<lb></lb>tions of the Seats, or rather of the Wall againſt <lb></lb>which the higheſt Seat muſt terminate, muſt <lb></lb>be laid diſtant from the Center of the Semi<lb></lb>circle one whole Semidiameter of the Area, <lb></lb>with the Addition of a third. </s> <s>The firſt or <lb></lb>loweſt Seat muſt not be upon the very Level <lb></lb>of the Area, but be raiſed upon a Wall, which <lb></lb>in the larger Theatres muſt be in Height the <lb></lb>ninth Part of the Semidiameter of the middle <lb></lb>Area, from the Top of which Wall the Seats <lb></lb>muſt take their firſt Flight: And in the ſmalleſt <lb></lb>Theatres, this Wall muſt never be leſs than <lb></lb>ſeven Foot high. </s> <s>The Benches themſelves <lb></lb>muſt be a Foot and an half high, and two <lb></lb>and an half broad. </s> <s>Among theſe Seats, Spaces <lb></lb>muſt be left at certain Diſtances for Paſſages <lb></lb>into the middle Area, and for Stairs to go up <lb></lb>from thence to thoſe Seats, which Stair-caſes <lb></lb>and Paſſages ſhould be with vaulted Roofs, <lb></lb>and in Number proportionable to the Bigneſs <lb></lb>of the Theatre. </s> <s>Of theſe Paſſages there ſhould <lb></lb>be ſeven principal ones, all directed exactly to <lb></lb>the Center of the Area, and perfectly clear <lb></lb>and open, at equal Diſtances from each other; <lb></lb>and of theſe ſeven, one ſhould be larger than <lb></lb>the reſt, anſwering to the middle of the Semi<lb></lb>circle, which I call the Maſter Entrance, be<lb></lb>cauſe it muſt anſwer to the high Street. </s> <s>An<lb></lb>other Paſſage muſt be made at the Head of <lb></lb>the Semicircle on the Right Hand, and ſo an<lb></lb>other on the Leſt to anſwer it, and between <lb></lb>theſe and the Maſter Entrance four others, two <lb></lb>on each Side. </s> <s>There may be as many other <lb></lb>Openings and Paſſages as the Compaſs of the <lb></lb>Theatre requires, and will admit of. </s> <s>The <lb></lb>Ancients in their great Theatres divided the <lb></lb>Rows of Seats into three Parts, and each of <lb></lb>theſe Diviſions was diſtinguiſhed from the other <lb></lb>by a Seat twice as broad as the others, which <lb></lb>was a Kind of Landing-place, ſeparating the <lb></lb>higher Seats from the lower; and at theſe <lb></lb>Landing-places, the Stairs for coming up to <lb></lb>the ſeveral Seats terminated. </s> <s>I have obſerved, <lb></lb>that the beſt Architects, and the moſt inge<lb></lb>nious Contrivers uſed at each great Entrance <lb></lb>to make two different Stairs, one more upright <lb></lb>and direct, for the Young and the Nimble, <lb></lb>and another broader and eaſier, with more fre<lb></lb>quent Reſts, for the Matrons and old People. <lb></lb></s> <s>This may ſuffice as to the Seats. </s> <s>Oppoſite to <lb></lb>the Front of the Theatre was raiſed the Stage <lb></lb>for the Actors, and every thing belonging to <lb></lb>the Repreſentation, and here ſate the Nobles <lb></lb>in peculiar and honourable Seats, ſeparate from <lb></lb>the common People, or perhaps in the middle <lb></lb>Area in handſome Places erected for that Pur<lb></lb>poſe. </s> <s>The <emph type="italics"></emph>Pulpitum<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end> or Stage, was made ſo <lb></lb>large as to be fully ſufficient for every thing <lb></lb>that was to be acted upon it. </s> <s>It came forward <lb></lb>equal to the Center of the Semicircle, and was <lb></lb>raiſed in Height not above five Foot, that the <lb></lb>Nobles who ſate in the Area might from thence <lb></lb>eaſily ſee every Geſture of the Actors. </s> <s>But <lb></lb>when the middle Area was not reſerved for the <lb></lb>Nobles to ſit in, but was allowed to the Actors <lb></lb>and Muſicians: Then the Stage was made leſs, <lb></lb>but raiſed higher, ſometimes to the Height of <lb></lb>ſix Cubits. </s> <s>In both Kinds the Stage was adorn<lb></lb>ed with Rows of Colonades one over another, <lb></lb>in Imitation of Houſes, with their proper Doors <lb></lb>and Windows, and in Front was one principal <lb></lb>Door with all the Dreſs of the Door of a <lb></lb>Temple, to repreſent a Royal Palace, with <lb></lb>other Doors on each Side for the Actors to <lb></lb>make their Entrances and Exits at, according <lb></lb>to the Nature of the Drama. </s> <s>And as there <lb></lb>are three Sorts of Poets concerned in theatrical <lb></lb>Performances, the Tragick, who deſcribe the <lb></lb>Misfortunes and Diſtreſſes of Princes; the Co<lb></lb>mick who repreſent the Lives and Manners of <lb></lb>private Perſons, and the Paſtoral, who ſing the <lb></lb>Delights of the Country, and the Loves of <pb xlink:href="003/01/242.jpg" pagenum="178"></pb>Shepherds: There was a Contrivance upon the <lb></lb>Stage of a Machine which turning upon a Pin, <lb></lb>in an Inſtant changed the Scene to a Palace <lb></lb>for Tragedy, an ordinary Houſe for Comedy, <lb></lb>or a Grove for Paſtoral, as the Nature of the <lb></lb>Fable required. </s> <s>Such was the Manner of the <lb></lb>Middle, Area, Seats and Stage, Paſſages and <lb></lb>the like. </s> <s>I have already ſaid in this Chapter, <lb></lb>that one of the principal Parts of the Theatre <lb></lb>was the Portico, which was deſigned for ren<lb></lb>dering the Sound of the Voice ſtronger and <lb></lb>clearer. </s> <s>This was placed upon the higheſt <lb></lb>Seat, and the Front of its Colonade looked to <lb></lb>the middle Area of the Theatre. </s> <s>Of this we <lb></lb>are now to give ſome Account.</s></p><p type="main"> <s>THE Ancients had learnt from the Philoſo<lb></lb>phers, that the Air, by the Percuſſion of the <lb></lb>Voice, and the Force of Sound, was put into a <lb></lb>circular Motion, in the ſame Manner as Water <lb></lb>is when any thing is ſuddenly plunged into it, <lb></lb>and that, as for Inſtance, in a Lute, or in a <lb></lb>Valley, between two Hills, eſpecially if the <lb></lb>Place be woody, the Sound and Voice are ren<lb></lb>dered much more clear and ſtrong, becauſe the <lb></lb>ſwelling Circles of the Air meet with ſome<lb></lb>thing which beats back the Rays of the Voice <lb></lb>that iſſue from the Center, in the ſame Man<lb></lb>ner as a Ball is beat back from a Wall againſt <lb></lb>which it is thrown, by which means thoſe Cir<lb></lb>cles are made cloſer and ſtronger: For this <lb></lb>Reaſon the Ancients built their Theatres cir<lb></lb>cular; and that the Voice might meet with no <lb></lb>Obſtacle to ſtop its free Aſcent to the very <lb></lb>higheſt Part of the Theatre, they placed their <lb></lb>Seats in ſuch a Manner, that all the Angles of <lb></lb>them lay in one exact Line, and upon the <lb></lb>higheſt Seat, which was no ſmall Help, they <lb></lb>raiſed Porticoes facing the middle Area of the <lb></lb>Theatre, the Front of which Porticoes were as <lb></lb>open and free as poſſible, but the Back of them <lb></lb>was entirely ſhut up with a continued Wall. <lb></lb></s> <s>Under this Portico they raiſed a low Wall, <lb></lb>which not only ſerved for a Pedeſtal to the <lb></lb>Columns, but alſo helped to collect the ſwelling <lb></lb>Orbs of the Voice, and to throw it gently into <lb></lb>the Portico itſelf, where being received into a <lb></lb>thicker Air, it was not reverberated from thence <lb></lb>too violently, but returned clear and a little <lb></lb>more ſtrengthened. </s> <s>And over all this, as a <lb></lb>Cieling to the Theatre, both to keep off the <lb></lb>Weather, and to retain the Voice, they ſpread <lb></lb>a Sail all ſtrewed over with Stars, which they <lb></lb>could remove at Pleaſure, and which ſhaded <lb></lb>the middle Area, the Seats, and all the Specta<lb></lb>tors. </s> <s>The upper Portico was built with a <lb></lb>great deal of Art; for in order to ſupport it, <lb></lb>there were other Porticoes and Colonades at <lb></lb>the Back of the Theatre, out to the Street, and <lb></lb>in the larger Theatres, theſe Porticoes were <lb></lb>made double, that if any violent Rain or Storm <lb></lb>obliged the Spectators to fly for Shelter, it <lb></lb>might not drive in upon them. </s> <s>Theſe Porti<lb></lb>coes and Colonades, thus placed under the up<lb></lb>per Portico, were not like thoſe which we have <lb></lb>deſcribed for Temples or Baſiliques, but built <lb></lb>of ſtrong Pilaſters, and in Imitation of tri<lb></lb>umphal Arches. </s> <s>We ſhall firſt therefore treat <lb></lb>of theſe under Porticoes, as being built for the <lb></lb>Sake of that above. </s> <s>The Rule for the Aper<lb></lb>tures of theſe Porticoes is, that to every Paſſage <lb></lb>into the middle Area of the Theatre, there <lb></lb>ought to be one of them, and each of theſe <lb></lb>Apertures ſhould be accompanied with others <lb></lb>in certain Proportions, anſwering exactly one to <lb></lb>the other in Height, Breadth, Deſign and Or<lb></lb>naments. </s> <s>The Breadth of the Area for walk<lb></lb>ing in theſe Porticoes, ſhould be equal to the <lb></lb>Aperture between Pilaſter and Pilaſter, and the <lb></lb>Breadth of each Pilaſter ſhould be equal to half <lb></lb>that Aperture: All which Rules muſt be ob<lb></lb>ſerved with the greateſt Care and Exactneſs. <lb></lb></s> <s>Laſtly, againſt theſe Pilaſters we muſt not ſet <lb></lb>Columns entirely inſulate, as in triumphal <lb></lb>Arches, but only three quarter Columns with <lb></lb>Pedeſtals under them, in Height one ſixth of <lb></lb>the Column itſelf. </s> <s>The other Ornaments muſt <lb></lb>be the ſame as thoſe in Temples. </s> <s>The Height <lb></lb>of theſe three quarter Columns, with their <lb></lb>whole Entablature, muſt be equal to half the <lb></lb>perpendicular Height of the Seats within, ſo <lb></lb>that on the Outſide there muſt be two Orders <lb></lb>of Columns one over the other, the ſecond of <lb></lb>which muſt be juſt even with the Top of thoſe <lb></lb>Seats, and over this we muſt lay the Pavement <lb></lb>for the upper Portico, which as we ſhewed be<lb></lb>fore, muſt look into the middle Area of the <lb></lb>Theatre, in Shape reſembling a Horſe-ſhoe. <lb></lb></s> <s>This Subſtructure being laid, we are to raiſe <lb></lb>our upper Portico, the Front and Colonade <lb></lb>whereof is not to receive its Light from with<lb></lb>out, like thoſe before deſcribed, but is to be <lb></lb>open to the Middle of the Theatre, as we have <lb></lb>already obſerved. </s> <s>This Work being raiſed in <lb></lb>order to prevent the Voice from being loſt and <lb></lb>diſperſed, may be called the Circumvallation. <lb></lb></s> <s>Its Height ſhould be the whole Height of the <lb></lb>outer Portico, with the Addition of one half, <lb></lb>and its Parts are theſe. </s> <s>The low Wall under <lb></lb>the Columns, which we may call a continued <lb></lb>Pedeſtal. </s> <s>This Wall of the whole Height of <pb xlink:href="003/01/243.jpg" pagenum="179"></pb>the Circumvallation, from the upper Seat to <lb></lb>the Top of the Entablature, muſt in great <lb></lb>Theatres be allowed never more than a Third, <lb></lb>and in ſmall ones, not leſs than a Fourth. </s> <s>Up<lb></lb>on this continued Pedeſtal ſtand the Columns <lb></lb>which with their Baſes and Capitals muſt be <lb></lb>equal to half the Height of the whole Circum<lb></lb>vallation. </s> <s>Over theſe Columns lies their En<lb></lb>tablature, and over all a Plain Wall, ſuch as we <lb></lb>deſcribed in Baſiliques, which Wall muſt be <lb></lb>allowed the ſixth remaining Part of the Height <lb></lb>of the Circumvallation. </s> <s>The Columns in this <lb></lb>Circumvallation ſhall be inſulate, raiſed aſter <lb></lb>the ſame Proportions as thoſe in the Baſiliques, <lb></lb>and in Number juſt anſwering to thoſe of the <lb></lb>three quarter Columns ſet againſt the Pilaſters <lb></lb>of the outward Portico, and they ſhall be <lb></lb>placed exactly in the ſame Rays, by which <lb></lb>Name I underſtand Lines drawn from the Cen<lb></lb>ter of the Theatre to the outward Columns. <lb></lb></s> <s>In the low Wall, or continued Pedeſtal, ſet <lb></lb>under the Columns of the inner Portico, muſt <lb></lb>be certain Openings, juſt over the Paſſages be<lb></lb>low into the Theatre, which Openings muſt <lb></lb>be in the Nature of Niches, wherein, if you <lb></lb>think fit, you may place a Sort of Vaſes of <lb></lb>Braſs, hung with their Mouths downwards, <lb></lb>that the Voice reverberating in them, may be <lb></lb>returned more ſonorous. </s> <s>I ſhall not here waſte <lb></lb>Time in conſidering thoſe Inſtructions in <emph type="italics"></emph>Vi<lb></lb>truvius,<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end> which he borrows from the Precepts <lb></lb>of Compoſition in Muſick, according to the <lb></lb>Rules of which he is for placing the juſt men<lb></lb>tioned Vaſes in Theatres, ſo as to correſpond <lb></lb>with the differerent Pitches of the ſeveral <lb></lb>Voices: A Curioſity eaſily talked of, but how <lb></lb>it is to be executed, let thoſe inform us, who <lb></lb>know. </s> <s>Thus much I muſt readily aſſent to, <lb></lb>and <emph type="italics"></emph>Ariſtotle<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end> himſelf is of the Opinion, that <lb></lb>hollow Veſſels of any Sort, and Wells too, are <lb></lb>of Service in ſtrengthening the Sound of the <lb></lb>Voice. </s> <s>But to return to the Portico on the <lb></lb>Inſide of the Theatre. </s> <s>The back Wall of this <lb></lb>Portico muſt be quite cloſe and entire, and ſo <lb></lb>ſhut in the whole Circumvallation, that the <lb></lb>Voice arriving there, may not be loſt. </s> <s>On the <lb></lb>Outſide of the Wall to the Street, we may ap<lb></lb>ply Columns as Ornaments, in Number, <lb></lb>Height, Proportions and Members, exactly an<lb></lb>ſwering to thoſe in the Porticoes under them, <lb></lb>in the outward Front of the Theatre. </s> <s>From <lb></lb>what has been ſaid, it is eaſy to collect in what <lb></lb>Particulars the greater Theatres differ from the <lb></lb>ſmaller. </s> <s>In the greater, the outward Portico <lb></lb>below is double, in the ſmaller ſingle: In the <lb></lb>former, there may be three Orders of Columns, <lb></lb>one over the other; in the latter, not more <lb></lb>than two. </s> <s>They alſo differ in this, that ſome <lb></lb>ſmall Theatres have no Portico at all on the <lb></lb>Inſide, but for their Circumvallation, have on<lb></lb>ly a plain Wall and a Cornice, which is in<lb></lb>tended for the ſame Purpoſe of returning the <lb></lb>Voice, as the Portico in great Theatres, and <lb></lb>in ſome of the largeſt Theatres, even this in<lb></lb>ward Portico is double. </s> <s>Laſtly, the outward <lb></lb>Covering of the Theatre muſt be well plaiſter<lb></lb>ed or coated, and made ſo ſloping that the <lb></lb>Water may run into Pipes placed in the Angles <lb></lb>of the Building, which muſt carry it off private<lb></lb>ly into proper Drains. </s> <s>Upon the upper Cor<lb></lb>nice on the Outſide of the Theatre, Mutules <lb></lb>and Stays muſt be contrived to ſupport Poles, <lb></lb>like the Maſts of Ships to which to faſten the <lb></lb>Ropes for ſpreading the Vela or Covering of <lb></lb>the Theatre upon any extraordinary Repreſen<lb></lb>tation. </s> <s>And as we are to raiſe ſo great a Pile <lb></lb>of Building to a juſt Height, the Wall ought to <lb></lb>be allowed a due Thickneſs for the ſupporting <lb></lb>ſuch a Weight. </s> <s>Let the Thickneſs therefore <lb></lb>of the outward Wall of the firſt Colonade be a <lb></lb>fifteenth Part of the Height of the whole Struc<lb></lb>ture. </s> <s>The middle Wall between the two Por<lb></lb>ticoes, when theſe are double, muſt want one <lb></lb>fourth Part of the Thickneſs of the outward <lb></lb>one. </s> <s>The next Story raiſed above this may be <lb></lb>a twelfth Part thinner than the lower one.</s></p><p type="head"> <s>CHAP. VIII.</s></p><p type="head"> <s><emph type="italics"></emph>Of the Ornaments of the Amphitheatre, Circus, publick Walks, and Halls, <lb></lb>and Courts for petty Judges.<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end></s></p><p type="main"> <s>Having ſaid thus much of Theatres, <lb></lb>it is neceſſary to give ſome Account <lb></lb>of the Circus and Amphitheatre which all owe <lb></lb>their Original to the Theatre, for the Circus is <lb></lb>indeed nothing elſe but a Theatre with its <lb></lb>Horns ſtretched further on in Lines equi-diſ<lb></lb>tant one from the other, only that the Nature <lb></lb>of this Building does not require Portices; and <pb xlink:href="003/01/244.jpg" pagenum="180"></pb>the Amphitheatre is formed of two Theatres <lb></lb>with their Horns joined together, and the <lb></lb>Rows of Seats continued quite round; and <lb></lb>the chief Difference between them is, that a <lb></lb>Theatre is properly an half Amphitheatre, <lb></lb>with this further Variation too, that the Am<lb></lb>phitheatre has its middle Area quite clear from <lb></lb>any Thing of a Stage or Scenes; but in all <lb></lb>other reſpects, and particularly in the Seats, <lb></lb>Porticoes, Entrances and the like, they exactly <lb></lb><arrow.to.target n="marg43"></arrow.to.target><lb></lb>agree. </s> <s>I am inclined to believe, that the Am<lb></lb>phitheatre was at firſt contrived chiefly for <lb></lb>Hunting, and that for this Reaſon it was made <lb></lb>round, to the Intent that the wild Beaſts <lb></lb>which were encloſed and baited in it, not <lb></lb>having any Nook or Corner to fly to, might <lb></lb>be the ſooner obliged to defend themſelves <lb></lb>againſt their Aſſailants, who were extremely <lb></lb>bold and dextrous at engaging with the fier<lb></lb>ceſt wild Beaſts. </s> <s>Some armed only with a <lb></lb>Javelin, would with the Help of that leap <lb></lb>over a wild Bull that was making at him full <lb></lb>Speed, and ſo elude his Blow. </s> <s>Others having <lb></lb>put on a Kind of Armour, compoſed of no<lb></lb>thing but thick Thorns and Prickles, would <lb></lb>ſuffer themſelves to be rowled about and <lb></lb>mumbled by a Bear. </s> <s>Others encloſed in a <lb></lb>Kind of wooden Cage, teazed and provoked a <lb></lb>Lion, and fome with nothing but a Cloak <lb></lb>about their left Arm, and a ſmall Ax or Mal<lb></lb>let in their right Hand would attack him <lb></lb>openly. </s> <s>In a Word, if any Man had either <lb></lb>Dexterity to deceive, or Courage and Strength <lb></lb>to cope with wild Beaſts, he offered himſelf as <lb></lb>a Champion, either merely for the Sake of Ho<lb></lb>nour, or for Reward. </s> <s>We read too, that both <lb></lb>in the Theatres and Amphitheatres, the great <lb></lb>Men uſed to throw Apples, or let fly little Birds <lb></lb>among the Mob, for the Pleaſure of ſeeing <lb></lb>them ſcramble for them. </s> <s>The middle Area <lb></lb>of the Amphitheatre, though it is ſurrounded <lb></lb>by two Theatres joined together, yet muſt not <lb></lb>be made ſolong as two compleat Theatres would <lb></lb>make it, if their Horns both pretended to meet <lb></lb>each other: But its Length muſt bear a cer<lb></lb>tain Proportion to its Breadth. </s> <s>Some among <lb></lb>the Ancients made the Length eight, and the <lb></lb>Breadth ſeven Parts, and ſome made the <lb></lb>Breadth three fourths of the Length. </s> <s>In other <lb></lb>Particulars it agrees with the Theatre: It muſt <lb></lb>have Porticoes on the Outſide, and one at the <lb></lb>Top within, over the higheſt Seat, which we <lb></lb><arrow.to.target n="marg44"></arrow.to.target><lb></lb>have called the Circumvallation. </s> <s>We are next <lb></lb>to treat of the Circus. </s> <s>Some tell us, that this <lb></lb>was built in Imitation of the heavenly Bodies; <lb></lb>for as the Heavens have twelve Houſes, ſo the <lb></lb>Circus has twelve Gates for Entrance; and as <lb></lb>there are ſeven Planets, ſo this has ſeven Goals, <lb></lb>lying from Eaſt to Weſt at a good Diſtance one <lb></lb>from the other, that through them the con<lb></lb>tending Chariots may hold their Courſe, as the <lb></lb>Sun and Moon do through the Zodiac; which <lb></lb>they did four-and-twenty Times, in Imitati<lb></lb>on of the four-and-twenty Hours. </s> <s>The Con<lb></lb>currents were alſo divided into four Squadrons, <lb></lb>each of which was diſtinguiſhed by its particu<lb></lb>lar Colour; the one was cloathed in Green, in <lb></lb>Repreſentation of the verdant Spring; another <lb></lb>to denote the flaming Summer in Red; the <lb></lb>third in White, in Imitation of the pale Au<lb></lb>tumn; and the fourth in dusky Brown for the <lb></lb>gloomy Winter. </s> <s>The middle Area of the Cir<lb></lb>cus was neither clear nor open like the Am<lb></lb>phitheatre, nor taken up with a Stage like the <lb></lb>Theatre, but it was divided Lengthways into <lb></lb>two Courſes by the Goals or Terms which <lb></lb>were ſet up at proper Diſtances, about which <lb></lb>the Horſes or Men performed their Races. </s> <s>Of <lb></lb>theſe Goals there were three principal ones, <lb></lb>whereof the Middlemoſt was the chief of all, <lb></lb>and this was a Pile of Stone tapering up to the <lb></lb>Top, upon account of which regular Diminu<lb></lb>tion, it was called an Obelisk. </s> <s>The other two <lb></lb>principal Goals were either coloſſal Statues, or <lb></lb>lofty Piles of Stones in the Nature of Trophies, <lb></lb>deſigned aſter the Workman's Fancy, ſo as <lb></lb>they were only great and beautiſul. </s> <s>Between <lb></lb>theſe principal Goals were two others on each <lb></lb>Side, either Columns or Obelisks leſs than the <lb></lb>former, which made up the Number of Seven. <lb></lb></s> <s>We read in Hiſtorians, that the Circus Maxi<lb></lb>mus at <emph type="italics"></emph>Rome<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end> was three Furlongs in Length, <lb></lb>and one in Breadth. </s> <s>Now indeed it is entire<lb></lb>ly deſtroyed, and there are not the leaſt Foot<lb></lb>ſteps remaining by which we can form a Judg<lb></lb>ment of its ancient Structure: But by an actual <lb></lb>Survey of other Works of this Nature I find the <lb></lb>Manner of them was as follows: The Anci<lb></lb>ents uſed to make the middle Area of the Cir<lb></lb>cus in Breadth at leaſt threeſcore Cubits, or <lb></lb>ninety Foot, and in Length ſeven Times that <lb></lb>Breadth. </s> <s>The Breadth was divided into two <lb></lb>equal Parts or Courſes by a Line drawn the <lb></lb>Length of the Circus, on which Line the Goals <lb></lb>or Terms were placed according to the follow<lb></lb>ing Method: The whole Length being divided <lb></lb>into ſeven Parts, one of thoſe Parts was given <lb></lb>to a Sweep at each End for the Concurrents to <lb></lb>turn out of the right Courſe into the left, and <lb></lb>the Remainder was allowed for the Goals, which <lb></lb><lb></lb></s></p><pb xlink:href="003/01/245.jpg"></pb><p type="margin"> <s><margin.target id="marg43"></margin.target>*</s></p><p type="margin"> <s><margin.target id="marg44"></margin.target>†</s></p><p type="caption"> <s>PLATE 54. <emph type="italics"></emph>(Page 180)<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end></s></p><figure id="id.003.01.245.1.jpg" xlink:href="003/01/245/1.jpg"></figure><p type="caption"> <s><emph type="italics"></emph>“Pianta dell' Anfiteatro” = plan of the amphitheater.<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end></s></p><pb xlink:href="003/01/246.jpg"></pb><p type="caption"> <s>PLATE 56. <emph type="italics"></emph>(Page 180)<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end><lb></lb><figure id="id.003.01.246.1.jpg" xlink:href="003/01/246/1.jpg"></figure><pb xlink:href="003/01/247.jpg"></pb><figure id="id.003.01.247.1.jpg" xlink:href="003/01/247/1.jpg"></figure></s></p><pb xlink:href="003/01/248.jpg"></pb><p type="caption"> <s>PLATE 55. <emph type="italics"></emph>(Page 180)<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end><lb></lb><figure id="id.003.01.248.1.jpg" xlink:href="003/01/248/1.jpg"></figure></s></p><pb xlink:href="003/01/249.jpg"></pb><p type="caption"> <s>PLATE 57. <emph type="italics"></emph>(Page 180)<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end><lb></lb><figure id="id.003.01.249.1.jpg" xlink:href="003/01/249/1.jpg"></figure></s></p><pb xlink:href="003/01/250.jpg"></pb><p type="caption"> <s>PLATE 58. <emph type="italics"></emph>(Page 181)<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end><lb></lb><figure id="id.003.01.250.1.jpg" xlink:href="003/01/250/1.jpg"></figure><pb xlink:href="003/01/251.jpg" pagenum="181"></pb>ſtanding at equal Diſtances from each other, <lb></lb>took up the other ſive ſevenths of the whole <lb></lb>Length of the Circus. </s> <s>One Goal was joined to <lb></lb>the other by a Kind of Breaſt-wall which was <lb></lb>never leſs than ſix Foot high, to keep the <lb></lb>Horſes that were running from croſſing out of <lb></lb>one Courſe into the other. </s> <s>On each Side of <lb></lb>the Circus were Seats raiſed to the Height of <lb></lb>never more than the fifth, nor leſs than the <lb></lb>ſixth of the whole Breadth of the middle Area; <lb></lb>and theſe Seats began from a Baſement, as in <lb></lb>Amphitheatres, that the Spectators might not <lb></lb>be within reach of any Hurt from the Beaſts. <lb></lb></s> <s>Among publick Works we may reckon thoſe <lb></lb>publick Walks, in which the Youth exerciſe <lb></lb>themſelves at Tennis, Leaping, or the Uſe of <lb></lb>Arms, and where the old Men walk to take <lb></lb>the Air, or if they are infirm, are carried about <lb></lb>for the Recovery of their Health. <emph type="italics"></emph>Celſus,<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end> the <lb></lb>Phyſician, ſays, that Exerciſe is much better <lb></lb>in the open Air, than under Cover; but that <lb></lb>they might exerciſe themſelves more commo<lb></lb>diouſly even in the Shade, they added Porti<lb></lb>coes which encloſed the whole Square. </s> <s>The <lb></lb>Square itſelf was ſometimes paved with Marble <lb></lb>and Moſaick Work, and ſometimes turfed with <lb></lb>Graſs, and planted with Myrtles, Juniper, <lb></lb><arrow.to.target n="marg45"></arrow.to.target><lb></lb>Cypreſs and Cedar Trees. </s> <s>The Porticoes on <lb></lb>three Sides were ſingle, and ſo large, that their <lb></lb>Proportion was two ninth Parts greater than <lb></lb>that of the Forum before treated of in this <lb></lb>Book; but on the fourth Side, which fronted <lb></lb>the South, the Portico was yet more ſpacious, <lb></lb>and double. </s> <s>In Froat it had <emph type="italics"></emph>Doric<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end> Columns, <lb></lb>whoſe Height was equal to the Breadth of the <lb></lb>Portico; the Columns behind, which divided <lb></lb>the inner Portico from the outward, were <lb></lb>higher than the former one fifth Part, for ſup<lb></lb>porting the Cover, and giving a Slope to the <lb></lb>Roof; and for this Reaſon they made them of <lb></lb>the <emph type="italics"></emph>Ionic<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end> Order, <emph type="italics"></emph>Ionic<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end> Columns being in their <lb></lb>very Nature taller than the <emph type="italics"></emph>Doric:<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end> Though I <lb></lb>cannot ſee why the Cieling of theſe Porticoes <lb></lb>ſhould not have been exactly level, which cer<lb></lb>tainly muſt have been more beautiſul to the <lb></lb>Eye. </s> <s>In both theſe Colonades, the Diameters <lb></lb>of the Columns were as follows: In the <emph type="italics"></emph>Do<lb></lb>ric,<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end> the lower Diameter of the Shaft was two <lb></lb>fifteenths of the whole Height, including the <lb></lb>Baſe and Capital; but in the <emph type="italics"></emph>Ionic<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end> and <emph type="italics"></emph>Corin<lb></lb>thian,<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end> the lower Diameter of the Shaft was <lb></lb>three ſixteenths of the Length of only the Shaft <lb></lb>of the Column. </s> <s>In other Reſpects they were <lb></lb>the ſame as thoſe uſed in Temples. </s> <s>To the <lb></lb>back Walls of theſe Porticoes, they added hand<lb></lb>ſome Walls or Rooms, where Philoſophers and <lb></lb>Men of Knowledge might converſe and diſ<lb></lb>pute upon the nobleſt Subjects; and of theſe <lb></lb>Rooms, ſome were proper for Winter, and <lb></lb>others for Summer. </s> <s>Thoſe which lay any <lb></lb>thing to the North, were for Summer, as <lb></lb>thoſe to the South, and which were not ex<lb></lb>poſed to any ſharp Winds, were for Winter; <lb></lb>beſides that thoſe for Winter were ſhut in with <lb></lb>entire Walls, whereas thoſe for Summer were <lb></lb>full of Windows, or rather were ſeparated only <lb></lb>by a Colonade, and had an open View to<lb></lb>wards the North, with Proſpects of Sea, Hills, <lb></lb>Lakes, or ſome other agreeable Landskip, and <lb></lb>admitted as much Light as poſſible. </s> <s>The Por<lb></lb>ticoes on the Right and Left of theſe Squares, <lb></lb>had the ſame Sort of back Rooms, ſhut in <lb></lb>from Winds, but open to the Morning and to <lb></lb>the Evening Sun, which ſhone in upon them <lb></lb>from the middle Area. </s> <s>The Plan of theſe <lb></lb>retiring Rooms was various, ſometimes they <lb></lb>were ſemicircular, ſometimes rectangular, but <lb></lb>always in a due Proportion to the Square itſelf, <lb></lb>and to the Porticoes which encompaſſed it <lb></lb>it. </s> <s>The Breadth of the whole Square with its <lb></lb>Porticoes, was half its Length, and this Breadth <lb></lb>was divided into eight Parts, ſix whereof were <lb></lb>given to the open Square, and one to each <lb></lb>Portico. </s> <s>When the back retiring Rooms were <lb></lb>ſemicircular, their Diameter was two fifths of <lb></lb>the open Area. </s> <s>In the back Wall of the Por<lb></lb>ticoes, were the Apertures for Entrance, and <lb></lb>for Light into thoſe Rooms. </s> <s>The Height of <lb></lb>the ſemicircular Retirements, in the greateſt <lb></lb>Proportion, was only equal to their Breadth; <lb></lb>but in ſmaller Works, it was one fifth Part <lb></lb>more. </s> <s>Over the Top of the Roof of the Por<lb></lb>tico, Openings were broke for the Admiſſion <lb></lb>of a ſtronger and more chearful Light into the <lb></lb>Room. </s> <s>If theſe Withdrawing-rooms were ſquare, <lb></lb>then their Breadth was twice the Breadth of the <lb></lb>Porticoes, and their Length twice their own <lb></lb>Breadth. </s> <s>That I call Length which runs along <lb></lb>with the Portico, ſo that upon entering into thoſe <lb></lb>Rooms from the Right, their Length lies to the <lb></lb>Left, and entering them from the Left, to the <lb></lb>Right. </s> <s>Among publick Works, we are alſo to in<lb></lb>clude the Portico for the inferior Judges, which <lb></lb>the Ancients uſed to build after the following <lb></lb>Manner: Their Bigneſs was according to the <lb></lb>Dignity of the City, but rather too large than <lb></lb>too ſmall, and along them was a Row of <lb></lb>Chamters, contiguous to each other, where <lb></lb>petty Conteſts were heard and determined. <lb></lb></s> <s>Thoſe Works which I have hitherto deſcribed <lb></lb><pb xlink:href="003/01/252.jpg" pagenum="182"></pb>ſeem to be truly publick, as they are deſigned <lb></lb>for the Uſe of all the People in general, both <lb></lb>noble and vulgar: But there are ſtill ſome other <lb></lb>Works of a publick Nature, which are for the <lb></lb>Uſe only of the principal Citizens, and of the <lb></lb>Magiſtrates; as for Inſtance, the Senate-houſe <lb></lb>and Council-chambers, whereof we are now <lb></lb>to give ſome Account.</s></p><p type="margin"> <s><margin.target id="marg45"></margin.target>*</s></p><p type="head"> <s>CHAP. IX.</s></p><p type="main"> <s><emph type="italics"></emph>Of the proper Ornaments for the Senatc-houſe and Council-chambers, as alſo of <lb></lb>the adorning the City with Groves, Lakes for Swimming, Libraries, Schools, <lb></lb>publick Stables, Arſenals and Mathematical Inſtruments.<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end></s></p><p type="main"> <s><emph type="italics"></emph>Plato<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end> appointed the Council to be held <lb></lb>in a Temple, and the <emph type="italics"></emph>Romans<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end> had a de<lb></lb>termined Place for that Purpoſe, which they <lb></lb>called their Comitium. </s> <s>At <emph type="italics"></emph>Ceraunia<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end> there <lb></lb>was a thick Grove, conſecrated to <emph type="italics"></emph>Jupi<lb></lb>ter,<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end> in which the <emph type="italics"></emph>Greeks<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end> uſed to meet to con<lb></lb>ſult about the Affairs of their State, and many <lb></lb>other Cities uſed to hold their Councils in the <lb></lb>Middle of the publick Forum. </s> <s>It was not <lb></lb>lawful for the <emph type="italics"></emph>Roman<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end> Senate to meet in any <lb></lb>Place that was not appointed by Augury, and <lb></lb><arrow.to.target n="marg46"></arrow.to.target><lb></lb>they commonly choſe ſome Temple. </s> <s>After<lb></lb>wards they erected <emph type="italics"></emph>Curiæ,<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end> or Courts for that <lb></lb>particular Purpoſe, and <emph type="italics"></emph>Varro<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end> tells us, that <lb></lb>theſe were of two Sorts: One in which the <lb></lb>Prieſts conſulted about religious Matters; the <lb></lb>other where the Senate regulated ſecular Affairs. <lb></lb></s> <s>Of the peculiar Properties of each of theſe I can <lb></lb>find nothing certain; unleſs we may be allow<lb></lb>ed to conjecture, that the former had ſome Re<lb></lb>ſemblance to a Temple, the latter to a Baſili<lb></lb>que. </s> <s>The Prieſts Court therefore may have a <lb></lb>vaulted Roof, and that of the Senators a flat <lb></lb>one. </s> <s>In both, the Members of the Council are <lb></lb>to declare their Opinion, by ſpeaking; and <lb></lb>therefore Regard is to be had in theſe Edifices <lb></lb>to the Sound of the Voice. </s> <s>For this Reaſon <lb></lb>there ought to be ſomething to prevent the <lb></lb>Voice from aſcending too high and being loſt, <lb></lb>and eſpecially in vaulted Roofs to prevent it <lb></lb>from thundering in the Top of the Vault and <lb></lb>deafening the Hearers: Upon which Account, <lb></lb>as well for Beauty as for this neceſſary Uſe, the <lb></lb>Wall ought to be crowned with a Cornice. </s> <s>I <lb></lb>find from Obſervation of the Structures of this <lb></lb>Sort left by the Ancients, that they uſed to <lb></lb>make their Courts ſquare. </s> <s>The Height of their <lb></lb>vaulted Courts was ſix ſevenths of the Breadth <lb></lb>of the Front, and the Roof was a plain Arch. <lb></lb></s> <s>Juſt oppoſite to the Door the Beholder's Eye <lb></lb>was ſtruck with the Tribunal, the Sagitta <lb></lb>whereof was the Third of its Chord: The <lb></lb>Breadth of the Aperture of the Door, was one <lb></lb>ſeventh of the whole Front. </s> <s>At half the <lb></lb>Height of the Wall, and one eighth Part of <lb></lb>that half, projected an Architrave, Freze and <lb></lb>Cornice upon an Order of Columns, either cloſe <lb></lb>or thin ſet, as the Architect liked beſt, accord<lb></lb>ing to the Rules of the Colonades and Porti<lb></lb>coes of a Temple. </s> <s>Over the Cornice on the <lb></lb>right and left Sides, in certain Niches opened <lb></lb>in the Wall, were Statues and other Figures <lb></lb>of religious Veneration, but in the Front at the <lb></lb>ſame Height with thoſe Niches, was a Window <lb></lb>twice as broad as high, with two little Columns <lb></lb>in the Middle of it, to ſupport the Tranſom. <lb></lb></s> <s>This was the Structure of the Prieſts Court. <lb></lb></s> <s>The Court for the Senators may be as follows: <lb></lb>The Breadth of the Platform muſt be two <lb></lb>thirds of its Length. </s> <s>The Height to the Rafters <lb></lb>of the Roof muſt be equal to the Breadth of <lb></lb>the Platform, with the Addition of one fourth <lb></lb>Part of that Breadth. </s> <s>The Wall muſt be crown<lb></lb>ed with a Cornice, according to the following <lb></lb>Rule. </s> <s>Having divided the whole clear Height <lb></lb>into nine Parts, one of thoſe Parts muſt be <lb></lb>given to the ſolid Baſement, or continued Pe<lb></lb>deſtal of the Columns, and againſt this Baſe<lb></lb>ment muſt be the Seats for the Senators. </s> <s>The <lb></lb>Remainder muſt afterwards be divided into <lb></lb>ſeven Parts, whereof four muſt be given to the <lb></lb>firſt Row of Columns, over which you muſt <lb></lb>raiſe another, both with their proper Baſes, <lb></lb>Capitals, Architraves, Frezes and Cornices, in <lb></lb>the Manner before preſcribed for a Baſilique. <lb></lb></s> <s>The Intervals between the Columns on each <lb></lb>Side, muſt always be in an odd Number, and <lb></lb>all equal to each other; but in Front, thoſe <lb></lb>Intervals muſt be no more than three, the <lb></lb>Middlemoſt whereof muſt be one fourth Part <lb></lb>broader than the other two. </s> <s>In every Interval <lb></lb>in the upper Row of Columns muſt be a Win<lb></lb>dow, this Sort of Courts requiring as much <lb></lb>Light as poſſible, and under each Window muſt <lb></lb></s></p><pb xlink:href="003/01/253.jpg"></pb><p type="margin"> <s><margin.target id="marg46"></margin.target>*</s></p><p type="caption"> <s>PLATE 59. <emph type="italics"></emph>(Page 182)<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end><lb></lb><figure id="id.003.01.253.1.jpg" xlink:href="003/01/253/1.jpg"></figure></s></p><pb xlink:href="003/01/254.jpg"></pb><p type="caption"> <s>PLATE 60. <emph type="italics"></emph>(Page 182)<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end><lb></lb><figure id="id.003.01.254.1.jpg" xlink:href="003/01/254/1.jpg"></figure></s></p><pb xlink:href="003/01/255.jpg"></pb><p type="caption"> <s>PLATE 61. <emph type="italics"></emph>(Page 182)<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end><lb></lb><figure id="id.003.01.255.1.jpg" xlink:href="003/01/255/1.jpg"></figure></s></p><pb xlink:href="003/01/256.jpg"></pb><p type="caption"> <s>PLATE 62. <emph type="italics"></emph>(Page 182)<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end><lb></lb><figure id="id.003.01.256.1.jpg" xlink:href="003/01/256/1.jpg"></figure><pb xlink:href="003/01/257.jpg" pagenum="183"></pb>be a Reſt, according to the Rules already given <lb></lb>for the Baſilique, and no Part of the Dreſs of <lb></lb>theſe Windows muſt riſe higher than the Shaft <lb></lb>of the Columns between which they ſtand, <lb></lb>excluſive of their Capitals. </s> <s>The Height of the <lb></lb>Aperture of the Window being divided into <lb></lb>cleven Parts, ſeven muſt be given to its Breadth. <lb></lb></s> <s>If you would have no upper Row of Columns <lb></lb>at all, then you may ſupport the upper Cornice <lb></lb>with Conſoles, inſtead of Capitals, according to <lb></lb>the Method already given in the Deſcription of <lb></lb>the <emph type="italics"></emph>Ionic<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end> Door. </s> <s>Then each Window will ſtand <lb></lb>between two Conſoles made after the following <lb></lb>Proportions. </s> <s>The Breadth of the Conſole muſt <lb></lb>be the ſame as the Top of the naked Shaft of <lb></lb>a Column in the ſame Place ought to be, exclu<lb></lb>ſive of the Aſtragal and Fillet, and its Length <lb></lb>equal to the Height of the <emph type="italics"></emph>Corinthian<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end> Capital <lb></lb>without its Abacus. </s> <s>The Projecture of the <lb></lb>Conſole muſt not exceed that of the Freze of <lb></lb>its Entablature. </s> <s>The Ancients in a great many <lb></lb>Places had ſeveral other Kinds of Structures and <lb></lb>Inventions which admitted of Ornaments, and <lb></lb>rendered the City more magnificent. </s> <s>We are <lb></lb>told, that near the Academy of <emph type="italics"></emph>Athens<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end> there <lb></lb>was a very fine Grove conſecrated to the Gods, <lb></lb>which was cut down by <emph type="italics"></emph>Sylla<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end> in order for the <lb></lb>caſting up an Intrenchment againſt <emph type="italics"></emph>Athens. <lb></lb></s> <s>Alexander Severus<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end> adorned his own Thermes, <lb></lb>or Baths, with a pleaſant Grove, and added to <lb></lb>thoſe of <emph type="italics"></emph>Antoninus<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end> ſeveral fine Lakes for Swim<lb></lb>ming in. </s> <s>The <emph type="italics"></emph>Agrigentines,<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end> upon <emph type="italics"></emph>Zelo<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end>'s Vic<lb></lb>tory againſt the <emph type="italics"></emph>Chalcedonians<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end> made ſuch a Lake <lb></lb>ſeven Furlongs long and twenty Cubits deep, <lb></lb>from which they raiſed a conſiderable Income. <lb></lb></s> <s>We read, that at <emph type="italics"></emph>Tivoli<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end> there was a very famous <lb></lb>publick Library. <emph type="italics"></emph>Piſiſtratus<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end> was the firſt that <lb></lb>erected ſuch a Library at <emph type="italics"></emph>Aihens,<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end> conſiſting of <lb></lb>a great Number of Books, which were carried <lb></lb>away by <emph type="italics"></emph>Xerxes<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end> into <emph type="italics"></emph>Perſia,<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end> and afterwards <lb></lb>brought back again to <emph type="italics"></emph>Athens<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end> by <emph type="italics"></emph>Seleucus.<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end></s><s> The <lb></lb><emph type="italics"></emph>Ptolomeys<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end> King of <emph type="italics"></emph>Ægypt<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end> had a Library con<lb></lb>ſiſting of ſeven hundred thouſand Volumns; <lb></lb>but why ſhould we wonder at ſuch a Number <lb></lb>of Books in a publick Collection, when there <lb></lb>was no leſs than ſixty-two thouſand Volumns <lb></lb>in the particular Library of the <emph type="italics"></emph>Gordians?<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end> In <lb></lb>the Country of <emph type="italics"></emph>Laodicea,<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end> beſides the Temple <lb></lb>of <emph type="italics"></emph>Nemeſis,<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end> there was a noble Phyſick School, <lb></lb>erected by <emph type="italics"></emph>Zeuxis,<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end> which was highly celebrat<lb></lb>ed. <emph type="italics"></emph>Appian<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end> tells us, that at <emph type="italics"></emph>Carthage<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end> there <lb></lb>was a Stable of three hundred Elephants, and <lb></lb>another of hundred Horſes, an Arſenal for two <lb></lb>hundred and twenty Ships, together with other <lb></lb>Magazines both of Arms and Proviſions ſuffi<lb></lb>cient to ſupply a whole Army. </s> <s>At <emph type="italics"></emph>Thebes,<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end><lb></lb>which was anciently called the City of the Sun, <lb></lb>we read, that there were no leſs than an hundred <lb></lb>publick Stables, each big enough to hold two <lb></lb>hundred Horſes. </s> <s>In <emph type="italics"></emph>Cizycus,<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end> an Iſland of the <lb></lb><emph type="italics"></emph>Propontis,<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end> there were two Ports, and between <lb></lb>them an Arſenal, the Roofs of which would <lb></lb>give Shelter to two hundred Veſſels. </s> <s>Upon <lb></lb>the <emph type="italics"></emph>Pireum,<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end> or Port of <emph type="italics"></emph>Athens,<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end> was a noble <lb></lb>Station for no leſs than four hundred Ships, <lb></lb>which was the celebrated Work of <emph type="italics"></emph>Philo. </s> <s>Di<lb></lb>onyſius,<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end> at the Haven of <emph type="italics"></emph>Syracuſe,<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end> made an <lb></lb>Arſenal divided into an hundred and ſixty Par<lb></lb>titions, each whereof would contain two Veſ<lb></lb>ſels, together with a Magazine, which in a few <lb></lb>Days would furniſh above an hundred and <lb></lb>twenty thouſand Shields, and an incredible <lb></lb>Number of Swords. </s> <s>At <emph type="italics"></emph>Sithicus<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end> the <emph type="italics"></emph>Spartans<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end><lb></lb>had an Arſenal of above an hundred and ſixty <lb></lb>Furlongs long. </s> <s>Thus we find Variety of Struc<lb></lb>tures among various Nations: But as to their <lb></lb>particular Forms, Deſigns and Contrivances, I <lb></lb>have nothing certain to preſcribe, except that <lb></lb>thoſe Parts of them which are for Uſe, muſt be <lb></lb>borrowed from the Rules of private Edifices, <lb></lb>and thoſe which are for Ornament and Magni<lb></lb>ficence, from thoſe of publick ones. </s> <s>I ſhall <lb></lb>only obſerve, that the principal Ornament of a <lb></lb>Library, is the Number and Variety of the <lb></lb>Books contained in it, and chiefly their being <lb></lb>collected from among the learned Remains of <lb></lb>Antiquity. </s> <s>Another great Ornament, are cu<lb></lb>rious mathematical Inſtruments of all Sorts, <lb></lb>eſpecially if they are like that made by <emph type="italics"></emph>Poſdo<lb></lb>nius,<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end> in which all the ſeven Planets performed <lb></lb>their proper Revolutions by their own Motion; <lb></lb>or that of <emph type="italics"></emph>Ariſtarchus,<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end> who we are told de<lb></lb>ſcribed a Plan of the whole World, with all its <lb></lb>ſeveral Provinces, upon a Table of Iron, to a <lb></lb>moſt curious Exactneſs, and the Buſts of the <lb></lb>ancient Poets, which <emph type="italics"></emph>Tiberius<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end> placed in his Li<lb></lb>brary, were certainly a very proper and beau<lb></lb>tiful Ornament. </s> <s>I think I have now gone <lb></lb>through with all the Ornaments that relate to <lb></lb>publick Edifices. </s> <s>I have treated both of the <lb></lb>Sacred and of the Profane, of Temples, Baſili<lb></lb>ques, Porticoes, Sepulchres, Highways, Ha<lb></lb>vens, Squares, Bridges, Triumphal Arches, <lb></lb>Theatres, Circuſſes, Courts, Council-chambers, <lb></lb>publick Places for Exerciſe, and the like, ſo <lb></lb>that there ſeems nothing of this Nature now <lb></lb>left for me to ſpeak of, except it be Thermes <lb></lb>or publick Baths.</s></p><pb xlink:href="003/01/258.jpg" pagenum="184"></pb><p type="head"> <s>CHAP. X.</s></p><p type="head"> <s><emph type="italics"></emph>Of Thermes or publick Baths; their Conveniencies and Ornaments.<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end><lb></lb><arrow.to.target n="marg47"></arrow.to.target></s></p><p type="margin"> <s><margin.target id="marg47"></margin.target>*</s></p><p type="main"> <s>Some have condemned Baths, imagining <lb></lb>they made Men effeminate, while others <lb></lb>have had ſo great an Opinion of them, that <lb></lb>they have waſhed in them ſeven Times a Day. <lb></lb></s> <s>The ancient Phyſicians, in order for the Cure <lb></lb>of various Diſtempers by means of Bathing, <lb></lb>erected a great Number of Thermes or publick <lb></lb>Baths in the City of <emph type="italics"></emph>Rome<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end> at an incredible Ex<lb></lb>pence. <emph type="italics"></emph>Heliogabalus<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end> particularly built <emph type="italics"></emph>Thermæ<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end><lb></lb>in a great many Places, but having waſhed <lb></lb>once in each, he immediately ordered it to be <lb></lb>demoliſhed, ſcorning ever to waſh twice in the <lb></lb>ſame Bath. </s> <s>I am not thoroughly determined <lb></lb>whether this Kind of Structure be of a publick <lb></lb>or private Nature: And indeed I cannot help <lb></lb>thinking that it partakes ſomewhat of both, <lb></lb>ſince in many Particulars, it borrows from the <lb></lb>Deſigns of private Edifices, and in many others <lb></lb>from thoſe of publick ones. </s> <s>A publick Bath <lb></lb>or Thermæ requiring a very large Area of <lb></lb>Ground to ſtand upon, it is not proper to build <lb></lb>it in the principal and moſt frequented Part of <lb></lb>the City, neither ſhould it be placed too far <lb></lb>out of the Way, becauſe both the chief Citi<lb></lb>zens and the Women muſt reſort thither to <lb></lb>waſh themſelves. </s> <s>The Thermæ itſelf muſt have <lb></lb>a large open Space clear round it, which muſt <lb></lb>be encompaſſed with a high Wall, with proper <lb></lb>Entrances at convenient Places. </s> <s>In the Mid<lb></lb>dle of the Therme muſt be a large ſtately Hall, <lb></lb>which muſt be as it were the Center of the <lb></lb>whole Edifice, with Cells all round it after the <lb></lb>Manner of the <emph type="italics"></emph>Etrurian<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end> Temple, which we <lb></lb>have already deſcribed. </s> <s>Into this Hall we are <lb></lb>to enter through a handſome Veſtibule, front<lb></lb>ing to the South, from which we paſs into an<lb></lb>other ſmaller Veſtibule or Lobby, and ſo into <lb></lb>the great Hall. </s> <s>From the Hall is a large Gate <lb></lb>fronting to the North, which opens into a large <lb></lb>open Square, on the Right and Left of which <lb></lb>are ſpacious Porticoes, and immediately behind <lb></lb>thoſe Porticoes are the cold Baths. </s> <s>Let us once <lb></lb>more go back into the great Hall. </s> <s>On the <lb></lb>right Side of this Hall, which lies to the Eaſt, <lb></lb>is a broad ſpacious Lobby, with three Cells on <lb></lb>each Side of it, lying oppoſite to each other. <lb></lb></s> <s>This Lobby carries us into another open Square, <lb></lb>which I call the Xyſtus, which is encompaſſed <lb></lb>with Porticoes on every Side. </s> <s>Of theſe Porti<lb></lb>coes, that which fronts you as you come into <lb></lb>the Square, has a handſome Withdrawing<lb></lb>room behind it. </s> <s>The Portico whoſe Front lies <lb></lb>to the South has cold Baths behind it, in the <lb></lb>ſame Manner as in the other Square, with con<lb></lb>venient Dreſſing-rooms adjoining to them: <lb></lb>And in the oppoſite Portico are the warm <lb></lb>Baths, which receive the ſouth Sun by Win<lb></lb>dows broke out behind the Portico. </s> <s>In con<lb></lb>venient Angles in the Porticoes of the Xyſtus <lb></lb>are the other ſmaller Veſtibules, for Paſſages <lb></lb>out into the open Space which encompaſſes the <lb></lb>whole Thermæ. </s> <s>Theſe are the ſeveral Mem<lb></lb>bers of the Thermæ which lie on the right Side <lb></lb>of the great Hall, and there muſt be juſt the <lb></lb>ſame on the left which lies to the Weſt, an<lb></lb>ſwering to the former: The Lobby with three <lb></lb>Cells on each Side, the open Square or Xyſtus <lb></lb>with its Porticoes and Withdrawing-rooms, and <lb></lb>the ſmaller Veſtibules in the Angles of the <lb></lb>Xyſtus. </s> <s>Let us return once more to that prin<lb></lb>cipal Veſtibule of the whole Structure, which <lb></lb>I ſaid fronted the South; on the right Hand of <lb></lb>which, upon the Line which runs to the Eaſt <lb></lb>are three Rooms, and as many on that which <lb></lb>runs to the Weſt; the one for the Women, <lb></lb>and the other for the Men. </s> <s>In the firſt Room <lb></lb>they undreſſed; in the ſecond they anointed <lb></lb>themſelves, and in the third they waſhed: And <lb></lb>ſome for the greater Magnificence, added a <lb></lb>fourth, for the Friends and Servants of thoſe <lb></lb>that were bathing to wait for them in. </s> <s>Theſe <lb></lb>Bathing-rooms received the Noon-day Sun at <lb></lb>very large Windows. </s> <s>Between theſe Rooms <lb></lb>and thoſe Cells which I told you lay along the <lb></lb>Side of the inner Lobbies, which lead out of <lb></lb>the great Hall into the open Square on the Side <lb></lb>or Xyſtus, another open Area was left, which <lb></lb>threw Light into the ſouth Side of thoſe inner <lb></lb>Cells that lie along thoſe Lobbies from the great <lb></lb>Hall. </s> <s>The whole Edifice of the Thermæ, as <lb></lb>I before obſerved, was encompaſſed clear round <lb></lb>with a broad open Space, which was even ſpa<lb></lb>cious enough for Races, nor were Goals want<lb></lb>ing in proper Places of it for that Purpoſe. </s> <s>In <lb></lb>the open Space on the ſouth Side in which is <lb></lb>the principal Veſtibule of the whole Edifice, <lb></lb></s></p><pb xlink:href="003/01/259.jpg"></pb><p type="caption"> <s>PLATE 63. <emph type="italics"></emph>(Pages 184-85)<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end><lb></lb><figure id="id.003.01.259.1.jpg" xlink:href="003/01/259/1.jpg"></figure><pb xlink:href="003/01/260.jpg"></pb><figure id="id.003.01.260.1.jpg" xlink:href="003/01/260/1.jpg"></figure><pb xlink:href="003/01/261.jpg" pagenum="185"></pb>was a large ſemicircular Area verging to the <lb></lb>South, in which ſeveral Rows of Seats were <lb></lb>raiſed like thoſe in the Theatre, and the Wall <lb></lb>was raiſed very high on that Side to keep off <lb></lb>the ſouth Sun. </s> <s>All this open Space quite <lb></lb>round the whole Thermæ was encloſed, like a <lb></lb>Caſtle, with a continued Wall, and in this out<lb></lb>ward Wall were ſeveral handſome Rooms, <lb></lb>either quadrangular or ſemicircular, which <lb></lb>looked towards the Thermæ itſelf. </s> <s>In theſe <lb></lb>Rooms the Citizens at Morning or Evening, or <lb></lb>any Hour they liked beſt, enjoyed either Sun <lb></lb>or Shade. </s> <s>Beſides all theſe, and eſpecially to<lb></lb>wards the North, behind the incloſing Wall <lb></lb>were open Piazzas, of moderate Height, longer <lb></lb>than broad, and drawn upon a curve Plat<lb></lb>form. </s> <s>Theſe Piazzas were ſurrounded by cir<lb></lb>cular Porticoes, with a cloſe Wall at their <lb></lb>Back, ſo that very little Sky was to be ſeen in <lb></lb>theſe Piazzas, and between theſe Porticoes and <lb></lb>the main Incloſure was a very good Refuge <lb></lb>from the Heat in Summer, becauſe by means <lb></lb>of the Narrowneſs of the Piazza itſelf, and the <lb></lb>Height of the main Wall, the Sun, even in the <lb></lb>Summer Solſtice could hardly ſtrike in upon it. <lb></lb></s> <s>In the Angles of the main Incloſure were Veſ<lb></lb>tibules and little Temples in which the Ma<lb></lb>trons, having cleanſed and purified themſelves, <lb></lb>offered Oblations to their Gods. </s> <s>This is a <lb></lb>brief Account of the ſeveral Members and Parts <lb></lb>of the ancient Thermæ or Baths, and the De<lb></lb>ſigns of the ſeveral Members were taken either <lb></lb>from the Structures which we have already de<lb></lb>ſcribed, or from thoſe which we are ſtill to <lb></lb>treat of, according as they had the greateſt Re<lb></lb>lation either to publick or to private Edifices; <lb></lb>and the Platform of moſt of the ancient <lb></lb>Edifices of this Sort contained above ten thou<lb></lb>ſand Foot ſquare.</s></p><p type="head"> <s><emph type="italics"></emph>The End of Book<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end> VIII.</s></p><figure id="id.003.01.261.1.jpg" xlink:href="003/01/261/1.jpg"></figure><pb xlink:href="003/01/262.jpg"></pb><p type="head"> <s>THE <lb></lb><emph type="bold"></emph>ARCHITECTURE<emph.end type="bold"></emph.end><lb></lb>OF <lb></lb><emph type="bold"></emph><emph type="italics"></emph>Leone Batiſta Alberti.<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end><emph.end type="bold"></emph.end></s></p><p type="head"> <s>BOOK IX. CHAP. I.</s></p><p type="head"> <s><emph type="italics"></emph>That particular Regard muſt be had to Frugality and Parſimony, and of the <lb></lb>adorning the Palaces or Houſes of the King and principal Magiſtrates.<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end></s></p><p type="main"> <s>We are here to remember, that there <lb></lb>are two Sorts of Houſes for private <lb></lb>Men; ſome for the Town and others <lb></lb>for the Country; and of theſe again <lb></lb>ſome are intended for Citizens of meaner Rank, <lb></lb>and others for thoſe of the higheſt Quality. <lb></lb></s> <s>We are now to treat of the proper Ornaments <lb></lb>for each of theſe; but firſt I would premiſe <lb></lb>ſome few neceſſary Precautions. </s> <s>We find that <lb></lb>among the Ancients the Men of the greateſt <lb></lb>Prudence and Modeſty were always beſt pleaſed <lb></lb>with Temperance and Parſimony in all Things, <lb></lb>both publick and private, and particularly in <lb></lb>the Affair of Building, judging it neceſſary to <lb></lb>prevent and reſtrain all Extravagance and Pro<lb></lb>fuſion in their Citizens in theſe Points, which <lb></lb>they did to the utmoſt of their Power both by <lb></lb>Admonitions and Laws. </s> <s>For this Reaſon <emph type="italics"></emph>Plato<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end><lb></lb>commends thoſe who, as we have before obſerv<lb></lb>ed, made a Decree, that no Man ſhould have in <lb></lb>his Houſe any Picture that was finer than thoſe <lb></lb>which had been ſet up in the Temples of their <lb></lb>Gods by their Forefathers, and that even the <lb></lb>Temple itſelf ſhould be adorned with no other <lb></lb>Painting but ſuch a ſingle Picture as one Painter <lb></lb>could draw in one ſingle Day. </s> <s>He alſo or<lb></lb>dained, that the Statues of the Gods themſelves <lb></lb>ſhould be made only of Wood or Stone, and <lb></lb>that Iron and Braſs ſhould be left for the Uſes <lb></lb>of War, whereof they were the proper Inſtru<lb></lb>ments. <emph type="italics"></emph>Demoſthenes<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end> cried up the Manners of <lb></lb>the ancient <emph type="italics"></emph>Athenians,<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end> much beyond thoſe of <lb></lb>his Cotemporaries; for he tells us, they left an <lb></lb>infinite Number of publick Edifices, and eſpe<lb></lb>cially of Temples, ſo magnificent and richly <lb></lb>adorned that nothing could exceed them; but <lb></lb>they were ſo modeſt in their private Buildings, <lb></lb>that the Houſes of the very nobleſt Citizens <lb></lb>differed very little from thoſe of the meaneſt; <lb></lb>by which means they effected, what is very <lb></lb>rarely known among Men, to overcome Envy <lb></lb>by Glory. </s> <s>But the <emph type="italics"></emph>Spartans<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end> condemned even <lb></lb>theſe, for having embelliſhed their City more <lb></lb>with the Builder's Skill, than with the Splendor <lb></lb>of their own Exploits, while they themſelves <lb></lb>gloried, that they had adorned their own City <lb></lb>more by their Virtue than by their fine Build<lb></lb>ings. </s> <s>Among them it was one of <emph type="italics"></emph>Lycurgus<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end>'s <lb></lb>Laws, that their Roofs ſhould be wrought with <lb></lb>no nicer Tool than the Ax, and their Doors <lb></lb>with the Saw. <emph type="italics"></emph>Ageſilaus,<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end> when he beheld <lb></lb>ſquare Rafters in the Houſes in <emph type="italics"></emph>Aſia,<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end> laughed <lb></lb>at them; and asked the People, whether if <lb></lb>they had grown naturally ſquare, they would <lb></lb>not have made them round? </s> <s>And doubtleſs he <lb></lb>was in the Right; becauſe, according to the <lb></lb>ancient Modeſty of his Nation, he was of Opi<lb></lb>nion, that the Houſes of private Perſons ought <lb></lb>to be built only for Convenience, and not for <lb></lb>Beauty or Magnificence. </s> <s>It was a Law in <pb xlink:href="003/01/263.jpg" pagenum="187"></pb><emph type="italics"></emph>Germany,<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end> in <emph type="italics"></emph>Cæſar<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end>'s Time, that no Man ſhould <lb></lb>build too delicately, and eſpecially in the <lb></lb>Country, to prevent Diſſention among the <lb></lb>People from a Deſire of uſurping each other's <lb></lb>Poſſeſſions. <emph type="italics"></emph>Valerious Poplicola<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end> having built a <lb></lb>ſtately Houſe on that which is now the <emph type="italics"></emph>Monte <lb></lb>Cavallo<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end> at <emph type="italics"></emph>Rome,<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end> pulled it down to avoid Envy, <lb></lb>and built himſelf another in the Plain; and the <lb></lb>ſame Modeſty appeared in every Thing both <lb></lb>Publick and Private in thoſe ancient Times, <lb></lb>while the Manners of the <emph type="italics"></emph>Romans<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end> continued <lb></lb>uncorrupted: But afterwards, when the Em<lb></lb>pire was enlarged, the Luxury of Building ran <lb></lb>ſo high in almoſt every Body (except in <emph type="italics"></emph>Octa<lb></lb>vianus,<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end> who had ſo great a Diſlike to ſumptu<lb></lb>ous Buildings, that he pulled down a Country<lb></lb>houſe only for its being too magnificent) I ſay, <lb></lb>the Extravagance of Building ran ſo high in <lb></lb>the City of <emph type="italics"></emph>Rome,<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end> that ſome of the <emph type="italics"></emph>Gordian<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end><lb></lb>Family, among others, built a Houſe on the <lb></lb>Road to <emph type="italics"></emph>Preneſte,<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end> with two hundred Columns <lb></lb>all of the ſame Bigneſs, and upon one Row, <lb></lb>whereof fifty were of <emph type="italics"></emph>Numidian,<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end> fifty of <emph type="italics"></emph>Clau<lb></lb>dian,<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end> fifty of <emph type="italics"></emph>Samian,<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end> and fifty of <emph type="italics"></emph>Titian<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end> Mar<lb></lb>ble, as I remember to have read. </s> <s>What a <lb></lb>Piece of Magnificence was that which we read <lb></lb>of in <emph type="italics"></emph>Lucretius,<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end> that in ſome Houſes there were <lb></lb>Statues of young Men all of Gold, holding <lb></lb>lighted Torches in their right Hands, to light <lb></lb>up their Feaſts at Night? </s> <s>My Deſign in men<lb></lb>tioning theſe Things is to confirm by the Com<lb></lb>pariſon, what I ſaid before, that the Magnifi<lb></lb>cence of the Building ſhould be adapted to the <lb></lb>Dignity of the Owner; and if I may offer my <lb></lb>Opinion, I ſhould rather, in private Edifices, <lb></lb>that the greateſt Men fell rather a little ſhort <lb></lb>in Ornament, than they ſhould be condemned <lb></lb>for Luxury and Profuſion by the more Diſ<lb></lb>creet and Frugal. </s> <s>But ſince all agree, that we <lb></lb>ſhould endeavour to leave a Reputation behind <lb></lb>us, not only for our Wiſdom but our Power <lb></lb>too; for this Reaſon, as <emph type="italics"></emph>Thucydides<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end> obſerves, <lb></lb>we erect great Structures, that our Poſterity <lb></lb>may ſuppoſe us to have been great Perſons. <lb></lb></s> <s>When therefore we adorn our Habitations not <lb></lb>more for Delicacy than to procure Honour to <lb></lb>our Country and our Families, who can deny <lb></lb>this to be a Work well becoming the wiſeſt <lb></lb>Men? </s> <s>Accordingly I would have thoſe Parts <lb></lb>of the Houſe which are chiefly in the publick <lb></lb>View, and which are in a Manner to give the <lb></lb>firſt Welcome to every Gueſt, as the Front, the <lb></lb>Veſtibule, and the like, be made as handſome <lb></lb>as poſſible. </s> <s>And, though indeed I think thoſe <lb></lb>ought to be very much blamed that are guilty <lb></lb>of too much Exceſs; yet I think thoſe are much <lb></lb>more to be condemned that lay out a great <lb></lb>Expence upon a Building capable of no Orna<lb></lb>ment, than thoſe that turn both their Thoughts <lb></lb>and Money upon Ornament principally: Tho' <lb></lb>I believe, I may venture to ſay, that whoever <lb></lb>conſiders the true Nature of Ornament in <lb></lb>Building will be convinced, that it is not Ex<lb></lb>pence ſo much that is requiſite,, as Taſte and <lb></lb>Contrivance. </s> <s>I think no prudent Man in <lb></lb>building his private Houſe ſhould willingly <lb></lb>differ too much from his Neighbours, or raiſe <lb></lb>their Envy by his too great Expence and Oſ<lb></lb>tentation; neither, on the other Hand, ſhould <lb></lb>he ſuffer himſelf to be out-done by any one <lb></lb>whatſoever in the Ingenuity of Contrivance, or <lb></lb>Elegance of Taſte, to which the whole Beauty <lb></lb>of the Compoſition, and Harmony of the ſeve<lb></lb>ral Members muſt be owing, which is indeed <lb></lb>the higheſt and principal Ornament in all <lb></lb>Building. </s> <s>But to return to our Subject.</s></p><p type="main"> <s>THE Royal Palace, or in a free City, the <lb></lb>Houſe of the Senator or chief Magiſtrate ought <lb></lb>to be the firſt in Beauty and Magnificence. <lb></lb></s> <s>Of the Ornaments of thoſe Parts of this Palace <lb></lb>or Houſe which bear any Relation to a pub<lb></lb>lick Edifice, I have treated already. </s> <s>We are <lb></lb>now to adorn thoſe Parts which are intended <lb></lb>only for private Uſe. </s> <s>I would have the Veſti<lb></lb>bule adorned in the moſt handſome and ſplen<lb></lb>did Manner, according to the Quality of the <lb></lb>Owner; beſides which there ſhould be ſtately <lb></lb>Porticoes, and handſome Courts, with every <lb></lb>Thing elſe in Imitation of a publick Edifice, <lb></lb>that tends either to Dignity or Ornament, as far <lb></lb>as the Nature of the Structure itſelf will bear, <lb></lb>only uſing ſo much Moderation as to ſeem ra<lb></lb>ther to aim at Beauty and Gracefulneſs, than <lb></lb>at any Thing ſumptuous: And as we obſerved <lb></lb>in the laſt Book, with relation to Works of a <lb></lb>publick Nature, that ſecular Buildings ought <lb></lb>to yield in Dignity to the ſacred, ſo here the <lb></lb>Edifices of private Perſons ought to give Way <lb></lb>in Excellence and Number of Ornaments to <lb></lb>thoſe of the publick. </s> <s>A private Houſe ought <lb></lb>not to have Doors of Braſs or Ivory, which was <lb></lb>objected to <emph type="italics"></emph>Camillus<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end> as a Crime, nor Roofs <lb></lb>fretted with great Quantities of Gold, or inlaid <lb></lb>with Glaſs, nor ſhould every Part be incruſted <lb></lb>with <emph type="italics"></emph>Hymettian<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end> or <emph type="italics"></emph>Parian<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end> Marble; ſuch Ma<lb></lb>terials being proper only in Temples: But the <lb></lb>Builder's chief Commendation in a private <lb></lb>Structure, is to uſe moderate Materials elegant<lb></lb>ly, and elegant ones moderately. </s> <s>Let him <lb></lb>be contented with Cypreſs, Larch and Box <pb xlink:href="003/01/264.jpg" pagenum="188"></pb>Wood; let his Incruſtations or outward Coat <lb></lb>be adorned with plain Figures in Stuc, or with <lb></lb>ſome ſlight Painting, and his Cornices at moſt <lb></lb>of common Marble. </s> <s>Not that he muſt abſo<lb></lb>lutely reject the moſt precious Materials; but <lb></lb>he ſhould place them only in the moſt honour<lb></lb>able Parts, like Gems in a Crown. </s> <s>But to give <lb></lb>my Opinion of the whole Matter in one Word, <lb></lb>I think that a ſacred Edifice ſhould be adorned <lb></lb>in ſuch a Manner, that it ſhould be impoſſible <lb></lb>to add any Thing that can conduce either to <lb></lb>Majeſty, Beauty or Wonder: Whereas a pri<lb></lb>vate Structure ſhould be ſo contrived, that it <lb></lb>ſhall be impoſſible to take any Thing from it, <lb></lb>without leſſening its Dignity. </s> <s>Other Buildings, <lb></lb>that is to ſay, the Profane of a publick Nature, <lb></lb>ſhould obſerve the Medium between theſe two <lb></lb>Extremes. </s> <s>Buildings of a private Sort ſhould <lb></lb>keep ſtrictly to the Ornaments proper to them, <lb></lb>only they may be made uſe of here with ſome<lb></lb>what more Freedom. </s> <s>For Inſtance, if the Co<lb></lb>lumns be of rather a ſmaller Diameter, or elſe <lb></lb>more turgid, or if the Diminution of the Top <lb></lb>of the Shaft be greater than the exact Propor<lb></lb>tions for publick Structures, they ought not <lb></lb>here to be condemned, provided they do not <lb></lb>look deformed or unſightly. </s> <s>And whereas in <lb></lb>publick Works not the leaſt Deviation is allow<lb></lb>ed from the exacteſt Laws of Proportion, in <lb></lb>private Works ſuch a Deviation is often hand<lb></lb>ſome and commendable. </s> <s>Thus we may ob<lb></lb>ſerve with what a beautiful Effect ſome of the <lb></lb>more lively Architects uſed in the Doors of <lb></lb>Halls, inſtead of Jambs to place huge Statues <lb></lb>of Slaves, which ſupported the Lintel on their <lb></lb>Heads; and to make Columns, eſpecially in the <lb></lb>Porticoes of their Gardens, with Knots in the <lb></lb>Shafts, in Imitation of Trees that had their <lb></lb>Branches cut off, or girded round with a Cinc<lb></lb>ture of Boughs, or with their whole Shaft <lb></lb>wreathed and enriched with Leaves, Birds, and <lb></lb>Channels: or where they would make the <lb></lb>Work extremely ſtrong, we find them erect<lb></lb>ing ſquare Columns, fortified with a half Co<lb></lb>lumn on each Side; which inſtead of Capitals <lb></lb>had either Baskets full of Vine Branches laden <lb></lb>with Fruit, or the Head of a Palm-tree riſing <lb></lb>up and full of Leaves, or a Knot of Serpents <lb></lb>wreathed together, or an Eagle with its Wings <lb></lb>expanded in Token of Pleaſure, or a <emph type="italics"></emph>Meduſa<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end>'s <lb></lb>Head with the Snakes hiſſing at each other, or <lb></lb>any other Fancy of the ſame Kind; to enu<lb></lb>merate all which, would be endleſs. </s> <s>But in all <lb></lb>theſe Liberties the Architect muſt be as care<lb></lb>ful as poſſible to keep the ſeveral Parts within <lb></lb>the Terms of the regular Lines and Angles, and <lb></lb>not ſuffer his Work to want a due Proportion <lb></lb>in its ſeveral Members: So that the Beholder <lb></lb>may immediately find, that his Deſign was to <lb></lb>be wanton in theſe Particulars, and to indulge a <lb></lb>Freedom of Invention. </s> <s>And as of the Parlours, <lb></lb>Paſſages and Apartments, ſome are more pub<lb></lb>lick, ſome more concealed, and as it were hid<lb></lb>den; the former may be allowed ſomewhat <lb></lb>more of the Splendor of a publick Structure, <lb></lb>but yet ſo as not to create Envy; and in the <lb></lb>latter we may allow ourſelves more Liberty in <lb></lb>departing out of the common Road, and con<lb></lb>triving ſomething new.</s></p><p type="head"> <s>CHAP. II.</s></p><p type="head"> <s><emph type="italics"></emph>Of the Adorning of private Houſes, both in City and Country.<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end></s></p><p type="main"> <s>But as of the Houſes of private Perſons, <lb></lb>ſome are in the City, and ſome in the <lb></lb>Country, we muſt ſay ſomething of the Orna<lb></lb>ments proper to each of theſe. </s> <s>Between a <lb></lb>Houſe in Town and a Houſe in the Country, <lb></lb>there is this further Difference, beſides what we <lb></lb>took notice of in the laſt Book, that the Orna<lb></lb>ments, for that in Town ought to be much <lb></lb>more grave than thoſe for a Houſe in the Coun<lb></lb>try, where all the gayeſt and moſt licentious <lb></lb>Embelliſhments are allowable. </s> <s>There is an<lb></lb>other Difference too between them, which is, <lb></lb>that in Town you are obliged to moderate <lb></lb>yourſelves in ſeveral Reſpects according to the <lb></lb>Privileges of your Neighbour; whereas you have <lb></lb>much more Liberty in the Country. </s> <s>In Town <lb></lb>you muſt not raiſe your Platform or Baſement <lb></lb>too high above your Neighbours, nor let your <lb></lb>Portico project too far forwards from the Line <lb></lb>of the adjacent Buildings. </s> <s>The Thickneſs and <lb></lb>Height of the Walls at <emph type="italics"></emph>Rome<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end> anciently were <lb></lb>not ſuffered to be according to every Man's <lb></lb>particular Fancy, but by an old Law were all <lb></lb>to be made according to a certain Standard; <lb></lb>and <emph type="italics"></emph>Julius Cæſar,<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end> upon account of the Miſ<lb></lb>chiefs that might happen from bad Foundati<pb xlink:href="003/01/265.jpg" pagenum="189"></pb>ons, ordained that no Houſe ſhould be more <lb></lb>than one Story high: To which Regulations a <lb></lb>Country-houſe is not ſubject. </s> <s>It was reckoned <lb></lb>one of the Glories of <emph type="italics"></emph>Babylon,<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end> that their Houſes <lb></lb>had Inhabitants in the fourth Story. <emph type="italics"></emph>Ælius <lb></lb>Ariſtides,<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end> the Orator, praiſing <emph type="italics"></emph>Rome<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end> in a pub<lb></lb>lick Oration, cried it up as a miraculous Work <lb></lb>of the <emph type="italics"></emph>Romans<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end> to have built upon great Houſes <lb></lb>other Houſes as great: a handſome Piece of <lb></lb>Flattery; but it ſhewed the Numerouſneſs of <lb></lb>the People much more than the Magnificence <lb></lb>of the Buildings themſelves. </s> <s>We are told that <lb></lb>in Height of Houſes the City of <emph type="italics"></emph>Rome<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end> was out<lb></lb>done by <emph type="italics"></emph>Tyre,<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end> which by that means was former<lb></lb>ly very near being wholly deſtroyed by Earth<lb></lb>quakes. </s> <s>It is one very great Beauty and Con<lb></lb>venience in a Building to have no more Aſcents <lb></lb>and Deſcents in it than are abſolutely neceſſary; <lb></lb>and it is certainly a very true Saying, that <lb></lb>Stairs are nothing but Incumbrances to a Houſe, <lb></lb>from which Incumbrances I find the Ancients <lb></lb>were very ſtudious to keep clear. </s> <s>But in the <lb></lb>Country there is no Manner of Neceſſity for <lb></lb>ſetting one Houſe thus upon another: For on<lb></lb>ly taking a larger Platform we may make <lb></lb>whatever Conveniencies we think fit upon the <lb></lb>ſame Floor; which I ſhould like extremely <lb></lb>well in Town too, if it could be had. </s> <s>There <lb></lb>is another Sort of private Houſes, in which the <lb></lb>Dignity of the Town-houſe, and the Delights <lb></lb>and Pleaſures of the Country-houſe are both <lb></lb>required; of which we ſaid nothing in the for<lb></lb>mer Books, reſerving it purpoſely for this very <lb></lb>Place: And theſe are the Pleaſure-houſes juſt <lb></lb>without the Town, or the Villa's which are by <lb></lb>no means to be paſſed by without ſome Obſer<lb></lb>vations, though I ſhall be as brief in them as <lb></lb>poſſible. </s> <s>Accordingly I ſhall here lay together <lb></lb>all that I have to ſay of each of theſe three <lb></lb>Sorts of Structures, and firſt of the Villa cloſe <lb></lb>to the Town. </s> <s>The Saying among the Anci<lb></lb>ents, Let him that buys a Country-houſe ſell <lb></lb>his Houſe in Town, and let him that has Buſi<lb></lb>neſs in Town, never think of a Houſe in the <lb></lb>Country, ſeems to imply, that a Villa near <lb></lb>Town is extremely convenient. </s> <s>The Phyſici<lb></lb>ans adviſe us to dwell in the cleareſt and open<lb></lb>eſt Air that we can find; and there is no room <lb></lb>to doubt but a Country-houſe ſeated upon an <lb></lb>Eminence, muſt of Courſe be the Beſt: But <lb></lb>then on the other Hand, the Maſter of a Fa<lb></lb>mily, upon account of his private Buſineſs, or <lb></lb>the publick Affairs, may be obliged to be often <lb></lb>in the City; for which Purpoſe a Houſe in <lb></lb>Town ſeems neceſſary: But then as the former <lb></lb>is inconvenient for Buſineſs, ſo the latter is <lb></lb>prejudicial to the Health. </s> <s>It is a common <lb></lb>Thing for the Generals of Armies to remove <lb></lb>their Camps often, to avoid being incommod<lb></lb>ed by ill Smells: What can we think then of a <lb></lb>great City, where ſuch vaſt Quantities of Filth, <lb></lb>and ſo long kept, are continually exhaling their <lb></lb>offenſive Steams? </s> <s>To reconcile this Dilemma <lb></lb>therefore, I do not think that of all the Struc<lb></lb>tures which are raiſed for the Conveniency of <lb></lb>Mankind, there is any ſo commodious or ſo <lb></lb>healthy as the Villa; which at the ſame Time <lb></lb>as it lies in the Way for Buſineſs, is not wholly <lb></lb>deſtitute of pure Air. <emph type="italics"></emph>Cicero<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end> deſired his Friend <lb></lb><emph type="italics"></emph>Atticus<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end> to build him a Villa in a Place of emi<lb></lb>nent Note: But I, for my Part, am not for ha<lb></lb>ving it in a Place of ſuch Reſort, that I muſt <lb></lb>never venture to appear at my Door without <lb></lb>being compleatly dreſſed. </s> <s>I would have it <lb></lb>afford me the Pleaſure which the old Gentle<lb></lb>man in <emph type="italics"></emph>Terence<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end> boaſts he enjoyed, <emph type="italics"></emph>of being never <lb></lb>tired either with the Town or Country. </s> <s>Martial<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end><lb></lb>too gives a very juſt Deſcription of his Way of <lb></lb>Living in ſuch a Villa.</s></p><p type="main"> <s><emph type="italics"></emph>You tell me, Friend, you much deſire to know, <lb></lb>What in my Villa I can find to do? <lb></lb></s> <s>I eat, drink, ſing, play, bathe, sleep, eat again, <lb></lb>Or read, or wanton in the Muſes Train.<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end></s></p><p type="main"> <s>THERE is certainly a vaſt deal of Satisfaction <lb></lb>in a convenient Retreat near the Town, where <lb></lb>a Man is at Liberty to do juſt what he pleaſes. <lb></lb></s> <s>The great Beauties of ſuch a Retreat, are being <lb></lb>near the City, upon an open airy Road, and <lb></lb>on a pleaſant Spot of Ground. </s> <s>The greateſt <lb></lb>Commendation of the Houſe itſelf is its making <lb></lb>a chearful Appearance to thoſe that go a little <lb></lb>Way out of Town to take the Air, as if it <lb></lb>ſeemed to invite every Beholder: And for this <lb></lb>Reaſon I would have it ſtand pretty high, but <lb></lb>upon ſo eaſy an Aſcent, that it ſhould hardly <lb></lb>be perceptible to thoſe that go to it, till they <lb></lb>find themſelves at the Top, and a large Pro<lb></lb>ſpect opens itſelf to their View. </s> <s>Nor ſhould <lb></lb>there be any Want of pleaſant Landskips, <lb></lb>flowery Meads, open Champains, ſhady Groves, <lb></lb>or limpid Brooks, or clear Streams and Lakes <lb></lb>ſor ſwimming, with all other Delights of the <lb></lb>ſame Sort, which we before obſerved to be ne<lb></lb>ceſſary in a Country Retreat, both for Conve<lb></lb>nience and Pleaſure. </s> <s>Laſtly, what I have al<lb></lb>ready ſaid conduces extremely to the Pleaſant<lb></lb>neſs of all Buildings, I would have the Front <lb></lb>and whole Body of the Houſe perfectly well <pb xlink:href="003/01/266.jpg" pagenum="190"></pb>lighted, and that it be open to receive a great <lb></lb>deal of Light and Sun, and a ſufficient Quan<lb></lb>tity of wholſome Air. </s> <s>Let nothing be within <lb></lb>View that can offend the Eye with a melan<lb></lb>choly Shade. </s> <s>Let all Things ſmile and ſeem <lb></lb>to welcome the Arrival of your Gueſts. </s> <s>Let <lb></lb>thoſe who are already entered be in Doubt <lb></lb>whether they ſhall for Pleaſure continue where <lb></lb>they are, or paſs on further to thoſe other Beau<lb></lb>ties which tempt them on. </s> <s>Let them be led <lb></lb>from ſquare Rooms into round ones, and again <lb></lb>from round into ſquare, and ſo into others <lb></lb>of mixed Lines, neither all round nor all <lb></lb>ſquare; and let the Paſſage into the very in<lb></lb>nermoſt Apartments be, if poſſible, without the <lb></lb>leaſt Aſcent or Deſcent, but all be upon one <lb></lb>even Floor, or at leaſt let the Aſcents be as <lb></lb>eaſy as may be.</s></p><p type="head"> <s>CHAP. III.</s></p><p type="head"> <s><emph type="italics"></emph>That the Parts and Members of a Houſe are different both in Nature and <lb></lb>Species, and that they are to be adorned in various Manners.<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end></s></p><p type="main"> <s>But as the Members or Parts of a Houſe <lb></lb>are very different one from the other both <lb></lb>in Nature and Species, it may now be proper <lb></lb>to ſay ſomething of each, having indeed pur<lb></lb>poſely reſerved them for this very Place: For <lb></lb>there are many Parts which it matters very <lb></lb>little whether you make round or ſquare, pro<lb></lb>vided they are fit for the Purpoſes to which they <lb></lb>are intended; but it is not equally indifferent <lb></lb>what Number they are in, and how they are <lb></lb>diſpoſed; and it is neceſſary that ſome ſhould <lb></lb>be larger, as the inner Courts, while ſome re<lb></lb>quire a ſmaller Area, as the Chambers and all <lb></lb>the private Apartments. </s> <s>Some others muſt be <lb></lb>in a Medium between the others, as Eating<lb></lb>parlours and the Veſtibule. </s> <s>We have already <lb></lb>in another Place given our Thoughts of the <lb></lb>apt Diſpoſition of each Member of a Houſe, <lb></lb>and as to the reſpective Difference of their <lb></lb>Areas, there is no Occaſion to ſpeak here, be<lb></lb>cauſe they are infinite both from the different <lb></lb>Humours of Men, and the different Ways of <lb></lb>Living in different Places. </s> <s>The Ancients, be<lb></lb>fore their Houſes made either a Portico, or at <lb></lb>leaſt a Porch, not always with ſtraight Lines, <lb></lb>but ſometimes with curve, after the Manner of <lb></lb>the Theatre. </s> <s>Next to the Portico lay the Veſ<lb></lb>tibule, which was almoſt conſtantly circular; <lb></lb>behind that was the Paſſage into the inner Court, <lb></lb>and thoſe other Parts of the Houſe which we <lb></lb>have already ſpoken of in their proper Places, <lb></lb>whereof to enter upon a freſh Deſcription <lb></lb>would make us too prolix. </s> <s>The Things that <lb></lb>we ought not to omit are theſe. </s> <s>Where the <lb></lb>Area is round it muſt be proportioned accord<lb></lb>ing to the Deſign of the Temple; unleſs there <lb></lb>be this Difference, that here the Height of the <lb></lb>Walls muſt be greater than in the Temple, for <lb></lb>Reaſons which you ſhall know ſhortly. </s> <s>If it <lb></lb>be quadrangular, then in ſome Particulars it <lb></lb>will differ from thoſe Inſtructions which we <lb></lb>have given for ſacred Edifices, as alſo for pro<lb></lb>fane ones of a publick Nature; but yet in <lb></lb>ſome others it will agree with the Council<lb></lb>chambers and Courts. </s> <s>According to the ge<lb></lb>neral Cuſtom of the Ancients, the Breadth of <lb></lb>the Porch was either two thirds of its Length, <lb></lb>or elſe the Length was one whole Breadth and <lb></lb>two thirds more, or elſe the Length was one <lb></lb>whole Breadth with the Addition of two fifths. <lb></lb></s> <s>To each of theſe Proportions the Ancients ſeem <lb></lb>always to have allowed the Height of the Wall to <lb></lb>be equal to its whole Length, and one third more. <lb></lb></s> <s>By taking the actual Dimenſion of a great many <lb></lb>Structures, I find that ſquare Platforms require <lb></lb>a different Height of Wall where they are to <lb></lb>be covered with vaulted Roofs, from what they <lb></lb>do when their Roof is to be flat: As alſo that <lb></lb>ſome Difference is to be made between the <lb></lb>Proportions of a large Building and thoſe of a <lb></lb>ſmall one: Which ariſes from the different In<lb></lb>terval that there is from the Beholder's Eye, <lb></lb>which muſt in this Caſe be conſidered as the <lb></lb>Center, to the extreme Height which it ſur<lb></lb>veys: But of thoſe Things we ſhall treat elſe<lb></lb>where. </s> <s>We muſt Proportion the Areas of our <lb></lb>Apartments to our Roof, and our Roof to the <lb></lb>Length of the Rafters with which it is to be <lb></lb>covered in. </s> <s>I call that a moderate Roof which <lb></lb>may be ſupported by a Piece of Timber of a <lb></lb>moderate Length. </s> <s>But beſides the Proportions <lb></lb>which I have already treated of, there are ſeve<lb></lb>ral other proper Dimenſions and Agreements of <lb></lb>Lines which I ſhall here endeavour to explain <lb></lb>as clearly and ſuccinctly as poſſible. </s> <s>If the <lb></lb>Length of the Platform be twice its Breadth; <pb xlink:href="003/01/267.jpg" pagenum="191"></pb>then, where the Roof is to be flat, the Height <lb></lb>muſt be equal to the Breadth; where the Roof <lb></lb>is to be vaulted, a third Part of that Breadth <lb></lb>more muſt be added. </s> <s>This may ſerve for mid<lb></lb>dling Buildings: In very large ones, if they are <lb></lb>to have a vaulted Roof, the whole Height muſt <lb></lb>be one whole Breadth, with the Addition of <lb></lb>one fourth Part; but if the Roof is to be flat <lb></lb>it muſt be one whole Breadth and two fifths. <lb></lb></s> <s>If the Length of the Platform be three Times its <lb></lb>Breadth, and the Roof is to be flat, let the <lb></lb>Height be one whole Breath and three quarters, <lb></lb>if the Roof is to be vaulted, let the Height be <lb></lb>one whole Breadth and an half. </s> <s>If the Length <lb></lb>of the Platform be four Times its Breadth, and <lb></lb>the Roof is to be vaulted, let the Height be <lb></lb>half its Length; and if the Roof is to be flat, <lb></lb>divide the Breadth into four Parts, and give <lb></lb>one and three quarters of thoſe Parts to the <lb></lb>Height. </s> <s>If the Length be five Times the <lb></lb>Breadth, make the Height the ſame as where <lb></lb>it is four Times, only with the Addition of <lb></lb>one ſixth Part of that Height; and if it is ſix <lb></lb>Times the Breadth, make it as before, adding <lb></lb>not a ſixth as in the former, but a fifth. </s> <s>If <lb></lb>the Platform be an exact Square with equal <lb></lb>Sides, and the Roof is to be vaulted, let the <lb></lb>Height exceed the Breadth as in the Platform <lb></lb>of three Breadths; but if the Roof is to be flat, <lb></lb>it muſt not exceed ſo much, and in the larger <lb></lb>Platforms, it muſt not exceed this Breadth <lb></lb>above one fourth Part. </s> <s>In thoſe Platforms <lb></lb>where the Length exceeds the Breadth only <lb></lb>one ninth Part, let the Height be exceeded by <lb></lb>the Breadth one ninth Part too; but this muſt <lb></lb>be only in a flat Roof. </s> <s>When the Length is <lb></lb>to be one whole Breadth and a third, let the <lb></lb>Height be one whole Breadth and a ſixth in flat <lb></lb>Roofs; but in vaulted ones, let the Height be <lb></lb>one whole Breadth and a ſixth of the Length. <lb></lb></s> <s>When the Length is one Breadth and an Half, <lb></lb>let the Height be one Breadth and a ſeventh of <lb></lb>that Breadth, in a flat Roof; but in a vaulted <lb></lb>one, let the Height be one Breadth, and a <lb></lb>ſeventh of the Length of the Platform. </s> <s>If the <lb></lb>Platform conſiſt of Lines whereof one is as <lb></lb>ſeven, and the other as five, or the Length be <lb></lb>as five and the Breadth as three, or the like, <lb></lb>according as the Neceſſity of the Place, or Va<lb></lb>riety of Invention, or the Nature of the Orna<lb></lb>ments requires; add thoſe two Lines together, <lb></lb>and allow one half of the Amount to the <lb></lb>Height. </s> <s>I muſt not here omit one Precaution, <lb></lb>namely, that the Veſtibule ought never to be <lb></lb>above twice as long as broad, and the Apart<lb></lb>ments never leſs broad than two thirds of their <lb></lb>Length. </s> <s>The Platforms which are in Length <lb></lb>three or four Times their Breadth or more, be<lb></lb>long only to Porticoes, and even they ought <lb></lb>never to be above ſix Times their Breadth. </s> <s>In <lb></lb>the Wall Apertures are to be left both for <lb></lb>Windows and Doors. </s> <s>If the Window is broke <lb></lb>in the Wall of the Breadth-line of the Plat<lb></lb>form, which in its very Nature is ſhorter than <lb></lb>that of the Length, then there muſt be only a <lb></lb>ſingle one; and this Window itſelf muſt either <lb></lb>be higher than it is broad, or elſe on the con<lb></lb>trary broader than it is high, which laſt Sort is <lb></lb>called a reclining Window. </s> <s>If the Breadth is <lb></lb>to be like that of the Door, ſomewhat leſs than <lb></lb>the Length; then let the Breadth of the clear <lb></lb>Opening be not more than a third, nor leſs than <lb></lb>a fourth Part of the Inſide of the Wall in which <lb></lb>it is made; and let the Reſt or Bottom of the <lb></lb>Window be in Height from the Floor not more <lb></lb>than four ninths of the whole Height, nor leſs <lb></lb>than two. </s> <s>The Height of the clear Open of <lb></lb>the Window muſt be one third more than its <lb></lb>Breadth; and this is the Proportion, if the Win<lb></lb>dow is to be higher than broad; but if the <lb></lb>Window is to be broader then high, than of <lb></lb>the whole inſide Length of the Wall in which <lb></lb>it is made, you muſt not allow the Open of the <lb></lb>Window leſs than one half, nor more than two <lb></lb>thirds. </s> <s>In the ſame Manner its Height too <lb></lb>muſt be made either half its Breadth, or two <lb></lb>thirds, only it muſt have two little Columns to <lb></lb>ſupport the Tranſom. </s> <s>If you are to make <lb></lb>Windows in the longer Side, there muſt be <lb></lb>more of them, and they ſhould be in an odd <lb></lb>Number. </s> <s>I find the Ancients were beſt pleaſed <lb></lb>with three, which were made in the following <lb></lb>Manner: The whole longeſt Side of the Wall <lb></lb>muſt be divided into never more than ſeven, nor <lb></lb>leſs than five Parts, of which taking three, in <lb></lb>each of them make a Window, making the <lb></lb>Height of the Open one whole Breadth and <lb></lb>three quarters, or one Breadth and four fifths. <lb></lb></s> <s>If you would make your Windows more nu<lb></lb>merous; as they will then partake of the Na<lb></lb>ture of a Portico, you may borrow the Dimen<lb></lb>ſions of your Openings from the Rules of the <lb></lb>Portico itſelf, and eſpecially from that of the <lb></lb>Theatre, as we laid them down in their proper <lb></lb>Place. </s> <s>The Doors muſt be made after the <lb></lb>Manner of thoſe which we deſcribed for the <lb></lb>Court and Council-chamber. </s> <s>Let the Dreſs of <lb></lb>the Windows be <emph type="italics"></emph>Corinthian;<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end> of the principal <lb></lb>Door, <emph type="italics"></emph>Ionic;<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end> of the Doors of the Halls and <lb></lb>Chambers, <emph type="italics"></emph>Doric.<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end></s><s> And thus much of the Lines, <lb></lb>as far as they relate to this preſent Purpoſe.</s></p><pb xlink:href="003/01/268.jpg" pagenum="192"></pb><p type="head"> <s>CHAP. IV.</s></p><p type="head"> <s><emph type="italics"></emph>With what Paintings, Plants, and Statues, it is proper to adorn the Pave<lb></lb>ments, Porticoes, Apartments and Gardens of a private Houſe.<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end></s></p><p type="main"> <s>There are ſome other Ornaments ex<lb></lb>tremely proper for a private Houſe, by <lb></lb>no means to be omitted in this Place. </s> <s>The <lb></lb>Ancients ſtained the Pavements of their Porti<lb></lb>coes with Labyrinths, both ſquare and circular, <lb></lb>in which the Boys uſed to exerciſe themſelves. <lb></lb></s> <s>I have myſelf ſeen Pavements ſtained in Imita<lb></lb>tion of the Bell-flower-weed, with its Branches <lb></lb>twining about very beautifully. </s> <s>Other have <lb></lb>paved their Chambers with a Sort of <emph type="italics"></emph>Moſaic<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end><lb></lb>Work of Marble, in Imitation of Carpets, others <lb></lb>in Imitation of Garlands and Branches of Trees. <lb></lb></s> <s>It was a very ingenious Invention of <emph type="italics"></emph>Oſis,<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end> who <lb></lb>ſtrewed the Pavement at <emph type="italics"></emph>Pergamus<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end> with inlaid <lb></lb>Work, in Imitation of the Fragments that lie <lb></lb>ſcattered about after Meals; an Ornament not <lb></lb>ill ſuited to a Parlour. <emph type="italics"></emph>Agrippa<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end> was very right <lb></lb>in making his Floors of common baked Earth. <lb></lb></s> <s>I, for my Part, hate every Thing that ſavours <lb></lb>of Luxury or Profuſion, and am beſt pleaſed <lb></lb>with thoſe Ornaments which ariſe principally <lb></lb>from the Ingenuity and Beauty of the Contri<lb></lb>vance. </s> <s>Upon ſide Walls no Sort of Painting <lb></lb>ſhews handſomer than the Repreſentation of <lb></lb>Columns in Architecture. <emph type="italics"></emph>Titius Cæſar<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end> adorn<lb></lb>ed the Walls of the Portico in which he uſed <lb></lb>to walk, with a Sort of <emph type="italics"></emph>Phœnician<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end> Stone ſo fine<lb></lb>ly poliſhed, that it returned the Reflection of <lb></lb>all the Objects like a Looking-glaſs. <emph type="italics"></emph>Antoninus <lb></lb>Caracalla,<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end> the Emperor, painted his Portico <lb></lb>with the memorable Exploits and Triumphs of <lb></lb>his Father. <emph type="italics"></emph>Severus<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end> did the ſame; but <emph type="italics"></emph>Aga<lb></lb>thocles<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end> painted not his Father's Actions, but his <lb></lb>own. </s> <s>Among the <emph type="italics"></emph>Perſians,<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end> according to their <lb></lb>ancient Laws, it was not permitted to paint or <lb></lb>carve any other Story, but of the wild Beaſts <lb></lb>ſlain by their Kings. </s> <s>It is certain, the brave <lb></lb>and memorable Actions of one's Countrymen, <lb></lb>and their Effigics, are Ornaments extremely <lb></lb>ſuitable both to Porticoes and Halls. <emph type="italics"></emph>Caius <lb></lb>Cæſar<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end> embelliſhed his Portico with the Statues <lb></lb>of all thoſe that had enlarged the Confines of <lb></lb>the Republick, and he gained a general Ap<lb></lb>probation by ſo doing. </s> <s>I am as much pleaſed <lb></lb>as any body with this Kind of Ornaments; but <lb></lb>yet I would not have the Wall too much <lb></lb>crowded with Statues or Hiſtory Pieces. </s> <s>We <lb></lb>may find by Gems, and eſpecially by Pearls, <lb></lb>that if they are ſet too thick together, they loſe <lb></lb>their Beauty. </s> <s>For this Reaſon, in ſome of the <lb></lb>moſt convenient and moſt conſpicuous Parts of <lb></lb>the Wall, I am for making handſome Pannels <lb></lb>of Stone, in which we may place either Sta<lb></lb>tues, or Pictures; ſuch as <emph type="italics"></emph>Pompey<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end> had carried <lb></lb>along in his Triumph; Repreſenting his Ex<lb></lb>ploits both by Sea and Land in Picture. </s> <s>Or <lb></lb>rather, I am for having Pictures of ſuch Ficti<lb></lb>ons of the Poets, as tend to the Promotion of <lb></lb>good Manners; ſuch as that of <emph type="italics"></emph>Dædalus,<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end> who <lb></lb>painted the Gates of <emph type="italics"></emph>Cumæ<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end> with the Repre<lb></lb>ſentation of <emph type="italics"></emph>Icarus<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end> flying. </s> <s>And as the Sub<lb></lb>jects both of Poetry and Painting are various, <lb></lb>ſome expreſſing the memorable Actions of great <lb></lb>Men; others Repreſenting the Manners of pri<lb></lb>vate Perſons; others deſcribing the Life of <lb></lb>Ruſticks: The former, as the moſt Majeſtick, <lb></lb>ſhould be applied to publick Works, and the <lb></lb>Buildings of Princes; and the latter, as the <lb></lb>more chearful, ſhould be ſet apart for Pleaſure<lb></lb>houſes and Gardens. </s> <s>Our Minds are delight<lb></lb>ed in a particular Manner with the Pictures of <lb></lb>pleaſant Landskips, of Havens, of Fiſhing, <lb></lb>Hunting, Swimming, Country Sports, of flowery <lb></lb>Fields and thick Groves. </s> <s>Neither is it foreign <lb></lb>to our preſent Purpoſe juſt to mention, that <lb></lb><emph type="italics"></emph>Octavianus,<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end> the Emperor, adorned his Palace <lb></lb>with the huge Bones of ſome extraordinary <lb></lb>Animals. </s> <s>The Ancients uſed to dreſs the <lb></lb>Walls of their Grottoes and Caverns with all <lb></lb>Manner of rough Work, with little Chips of <lb></lb>Pumice, or ſoft <emph type="italics"></emph>Tyburtine<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end> Stone, which <emph type="italics"></emph>Ovid<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end><lb></lb>calls the living Pumice; and ſome I have known <lb></lb>dawb them over with green Wax, in Imitati<lb></lb>on of the moſſy Slime which we always ſee in <lb></lb>moiſt Grottoes. </s> <s>I was extremely pleaſed with <lb></lb>an artificial Grotto which I have ſeen of this <lb></lb>Sort, with a clear Spring of Water falling from <lb></lb>it; the Walls were compoſed of various Sorts of <lb></lb>Sea-ſhells, lying roughly together, ſome reverſ<lb></lb>ed, ſome with their Mouths outwards, their <lb></lb>Colours being ſo artfully blended as to form a <lb></lb>very beautiful Variety. </s> <s>In that Apartment <lb></lb>which is peculiar to the Maſter of the Family <lb></lb>and his Wife, we ſhould take Care that nothing <pb xlink:href="003/01/269.jpg" pagenum="193"></pb>be painted but the moſt comely and beautiful <lb></lb>Faces; which we are told may be of no ſmall <lb></lb>Conſequence to the Conception of the Lady, <lb></lb>and the Beauty of the Children. </s> <s>Such as are <lb></lb>tormented with a Fever are not a little refreſh<lb></lb>ed by the Sight of Pictures of Springs, Caſcades <lb></lb>and Streams of Water, which any one may <lb></lb>eaſily experience; for if at any Time you find <lb></lb>it difficult to compoſe yourſelf to reſt in the <lb></lb>Night, only turn your Imagination upon ſuch <lb></lb>clear Waters as you can remember any where <lb></lb>to have ſeen, either of Springs, Lakes or Streams, <lb></lb>and that burning Drowth of the Mind, which <lb></lb>kept you waking, ſhall preſently be moiſtened, <lb></lb>and a pleaſant Forgetfulneſs ſhall creep upon <lb></lb>you, till you fall into a fine Sleep. </s> <s>To theſe <lb></lb>Delicacies we muſt add thoſe of well-diſpoſed <lb></lb>Gardens and beautiful Trees, together with <lb></lb>Porticoes in the Garden, where you may enjoy <lb></lb>either Sun or Shade. </s> <s>To theſe add ſome lit<lb></lb>tle pleaſant Meadow, with fine Springs of <lb></lb>Water burſting out in different Places where <lb></lb>leaſt expected. </s> <s>Let the Walks be terminated <lb></lb>by Trees that enjoy a perpetual Verdure, and <lb></lb>particularly on that Side which is beſt ſhelter<lb></lb>ed from Winds, let them be encloſed with Box, <lb></lb>which is preſently injured and rotted by ſtrong <lb></lb>Winds, and eſpecially by the leaſt Spray from the <lb></lb>Sea. </s> <s>In open Places, moſt expoſed to the Sun, <lb></lb>ſome ſet Myrtles, which will flouriſh extreme<lb></lb>ly in the Summer: But <emph type="italics"></emph>Theophraſtus<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end> affirms, <lb></lb>that the Myrtle, the Laurel, and the Ivy re<lb></lb>joyce in the Shade, and therefore directs us to <lb></lb>plant them thick, that they may mutually <lb></lb>ſhelter one another from the Sun by their own <lb></lb>Shade: Nor let there be wanting Cypreſs<lb></lb>trees cloathed with Ivy. </s> <s>Let the Ground alſo <lb></lb>be here and there thrown into thoſe Figures <lb></lb>that are moſt commended in the Platforms of <lb></lb>Houſes, Circles, Semicircles, and the like, and <lb></lb>ſurrounded with Laurels, Cedars, Junipers <lb></lb>with their Branches intermixed, and twining <lb></lb>one into the other. <emph type="italics"></emph>Phiteon<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end> of <emph type="italics"></emph>Agrigentum,<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end><lb></lb>though but a private Man, had in his Houſe <lb></lb>three hundred Vaſes of Stone, each whereof <lb></lb>would hold an hundred Amphoras, or about <lb></lb>fifteen of our Hogſheads. </s> <s>Such Vaſes are very <lb></lb>fine Ornaments for Fountains in Gardens. </s> <s>The <lb></lb>Ancients uſed to make their Walks into a Kind <lb></lb>of Arbours by Means of Vines ſupported by <lb></lb>Columns of Marble of the <emph type="italics"></emph>Corinthian<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end> Order, <lb></lb>which were ten of their own Diameters in <lb></lb>Height. </s> <s>The Trees ought to be planted in <lb></lb>Rows exactly even, and anſwering to one an<lb></lb>other exactly upon ſtraight Lines; and the <lb></lb>Gardens ſhould be enriched with rare Plants, <lb></lb>and ſuch as are in moſt Eſteem among the Phy<lb></lb>ſicians. </s> <s>It was a good agreeable Piece of Flat<lb></lb>tery among the ancient Gardeners, to trace <lb></lb>their Maſters Names in Box, or in ſweet-ſmel<lb></lb>ing Herbs, in Parterres. </s> <s>Roſe-trees, intermix<lb></lb>ed with Pomegranates and Cornels, are very <lb></lb>beautiful in a Hedge: But the Poet ſays,</s></p><p type="main"> <s><emph type="italics"></emph>Your Hedge of Oak with Plums and Cornel made, <lb></lb>To yield the Cattle Food, the Maſter Shade.<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end></s></p><p type="main"> <s>BUT perhaps this may ſuit better with a <lb></lb>Farm intended for Profit, than with a Villa <lb></lb>calculated chiefly for taking the Air in: And <lb></lb>indeed what we are told <emph type="italics"></emph>Democritus<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end> very much <lb></lb>condemned, namely, the incloſing a Garden <lb></lb>with any Sort of Wall, I ſhould not blame in <lb></lb>the Caſe before us, but am rather of Opinion, <lb></lb>that it is a very proper Defence againſt Malice <lb></lb>or Rapine. </s> <s>Nor am I diſpleaſed with the plac<lb></lb>ing ridiculous Statues in Gardens, provided they <lb></lb>have nothing in them obſcene. </s> <s>Such ſhould <lb></lb>be the Diſpoſition of the Villa. </s> <s>In Houſes in <lb></lb>Town, the inner Apartments and Parlours <lb></lb>ſhould not in the leaſt give way, either in <lb></lb>Chearfulneſs or Beauty, to the Villa; but in <lb></lb>the more publick Rooms, ſuch as the Hall and <lb></lb>Veſtibule, you ſhould not aim ſo much at De<lb></lb>licacy, as to forget a decent Gravity. </s> <s>The Por<lb></lb>ticoes of the Houſes of the principal Citizens <lb></lb>may have a compleat regular Entablature over <lb></lb>the Columns; but thoſe of lower Degree, <lb></lb>ſhould have only Arches. </s> <s>Vaulted Roofs are <lb></lb>proper in both. </s> <s>The whole Entablature muſt <lb></lb>be in Height one fourth Part of the Shaft. </s> <s>If <lb></lb>there is to be a ſecond Order of Columns over <lb></lb>the firſt, let that ſecond Order be one fourth <lb></lb>Part ſhorter than the lower one; and if there <lb></lb>is to be a third Order over this, let it be one <lb></lb>fifth Part ſhorter than that below it. </s> <s>In each <lb></lb>of theſe the Pedeſtal or Plinth under each Or<lb></lb>der of Columns, muſt be in Height one fourth <lb></lb>Part of the Column which it ſupports; but <lb></lb>where there is to be only one ſingle Row of <lb></lb>Columns, the Proportions may be taken from <lb></lb>thoſe of profane Works of a publick Nature. <lb></lb></s> <s>A private Houſe ſhould never have ſuch a Pe<lb></lb>diment as may ſeem to rival the Majeſty of a <lb></lb>Temple. </s> <s>However, the Front of the Veſtibule <lb></lb>may be raiſed ſomewhat above the reſt of the <lb></lb>Building, and be adorned with a ſmaller Pedi<lb></lb>ment. </s> <s>The reſt of the Front on each Side this <lb></lb>Pediment may be adorned with a ſmall Plinth, <lb></lb>which may riſe ſomewhat higher at the princi<pb xlink:href="003/01/270.jpg" pagenum="194"></pb>pal Angles I cannot be pleaſed with thoſe <lb></lb>who make Towers and Battlements to a pri<lb></lb>vate Houſe, which belong of right entirely to <lb></lb>a Fortification, or to the Caſtle of a Tyrant, <lb></lb>and are altogether inconſiſtent with the peace<lb></lb>able Aſpect of a well-governed City or Com<lb></lb>monwealth, as they ſhew either a Diſtruſt of <lb></lb>our Countrymen, or a Deſign to uſe Violence <lb></lb>againſt them. </s> <s>Balconies in the Front of a <lb></lb>Houſe are beautiful enough, provided they are <lb></lb>not too large, heavy, and out of Proportion.</s></p><p type="head"> <s>CHAP. V.</s></p><p type="head"> <s><emph type="italics"></emph>That the Beauty of all Edifices ariſes principally from three Things, namely, <lb></lb>the Number, Figure and Collocation of the ſeveral Members.<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end></s></p><p type="main"> <s>I now come once more to thoſe Points which <lb></lb>I before promiſed to enquire into, namely, <lb></lb>wherein it is that Beauty and Ornament, uni<lb></lb>verſally conſidered, conſiſt, or rather whence <lb></lb>they ariſe. </s> <s>An Enquiry of the utmoſt Diffi<lb></lb>culty; for whatever that Property be which is <lb></lb>ſo gathered and collected from the whole <lb></lb>Number and Nature of the ſeveral Parts, or to <lb></lb>be imparted to each of them according to a <lb></lb>certain and regular Order, or which muſt be <lb></lb>contrived in ſuch a Manner as to join and unite <lb></lb>a certain Number of Parts into one Body or <lb></lb>Whole, by an orderly and ſure Coherence and <lb></lb>Agreement of all thoſe Parts: Which Proper<lb></lb>ty is what we are here to diſcover; it is cer<lb></lb>tain, ſuch a Property muſt have in itſelf ſome<lb></lb>thing of the Force and Spirit of all the Parts <lb></lb>with which it is either united or mixed, other<lb></lb>wiſe they muſt jar and diſagree with each other, <lb></lb>and by ſuch Diſcord deſtroy the Uniformity or <lb></lb>Beauty of the Whole: The Diſcovery of which, <lb></lb>as it is far from being eaſy or obvious in any <lb></lb>other Caſe, ſo it is particularly difficult and un<lb></lb>certain here; the Art of Architecture conſiſt<lb></lb>ing of ſo many various Parts, and each of thoſe <lb></lb>Parts requiring ſo many various Ornaments as <lb></lb>you have already ſeen. </s> <s>However, as it is neceſ<lb></lb>ſary in the Proſecution of our Deſign, we ſhall <lb></lb>uſe the utmoſt of our Abilities in clearing this <lb></lb>obſcure Point, not going ſo far about as to ſhew <lb></lb>how a compleat Knowledge of a Whole is to <lb></lb>be gained by examining the ſeveral Parts diſ<lb></lb>tinct; but beginning immediately upon what <lb></lb>is to our preſent Purpoſe, by enquiring what <lb></lb>that Property is which in its Nature makes a <lb></lb>Thing beautiful. </s> <s>The moſt expert Artiſts <lb></lb>among the Ancients, as we have obſerved elſe<lb></lb>where, were of Opinion, that an Edifice was <lb></lb>like an Animal, ſo that in the Formation of it <lb></lb>we ought to imitate Nature. </s> <s>Let us therefore <lb></lb>enquire how it happens that in the Bodies pro<lb></lb>duced by Nature herſelf ſome are accounted <lb></lb>more, others leſs beautiful, or even deformed. <lb></lb></s> <s>It is manifeſt, that in thoſe which are eſteemed <lb></lb>beautiful, the Parts or Members are not con<lb></lb>ſtantly all the ſame, ſo as not to differ in any <lb></lb>Reſpect: But we find, that even in thoſe Parts <lb></lb>wherein they vary moſt, there is ſomething in<lb></lb>herent and implanted which though they dif<lb></lb>fer extremely from each other, makes each of <lb></lb>them beautiful. </s> <s>I will make uſe of an Ex<lb></lb>ample to illuſtrate my Meaning. </s> <s>Some admire <lb></lb>a Woman for being extremely ſlender and fine <lb></lb>ſhaped; the young Gentleman in <emph type="italics"></emph>Terence<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end> pre<lb></lb>fered a Girl that was plump and fleſhy: You <lb></lb>perhaps are for a Medium between theſe two <lb></lb>Extremes, and would neither have her ſo thin as <lb></lb>to ſeem waſted with Sickneſs, nor ſo ſtrong and <lb></lb>robuſt as if ſhe were a Ploughman in Diſguiſe, <lb></lb>and were fit for Boxing: In ſhort, you would <lb></lb>have her ſuch a Beauty as might be formed by <lb></lb>taking from the firſt what the ſecond might <lb></lb>ſpare. </s> <s>But then becauſe, one of theſe pleaſes <lb></lb>you more than the other, would you therefore <lb></lb>affirm the other to be not at all handſome or <lb></lb>graceful? </s> <s>By no means; but there may be ſome <lb></lb>hidden Cauſe why one ſhould plcaſe you more <lb></lb>than the other, into which I will not now pre<lb></lb>tend to enquire. </s> <s>But the Judgment which you <lb></lb>make that a Thing is beautiful, does not proceed <lb></lb>from mere Opinion, but from a ſecret Argu<lb></lb>ment and Diſcourſe implanted in the Mind it<lb></lb>ſelf; which plainly appears to be ſo from this, <lb></lb>that no Man beholds any Thing ugly or de<lb></lb>formed, without an immediate Hatred and <lb></lb>Abhorrence. </s> <s>Whence this Senſation of the <lb></lb>Mind ariſes, and how it is formed, would be a <lb></lb>Queſtion too ſubtle for this Place: However, <lb></lb>let us conſider and examine it from thoſe <lb></lb>Things which are obvious, and make more <lb></lb>immediately to the Subject in Hand: For with<lb></lb>out Queſtion there is a certain Excellence and <pb xlink:href="003/01/271.jpg" pagenum="195"></pb>natural Beauty in the Figures and Forms of <lb></lb>Buildings, which immediately ſtrike the Mind <lb></lb>with Pleaſure and Admiration. </s> <s>It is my Opi<lb></lb>nion, that Beauty, Majeſty, Gracefulneſs, and <lb></lb>the like Charms, conſiſt in thoſe Particulars <lb></lb>which if you alter or take away, the Whole <lb></lb>would be made homely and diſagreeable. </s> <s>If <lb></lb>we are convinced of this, it can be no very te<lb></lb>dious Enquiry to conſider thoſe Things which <lb></lb>may be taken away, encreaſed or altered, eſpe<lb></lb>cially in Figures and Forms: For every Body <lb></lb>conſiſts of certain peculiar Parts, of which if <lb></lb>you take away any one, or leſſen, or enlarge it, <lb></lb>or remove it to an improper Place; that which <lb></lb>before gave the Beauty and Grace to this Body <lb></lb>will at once be lamed and ſpoild. </s> <s>From hence <lb></lb>we may conclude, to avoid Prolixity in this <lb></lb>Reſearch, that there are three Things princi<lb></lb>pally in which the Whole of what we are look<lb></lb>ing into conſiſts: The Number, and that which <lb></lb>I have called the Finiſhing, and the Collocati<lb></lb>on. </s> <s>But there is ſtill ſomething elſe beſides, <lb></lb>which ariſes from the Conjunction and Con<lb></lb>nection of theſe other Parts, and gives the <lb></lb>Beauty and Grace to the Whole: Which we <lb></lb>will call Congruity, which we may conſider as <lb></lb>the Original of all that is graceful and hand<lb></lb>ſome. </s> <s>The Buſineſs and Office of Congruity <lb></lb>is to put together Members differing from each <lb></lb>other in their Natures, in ſuch a Manner, that <lb></lb>they may conſpire to form a beautiful Whole: <lb></lb>So that whenever ſuch a Compoſition offers it<lb></lb>ſelf to the Mind, either by the Conveyance of <lb></lb>the Sight, Hearing, or any of the other Senſes, <lb></lb>we immediately perceive this Congruity: For <lb></lb>by Nature we deſire Things perfect, and ad<lb></lb>here to them with Pleaſure when they are of<lb></lb>fered to us; nor does this Congruity ariſe ſo <lb></lb>much from the Body in which it is found, or <lb></lb>any of its Members, as from itſelf, and from <lb></lb>Nature, ſo that its true Seat is in the Mind and <lb></lb>in Reaſon; and accordingly it has a very large <lb></lb>Field to exerciſe itſelf and flouriſh in, and runs <lb></lb>through every Part and Action of Man's Life, <lb></lb>and every Production of Nature herſelf, which <lb></lb>are all directed by the Law of Congruity, nor <lb></lb>does Nature ſtudy any Thing more than to <lb></lb>make all her Works abſolute and perfect, which <lb></lb>they could never be without this Congruity, <lb></lb>ſince they would want that Conſent of Parts <lb></lb>which is ſo neceſſary to Perfection. </s> <s>But we <lb></lb>need not ſay more upon this Point, and if what <lb></lb>we have here laid down appears to be true, we <lb></lb>may conclude Beauty to be ſuch a Conſent and <lb></lb>Agreement of the Parts of a Whole in which it <lb></lb>is found, as to Number, Finiſhing and Collo<lb></lb>cation, as Congruity, that is to ſay, the princi<lb></lb>pal Law of Nature requires. </s> <s>This is what Ar<lb></lb>chitecture chiefly aims at, and by this ſhe ob<lb></lb>tains her Beauty, Dignity and Value. </s> <s>The <lb></lb>Ancients knowing from the Nature of Things, <lb></lb>that the Matter was in Fact as I have here ſtat<lb></lb>ed it, and being convinced, that if they neglect<lb></lb>ed this main Point they ſhould never produce <lb></lb>any Thing great or commendable, did in their <lb></lb>Works propoſe to themſelves chiefly the Imi<lb></lb>tation of Nature, as the greateſt Artiſt at all <lb></lb>Manner of Compoſitions; and for this Purpoſe <lb></lb>they laboured, as far as the Induſtry of Man <lb></lb>could reach, to diſcover the Laws upon which <lb></lb>ſhe herſelf acted in the Production of her <lb></lb>Works, in order to transfer them to the Buſi<lb></lb>neſs of Architecture. </s> <s>Reflecting therefore up<lb></lb>on the Practice of Nature as well with Relati<lb></lb>on to an entire Body, as to its ſeveral Parts, <lb></lb>they found from the very firſt Principles of <lb></lb>Things, that Bodies were not always compoſed <lb></lb>of equal Parts or Members; whence it happens, <lb></lb>that of the Bodies produced by Nature, ſome <lb></lb>are ſmaller, ſome larger, and ſome middling: <lb></lb>And conſidering that one Building differed <lb></lb>from another, upon account of the End for <lb></lb>which it was raiſed, and the Purpoſe which it <lb></lb>was to ſerve, as we have ſhewn in the ſore<lb></lb>going Books, they found it neceſſary to make <lb></lb>them of various Kinds. </s> <s>Thus from an Imi<lb></lb>tation of Nature they invented three Manners <lb></lb>of adorning a Building, and gave them Names <lb></lb>drawn from their firſt Inventors. </s> <s>One was <lb></lb>better contrived for Strength and Duration: <lb></lb>This they called <emph type="italics"></emph>Doric;<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end> another was more ta<lb></lb>per and beautiful, this they named <emph type="italics"></emph>Corinthian;<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end><lb></lb>another was a Kind of Medium compoſed from <lb></lb>the other two, and this they called <emph type="italics"></emph>Ionic.<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end></s><s> Thus <lb></lb>much related to the whole Body in general. <lb></lb></s> <s>Then obſerving, that thoſe three Things which <lb></lb>we have already mentioned, namely, the Num<lb></lb>ber, Finiſhing and Collocation, were what <lb></lb>chiefly conduced to make the whole beautiful, <lb></lb>they found how they were to make uſe of this <lb></lb>from a thorough Examination of the Works of <lb></lb>Nature, and, as I imagine, upon the following <lb></lb>Principles. </s> <s>The firſt Thing they obſerved, as <lb></lb>to Number, was that is was of two Sorts, even <lb></lb>and uneven, and they made uſe of both, but <lb></lb>in different Occaſions: For, from the Imita<lb></lb>tion of Nature, they never made the Ribs of <lb></lb>their Structure, that is to ſay, the Columns, <lb></lb>Angles and the like, in uneven Numbers; as <lb></lb>you ſhall not find any Animal that ſtands or <pb xlink:href="003/01/272.jpg" pagenum="196"></pb>moves upon an odd Number of Feet. </s> <s>On <lb></lb>the contrary, they made their Apertures al<lb></lb>ways in uneven Numbers, as Nature herſelf <lb></lb>has done in ſome Inſtances, for tho' in Ani<lb></lb>mals ſhe has placed an Ear, an Eye, and a <lb></lb>Noſtril on each Side, yet the great Aperture, <lb></lb>the Mouth, ſhe has ſet ſingly in the Middle. <lb></lb></s> <s>But among theſe Numbers, whether even or <lb></lb>uneven, there are ſome which ſeem to be <lb></lb>greater Favourites with Nature than others, <lb></lb>and more celebrated among learned Men; <lb></lb>which Architects have borrowed for the Com<lb></lb>poſition of the Members of their Edifices, <lb></lb>upon Account of their being endued with <lb></lb>ſome Qualities which make them more valu<lb></lb>able than any others.</s></p><p type="main"> <s>THUS all the Philoſophers affirm, that Na<lb></lb>ture herſelf conſiſts in a ternary Principle; <lb></lb>and ſo the Number five, when we conſider <lb></lb>the many Things, and thoſe ſo admirable and <lb></lb>various, which either follow this Number in <lb></lb>themſelves, or are derived from thoſe Things <lb></lb>which do, muſt be allowed to be divine in its <lb></lb>Nature, and worthily dedicated to the Gods <lb></lb>of the Arts, and particularly to <emph type="italics"></emph>Mercury.<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end></s><s> It is <lb></lb>certain, that Almighty God himſelf, the Crea<lb></lb>tor of all Things, takes particular Delight in <lb></lb>the Number Seven, having placed ſeven Pla<lb></lb>nets in the Skies, and having been pleaſed to <lb></lb>ordain with Regard to Man, the Glory of his <lb></lb>Creation, that Conception, Growth, Maturity <lb></lb>and the like, ſhould all be reduceable to this <lb></lb>Number Seven. <emph type="italics"></emph>Ariſtotle<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end> ſays, that the An<lb></lb>cients never uſed to give a Child a Name, till <lb></lb>it was ſeven Days old, as not thinking it was <lb></lb>deſtined to Life before; becauſe both the Seed <lb></lb>in the Womb, and the Child after its Birth, is <lb></lb>liable to very dangerous Accidents till the ſe<lb></lb>venth Day is over. </s> <s>Among odd Numbers, <lb></lb>that of Nine is highly celebrated, in which <lb></lb>Number that great Artiſt, Nature, made the <lb></lb>Spheres of Heaven; and the Philoſophers ſay, <lb></lb>that Nature in many, and thoſe the greateſt <lb></lb>Things, is contented with making uſe of the <lb></lb>ninth Part of a Whole. </s> <s>Thus forty is about <lb></lb>the Ninth Part of all the Days of the Year, <lb></lb>according to the Revolution of the Sun, and <lb></lb><emph type="italics"></emph>Hippocrates<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end> tells us, that in forty Days the <lb></lb><emph type="italics"></emph>Foetus<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end> is formed in the Womb. </s> <s>Moreover we <lb></lb>find, that in the Generality of acute Diſtem<lb></lb>pers, the Patient recovers at the End of forty <lb></lb>Days. </s> <s>At the End of the ſame Time Wo<lb></lb>men that are with Child of a Male, ceaſe their <lb></lb>Purgations, which, if they are delivered of a <lb></lb>Boy, after the ſame Term of forty Days, begin <lb></lb>afreſh. </s> <s>They ſay further, that the Child itſelf <lb></lb>for forty Days is never ſeen either to laugh or <lb></lb>ſhed Tears while it is awake; tho' in its Sleep <lb></lb>it will do both. </s> <s>And thus much of odd <lb></lb>Numbers.</s></p><p type="main"> <s>As to even Numbers, ſome Philoſophers <lb></lb>teach, that the Number four is dedicated to <lb></lb>the Deity, and for this Reaſon it was uſed in <lb></lb>the Taking the moſt ſolemn Oaths, which <lb></lb>were repeated four Times; and they tell us, <lb></lb>that even among the moſt excellent Numbers, <lb></lb>that of ſix is the moſt perfect, or conſiſting of <lb></lb>all its own entire Parts, for Example:<lb></lb><arrow.to.target n="table1"></arrow.to.target></s></p><table><table.target id="table1"></table.target><row><cell></cell><cell>1.1.1.1.1.1.</cell><cell>1.2.3.</cell><cell>1.5.</cell><cell>2.2.2.</cell></row><row><cell></cell><cell>6.</cell><cell>6.</cell><cell>6.</cell><cell>6.</cell></row><row><cell>2.4.</cell><cell>3.3.</cell><cell></cell><cell></cell><cell></cell></row><row><cell>6.</cell><cell>6.</cell><cell></cell><cell></cell><cell></cell></row></table><p type="main"> <s>And it is certain, that the Number eight has <lb></lb>an extraordinary Power in the Nature of <lb></lb>Things. </s> <s>Except in <emph type="italics"></emph>Ægypt,<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end> we never find, <lb></lb>that any Child born in the eighth Month, lives <lb></lb>long; nay, and even the Mother herſelf who <lb></lb>is is ſo delivered in the eighth Month, when <lb></lb>the Child is dead, will certainly, we are told, <lb></lb>die ſoon afterwards. </s> <s>If the Father touches <lb></lb>his Wife in the eighth Month, the Child will <lb></lb>be full of foul Humours, and its Skin will be <lb></lb>leprous and Scurfy, and nauſeous to the Sight. <lb></lb><emph type="italics"></emph>Ariſtotle<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end> was of Opinion, that the Number <lb></lb>ten was the moſt perfect of all, which was <lb></lb>probably becauſe its ſquare is compoſed of four <lb></lb>continued Cubes put together. </s> <s>Upon theſe <lb></lb>Accounts the Architects have moſt frequently <lb></lb>made uſe of the foregoing Numbers; but in <lb></lb>their Apertures they ſeldom have exceeded <lb></lb>that of ten for an even, or nine for an odd <lb></lb>Number, eſpecially in Temples. </s> <s>We are now <lb></lb>to treat of the Finiſhing.</s></p><p type="main"> <s>BY the Finiſhing I underſtand a certain <lb></lb>mutual Correſpondence of thoſe ſeveral Lines, <lb></lb>by which the Proportions are meaſured, where<lb></lb>of one is the Length, the other the Breadth, <lb></lb>and the other the Height.</s></p><p type="main"> <s>THE Rule of theſe Proportions is beſt ga<lb></lb>thered from thoſe Things in which we find <lb></lb>Nature herfelf to be moſt compleat and ad<lb></lb>mirable; and indeed I am every Day more <lb></lb>and more convinced of the Truth of <emph type="italics"></emph>Pytha<lb></lb>goras<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end>'s Saying, that Nature is ſure to act con<lb></lb>ſiſtently, and with a conſtant Analogy in all <lb></lb>her Operations: From whence I conclude, <pb xlink:href="003/01/273.jpg" pagenum="197"></pb>that the ſame Numbers, by means of which <lb></lb>the Agreement of Sounds affects our Ears with <lb></lb>Delight, are the very ſame which pleaſe our <lb></lb>Eyes and our Mind. </s> <s>We ſhall therefore bor<lb></lb>row all our Rules for the finiſhing our Pro<lb></lb>portions, from the Muſicians, who are the <lb></lb>greateſt Maſters of this Sort of Numbers, and <lb></lb>ſrom thoſe particular Things wherein Nature <lb></lb>ſhews herſelf moſt excellent and compleat: <lb></lb>Not that I ſhall look any further into theſe <lb></lb>Matters than is neceſſary for the Purpoſe of the <lb></lb>Architect. </s> <s>We ſhall not therefore pretend to <lb></lb>ſay any thing of Modulation, or the particular <lb></lb>Rules of any Inſtrument; but only ſpeak of <lb></lb>thoſe Points which are immediately to our Sub<lb></lb>ject, which are theſe. </s> <s>We have already ob<lb></lb>ſerved, that Harmony is an Agreement of ſeve<lb></lb>ral Tones, delightful to the Ears. </s> <s>Of Tones, <lb></lb>ſome are deep, ſome more acute. </s> <s>The deeper <lb></lb>Tones proceed from a longer String; and the <lb></lb>more acute, from a ſhorter: And from the mu<lb></lb>tual Connection of theſe Tones ariſes all the <lb></lb>Variety of Harmony. </s> <s>This Harmony the An<lb></lb>cients gathered from interchangeable Concords <lb></lb>of the Tones, by means of certain determinate <lb></lb>Numbers; the Names of which Concords are <lb></lb>as follows: <emph type="italics"></emph>Diapente,<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end> or the Fifth, which is <lb></lb>alſo called <emph type="italics"></emph>Seſquialtera: Diateſſaron,<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end> or the <lb></lb>Fourth, called alſo, <emph type="italics"></emph>Seſquitertia: Diapaſon,<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end> or <lb></lb>the Eighth, alſo called the double Tone; <emph type="italics"></emph>Dia<lb></lb>paſon Diapente,<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end> the twelfth or triple Tone, and <lb></lb><emph type="italics"></emph>Diſdiapaſon,<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end> the fifteenth or <emph type="italics"></emph>Quadruple.<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end></s><s> To <lb></lb>theſe was added the Tonus, which was alſo <lb></lb>called the <emph type="italics"></emph>Seſquioctave.<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end></s><s> Theſe ſeveral Con<lb></lb>cords, compared with the Strings themſelves, <lb></lb>bore the following Proportions. </s> <s>The <emph type="italics"></emph>Seſqui<lb></lb>altera<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end> was ſo called, becauſe the String which <lb></lb>produced it bore the ſame Proportion to that <lb></lb>to which it is compared, as one and an half <lb></lb>does to one; which was the Meaning of the <lb></lb>Word <emph type="italics"></emph>Seſqui,<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end> among the Ancients. </s> <s>In the <emph type="italics"></emph>Seſ<lb></lb>quialtera<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end> therefore the longer String muſt be <lb></lb>allowed three, and the ſhorter, two.<lb></lb><arrow.to.target n="table2"></arrow.to.target></s></p><table><table.target id="table2"></table.target><row><cell>3 000</cell><cell></cell></row><row><cell></cell><cell><emph type="italics"></emph>Seſquialtera.<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end></cell></row><row><cell>2 00</cell><cell></cell></row></table><p type="main"> <s>THE <emph type="italics"></emph>Seſquitertia<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end> is where the longer String <lb></lb>contains the ſhorter one and one third more: <lb></lb>The longer therefore muſt be as four, and the <lb></lb>ſhorter as three.<lb></lb><arrow.to.target n="table3"></arrow.to.target></s></p><table><table.target id="table3"></table.target><row><cell>4 0000</cell><cell></cell></row><row><cell></cell><cell><emph type="italics"></emph>Seſquitertia<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end></cell></row><row><cell>3 000</cell><cell></cell></row></table><p type="main"> <s>BUT in that Concord which was called <emph type="italics"></emph>Dia<lb></lb>paſon,<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end> the Numbers anſwer to one another in <lb></lb>a double Proportion, as two to one, or the <lb></lb>Whole to the Halſ: And in the <emph type="italics"></emph>Triple,<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end> they <lb></lb>anſwer as three to one, or as the Whole to one <lb></lb>third of itſelf.<lb></lb><arrow.to.target n="table4"></arrow.to.target></s></p><table><table.target id="table4"></table.target><row><cell>2 00</cell><cell></cell><cell>300</cell><cell></cell></row><row><cell></cell><cell><emph type="italics"></emph>Diapaſon,<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end> or double</cell><cell></cell><cell><emph type="italics"></emph>Triple<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end></cell></row><row><cell>1 0</cell><cell></cell><cell>1 0</cell><cell></cell></row></table><p type="main"> <s>IN the <emph type="italics"></emph>Quadruple<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end> the Proportions are as <lb></lb>four to one, or as the Whole to its fourth Part.<lb></lb><arrow.to.target n="table5"></arrow.to.target></s></p><table><table.target id="table5"></table.target><row><cell>4 0000</cell><cell></cell></row><row><cell></cell><cell><emph type="italics"></emph>Quadruple<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end></cell></row><row><cell>1 0</cell><cell></cell></row></table><p type="main"> <s>LASTLY, all theſe muſical Numbers are as <lb></lb>follows: One, two, three, four, and the Tone <lb></lb>before-mentioned, wherein the long String <lb></lb>compared to the ſhorter, exceeds it one eighth <lb></lb>Part of that ſhorter String.<lb></lb><arrow.to.target n="table6"></arrow.to.target></s></p><table><table.target id="table6"></table.target><row><cell>1. 2. 3. 4.</cell><cell>8 00000000</cell><cell></cell></row><row><cell></cell><cell></cell><cell><emph type="italics"></emph>Tone<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end></cell></row><row><cell>Muſical Numbers</cell><cell>9 00000000,0</cell><cell></cell></row></table><p type="main"> <s>OF all theſe Numbers the Architects made <lb></lb>very convenient Uſe, taking them ſometimes <lb></lb>two by two, as in planning out their Squares <lb></lb>and open Areas, wherein only two Proporti<lb></lb>ons were to be conſidered, namely, Length <lb></lb>and Breadth; and ſometimes taking them three <lb></lb>by three, as in publick Halls, Council-cham<lb></lb>bers, and the like; wherein as the Length was <lb></lb>to bear a Proportion to the Breadth, ſo they <lb></lb>made the Height in a certain harmonious Pro<lb></lb>portion to them both.</s></p><p type="head"> <s>CHAP. VI.</s></p><p type="head"> <s><emph type="italics"></emph>Of the Proportions of Numbers in the Meaſuring of Areas, and the Rules for <lb></lb>ſome other Proportions drawn neither from natural Bodies, nor from Harmony.<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end></s></p><p type="main"> <s>Of theſe Proportions we are now to treat <lb></lb>more particularly, and firſt we ſhall ſay <lb></lb>ſomething of thoſe Areas where only two are <lb></lb>uſed. </s> <s>Of Areas, ſome are ſhort, ſome long, <lb></lb>and ſome between both. </s> <s>The ſhorteſt of all <lb></lb>is the perfect Square, every Side whereof is of <pb xlink:href="003/01/274.jpg" pagenum="198"></pb>equal Length, all correſponding with one an<lb></lb>other at Right Angles. </s> <s>The neareſt to this is <lb></lb>the <emph type="italics"></emph>Seſquialtera,<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end> and the <emph type="italics"></emph>Seſquitertian<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end> alſo may <lb></lb>be reckoned among the ſhorter Areas. </s> <s>Theſe <lb></lb>three Proportions therefore, which we may alſo <lb></lb>call ſimple, are proper for the ſmaller Plat<lb></lb>forms. </s> <s>There are likewiſe three others, which <lb></lb>are proper for middling Platforms: The beſt <lb></lb>of all is the Double, and the next beſt is that <lb></lb>which is formed of the <emph type="italics"></emph>Seſquialtera<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end> doubled, <lb></lb>which is produced as follows: Having ſet <lb></lb>down the leaſt Number of the Area, as, for <lb></lb>Inſtance, four, lengthen it to the firſt <emph type="italics"></emph>Seſqui<lb></lb>altera,<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end> which will make ſix, and then add the <lb></lb><emph type="italics"></emph>Seſquialtera<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end> of this ſix, which will produce <lb></lb>nine. </s> <s>Thus the Length will exceed the Breadth <lb></lb>in a double Proportion, and one Tone more.<lb></lb><arrow.to.target n="table7"></arrow.to.target></s></p><table><table.target id="table7"></table.target><row><cell>4 0000</cell><cell></cell></row><row><cell></cell><cell><emph type="italics"></emph>Seſquialtera<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end></cell></row><row><cell>6 000000</cell><cell></cell></row><row><cell>9 000000000</cell><cell><emph type="italics"></emph>Seſquialtera<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end> doubled</cell></row></table><p type="main"> <s>FOR moderate Platforms alſo, we may uſe <lb></lb>that Proportion which ariſes from the <emph type="italics"></emph>Seſqui<lb></lb>tertian<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end> doubled in the ſame Manner as the for<lb></lb>mer; wherein the Length and Breadth will <lb></lb>be as nine and ſixteen.<lb></lb><arrow.to.target n="table8"></arrow.to.target></s></p><table><table.target id="table8"></table.target><row><cell>9 000000000</cell><cell></cell></row><row><cell></cell><cell><emph type="italics"></emph>Seſquitertia<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end></cell></row><row><cell>12 000000000000</cell><cell></cell></row><row><cell>16 0000000000000000</cell><cell><emph type="italics"></emph>Seſquitertia<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end> doubled</cell></row></table><p type="main"> <s>HERE the longer Line contains the ſhorter <lb></lb>twice, excluding one Tone of that ſhorter <lb></lb>Line. </s> <s>In the longeſt Areas we either add the <lb></lb><emph type="italics"></emph>Duple<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end> to the <emph type="italics"></emph>Seſquialtera,<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end> which will produce <lb></lb>the <emph type="italics"></emph>Triple;<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end> or add the <emph type="italics"></emph>Seſquitertia<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end> to the <lb></lb><emph type="italics"></emph>Duple,<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end> which will make the Proportion as three <lb></lb>to eight; or laſtly make the Lines correſpond <lb></lb>to each other in a <emph type="italics"></emph>Quadruple<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end> Proportion. </s> <s>We <lb></lb>have now ſpoke of the ſhorter Platforms, <lb></lb>wherein the Numbers anſwer to each other <lb></lb>equally, as two to three, or three to four, and <lb></lb>of the Middling, wherein they correſpond as <lb></lb>two to four, or as four to nine, or as nine to <lb></lb>ſixteen: And laſtly of the longeſt, wherein <lb></lb>the Numbers anſwer in a <emph type="italics"></emph>Triple<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end> or <emph type="italics"></emph>Quadruple<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end><lb></lb>Proportion, or as three to eight. </s> <s>We may <lb></lb>join together or compound all the three Lines <lb></lb>of any Body whatſoever, by Means of theſe ſe<lb></lb>veral Number, which are either innate with <lb></lb>Harmony itſelf, or produced from other <lb></lb>Proportions in a certain and regular Me<lb></lb>thod. </s> <s>We find in Harmony thoſe Num<lb></lb>bers from whoſe mutual Relations we may <lb></lb>form their ſeveral Proporions, as in the <emph type="italics"></emph>Duple,<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end><lb></lb>the <emph type="italics"></emph>Triple<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end> and the <emph type="italics"></emph>Quadruple.<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end></s><s> For In<lb></lb>ſtance, the <emph type="italics"></emph>Duple<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end> is formed of the ſimple <emph type="italics"></emph>Seſ<lb></lb>quialtera,<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end> with the Addition of the <emph type="italics"></emph>Seſquitertia,<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end><lb></lb>in the following Method. </s> <s>Let the leaſt Num<lb></lb>ber of the <emph type="italics"></emph>Duple<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end> be two; the <emph type="italics"></emph>Seſquialtera<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end> of <lb></lb>this is three, and the <emph type="italics"></emph>Seſquitertia<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end> of this Num<lb></lb>ber three is four, which is juſt the Double of <lb></lb>two before-mentioned.<lb></lb><arrow.to.target n="table9"></arrow.to.target></s></p><table><table.target id="table9"></table.target><row><cell>00</cell><cell></cell></row><row><cell>000</cell><cell>The <emph type="italics"></emph>Seſquialtera<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end></cell></row><row><cell>0000</cell><cell>The <emph type="italics"></emph>Seſquitertia<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end> or <emph type="italics"></emph>Duple<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end></cell></row></table><p type="main"> <s>OR elſe the ſame is done in the following <lb></lb>Manner: Let the ſmaller Number be, for In<lb></lb>ſtance, three; I add one to make it a <emph type="italics"></emph>Seſqui<lb></lb>tertia,<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end> and it becomes four, to which adding a <lb></lb><emph type="italics"></emph>Seſquialtera,<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end> it makes it ſix, which, compared <lb></lb>to three, is juſt in a double Proportion.<lb></lb><arrow.to.target n="table10"></arrow.to.target></s></p><table><table.target id="table10"></table.target><row><cell></cell><cell>000</cell><cell></cell></row><row><cell>The <emph type="italics"></emph>Duple<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end></cell><cell>0000</cell><cell><emph type="italics"></emph>Seſquitertia<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end></cell></row><row><cell></cell><cell>000000</cell><cell><emph type="italics"></emph>Seſquialtera<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end></cell></row></table><p type="main"> <s>THE <emph type="italics"></emph>Triple<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end> is likewiſe made of the <emph type="italics"></emph>Duple,<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end><lb></lb>and of the <emph type="italics"></emph>Seſquialtera<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end> joined together: For <lb></lb>Inſtance, let the ſmaller Number here be two; <lb></lb>this being doubled, makes four; to which <lb></lb>adding a <emph type="italics"></emph>Seſquialtera,<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end> it becomes ſix, which is <lb></lb>the <emph type="italics"></emph>Triple<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end> of two.<lb></lb><arrow.to.target n="table11"></arrow.to.target></s></p><table><table.target id="table11"></table.target><row><cell></cell><cell>00</cell><cell></cell></row><row><cell>The <emph type="italics"></emph>Triple<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end></cell><cell>0000</cell><cell>doubled</cell></row><row><cell></cell><cell>000000</cell><cell><emph type="italics"></emph>Seſquialtera<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end></cell></row></table><p type="main"> <s>OR the ſame Thing is done as follows; <lb></lb>placing the ſame Number of two for the <lb></lb>ſmaller Number, take the <emph type="italics"></emph>Seſquialtera,<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end> and <lb></lb>you will have three, which being doubled, <lb></lb>gives ſix, and ſo we ſhall have the <emph type="italics"></emph>Triple<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end> of <lb></lb>two.<lb></lb><arrow.to.target n="table12"></arrow.to.target></s></p><table><table.target id="table12"></table.target><row><cell></cell><cell>00</cell><cell></cell></row><row><cell>The <emph type="italics"></emph>Triple<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end></cell><cell>000</cell><cell><emph type="italics"></emph>Seſquialtera<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end></cell></row><row><cell></cell><cell>000000</cell><cell>doubled</cell></row></table><p type="main"> <s>BY Means of the ſame Extenſions we may <lb></lb>produce the <emph type="italics"></emph>Quadruple,<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end> by compounding one <lb></lb><emph type="italics"></emph>Duple<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end> with another, ſince it is indeed nothing <lb></lb>more than the <emph type="italics"></emph>Duple<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end> doubled, which is alſo <lb></lb>called <emph type="italics"></emph>Diſdiapaſon,<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end> and is performed as follows: <lb></lb>Let the ſmaller Number here, for Inſtance, be <lb></lb>two; double this, and it makes the <emph type="italics"></emph>Diapaſon,<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end><lb></lb>that is to ſay four, which is the <emph type="italics"></emph>Duple<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end> of two, <lb></lb>and doubling this four, it makes the <emph type="italics"></emph>Diſdiapa<lb></lb>ſon,<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end> which is as eight to two.<lb></lb><arrow.to.target n="table13"></arrow.to.target></s></p><pb xlink:href="003/01/275.jpg"></pb><table><table.target id="table13"></table.target><row><cell></cell><cell>00</cell><cell></cell></row><row><cell>The <emph type="italics"></emph>Quadruple.<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end></cell><cell>0000</cell><cell><emph type="italics"></emph>Diapaſon.<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end></cell></row><row><cell></cell><cell>00000000</cell><cell><emph type="italics"></emph>Diſdiapaſon.<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end></cell></row></table><figure id="id.003.01.275.1.jpg" xlink:href="003/01/275/1.jpg"></figure><p type="caption"> <s>PLATE 64. <emph type="italics"></emph>(Page 199)<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end></s></p><figure id="id.003.01.275.2.jpg" xlink:href="003/01/275/2.jpg"></figure><pb xlink:href="003/01/276.jpg" pagenum="199"></pb><p type="main"> <s>THIS <emph type="italics"></emph>Quadruple<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end> may be alſo formed by <lb></lb>adding a <emph type="italics"></emph>Seſquialtera<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end> and a <emph type="italics"></emph>Seſquitertia<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end> to the <lb></lb><emph type="italics"></emph>Duple;<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end> and how this is done, is manifeſt by <lb></lb>what we have ſaid above: But for its clearer <lb></lb>Explanation, we ſhall give a further Inſtance <lb></lb>of it here. </s> <s>The Number two, for Example, <lb></lb>by Means of a <emph type="italics"></emph>Seſquialtera<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end> is made three, which <lb></lb>by a <emph type="italics"></emph>Seſquitertia<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end> becomes four, which four <lb></lb>being doubled makes eight.<lb></lb><arrow.to.target n="table14"></arrow.to.target></s></p><table><table.target id="table14"></table.target><row><cell></cell><cell>00</cell><cell></cell></row><row><cell></cell><cell>000</cell><cell><emph type="italics"></emph>Seſquialtera<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end></cell></row><row><cell>The <emph type="italics"></emph>Quadruple.<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end></cell><cell></cell><cell></cell></row><row><cell></cell><cell>0000</cell><cell><emph type="italics"></emph>Seſquitertia<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end></cell></row><row><cell></cell><cell>00000000</cell><cell>doubled</cell></row></table><p type="main"> <s>OR rather in the following Manner. </s> <s>Let us <lb></lb>take the Number three; this being doubled <lb></lb>makes ſix, to which adding another three, we <lb></lb>have nine, and adding to this a third of itſelf, <lb></lb>it produces twelve, which anſwers to three in a <lb></lb><emph type="italics"></emph>Quadruple<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end> Proportion.<lb></lb><arrow.to.target n="table15"></arrow.to.target></s></p><table><table.target id="table15"></table.target><row><cell></cell><cell>000</cell><cell></cell></row><row><cell></cell><cell>000000</cell><cell>doubled</cell></row><row><cell>The <emph type="italics"></emph>Quadruple<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end></cell><cell></cell><cell></cell></row><row><cell></cell><cell>000000000</cell><cell>a third added</cell></row><row><cell></cell><cell>000000000000</cell><cell>a third added</cell></row></table><p type="main"> <s>THE Architects make uſe of all the ſeveral <lb></lb>Proportions here ſet down, not confuſedly and <lb></lb>indiſtinctly, but in ſuch Manner as to be con<lb></lb>ſtantly and every way agreeable to Harmony: <lb></lb>As, for Inſtance, in the Elevation of a Room <lb></lb>which is twice as long as broad, they make <lb></lb>uſe, not of thoſe Numbers which compoſe the <lb></lb>Triple, but of thoſe only which form the <lb></lb>Duple; and the ſame in a Room whoſe Length <lb></lb>is three Times its Breadth, employing only its <lb></lb>own proper Proportions, and no foreign ones, <lb></lb>that is to ſay, taking ſuch of the triple Pro<lb></lb>greſſions above ſet down, as is moſt agreeable <lb></lb>to the Circumſtances of their Structure. </s> <s>There <lb></lb>are ſome other natural Proportions for the Uſe <lb></lb>of Structures, which are not borrowed from <lb></lb>Numbers, but from the Roots and Powers of <lb></lb>Squares. </s> <s>The Roots are the Sides of ſquare <lb></lb>Numbers: The Powers are the Areas of thoſe <lb></lb>Squares: The Multiplication of the Areas <lb></lb>produce the Cubes. </s> <s>The firſt of all Cubes, <lb></lb>whoſe Root is one, is conſecrated to the Deity, <lb></lb>becauſe, as it is derived from One, So it is <lb></lb>One every Way; to which we may add, that <lb></lb>it is the moſt ſtable and conſtant of all Fi<lb></lb>gures, and the very Baſis of all the reſt. </s> <s>But <lb></lb>if, as ſome affirm, the Unite be no Number, <lb></lb>but only the Source of all others, we may then <lb></lb>ſuppoſe the firſt Number to be the Number <lb></lb>two. </s> <s>Taking this Number two for the Root, <lb></lb>the Areas will be four, which being raiſed up <lb></lb>to a Height equal to its Root, will produce a <lb></lb>Cube of eight; and from this Cube we may <lb></lb>gather the Rules for our Proportions; for here <lb></lb>in the firſt Place, we may conſider the Side of <lb></lb>the Cube, which is called the Cube Root, <lb></lb>whoſe Area will in Numbers be ſour, and the <lb></lb>compleat or entire Cube be as eight. </s> <s>In the <lb></lb>next Place we may conſider the Line drawn <lb></lb>from one Angle of the Cube to that which is <lb></lb>directly oppoſite to it, ſo as to divide the Area <lb></lb>of the Square into two equal Parts, and this is <lb></lb>called the Diagonal. </s> <s>What this amounts to <lb></lb>in Numbers is not known: Only it appears <lb></lb>to be the Root of an Area, which is as Eight <lb></lb>on every Side; beſides which it is the Diago<lb></lb>nal of a Cube which is on every Side, as twelve, <lb></lb><arrow.to.target n="marg48"></arrow.to.target><lb></lb><emph type="italics"></emph>Fig.<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end> 1.</s></p><p type="margin"> <s><margin.target id="marg48"></margin.target>*</s></p><p type="main"> <s>LASTLY, In a Triangle whoſe two ſhorteſt <lb></lb>Sides form a Right Angle, and one of them <lb></lb>the Root of an Area, which is every Way as <lb></lb>four, and the other of one, which is as twelve, <lb></lb>the longſt Side ſubtended oppoſite to that <lb></lb>Right Angle, will be the Root of an Area, <lb></lb>will be the Root of an Area, which is as ſix<lb></lb><arrow.to.target n="marg49"></arrow.to.target><lb></lb>teen <emph type="italics"></emph>Fig.<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end> 2.</s></p><p type="margin"> <s><margin.target id="marg49"></margin.target>*</s></p><p type="main"> <s>THESE ſeveral Rules which we have here <lb></lb>ſet down for the determining of Proportions, <lb></lb>are the natural and proper Relations of Num<lb></lb>bers and Quantities, and the general Method <lb></lb>for the Practice of them all is, that the ſhorteſt <lb></lb>Line be taken for the Breadth of the Area, <lb></lb>the longeſt for the Length, and the middle <lb></lb>Line for the Height, tho' ſometimes ſor the <lb></lb>Convenience of the Structure, they are inter<lb></lb>changed. </s> <s>We are now to ſay ſomething of <lb></lb>the Rules of thoſe Proportions, which are not <lb></lb>derived from Harmony or the natural Pro<lb></lb>portions of Bodies, but are borrowed elſewhere <lb></lb>for determining the three Relations of an <lb></lb>Apartment; and in order to this we are to <lb></lb>obſerve, that there are very uſeful Conſidera<lb></lb>tions in Practice to be drawn from the Muſi<lb></lb>cians, Geometers, and even the Arithmeticians, <lb></lb>of each of which we are now to ſpeak. </s> <s>Theſe <lb></lb>the Philoſophers call <emph type="italics"></emph>Mediocrates,<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end> or <emph type="italics"></emph>Means,<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end><lb></lb>and the Rules for them are many and various; <lb></lb>but there are three particularly which are the <lb></lb>moſt eſteemed; of all which the Purpoſe is, <lb></lb>that the two Extreams being given, the middle <lb></lb>Mean or Number may correſpond with them <lb></lb>in a certain detemined Manner, or to uſe <lb></lb>ſuch an Expreſſion, with a regular Affinity. <lb></lb></s> <s>Our Buſineſs, in this Enquiry, is to conſider <lb></lb>three Terms, whereof the two moſt remote <lb></lb>are one the greateſt, and the other the leaſt; <lb></lb>the third or mean Number muſt anſwer to <lb></lb><pb xlink:href="003/01/277.jpg" pagenum="200"></pb>theſe other two in a juſt Relation or proporti<lb></lb>onate Interval, which Interval is the equal re<lb></lb>lative Diſtance which this Number ſtands from <lb></lb>the other two. </s> <s>Of the three Methods moſt <lb></lb>approved by the Philoſophers for finding this <lb></lb>Mean, that which is called the arithmetical is <lb></lb>the moſt eaſy, and is as follows. </s> <s>Taking the <lb></lb>two extreme Numbers, as for Inſtance, eight <lb></lb>for the greateſt, and four for the leaſt, you add <lb></lb>them together, which produce twelve, which <lb></lb>twelve being divided in two equal Parts, gives <lb></lb>us ſix.<lb></lb><arrow.to.target n="table16"></arrow.to.target></s></p><table><table.target id="table16"></table.target><row><cell>8</cell><cell></cell><cell>4</cell></row><row><cell></cell><cell>12</cell><cell></cell></row><row><cell></cell><cell>6</cell><cell></cell></row></table><p type="main"> <s>THIS Number ſix the Arithmeticians ſay, is <lb></lb>the Mean, which ſtanding between four and <lb></lb>eight, is at an equal Diſtance from each of <lb></lb>them.<lb></lb><arrow.to.target n="table17"></arrow.to.target></s></p><table><table.target id="table17"></table.target><row><cell>8.</cell><cell>6.</cell><cell>4.</cell></row></table><p type="main"> <s>THE next Mean is that which is called the <lb></lb>Geometrical, and is taken thus. </s> <s>Let the ſmall<lb></lb>eſt Number, for Example, four, be multiplied <lb></lb>by the greateſt, which we ſhall ſuppoſe to be <lb></lb>nine; the Multiplication will produce 36: <lb></lb>The Root of which Sum as it is called, or the <lb></lb>Number of its Side being multiplied by itſelf <lb></lb>muſt alſo produce 36. The Root therefore <lb></lb>will be ſix, which multiplied by itſelf is 36, <lb></lb>and this Number ſix, is the Mean.<lb></lb><arrow.to.target n="table18"></arrow.to.target></s></p><table><table.target id="table18"></table.target><row><cell>4 Times 9</cell><cell>36</cell></row><row><cell>6 Times 6</cell><cell>36</cell></row></table><p type="main"> <s>THIS geometrical Mean is very difficult to <lb></lb>find by Numbers, but it is very clear by Lines; <lb></lb>but of thoſe it is not my Buſineſs to ſpeak <lb></lb>here. </s> <s>The third Mean, which is called the <lb></lb>Muſical, is ſomewhat more difficult to work <lb></lb>than the Arithmetical; but, however, may be <lb></lb>very well performed by Numbers. </s> <s>In this the <lb></lb>Proportion between the leaſt Term and the <lb></lb>greateſt, muſt be the ſame as the Diſtance be<lb></lb>tween the leaſt and the Mean, and between the <lb></lb>Mean and the greateſt, as in the following Ex<lb></lb>ample. </s> <s>Of the two given Numbers, let the <lb></lb>leaſt be thirty, and the greateſt ſixty, which is <lb></lb>juſt the Double of the other. </s> <s>I take ſuch <lb></lb>Numbers as cannot be leſs to be double, and <lb></lb>theſe are one, for the leaſt, and two, for the <lb></lb>greateſt, which added together make three. </s> <s>I <lb></lb>then divide the whole Interval which was be<lb></lb>tween the greateſt Number, which was ſixty, <lb></lb>and the leaſt, which was thirty, into three <lb></lb>Parts, each of which Parts therefore will be <lb></lb>ten, and one of theſe three Parts I add to the <lb></lb>leaſt Number, which will make it forty; and <lb></lb>this will be the muſical Mean deſired.<lb></lb><arrow.to.target n="table19"></arrow.to.target></s></p><table><table.target id="table19"></table.target><row><cell>30</cell><cell></cell><cell>60</cell></row><row><cell>1</cell><cell></cell><cell>2</cell></row><row><cell></cell><cell>3</cell><cell></cell></row><row><cell>3</cell><cell></cell><cell>30</cell></row><row><cell></cell><cell></cell><cell>10</cell></row><row><cell></cell><cell>30</cell><cell></cell></row><row><cell></cell><cell>10</cell><cell></cell></row><row><cell>30</cell><cell>40</cell><cell>60</cell></row></table><p type="main"> <s>AND this mean Number forty will be diſ<lb></lb>tant from the greateſt Number juſt double the <lb></lb>Interval which the Number of the Mean is <lb></lb>diſtant from the leaſt Number; and the Con<lb></lb>dition was, that the greateſt Number ſhould <lb></lb>bear that Portion to the leaſt. </s> <s>By the Help of <lb></lb>theſe Mediocrites the Architects have diſcover<lb></lb>ed many excellent Things, as well with Rela<lb></lb>tion to the whole Structure, as to its ſeveral <lb></lb>Parts; which we have not Time here to par<lb></lb>ticularize. </s> <s>But the moſt common Uſe they <lb></lb>have made of theſe Mediocrities, has been how<lb></lb>ever for their Elevations.</s></p><p type="head"> <s>CHAP. VII.</s></p><p type="head"> <s><emph type="italics"></emph>Of the Invention of Columns, their Dimenſions and Collocation.<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end></s></p><p type="main"> <s>It will not be unpleaſant to conſider ſome <lb></lb>further Particulars relating to the three <lb></lb>Sorts of Columns which the Ancients invent<lb></lb>ed, in three different Points of Time: And it <lb></lb>is not at all improbable, that they borrowed the <lb></lb>Proportions of their Columns from that of the <lb></lb>Members of the human Body. </s> <s>Thus they <lb></lb>found that from one Side of a Man to the <lb></lb>other was a ſixth Part of his Height, and that <lb></lb>from the Navel to the Reins was a tenth. </s> <s>From <lb></lb>this Obſervation the Interpreters of our ſacred <lb></lb>Books, are of Opinion, that <emph type="italics"></emph>Noah<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end>'s Ark for <lb></lb>the Flood was built according to the Propor<lb></lb>tions of the human Body. </s> <s>By the ſame Pro<lb></lb>portions we may reaſonably conjecture, that the <lb></lb>Ancients erected their Columns, making the <lb></lb>Height in ſome ſix Times, and in others ten <lb></lb>Times, the Diameter of the Bottom of the <pb xlink:href="003/01/278.jpg" pagenum="201"></pb>Shaſt. </s> <s>But from that natural Inſtinct or Senſe <lb></lb>in the Mind by which, as we have already ob<lb></lb>ſerved, we judge of Beauty and Gracefulneſs, <lb></lb>they found, that one of theſe was too thick and <lb></lb>the other too ſlight; for which Reaſon they <lb></lb>altered them both, rightly ſuppoſing that the <lb></lb>Truth muſt lie in ſome Medium between theſe <lb></lb>two vitious Extremes. </s> <s>Accordingly, with the <lb></lb>Help of the Rules of the Arithmeticians, they <lb></lb>joined their two Numbers together, and divid<lb></lb>ed the Total in half, and then they found that <lb></lb>the mean Number between ſix and ten was <lb></lb>eight: Whereupon they made the Height of <lb></lb>their Column eight Times the Diameter of the <lb></lb>Bottom of the Shaft; and this they called the <lb></lb><emph type="italics"></emph>Ionic.<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end></s><s> They alſo formed their <emph type="italics"></emph>Doric<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end> Column, <lb></lb>which is proper for Buildings of greater Solidi<lb></lb>ty, by the ſame Rules. </s> <s>For Example, they <lb></lb>joined the ſmaller Number before-mentioned, <lb></lb>which was ſix, with the <emph type="italics"></emph>Ionic<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end> mean, which was <lb></lb>eight, whereof the Total was fourteen; this <lb></lb>Total they divided into two equal Parts, and <lb></lb>this gave them the Number ſeven, which they <lb></lb>took for their <emph type="italics"></emph>Doric<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end> Column, making its Length <lb></lb>ſeven Times the Diameter of the Bottom of the <lb></lb>Shaft. </s> <s>Laſtly, they made their thinneſt Order, <lb></lb>which they called the <emph type="italics"></emph>Corinthian,<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end> from the <emph type="italics"></emph>Ionic<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end><lb></lb>mean Number joined to the greateſt of the for<lb></lb>mer Numbers, and ſo taking the Half as <lb></lb>before; for the <emph type="italics"></emph>Ionic<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end> mean Number was eight, <lb></lb>and the greateſt Number was ten, which add<lb></lb>ed together made eighteen, the Half whereof <lb></lb>was nine, whence they made the Height of <lb></lb>their <emph type="italics"></emph>Corinthian<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end> Column nine Times the Dia<lb></lb>meter of the Bottom of its Shaft, as they did <lb></lb>the <emph type="italics"></emph>Ionic<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end> eight, and the <emph type="italics"></emph>Doric<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end> ſeven: Of which <lb></lb>we need ſay no more in this Place. </s> <s>We are <lb></lb>now to ſay ſomething of the Collocation, which <lb></lb>relates to the Situation of the ſeveral Parts; <lb></lb>and this is much eaſier to conceive where it is <lb></lb>ill done, than it is to lay down exact Rules for <lb></lb>the doing it: Becauſe indeed it is chiefly to be <lb></lb>referred to the natural Judgment which we <lb></lb>have formerly obſerved to be innate in the <lb></lb>Mind of Man, though it may in ſome Mea<lb></lb>ſure be derived from the foregoing Rules for <lb></lb>the Finiſhing. </s> <s>However, we ſhall juſt men<lb></lb>tion a few general Remarks upon this Head. <lb></lb></s> <s>The very ſmalleſt Parts or Members of the <lb></lb>Work, if they are ſet in their right Places, add <lb></lb>to the Beauty of the whole; if they are placed <lb></lb>in mean or improper Situations, though excel<lb></lb>lent in themſelves, they become mean. </s> <s>We <lb></lb>ſee the very ſame Thing in the Works of Na<lb></lb>ture: As for Inſtance, if a Dog had one Ear <lb></lb>like that of an Aſs, or if a Man had one Foot <lb></lb>bigger than the other, or one Hand very large, <lb></lb>and the other very ſmall, we ſhould immedi<lb></lb>ately pronounce ſuch a one deformed; or to <lb></lb>ſee even an Horſe with one Eye grey, and the <lb></lb>other black, is very offenſive: So agreeable it <lb></lb>is to Nature, that the Members on the right <lb></lb>Side ſhould exactly anſwer the left: Wherefore <lb></lb>the very firſt Thing we are to take Care of <lb></lb>muſt be, that every Part, even the moſt Incon<lb></lb>ſiderable, lie duly to the Level and Plum-line, <lb></lb>and be diſpoſed with an exact Correſpondence <lb></lb>as to the Number, Form and Appearance; ſo <lb></lb>that the Right may anſwer to the Left, the <lb></lb>High to the Low, the Similar to the Similar, ſo <lb></lb>as to form a correſpondent Ornament in that <lb></lb>Body whereof they are Parts. </s> <s>Even Statues, <lb></lb>Pictures, or any other Ornaments of that Sort <lb></lb>with which we embelliſh our Work, muſt be ſo <lb></lb>diſpoſed as to ſeem to have ſprung up naturally <lb></lb>in their propereſt Places, and to be Twins. </s> <s>The <lb></lb>Ancients were ſo punctual in this mutual Cor<lb></lb>reſpondence of the Parts, that even in fixing <lb></lb>up their Scantlings of Marble, they uſed to <lb></lb>make them anſwer each other exactly to a <lb></lb>Size, Quality, Angles, Situation and Colour: <lb></lb>And eſpecially in thoſe moſt beautiful Orna<lb></lb>ments, Statues, wherein the Ancients were ſuch <lb></lb>great Maſters, and in which I ſo much admire <lb></lb>the Excellence of Art, they were careful in fix<lb></lb>ing them up, as well on Pediments of their <lb></lb>Temples, as elſewhere, that thoſe on one Side <lb></lb>ſhould not differ from thoſe on the other, in <lb></lb>the ſmalleſt Particular either of Deſign or Ma<lb></lb>terial. </s> <s>We ſee Statues of two or four Horſes, <lb></lb>and of their Drivers and Lookers on ſo exact<lb></lb>ly like to each other, that Art in them may be <lb></lb>ſaid to have exceeded Nature, in whoſe Works <lb></lb>we hardly ever ſee one Feature ſo exactly like <lb></lb>the other. </s> <s>Thus we have ſhewn what is Beauty, <lb></lb>and wherein it conſiſts, and with what Num<lb></lb>bers and Finiſhing the Ancients uſed to erect <lb></lb>their Structures.</s></p><pb xlink:href="003/01/279.jpg" pagenum="202"></pb><p type="head"> <s>CHAP. VIII.</s></p><p type="head"> <s><emph type="italics"></emph>Some ſhort, but general Obſervations which may be looked upon as Laws in the <lb></lb>Buſineſs of Building and Ornament.<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end></s></p><p type="main"> <s>I shall here put together ſome ſhort and ge<lb></lb>neral Admonitions, which are abſolutely <lb></lb>neceſſary to be obſerved as ſo many Laws, as <lb></lb>well in Point of Ornament or Embelliſhment, <lb></lb>as in all the other Parts of Architecture. </s> <s>And <lb></lb>this may ſerve to acquit us of the Promiſe <lb></lb>which we made of taking a ſhort Review of <lb></lb>the whole Work by Way of Epilogue. </s> <s>Firſt <lb></lb>therefore, as we laid it down for a Rule at the <lb></lb>Beginning, that all Errors which any Ways de<lb></lb>form the Structure were to be avoided princi<lb></lb>pally: We will now ſpeak in the firſt Place of <lb></lb>ſuch Errors, and eſpecially of the greateſt. </s> <s>Er<lb></lb>rors ariſe either from the Judgement, and lie <lb></lb>either in the Deſign or Election; or from the <lb></lb>Hand, and lie in the Workmen's Execution. <lb></lb></s> <s>The Errors of the Judgment are both in Time <lb></lb>and in their Nature of much the greateſt Im<lb></lb>portance, and when committed, leſs capable of <lb></lb>being remedied. </s> <s>With theſe therefore we ſhall <lb></lb>begin. </s> <s>The firſt Error is to chuſe for your <lb></lb>Structure a Region which is unhealthy, not <lb></lb>peaceable, barren, unfortunate, melancholy, or <lb></lb>afflicted with Calamities, either apparent or <lb></lb>concealed. </s> <s>The next Errors to this are chuſ<lb></lb>ing a Platform not proper or convenient; add<lb></lb>ing one Member to another, without conſtant <lb></lb>Regard to the Accommodation of the Inhabi<lb></lb>tants, and not providing fit and ſuitable Con<lb></lb>veniencies for every Rank and Degree of them, <lb></lb>as well Maſters as Servants, Citizens as Ruſ<lb></lb>ticks, Inmates as Viſitants: Making your Build<lb></lb>ing either too large and ſpacious, or too ſmall <lb></lb>and narrow; too open and naked, or too much <lb></lb>ſhut in and confined; too much crowded, or <lb></lb>too rambling with too many Apartments, or <lb></lb>too few: If there be a Want of Rooms where <lb></lb>you may ſecure yourſelf againſt exceſſive Heats, <lb></lb>or exceſſive Colds, of Places where you may <lb></lb>exerciſe and divert yourſelf when you are in <lb></lb>Health, and of others where you may be ſuf<lb></lb>ficiently ſheltered againſt any Inclemency of <lb></lb>Air when you are ſick: To which add the <lb></lb>Structures not being ſufficiently ſtrong, and as <lb></lb>we may ſay, fortified to be ſafe againſt any ſud<lb></lb>den Attack: If the Wall be either ſo ſlight as <lb></lb>not to be ſufficiently ſtrong to ſupport itſelf <lb></lb>and the Roof, or much thicker than Neceſſity <lb></lb>requires, if the different Roofs beſpatter each <lb></lb>other with their Waters, or throw them againſt <lb></lb>any Part of the Wall, or near the Entrances: <lb></lb>If they be either too low, or too high: If your <lb></lb>Windows be too wide, and admit unwhole<lb></lb>ſome Winds, noxious Dews, or too much burn<lb></lb>ing Sun; or, on the other Hand, if they be ſo <lb></lb>narrow as to occaſion a melancholy Gloom: <lb></lb>If they break into any of the Ribs of the Build<lb></lb>ing: If the Paſſages are any Ways obſtructed, <lb></lb>or lead us to any Object that is offenſive: Or, <lb></lb>in ſhort, if any of thoſe other Inſtructions are <lb></lb>neglected, which we have given in the preced<lb></lb>ing Books. </s> <s>Among the Errors in Ornament, <lb></lb>the Principal, in Architecture as in Nature, is <lb></lb>making any Thing prepoſterous, maimed, ex<lb></lb>ceſſive, or any other Ways unſightly: For if <lb></lb>theſe Things are reckoned defective and mon<lb></lb>ſtrous in Nature herſelf, what muſt we ſay of <lb></lb>an Architect that throws the Parts of his Struc<lb></lb>tures into ſuch improper Forms? </s> <s>And as the <lb></lb>Parts whereof thoſe Forms conſiſt, are Lines, <lb></lb>Angles, Extenſion, and the like, it is certainly <lb></lb>true, that there can be no Error or Deformity <lb></lb>more abſurd and ſhocking, than the mixing <lb></lb>together either Angles or Lines, or Superficies <lb></lb>which are not in Number, Size and Situation <lb></lb>equal to each other, and which are not blended <lb></lb>together with the greateſt Care and Accuracy. <lb></lb></s> <s>And indeed who can avoid blaming a Man ex<lb></lb>tremely, that without being forced to it by any <lb></lb>Manner of Neceſſity, draws his Wall crooked <lb></lb>and askew, winding this way and that like a <lb></lb>Worm crawling upon the Ground, without <lb></lb>any Rule or Method, with one Side long, and <lb></lb>another ſhort, without any Equality of Angles, <lb></lb>or the leaſt Connection with Regard to each <lb></lb>other; making his Platform with an obtuſe <lb></lb>Angle on one Side, and an acute one on the <lb></lb>other, and doing every Thing with Confuſion, <lb></lb>Abſurdity and at a Venture: It is another <lb></lb>great Error to have raiſed your Structure in <lb></lb>ſuch a Manner, that, though indeed with Re<lb></lb>lation to its Platform, it is not amiſs, yet, not<lb></lb>withſtanding it may be in very great Want of <lb></lb>Ornament, it may be utterly incapable of any <pb xlink:href="003/01/280.jpg" pagenum="203"></pb>Sort of Embelliſhment as if all you conſulted <lb></lb>in raiſing your Wall, was to ſuſtain the Roof, <lb></lb>not leaving any Space where you can after<lb></lb>wards conveniently or diſtinctly add either the <lb></lb>Dignity of Columns, the Embelliſhment of Sta<lb></lb>tues, the Majeſty of Picture, or the Delicacy <lb></lb>of any Incruſtation. </s> <s>An Error of much the <lb></lb>ſame Nature as this is, the Building with ſo <lb></lb>little Conſideration, that though the ſame Ex<lb></lb>pence might make our Structure beautiful and <lb></lb>graceful, yet we neglect the Pains and Con<lb></lb>trivance of effecting it: For it is undeniable <lb></lb>that there may be in the mere Form or Figure <lb></lb>of a Building, an innate Excellence and Beau<lb></lb>ty, which ſtrikes and delights the Mind, and <lb></lb>is immediately perceived where it is, as much <lb></lb>as it is miſſed where it is not; for, indeed, the <lb></lb>Eye is naturally a Judge and Lover of Beauty <lb></lb>and Gracefulneſs, and is very critical and hard <lb></lb>to pleaſe in it; neither can I give any Account <lb></lb>why it ſhould always happen, that we ſhould <lb></lb>be much more offended at what is wanting, <lb></lb>than ready to commend what is done well; <lb></lb>for ſtill we are continually thinking what fur<lb></lb>ther might be added to make the Object ſtill <lb></lb>more ſplendid, and are naturally diſpleaſed if <lb></lb>any thing is omitted, which the moſt accurate, <lb></lb>ingenious, and diligent Artiſt might poſſibly <lb></lb>have procured: So that indeed we are often at <lb></lb>a Loſs to ſay what it is offends us, unleſs it be <lb></lb>that there is not wherewithal fully to ſatisfy our <lb></lb>immoderate Deſire of Perfection. </s> <s>This being <lb></lb>the true State of the Caſe, we ſhould certainly <lb></lb>endeavour, as much as in us lies, by the great<lb></lb>eſt Study and Care, to make whatever Struc<lb></lb>ture we raiſe as handſome, and as compleatly <lb></lb>adorned as poſſibly, eſpecially if it be ſuch a <lb></lb>one as every body expects to ſee in the utmoſt <lb></lb>Perfection, as, for Inſtance, a publick Structure, <lb></lb>and particularly a ſacred one, which no Man <lb></lb>can bear to ſee naked of Ornament. </s> <s>It is an<lb></lb>other Error to apply the Ornaments peculiar to <lb></lb>a publick Structure, to a private one; or, on <lb></lb>the other Hand, thoſe peculiar to private Edi<lb></lb>fices to one of a publick Nature: Eſpecially if <lb></lb>ſuch Ornaments are any thing petty, or not <lb></lb>durable, as, for Inſtance, to diſh up a publick <lb></lb>Structure with ſlight or paultry Painting; for <lb></lb>every Thing uſed about a publick Edifice ought, <lb></lb>if poſſible, to be eternal. </s> <s>It is another groſs <lb></lb>Error, which we ſee ſome ridiculous People <lb></lb>run into, who e'er they have well begun their <lb></lb>Building, fall to painting it, and decking it with <lb></lb>Statues and other Embelliſhments without <lb></lb>Number; all which are ſure to be ſpoiled and <lb></lb>demoliſhed before the Building is finiſhed. <lb></lb></s> <s>We ſhould erect our Building naked, and let <lb></lb>it be quite compleated before we begin to <lb></lb>dreſs it with Ornaments, which ſhould always <lb></lb>be our laſt Work, being beſt done at leaſure, <lb></lb>when we can do it without any Impediment, <lb></lb>and can take the Advantage of ſuch Opportu<lb></lb>nities as may offer for that Purpoſe. </s> <s>I would <lb></lb>have the Ornaments which you affix to your <lb></lb>Structure, to be the Work of various Hands, <lb></lb>and thoſe moderate Maſters; but if you can <lb></lb>procure any rare Pieces of greater Excellence <lb></lb>and Perfection, Statues and Pictuaes like thoſe <lb></lb>of a <emph type="italics"></emph>Phidias<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end> or a <emph type="italics"></emph>Zeuxis,<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end> let them be fixed only <lb></lb>in Places of peculiar Dignity and Honour. </s> <s>I <lb></lb>cannot commend <emph type="italics"></emph>Dejoces<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end> the King of <emph type="italics"></emph>Media,<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end><lb></lb>who encompaſſed his City of <emph type="italics"></emph>Ecbatana<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end> with <lb></lb>ſeven Walls, and made each of them of diffe<lb></lb>rent Colours, one Purple, another Blue, another <lb></lb>gilt with Silver, and one even with Gold; nor can <lb></lb>I help blaming <emph type="italics"></emph>Caligula,<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end> who made his Stable <lb></lb>of Marble, and the Manger of Ivory. </s> <s>All that <lb></lb><emph type="italics"></emph>Nero<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end> built was covered with Gold and enriched <lb></lb>with Gems. <emph type="italics"></emph>Heliogabalus<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end> was ſtill more ex<lb></lb>travagantly profuſe, for he paved his Apart<lb></lb>ments with Gold, and grieved that he could <lb></lb>not do it with Amber. </s> <s>Contempt is the beſt <lb></lb>Reward for theſe wild Prodigals who are oſ<lb></lb>tentatious of ſuch Vain-glories, or rather Fol<lb></lb>lies, and who are thus profuſe of the Labours <lb></lb>and Sweat of Mankind, about Things which <lb></lb>are of no Manner of Uſe or Advantage to the <lb></lb>main Structure, nor capable of raiſing the leaſt <lb></lb>Admiration either for Ingenuity or Contrivance.</s></p><p type="main"> <s>I THEREFORE over and over again adviſe you <lb></lb>to avoid theſe Errors; and before you begin <lb></lb>your Work, thoroughly conſider the whole <lb></lb>Deſign your ſelf, and take the Advice of Men <lb></lb>of Skill upon it; be ſure to have a compleat <lb></lb>Model of the Whole, by which examine every <lb></lb>minute Part of your future Structure eight, <lb></lb>nine, ten Times over, and again, after different <lb></lb>Intermiſſions of Times; till there be not the <lb></lb>leaſt Member from the Foundation to the <lb></lb>Roof of your whole Building, within or without, <lb></lb>great or ſmall, but what you have throughly <lb></lb>and long weighed and conſidered, and deter<lb></lb>mined of what Materials it ſhall be made, <lb></lb>where placed, in what Order and Proportions, <lb></lb>and to what it ſhall anſwer and bear Relation.</s></p><pb xlink:href="003/01/281.jpg" pagenum="204"></pb><p type="head"> <s>CHAP. IX.</s></p><p type="head"> <s><emph type="italics"></emph>The Buſineſs and Duty of a good Architect, and wherein the Excellence of the <lb></lb>Ornaments conſiſts.<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end></s></p><p type="main"> <s>A Prudent Architect will proceed in the <lb></lb>Method which we have been juſt laying <lb></lb>down. </s> <s>He will never ſet about his Work without <lb></lb>proper Caution and Advice. </s> <s>He will ſtudy the <lb></lb>Nature and Strength of the Soil where he is to <lb></lb>build, and obſerve, as well from a Survey of <lb></lb>Structures in the Neighbourhood, as from the <lb></lb>Practice and Uſe of the Inhabitants, what Ma<lb></lb>terials, what Sort of Stone, Sand, Lime or <lb></lb>Timber, whether found on the Place, or <lb></lb>brought from other Parts, will beſt ſtand againſt <lb></lb>the Injuries of the Weather. </s> <s>He will ſet <lb></lb>out the exact Breadth and Depth of the Foun<lb></lb>dations, and of the Baſement of the whole <lb></lb>Wall, and take an Account of every Thing <lb></lb>that is neceſſary for the Building, whether for <lb></lb>the outward Coat or the filling up, for the Li<lb></lb>gatures, the Ribs, or the Apertures, the Roof, <lb></lb>the Incruſtation, for Pavements abroad, or <lb></lb>Floors within; he will direct which Way, <lb></lb>and by what Method every thing ſuperfluous, <lb></lb>noxious or offenſive ſhall be carried off by <lb></lb>Drains for conveying away the rain Water, <lb></lb>and keeping the Foundations dry, and by pro<lb></lb>per Defences againſt any moiſt Vapours, or <lb></lb>even againſt any unexpected Floods or Vio<lb></lb>lence from Winds or Storms. </s> <s>In a Word, <lb></lb>he will give Directions for every ſingle Part, <lb></lb>and not ſuffer any thing to eſcape his Notice <lb></lb>and Decree. </s> <s>And tho' all theſe Particulars ſeem <lb></lb>chiefly to relate to Convenience and Stability, <lb></lb>yet they carry this along with them, that if <lb></lb>neglected they deſtroy all the Beauty and Or<lb></lb>nament of the Edifice. </s> <s>Now the Rules which <lb></lb>give the Ornaments themſelves their main Ex<lb></lb>cellence, are as follows. </s> <s>Firſt all your Orna<lb></lb>ments muſt be exactly regular, and perfectly <lb></lb>diſtinct, and without Confuſion: Your Em<lb></lb>belliſhments muſt not be too much crowded <lb></lb>together or ſcattered as it were under Foot, or <lb></lb>thrown on in Heaps, but ſo aptly and neatly <lb></lb>diſtributed, that whoever ſhould go about to <lb></lb>alter their Situation, ſhould be ſenſible that <lb></lb>he deſtroyed the whole Beauty and Delicacy <lb></lb>of the Work. </s> <s>There is no Part whatſoever <lb></lb>but what the Artiſt ought to adorn; but there <lb></lb>is no Occaſion that all ſhould be adorned <lb></lb>equally, or that every thing ſhould be enriched <lb></lb>with equal Expence; for indeed I would not <lb></lb>have the Merit of the Work conſiſt ſo much <lb></lb>in Plenty as in Variety. </s> <s>Let the Builder fix <lb></lb>his richeſt Ornaments in the principal Places; <lb></lb>thoſe of a middling Sort, in Places of leſs Note, <lb></lb>and the meaneſt in the meaneſt. </s> <s>And here <lb></lb>he ſhould be particularly careful, not to mix <lb></lb>what is rich with any thing trifling, nothing <lb></lb>little with what is great, nor to ſet any thing <lb></lb>too large or high in narrow or cloſe Places; <lb></lb>tho' things which are not equal to each other <lb></lb>in Dignity, nor alike even in Species, may very <lb></lb>well be placed together, ſo it be done artfully <lb></lb>and ingeniouſly, and in ſuch a Manner, that <lb></lb>as the one appears ſolemn and majeſtick, the <lb></lb>other may ſhew chearful and pleaſant, and that <lb></lb>they may not only unite their different Beau<lb></lb>ties for the Embelliſhment of the Structure, <lb></lb>but alſo ſeem as if the one without the other <lb></lb>had been imperfect; nor may it be amiſs in <lb></lb>ſome certain Places to intermix ſomewhat even <lb></lb>of a coarſe Sort, that what is noble may re<lb></lb>ceive a yet further Addition from the Com<lb></lb>pariſon: Always be ſure never to make a Con<lb></lb>fuſion of the Orders, which will happen if you <lb></lb>mix the <emph type="italics"></emph>Doric<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end> Members with the <emph type="italics"></emph>Corinthian,<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end><lb></lb>as I obſerved before, or the <emph type="italics"></emph>Corinthian<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end> with <lb></lb>the <emph type="italics"></emph>Ionic,<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end> or the like. </s> <s>Let every Order have <lb></lb>its own regular Members, and thoſe all in their <lb></lb>proper Places, that nothing may appear per<lb></lb>plexed or broken. </s> <s>Let ſuch Ornaments as are <lb></lb>proper to the Middle be placed in the Middle, <lb></lb>and let thoſe which are at equal Diſtances on <lb></lb>each Side, be proportioned exactly alike. </s> <s>In <lb></lb>ſhort, let every thing be meaſured, and put to<lb></lb>gether with the greateſt Exactneſs of Lines and <lb></lb>Angles, that the Beholder's Eye may have a <lb></lb>clear and diſtinct View along the Cornices, be<lb></lb>tween the Columns on the Inſide and without, <lb></lb>receiving every Moment freſh Delight from the <lb></lb>Variety he meets with, inſomuch, that after the <lb></lb>moſt careful and even repeated Views, he ſhall <lb></lb>not be able to depart without once more turn<lb></lb>ing back to take another Look, nor, upon the <lb></lb>moſt critical Examination, be able in any Part <lb></lb>of the whole Structure to find one Thing un<pb xlink:href="003/01/282.jpg" pagenum="205"></pb>equal, incongruous, out of Proportion, or not <lb></lb>conducive to the general Beauty of the Whole. <lb></lb></s> <s>All theſe Particulars you muſt provide for by <lb></lb>means of your Model; and from thence too <lb></lb>you ſhould before-hand conſider not only what <lb></lb>the Building is that you are to erect, but alſo <lb></lb>get together all the Materials you ſhall want <lb></lb>for the Execution, that when you have begun <lb></lb>your Work you may not be at a Loſs, or <lb></lb>change or ſuperſede your Deſign: but having <lb></lb>before-hand made Proviſion of every Thing that <lb></lb>you ſhall want, you may be able to keep your <lb></lb>Workmen conſtantly ſupplied with all their Ma<lb></lb>terials. </s> <s>Theſe are the Things which the Archi<lb></lb>tect is to take care of with the greateſt Dili<lb></lb>gence and Judgement. </s> <s>The Errors which <lb></lb>may happen in the manual Execution of the <lb></lb>Work, need not be repeated here; but only <lb></lb>the Workmen ſhould be well looked after, to <lb></lb>ſee that they work exactly by their Square, <lb></lb>Level and Plumb-line; that they do their <lb></lb>Buſineſs at the proper Seaſons, take proper Sea<lb></lb>ſons to let their Work reſt, and at proper Sea<lb></lb>ſons go to it again; that they uſe good Stuff, <lb></lb>ſound, unmixed, ſolid, ſtrong, and ſuitable to <lb></lb>the Work, and that they uſe it in proper Places, <lb></lb>and finiſh every Thing according to their Mo<lb></lb>del.</s></p><p type="head"> <s>CHAP. X.</s></p><p type="head"> <s><emph type="italics"></emph>What it is that an Architect ought principally to conſider, and what Sciences <lb></lb>he ought to be acquainted with.<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end></s></p><p type="main"> <s>But to the Intent that the Architect may <lb></lb>come off worthily and honourably in <lb></lb>preparing, ordering and accompliſhing all <lb></lb>theſe Things, there are ſome neceſſary Ad<lb></lb>monitions, which he ſhould by no means ne<lb></lb>glect. </s> <s>And firſt he ought to conſider well <lb></lb>what Weight he is going to take upon his <lb></lb>Shoulders, what it is that he profeſſes, what <lb></lb>Manner of Man he would be thought, how <lb></lb>great a Buſineſs he undertakes, how much Ap<lb></lb>plauſe, Profit, Favour and Fame among Poſ<lb></lb>terity he will gain when he executes his Work <lb></lb>as he ought, and on the contrary, if he goes <lb></lb>about any thing ignorantly, unadviſedly, or in<lb></lb>conſiderately, to how much Diſgrace, to how <lb></lb>much Indignation he expoſes himſelf, what a <lb></lb>clear, manifeſt and everlaſting Teſtimony he <lb></lb>gives Mankind of his Folly and Indiſcretion. <lb></lb></s> <s>Doubtleſs Architecture is a very noble Science, <lb></lb>not fit for every Head. </s> <s>He ought to be a Man <lb></lb>of a fine Genius, of a great Application, of the <lb></lb>beſt Education, of thorough Experience, and <lb></lb>eſpecially of ſtrong Senſe and ſound Judge<lb></lb>ment, that preſumes to declare himſelf an <lb></lb>Architect. </s> <s>It is the Buſineſs of Architecture, <lb></lb>and indeed its higheſt Praiſe, to judge rightly <lb></lb>what is fit and decent: For though Building is <lb></lb>a Matter of Neceſſity, yet convenient Building <lb></lb>is both of Neceſſity and Utility too: But to <lb></lb>build in ſuch a Manner, that the Generous ſhall <lb></lb>commend you, and the Frugal not blame you, <lb></lb>is the Work only of a prudent, wiſe and learn<lb></lb>ed Architect. </s> <s>To run up any thing that is <lb></lb>immediately neceſſary for any particular Pur<lb></lb>poſe, and about which there is no doubt of <lb></lb>what Sort it ſhould be, or of the Ability of <lb></lb>the Owner to afford it, is not ſo much the <lb></lb>Buſineſs of an Architect, as of a common <lb></lb>Workman: But to raiſe an Edifice which is to <lb></lb>be compleat in every Part, and to conſider and <lb></lb>provide before-hand every Thing neceſſary for <lb></lb>ſuch a Work, is the Buſineſs only of that ex<lb></lb>tenſive Genius which I have deſcribed above: <lb></lb>For indeed his Invention muſt be owing to his <lb></lb>Wit, his Knowledge, to Experience, his Choice <lb></lb>to Judgment, his Compoſition to Study, and <lb></lb>the Completion of his Work to his Perfection <lb></lb>in his Art; of all which Qualifications I take <lb></lb>the Foundation to be Prudence and mature <lb></lb>Deliberation. </s> <s>As to the other Virtues, Hu<lb></lb>manity, Benevolence, Modeſty, Probity; I do <lb></lb>not require them more in the Architect, than <lb></lb>I do in every other Man, let him profeſs what <lb></lb>Art he will: For indeed without them I do <lb></lb>not think any one worthy to be deemed a Man: <lb></lb>But above all Things he ſhould avoid Levity, <lb></lb>Obſtinacy, Oſtentation, Intemperance, and all <lb></lb>thoſe other Vices which may loſe him the good <lb></lb>Will of his Fellow-Citizens, and make him <lb></lb>odious to the World. </s> <s>Laſtly, in the Study of <lb></lb>his Art I would have him follow the Example <lb></lb>of thoſe that apply themſelves to Letters: For <lb></lb>no Man thinks himſelf ſufficiently learned in <lb></lb>any Science, unleſs he has read and examined <lb></lb>all the Authors, as well bad as good that have <lb></lb>wrote in that Science which he is purſuing. </s> <s>In <pb xlink:href="003/01/283.jpg" pagenum="206"></pb>the ſame Manner I would have the Architect <lb></lb>diligently conſider all the Buildings that have <lb></lb>any tolerable Reputation; and not only ſo, but <lb></lb>take them down in Lines and Numbers, nay, <lb></lb>make Deſigns and Models of them, and by <lb></lb>means of thoſe, conſider and examine the Or<lb></lb>der, Situation, Sort and Number of every Part <lb></lb>which others have employed, eſpecially ſuch as <lb></lb>have done any thing very great and excellent, <lb></lb>whom we may reaſonably ſuppoſe to have <lb></lb>been Men of very great Note, when they were <lb></lb>intruſted with the Direction of ſo great an Ex<lb></lb>pence. </s> <s>Not that I would have him admire a <lb></lb>Structure merely for being huge, and imagine <lb></lb>that to be a ſufficient Beauty; but let him <lb></lb>principally enquire in every Building what <lb></lb>there is particularly artful and excellent for <lb></lb>Contrivance or Invention, and gain a Habit of <lb></lb>being pleaſed with nothing but what is really <lb></lb>elegant and praiſe-worthy for the Deſign: And <lb></lb>where-ever he finds any thing noble, let him <lb></lb>make uſe of it, or imitate it in his own Per<lb></lb>formances; and when he ſees any thing well <lb></lb>done, that is capable of being ſtill further im<lb></lb>proved and made delicate, let him ſtudy to <lb></lb>bring it to Perfection in his own Works; and <lb></lb>when he meets with any Deſign that is only <lb></lb>not abſolutely bad, let him try in his own <lb></lb>Things to work it if poſſible into ſomething <lb></lb>excellent. </s> <s>Thus by a continued and nice Ex<lb></lb>amination of the beſt Productions, ſtill con<lb></lb>ſidering what Improvements might be made in <lb></lb>every thing that he ſees, he may ſo exerciſe <lb></lb>and ſharpen his own Invention, as to collect <lb></lb>into his own Works not only all the Beauties <lb></lb>which are diſperſed up and down in thoſe of <lb></lb>other Men, but even thoſe which lie in a Man<lb></lb>ner concealed in the moſt hidden Receſſes of <lb></lb>Nature, to his own immortal Reputation. </s> <s>Not <lb></lb>ſatisfied with this, he ſhould alſo have an Am<lb></lb>bition to produce ſomething admirable, which <lb></lb>may be entirely of his own Invention; like him, <lb></lb>for Inſtance, who built a Temple without uſing <lb></lb>one iron Tool in it; or him that brought the <lb></lb><emph type="italics"></emph>Coloſſus<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end> to <emph type="italics"></emph>Rome,<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end> ſuſpended all the Way up<lb></lb>right, in which Work we may juſt mention <lb></lb>that he employed no leſs than four-and-twenty <lb></lb>Elephants; or like an Artiſt that in only ſeem<lb></lb>ingly working a common Quarry of Stone, <lb></lb>ſhould cut it out into a Labyrinth, a Temple, <lb></lb>or ſome other uſeful Structure, to the Surpriſe <lb></lb>of all Mankind. </s> <s>We are told that <emph type="italics"></emph>Nero<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end> uſed <lb></lb>to employ miraculous Architects, who never <lb></lb>thought of any Invention, but what it was al<lb></lb>moſt impoſſible for the Skill of Man to reduce <lb></lb>to practice. </s> <s>Such Geniuſſes I can by no mean <lb></lb>approve of; for, indeed, I would have the <lb></lb>Architect always appear to have conſulted Ne<lb></lb>ceſſity and Convenience in the firſt Place, even <lb></lb>tho' at the very ſame Time his principal Care <lb></lb>has been Ornament. </s> <s>If he can make a hand<lb></lb>ſome Mixture of the noble Orders of the An<lb></lb>cients, with any of the new Inventions of the <lb></lb>Moderns, he may deſerve Commendation. </s> <s>In <lb></lb>this Manner he ſhould be continually improv<lb></lb>ing his Genius by Uſe and Exerciſe in ſuch <lb></lb>Things as may conduce to make him Excel<lb></lb>lent in this Science; and indeed, he ſhould <lb></lb>think it becomes him to have not only that <lb></lb>Knowledge, without which he would not real<lb></lb>ly be what he profeſſed himſelf; but he ſhould <lb></lb>alſo adorn his Mind with ſuch a Tincture of <lb></lb>all the liberal Arts, as may be of Service to <lb></lb>make him more ready and ingenious at his own, <lb></lb>and that he may never be at a Loſs for any <lb></lb>Helps in it which Learning can furniſh him <lb></lb>with. </s> <s>In ſhort, he ought ſtill to be perſever<lb></lb>ing in his Study and Application, till he finds <lb></lb>himſelf equal to thoſe great Men, whoſe Praiſes <lb></lb>are capable of no further Addition: Nor let <lb></lb>him ever be ſatisfied with himſelf, if there <lb></lb>is that Thing any where that can poſſibly be <lb></lb>of Uſe to him, and that can be obtained either <lb></lb>by Diligence or Thought, which he is not <lb></lb>thoroughly Maſter of, till he is arrived at the <lb></lb>Summit of Perfection in the Art which he <lb></lb>profeſſes. </s> <s>The Arts which are uſeful, and in<lb></lb>deed abſolutely neceſſary to the Architect, are <lb></lb>Painting and Mathematicks. </s> <s>I do not require <lb></lb>him to be deeply learned in the reſt; for I <lb></lb>think it ridiculous, like a certain Author, to <lb></lb>expect that an Architect ſhould be a profound <lb></lb>Lawyer, in order to know the Right of con<lb></lb>veying Water or placing Limits between Neigh<lb></lb>bours, and to avoid falling into Controverſies <lb></lb>and Lawſuits as in Building is often the Caſe: <lb></lb>Nor need he be a perfect Aſtronomer, to know <lb></lb>that Libraries ought to be ſituated to the <lb></lb>North, and Stoves to the South; nor a very <lb></lb>great Muſician, to place the Vaſes of Copper <lb></lb>or Braſs in a Theatre for aſſiſting the Voice: <lb></lb>Neither do I require that he ſhould be an Ora<lb></lb>tor, in order to be able to diſplay to any Per<lb></lb>ſon that would employ him, the Services which <lb></lb>he is capable of doing him; for Knowledge, <lb></lb>Experience and perfect Maſtery in what he is <lb></lb>to ſpeak of, will never fail to help him to <lb></lb>Words to explain his Senſe ſufficiently, which <lb></lb>indeed is the firſt and main End of Eloquence. <lb></lb></s> <s>Not that I would have him Tongue-tied, or ſo <pb xlink:href="003/01/284.jpg" pagenum="207"></pb>deficient in his Ears, as to have no Taſte for <lb></lb>Harmony: It may ſuffice if he does not build <lb></lb>a private Man's Houſe upon the publick <lb></lb>Ground, or upon another Man's: If he does <lb></lb>not annoy the Neighbours, either by his Lights, <lb></lb>his Spou s, his Gutters, his Drains, or by ob<lb></lb>ſtructing their Paſſage contrary to Law: If he <lb></lb>knows the ſeveral Winds that blows from the <lb></lb>different Points of the Compaſs, and their <lb></lb>Names; in all which Sciences there is no Harm <lb></lb>indeed in his being more expert; but Painting <lb></lb>and Mathematicks are what he can no more be <lb></lb>without, than a Poet can be without the <lb></lb>Knowledge of Feet and Syllables; neither do <lb></lb>I know whether it be enough for him to be only <lb></lb>moderately tinctured with them. </s> <s>This I can ſay of <lb></lb>myſelf, that I have often ſtarted in my Mind Ideas <lb></lb>of Buildings, which have given me wonderful <lb></lb>Delight: Wherein when I have come to re<lb></lb>duce them into Lines, I have found in thoſe <lb></lb>very Parts which moſt pleaſed me, many groſs <lb></lb>Errors that required great Correction; and up<lb></lb>on a ſecond Review of ſuch a Draught, and <lb></lb>meaſuring every Part by Numbers, I have been <lb></lb>ſenſible and aſhamed of my own Inaccuracy. <lb></lb></s> <s>Laſtly, when I have made my Draught into a <lb></lb>Model, and then proceeded to examine the ſe<lb></lb>veral Parts over again, I have ſometimes found <lb></lb>myſelf miſtaken, even in my Numbers. </s> <s>Not <lb></lb>that I expected my Architect to be a <emph type="italics"></emph>Zeuxis<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end> in <lb></lb>Painting, nor a <emph type="italics"></emph>Nicomachus<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end> at Numbers, nor an <lb></lb><emph type="italics"></emph>Archimedes<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end> in the Knowledge of Lines and <lb></lb>Angles: It may ſerve his Purpoſe if he is a <lb></lb>thorough Maſter of thoſe Elements of Painting <lb></lb>which I have wrote; and if he is skilled in ſo <lb></lb>much practical Mathematicks, and in ſuch a <lb></lb>Knowledge of mixed Lines, Angles and Num<lb></lb>bers, as is neceſſary for the Meaſuring of <lb></lb>Weights, Superficies and Solids, which Part of <lb></lb>Geometry the <emph type="italics"></emph>Greeks<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end> call <emph type="italics"></emph>Podiſmata<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end> and <emph type="italics"></emph>Em<lb></lb>boda.<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end></s><s> With theſe Arts, joined to Study and <lb></lb>Application, the Architect may be ſure to ob<lb></lb>tain Favour and Riches, and to deliver his <lb></lb>Name with Reputation down to Poſterity.</s></p><p type="head"> <s>CHAP. XI.</s></p><p type="head"> <s><emph type="italics"></emph>To what Sort of Perſons the Architect ought to offer his Service.<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end></s></p><p type="main"> <s>There is one Thing that I muſt not <lb></lb>omit here, which relates perſonally to <lb></lb>the Architect. </s> <s>It is, that you ſhould not im<lb></lb>mediately run and offer your Service to every <lb></lb>Man that gives out he is going to build; a <lb></lb>Fault which the inconſiderate and vain-glori<lb></lb>ous are too apt to be guilty of. </s> <s>I know not <lb></lb>whether you ought not to wait till you are <lb></lb>more than once importuned to be concerned. <lb></lb></s> <s>Certainly they ought to repoſe a free and vo<lb></lb>luntary Confidence in you, that want to make <lb></lb>uſe of your Labours and Advice. </s> <s>Why ſhould <lb></lb>I offer thoſe Inventions which have coſt me ſo <lb></lb>much Study and Pains, to gain perhaps no <lb></lb>other Recompence, but the Confidence of a <lb></lb>few Perſons of no Taſte or Skill? </s> <s>If by my <lb></lb>Advice in the Execution of your intended <lb></lb>Work, I either ſave you from an unneceſſary <lb></lb>Expence, or procure you ſome great Conveni<lb></lb>ence or Pleaſure; ſurely ſuch a Service de<lb></lb>ſerves a ſuitable Recompence. </s> <s>For this Rea<lb></lb>ſon a prudent Man ſhould take care to main<lb></lb>tain his Reputation; and certainly it is enough <lb></lb>if you give honeſt Advice, and correct Draughts <lb></lb>to ſuch as apply themſelves to you. </s> <s>If after<lb></lb>wards you undertake to ſuperviſe and com<lb></lb>pleat the Work, you will find it very difficult <lb></lb>to avoid being made anſwerable for all the <lb></lb>Faults and Miſtakes committed either by the <lb></lb>Ignorance or Negligence of other Men: Upon <lb></lb>which Account you muſt take care to have <lb></lb>the Aſſiſtance of honeſt, diligent, and ſevere <lb></lb>Overſeers to look after the Workmen under <lb></lb>you. </s> <s>I would alſo have you, if poſſible, con<lb></lb>cern yourſelf for none but Perſons of the higheſt <lb></lb>Rank and Quality, and thoſe too ſuch as are <lb></lb>truly Lovers of theſe Arts: Becauſe your Work <lb></lb>loſes of its Dignity by being done for mean <lb></lb>Perſons. </s> <s>Do you not ſee what Weight the <lb></lb>Authority of great Men is to advance the Re<lb></lb>putation of thoſe who are employed by them? <lb></lb></s> <s>And, indeed, I inſiſt the more upon this Piece <lb></lb>of Advice, not only becauſe the World has <lb></lb>generally a higher Opinion of the Taſte and <lb></lb>Judgment of great Men, than for the moſt <lb></lb>Part they deſerve, but alſo becauſe I would <lb></lb>have the Architect always readily and plen<lb></lb>tifully ſupplied with every thing that is ne<lb></lb>ceſſary for compleating his Edifice; which <lb></lb>thoſe of lower Degree are commonly not ſo <lb></lb>able, and therefore not ſo willing to do: to <lb></lb>which add, what we find very frequent Inſtances <lb></lb>of, that where the Deſign and Invention has <lb></lb>been perfectly equal in two different Works, <pb xlink:href="003/01/285.jpg" pagenum="208"></pb>one has been much more eſteemed than the <lb></lb>other, for the Sake of the Superiority of the <lb></lb>Materials. </s> <s>Laſtly, I adviſe you not to be ſo <lb></lb>far carried away by the Deſire of Glory, as <lb></lb>raſhly to attempt any thing entirely new and <lb></lb>unuſual: Therefore be ſure to examine and <lb></lb>conſider thoroughly what you are going to un<lb></lb>dertake, even in its minuteſt Parts; and re<lb></lb>member how difficult it is to find Workmen <lb></lb>that ſhall exactly execute any extraordinary <lb></lb>Idea which you may form, and with how much <lb></lb>Grudging and Unwillingneſs People will ſpend <lb></lb>their Money in making Trial of your Fancies. <lb></lb></s> <s>Laſtly, beware of that very common Fault, by <lb></lb>means of which there are ſo few great Struc<lb></lb>tures but what have ſome unpardonable Ble<lb></lb>miſhes. </s> <s>We always find People very ready to <lb></lb>criticize, and fond of being thought Counſel<lb></lb>lors and Directors. </s> <s>Now as, by reaſon of the <lb></lb>Shortneſs of Man's Life, few great Works are <lb></lb>compleated by the firſt Undertaker, we that <lb></lb>ſucceed him, either out of Envy or Officiouſ<lb></lb>neſs, are vain of making ſome Alteration in his <lb></lb>original Deſign. </s> <s>By this means what was well <lb></lb>begun is ſpoiled in the finiſhing. </s> <s>For this Rea<lb></lb>ſon I think we ſhould adhere to the original <lb></lb>Deſign of the Inventor, who we are to ſuppoſe <lb></lb>had maturely weighed and conſidered it. </s> <s>It is <lb></lb>poſſible he might have ſome wiſe Inducement <lb></lb>to do what he did, which upon a more dili<lb></lb>gent and attentive Examination, you may at <lb></lb>length diſcover yourſelf. </s> <s>If however you do <lb></lb>make any Alteration, never do it without the <lb></lb>Advice, or rather abſolute Direction of the moſt <lb></lb>approved and experienced Maſters: By which <lb></lb>means you will both provide for the Neceſſi<lb></lb>ties of the Structure, and ſecure yourſelf againſt <lb></lb>the Malice of envious Tongues. </s> <s>We have now <lb></lb>treated of publick Buildings, and of private; of <lb></lb>ſacred, and of profane; of thoſe which relate <lb></lb>to Dignity, and thoſe of Pleaſure. </s> <s>What re<lb></lb>mains is to ſhew how any Defects in an Edi<lb></lb>fice, which have ariſen either from Ignorance <lb></lb>or Negligence, from the Violence of Men or <lb></lb>Times, or from unfortunate and unforeſeen <lb></lb>Accidents, may be repaired and amended: <lb></lb>Still hoping that theſe Arts will meet with the <lb></lb>Favour and Protection of the Learned.</s></p><p type="head"> <s><emph type="italics"></emph>The End of Book<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end> IX.<lb></lb><figure id="id.003.01.285.1.jpg" xlink:href="003/01/285/1.jpg"></figure></s></p><pb xlink:href="003/01/286.jpg"></pb><figure id="id.003.01.286.1.jpg" xlink:href="003/01/286/1.jpg"></figure><p type="head"> <s>THE <lb></lb><emph type="bold"></emph>ARCHITECTURE<emph.end type="bold"></emph.end><lb></lb>OF <lb></lb><emph type="bold"></emph><emph type="italics"></emph>Leone Batiſta Alberti.<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end><emph.end type="bold"></emph.end></s></p><p type="head"> <s>BOOK X. CHAP. I.</s></p><p type="main"> <s><emph type="italics"></emph>Of the Defects in Buildings, whence they proceed, and their different Sorts; <lb></lb>which of them can be corrected by the Architect, and which cannot; and the <lb></lb>various Cauſes of a bad Air.<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end></s></p><p type="main"> <s>Since in the Remainder of this <lb></lb>Work we are to treat of the correct<lb></lb>ing the ſeveral Defects in Building, <lb></lb>it is neceſſary firſt to conſider what <lb></lb>thoſe Defects are which are capable of Emen<lb></lb>dation by the Hand of Man: As the Phyſici<lb></lb>ans think that the Knowledge of the Patient's <lb></lb>Diſtemper, is the greateſt Step towards his <lb></lb>Cure. </s> <s>Of the Defects in Buildings, as well <lb></lb>publick as private, ſome are innate and owing <lb></lb>to the Architect, and others proceed from fo<lb></lb>reign Cauſes: And again, of theſe ſome are <lb></lb>capable of being repaired by Art and Contri<lb></lb>vance, and others will not poſſibly admit of <lb></lb>any Remedy. </s> <s>What thoſe are which are owing <lb></lb>to the Architect, we have pointed out ſo plain<lb></lb>ly in the laſt Book, that a Repetition of them <lb></lb>here is not neceſſary, having there ſhewn that <lb></lb>ſome are the Errors of the Mind, ſome of the <lb></lb>Hand; that thoſe of the Mind are an injudici<lb></lb>ous Election, an inconvenient Compartition, <lb></lb>an improper Diſtribution, or confuſed Pro<lb></lb>portions; whereas thoſe of the Hand are an <lb></lb>inaccurate or inconſiderate Preparation, Col<lb></lb>lection, Working, and putting together the <lb></lb>Materials: Faults which the Negligent and <lb></lb>Unadviſed eaſily fall into. </s> <s>But the Defects <lb></lb>which proceed from foreign Cauſes are ſcarcely <lb></lb>to be numbered for their Multiplicity and Va<lb></lb>riety: Of which Cauſes the firſt is that which <lb></lb>is ſaid to overcome all Things, Time, whoſe <lb></lb>Violence is no leſs deceitful than it is power<lb></lb>ful, nor can any Sort of Bodies elude that great <lb></lb>Law of Nature, of Feeling the Decays of old <lb></lb>Age; inſomuch that ſome are of Opinion, the <lb></lb>very Heavens themſelves are corruptible only <lb></lb>for this Reaſon, becauſe they are Bodies. </s> <s>We <lb></lb>all know the Power of the Sun, of Damps, of <lb></lb>Froſts and of Storms. </s> <s>Battered by theſe En<lb></lb>gines, we ſee the hardeſt Flints ſhiver and fall <lb></lb>to Pieces, and huge Pieces of Rock broken <lb></lb>down from the Mountains, with Parts of the <lb></lb>Hill itſelf along with them. </s> <s>To theſe add the <lb></lb>Violence or Negligence of Men. </s> <s>I call Heaven <lb></lb>to Witneſs, that I am often filled with the <lb></lb>higheſt Indignation when I ſee Buildings de<lb></lb>moliſhed and going to Ruin by the Careleſs<lb></lb>neſs, not to ſay abominable Avarice of the <lb></lb>Owners, Buildings whoſe Majeſty has ſaved <lb></lb>them from the Fury of the moſt barbarous and <lb></lb>enraged Enemies, and which Time himſelf, <lb></lb>that perverſe and obſtinate Deſtroyer, ſeems to <lb></lb>have deſtined to Eternity. </s> <s>To theſe again add <lb></lb>the ſudden Accidents of Fire, Lightening, <lb></lb>Earthquakes, Inundations, and thoſe many ſur<lb></lb>prizing, unheard of and incredible Phænomena <lb></lb>which the miraculous Power of Nature ſo fre<lb></lb>quently produces, and which are capable of <pb xlink:href="003/01/287.jpg" pagenum="210"></pb>over-turning the beſt finiſhed Structure of the <lb></lb>wiſeſt Architect. <emph type="italics"></emph>Plato<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end> ſays, that the whole <lb></lb><emph type="italics"></emph>Atlantick<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end> Iſland, which was not leſs than <emph type="italics"></emph>Epi<lb></lb>rus,<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end> vaniſhed away at once into Smoke. </s> <s>Hiſ<lb></lb>tory informs us, that the Cities of <emph type="italics"></emph>Helice<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end> and <lb></lb><emph type="italics"></emph>Bura<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end> were both ſwallowed up, one by the Sea <lb></lb>and the other by an Earthquake: That the <lb></lb>Lake <emph type="italics"></emph>Tritonis<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end> diſappeared in an Inſtant, and <lb></lb>on the contrary, that of <emph type="italics"></emph>Stymphalis<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end> in <emph type="italics"></emph>Argos,<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end><lb></lb>appeared as ſuddenly: That at <emph type="italics"></emph>Teramene<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end> an <lb></lb>Iſland ſtarted up at once, with hot Springs in <lb></lb>it; and that between the two Iſlands of <emph type="italics"></emph>The<lb></lb>raſia<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end> and <emph type="italics"></emph>Thera<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end> a Flame burſt out of the Sea, <lb></lb>which made it foam and boil four whole Days <lb></lb>ſucceſſively, and at laſt appeared an Iſland <lb></lb>twelve Furlongs in Length, wherein the <emph type="italics"></emph>Rho<lb></lb>dians<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end> built a Temple to <emph type="italics"></emph>Neptune<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end> their Protec<lb></lb>tor. </s> <s>In other Places we are told of ſuch nu<lb></lb>merous Swarms of Mice, that they bred an <lb></lb>Infection, and that the <emph type="italics"></emph>Spaniards<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end> ſent Ambaſ<lb></lb>ſadors to the <emph type="italics"></emph>Roman<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end> Senate to implore their <lb></lb>Aſſiſtance againſt infinite Numbers of Hares <lb></lb>which eat up their Country; and many other <lb></lb>wonderful Accidents of the ſame Nature, <lb></lb>whereof we have made a Collection in our lit<lb></lb>tle Treatiſe, entitled <emph type="italics"></emph>Theogenius.<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end></s><s> But all the <lb></lb>Defects which proceed from foreign Cauſes are <lb></lb>not uncapable of being corrected: Neither <lb></lb>will thoſe which are owing to the Architect, <lb></lb>always admit of Amendment; for where every <lb></lb>thing is wrong and out of Order, no Improve<lb></lb>ment is practicable. </s> <s>Where the Building can<lb></lb>not be any ways altered for the better, but by <lb></lb>changing almoſt every Line and Angle, it is <lb></lb>much better to pull the Whole quite down, and <lb></lb>begin upon a new Foundation. </s> <s>But that is not <lb></lb>our Buſineſs now: We are here to ſhew what <lb></lb>may be amended or improved by Art. </s> <s>And <lb></lb>firſt we ſhall ſpeak of Buildings of a publick <lb></lb>Nature. </s> <s>Of theſe the greateſt and moſt im<lb></lb>portant is the City, or rather, if we may ſo <lb></lb>call it, the Region of the City. </s> <s>The Region <lb></lb>wherein an inconſiderable Architect has placed <lb></lb>his City, may perhaps have thoſe Defects <lb></lb>which will admit of Amendment. </s> <s>Either it <lb></lb>may be unſecure againſt ſudden Incurſions of <lb></lb>Enemies, or it may ſtand in a bad unhealthy <lb></lb>Air, or it may not be well ſupplied with all <lb></lb>Neceſſaries. </s> <s>Of theſe therefore we ſhall now <lb></lb>treat. </s> <s>The Way from <emph type="italics"></emph>Lydia<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end> into <emph type="italics"></emph>Cilicia<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end> lies <lb></lb>through a narrow Paſs cut by Nature among <lb></lb>the Hills, in ſuch a Manner that you would <lb></lb>think ſhe deſigned it as a Gate to that Pro<lb></lb>vince. </s> <s>At <emph type="italics"></emph>Thermopylæ,<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end> now called the <emph type="italics"></emph>Bocca <lb></lb>de Lupo,<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end> is a Paſs which three armed Men may <lb></lb>defend, being a broken Way interrupted by <lb></lb>numberleſs Rills of Water on every Side, which <lb></lb>riſe from the very Root of the Mountain. <lb></lb></s> <s>Much like this are the broken Rocks in the <lb></lb>Mark of <emph type="italics"></emph>Ancona,<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end> called by the Vulgar <emph type="italics"></emph>Foſſo <lb></lb>ombrone,<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end> and many others in other Places. </s> <s>But <lb></lb>ſuch Paſſes, ſo fortified by Nature, are not to <lb></lb>be found every where: However, they ſeem in <lb></lb>a great Meaſure, to be capable of being imitat<lb></lb>ed by Art; and accordingly we find it to have <lb></lb>been very often prudently done by the Anci<lb></lb>ents, who in order to ſecure their Country from <lb></lb>the Inroads of their Enemies, uſed the follow<lb></lb>ing Methods, which we ſhall briefly gather <lb></lb>from as many of the great Works of the old <lb></lb>Heroes, as may ſerve to illuſtrate our preſent <lb></lb>Subject. <emph type="italics"></emph>Artaxerxes<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end> near the River <emph type="italics"></emph>Euphrates,<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end><lb></lb>cut a Trench between himſelf and the Enemy, <lb></lb>threeſcore Foot broad, and ten Miles long. </s> <s>The <lb></lb><emph type="italics"></emph>Cæſars<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end> (and particularly <emph type="italics"></emph>Adrian<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end>) built a Wall <lb></lb>acroſs <emph type="italics"></emph>Britain<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end> foreſcore Miles in Length, by <lb></lb>which they divided the Lands of the <emph type="italics"></emph>Barbari<lb></lb>ans<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end> from thoſe of the <emph type="italics"></emph>Romans. </s> <s>Antoninus Pius<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end><lb></lb>made another of Turf acroſs the ſame Iſland. <lb></lb></s> <s>After him <emph type="italics"></emph>Severus<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end> threw up a Trench an <lb></lb>hundred and twenty-two Miles long, which <lb></lb>divided the Iſland clear from Sea to Sea. <emph type="italics"></emph>An<lb></lb>tiochus Soter<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end> encompaſſed <emph type="italics"></emph>Margiana<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end> a Province <lb></lb>of <emph type="italics"></emph>India,<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end> where he built <emph type="italics"></emph>Antiochia,<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end> with a <lb></lb>Wall fifteen hundred Furlongs in Length; and <lb></lb><emph type="italics"></emph>Seoſoſis<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end> carried a Wall of the ſame Length from <lb></lb>the Borders of <emph type="italics"></emph>Ægypt<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end> towards <emph type="italics"></emph>Arabia,<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end> thro' <lb></lb>a Deſart quite from the City of the Sun, which <lb></lb>was called <emph type="italics"></emph>Thebes.<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end></s><s> The <emph type="italics"></emph>Neritones,<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end> whoſe Coun<lb></lb>try formerly joined to <emph type="italics"></emph>Leucadia,<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end> cutting away <lb></lb>the Neck of Land, and letting in the Sea, <lb></lb>made it an Iſland: On the contrary, the <emph type="italics"></emph>Chal<lb></lb>cidians<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end> and the <emph type="italics"></emph>Boeotians<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end> raiſed a Dike over the <lb></lb>Straits, called the <emph type="italics"></emph>Euripus,<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end> to join <emph type="italics"></emph>Euboia<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end> to <lb></lb><emph type="italics"></emph>Boeotia,<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end> that they might be able to ſuccour each <lb></lb>other. <emph type="italics"></emph>Alexander<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end> the Great built ſix Towns <lb></lb>near the River <emph type="italics"></emph>Oxus,<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end> not ſar diſtant from each <lb></lb>other, that upon any ſudden Attack from the <lb></lb>Enemy, they might have Aſſiſtance at Hand. <lb></lb></s> <s>The Ancients frequently made uſe of little Re<lb></lb>doubts, which they called <emph type="italics"></emph>Tyrſes,<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end> fortified with <lb></lb>very high Ramparts, like Caſtles, to put a Stop <lb></lb>to Incurſions from their Enemies. </s> <s>The <emph type="italics"></emph>Per<lb></lb>ſians<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end> ſtopt up the <emph type="italics"></emph>Tygris<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end> with Sluices, that none <lb></lb>of the Enemy's Veſſels might get up the River: <lb></lb>But <emph type="italics"></emph>Alexander<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end> took them away and opened <lb></lb>the Stream, alledging that it was a mean and <lb></lb>cowardly Defence, and exhorting them rather <lb></lb>to truſt to their own Valour for their Securi<lb></lb>ty. </s> <s>Some have overflowed their Country and <pb xlink:href="003/01/288.jpg" pagenum="211"></pb>made it a perfect Marſh, like <emph type="italics"></emph>Arabia,<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end> which <lb></lb>by means of a Number of Lakes and Bogs oc<lb></lb>caſioned by the River <emph type="italics"></emph>Euphrates,<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end> was not to <lb></lb>be approached by an Enemy. </s> <s>Thus by ſuch <lb></lb>Fortifications they both ſecured their own <lb></lb>Country againſt the Attacks of an Enemy, and <lb></lb>at the ſame Time made their Enemy's Coun<lb></lb>try weaker and more defenceleſs. </s> <s>What are <lb></lb>the Cauſes which make the Air unhealthy, we <lb></lb>have already ſhewn ſufficiently at Length in <lb></lb>the proper Place. </s> <s>We may only obſerve here <lb></lb>in general, that for the moſt Part thoſe Cauſes <lb></lb>are either the too great Power of the Sun, or <lb></lb>too much Shade; ſome infectious Winds from <lb></lb>neighbouring Parts, or peſtilent Vapours from <lb></lb>the Soil itſelf, or elſe ſomething in the very <lb></lb>Climate itſelf that is noxious. </s> <s>To mend the <lb></lb>Air when it is unhealthy or corrupted, is a <lb></lb>Work ſcarce thought poſſible to be done by any <lb></lb>human Contrivance; unleſs by appeaſing the <lb></lb>Wrath of Heaven by Prayers and Supplications, <lb></lb>which, like the Nail driven by the Conſul, have <lb></lb>ſometimes, as we read, put a Stop to the moſt <lb></lb>deſtructive Contagions. </s> <s>Againſt the Inconve<lb></lb>niencies of the Sun or Wind to the Inhabitants <lb></lb>of ſome little Town or Villa, perhaps ſome <lb></lb>Remedy may be found: But to alter the Cli<lb></lb>mate of a whole Region or Province, is a Task <lb></lb>too great; not that I deny the Poſſibility of <lb></lb>amending a great many of thoſe Defects which <lb></lb>proceed from the Air, by curing the Earth of <lb></lb>exhaling noxious Vapours. </s> <s>In order to ſhew <lb></lb>how this may be done, it is not neceſſary that <lb></lb>I ſhould here ſpend Time in debating whether <lb></lb>it is by means of the Power of the Sun, or by <lb></lb>ſome natural inward Heat, that the Earth emits <lb></lb>thoſe two Vapours, of which one mounting up <lb></lb>into the Air is condenſed by the Cold, into <lb></lb>Rain and Snow; and the other, which is a dry <lb></lb>Vapour, is ſuppoſed to be the Cauſe of Winds: <lb></lb>It is enough that we are aſſured, that both theſe <lb></lb>ariſe out of the Earth; and as we find that <lb></lb>thoſe Steams which proceed from the Bodies <lb></lb>of Animals, partake of the Nature of the Bodies <lb></lb>from which they ariſe, peſtiferous from peſti<lb></lb>lentious Bodies, and ſweet from wholeſome and <lb></lb>cleanly ones, and that ſometimes where the <lb></lb>Sweat or Vapour is not bad in itſelf, it is ren<lb></lb>dered offenſive by the Naſtineſs of the Gar<lb></lb>ment through which it paſſes; ſo it is with the <lb></lb>Earth: For when the Ground is neither well <lb></lb>covered with Water, nor perfectly dry, but lies <lb></lb>like a Marſh or Bog, it muſt for ſeveral Rea<lb></lb>ſons emit noxious and unwholeſome Vapours. <lb></lb></s> <s>Thus we find, that where the Sea is deep, the <lb></lb>Water is cold, and warm where it is ſhallow; <lb></lb>the Reaſon of which, we are told, is becauſe <lb></lb>the Rays of the Sun cannot ſtrike to the Bot<lb></lb>tom of a deep Water: As if you plunge a red<lb></lb>hot Iron into Oil, if the Oil be but a ſmall <lb></lb>Quantity, it will raiſe a ſtrong thick Smoke, <lb></lb>but if there is Oil enough to cover it quite over, <lb></lb>it will preſently quench the Iron, and make <lb></lb>no Smoke at all. </s> <s>But to proceed briefly with <lb></lb>the Subject which we have begun to take <lb></lb>in Hand. <emph type="italics"></emph>Servius<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end> tells us, that a Marſh near <lb></lb>a certain Town being almoſt dried up, and a <lb></lb>Plague ſucceeding, the Inhabitants went for <lb></lb>Counſel to <emph type="italics"></emph>Apollo,<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end> who commanded them to <lb></lb>dry it up entirely. </s> <s>Near <emph type="italics"></emph>Tempe,<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end> there was a <lb></lb>large ſtanding Lake, which <emph type="italics"></emph>Hercules<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end> made dry <lb></lb>Ground, by cutting a Trench to let out the <lb></lb>Water, and he is ſaid to have burnt the Ser<lb></lb>pent <emph type="italics"></emph>Hydra<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end> in a Place from whence frequent <lb></lb>Eruptions of Water uſed to ravage the neigh<lb></lb>bouring City; by which means the ſuperfluous <lb></lb>Moiſture being conſumed, and the Soil render<lb></lb>ed firm and dry, thoſe over-abounding Chan<lb></lb>nels of Water were entirely ſtopt. </s> <s>In ancient <lb></lb>Times the <emph type="italics"></emph>Nile<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end> having once ſwelled higher <lb></lb>than uſual, when the Waters went off, beſides <lb></lb>the Mud, they left a great Number of different <lb></lb>Animals, which as the Ground became dry, <lb></lb>rotted and infected the Air with a dreadful <lb></lb>Plague. <emph type="italics"></emph>Strabo<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end> ſays, that the City <emph type="italics"></emph>Mazaca,<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end><lb></lb>near the Hill <emph type="italics"></emph>Argæus,<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end> abounds in good Wa<lb></lb>ter; but if in Summer it has not a Way made <lb></lb>for it to run off, it renders the Air unwhole<lb></lb>ſome and infectious. </s> <s>Moreover, towards the <lb></lb>northern Parts of <emph type="italics"></emph>Africa,<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end> and alſo in <emph type="italics"></emph>Æthiopia,<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end><lb></lb>it never Rains; ſo that the Lakes are often <lb></lb>dried up, and left like Bogs of Mud, abounding <lb></lb>with infinite Numbers of Animals that breed <lb></lb>by Corruption, and particularly with great <lb></lb>Swarms of Locuſts. </s> <s>Againſt theſe Inconveni<lb></lb>encies, both the Remedies uſed by <emph type="italics"></emph>Hercules<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end> are <lb></lb>very proper, namely, cutting a Trench that the <lb></lb>Water may not ſtagnate and make a Bog, and <lb></lb>then laying the Ground open to the Sun, <lb></lb>which I take to be the Fire uſed by <emph type="italics"></emph>Hercules<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end><lb></lb>for burning the <emph type="italics"></emph>Hydra.<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end></s><s> It may alſo be of Ser<lb></lb>vice to fill up the Place with Stones, Earth or <lb></lb>Sand: And in what Manner you may fill up a <lb></lb>ſtanding Water with River-ſand, we ſhall ſhew <lb></lb>in the proper Place. <emph type="italics"></emph>Strabo<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end> ſays, that in his <lb></lb>Time the Country about the City of <emph type="italics"></emph>Ravenna,<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end><lb></lb>being continually overflowed by the Sea, uſed <lb></lb>to be incommoded with noiſome Vapours, <lb></lb>which yet did not make the Air unwholeſome, <lb></lb>and it ſeems ſtrange how this ſhould happen, <pb xlink:href="003/01/289.jpg" pagenum="212"></pb>unleſs it be as it is at <emph type="italics"></emph>Venice,<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end> that the Lakes <lb></lb>being kept in conſtant Agitation by the Winds <lb></lb>and Tides, never ſubſide, and ſo cannot cor<lb></lb>rupt. </s> <s>The Country of <emph type="italics"></emph>Alexandria<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end> is ſaid to <lb></lb>have been much of the ſame Nature; but the <lb></lb>conſtant overflowing of the <emph type="italics"></emph>Nile<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end> in Summer, <lb></lb>cured it of that Defect. </s> <s>Thus we are in<lb></lb>ſtructed by Nature what is proper to be done, <lb></lb>and that where the Ground is marſhy, we <lb></lb>ought either to dry it up entirely, or elſe to <lb></lb>bring a conſtant Supply of running Water into <lb></lb>it, either from ſome Stream or River, or from <lb></lb>the Sea; or laſtly, to dig it ſo deep as to come <lb></lb>to ſome living Spring. </s> <s>Of which we ſhall ſay <lb></lb>no more in this Place.</s></p><p type="head"> <s>CHAP. II.</s></p><p type="head"> <s><emph type="italics"></emph>That Water is the moſt neceſſary Thing of all, and of its various Sorts.<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end></s></p><p type="main"> <s>We are now to take care that nothing <lb></lb>be wanting, which may be neceſſary <lb></lb>for our Uſe. </s> <s>What Things are neceſſary I <lb></lb>ſhall not waſte much Time in recounting, be<lb></lb>cauſe they are manifeſt, as Food, Raiment, <lb></lb>Shelter, and, above all Things, Water. <emph type="italics"></emph>Thales<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end><lb></lb>the <emph type="italics"></emph>Mileſian<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end> affirmed, that Water was the firſt <lb></lb>Principle of all Things, and even of Commu<lb></lb>nities among Men. <emph type="italics"></emph>Ariſtobulus<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end> ſays, that he <lb></lb>ſaw above a thouſand Towns left quite deſart, <lb></lb>becauſe the River <emph type="italics"></emph>Indus<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end> had turned his Courſe <lb></lb>another Way. </s> <s>I own it to be my Opinion, <lb></lb>that Water is to Animals the Source of natural <lb></lb>Heat and the Nouriſher of Life; not to men<lb></lb>tion its Conſequence to Plants, and to every <lb></lb>Thing elſe which is intended for the Uſe of <lb></lb>Mankind; to all which I imagine it to be ſo <lb></lb>abſolutely neceſſary, that, without Water, no<lb></lb>thing which grows or is nouriſhed in the Earth <lb></lb>would be capable even of exiſting. </s> <s>In the <lb></lb>Country, along the River <emph type="italics"></emph>Euphrates,<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end> the People <lb></lb>do not ſuffer their Cattle to feed as long as <lb></lb>they would, for fear of their growing too fat <lb></lb>in Paſtures too luxurious, occaſioned, as is ſup<lb></lb>poſed, by the Exuberance of Moiſture: And <lb></lb>ſome believe, that ſuch huge Bodies as Whales <lb></lb>are produced in the Sea, becauſe of the great <lb></lb>Abundance of Nouriſhment which is afforded <lb></lb>by Water. <emph type="italics"></emph>Xenophon<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end> tells us, that the Kings <lb></lb>of <emph type="italics"></emph>Sparta<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end> were allowed, by way of Dignity, <lb></lb>to have a Lake of Water before the Doors of <lb></lb>their Houſes. </s> <s>Water is uſed by us in the Ce<lb></lb>remonies of our Nuptials, Sacrifices, and almoſt <lb></lb>all other ſacred Rites, according to the Prac<lb></lb>tice of our Fore-fathers; all which ſhews what <lb></lb>a high Eſteem ancient Times had of Water. <lb></lb></s> <s>But indeed who can deny the great Uſe and <lb></lb>Service which it is of to Mankind, inſomuch <lb></lb>that it is always thought to be deficient, where <lb></lb>there is not a very large Abundance of it for all <lb></lb>Manner of Occaſions. </s> <s>With this great Ne<lb></lb>ceſſary therefore, we ſhall here begin, ſince, <lb></lb>according to the old Saying, we want it whe<lb></lb>ther ſick or well. </s> <s>The <emph type="italics"></emph>Meſſagetœ,<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end> a Nation <lb></lb>of <emph type="italics"></emph>Scythia,<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end> made their Country abound in Wa<lb></lb>ter by opening the River <emph type="italics"></emph>Aragus<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end> in ſeveral <lb></lb>Places. </s> <s>The <emph type="italics"></emph>Tygris<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end> and <emph type="italics"></emph>Euphrates<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end> were brought <lb></lb>by Labour to <emph type="italics"></emph>Babylon,<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end> which was built origi<lb></lb>nally in a dry Place. </s> <s>Queen <emph type="italics"></emph>Semiramis<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end> cut a <lb></lb>Paſſage through a high Hill for the Space of <lb></lb>five-and-twenty Furlongs to make Way for a <lb></lb>Canal, fifteen Foot broad, by which ſhe brought <lb></lb>Water to the City of <emph type="italics"></emph>Ecbatana.<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end></s><s> An <emph type="italics"></emph>Arabian<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end><lb></lb>King brought Water from the <emph type="italics"></emph>Chorus,<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end> a River <lb></lb>of <emph type="italics"></emph>Arabia,<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end> into that droughty Deſart where he <lb></lb>waited for <emph type="italics"></emph>Cambyſes,<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end> in an Aqueduct made of <lb></lb>the Hides of Bulls, if we may believe every <lb></lb>thing that we read in <emph type="italics"></emph>Herodotus.<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end></s><s> In the Coun<lb></lb>try of the <emph type="italics"></emph>Samians,<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end> among other ſurprizing <lb></lb>Works, the moſt extraordinary of all was a <lb></lb>Trench ſeventy Furlongs in Length, made <lb></lb>through a Mountain which was an hundred <lb></lb>and fifty Paces high. <emph type="italics"></emph>Megareus<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end>'s Conduct was <lb></lb>alſo mightily admired, which brought the <lb></lb>Water of a Spring to the City in a Frame <lb></lb>twenty Foot high. </s> <s>But in my Judgment the <lb></lb>ancient City of <emph type="italics"></emph>Rome<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end> far excelled all the Cities <lb></lb>in the World in the Grandeur and Contrivance <lb></lb>of her Aqueducts, and the great Plenty of <lb></lb>Water conveyed in them. </s> <s>But you are not <lb></lb>every where ſure to find Springs or Rivers from <lb></lb>whence Water can be brought. <emph type="italics"></emph>Alexander,<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end><lb></lb>to ſupply his Fleet with Water, dug a Number <lb></lb>of Wells along the Sea Shore of <emph type="italics"></emph>Perſia. </s> <s>Ap<lb></lb>pian<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end> tells us, that <emph type="italics"></emph>Hannibal,<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end> when he was cloſe <lb></lb>preſſed by <emph type="italics"></emph>Scipio,<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end> near the Town of <emph type="italics"></emph>Cilla,<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end> not <lb></lb>being able to find Water in the Field where he <lb></lb>was encamped, provided for the Neceſſities of <lb></lb>his Troops by digging Wells. </s> <s>Beſides, it is <lb></lb>not all Waters which you find, that are good <lb></lb>and proper for the Uſe of Men; for beſides <lb></lb>that, ſome are hot, ſome cold, ſome ſweet, <pb xlink:href="003/01/290.jpg" pagenum="213"></pb>ſome ſharp, ſome bitter, ſome perfectly clear, <lb></lb>others muddy, viſcous, oily, tinctured with <lb></lb>Pitch, or of a petriſying Quality; ſome run<lb></lb>ning partly clear, and partly foul, and ſome<lb></lb>times in the ſame Place part ſweet, and part <lb></lb>ſalt or bitter: There are alſo ſeveral other Par<lb></lb>ticulars, well worth Note, which make Wa<lb></lb>ters very different from one another, as well in <lb></lb>Nature as in Effect, and of no ſmall Conſe<lb></lb>quence to the Preſervation or Prejudice of the <lb></lb>Health. </s> <s>And here let us be allowed juſt to <lb></lb>mention ſome miraculous Properties of Water, <lb></lb>by Way of Amuſement. </s> <s>The River <emph type="italics"></emph>Arſione<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end><lb></lb>in <emph type="italics"></emph>Armenia,<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end> rots the Cloaths which are waſh<lb></lb>ed in it. </s> <s>The Water of <emph type="italics"></emph>Diana<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end>'s Fountain, <lb></lb>near <emph type="italics"></emph>Camerinum,<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end> will mix with nothing Male. <lb></lb></s> <s>At <emph type="italics"></emph>Debri,<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end> a Town of the <emph type="italics"></emph>Garamanthes,<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end> is a <lb></lb>Spring which is cold in the Day, and warm in <lb></lb>the Night. </s> <s>The <emph type="italics"></emph>Helbeſus,<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end> a River in the Coun<lb></lb>try of the <emph type="italics"></emph>Segeſtani<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end> in <emph type="italics"></emph>Sicily,<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end> in the Middle of <lb></lb>its Courſe grows of a ſudden hot. </s> <s>There is a <lb></lb>ſacred Well in <emph type="italics"></emph>Epirus,<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end> which extinguiſhes any <lb></lb>Thing which is put into it burning, and lights <lb></lb>that which is extinguiſhed. </s> <s>In <emph type="italics"></emph>Eleuſina<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end> near <lb></lb><emph type="italics"></emph>Athens,<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end> is a Spring which leaps and rejoices at <lb></lb>the Sound of a Flute. </s> <s>Foreign Animals that <lb></lb>drink at the River <emph type="italics"></emph>Indus,<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end> change their Colour: <lb></lb>And upon the Shore of the <emph type="italics"></emph>Red Sea<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end> there is a <lb></lb>Spring, at which if Sheep drink, their Wool <lb></lb>preſently turns Black. </s> <s>At <emph type="italics"></emph>Laodicea<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end> in <emph type="italics"></emph>Aſia,<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end><lb></lb>there are Springs, near which all the fourfoot<lb></lb>ed Animals that are conceived are of a yellow <lb></lb>Hue. </s> <s>In the Country of <emph type="italics"></emph>Gadara,<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end> is a Water, <lb></lb>of which if the Cattle drink, they loſe their <lb></lb>Hair and Nails. </s> <s>Near the <emph type="italics"></emph>Hyrcanian<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end> Sea, is a <lb></lb>Lake, wherein all that bathe grow ſcabby, and <lb></lb>can be cured with nothing but Oil. </s> <s>At <emph type="italics"></emph>Suſa,<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end><lb></lb>is a Water which makes the Teeth fall out of <lb></lb>the Head. </s> <s>Near the Lake <emph type="italics"></emph>Zelonium,<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end> is a Spring <lb></lb>which makes Women barren, and another <lb></lb>which makes them fruitful. </s> <s>In the Iſland of <lb></lb><emph type="italics"></emph>Chies,<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end> there is one which makes thoſe that <lb></lb>drink of it fooliſh: And in ſome other Place, <lb></lb>which I do not now recollect, is one which <lb></lb>not only upon drinking, but upon the bare <lb></lb>Taſting makes the Perſon die laughing, and <lb></lb>there is another wherein only Batheing is im<lb></lb>mediate Death. </s> <s>And near <emph type="italics"></emph>Nonacris<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end> in <emph type="italics"></emph>Arca<lb></lb>dia,<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end> is a Water perfectly clear to the View, but <lb></lb>of ſo poiſonous a Quality, that it cannot be <lb></lb>contained in any Metal whatſoever. </s> <s>On the <lb></lb>contrary, there are others which are admirable <lb></lb>for reſtoring the Health, ſuch as the Waters of <lb></lb><emph type="italics"></emph>Pozzuolo, Siena, Volterra, Bologna,<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end> and many <lb></lb>others of great Fame all over <emph type="italics"></emph>Italy.<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end></s><s> But it is <lb></lb>yet more extraordinary which we are told of <lb></lb>a Water in <emph type="italics"></emph>Corſica,<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end> namely, that it will recon<lb></lb>ſolidate broken Bones, and prevent the Effect <lb></lb>of the moſt dangerous Poiſons. </s> <s>In other Places <lb></lb>there are Waters which mend the Wit and even <lb></lb>inſpire Divination. </s> <s>In <emph type="italics"></emph>Corſica,<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end> alſo there is <lb></lb>another Spring very good for the Eyes, which <lb></lb>if a Thief dares to deny a Theft with an Oath, <lb></lb>and to waſh his Eyes with its Water, imme<lb></lb>diately makes him blind. </s> <s>Of theſe we have <lb></lb>ſaid enough. </s> <s>Laſtly, in ſome Places no Wa<lb></lb>ter at all is to be found, neither good nor bad. <lb></lb></s> <s>To remedy this, it was the Cuſtom all over the <lb></lb>Country of <emph type="italics"></emph>Apulia<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end> to receive and preſerve the <lb></lb>Rain-water in Ciſterns.</s></p><p type="head"> <s>CHAP. III.</s></p><p type="head"> <s><emph type="italics"></emph>Four Things to be conſidered with Relation to Water; alſo whence it is engender<lb></lb>ed or ariſes, and its Courſe.<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end></s></p><p type="main"> <s>There are four Things therefore which <lb></lb>are to our Purpoſe with Relation to <lb></lb>Water; namely, the finding, the conveying, <lb></lb>the chuſing, and the preſerving. </s> <s>Of theſe we <lb></lb>are to treat: But we may firſt premiſe ſome <lb></lb>few Things concerning the Nature of Water in <lb></lb>general. </s> <s>I am of Opinion that Water cannot <lb></lb>be contained in any Thing but a Veſſel, and <lb></lb>therefore I agree with thoſe, who upon that <lb></lb>Account, affirm the Sea itſelf to be nothing <lb></lb>but a Veſſel of vaſt Capacity, and Rivers to be <lb></lb>great oblong Veſſels too. </s> <s>But there is this <lb></lb>Difference between the Waters of the Sea and <lb></lb>thoſe of Rivers, that theſe latter have a Cur<lb></lb>rent and Motion by their own Nature, whereas <lb></lb>the former would eaſily ſubſide and be at Reſt, <lb></lb>if they were not put in Agitation by the Force of <lb></lb>the Winds. </s> <s>I ſhall not here diſcuſs thoſe philo<lb></lb>ſophical Queſtions, whether all Waters make <lb></lb>their Way to the Sea, as to a Place of Reſt, and <lb></lb>whether the regular Flux and Reflux of the <lb></lb>Ocean be owing to the Impulſe of the Moon: <lb></lb>Thoſe Points not being to our Purpoſe: but <lb></lb>we muſt not omit to take Notice of what we <pb xlink:href="003/01/291.jpg" pagenum="214"></pb>ſee with our Eyes, that Water naturally tends <lb></lb>downwards; that it cannot ſuffer the Air to <lb></lb>be any where beneath it; that it hates all Mix<lb></lb>ture with any Body that is either lighter or <lb></lb>heavier than itſelf; that it loves to fill up every <lb></lb>Concavity into which it runs; that the more <lb></lb>you endeavour to force it, the more obſtinate<lb></lb>ly it ſtrives againſt you, nor is ever ſatisfied till <lb></lb>it obtains the Reſt which it deſires, and that <lb></lb>when it is got to its Place of Repoſe, it is con<lb></lb>tented only with itſelf, and deſpiſes all other <lb></lb>Mixtures; laſtly, that its Surface is always an <lb></lb>exact Level. </s> <s>There is another Enquiry relat<lb></lb>ing to Water, which I remember to have read <lb></lb>in <emph type="italics"></emph>Plutarch;<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end> namely, whether upon digging a <lb></lb>Hole in the Earth, the Water ſprings up like <lb></lb>Blood out of a Wound; or whether it diſtills <lb></lb>out like Milk engendering by Degrees in the <lb></lb>Breaſt of a Nurſe. </s> <s>Some are of Opinion, that <lb></lb>perpetual Springs do not run from any full <lb></lb>Veſſel from whence they have their ſupply, <lb></lb>but that in the Places from whence they flow, <lb></lb>the Water is continually engendering of Air, <lb></lb>and not of all Sorts of Air, but only of ſuch as <lb></lb>is moſt apt to be formed into Vapour, and that <lb></lb>the Earth, and eſpecially the Hills, are like <lb></lb>Spunges, full of Pores, through which the Air <lb></lb>is ſucked in and condenſed and ſo turned into <lb></lb>Water by the Cold: For Proof of which they <lb></lb>alledge, that the greateſt Rivers ſpring from <lb></lb>the greateſt Hills. </s> <s>Others do not agree with <lb></lb>this Opinion, obſerving that ſeveral Rivers, and <lb></lb>particularly the <emph type="italics"></emph>Pyramus,<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end> one of no ſmall Note, <lb></lb>being navigable, does not take its Riſe from <lb></lb>any Hill, but from the Middle of a Plain. </s> <s>For <lb></lb>this Reaſon, he who ſuppoſes that the Ground <lb></lb>imbibes the Moiſture of the Rain, which by <lb></lb>its Weight and Subtilty penetrates through the <lb></lb>Veins and ſo diſtills into the Cavities of the <lb></lb>Earth, may perhaps be not much miſtaken in <lb></lb>his Conjecture: For we may obſerve, that thoſe <lb></lb>Countries which have leaſt Rain, have the <lb></lb>greateſt Scarcity of Springs. <emph type="italics"></emph>Libya<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end> is ſaid to <lb></lb>have been ſo called <emph type="italics"></emph>quaſi Lipygia,<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end> as wanting <lb></lb>Rain, by which means it is ſcantily ſupplied <lb></lb>with Water. </s> <s>And, indeed, who can deny, <lb></lb>that where it Rains much, there is the greateſt <lb></lb>Plenty of it? </s> <s>It is alſo to our preſent Purpoſe <lb></lb>to obſerve, that a Man who digs a Well never <lb></lb>meets with Water, till he has ſunk it to the <lb></lb>Level of the next River. </s> <s>At <emph type="italics"></emph>Volſconio,<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end> a Town <lb></lb>ſtanding upon a Hill in <emph type="italics"></emph>Tuſcany,<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end> they dug a <lb></lb>Well no leſs then two hundred and twenty <lb></lb>Foot deep before they came to any Vein of <lb></lb>Water, not meeting with any till they came <lb></lb>to the Level of the Springs which riſe from the <lb></lb>Side of the Hill; and you will generally find <lb></lb>the ſame Obſervation hold good of all Wells <lb></lb>dug upon Hills. </s> <s>We find by Experiment that <lb></lb>a Spunge will grow wet by the Humidity of <lb></lb>the Air, upon which I have made a Pair of <lb></lb>Scales to determine the Heavineſs or Dryneſs <lb></lb>of the Air and Winds. </s> <s>I cannot indeed deny <lb></lb>that the Moiſture of the nocturnal Air is at<lb></lb>tracted from the Superficies of the Earth, and <lb></lb>ſo conſequently may return again into its Pores, <lb></lb>and be eaſily converted once more into Hu<lb></lb>mour; but I cannot pretend to determine any <lb></lb>thing certain with Relation to this Queſtion, <lb></lb>finding ſo much Variety among Authors upon <lb></lb>the Subject, and ſo many different Conſiderati<lb></lb>ons offering themſelves to the Mind when we <lb></lb>think upon it. </s> <s>Thus it is certain that in many <lb></lb>Places, either by ſome Earthquake, or even <lb></lb>from no apparent Cauſe, Springs have burſt out <lb></lb>of a ſudden, and continued a great While, and <lb></lb>again, that others have failed in different Sea<lb></lb>ſons, ſome growing dry in Summer, others in <lb></lb>Winter, and that thoſe which have dried up <lb></lb>have afterwards again afforded great Plenty of <lb></lb>Water: Nay, and that Springs of freſh Wa<lb></lb>ter not only ariſe from the Earth, but have <lb></lb>been found even in the Middle of the Sea; and <lb></lb>it has been affirmed, that Water alſo iſſues from <lb></lb>the Plants themſelves. </s> <s>In one of thoſe Iſlands <lb></lb>which are called Fortunate, we are told there <lb></lb>grows a Sort of Cane as high as a Tree, ſome <lb></lb>black, ſome white; from the black comes a <lb></lb>bitter Juice, and from the white diſtills a fine <lb></lb>clear Water, very beautiful to the Eye and good <lb></lb>to drink. <emph type="italics"></emph>Strabo,<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end> a very grave Author, ſays <lb></lb>that in the Mountains of <emph type="italics"></emph>Armenia,<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end> they find a <lb></lb>Sort of Worms bred in the Snow, which are <lb></lb>full of a Water excellent to drink. </s> <s>At <emph type="italics"></emph>Fiezole<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end><lb></lb>and <emph type="italics"></emph>Urbino,<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end> though both Towns ſtanding up<lb></lb>on Hills, there is Plenty of Water to be had <lb></lb>for the leaſt digging, which is becauſe thoſe <lb></lb>Hills are formed of a ſtony Soil mixed with a <lb></lb>Chalk. </s> <s>We are told further, that there are <lb></lb>certain Clods of Earth which within their <lb></lb>Coats contain a Quantity of the fineſt Water. <lb></lb></s> <s>Amidſt all this wonderful Variety, the Know<lb></lb>ledge of the Nature of Springs cannot be other<lb></lb>wiſe than extremely difficult and obſcure.</s></p><pb xlink:href="003/01/292.jpg" pagenum="215"></pb><p type="head"> <s>CHAP. IV.</s></p><p type="head"> <s><emph type="italics"></emph>By what Marks to find any hidden Water.<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end></s></p><p type="main"> <s>Let us now return to our Subject. </s> <s>Hid<lb></lb>den Waters are to be found out by cer<lb></lb>tain Marks. </s> <s>Theſe Marks are the Form and <lb></lb>Face of the Spot of Ground, and the Nature <lb></lb>of the Soil where you are to ſearch for the <lb></lb>Water, and ſome other Methods diſcovered by <lb></lb>the Induſtry and Diligence of Men. </s> <s>Accord<lb></lb>ing to the ordinary Courſe of Nature, a Place <lb></lb>which is ſunk down into a Hollow, or into a <lb></lb>Sort of concave Pit, ſeems to be a Kind of Veſ<lb></lb>ſel ready prepared for the retaining of Water. <lb></lb></s> <s>In thoſe Places where the Sun has much Pow<lb></lb>er, all Humidity is ſo much dried up by the <lb></lb>Force of his Rays, that few or no Veins of <lb></lb>Water are to be found; or if any are diſco<lb></lb>vered in a very open Place, they are heavy, <lb></lb>thick and brackiſh. </s> <s>On the north Side of <lb></lb>Hills, and where-ever there is a very thick <lb></lb>Shade, you may very ſoon meet with Water. <lb></lb></s> <s>Hills whoſe Tops are uſed to be long covered <lb></lb>with Snow, afford great Plenty of Springs. </s> <s>I <lb></lb>have obſerved, that Hills which have a flat <lb></lb>Meadow at the Top, never want Water; and <lb></lb>you will find almoſt all Rivers have their Riſe <lb></lb>from ſome ſuch Place. </s> <s>I have alſo obſerved, <lb></lb>that their Springs ſeldom flow from any other <lb></lb>Spot of Ground, but where the Soil beneath or <lb></lb>about them is ſound and firm, with either an <lb></lb>even Slope over them, or ſoft looſe Earth: So <lb></lb>that if you conſider the Matter, you will be of <lb></lb>Opinion with me, that the Water which has <lb></lb>been gathered there, runs out as from the Side <lb></lb>of a broken Baſon. </s> <s>Hence it happens that the <lb></lb>cloſeſt Soil has the leaſt Water, and what there <lb></lb>is, lies very near the Surface: But the looſeſt <lb></lb>Earth has the moſt Humidity; but then the <lb></lb>Water generally lies pretty deep. <emph type="italics"></emph>Pliny<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end> writes, <lb></lb>that in ſome Places, upon cutting down the <lb></lb>Woods, Springs burſt out: And <emph type="italics"></emph>Tacitus<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end> ſays, <lb></lb>that when <emph type="italics"></emph>Moſes<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end> journeyed through the De<lb></lb>ſart, and his Followers were fainting with <lb></lb>Thirſt, he diſcovered Springs of Water, only <lb></lb>by taking Notice where there were freſh Spots <lb></lb>of Graſs. <emph type="italics"></emph>Æmilius,<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end> when his Army ſuffered a <lb></lb>Dearth of Water near Mount <emph type="italics"></emph>Olympus,<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end> found <lb></lb>out a Supply by the freſh Verdure of the <lb></lb>Woods. </s> <s>Some Soldiers who were in queſt of <lb></lb>Water were directed to ſome little Veins by a <lb></lb>young Girl in the <emph type="italics"></emph>Via Collatina,<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end> where, upon <lb></lb>digging they found a very plentiful Spring, over <lb></lb>which they built a little Chapel, and in it left <lb></lb>the Memory of the Accident deſcribed in Paint<lb></lb>ing. </s> <s>If the Earth eaſily gives Way to the <lb></lb>Tread, or cleaves to the Foot, it ſhews that <lb></lb>there is Water under it. </s> <s>One of the moſt cer<lb></lb>tain Marks of concealed Water, is the Growth <lb></lb>and Flouriſhing of thoſe Plants which love <lb></lb>Water, or are uſed to be produced by it, ſuch <lb></lb>as Willows, Ruſhes, Withes, Ivy, or any others <lb></lb>which without Plenty of Moiſture could never <lb></lb>have attained the Perfection in which we find <lb></lb>them. <emph type="italics"></emph>Columella<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end> tells us, that the Ground <lb></lb>which produces Vines very thick of Leaves, <lb></lb>and eſpecially that which bears Dwarſ-elder, <lb></lb>Trefoil and wild Plumbs is a good Soil, and <lb></lb>does not want Veins of ſweet Water. </s> <s>More<lb></lb>over great Quantities of Frogs, Earth-worms, <lb></lb>with Gnats and other ſmall Flies ſwarming <lb></lb>together in the Air, are Tokens of Water con<lb></lb>cealed beneath. </s> <s>The Methods for finding <lb></lb>Water invented by the Diligence of Men are <lb></lb>as follows: The curious Searchers into Nature <lb></lb>have obſerved, that the Earth, and eſpecially <lb></lb>the Hills, conſiſt of different Coats or Layers, <lb></lb>ſome cloſer, ſome looſer, and others thinner; <lb></lb>and they have found, that the Hills were com<lb></lb>poſed of theſe Coates placed one above the <lb></lb>other, in ſuch a Manner that towards the Sur<lb></lb>face or outſide theſe Layers or Coats, and their <lb></lb>ſeveral Junctures lie level from the Right to <lb></lb>Left: But on the Inſide, towards the Center <lb></lb>of the Hill the Layers incline downwards in an <lb></lb>oblique Line, with all their upper Superficies <lb></lb>inclining equally, but then the ſame Line does <lb></lb>not continue on, quite to the Center of the <lb></lb>Hill, for, ſuppoſe at the Diſtance of every <lb></lb>hundred Foot the Line is broken off by a Kind <lb></lb>of tranſverſe Step, which makes a Diſcontinu<lb></lb>ance in the Layer; and ſo with theſe Breaks <lb></lb>and Slopes the Coats run from each Side to the <lb></lb>Center of the Hill. </s> <s>From an Obſervation of <lb></lb>theſe Particulars, Men of acute Underſtanding <lb></lb>ſoon perceived that the Waters were either en<lb></lb>gendered, or rather that the Rains gathered <lb></lb>between theſe Strata, and in the Junctures of <lb></lb>the ſeveral Coats, by which means the Middle <lb></lb>of the Hill muſt needs have Water in it. <lb></lb></s> <s>Hence they concluded that in order to come at <pb xlink:href="003/01/293.jpg" pagenum="216"></pb>that conccaled Water, they muſt pierce into <lb></lb>the Body of the Hill, and eſpecially in one of <lb></lb>thoſe Parts where the Lines or Junctures of the <lb></lb>ſeveral Strata met together, which was likely <lb></lb>to be the moſt proper Place for what they <lb></lb>wanted, becauſe the Muſeles of the Hill meet<lb></lb>ing together muſt in all Probability form a na<lb></lb>tural Reſervoir. </s> <s>Beſides the ſeveral Coats <lb></lb>themſelves ſeemed to be of different Natures, <lb></lb>ſome likely to imbibe, others to retain the Wa<lb></lb>ter. </s> <s>Thus the reddiſh Stone is hardly ever <lb></lb>without Water; but then it is apt to deceive <lb></lb>you, for it often runs out through the Veins <lb></lb>with which that Stone abounds. </s> <s>The moiſt and <lb></lb>living Flint which lies about the Roots of the <lb></lb>Hill, broken and very ſharp, ſoon affords Wa<lb></lb>ter. </s> <s>The light Soil too gives you an eaſy Op<lb></lb>portunity of finding Plenty of Water; but then <lb></lb>it is of a bad Savour. </s> <s>But the Male-ſand and <lb></lb>the hard Grit are ſure to afford the beſt of <lb></lb>Water, and with the leaſt Danger of being ex<lb></lb>hauſted. </s> <s>It is quite the contrary with Chalk, <lb></lb>which being too cloſe, yields no Water; but <lb></lb>it is very good for retaining that which diſtills <lb></lb>into it. </s> <s>In common Sand we find but very <lb></lb>ſmall Veins, and thoſe foul, and apt to have a <lb></lb>Sediment. </s> <s>From white Clay we have but <lb></lb>ſmall Veins, but thoſe ſweeter than any other. <lb></lb></s> <s>The ſoft Stone yields a very cold Water; the <lb></lb>black Earth a very clear one. </s> <s>In Gravel, if it <lb></lb>is looſe, we cannot dig with any very great <lb></lb>Hope; but if it grows cloſer as we come deeper, <lb></lb>there is no Danger of finding Water, and when <lb></lb>found, in either of them, there is no doubt of <lb></lb>its being well taſted. </s> <s>It is alſo certain, that by <lb></lb>the Help of Art there is no great Difficulty in <lb></lb>finding out the Spot under which the Vein lies: <lb></lb><arrow.to.target n="marg50"></arrow.to.target><lb></lb>And the Method by which we are taught to <lb></lb>do it, is as follows. </s> <s>In the Morning extremely <lb></lb>early, when the Air is perfectly clear and ſerene, <lb></lb>lay yourſelf flat with your Chin reſting upon <lb></lb>the Ground: Then take a careful Survey of <lb></lb>the Country all round you, and where-ever <lb></lb>you ſee a Vapour riſing out of the Earth, and <lb></lb>curling up into the Air like a Man's Breath in <lb></lb>a clear Froſt, there you may be pretty certain <lb></lb>of finding Water. </s> <s>But in order to be ſtill <lb></lb>more ſure of it, dig a Pit four Cubits deep and <lb></lb>as many broad, and in this Pit, about the Time <lb></lb>of Sun-ſet, put either an carthen Pot juſt freſh <lb></lb>taken out of the Furnace, or a ſmall Quantity <lb></lb>of unwaſhed Wool, or an earthen Pot unbak<lb></lb>ed, or a braſs Pot with the Mouth downwards <lb></lb>and rubbed over with Oil; then make up the <lb></lb>Mouth of the Pit with Boards and cover it <lb></lb>with Earth: If next Morning the baked Pot <lb></lb>be much heavier than it was over Night; if <lb></lb>the Wool be moiſtened; if the unbaked Pot be <lb></lb>wet; if the braſs Pot have Drops hanging up<lb></lb>on it, and if a Lamp left in the ſame Pit have <lb></lb>not conſumed much Oil, or if upon making a <lb></lb>Fire in it, the Earth emits a good deal of <lb></lb>Smoke, you may be very ſure that there are <lb></lb>Veins of Water concealed. </s> <s>In what Seaſon it <lb></lb>is beſt to make theſe Trials has not been ſo <lb></lb>clearly declared; but in ſome Writers I find <lb></lb>the following Obſervations. </s> <s>In the Dog-days, <lb></lb>not only the Earth, but alſo the Bodies of Ani<lb></lb>mals are very full of Humidity: Whence it <lb></lb>happens, that in this Seaſon the Trees grow <lb></lb>very moiſt under the Bark with Exceſs of Hu<lb></lb>mour; about this Time alſo Men are very ſub<lb></lb>ject to Fluxes of the Belly, and through exceſ<lb></lb>ſive Humectation, fall into frequent Fevers; <lb></lb>and the Waters ſpring out more abundantly at <lb></lb>this Time of the Year, than any other. <emph type="italics"></emph>Theo<lb></lb>phraſtus<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end> thinks the Reaſon of this to be, that <lb></lb>about this Time we have generally ſoutherly <lb></lb>Winds, which in their Nature are moiſt and <lb></lb>cloudy. <emph type="italics"></emph>Ariſtotle<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end> affirms, that in this Seaſon <lb></lb>the Ground is forced to emit Vapours by means <lb></lb>of the natural Fire which lies mixed in the <lb></lb>Bowels of the Earth. </s> <s>If this be true, thoſe <lb></lb>Times muſt be beſt for the above-mentioned <lb></lb>Trials, when thoſe Fires are moſt potent, or <lb></lb>leaſt oppreſſed with Exuberance of Humour, <lb></lb>as alſo when the Earth is not too much burnt <lb></lb>up and too dry. </s> <s>The Seaſon therefore which <lb></lb>I would recommend for this Purpoſe, ſhould <lb></lb>be the Spring in dry Places, and Autumn in <lb></lb>Places of more Shade. </s> <s>When your Hopes of <lb></lb>not being diſappointed are confirmed in the <lb></lb>Manner before ſhewn, you may begin to dig.</s></p><p type="margin"> <s><margin.target id="marg50"></margin.target>*</s></p><p type="head"> <s>CHAP. V.</s></p><p type="head"> <s><emph type="italics"></emph>Of the digging and walling of Walls and Conduits.<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end></s></p><p type="main"> <s>The Work of Digging is performed in <lb></lb>two Manners; for either we dig a Well <lb></lb>perpendicularly down, or we dig a Conduit <lb></lb>horizontally. </s> <s>The Workmen in digging are <lb></lb>ſometimes expoſed to Danger, either from un<lb></lb>wholeſome Vapours, or from the falling in of <lb></lb></s></p><pb xlink:href="003/01/294.jpg"></pb><p type="caption"> <s>PLATE 65. <emph type="italics"></emph>(Page 216)<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end><lb></lb><figure id="id.003.01.294.1.jpg" xlink:href="003/01/294/1.jpg"></figure><pb xlink:href="003/01/295.jpg" pagenum="217"></pb>the Sides of the Pit. </s> <s>The Ancients uſed to ſend <lb></lb>their Slaves, upon their being convicted of ſome <lb></lb>Crime, to dig in their Mines, where the noi<lb></lb>ſome Air ſoon diſpatched them. </s> <s>Againſt ſuch <lb></lb>Vapours we are taught to ſecure ourſelves, by <lb></lb>keeping the Air in continual Motion, and by <lb></lb>the Burning of Lamps, to the Intent, that if <lb></lb>the Vapour be very ſubtile, it may be conſu<lb></lb>med by the Flame, or if it be more groſs, the <lb></lb>Workmen may know when to get out of Harm's <lb></lb>Way, becauſe ſuch a heavy Vapour will give <lb></lb>them Notice by extinguiſhing the Light. </s> <s>But <lb></lb>if theſe Damps multiply upon you, and con<lb></lb>tinue for any Time, we are adviſed to dig Vents <lb></lb>on each Side, to give the Vapour a free Paſſage <lb></lb>to exhauſt itſelf. </s> <s>To prevent the falling in <lb></lb>of the Sides, work your Well in the following <lb></lb>Manner. </s> <s>Upon the Level of the Ground where <lb></lb>you reſolve to make your Well, lay a circular <lb></lb>Courſe of Work, either of Marble, or ſome <lb></lb>other ſtout Material, of the Diameter which <lb></lb>you intend for the Breadth of your Well. </s> <s>This <lb></lb>will be the Baſis or Foundation of your whole <lb></lb>Work. </s> <s>Upon this build the Sides of your Well <lb></lb>to the Height of three Cubits, and let it ſtand <lb></lb>till it is thoroughly dry. </s> <s>When this is dry, go <lb></lb>to digging your Well, and remove the Earth <lb></lb>from the Inſide of it; by which means, as you <lb></lb>dig away the Earth, the Sides already raiſed <lb></lb>will ſink by Degrees, and make their own Way <lb></lb>downwards; and thus adding to the Sides as <lb></lb>you go deeper, you may ſink your Work to <lb></lb>what Depth you pleaſe. </s> <s>Some are for Build<lb></lb>ing the Sides of the Well without Mortar, that <lb></lb>the Veins of Water may not be ſtopt from <lb></lb>getting through them. </s> <s>Others are for inclo<lb></lb>ſing it with no leſs than three different Walls, <lb></lb>that the Water riſing all up from the Bottom, <lb></lb>may be the clearer. </s> <s>But the main Point is <lb></lb>the Nature of the Place where you dig; <lb></lb>for as the Earth conſiſts of different Strata <lb></lb>placed one above the other, it ſometimes hap<lb></lb>pens, that the Rain-water, ſoaking thro' the up<lb></lb>per ſoft Coat, lodges in the firſt hard Bed; <lb></lb>and this never being pure, is unſit for Uſe: <lb></lb>At other Times, on the contrary, it happens, <lb></lb>that after you have actually found Water, up<lb></lb>on digging deeper, it ſlips away and is loſt. <lb></lb></s> <s>The Reaſon of this is, that you have dug thro' <lb></lb>the Bottom of the Veſſel which contained it. <lb></lb></s> <s>Upon this Account I very much approve of <lb></lb>thoſe who make their Well in the following <lb></lb>Manner. </s> <s>They encompaſs the Sides of the <lb></lb>Well, which is ready dug, with two Circles of <lb></lb>Wood or Plank, as if they were making a great <lb></lb>Tub, leaving the Space of about a Cubit be<lb></lb>tween the two Circles. </s> <s>This Interſpace be<lb></lb>tween the Planks, they ſill up with coarſe <lb></lb>Gravel, or rather with broken Fragments of <lb></lb>Flint or Marble, ſwimming in Mortar, and <lb></lb>then leave this Work to dry and harden for <lb></lb>ſix Months. </s> <s>This forms ſo entire a Veſſel, <lb></lb>that the Water can get in no other Way but <lb></lb>by bubbling up from the Bottom, by which <lb></lb>Means it muſt be thoroughly purged and be <lb></lb>perfectly clear and light. </s> <s>If you are to make <lb></lb>an horizontal Conduit under Ground, let the <lb></lb>Diggers obſerve the before-mentioned Precau<lb></lb>tions againſt noxious Vapours; and in order <lb></lb>to keep the Ground from falling down upon <lb></lb>them, let them make uſe of Props, and after<lb></lb>wards ſupport it with a regular Arch. </s> <s>The Con<lb></lb>duit ſhould have frequent Vents, ſome perpendi<lb></lb>cular, others oblique, not only for the exhaling <lb></lb>of unwholeſome Vapours, but chiefly for the <lb></lb>more convenient bringing out the Earth as it <lb></lb>is dug, and any Obſtruction which may get in. <lb></lb></s> <s>When we are digging for Water, if we do <lb></lb>not, the lower we go, meet with moiſter <lb></lb>Clods of Earth, and if our Tools do not find <lb></lb>more and more eaſy Entrance, we ſhall cer<lb></lb>tainly be diſappointed of our Hopes of ſinding <lb></lb>what we dig for.</s></p><p type="head"> <s>CHAP. VI.</s></p><p type="head"> <s><emph type="italics"></emph>Of the Uſes of Water; which is beſt and moſt wholeſome; and the contrary.<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end></s></p><p type="main"> <s>When Water is found, it ought not <lb></lb>to be raſhly applied to the Uſes of <lb></lb>Men. </s> <s>But as the City requires a very great <lb></lb>Plenty of Water, not only for drinking, but <lb></lb>alſo for waſhing, for ſupplying the Gardens, <lb></lb>for Tanners, and Fullers; for the Drains, and <lb></lb>for extinguiſhing ſudden Fires: The beſt is to <lb></lb>be choſen for drinking, and the others are to <lb></lb>be allotted to the other Uſes, according as <lb></lb>they are found to be reſpectively proper for <lb></lb>them. <emph type="italics"></emph>Theophraſtus<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end> was of Opinion, that the <lb></lb>colder the Water, the more ſerviceable to <lb></lb>Plants; and it is certain, that the foul and <lb></lb>muddy, eſpecially if it takes its Thickneſs <pb xlink:href="003/01/296.jpg" pagenum="218"></pb>from a fruitful Soil, enriches the Ground. <lb></lb></s> <s>Horſes do not love a very clear Water, but <lb></lb>grow fat with any that is moſſy and warm. <lb></lb></s> <s>The hardeſt is beſt for Fullers. </s> <s>The Phyſicians <lb></lb>ſay, that the Neceſſity of Water to the Health <lb></lb>and Life of Man is of two Sorts; one for <lb></lb>quenching the Thirſt, and the other, to ſerve <lb></lb>as a Vehicle to carry the Nutriment extracted <lb></lb>from the Food into the Veins, that being there <lb></lb>purified and digeſted it may ſupply the Mem<lb></lb>bers with their proper Juices. </s> <s>Thirſt they tell <lb></lb>us is an Appetite of Moiſture, and chiefly of a <lb></lb>cold one; and therefore they think that cold <lb></lb>Water, eſpecially after Meals, fortifies the Sto<lb></lb>mach of thoſe that are in good Health; but if <lb></lb>it be exceſſively cold it will throw the moſt ro<lb></lb>buſt into a Numbneſs, occaſion Gripes in the <lb></lb>Bowels, ſhake the Nerves, and by its Rawneſs <lb></lb>extinguiſh the digeſtive Faculty of the Sto<lb></lb>mach. </s> <s>The Water of the River <emph type="italics"></emph>Oxus<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end> being <lb></lb>always turbid, is very unwholeſome to drink. <lb></lb></s> <s>The Inhabitants of <emph type="italics"></emph>Rome,<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end> from the frequent <lb></lb>Changes of the Air, and the nocturnal Vapours <lb></lb>which ariſe from the River, as alſo from the <lb></lb>Winds which commonly blow in the After<lb></lb>noon, are very ſubject to dangerous Fevers; <lb></lb>for theſe Winds generally blow very cold about <lb></lb>three o' Clock in Summer, at which Time <lb></lb>Mens Bodies are extreamly heated, and even <lb></lb>contract the very Veins. </s> <s>But in my Opinion <lb></lb>theſe Fevers, and indeed moſt of the worſt <lb></lb>Diſtempers there proceed, in a great Meaſure, <lb></lb>from the Water of the <emph type="italics"></emph>Tyber,<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end> which is com<lb></lb>monly drank when it is foul; to which Pur<lb></lb>poſe it may not be amiſs to obſerve, that the <lb></lb>ancient Phyſicians, for the Cure of theſe <emph type="italics"></emph>Ro<lb></lb>man<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end> Fevers, order the Uſe of the Juice of <lb></lb>Squills and of Inciſives. </s> <s>But to return. </s> <s>We <lb></lb>are upon the Search of the beſt Water. <emph type="italics"></emph>Celſus<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end><lb></lb>the Phyſician, ſays of Waters, that of all the <lb></lb>different Sorts the Rain-water is the lighteſt; <lb></lb>the ſecond is that of the Spring; in the third <lb></lb>Place is the River-water; in the fourth, that <lb></lb>of a Well; in the fifth and laſt, that which <lb></lb>diſſolves from Snow or Ice. </s> <s>The Lake-water <lb></lb>is heavier than any of theſe, and that of a Marſh <lb></lb>is the worſt of all. </s> <s>The <emph type="italics"></emph>Mazaca,<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end> which ſtands <lb></lb>under the Hill <emph type="italics"></emph>Argæus,<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end> abounds with good <lb></lb>Water; but having no Way to run off in <lb></lb>Summer, it grows unwholeſome and peſtifer<lb></lb>ous. </s> <s>The Definition which the beſt Philoſo<lb></lb>phers give us of Water, is, that it is naturally <lb></lb>a Body ſimple and unmixed, whereof Coldneſs <lb></lb>and Humidity are two Properties. </s> <s>We may <lb></lb>therefore conclude that to be the beſt, which <lb></lb>deviates the leaſt from its own Nature; be<lb></lb>cauſe, if it be not perfectly pure, and entirely <lb></lb>free from Mixture, Taſte, or Smell, it will cer<lb></lb>tainly very much endanger the Health, by <lb></lb>loading the inward Paſſages of the Lungs, <lb></lb>choaking up the Veins, and clogging the Spirits, <lb></lb>the Miniſters of Life, For this Reaſon we <lb></lb>are told that the Rain-water, as it conſiſts of the <lb></lb>lighteſt Vapours, is the beſt of all, provided it <lb></lb>be not of ſuch a Sort as eaſily corrupts and ſtinks, <lb></lb>which when it grows foul is very apt to harden <lb></lb>the Belly. </s> <s>Some believe that the Occaſion of <lb></lb>this is, that it falls from Clouds formed of a <lb></lb>Mixture of too many different Vapours com<lb></lb>pounded together, drawn, for Inſtance, from <lb></lb>the Sea, which is the great Receptacle of all <lb></lb>the different Sorts of Springs; becauſe indeed <lb></lb>nothing can be more liable to Corruption, than <lb></lb>a confuſed Medley of Things in their Nature <lb></lb>diſſimilar. </s> <s>Thus the Juice of different Sorts of <lb></lb>Grapes mixed together, will never keep.</s></p><p type="main"> <s>IT was an ancient Law among the <emph type="italics"></emph>Hebrews,<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end><lb></lb>that no Man ſhould ſow any Seed but what was <lb></lb>pick'd and unmixed; it being their Notion, <lb></lb>that Nature totally abhorred a Medley of differ<lb></lb>ent Particles. </s> <s>Thoſe who follow <emph type="italics"></emph>Ariſtotle,<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end><lb></lb>thinking that the Vapours which are extracted <lb></lb>from the Earth, when they are raiſed up to the <lb></lb>cold Region of the Air, are by the Cold com<lb></lb>preſſed into Clouds, and afterwards diſſolve in <lb></lb>Rain, are of quite a different Opinion. </s> <s>Thus <lb></lb><emph type="italics"></emph>Theophraſtus<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end> ſays, that cultivated and Garden <lb></lb>Fruits fall more caſily into Diſtempers than <lb></lb>wild ones, which being of a tough Contexture <lb></lb>never tamed, more vigorouſly reſiſt any Injury <lb></lb>from without; whereas the other being made <lb></lb>tender by Culture, have not the ſame hardy <lb></lb>Conſtitution. </s> <s>The ſame he tells us will hold <lb></lb>good as to Waters, and the more tender we <lb></lb>make them (to uſe his own Words) the more <lb></lb>liable they will be to ſuffer Alteration. </s> <s>For <lb></lb>this Reaſon ſome ſay, that Water which has been <lb></lb>boyled and ſoften'd by the Fire will ſooneſt <lb></lb>grow cold, and ſo be ſooneſt made hot again. <lb></lb></s> <s>Thus much of Rain-water. </s> <s>Next to this the <lb></lb>Spring-water is certainly the beſt. </s> <s>Thoſe who <lb></lb>prefer the River to the Spring, ſay, what elſe is <lb></lb>a River, but an Abundance and Concourſe of <lb></lb>many different Springs united together, and <lb></lb>maturated by the Sun, Winds and Motion? </s> <s>So <lb></lb>they tell us too, that a Well is nothing but a <lb></lb>Spring lying very deep: from whence they in<lb></lb>fer, if we will allow the Rays of the Sun to be <lb></lb>of any Service to Water, that it is no hard mat<lb></lb>ter to judge which of theſe Springs muſt be the <pb xlink:href="003/01/297.jpg" pagenum="219"></pb>moſt undigeſted: unleſs we will ſuppoſe, that <lb></lb>there is a fiery Spirit in the Bowels of the earth, <lb></lb>by which ſubterrancous Waters are concocted. <lb></lb><emph type="italics"></emph>Ariſlotle<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end> ſays that the Water in Wells grows <lb></lb>warm in the Summer in the Afternoon. </s> <s>Ac<lb></lb>cordingly ſome will have it that Well-water <lb></lb>ſeems cold in Summer, only by compariſon with <lb></lb>the hot Air which ſurrounds us. </s> <s>Accordingly <lb></lb>we find, contrary to the old received Opinion, <lb></lb>that Water juſt freſh drawn, does not bedew <lb></lb>the Glaſs into which it is put, if the Glaſs be <lb></lb>perfectly clean and not greaſy. </s> <s>But as of the <lb></lb>firſt Principles whereof all Things conſiſt, eſ<lb></lb>pecially according to the <emph type="italics"></emph>Pythagorean<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end> Notion, <lb></lb>there are two which may be called male, which <lb></lb>are Heat and Cold; and it being the Property <lb></lb>of Heat to penetrate, diſſolve, break, attract and <lb></lb>ſuck up all Moiſture, as it is that of Cold to <lb></lb>compreſs, contract, harden and conſolidate: <lb></lb>both theſe have in a great Meaſure the ſame <lb></lb>Effects, and particularly upon Water, provided <lb></lb>they are exceſſive and of too long Continuance; <lb></lb>becauſe they both equally conſume the more <lb></lb>ſubtile Parts, which occaſions exactly the ſame <lb></lb>aduſt Dryneſs. </s> <s>Thus we ſay, that Plants are <lb></lb>burnt up, not only by extreme Heat but alſo by <lb></lb>extreme Cold; becauſe when the more tender <lb></lb>Parts of the Subſtance of the Wood are con<lb></lb>ſumed and dried up either by Froſt or Sun, <lb></lb>we ſee the Tree look ruſty and chapt as by <lb></lb>Fire. </s> <s>From the ſame Cauſes Water grows <lb></lb>viſcous by the Sun's Heat, and looks as if it <lb></lb>were full of Aſhes in extreme Froſt. </s> <s>But there <lb></lb>is another Difference even among Waters al<lb></lb>lowed to be good; for particularly as to Rain<lb></lb>water, it is of great Importance in what Sea<lb></lb>ſon of the Year, at what Time of the Day, <lb></lb>and in what Winds you collect it, as alſo in <lb></lb>what Place you preſerve it, and what Time it <lb></lb>has been kept. </s> <s>The Rain which falls after <lb></lb>the Middle of Winter is thought to afford the <lb></lb>heavieſt Water; and that which is collected in <lb></lb>the Winter is ſaid to be ſweeter than that col<lb></lb>lected in the Summer. </s> <s>The firſt Rains after <lb></lb>the Dog-days are bitter and unwholeſome, be<lb></lb>ing corrupted with a Mixture of ſome of the <lb></lb>aduſt Particles of the Earth, and we are told <lb></lb>that the Earth itſelf has a bitter ſavour at that <lb></lb>Time of the Year, from being burnt up by the <lb></lb>Heat of the Sun. </s> <s>Hence we are adviſed, that <lb></lb>the Rain-water gathered from the Houſe-top, <lb></lb>is better than that which is collected in the <lb></lb>Ground; and of that which is gathered from <lb></lb>the Houſe-top, the moſt wholeſome is ſaid to <lb></lb>be that which is got after the Roof has been <lb></lb>well waſhed by the firſt Rain. </s> <s>The <emph type="italics"></emph>African<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end><lb></lb>Phyſicians tell us, that the Rain which falls in <lb></lb>Summer, eſpecially when it thunders, is not <lb></lb>pure, and is unwholſome from its Saltneſs. <lb></lb><emph type="italics"></emph>Theophraſtus<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end> thinks, that the Night Rains are <lb></lb>better than thoſe in the Day. </s> <s>Hence that <lb></lb>is accounted the moſt wholeſome which falls <lb></lb>in a North Wind. <emph type="italics"></emph>Columella<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end> is of Opinion, <lb></lb>that Rain water would not be bad if it were <lb></lb>carried through carthen Pipes into covered <lb></lb>Ciſterns, becauſe it caſily corrupts when it <lb></lb>ſtands uncovered to the Sun, and ſoon ſpoils, <lb></lb>if it is kept in any Veſſel made of Wood. <lb></lb></s> <s>Springs alſo are very different from one ano<lb></lb>ther. <emph type="italics"></emph>Hippocrates<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end> judged thoſe which riſe <lb></lb>from the Roots of Hills to be the beſt. </s> <s>The <lb></lb>Opinion of the Ancients concerning Springs was <lb></lb>as follows. </s> <s>They thought the very beſt of all <lb></lb>were thoſe which lay either to the North, or <lb></lb>fronting the Sun-riſe about the Equinox; and <lb></lb>the worſt they ſuppoſed to be thoſe which lay <lb></lb>to the South. </s> <s>The next beſt they thought <lb></lb>were thoſe which fronted the Sun-riſe in Win<lb></lb>ter, nor did they diſapprove of thoſe on the <lb></lb>Weſt Side of the Hill, which generally is very <lb></lb>moiſt with a great Abundance of light Dew, <lb></lb>and conſequently muſt afford a very ſweet <lb></lb>Water, becauſe the Dew does not fall but in <lb></lb>quiet, clear Places, and where there is a tem<lb></lb>perate Air. <emph type="italics"></emph>Theophraſtus<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end> thinks that Water <lb></lb>gets a Taſte from the Earth, as in Fruits, Vines, <lb></lb>and other Trees, which all have a Savour of <lb></lb>the Earth from which they draw their Juices, <lb></lb>and from whatever happens to lie near their <lb></lb>Roots. </s> <s>The Ancients uſed to ſay, that there <lb></lb>were as many different Sorts of Wines, as there <lb></lb>were of different Soils wherein the Vineyards <lb></lb>were planted. </s> <s>Thus <emph type="italics"></emph>Pliny<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end> tells us, that the <lb></lb>Wines of <emph type="italics"></emph>Padua<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end> taſted of the Willows to which <lb></lb>the Inhabitants of that Country uſed to bind <lb></lb>their Vines. <emph type="italics"></emph>Cato<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end> teaches to medicate the Vines <lb></lb>with the Herb <emph type="italics"></emph>Hellebore,<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end> by laying Bundles of <lb></lb>it at the Roots, at the ſame Time that you <lb></lb>open them, in order to make them looſen the <lb></lb>Belly without Danger. </s> <s>For theſe Reaſons the <lb></lb>Ancients thought, that the Water which iſſued <lb></lb>out of the living Rock, was better than that <lb></lb>which roſe from the Ground. </s> <s>But the beſt of <lb></lb>all was thought to be that which diſtilled from <lb></lb>ſuch an Earth, which being put into a Baſon <lb></lb>with Water, and ſtirr'd together with it, would <lb></lb>the ſooneſt ſubſide and leave the Water the <lb></lb>leaſt tainted either in Colour, Smell, or Taſte. <lb></lb></s> <s>For the ſame Reaſons <emph type="italics"></emph>Columella<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end> was of Opinion, <lb></lb>that Water which ran down ſtony Precipices <pb xlink:href="003/01/298.jpg" pagenum="220"></pb>muſt be the beſt, being leſs likely to be ſpoil'd <lb></lb>by any foreign Mixture. </s> <s>But it is not every <lb></lb>Water which runs among Stones that is to be <lb></lb>approved of, becauſe if it runs in a deep Bed <lb></lb>under a dark Shade, it will be too crude; and <lb></lb>on the contrary, if its Channel be too open, I <lb></lb>ſhould be inclined to ſubſeribe to <emph type="italics"></emph>Ariſtole's<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end><lb></lb>Opinion, that the too great Heat of the Sun <lb></lb>conſuming the more ſubtle Parts, would make <lb></lb>it viſcous. </s> <s>Authors prefer the <emph type="italics"></emph>Nile<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end> to all other <lb></lb>Rivers, becauſe it deſcends with a very exten<lb></lb>ſive Courſe; becauſe it cuts through the fineſt <lb></lb>Sorts of Soil which are not either infected with <lb></lb>Corruption by Damps, nor tainted with Con<lb></lb>tagion by being burnt up; becauſe it flows <lb></lb>towards the North: And laſtly, becauſe its <lb></lb>Channel is always full and clear. </s> <s>And indeed <lb></lb>it cannot be denied, that Waters which have <lb></lb>the longeſt and the gentleſt Current, are the <lb></lb>leaſt crude, and are moſt refined and purged <lb></lb>by their eaſy Motion, leaving all the Weight <lb></lb>of their Sediment behind them in their long <lb></lb>Courſe. </s> <s>Moreover, all the Ancients agree in <lb></lb>this, that Waters not only receive a Tincture, <lb></lb>as we obſerved before, from the Ground in <lb></lb>which they lie as in their Mother's Lap, but <lb></lb>alſo borrow ſomewhat from the Soils thro' <lb></lb>which they flow, and from the Juices of the <lb></lb>different Plants which they waſh; not merely <lb></lb>becauſe they lick thoſe Plants in their Courſe, <lb></lb>but rather becauſe any peſtiferous Plant will <lb></lb>taint them with the Mixture of the Steams of <lb></lb>the unwholſome Soil in which they grow. </s> <s>This <lb></lb>is the Reaſon that unwholſome Plants are ſaid <lb></lb>to yield unwholeſome Water. </s> <s>You ſhall ſome<lb></lb>times obſerve the Rain itſelf to have an ill <lb></lb>Smell, and perhaps a bitter Taſte. </s> <s>This we <lb></lb>are told proceeds from the Infection of the <lb></lb>Place from whence the Steam or Vapour firſt <lb></lb>aroſe. </s> <s>Thus it is affirmed, that the Juices of <lb></lb>the Earth, when ſufficiently maturated and <lb></lb>concocted by Nature, produce every Thing <lb></lb>ſweet, and on the contrary, when they are <lb></lb>crude and undigeſted, they make every Thing <lb></lb>bitter with which they mix. </s> <s>Thoſe Waters <lb></lb>which run towards the North may perhaps be <lb></lb>ſuppoſed to be the moſt uſeful, becauſe they <lb></lb>are the coldeſt, as flying from the Rays of the <lb></lb>Sun, and being rather viſited than ſcorched <lb></lb>by him; and thoſe which flow towards the <lb></lb>South the contrary, as throwing themſelves <lb></lb>into the very Mouth of the Flame. <emph type="italics"></emph>Ariſtotle<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end><lb></lb>taught, that the fiery Spirit which was mixed <lb></lb>up by Nature in all Bodies, was repelled by <lb></lb>the Coldneſs of the North Wind, and confined <lb></lb>within, from evaporating, and that this gave <lb></lb>the Water its due Concoction: And it is cer<lb></lb>tain, that this Spirit is exhauſted and diſſipated <lb></lb>by the Heat of the Sun. <emph type="italics"></emph>Servius,<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end> upon the <lb></lb>Authority of experienced Perſons, ſays, that <lb></lb>Wells and Springs which lie under a Roof, do <lb></lb>not emit any Vapour: That light ſubtle Breath <lb></lb>riſing from the Well, not being able to penetrate <lb></lb>or make its Way through the denſe and groſs <lb></lb>Air which the Roof compreſſes together over it; <lb></lb>whereas, when it lies under the clear and open <lb></lb>Sky, it has free Play, and extends and purges <lb></lb>itſelf without Obſtruction: For which Reaſon, <lb></lb>Wells under the open Air are accounted more <lb></lb>wholeſome than thoſe under Cover. </s> <s>In other <lb></lb>reſpects, all the ſame Properties are to be wiſhed <lb></lb>for in a Well that are required in a Spring; <lb></lb>for both ſeem to have a very near Relation to <lb></lb>each other, and hardly differ in any Thing but <lb></lb>in Point of Current; though you ſhall very <lb></lb>frequently meet even with Wells which run <lb></lb>with a very large Vein of Water; and we are <lb></lb>told, that no Water can poſſibly be perpetual <lb></lb>which is abſolutely without Motion; and <lb></lb>Water without Motion, let it lie in what Soil <lb></lb>it will, cannot be wholeſome. </s> <s>If a great deal of <lb></lb>Water is continually and conſtantly drawn out <lb></lb>of a Well, that Well may be looked upon ra<lb></lb>ther as a deep Spring; and on the other hand, <lb></lb>if a Spring does not run over its Sides, but <lb></lb>ſtands quiet and ſtill, it may be accounted a <lb></lb>ſhallow Well rather than a Spring. </s> <s>Some are <lb></lb>of Opinion, that no Water can be perpetual, <lb></lb>or of very long Duration, which does does not <lb></lb>move with the riſing and falling of the next <lb></lb>River of Torrent; and I believe the ſame. <lb></lb></s> <s>The ancient Lawyers made this Diſtinction <lb></lb>between a Lake and a Marſh, that the Lake <lb></lb>has a perpetual Water, whereas that of the <lb></lb>Marſh is only temporary, and what it gathers <lb></lb>in the Winter. </s> <s>Lakes are of three Sorts. </s> <s>One, <lb></lb>if we may ſo call it, ſtationary, content with <lb></lb>its own Waters, always keeping within its Bed, <lb></lb>and never overflowing. </s> <s>The ſecond, which is <lb></lb>as it were the Father of the River, diſcharges its <lb></lb>Waters at ſome Paſſage; and the laſt receives <lb></lb>ſome Stream from abroad, and ſends it out <lb></lb>again into ſome River. </s> <s>The firſt partakes <lb></lb>ſomewhat of the Nature of a Marſh: the ſecond <lb></lb>is a direct Spring: and the third, if I miſtake <lb></lb>not, is only a River ſpreading out into Breadth <lb></lb>in that particular Place. </s> <s>We need not there<lb></lb>fore upon this Occaſion repeat what we have <lb></lb>already ſaid of the Spring and the River. </s> <s>We <lb></lb>may only add, that all Water that is covered <pb xlink:href="003/01/299.jpg" pagenum="221"></pb>with a Shade, is colder and clearer, but more <lb></lb>undigeſted, than thoſe warmed by the Sun; <lb></lb>and, on the contrary, Waters too much heated <lb></lb>by the Sun, are brackiſh and viſcous. </s> <s>The <lb></lb>being deep is of Service to either Sort, becauſe <lb></lb>it prevents the latter from being made too hot, <lb></lb>and the former from being too eaſily affected <lb></lb>by Froſt. </s> <s>Laſtly it is thought that even the <lb></lb>Marſh is not always to be deſpiſed: becauſe <lb></lb>where-ever Eels are found, the Water is reckoned <lb></lb>to be not very bad. </s> <s>Of all Marſh-water that <lb></lb>is accounted the very worſt which breeds Horſe<lb></lb>leeches, which is ſo abſolutely without Moti<lb></lb>on that it contracts a Scurf on the Top, which <lb></lb>has an offenſive Smell, which is of a black or <lb></lb>livid Colour, which being put into a Veſſel will <lb></lb>continue ſoul a great while, which is heavy and <lb></lb>clammy with a moſſy Slime, and which being <lb></lb>uſed in waſhing your Hands, they are a long <lb></lb>Time before they dry. </s> <s>But as a ſhort Summary <lb></lb>of what has been ſaid of Water, it ſhould be ex<lb></lb>tremely light, clear, thin and tranſparent, to <lb></lb>which muſt be added thoſe Particulars which <lb></lb>we have ſlightly touched in the firſt Book. <lb></lb></s> <s>Laſtly it will be a ſtrong Confirmation to you <lb></lb>of the Goodneſs of your Water, if you find that <lb></lb>the Cattle which have waſhed and drank in it <lb></lb>for ſeveral Months together, are in good Con<lb></lb>dition and perfectly healthy; and you have a <lb></lb>ſure Way to judge whether they are ſound or <lb></lb>not by inſpecting their Livers; for what is <lb></lb>noxious injures with Time, and the Injury <lb></lb>which is lateſt felt is of the worſt Conſequence.</s></p><p type="head"> <s>CHAP. VII.</s></p><p type="head"> <s><emph type="italics"></emph>Of the Method of conveying Water and accommodating it to the Uſes of Men.<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end></s></p><p type="main"> <s>Having found Water and approved <lb></lb>it to be good, the next Work is to convey <lb></lb>it artfully and accommodate it properly to the <lb></lb>Uſes of Men. </s> <s>There are two Ways of convey<lb></lb>ing Water, either by a Trench or Canal, or by <lb></lb>Pipes or Conduits. </s> <s>In either of theſe Methods, <lb></lb>the Water will not move, unleſs the Place to <lb></lb>which you would convey it be lower than that <lb></lb>from which it is to be brought. </s> <s>But then there <lb></lb>is this Difference, that the Water which is brought <lb></lb>by a Canal muſt deſcend all the Way with a <lb></lb>continued Slope, whereas that which is conveyed <lb></lb>in Pipes may aſcend in ſome Part of the Way. <lb></lb></s> <s>Of theſe two Methods we are now to treat. <lb></lb></s> <s>But firſt we muſt premiſe ſome Things for the <lb></lb>clearer Explication of our Subject. </s> <s>The <lb></lb>Searchers into Nature tell us, that the Earth is <lb></lb>Spherical, tho' in many Places it riſes into <lb></lb>Hills, and in many others ſinks into Seas: but <lb></lb>in ſo vaſt a Globe this Roughneſs is not per<lb></lb>ceptible; as in an Egg, which tho' it is far <lb></lb>from being of a ſmooth Superficies, yet its lit<lb></lb>tle Inequalities bearing but an inconſiderable <lb></lb>Proportion to its whole Circumference, they <lb></lb>are ſcarce obſerved. <emph type="italics"></emph>Eratoſthenes<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end> tells us, that <lb></lb>the Compaſs of this great Globe is two hun<lb></lb>dred and fifty two thouſand Furlongs, or about <lb></lb>thirty one thouſand five hundred Miles, and <lb></lb>that there is no Hill ſo high or Water ſo deep <lb></lb>as to be above fifteen thouſand Cubits perpen<lb></lb>dicular; not even Mount <emph type="italics"></emph>Caucaſus,<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end> whoſe Top <lb></lb>enjoys the Sun three Hours in the Night. <lb></lb></s> <s>There is a prodigious high Mountain in <emph type="italics"></emph>Ar<lb></lb>cadia<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end> called <emph type="italics"></emph>Cyllene;<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end> and yet thoſe who have <lb></lb>meaſured its perpendicular, affirm, that it does <lb></lb>not exceed twenty Furlongs. </s> <s>Even the Sea it<lb></lb>ſelf is thought to be no more upon this Globe <lb></lb>of Earth, than the Summer's Dew is upon the <lb></lb>Body of an Apple. </s> <s>Some have wittily ſaid, <lb></lb>that the Creator of the World made uſe of the <lb></lb>Concavity of the Sea as of a Seal with the Im<lb></lb>preſſion whereof he ſtampt the Hills. </s> <s>What <lb></lb>the Geometers teach us upon this Head is very <lb></lb>much to our preſent Purpoſe. </s> <s>They ſay, that <lb></lb>if a ſtraight Line touching the Globe of the <lb></lb>Earth at one End were to be drawn on exactly <lb></lb>horizontal a Mile in Length, the Space be<lb></lb>tween the other End and the Surface of the <lb></lb>Globe would not be above ten Inches. </s> <s>For <lb></lb>this Reaſon Water will never move on in a <lb></lb>Canal, but ſtand ſtill like a Lake, unleſs every <lb></lb>eight Furlongs the Trench has a Slope of one <lb></lb>whole Foot from the Place where the Water <lb></lb>was firſt found and its Bed cut; which Place <lb></lb>the ancient Lawyers called Incile, from the In<lb></lb>ciſion which is made either in the Rock or <lb></lb>Bank for conveying the Water: But if in this <lb></lb>Space of eight Furlongs it had a Slope of more <lb></lb>than ſix Foot, it is ſuppoſed that the Rapidity <lb></lb>of its Current would make it inconvenient for <lb></lb>Boats. </s> <s>In order to find whether the Trench <lb></lb>which is to convey the Water be lower than <pb xlink:href="003/01/300.jpg" pagenum="222"></pb>this Incile or Sluice or no, and what the Slope <lb></lb>is, certain Rules and Inſtruments have been <lb></lb>invented, which are of excellent Uſe. </s> <s>Ignorant <lb></lb>Workmen try their Slope by laying a Ball in <lb></lb>the Trench, and if this Ball rowls forwards <lb></lb>they think the Slope is right for their Water. <lb></lb></s> <s>The Inſtruments of dexterous Artiſts are the <lb></lb>Square, Level, Plumb-line, and, in a Word, all <lb></lb>ſuch as are terminated with a right Angle. <lb></lb></s> <s>This Art is a little more abſtruſe; but how<lb></lb>ever I ſhall open no more of it than is neceſ<lb></lb><arrow.to.target n="marg51"></arrow.to.target><lb></lb>ſary for the Purpoſe in Hand. </s> <s>The Practice <lb></lb>is performed by means of the Sight and of the <lb></lb>Object, which we ſhall call the Points. </s> <s>If the <lb></lb>Place through which we are to convey our <lb></lb>Water be an even Plain, there are two Ways of <lb></lb>directing our Sight: For we muſt ſet up cer<lb></lb>tain Marks or Objects, which we may place <lb></lb>either nearer or at a greater Diſtance from <lb></lb>each other. </s> <s>The nearer the Points of the Sight <lb></lb>and the Mark or Object are to each other, the <lb></lb>leſs the ſtraight Line of the Direction of the <lb></lb>Sight will depart from the Superficies of the <lb></lb>Globe; the further thoſe Points are from each <lb></lb>other, the lower the Superficies of the Globe <lb></lb>will fall from the Level of the Sight. </s> <s>In both <lb></lb>theſe you muſt obſerve to allow ten Inches <lb></lb>ſlope for every Mile of Diſtance. </s> <s>But if you <lb></lb>have not a clear Plain, and ſome Hill interferes, <lb></lb>then again you have two Ways of Proceeding: <lb></lb>One by taking the Height from the Incile or <lb></lb>Sluice, on the one Side, and the Height of the <lb></lb>Slope from the Head on the other. </s> <s>The Head <lb></lb>I call that appointed Place to which you would <lb></lb>bring the Water, in order to let it run from <lb></lb>thence free, or to appropriate it to ſome particular <lb></lb>Uſes. </s> <s>We find theſe Heights by taking different <lb></lb>Steps of Meaſurement. </s> <s>I call them Steps be<lb></lb>cauſe they are like thoſe Steps by which we <lb></lb>aſcend to a Temple. </s> <s>One Line of theſe Steps <lb></lb>is the Ray of Sight which goes from the Be<lb></lb>holder's Eye along the ſame Level with his Eye; <lb></lb>which is made by the Square, the Level and the <lb></lb>Plumb-line; and the other Line is that which <lb></lb>falls from the Beholder's Eye down to his Feet, <lb></lb>in a Perpendicular. </s> <s>By means of theſe Steps <lb></lb>you note how much one Line exceeds the <lb></lb>other, by caſting up the Amount of their Per<lb></lb>pendiculars, and ſo find which is the Higheſt, <lb></lb>that which riſes from the Sluice to the Top of <lb></lb>the Eminence, or that which riſes from the <lb></lb>Head. </s> <s>The other Method, is by drawing one <lb></lb>Line from the Sluice to the Top of the Hill <lb></lb>which interferes, and another Lime from thence <lb></lb>to the Head, and by computing the Proporti<lb></lb>ons of their Angles, according to the Rules of <lb></lb>Geometry. </s> <s>But this Method is diſſicult in <lb></lb>Practice, and not extremely ſure, becauſe in a <lb></lb>large Diſtance the leaſt Error occaſioned by <lb></lb>the Eye of the Meaſurer is of very great Conſe<lb></lb>quence. </s> <s>But there are ſome Things which <lb></lb>ſeem to bear ſome Relation to this Method, as <lb></lb>we ſhall ſhew by and by, which, if we have <lb></lb>occaſion to cut a Paſſage through a Hill to <lb></lb>bring Water to a Town, may be of great Uſe <lb></lb>for obtaining the right Directions. </s> <s>The Prac<lb></lb>tice is as follows: On the Summit of the Hill, <lb></lb>in a Place where you can have a View both of <lb></lb>the Sluice on one Side and of the Head on the <lb></lb>other, having laid the Ground exactly level, de<lb></lb>ſcribe a Circle ten Foot in Diameter. </s> <s>This <lb></lb>Circle we ſhall call the Horizon. </s> <s>In the Cen<lb></lb>ter of the Circle ſtick up a Pike exactly per<lb></lb>pendicular. </s> <s>Having made this Preparation, the <lb></lb>Artiſt goes round the Outſide of the Circle, in <lb></lb>order to find in what Part of its Circumference <lb></lb>his Eye being directed to one of the Points of <lb></lb>the Water which is to be conveyed, touches <lb></lb>the lower Part of the Pike which ſtands in the <lb></lb>Center. </s> <s>Having found out and marked this <lb></lb>exact Place in the Circumference of his Hori<lb></lb>zon, he draws a Line for this Direction from <lb></lb>that Mark quite to the oppoſite Side of his Cir<lb></lb>cle. </s> <s>Thus this Line will be the Diameter of <lb></lb>that Circle, as it will paſs through the Center, <lb></lb>and cut through both Sides of the Circumfe<lb></lb>rence. </s> <s>If this Line, upon taking oppoſite Views <lb></lb>leads the Eye on one Side directly to the <lb></lb>Sluice, and on the other directly to the Head <lb></lb>of our Water, it affords us a ſtraight Direction <lb></lb>for our Channel. </s> <s>But if the two Lines of Di<lb></lb>rection do not happen to meet in this Manner, <lb></lb>and the Diameter which leads to the Sluice, <lb></lb>falls on one Part of the Circumference, and <lb></lb>that which leads to the Head, on another; <lb></lb>then from the mutual Interſection of theſe <lb></lb>Lines at the Pike in the Center of the Circle, <lb></lb>we ſhall find the Difference between the two <lb></lb>Directions. </s> <s>I uſe the Help of ſuch a Circle to <lb></lb>make Platforms and draw Maps of Towns and <lb></lb>Provinces, as alſo for the digging ſubterraneous <lb></lb>Conduits, and that with very good Effect. </s> <s>But <lb></lb>of that in another Place. </s> <s>Whatever Canal we <lb></lb>make, whether for bringing only a ſmaller <lb></lb>Quantity of Water for Drinking, or a larger <lb></lb>for Navigation, we may follow the Directions <lb></lb>which we have here taught. </s> <s>But the Prepa<lb></lb>ration of our Canal muſt not be the ſame for <lb></lb>a large Quantity of Water, as for a ſmall. </s> <s>We <lb></lb>ſhall firſt go on with the Subject which we <lb></lb></s></p><pb xlink:href="003/01/301.jpg"></pb><p type="margin"> <s><margin.target id="marg51"></margin.target>*</s></p><p type="caption"> <s>PLATE 66. <emph type="italics"></emph>(Page 222)<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end><lb></lb><figure id="id.003.01.301.1.jpg" xlink:href="003/01/301/1.jpg"></figure></s></p><pb xlink:href="003/01/302.jpg"></pb><p type="caption"> <s>PLATE 67. <emph type="italics"></emph>(Page 222)<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end><lb></lb><figure id="id.003.01.302.1.jpg" xlink:href="003/01/302/1.jpg"></figure><pb xlink:href="003/01/303.jpg" pagenum="223"></pb>have begun concerning Water only for Drink<lb></lb>ing, and proceed afterwards to Canals for Na<lb></lb>vigation. </s> <s>Canals are either worked up with <lb></lb>Maſonry, or elſe are only Trenches dug. </s> <s>Tren<lb></lb>ches are of two Sorts, cut either through an <lb></lb>open Country, or through the Bowels of a Hill, <lb></lb>which is called a Mine or ſubterraneous Con<lb></lb>duit. </s> <s>In both theſe, when you meet with either <lb></lb>Stone, Chalk, or compact Earth that does not <lb></lb>imbibe the Water, you will have no Occaſion <lb></lb>for Maſonry; but where the Bottom or Sides of <lb></lb>the Canal are not ſound, then you muſt fortify <lb></lb>them. </s> <s>If you are obliged to carry your Canal <lb></lb>through the Heart of a Hill, you muſt obſerve <lb></lb>the Rules above laid down. </s> <s>In ſubterraneous <lb></lb>Conduits, at the Diſtance of every hundred <lb></lb>Foot, you ſhould open Ventiges like Wells for<lb></lb>tified according as the Nature of the Earth <lb></lb>through which you dig requires. </s> <s>I have ſeen <lb></lb>ſuch Ventiges in the Country of the <emph type="italics"></emph>Marſi<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end> near <lb></lb><emph type="italics"></emph>Rome,<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end> where the Water falls into the ancient <lb></lb>Lake <emph type="italics"></emph>Fucinus<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end> (now called the <emph type="italics"></emph>Pie di Luco<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end>) <lb></lb>built very finely with burnt Brick, and of an <lb></lb>incredible Depth. 'Till the four hundred and <lb></lb>forty-firſt year after the building of the City, <lb></lb>there was no ſuch thing as an Aqueduct built <lb></lb>at <emph type="italics"></emph>Rome;<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end> but afterwards thoſe Works were <lb></lb>brought to ſuch a Pitch, that whole Rivers <lb></lb>were conveyed to it through the Air, and we <lb></lb>are told, that there were ſo many of them, that <lb></lb>every ſingle Houſe was abundantly ſupplied <lb></lb>with Water. </s> <s>At firſt they began with ſubter<lb></lb>raneous Conduits; which indeed had a great <lb></lb>many Conveniencies. </s> <s>This hidden Work was <lb></lb>leſs ſubject to Injuries and being expoſed neither <lb></lb>to the Severity of Froſts, nor to the ſcorching <lb></lb>Dog-day Sun brought the Water freſher and <lb></lb>cooler, nor could eaſily be deſtroyed or turned <lb></lb>away by Enemies that might happen to make <lb></lb>Inroads into the Country. </s> <s>Theſe Works were <lb></lb>afterwards brought to ſuch a Magnificence, <lb></lb>that in order to have high Jets of Water in their <lb></lb>Gardens and in their Bathes, they built vault<lb></lb>ed Aqueducts, in ſome Places above an hundred <lb></lb>and twenty Foot high, and carried on for above <lb></lb>threeſcore Miles together. </s> <s>From theſe too they <lb></lb>reaped Conveniencies. </s> <s>In ſeveral Places, and <lb></lb>particularly beyond the <emph type="italics"></emph>Tyber,<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end> the Water of <lb></lb>theſe Aqueducts ſerved to grind their Corn, <lb></lb>and upon their being deſtroyed by the Enemy, <lb></lb>they were forced to make Mills for that Pur<lb></lb>poſe in Ships. </s> <s>To this add, that by means of <lb></lb>this Plenty of Water the City was kept cleaner <lb></lb>and the Air made freſher and more wholeſome. <lb></lb></s> <s>The Architects alſo added ſome ingenious In<lb></lb>ventions to ſhew the Hours of the Day to the <lb></lb>great Recreation of the Beholders, by the Con<lb></lb>trivance of ſome little moving Statues of Braſs, <lb></lb>placed in the Front of the Head of the Aque<lb></lb>duct, which repreſented the publick Games and <lb></lb>the Ceremony of the Triumph. </s> <s>At the ſame <lb></lb>Time, the Sound of muſical Inſtruments and <lb></lb>ſweet Voices was heard, which were cauſed by <lb></lb>the Motion of the Water. </s> <s>Theſe Aqueducts <lb></lb>were covered in with an Arch of a good Thick<lb></lb>neſs, to prevent the Water from being heated <lb></lb>by the Sun; and this Vault was plaiſtered on <lb></lb>the Inſide with ſuch a Compoſition as we have <lb></lb>formerly in this Book recommended for Floors, <lb></lb>to the Thickneſs of at leaſt ſix Inches. </s> <s>The <lb></lb>Parts of the ancient Aqueduct were theſe. <lb></lb></s> <s>Joining to the Incile was the <emph type="italics"></emph>Septum;<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end> along <lb></lb>the Courſe of the Conduit were the <emph type="italics"></emph>Caſtella;<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end><lb></lb>where any higher Ground interfered the <emph type="italics"></emph>Specus<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end><lb></lb>was dug; laſtly, to the Head was annexed the <lb></lb><emph type="italics"></emph>Calix.<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end></s><s> An ancient Lawyer gives us the fol<lb></lb>lowing Deſcription of theſe ſeveral Parts. </s> <s>An <lb></lb>Aqueduct is a Conduit for conveying Water to <lb></lb>a certain Place by means of a gentle Slope. <lb></lb></s> <s>The <emph type="italics"></emph>Septum<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end> is a Flood-gate or Water-ſtop <lb></lb>made at the Sluice for letting the Water into <lb></lb>the Aqueduct. </s> <s>The <emph type="italics"></emph>Caſtella<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end> are Water-houſes <lb></lb>or Conduit-heads for the Reception of the <lb></lb>publick Water. </s> <s>The <emph type="italics"></emph>Specus<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end> is a Kind of Mill<lb></lb>dam dug in the Earth. </s> <s>The <emph type="italics"></emph>Calix<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end> is the End <lb></lb>or Mouth of the Aqueduct, which diſcharges <lb></lb>the Water. </s> <s>All theſe muſt be made of very <lb></lb>ſtout Work, the Bottom as ſtrong as poſſible, <lb></lb>the Plaiſtering tight and by no means ſubject <lb></lb>to crack. </s> <s>The Mouth of the Sluice muſt be <lb></lb>ſtopt with a Flood-gate, with which you may <lb></lb>ſhut out the Water when it happens to be tur<lb></lb>bid, and by means whereof you may have an <lb></lb>Opportunity to mend any Part of the Aque<lb></lb>duct which is decayed, without being prevent<lb></lb>ed by the Water; and this Flood-gate muſt <lb></lb>have a Grate of Braſs to it, that Water may <lb></lb>flow into the Aqueduct clearer and more re<lb></lb>fined, leaving behind it the Leaves, Boughs <lb></lb>and other Traſh that fall into it. </s> <s>At every <lb></lb>hundred Cubits muſt be either a Conduit-head, <lb></lb>or a Mill-dam twenty Foot broad, thirty long, <lb></lb>and fifteen deep below the Bottom of the Chan<lb></lb>nel; and theſe are made to the Intent that <lb></lb>thoſe Waters which either fall into the Aque<lb></lb>duct from the Earth, or are thrown into it too <lb></lb>violently, may have a Place to ſubſide below <lb></lb>the other Stream, which by that means will <lb></lb>have room to flow on more refined and clear. <lb></lb></s> <s>The Mouth of the Aqueduct for diſcharging <pb xlink:href="003/01/304.jpg" pagenum="224"></pb>the Water, muſt vary according to the Quan<lb></lb>tity of the Stream, and the Situation of the <lb></lb>Pipe by which it makes it diſcharge. </s> <s>The <lb></lb>greater and more rapid the Stream is from <lb></lb>whence the Water is brought, the more direct <lb></lb>Way it is brought, and the more it has been <lb></lb>confined, the more the Mouth of the Conduit <lb></lb>muſt be enlarged. </s> <s>If the diſcharging Pipe be <lb></lb>placed direct to the Stream and Level, it will <lb></lb>maintain an equal Diſcharge. </s> <s>It has been <lb></lb>found by Experience, that this Pipe is waſted <lb></lb>away by the continual Spray of the Water, <lb></lb>and that no Metals ſtand it ſo well as Gold. <lb></lb></s> <s>Thus much of Conduits and Aqueducts. </s> <s>Wa<lb></lb>ter may alſo be brought in leaden Pipes, or ra<lb></lb>ther in earthen ones, becauſe the Phyſicians <lb></lb>tell us, that thoſe of Lead occaſion an Exco<lb></lb>riation of the Bowels, and ſo too will Braſs.</s></p><p type="main"> <s>THE Learned tell us, that whatever we <lb></lb>either drink or eat, is beſt preſerved in Veſſels <lb></lb>of baked Earth, which the leaſt alters their <lb></lb>Taſte; alledging that the Earth is the natural <lb></lb>Place of Repoſe, as well of Water as of every <lb></lb>Thing elſe which is produced by the Earth. <lb></lb></s> <s>Wooden Pipes give Water in Time an ill Co<lb></lb>lour, and an unpleaſant Taſte. </s> <s>Whatever Ma<lb></lb>terial they are made of, the Pipes ought to be <lb></lb>as ſtrong as poſſible. </s> <s>Veſſels of Braſs are apt <lb></lb>to give the Epilepſy, Canker, and ſo breed Diſ<lb></lb>orders in the Liver and Spleen. </s> <s>The Sides of <lb></lb>the Pipes muſt be in Thickneſs at leaſt one <lb></lb>fourth Part of the Diameter of the Hollow, <lb></lb>and the Joints of the Bricks of which they are <lb></lb>made be mortiſed into one another, and ce<lb></lb>mented with unſlaked Lime mixed with <lb></lb>Oil; they ſhould alſo be fortified all round <lb></lb>with ſtrong Brick Work, and ſtrengthened <lb></lb>a good Weight of Work over them, eſpecially <lb></lb>where you bring the Water about winding, or <lb></lb>where after a Deſcent it is to riſe upwards <lb></lb>again, or where the Pipe upon a ſhort Turn <lb></lb>is ſtraitened and made narrower. </s> <s>For the <lb></lb>Weight and continual Preſſure of the Water, <lb></lb>with the Force and Impetuoſity of its Cur<lb></lb>rent, would eaſily carry away or break the <lb></lb>Bricks. </s> <s>Experienced Workmen, in order to <lb></lb>guard againſt this Danger, and eſpecially about <lb></lb>the Windings, made uſe of a living Stone, <lb></lb>and particularly of the red Sort, bored through <lb></lb>for the Purpoſe. </s> <s>I have ſeen Pieces of Marble <lb></lb>above twelve Foot long bored through from <lb></lb>one End to the other with a Bore of four <lb></lb>Inches Diameter, which by plain Marks in the <lb></lb>Stone itſelf appeared to have been made <lb></lb>with an Inſtrument of Braſs turned with a <lb></lb>Wheel and with Sand. </s> <s>In order to prevent <lb></lb>the Effects of this Impetuoſity, you may <lb></lb>ſlacken the Current of the Water, by making <lb></lb>it run winding, not indeed with a ſharp Elbow, <lb></lb>but with an eaſy Sweep, turning ſometimes to <lb></lb>the Right, ſometimes to the Left, ſometimes <lb></lb>riſing, ſometimes deſcending with a frequent <lb></lb>Variety. </s> <s>To this you may add ſomewhat in <lb></lb>the Nature of a Conduit-head or Mill-dam, in <lb></lb>order for the Water to purify there, and alſo if <lb></lb>any Defect ſhould happen, that you may the <lb></lb>more eaſily come to ſee how and where it <lb></lb>muſt be repaired. </s> <s>But theſe Heads ſhould not <lb></lb>be placed in the Bottom of the Sweep of a <lb></lb>Valley, nor where the Water is forced upwards, <lb></lb>but where it keeps on its Courſe more equally <lb></lb>and gently. </s> <s>If you are obliged to carry your <lb></lb>Conduit-pipes through a Lake or Marſh, you <lb></lb>may do it with a very ſmall Expence, in the <lb></lb>following Manner. </s> <s>Provide ſome good Tim<lb></lb>bers of Scarlet Oak, and in them Lengthways <lb></lb>cut a Gutter in Breadth and Depth in Propor<lb></lb>tion to your Pipes, which you muſt lay into <lb></lb>this Gutter well cemented with Mortar, and <lb></lb>bound down with good Cramps of Braſs. </s> <s>Then <lb></lb>having laid theſe Timbers upon a Float acroſs <lb></lb>the Lake, ſaſten the Ends of them together as <lb></lb>follows. </s> <s>You muſt have Pipes of Lead of the <lb></lb>ſame Diameter as thoſe upon your Timbers, <lb></lb>and of ſuch a Length as to allow for bend<lb></lb>ing as much as may be neceſſary. </s> <s>Theſe <lb></lb>leaden Pipes, you muſt inſert into your earthen <lb></lb>ones, and cement their Joints with Lime <lb></lb>ſlacked with Oil, and fortified with Plates of <lb></lb>Braſs. </s> <s>Thus join the Ends of the Timber to<lb></lb>gether, as they hang over your Float, till you <lb></lb>bring them from one Shore quite to the other, <lb></lb>and their Heads reſt upon the dry Ground on <lb></lb>each Side. </s> <s>Then withdraw your Float, and <lb></lb>having ſecured the whole Work with good <lb></lb>Ropes, where the Lake is deepeſt, let it go <lb></lb>down by little and little to the Bottom, as <lb></lb>equally as poſſible, all the reſt ſinking by pro<lb></lb>per Degrees along with it, by which Means <lb></lb>the leaden Pipe will bend according to the <lb></lb>Occaſion, and the whole will place itſelf con<lb></lb>veniently at the Bottom of the Lake. </s> <s>When <lb></lb>the Conduit is prepared in this Manner with <lb></lb>the firſt Water which you ſend into it throw <lb></lb>in ſome Aſhes, that if any of the Joints ſhould <lb></lb>happen not to be perfectly cloſe, they may ſtop <lb></lb>them up, and help to cement them. </s> <s>You <lb></lb>ſhould alſo let in the Water by gentle Degrees, <lb></lb>leſt ruſhing in too precipitately, it ſhould <lb></lb>ſtruggle with the Wind which is in the Pipe. <pb xlink:href="003/01/305.jpg" pagenum="225"></pb>It is incredible the Violence and Impetuoſity <lb></lb>of Nature when the Wind in ſuch a Pipe is re<lb></lb>ſtrained and compreſſed too cloſe. </s> <s>I have read <lb></lb>in the Works of the Phyſicians, that the Bone of <lb></lb>a Man's Leg has been broken by the ſudden <lb></lb>Irruption of a Vapour ſo confined. </s> <s>The Ar<lb></lb>tiſts in Hydraulics can force Water to leap up <lb></lb>out of a Veſſel, by confining a Quantity of Air <lb></lb>between two Waters.</s></p><p type="head"> <s>CHAP. VIII.</s></p><p type="head"> <s><emph type="italics"></emph>Of Ciſterns, their Uſes and Conveniencies.<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end></s></p><p type="main"> <s>I now come to ſpeak of Ciſterns. </s> <s>A Ciſtern <lb></lb>is a large Veſſel for holding Water, not <lb></lb>unlike the Water-houſe or Conduit-head. </s> <s>Its <lb></lb>Bottom and Sides therefore muſt be perfectly <lb></lb>ſtrong and well compacted. </s> <s>There are two <lb></lb>Sorts, one for containing Water for Drinking, <lb></lb>and the other for preſerving it for other Uſes, <lb></lb>as particularly againſt ſudden Fires. </s> <s>The firſt <lb></lb>we ſhall call a Drinking-ciſtern, the other a <lb></lb>Reſervoir. </s> <s>The Drinking-ciſtern out to pre<lb></lb>ſerve its Water in the greateſt Purity; becauſe <lb></lb>when it is impure it is the Cauſe of a great many <lb></lb>Inconveniencies. </s> <s>In both we are to take care <lb></lb>that the Water is properly admitted, preſerved <lb></lb>and diſpenſed. </s> <s>Water is brought into the Ciſ<lb></lb>tern by Pipes from the River or Spring, and <lb></lb>ſometimes Rain-water from the Houſe-top or <lb></lb>from the Ground. </s> <s>I was extremely pleaſed <lb></lb>with the Invention of an Architect, who in a <lb></lb>large bare Rock on the Summit of a Hill cut <lb></lb>a round Baſon ten Foot deep, which received <lb></lb>all the Rain-water which ran into it from that <lb></lb>naked Rock. </s> <s>Then in the Plain under the <lb></lb>Hill he erected a Water-houſe, open on every <lb></lb>Side, and built of Brick and Mortar, thirty <lb></lb>Foot high, forty long and forty broad. </s> <s>Into <lb></lb>this Water-houſe he brought the Rain-water <lb></lb>from the upper Reſervoir by a ſubterraneous <lb></lb>Conduit of brick Pipe; that Reſervoir lying <lb></lb>much higher than the Top of the Water-houſe. <lb></lb></s> <s>If you ſtrew the Bottom of your Ciſtern with <lb></lb>good round Pebbles, or large Gravel from the <lb></lb>River very well waſhed, or rather fill it with it <lb></lb>to a certain Height, ſuppoſe of three Foot, it <lb></lb>will make your Water clear, cool and pure; <lb></lb>and the Higher you make this Strewing, your <lb></lb>Water will be the more limpid. </s> <s>The Water <lb></lb>ſometimes runs out at the Joints and Cracks <lb></lb>of the Ciſtern if it is ill made; and ſometimes <lb></lb>the Water is ſpoiled by Filth. </s> <s>And indeed it <lb></lb>is no eaſy Matter to keep Water impriſoned, <lb></lb>unleſs the Reſervoir be ſtrongly built, and even <lb></lb>of good ſquare Stone. </s> <s>It is alſo particularly <lb></lb>neceſſary, that the Work ſhould be perfectly <lb></lb>dry before you let the Water into it, which <lb></lb>preſſing hard upon it with its Weight, and <lb></lb>Sweating through it by means of its Humidi<lb></lb>ty, if it can but make a ſmall Crack, will be <lb></lb>continually working its Way till it has opened <lb></lb>itſelf a large Paſſage. </s> <s>The Ancients guarded <lb></lb>againſt this Inconvenience, and eſpecially in <lb></lb>the Corners of their Reſervoirs, by ſeveral Coats <lb></lb>of ſtrong Plaiſtering, and ſometimes by Incruſ<lb></lb>tations of Marbles. </s> <s>But nothing better pre<lb></lb>vents this oozing out of the Water, than Chalk <lb></lb>cloſe rammed in between the Wall of the Ciſ<lb></lb>tern and the Side of the Trench in which it is <lb></lb>made. </s> <s>We order the Chalk which we uſe for <lb></lb>this Purpoſe to be thoroughly dried and beat <lb></lb>into Powder. </s> <s>Some think, that if you fill a <lb></lb>Glaſs Veſſel with Salt, and ſtop it up cloſe <lb></lb>with a Plaiſter of Mortar tempered with Oil, <lb></lb>that no Water may get in, and then hang it <lb></lb>down in the Middle of the Ciſtern, it will pre<lb></lb>vent the Water from corrupting, let it be kept <lb></lb>ever ſo long. </s> <s>Some add Quick-ſilver to the <lb></lb>Compoſition. </s> <s>Others ſay, that if you take a <lb></lb>new earthen Veſſel full of ſharp Vinegar, ſtopt <lb></lb>up as above, and ſet it in the Water, it will en<lb></lb>tirely clear it from all Slime. </s> <s>They tell us too, <lb></lb>that either a Ciftern or a Well are purified by <lb></lb>putting ſome ſmall Fiſh into them, thinking <lb></lb>that the Fiſh feed upon the Slime of the Wa<lb></lb>ter and of the Earth. </s> <s>We are told of an old <lb></lb>Saying of <emph type="italics"></emph>Epigenes,<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end> that Water which has been <lb></lb>once corrupted, will in Time recover and pu<lb></lb>rify itſelf, and after that never ſpoil any more. <lb></lb></s> <s>Water which is beginning to corrupt, if it is <lb></lb>ſtirred about, and poured often out of one Veſ<lb></lb>ſel into another, will loſe its ill Smell, which <lb></lb>will alſo hold good of Wine and Oil that is <lb></lb>mothery. <emph type="italics"></emph>Joſephus<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end> relates, that when <emph type="italics"></emph>Moſes<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end><lb></lb>came to a dry Place, where there was only one <lb></lb>Spring of Water, and that foul and bitter, he <lb></lb>commanded the Soldiers to draw it; and upon <lb></lb>their beating and ſtirring it about heartily, it <lb></lb>became drinkable. </s> <s>It is certain that Water <lb></lb>may be purified by boiling and ſtraining; and <pb xlink:href="003/01/306.jpg" pagenum="226"></pb>we are told that Water which is nitrous and <lb></lb>bitter, by throwing Barley-flower into it may <lb></lb>be ſo ſweetened, as to be fit to drink in two <lb></lb>Hours Time. </s> <s>But in order to refine the Wa<lb></lb>ter of your Drinking-ciſterns more effectually, <lb></lb>make a little Well cloſe to your Ciſtern encloſ<lb></lb>ed with its own proper Wall, and its Bottom a <lb></lb>ſmall matter lower than the Bottom of the Ciſ<lb></lb>tern. </s> <s>This Well on the Side next the Ciſtern <lb></lb>muſt have ſome ſmall Openings filled up either <lb></lb>with Spunge or with Pumice-ſtone, that the <lb></lb>Water which gets out of the Ciſtern into the <lb></lb>Well may be thoroughly ſtrained and leave all <lb></lb>its coarſe Mixture behind it. </s> <s>In the Territory <lb></lb>of <emph type="italics"></emph>Tarragona<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end> in <emph type="italics"></emph>Spain,<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end> is found a white Pu<lb></lb>mice-ſtone very full of ſmall Pores, through <lb></lb>which Water is preſently ſtrained to the great<lb></lb>eſt Clearneſs. </s> <s>It will alſo come out extreme<lb></lb>ly limpid if you fill up the Aperture, through <lb></lb>which the Water muſt paſs, with a Pot bored <lb></lb>full of Holes on every Side, and filled with <lb></lb>River-ſand, in order for the Water to make its <lb></lb>Way through this fine Strainer. </s> <s>At <emph type="italics"></emph>Bologna,<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end><lb></lb>they have a ſoft ſandy Stone of a yellow Colour, <lb></lb>through which the Water diſtills Drop by <lb></lb>Drop till it is wonderfully refined. </s> <s>Some <lb></lb>make Bread of Sea-water; than which nothing <lb></lb>can be more unwholeſome. </s> <s>But yet thoſe <lb></lb>Strainers which we have mentioned are ſo ef<lb></lb>fectual that they will make even Sea-water <lb></lb>wholeſome and ſweet. <emph type="italics"></emph>Solinus<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end> ſays, that if <lb></lb>Sea-water is paſſed through a white Clay it <lb></lb>will become ſweet; and we find by Experience <lb></lb>that when it has been often ſtrained through <lb></lb>a fine Sand, it loſes its Saltneſs. </s> <s>If you ſink <lb></lb>an earthen Pot cloſe ſtopped, into the Sea, it <lb></lb>will be filled with freſh Water. </s> <s>Nor is it fo<lb></lb>reign to our Purpoſe what we are told, that <lb></lb>when the Water of the <emph type="italics"></emph>Nile<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end> is taken up into <lb></lb>any Veſſel proves foul, if you rub the Veſſel <lb></lb>juſt about the Edge of the Water with an Al<lb></lb>mond, it will preſently make it clear. </s> <s>When <lb></lb>your Conduit Pipes begin to be ſtopt with <lb></lb>Slime or Dirt, take a Gall-nut, or a Ball made <lb></lb>of the Bark of Cork, tied to a long thin Pack<lb></lb>thread. </s> <s>When the Current of the Water has <lb></lb>carried this Ball to the other End of the Pipe, <lb></lb>tie to the Pack-thread another ſtronger Cord <lb></lb>with a Wiſp of Broom faſtened to it, which <lb></lb>being drawn backwards and forwards in the <lb></lb>Pipe, will clear away the Dirt that ſtopt it up.</s></p><p type="head"> <s>CHAP. IX.</s></p><p type="head"> <s><emph type="italics"></emph>Of planting a Vineyard in a Meadow, or a Wood in a Marſh; and how we <lb></lb>may amend a Region which is moleſted with too much Water.<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end></s></p><p type="main"> <s>I now proceed to other Conveniencies. </s> <s>We <lb></lb>obſerved that Food and Rayment was to <lb></lb>provided for the Inhabitants. </s> <s>With theſe we <lb></lb>are to be ſupplied by Agriculture, an Art <lb></lb>which it is not our Buſineſs to treat of here. <lb></lb></s> <s>Yet there are ſome Caſes wherein the Archi<lb></lb>tect may be of Service to the Husbandman: <lb></lb>As particularly when a Piece of Ground being <lb></lb>either too dry or too wet, is not in a good <lb></lb>Condition for Tillage. </s> <s>A Vineyard may be <lb></lb>planted in a moiſt Meadow in the following <lb></lb>Manner: Dig Trenches running from Eaſt to <lb></lb>Weſt in ſtraight Lines, at equal Diſtances from <lb></lb>each other, and as deep as may be, each nine <lb></lb>Foot broad and fifteen Foot diſtant from one <lb></lb>another, and throw up the Earth which you <lb></lb>dig out of the Trenches on the Intervals be<lb></lb>tween them, in ſuch a Manner, that the Slope <lb></lb>may lie open to the Mid-day Sun: and theſe lit<lb></lb>tle artificial Hills will be very proper for Vines <lb></lb>and very fruitful. </s> <s>On the contrary, upon a dry <lb></lb>Hill you may make a Meadow by the following <lb></lb>Method: Dig a long ſquare Trench in the <lb></lb>upper Part of the Hill, with its Sides all equally <lb></lb>high and exactly level. </s> <s>Into this Trench bring <lb></lb>Water from the next Springs above it, which <lb></lb>running over on the lower Side will equally and <lb></lb>continually water the Ground beneath. </s> <s>In the <lb></lb>Country of <emph type="italics"></emph>Verona,<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end> a Soil full of round Stones, <lb></lb>very naked and barren, the Inhabitants in ſome <lb></lb>Places, by continual watering it, have raiſed <lb></lb>very fine Graſs and ſo turned it into a beautiful <lb></lb>Meadow. </s> <s>If you deſire to have a Wood grow <lb></lb>in a Marſh, turn up the Ground with the <lb></lb>Plough, and entirely grub up all Brambles, <lb></lb>and then ſow it with Acorns about the Time <lb></lb>of Sun-riſe. </s> <s>This Plantation will grow up in<lb></lb>to a thick Wood, and the Trees will draw to <lb></lb>themſelves moſt of the ſuperfluous Moiſture: <lb></lb>And the ſpreading of the Roots together with <lb></lb>the falling of the Leaves and Sprigs, will raiſe <lb></lb>the Ground higher. </s> <s>Afterwards if you bring <pb xlink:href="003/01/307.jpg" pagenum="227"></pb>down ſome Land-flood upon it, which may <lb></lb>ſubſide there, it will make a Cruſt over the <lb></lb>whole. </s> <s>But of this in another Place. </s> <s>If the <lb></lb>Region is ſubject to Inundations, as <emph type="italics"></emph>Lombardy<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end><lb></lb>along the Banks of the <emph type="italics"></emph>Po; Venice,<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end> and ſome <lb></lb>other Place; in that Caſe, ſeveral Particulars <lb></lb>are to be conſidered: For the Water is trouble<lb></lb>ſome either from its over-abundance, or from <lb></lb>its Motion, or from both theſe. </s> <s>Upon theſe <lb></lb>we ſhall make ſome brief Obſervations. </s> <s>The <lb></lb>Emperor <emph type="italics"></emph>Claudius<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end> bored through a Hill near <lb></lb>the Lake <emph type="italics"></emph>Fucinus,<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end> and ſo carried away the ſu<lb></lb>perfluous Water into the River; and perhaps it <lb></lb>was for the ſame Reaſon, that <emph type="italics"></emph>M. Curius<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end> open<lb></lb>ed a Way for the Lake <emph type="italics"></emph>Velinus<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end> to diſcharge it<lb></lb>ſelf into the Sea. </s> <s>Thus we ſee the Lake <emph type="italics"></emph>Ne<lb></lb>morenſis,<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end> carried into the Lake <emph type="italics"></emph>Laurentina<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end><lb></lb>through a Hill bored on purpoſe; to which <lb></lb>we owe thoſe pleaſant Gardens and that fruit<lb></lb>ful Grove which lie below the Former of thoſe <lb></lb>Lakes.</s></p><p type="main"> <s><emph type="italics"></emph>Cæſar<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end> had Thoughts of cutting a Number <lb></lb>of Trenches near <emph type="italics"></emph>Herda<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end> in <emph type="italics"></emph>Spain,<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end> in order to <lb></lb>diſcharge ſome Part of the Water of the River <lb></lb><emph type="italics"></emph>Sicoris.<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end></s><s> The <emph type="italics"></emph>Erymanthus,<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end> a River of <emph type="italics"></emph>Arcadia,<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end><lb></lb>very full of Windings, is almoſt exhauſted by <lb></lb>the Inhabitants in watering their Lands, by <lb></lb>which means his Remains fall into the Sea with<lb></lb>out ſo much as preſerving his Name. <emph type="italics"></emph>Cyrus<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end><lb></lb>cut the <emph type="italics"></emph>Ganges<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end> into a vaſt Number of Canals, <lb></lb><emph type="italics"></emph>Eutropius<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end> ſays, no leſs than four hundred and <lb></lb>ſixty, by which he ſo ſunk that River, that it <lb></lb>might eaſily be forded, and ſometimes even dri<lb></lb>ſhod. </s> <s>Near the Tomb of King <emph type="italics"></emph>Halyattes,<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end> in <lb></lb>the Country of the <emph type="italics"></emph>Sardes,<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end> built chiefly by the <lb></lb>female Slaves, is the Lake <emph type="italics"></emph>Coloe,<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end> dug by Art <lb></lb>on purpoſe to receive Inundations. <emph type="italics"></emph>Myris<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end> dug <lb></lb>a Lake in <emph type="italics"></emph>Meſopotamia<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end> above the City, three <lb></lb>hundred and forty Furlongs in Circumference, <lb></lb>and threeſcore Cubits deep, to receive the <emph type="italics"></emph>Nile<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end><lb></lb>whenever it roſe higher than uſual. </s> <s>Beſides <lb></lb>the ſtrong Banks made for keeping in the <emph type="italics"></emph>Eu<lb></lb>phrates,<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end> that it might not overflow and waſh <lb></lb>away the Houſes, ſome Lakes were alſo dug, <lb></lb>together with ſome vaſt hollow Caves, that the <lb></lb>ſtanding Water in thoſe might receive and <lb></lb>break the Fury of Inundations. </s> <s>Thus much <lb></lb>may ſuffice of Waters which are apt to over<lb></lb>flow, or to do Miſchief by the Impetuoſity of <lb></lb>their Motion. </s> <s>If any thing is wanting to this <lb></lb>Head, we ſhall inſert it immediately, when we <lb></lb>come to ſpeak of Rivers and the Sea.</s></p><p type="head"> <s>CHAP. X.</s></p><p type="head"> <s><emph type="italics"></emph>Of Roads; of Paſſages by Water, and of artificial Banks to Rivers.<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end></s></p><p type="main"> <s>The next Buſineſs is to get as conveni<lb></lb>ently as is poſſible from abroad, thoſe <lb></lb>Neceſſaries which we cannot be ſupplied with <lb></lb>at home. </s> <s>To this Purpoſe are Roads and <lb></lb>Highways, which are to be made ſuch, that <lb></lb>whatever is wanting may be eaſily brought, in <lb></lb>its proper Seaſon. </s> <s>There are two Sorts of <lb></lb>Highways, one by Land, the other by Water, <lb></lb>as we hinted in the formar Part of this Work. <lb></lb></s> <s>Care is to be taken that the Highway by Land <lb></lb>is not too deep, nor too much broke by Car<lb></lb>riages; and beſides thoſe Cauſeways which we <lb></lb>have ſpoken of formerly, we ſhould be ſure to <lb></lb>let them be open to a good deal of Sun and to <lb></lb>a free Air, and that they be not covered with <lb></lb>too much Shade. </s> <s>In our Days, near the Wood <lb></lb>by <emph type="italics"></emph>Ravenna,<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end> the Road which uſed to be very <lb></lb>bad, has been made extremely convenient by <lb></lb>cutting down the Trees, and admitting the <lb></lb>Sun to it. </s> <s>We may generally obſerve little <lb></lb>Puddles under Trees which ſtand by the Side <lb></lb>of the Road, occaſioned by the Tread of Cat<lb></lb>tle, and the Shade preventing the Ground <lb></lb>from drying ſo faſt as it otherwiſe would do, <lb></lb>ſo that the Rain always ſettles and lies there. <lb></lb></s> <s>Highways (if we may ſo call them) by Water <lb></lb>are of two Sorts: One which may be corrected <lb></lb>and forced; as Rivers or Canals; the other <lb></lb>which cannot; as the Sea. </s> <s>We may venture <lb></lb>to ſay, that there happen the ſame Faults in a <lb></lb>River as we find in a ſmaller Veſſel for con<lb></lb>taining Water; that is, that perhaps either the <lb></lb>Sides, or the Bottom are defective or not ſound <lb></lb>and convenient. </s> <s>For as a large Quantity of <lb></lb>Water is neceſſary for the carrying of Ships, if <lb></lb>it is not contained in ſtout Banks, it may break <lb></lb>its Way through them and drown all the Coun<lb></lb>try, and ſo even ſpoil the Highways on Shore. <lb></lb></s> <s>If the Bottom be very ſteep, how can we ima<lb></lb>gine that a Ship can make its Way up againſt <lb></lb>the Rapidity of the Stream? </s> <s>and if it riſes in<lb></lb>to Shelves, it will ſpoil the Navigation. </s> <s>Upon <lb></lb>bringing the famous Obelisk from <emph type="italics"></emph>Ægypt<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end> to <lb></lb><emph type="italics"></emph>Rome,<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end> it was found that the <emph type="italics"></emph>Tyber<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end> was a more <lb></lb>convenient River for Navigation than the <emph type="italics"></emph>Nile.<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end><lb></lb>The latter indeed was much broader, but the <pb xlink:href="003/01/308.jpg" pagenum="228"></pb>former was of a more convenient Depth: For <lb></lb>it is not ſo much a great Plenty as a good Depth <lb></lb>of Water that is neceſſary for Navigation. <lb></lb></s> <s>Though a handſome Breadth is very conveni<lb></lb>ent too, becauſe by that means the Streams <lb></lb>comes ſlower againſt the Banks. </s> <s>A River <lb></lb>that has not a ſound Bottom, will ſcarce <lb></lb>have ſtrong Banks; and ſcarce any Bottom <lb></lb>can be called ſound, which has not ſuch a <lb></lb>Strength as we have formerly required in the <lb></lb>Foundations of Buildings, namely, to be ſo ſolid <lb></lb>as in a Manner to defy even Tools of Iron. <lb></lb></s> <s>Thus the Bottom will be uncertain if the Banks <lb></lb>are chalky, or if the River runs along a flat <lb></lb>Plain, or if the Soil is covered with looſe round <lb></lb>Stones. </s> <s>When the Banks of a River are un<lb></lb>firm, its Channel will be ſtopt up with Shelves, <lb></lb>Ruins, broken Trunks of Trees, and ſoft <lb></lb>Stones. </s> <s>The weakeſt Sides of all, and the moſt <lb></lb>variable, are thoſe thrown up by ſome ſudden <lb></lb>Inundation. </s> <s>From this Weakneſs of the Sides <lb></lb>follows what is ſaid of the <emph type="italics"></emph>Meander<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end> and the <lb></lb><emph type="italics"></emph>Euphrates,<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end> the former of which we are told, <lb></lb>uſed eaſily to cut through his ſoft Banks and <lb></lb>be daily running into new Windings, and the <lb></lb><emph type="italics"></emph>Euphrates<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end> on the other Hand was continually <lb></lb>ſtopping up the Canals, through which he was <lb></lb>conveyed, with the Ruins of his Shore. </s> <s>Theſe <lb></lb>Defects in the natural Banks the Ancients uſed <lb></lb>to remedy with artificial ones; the Rules for <lb></lb>which are much the ſame with thoſe for <lb></lb>other Kinds of Structures; for we are to con<lb></lb>ſider well with what Lines we erect it, and with <lb></lb>what Kind of Work. </s> <s>If the artificial Bank is <lb></lb>built in a parallel Line with the Current of the <lb></lb>River, the Force of the Stream will never bear <lb></lb>againſt it: But if it is built ſo as to ſtand <lb></lb>againſt the Current, if it is not very ſtrong it <lb></lb>will be overthrown by it; or if it be too low <lb></lb>the Water will overflow it. </s> <s>If ſuch a Bank be <lb></lb>not overthrown, it will be continually growing <lb></lb>higher and higher at the Bottom, becauſe there <lb></lb>every Thing which the Stream brings along <lb></lb>with it will ſtop, till at laſt having made a Hill <lb></lb>againſt it which it can remove no further, it <lb></lb>will be apt to turn its Courſe another Way. </s> <s>If <lb></lb>the Force of the Water throws down the Bank, <lb></lb>then it will have thoſe Effects natural to it, <lb></lb>which we obſerved before, by filling all the <lb></lb>Hollows, driving out the Air, and ſweeping <lb></lb>away every Thing that it meets in its Paſſage: <lb></lb>But ſtill leaving behind it by Degrees as it <lb></lb>ſlackens the Violence of its own Courſe, ſuch <lb></lb>heavy Things as are not eaſily carried far. <lb></lb></s> <s>Thus in the Mouth of the Breach which the <lb></lb>River makes in its Banks, the Inundation will <lb></lb>leave a Shelf of coarſe Sand of a conſiderable <lb></lb>Height; but as it goes further it will only co<lb></lb>ver the Ground with a ſmall Slime. </s> <s>If the <lb></lb>River does not immediately break down its <lb></lb>Bank, but only overflows the Top of it, <lb></lb>the Violence with which it falls upon the <lb></lb>Ground on the other Side of it will waſh away <lb></lb>the Earth, till by Degrees it undermines and <lb></lb>brings down the whole Bank itſelf. </s> <s>If the Cur<lb></lb>rent neither is parallel with the Bank, nor ſets <lb></lb>againſt it directly, but only ſtrikes it oblique<lb></lb>ly, it will bear no leſs, in Proportion to the <lb></lb>Angle of its Obliquity, againſt the Sides to <lb></lb>which it is thrown off, than againſt that which <lb></lb>it meets with firſt. </s> <s>And indeed this Flexion <lb></lb>will give it ſomewhat of the Nature of a Bank <lb></lb>that fronts the Current directly; ſo that it will <lb></lb>be liable to the very ſame Injuries as the latter. <lb></lb></s> <s>Thus the Bank will be waſhed away ſo much <lb></lb>the ſooner, as the Eddies of the Water will be <lb></lb>more vehement and furious, foaming, and in a <lb></lb>Manner boiling with Violence: For theſe <lb></lb>Whirls and Eddies in a River ſeem to have <lb></lb>ſomewhat of the Nature and Force of a Screw, <lb></lb>which no Strength or Solidity can long reſiſt. <lb></lb></s> <s>We may obſerve as well under Stone Bridges, <lb></lb>how deep the Channel is dug by the Fall of the <lb></lb>Water; as in thoſe Part of the River where after <lb></lb>having been ſome Time confined within nar<lb></lb>rower Banks, it finds a broader Channel to ex<lb></lb>tend itſelf in, with what Fury it breaks out, <lb></lb>rowling into Variety of Eddies, and tearing <lb></lb>away every Thing that it meets with, either <lb></lb>from the Banks or from the Bottom. </s> <s>I dare <lb></lb>venture to affirm, that <emph type="italics"></emph>Hadrian<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end>'s Bridge at <lb></lb><emph type="italics"></emph>Rome,<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end> is one of the ſtouteſt Pieces of Work <lb></lb>that perhaps ever was performed; and yet the <lb></lb>Fury of the Water has ſo decay'd it, that I <lb></lb>dread its Deſtruction: For the Land-floods <lb></lb>every Year load its Piers with Boughs and <lb></lb>Trunks of Trees which they bring down <lb></lb>along with them, and in a great Meaſure ſtop <lb></lb>up the Arches. </s> <s>This makes the Water riſe ſtill <lb></lb>higher, and then it falls down percipitately in<lb></lb>to wild Eddies, which undermine the Back of <lb></lb>the Piers and endanger the whole Structure. <lb></lb></s> <s>Thus much of the Banks: Let us now ſay <lb></lb>ſomething of the Bottom of the River. <emph type="italics"></emph>He<lb></lb>rodotus<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end> relates, that <emph type="italics"></emph>Nitocris,<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end> King of the <emph type="italics"></emph>Aſſy<lb></lb>rians,<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end> ſlackened the Courſe of the River <emph type="italics"></emph>Eu<lb></lb>phrates<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end> near <emph type="italics"></emph>Meſopotamia,<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end> which before was <lb></lb>too impetuous, by making its Channel wind <lb></lb>about more than it uſed to do. </s> <s>It is alſo rea<lb></lb>ſonable to ſuppoſe that the Water which has <pb xlink:href="003/01/309.jpg" pagenum="229"></pb>the ſloweſt Current will be the moſt laſting: <lb></lb>Which may be ſomewhat illuſtrated by the <lb></lb>Compariſon of a Man that deſcends from a <lb></lb>ſteep Hill, and who comes down not direct <lb></lb>and as faſt as he can, but fetching different <lb></lb>Compaſſes about the Sides, ſometimes to the <lb></lb>right Hand, and ſometimes to the Left. </s> <s>The <lb></lb>Rapidity of the Stream proceeds from the Steep<lb></lb>neſs of the Channel. </s> <s>A Current either too <lb></lb>ſwift or too ſlow, is inconvenient. </s> <s>The for<lb></lb>mer demoliſhes the Banks; the latter produ<lb></lb>ces Weeds, and is eaſily frozen. </s> <s>Making the <lb></lb>River narrower may perhaps force the Water <lb></lb>to riſe higher, and another Way to make it <lb></lb>deeper is digging the Channel, lower. </s> <s>Deep<lb></lb>ening the Channel, removing Impediments, <lb></lb>and clearing the River are all done by the <lb></lb>ſame Methods and for the ſame Purpoſes, <lb></lb>whereof we ſhall ſpeak preſently: But deepen<lb></lb>ing the Bottom of a River will be in vain, un<lb></lb>leſs we go on to do it quite away to the Sea, <lb></lb>in order to give the Stream its due Slope all <lb></lb>the Way.</s></p><p type="head"> <s>CHAP. XI.</s></p><p type="head"> <s><emph type="italics"></emph>Of Canals; how they are to be kept well ſupplied with Water, and the Uſes <lb></lb>of them not obſtructed.<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end></s></p><p type="main"> <s>We now proceed to ſpeak of Canals. <lb></lb></s> <s>What we are to provide for in theſe, <lb></lb>is that they be well ſupplied with Water, and <lb></lb>that the Uſes for which they are intended be <lb></lb>not obſtructed. </s> <s>There are two Ways of prevent<lb></lb>ing their failing. </s> <s>The firſt is to have a large <lb></lb>Quantity of Water conſtantly running into them <lb></lb>from ſome other Stream; the ſecond is to con<lb></lb>trive that they keep what does come into them <lb></lb>as long as can be. </s> <s>The Water is to be brought <lb></lb>into Canals in the manner above ſet down: and <lb></lb>our Diligence muſt prevent their Uſes from be<lb></lb>ing obſtructed, by often cleaning them, and <lb></lb>removing whatever Incumbrances may be <lb></lb>brought into them. </s> <s>A Canal is ſaid to be a <lb></lb>ſleeping River; and it ſhould therefore have <lb></lb>all the ſame Properties which a River has, and <lb></lb>eſpecially its Bottom and Sides ſhould be per<lb></lb>fectly ſound, that the Water may neither be <lb></lb>ſucked up, nor run out at any Cracks. </s> <s>It <lb></lb>ſhould be more deep than broad, as well for the <lb></lb>better carrying off all Sorts of Veſſels, as that it <lb></lb>may be leſs exhauſted by the Sun and breed the <lb></lb>fewer Weeds. </s> <s>A great many Canals were cut <lb></lb>from the <emph type="italics"></emph>Euphrates<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end> to the <emph type="italics"></emph>Tygris,<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end> becauſe the <lb></lb>Channel of the former lay higher than that of <lb></lb>the Latter. <emph type="italics"></emph>Lombardy<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end> lying between the <emph type="italics"></emph>Po<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end><lb></lb>and the <emph type="italics"></emph>Adige,<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end> is every where navigable by <lb></lb>Canals; an Advantage which it gains by ly<lb></lb>ing all upon a Flat. <emph type="italics"></emph>Diodorus<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end> tells us, that <lb></lb>when <emph type="italics"></emph>Ptolomey<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end> went out of the Mouth of the <lb></lb><emph type="italics"></emph>Nile,<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end> he opened a Canal on Purpoſe, and had <lb></lb>it ſtopp'd up as ſoon as he was got through it. <lb></lb></s> <s>The Remedies for the ſeveral Faults of either <lb></lb>Canals or Rivers are confining, clearing and <lb></lb>ſtopping them. </s> <s>Rivers are confined by arti<lb></lb>ficial Banks. </s> <s>The Line of ſuch Banks ſhould <lb></lb>not reſtrain the River at once, but by degrees, <lb></lb>by means of an eaſy Slope. </s> <s>When you would <lb></lb>ſet it at Liberty again from a narrow Channel <lb></lb>into a wider Breadth, you muſt obſerve the <lb></lb>ſame Method, not let it out at once, but gently, <lb></lb>leſt upon too ſudden an Enlargment it does <lb></lb>Miſchief by Eddies and Whirlpools. </s> <s>The River <lb></lb><emph type="italics"></emph>Melas<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end> uſed of old to run into the <emph type="italics"></emph>Euphrates;<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end><lb></lb>but King <emph type="italics"></emph>Artanatrix,<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end> perhaps out of a Deſire <lb></lb>to make his Name famous, ſtopp'd it up and <lb></lb>overſlowed the Country all round: but ſoon <lb></lb>afterwards the Waters return'd with ſuch Ed<lb></lb>dies and ſo much Fury that they tore up all <lb></lb>that reſiſted them, waſhed away a great many <lb></lb>Eſtates, and laid Waſte a great Part of <emph type="italics"></emph>Phrygia<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end><lb></lb>and <emph type="italics"></emph>Galatia.<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end></s><s> The <emph type="italics"></emph>Roman Senate<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end> fined the <lb></lb>King for this audacious Attempt, in thirty Ta<lb></lb>lents. </s> <s>Nor is it foreign to our Purpoſe juſt to <lb></lb>mention what we read of <emph type="italics"></emph>Iphicrates<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end> the <emph type="italics"></emph>A<lb></lb>thenian,<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end> that when he was beſieging <emph type="italics"></emph>Stymphalus<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end><lb></lb>in <emph type="italics"></emph>Arcadia<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end> he attempted with a vaſt Quantity <lb></lb>of Spunge to ſtop up the River <emph type="italics"></emph>Eraſinus<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end> which <lb></lb>enters into the Hill and riſes up again in the <lb></lb>Country of <emph type="italics"></emph>Arges;<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end> but by the Admonition of <lb></lb><emph type="italics"></emph>Jupiter<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end> he laid aſide the Deſign. </s> <s>I adviſe <lb></lb>therefore, that your artificial Bank be made as <lb></lb>ſtrong as poſſible. </s> <s>This Strength muſt be <lb></lb>owing to the Solidity of your Materials, your <lb></lb>Method of putting them together, and the <lb></lb>Breadth of the whole Work. </s> <s>Where it is ne<lb></lb>ceſſary that the Water ſhould run over this <lb></lb>Bank, do not let the Outſide of it be a Per<lb></lb>pendicular, but fall in an eaſy Slope, that the <lb></lb>Water may run down it eaſily and not form <lb></lb>any Eddies. </s> <s>If in its Fall it begins to dig up <pb xlink:href="003/01/310.jpg" pagenum="230"></pb>the Bank, fill up the Holes immediately, not <lb></lb>with trifling Materials, but with large, ſolid, <lb></lb>ſquare Stone. </s> <s>It may alſo be of Service to <lb></lb>lay Bundles of Bruſhwood underneath the Fall <lb></lb>of the Water, to break its Force before it <lb></lb>comes to the Bottom. </s> <s>We ſee that the <emph type="italics"></emph>Tyber<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end> at <lb></lb><emph type="italics"></emph>Rome<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end> is for the moſt Part confined with ſolid <lb></lb>Maſonry. <emph type="italics"></emph>Semiramis,<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end> not contented with a <lb></lb>ſtrong Bank of Brick, covered it with a Coat <lb></lb>of Plaiſter made of Bitumen, no leſs than four <lb></lb>Cubits in Thickneſs, with Walls for many Fur<lb></lb>longs together equally high with thoſe of the <lb></lb>City. </s> <s>But theſe are Royal Works. </s> <s>For us, <lb></lb>we may be contented with a Bank of Earth, <lb></lb>like that of <emph type="italics"></emph>Nitocris<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end> in <emph type="italics"></emph>Aſſyria,<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end> which was of <lb></lb>Mud, or like thoſe Banks in <emph type="italics"></emph>France<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end> which con<lb></lb>fine ſome very great Rivers, in ſuch a Manner <lb></lb>that they ſeem to hang in the Air, the Water <lb></lb>in ſome Places being above the Level of the <lb></lb>Tops of the Cottages: and we may be ſatisfied <lb></lb>if we can have our Bridges of Stone. </s> <s>Some <lb></lb>commend the Graſs Turfs cut out of a Meadow <lb></lb>for making up of Banks: and I think they <lb></lb>will do very well, becauſe the interweaving of <lb></lb>their Roots will fortify the Work, provided <lb></lb>they be rammed very cloſe together: for the <lb></lb>whole Bank, and eſpecially that Part of it <lb></lb>which is waſhed by the Water, ought to be <lb></lb>ſo ſolid as not to be penetrated or diſunited. <lb></lb></s> <s>Some interlace Rods of Ozier in the Bank; <lb></lb>and this makes a very firm Bank, but then it <lb></lb>will laſt but for a Time, for as ſuch Rods eaſily <lb></lb>rot, little Rills of Water will penetrate into the <lb></lb>Places of the Twigs which are decayed, and <lb></lb>working their Way onwards, will be apt to <lb></lb>enlarge their Paſſage till the whole River may <lb></lb>break through in great Streams. </s> <s>There will <lb></lb>not indeed be ſo much Danger of this if we <lb></lb>take the Oziers when they are green. </s> <s>Others <lb></lb>plant Willows, Elder, Poplars and ſuch other <lb></lb>Trees as love the Water along the Shores in <lb></lb>cloſe Rows. </s> <s>This has ſome Advantages; but <lb></lb>then it is attended with the ſame Inconveni<lb></lb>ence which we juſt now mentioned; for when <lb></lb>the Roots decay, the Water will work its Way <lb></lb>into their Cavities. </s> <s>Others (which I am very <lb></lb>well pleaſed with) plant the Shore with all <lb></lb>Manner of Shrubs that flouriſh in the Water, <lb></lb>and ſtrike out more Root than Branches, ſuch <lb></lb>as Lavender, Bulruſh, Reeds, and eſpecially <lb></lb>Withes; the laſt of which puſhes out a great <lb></lb>deal of Root, and pierces down into the Earth <lb></lb>with very long Fibres, which are continually <lb></lb>making new Shoots, while at the ſame Time <lb></lb>its Head is but ſmall, is very pliant, and does <lb></lb>not reſiſt the Stream; and which adds to the <lb></lb>Advantage, this Plant, out of its particular Love <lb></lb>to Water, advances on continually even into <lb></lb>the Current. </s> <s>But where the Bank runs on <lb></lb>parallel with the ſtrong Current of the River, <lb></lb>the Shore ought to be entirely naked and clear, <lb></lb>that nothing may diſturb or enrage the Stream, <lb></lb>but that it may run on peaceably. </s> <s>Where the <lb></lb>Bank winding about ſtands againſt the Set of <lb></lb>the Current, that it may make the ſtouter Re<lb></lb>ſiſtance, let it be fortified with good Plank. <lb></lb></s> <s>But if the whole Force of the River is to be <lb></lb>withſtood and oppoſed; then, in the Summer, <lb></lb>when the Water is loweſt, and the Shore is <lb></lb>left dry, make Hurdles bound about ſtrong <lb></lb>Stakes of a good Length, and faſtened to them <lb></lb>very tight with ſtout Braces; lay theſe Hur<lb></lb>dles with the Heads of the Stakes againſt the <lb></lb>Current of the Stream, and drive Piles through <lb></lb>them, by Holes made in them before-hand for <lb></lb>that Purpoſe, as deep as the Nature of the Bot<lb></lb>tom will permit. </s> <s>When this is knit together, <lb></lb>join other Beams to them croſſways, and fill up <lb></lb>this Frame with large Stones cemented toge<lb></lb>ther with Mortar; or where the Expence of <lb></lb>Mortar cannot be afforded, you may knit them <lb></lb>together by throwing Bavins of Juniper in a<lb></lb>mongſt them. </s> <s>This great Weight will pre<lb></lb>vent the Water from ſtirring the Frame; and <lb></lb>if any Eddies ſhould get within it, they will <lb></lb>do rather Good than Harm, for by endeavour<lb></lb>ing to work downwards they will make the <lb></lb>whole Weight of Stone ſink ſtill lower, and <lb></lb>ſo ſtrengthen the Foundation ſtill more. </s> <s>But <lb></lb>if the River always keeps at ſuch a Height, <lb></lb>that there is no Opportunity to make ſuch a <lb></lb>Frame, then we muſt make uſe of thoſe Me<lb></lb>thods which we formerly taught for erecting <lb></lb>the Piers of a Bridge.</s></p><p type="head"> <s>CHAP. XII.</s></p><p type="head"> <s><emph type="italics"></emph>Of the Sea Wall; of ſtrengthening the Port; and of Locks for confining the <lb></lb>Water of a River.<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end></s></p><p type="main"> <s>The Sea-ſhore alſo is to be fortified with <lb></lb>artificial Banks, but not in the ſame <lb></lb>Manner as the River, whoſe Streams does Mif<lb></lb>chief in a different Manner from the Waves of <lb></lb>the Sea. </s> <s>We are told, that the Sea in its own <lb></lb>Nature is quiet and peaceable, but it is agi<pb xlink:href="003/01/311.jpg" pagenum="231"></pb>tated and drove about by the Winds, which <lb></lb>puſh on the Waves in great Rows to the Shore, <lb></lb>where if they meet with Oppoſition, eſpecially <lb></lb>from any hard rugged Body they beat againſt <lb></lb>them with their whole Strength, and being <lb></lb>daſhed back again they break, and falling from <lb></lb>on high with continual Repetition dig up and <lb></lb>demoliſh whatever reſiſts their Fury. </s> <s>A full <lb></lb>Proof of this is the great Depth of Water <lb></lb>which we conſtantly find under high Rocks <lb></lb>by the Sea-ſide. </s> <s>But when the Shore runs off <lb></lb>with an eaſy Deſcent, the raging Sea not find<lb></lb>ing any Thing to exert its Force againſt, grows <lb></lb>quiet, and falls back leſs furious upon itſelf; <lb></lb>and if it has brought any Sand along with it, <lb></lb>leaves it there; by which Means we ſee ſuch <lb></lb>Shores growing higher and higher into the Sea <lb></lb>every Day. </s> <s>But when the Sea meets with a <lb></lb>Promontory, and afterwards with a Bay, the <lb></lb>Current runs impetuouſly along the Shore, and <lb></lb>turns back again upon itſelf; which is the Rea<lb></lb>ſon that in ſuch Places we frequently meet with <lb></lb>deep Channels cut under the Shore. </s> <s>Others <lb></lb>maintain, that the Sea hath a Breath and Reſ<lb></lb>piration of its own, and pretend to obſerve, <lb></lb>that no Man ever dies naturally but when the <lb></lb>Tide is going off, whence they would infer, that <lb></lb>our Life has ſome Connection and Relation <lb></lb>with the Motion and Life of the Sea: but this <lb></lb>is not worth Dwelling upon. </s> <s>It is certain, that <lb></lb>the Tides riſe and fall variouſly in different <lb></lb>Places. </s> <s>The <emph type="italics"></emph>Negropont<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end> has no leſs than ſix <lb></lb>Tides every Day. </s> <s>At <emph type="italics"></emph>Conſtantinople<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end> it has no <lb></lb>other Change but by flowing into the <emph type="italics"></emph>Pontus.<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end><lb></lb>In the <emph type="italics"></emph>Propontis<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end> the Sea naturally throws upon <lb></lb>the Shore every Thing that is brought down <lb></lb>into it by the Rivers: becauſe every Thing <lb></lb>which is put into an unnatural Agitation reſts <lb></lb>of Courſe where-ever it finds a Place which is <lb></lb>not diſturbed. </s> <s>But as upon almoſt all Shores <lb></lb>we ſee Heaps of Sand or Stones thrown up, it <lb></lb>may not be a miſs juſt to mention the Conjec<lb></lb>tures of the Philoſophers upon this Occaſion. <lb></lb></s> <s>I have ſaid elſewhere, that Sand is form'd of <lb></lb>Mud dried by the Sun, and ſeparated by the <lb></lb>Heat into very minute Particles. </s> <s>Stones are <lb></lb>ſuppoſed to be engendered by the Sea-water; <lb></lb>ſor they tell us, that by Means of the Sun's <lb></lb>Heat and of Motion, the Water grows warm, <lb></lb>dries, and its lighter Parts evaporating hardens <lb></lb>into a Conſiſtence, which grows to have ſo <lb></lb>much Solidity, that if the Sea is but a little <lb></lb>while at reſt, it by degrees contracts a ſlimy <lb></lb>Cruſt, of a bituminous Nature; this Cruſt in <lb></lb>Time is afterwards broken, and by new Motion <lb></lb>and Colliſion the new-made Subſtance becomes <lb></lb>globular, and grows ſomewhat like a Spunge: <lb></lb>Theſe globular Spunges are carried to the Shore, <lb></lb>where by their Slimineſs they lick up the <lb></lb>Sand which is put into Agitation, which again <lb></lb>is dried and concocted by the Heat of the <lb></lb>Sun, and by the Salts, till by Length of Time <lb></lb>it hardens into Stone. </s> <s>This is the Conjecture <lb></lb>of the Philoſophers. </s> <s>We frequently ſee the <lb></lb>Shore grow higher and higher towards the <lb></lb>Mouth of Rivers, eſpecially if they flow through <lb></lb>looſe Grounds, and are much ſubject to Land<lb></lb>floods; for ſuch Rivers throw up vaſt Quan<lb></lb>tities of Sand and Stones before their Mouths <lb></lb>into the Sea, and ſo lengthen out the Shore. <lb></lb></s> <s>This manifeſtly appears from the <emph type="italics"></emph>Danube,<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end> the <lb></lb><emph type="italics"></emph>Phaſis<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end> in <emph type="italics"></emph>Colchis,<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end> and others, and eſpecially in <lb></lb>the <emph type="italics"></emph>Nile.<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end></s><s> The Ancients called <emph type="italics"></emph>Ægypt<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end> the <lb></lb><emph type="italics"></emph>Nile<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end>'s Houſe, and tell us, that it was formerly <lb></lb>covered by the Sea quite as far as the <emph type="italics"></emph>Peluſian<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end><lb></lb>Marſhes. </s> <s>So it is related, that a great Part of <lb></lb><emph type="italics"></emph>Cilicia<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end> was added to it by the River. <emph type="italics"></emph>Ariſtotle<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end><lb></lb>ſays, that all Things are in perpetual Motion, <lb></lb>and that in length of Time the Sea and the <lb></lb>Hills will change Places with one another. <lb></lb></s> <s>Hence the Saying of the Poet:</s></p><p type="main"> <s><emph type="italics"></emph>All that the Earth in her dark Womb conceals, <lb></lb>Time ſhall dig up and drag to open Light.<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end></s></p><p type="main"> <s>BUT to return. </s> <s>The Waves have this par<lb></lb>ticular Property, that when they meet with any <lb></lb>Bank which reſiſts them, they daſh againſt it <lb></lb>with the more Fury; and being beaten back, <lb></lb>according to the Height they fall from, the <lb></lb>more Sand they root up. </s> <s>This appears from <lb></lb>the great Depth of the Sea under the Rocks, a<lb></lb>gainſt which they beat with much more Vio<lb></lb>lence, than they fall upon a ſoft and ſloping <lb></lb>Sand. </s> <s>This being the Caſe, it requires great <lb></lb>Diligence and the moſt careful Contrivance to <lb></lb>reſtrain the Rage and Strength of the Sea, <lb></lb>which will many Times defeat all our Art and <lb></lb>Ability, and is not eaſily ſubdued by the Pow<lb></lb>er of Man. </s> <s>However, the Sort of Work which <lb></lb>we formerly recommended for the Foundati<lb></lb>ons of a Bridge may be of ſome Service in this <lb></lb>Caſe. </s> <s>But if it is neceſſary for us to carry <lb></lb>out a Pier into the Sea in order to fortify a <lb></lb>Port, we muſt begin our Work upon the dry <lb></lb>Ground, and ſo by Additions work it forwards <lb></lb>into the Sea. </s> <s>Our firſt and greateſt Care muſt <lb></lb>be to chuſe a firm Soil for this Structure; and <lb></lb>where-ever you raiſe it, raiſe it up with a <lb></lb>Slope of the lighteſt Stones that can be got, in <pb xlink:href="003/01/312.jpg" pagenum="232"></pb>order to break the Fury of the Waves, that <lb></lb>not finding any Thing to beat againſt <lb></lb>with their whole Strength, they may fall back <lb></lb>gently and not with too violent a Precipitation. <lb></lb></s> <s>Thus the Wave which is upon Return will <lb></lb>meet that which is coming on, and deaden its <lb></lb>Force. </s> <s>The Mouths of Rivers ſeem to be of <lb></lb>the ſame Nature with the Port, as they afford <lb></lb>Shelter to Veſſels againſt Storms. </s> <s>They ought <lb></lb>therefore to be fortified and made narrower to <lb></lb>exclude the Fury of the Sea. <emph type="italics"></emph>Propertius<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end> ſays,</s></p><p type="main"> <s><emph type="italics"></emph>Reſolve to conquer or be o'ercome, <lb></lb>This is the Wheel of Love<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end> —</s></p><p type="main"> <s>IT is the ſame in this Caſe; for the Mouths <lb></lb>of Rivers by the inceſſant Attacks of the Sea <lb></lb>are either overcome and filled up with Sand; <lb></lb>or elſe by a conſtant and obſtinate Reſiſtance, <lb></lb>they conquer and keep their Paſſages clear. <lb></lb></s> <s>For this Reaſon it is an admirable Method to <lb></lb>open the River a double Diſcharge into the <lb></lb>Sea by two different Branches, if you have but <lb></lb>Water enough to ſupply them; not only that <lb></lb>Ships may be able to get in at one of them, <lb></lb>though the Wind be contrary for the other; <lb></lb>but alſo that if one of them be ſtopt up, either <lb></lb>by ſome Storm at Sea, or by ſome ſtrong <lb></lb>Wind blowing into it, in ſuch a Manner that <lb></lb>the Land-floods would be driven back again <lb></lb>into the Country, they may have another Paſſ<lb></lb>age open to diſcharge themſelves into the Sea. <lb></lb></s> <s>But of this enough. </s> <s>The next Point is how <lb></lb>to clean a River. <emph type="italics"></emph>Cæſar<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end> took a great deal of <lb></lb>Care about cleaning the <emph type="italics"></emph>Tyber,<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end> which was ſtopt <lb></lb>up with Rubbiſh, and there are vaſt Heaps of <lb></lb>the Stuff that was taken out ſtill to be ſeen not <lb></lb>far from the River, as well within the City as <lb></lb>without. </s> <s>By what Methods he got ſo much <lb></lb>Rubbiſh out of ſo ſwift a River, I do not re<lb></lb>member to have read: But I ſuppoſe he made <lb></lb>uſe of Frames to ſhut out the River and then <lb></lb>emptying the Water out of them, he might <lb></lb>eaſily take out the Rubbiſh. </s> <s>Theſe Frames <lb></lb>are made in the following Manner: Prepare <lb></lb>ſome ſtrong Timbers cut ſquare, with Grooves <lb></lb>cut in the Sides of them from Top to Bottom <lb></lb>four Inches deep, and in Breadth equal to the <lb></lb>Thickneſs of the Planks which you intend to <lb></lb>uſe in this Work; and prepare your Planks al<lb></lb>ſo of equal Length and Thickneſs with one <lb></lb>another. </s> <s>Having got theſe Things ready, <lb></lb>drive down your Timbers ſo as they may ſtand <lb></lb>perpendicular, at Diſtances from each other <lb></lb>equal to the Length of your Planks. </s> <s>When <lb></lb>your Timbers are well fixed, let your Planks <lb></lb>into the Grooves and drive them down to the <lb></lb>Bottom. </s> <s>Our Workmen call theſe Frames <lb></lb>Cataracts. </s> <s>Go on in the ſame Manner to fill <lb></lb>up the Spaces between the Timbers with Planks <lb></lb>and drive them as cloſe together as poſſible. <lb></lb></s> <s>Then go to work immediately with your <lb></lb>Pumps, Syphons, Buckets and all your other <lb></lb>Implements for emptying out the Water, put<lb></lb>ting on as many Hands as you can, and labour<lb></lb>ing without Intermiſſion till you have thrown <lb></lb>out all the Water within your Incloſure. </s> <s>If it <lb></lb>leaks in any Part, ſtop up the Crack with any <lb></lb>old Rags: And thus the Buſineſs may be done. <lb></lb></s> <s>Between this Frame and that which we men<lb></lb>tioned as neceſſary in the Building of Bridges, <lb></lb>there is this Difference; that the latter muſt be <lb></lb>ſtable and laſting, being to ſtand not only till <lb></lb>the Piers are built, but even till the Super<lb></lb>ſtructure is ſettled; whereas this is only tem<lb></lb>porary, and as ſoon as the Dirt is got out to be <lb></lb>preſently removed to another Place. </s> <s>But I <lb></lb>adviſe you, whether you clean your River by <lb></lb>the Help of this Frame, or by turning the <lb></lb>Courſe of the Water, that you do not pretend <lb></lb>to ſtrive againſt the whole Force of the Stream <lb></lb>at a Time in any one Place, but go on Step by <lb></lb>Step and by Degrees. </s> <s>All Works raiſed againſt <lb></lb>the Violence of Waters, if they are made in <lb></lb>the Form of Arches, with their Backs turned <lb></lb>againſt the Weight of the Water, they will be <lb></lb>able to make the ſtouter Reſiſtance. </s> <s>You may <lb></lb>level a Torrent or Water-fall by laying a Bar<lb></lb>rier acroſs the Stream in ſuch a Manner that the <lb></lb>Water is obliged to riſe a good deal higher <lb></lb>than uſual: For the Water running over from <lb></lb>the Top of this Barrier, will dig up the Ridge <lb></lb>in the Channel by its fall; and then even the <lb></lb>Channel above the Torrent, quite to the Spring <lb></lb>will be levelled in Proportion to the lower <lb></lb>Part of the Channel; for the Water in its De<lb></lb>ſcent will be continually moving and carrying <lb></lb>away the Earth. </s> <s>You may clean your Chan<lb></lb>nel by turning Oxen into it in the following <lb></lb>Manner: Stop it up that the Water may ſwell; <lb></lb>then drive your Cattle about in it ſo that they <lb></lb>may diſturb all the Mud, and then opening the <lb></lb>Stream that the Water may pour in rapidly, it <lb></lb>will waſh and carry away all the Dirt. </s> <s>If any <lb></lb>thing lies buried and fixed in the Stream ſo as <lb></lb>to ſpoil the Navigation, beſides the common <lb></lb>Machines uſed by Workmen for removing ſuch <lb></lb>Obſtructions, it is a very good Method to load <lb></lb>a Barge deep, and to it faſten with Ropes the <lb></lb>Impediment which you would pull up: Then <pb xlink:href="003/01/313.jpg" pagenum="233"></pb>unload the Barge, which by that Means riſing <lb></lb>higher in the Water, will pull up what is tyed <lb></lb>to it. </s> <s>It will be a Help to the Operation, if <lb></lb>you keep the Veſſel ſtirring about by moving <lb></lb>the Rudder backwards and forwards while you <lb></lb>are unloading it; to ſhew the Uſe of which, <lb></lb>I ſhall juſt mention, that in the Country of <lb></lb><emph type="italics"></emph>Præneſte<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end> I have ſeen a moiſt Sort of Clay into <lb></lb>which if you run a Stick or a Sword but the <lb></lb>Depth of a ſingle Cubit, it was not by the <lb></lb>Force of a Man's Arm to be got out again by <lb></lb>pulling; but if as you pulled you wriggled <lb></lb>your Arm backwards and forwards as Men do <lb></lb>that are turning a Skrew, it would eaſily come <lb></lb>forth. </s> <s>At <emph type="italics"></emph>Genoa<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end> there was a Rock lying un<lb></lb>der the Surface of the Water ſo as to ſtop up <lb></lb>the Entrance into the Port. </s> <s>A Man was found <lb></lb>in our Age, endued with ſurprizing Qualifica<lb></lb>tions both of Art and Nature, who broke it <lb></lb>away, and laid the Paſſage very wide. </s> <s>It is <lb></lb>ſaid, that this Man uſed to ſtay under Water <lb></lb>many Hours together, without ever coming <lb></lb>up to take Breath. </s> <s>You may take up the Mud <lb></lb>from the Bottom by means of an Oyſter-net <lb></lb>covered with Tarpawlins; for as you draw it <lb></lb>along it will fill itſelf. </s> <s>You may alſo fetch it <lb></lb>up from the Bottom, where the Sea is ſhallow, <lb></lb>with the following Contrivance. </s> <s>You muſt <lb></lb>have two Smacks, like thoſe of Fiſhermen; in <lb></lb>the Stern of one of theſe you muſt have an <lb></lb>Axis upon which a very long Pole muſt ſwing <lb></lb>like the Beam of a Balance; to that End of <lb></lb>the Pole which lies out from the Stern muſt <lb></lb>be faſten'd a Shovel three Foot broad and ſix <lb></lb>long. </s> <s>By lowering down this Shovel to the <lb></lb>Bottom you ſcoop up the Mud, and ſo throw <lb></lb>it into the other Smack which lies by for that <lb></lb>Purpoſe. </s> <s>From theſe Principles many other <lb></lb>Engines yet more uſeful may be contrived; <lb></lb>but to ſpeak of them here would be too tedi<lb></lb>ous. </s> <s>And thus much may ſuffice for cleaning <lb></lb>any Channel. </s> <s>The Locks in a River are made <lb></lb>either by Sluices or Flood-gates. </s> <s>For either of <lb></lb>theſe the Sides muſt be made full as ſtrong as <lb></lb>the Piers of a Bridge. </s> <s>We may draw up the <lb></lb>heavieſt Sluice without Danger to our Men, by <lb></lb>applying to the Spindle or Windleſs which is <lb></lb>to draw up the Sluice Wheels notch'd with <lb></lb>Teeth like the Wheels in a Clock, which muſt <lb></lb>take hold of the Teeth of the other Spindle <lb></lb>which is to be put in Motion by them. </s> <s>But <lb></lb>the moſt convenient of all is the Flood-gate, <lb></lb>which in the Middle has a Spindle that turns <lb></lb>upon a perpendicular Axis; to this Spindle is <lb></lb>faſtened a broad ſquare Valve, like the ſquare <lb></lb>Sail of a Barge which may be eaſily turned <lb></lb>about to which Side of the Veſſel the Maſter <lb></lb>pleaſes; but the two Sides of this Valve ſhall <lb></lb>not be exactly equal to one another in Breadth, <lb></lb>but let one be above three Inches narrower <lb></lb>than the other; by which means it may be <lb></lb>opened by a Child, and will ſhut again of <lb></lb>itſelf; becauſe the Weight of the broader Side <lb></lb>will exceed that of the Narrower. </s> <s>To <lb></lb>each Lock you ought to make two Stops, <lb></lb>cutting the River in two Places, and leaving <lb></lb>a Space between them equal to the Length of <lb></lb>a Veſſel, to the Intent, that if the Veſſel is to <lb></lb>aſcend, when it comes to the Stop the lower <lb></lb>Sluice may be ſhut the upper one opened; or <lb></lb>if it be to deſcend, the upper one may be ſhut <lb></lb>and the lower opened; for by this means the <lb></lb>Veſſel will run down with the lower Part of <lb></lb>the Stream, while the reſt of the Water is <lb></lb>ſtopp'd by the upper Sluice. </s> <s>There is one <lb></lb>Thing which I muſt not omit concerning <lb></lb>publick Ways, that I may have no Occaſion <lb></lb>for Repetition; namely, that the Streets of a <lb></lb>Town ought never to be heaped up with any <lb></lb>Sort of Rubbiſh, as it is grown a bad Cuſtom <lb></lb>to do under the Notion of mending them, <lb></lb>which ſhould rather be done by removing and <lb></lb>carrying away all the Superfluities; leſt the <lb></lb>Houſes come in Time to be buried, and the <lb></lb>Level of the Town to be ſunk under Rub<lb></lb>biſh.</s></p><p type="head"> <s>CHAP. XIII.</s></p><p type="head"> <s><emph type="italics"></emph>Of the Remedies for ſome other Inconveniencies.<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end></s></p><p type="main"> <s>I shall now proceed to the Remedies for ſome <lb></lb>other Inconveniencies of ſmaller Moment; <lb></lb>in which I ſhall be as brief as poſſible. </s> <s>In <lb></lb>ſome Places, upon bringing Water to them, <lb></lb>the Country has been made warmer; in others, <lb></lb>colder. </s> <s>Near <emph type="italics"></emph>Lariſſa<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end> in <emph type="italics"></emph>Theſſaly<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end> there was a <lb></lb>Field covered with a ſtanding Water, which <lb></lb>made the Air heavy and hot. </s> <s>Upon carrying <lb></lb>off this Water, and laying the Field dry, the <lb></lb>Country became cooler. </s> <s>The contrary hap<pb xlink:href="003/01/314.jpg" pagenum="234"></pb>pened at <emph type="italics"></emph>Philippi,<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end> where, as we are informed <lb></lb>by <emph type="italics"></emph>Theophraſtus,<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end> upon drawing off the Water <lb></lb>and drying up a Lake, the Country was made <lb></lb>warmer. </s> <s>The Cauſe of theſe Alterations is <lb></lb>ſuppoſed to have lain in the Purity or Groſſ<lb></lb>neſs of the Air; for a thick Air is more dif<lb></lb>ficultly moved, and longer retains either the <lb></lb>Heat or the Cold than a thin one, which is <lb></lb>ſoon apt to be frozen with Cold, or on a Change <lb></lb>of Weather, to be warmed again with the Sun's <lb></lb>Heat. </s> <s>A Country which lies uncultivated and <lb></lb>neglected is ſaid to afford a thick and unhealthy <lb></lb>Air; and in Places ſo much covered with <lb></lb>Wood, that neither Sun nor Wind can eaſily <lb></lb>get through, the Air is generally crude. </s> <s>The <lb></lb>Caves about the Lake <emph type="italics"></emph>Avernus<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end> were ſo ſur<lb></lb>rounded with thick Woods that the Sulphur <lb></lb>which exhaled from them uſed to kill the Birds <lb></lb>which flew over them: But <emph type="italics"></emph>Cæſar,<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end> by cutting <lb></lb>down thoſe Woods, made that peſtilential Spot <lb></lb>of Ground very healthy. </s> <s>At <emph type="italics"></emph>Leghorn<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end> a Sea-port <lb></lb>Town in <emph type="italics"></emph>Tuſcany,<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end> the Inhabitants uſed always <lb></lb>to be afflicted with ſevere Fevers in the Dog<lb></lb>days: By banking off the Sea with a <lb></lb>good Wall, the Town was freed from thoſe <lb></lb>Diſtempers; but afterwards, when they let the <lb></lb>Water again into their Ditches, for the better <lb></lb>Fortification of the Place, their Fevers return'd. <lb></lb><emph type="italics"></emph>Varro<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end> writes, that when his Camp lay in the <lb></lb>Iſland of <emph type="italics"></emph>Coroyra<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end> (now <emph type="italics"></emph>Corfu<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end>) and his Soldiers <lb></lb>died apace of Peſtilence; by keeping all the <lb></lb>Windows towards the South cloſe ſhut, he <lb></lb>preſerved his Army. </s> <s>At <emph type="italics"></emph>Murano,<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end> a famous <lb></lb>Town belonging to the <emph type="italics"></emph>Venetians,<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end> they are <lb></lb>very ſeldom touched with the Plague, though, <lb></lb>their neighbouring Metropolis, <emph type="italics"></emph>Venice,<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end> is ſre<lb></lb>quently and ſeverely afflicted with it. </s> <s>The <lb></lb>Reaſon of this is ſuppoſed to be the great <lb></lb>Number of Glaſs-houſes there; for it is very <lb></lb>certain that the Air is wonderfully purged by <lb></lb>Fire. </s> <s>And for a Proof that all Manner of <lb></lb>Poiſons hate the Fire, it is obſerved, that the <lb></lb>dead Bodies of poiſonous Animals do not breed <lb></lb>Worms, like others; becauſe it is the Nature <lb></lb>of Poiſon to deſtroy and totally to extinguiſh <lb></lb>the Principles of Life: But if ſuch Bodies are <lb></lb>touched by Lightening they will engender <lb></lb>Worms, becauſe then their Poiſon is deſtroyed <lb></lb>by Fire; for Worms are bred in the dead Bo<lb></lb>dies of Animals from no other Cauſe than a <lb></lb>certain fiery Power in Nature working upon a <lb></lb>Humidity which is apt to be put in Motion by <lb></lb>a Heat which it is the Property of Poiſon to <lb></lb>extinguiſh, where it prevails, as it is itſelf ex<lb></lb>tinguiſhed by it, where that Heat is the moſt <lb></lb>powerful. </s> <s>If you root out poiſonous Herbs, <lb></lb>and eſpecially Squills, the good Plants will <lb></lb>draw to themſelves the bad Nouriſhment which <lb></lb>they uſed to imbibe from the Earth, by which <lb></lb>means our Food will be corrupted. </s> <s>It may be <lb></lb>of Service to ſhelter your Houſe from unwhole<lb></lb>ſome Winds by a Grove and eſpecially of Ap<lb></lb>ple-trees; for it is of a good deal of Conſe<lb></lb>quence out of the Shade of what Leaves you <lb></lb>receive you Air. </s> <s>Pitch-trees are faid to be <lb></lb>very good for Phthyſical Folks, or for thoſe <lb></lb>who are recovering their Health ſlowly after <lb></lb>long Sickneſs. </s> <s>It is contrary with Trees which <lb></lb>have a bitter Leaf, for they yield an unwhole<lb></lb>ſome Air. </s> <s>Thus where-ever the Country is <lb></lb>low, cloſe and maſhy, it will be of Service to <lb></lb>lay it quite open to the Sun and Air; becauſe <lb></lb>the Damps and noxious Animals which ariſe <lb></lb>from ſuch Places will be preſently deſtroyed <lb></lb>by Dryneſs and Winds. </s> <s>At <emph type="italics"></emph>Alexandria<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end> is a <lb></lb>publick Place to which the Filth and Rubbiſh <lb></lb>of the Town is carried, and it is now grown <lb></lb>up to ſuch a Hill, that it ſerves as a Land-mark <lb></lb>to Mariners to find their Way into the Port. <lb></lb></s> <s>How much more convenient would it not be <lb></lb>to fill up low hollow Places with ſuch Stuff? <lb></lb></s> <s>Thus at <emph type="italics"></emph>Venice,<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end> (for which I highly applaud <lb></lb>them) they have in my Time filled up ſeveral <lb></lb>of their Marſhes with the Rubbiſh of the Town. <lb></lb><emph type="italics"></emph>Herodotus<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end> tells us, that the People who live a<lb></lb>mong the Marſhes in <emph type="italics"></emph>Ægypt,<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end> in order to avoid <lb></lb>the Gnats, lie a Nights in very high Towers. <lb></lb></s> <s>At <emph type="italics"></emph>Ferrara<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end> by the <emph type="italics"></emph>Po<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end> few or no Gnats appear <lb></lb>within the City; but out of Town, to thoſe <lb></lb>who are not uſed to them, they are execrable. <lb></lb></s> <s>It is ſuppoſed that they are driven from the <lb></lb>Town by the great Quantity of Smoke and <lb></lb>Fire. </s> <s>Flies do not haunt Places which are <lb></lb>cold or expoſed to much Wind, and eſpecial<lb></lb>ly where the Windows are very high. </s> <s>Some <lb></lb>ſay that Flies will not enter where the Tail of <lb></lb>a Wolf is buried, and that a Squill hung up <lb></lb>will alſo drive away venomous Animals. </s> <s>The <lb></lb>Ancients made uſe of a great many Defences <lb></lb>againſt the violent Heats; among which I am <lb></lb>very well pleaſed with their Crypts or ſubter<lb></lb>raneous Porticoes, Vaults, which received Light <lb></lb>no where but from the Top. </s> <s>They were alſo <lb></lb>fond of Halls with large Windows turned away <lb></lb>from the South, open to a cool Air, and ſhad<lb></lb>ed by ſome neighbouring Edifice. <emph type="italics"></emph>Metellus,<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end><lb></lb>the Son of <emph type="italics"></emph>Octavia, Auguſtus<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end>'s Siſter, made an <lb></lb>Awning over the Forum with Sails, that <lb></lb>the People might follow their Cauſes without <lb></lb>prejudicing their Healths. </s> <s>But Air is more <pb xlink:href="003/01/315.jpg" pagenum="235"></pb>effectual to cooling any Place than Shade, as you <lb></lb>may find by hanging a Sail upright before that <lb></lb>Place to keep out the Air. <emph type="italics"></emph>Pliny<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end> tells us, that they <lb></lb>uſed to make Places in their Houſes on pur<lb></lb>poſe for Shade; but in what Manner they <lb></lb>were contrived he does not deſcribe. </s> <s>What<lb></lb>ever they were, Nature muſt be the beſt Pat<lb></lb>tern to imitate. </s> <s>We find, that when we gape <lb></lb>with our Mouths wide open, our Breath iſſues <lb></lb>out warm; but when we blow with our Lips <lb></lb>pretty cloſe together, the Air comes out cool. <lb></lb></s> <s>Thus in an Edifice, when the Air comes <lb></lb>through a very wide Aperture, eſpecially if the <lb></lb>Sun lies upon that Aperture, it is warm; but <lb></lb>if it paſſes through a ſtraiter and more ſhady <lb></lb>Paſſage, it comes quicker and cooler. </s> <s>If warm <lb></lb>Water be carryed in a Tube through cold Water, <lb></lb>it will be refrigerated. </s> <s>The ſame will hold <lb></lb>good of Air. </s> <s>It is a Queſtion what is the <lb></lb>Reaſon that thoſe that walk in the Sun do not <lb></lb>tan ſo ſoon as thoſe that ſit in it; but the <lb></lb>Anſwer is eaſy: For by our Motion the Air <lb></lb>too is moved, whereby the Sun's Rays are <lb></lb>thrown aſide. </s> <s>Moreover, in order to make <lb></lb>the Shade the Cooler, we may add Roof to <lb></lb>Roof, and Wall to Wall, and the greater Space <lb></lb>that is left between theſe, the Cooler, will be <lb></lb>our Shade and the more impenetrable to the <lb></lb>Heat; for this Interval between has almoſt the <lb></lb>ſame Effect for this Purpoſe as a Wall of the <lb></lb>ſame Thickneſs would have; and in one Re<lb></lb>ſpect it is better, becauſe a Wall would retain <lb></lb>either the Heat of the Sun or the Cold that had <lb></lb>once penetrated it much longer; whereas <lb></lb>theſe double Walls will preſerve an equal Tem<lb></lb>perature of the Air. </s> <s>In Places where the Sun <lb></lb>is exceſſively ſcorching, a Wall built of Pumice <lb></lb>Stone will admit the leaſt Heat and retain it <lb></lb>the leaſt Time. </s> <s>If the Doors to the private <lb></lb>Apartments are double, that is to ſay, if there <lb></lb>be two Doors, one opening inwards and the <lb></lb>other outwards, with a Space of about two Foot <lb></lb>between them, what is ſaid within cannot be <lb></lb>over-heard by thoſe who are without.</s></p><p type="head"> <s>CHAP. XIV.</s></p><p type="head"> <s><emph type="italics"></emph>Some more minute Particulars relating to the Uſe of Fire.<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end></s></p><p type="main"> <s>If we build in a very cold Place, we ſhall <lb></lb>be obliged to make uſe of Fire, which is <lb></lb>done ſeveral Ways, but the moſt convenient of <lb></lb>all is to have it in an open Place, where we can <lb></lb>ſee it ſhine while we feel its Warmth; for <lb></lb>when it is encloſed, as in Stoves, the Smoke is <lb></lb>apt to affect the Eyes and injure the Sight. <lb></lb></s> <s>To this add, that the very Sight of the Flame <lb></lb>and Light of a Brick Fire, is a chearful Com<lb></lb>panion to the old Men that are chatting to<lb></lb>gether in the Chimney Corner. </s> <s>But then up <lb></lb>towards the Middle of the Funnel of the <lb></lb>Chimney there ought to be a tranſverſe Iron <lb></lb>Door, which you may ſhut when all the Smoke <lb></lb>is exhauſted, and the Fire burns perfectly <lb></lb>bright, and ſo ſtop up the Tunnel, in order to <lb></lb>prevent any Wind from getting down that <lb></lb>Way into the Room. </s> <s>Walls built of Flint or <lb></lb>Marble are both cold and damp; for by their <lb></lb>Chilneſs they compreſs the Air into Moiſture. <lb></lb></s> <s>Soft Stone and Brick are more convenient, when <lb></lb>they are thoroughly dried. </s> <s>Thoſe who venture <lb></lb>to ſleep between Walls that are new and wet, <lb></lb>eſpecially if the Cieling be arched, are ſure to <lb></lb>catch ſome very dangerous Illneſs, Pains, <lb></lb>Fevers, or Rheums. </s> <s>Some by that Folly have <lb></lb>loſt their Eye-ſight, others the Uſe of their <lb></lb>Limbs, ſome their Senſes. </s> <s>In order that they <lb></lb>may dry the ſooner, the Windows and Doors <lb></lb>ſhould be left open to give the Winds a <lb></lb>thorough Paſſage. </s> <s>The beſt Walls for the <lb></lb>Health of the Inhabitants are thoſe built of <lb></lb>Brick not burnt but dried in the Sun two Years <lb></lb>before. </s> <s>Incruſtations of Stuc thicken the Air <lb></lb>and make it unwholſome and prejudicial to <lb></lb>the Lungs and Brain. </s> <s>If you wainſcot your <lb></lb>Walls with Fir or even Poplar, it will make the <lb></lb>Houſe the wholſomer, warmer in Winter, and <lb></lb>not very hot in Summer; but then you will <lb></lb>be troubled with Mice and Bugs. </s> <s>This you <lb></lb>may prevent by ſtuffing the Interſpace with <lb></lb>Reeds, or ſtopping up all the Holes and Re<lb></lb>treats of thoſe Vermin with Chalk and Hair <lb></lb>tempered together with Lees of Oil: for all <lb></lb>Sorts of Oil are mortal Enemies to thoſe <lb></lb>Vermin which breed of Corruption.</s></p><pb xlink:href="003/01/316.jpg" pagenum="236"></pb><p type="head"> <s>CHAP. XV.</s></p><p type="head"> <s><emph type="italics"></emph>By what Methods to deſtroy or drive away Serpents, Gnats, Bugs, Flies, Mice, <lb></lb>Fleas, Moths, and the like troubleſome Vermin.<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end></s></p><p type="main"> <s>Since we are fallen upon this Subject, I <lb></lb>ſhall venture to ſet down ſome Things <lb></lb>which we find in very grave Authors. </s> <s>It <lb></lb>were certainly to be wiſhed, that a Building <lb></lb>could be free from all Manner of Inconvenien<lb></lb>cies. </s> <s>The Inhabitants of Mount <emph type="italics"></emph>Ætna<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end> inſti<lb></lb>tuted a Sacrifice to <emph type="italics"></emph>Hercules,<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end> becauſe he de<lb></lb>livered them from the Gnats; as did alſo the <lb></lb><emph type="italics"></emph>Mileſians<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end> for clearing their Vineyards from the <lb></lb>Caterpillars. </s> <s>The <emph type="italics"></emph>Æolians<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end> ſacrificed to <emph type="italics"></emph>Apollo<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end><lb></lb>for deſtroying their Swarms of Mice. </s> <s>Theſe <lb></lb>were doubtleſs great Benefits; but by what <lb></lb>Means they were done, has not been recorded. <lb></lb></s> <s>However, in ſome Authors I find what follows: <lb></lb>The <emph type="italics"></emph>Aſſyrians<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end> by means of a burnt Liver, to<lb></lb>gether with an Onion and a Squill hanging <lb></lb>over the Tranſom of the Door, drove away all <lb></lb>poiſonous Animals. <emph type="italics"></emph>Ariſtotle<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end> ſays, that Ser<lb></lb>pents may be driven from a Houſe by the <lb></lb>Smell of Rue, and that by laying ſome Fleſh <lb></lb>in a Pot you will draw great Numbers of <lb></lb>Waſps into it, where you may ſhut them in, <lb></lb>and that by laying Sulphur and Baſtard-mar<lb></lb>joram upon the Holes of Ants-neſts, you may <lb></lb>exterminate the Ants, <emph type="italics"></emph>Sabinus Tyro<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end> wrote to <lb></lb><emph type="italics"></emph>Mæcenas,<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end> that if their Holes were ſtopt up <lb></lb>with Sea-mud, or Aſhes, it would deſtroy <lb></lb>them. <emph type="italics"></emph>Pliny<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end> ſays, that the Herb Wart-wort <lb></lb>will effectually do it. </s> <s>Others think that pour<lb></lb>ing in Water where unbaked Brick has been <lb></lb>ſteept, is a great Enemy to them. </s> <s>The Anci<lb></lb>ents affirm, that Nature has made mortal En<lb></lb>mities between certain Animals and certain <lb></lb>Things, inſomuch, that the one is ſure De<lb></lb>ſtruction to the other. </s> <s>Hence the Weaſel flies <lb></lb>from the Smell of a roaſted Cat, and Serpents <lb></lb>from that of a Leopard. </s> <s>Thus they tell us, <lb></lb>that when a Leech ſticks the moſt obſtinately <lb></lb>to a Man's Fleſh, if you apply a Bug to its <lb></lb>Head, it will immediately quit its Hold, and <lb></lb>fall off languid; as, on the other hand, the <lb></lb>Smoke of a burning Leech will drive the Bug <lb></lb>out of his moſt private lurking Places. <emph type="italics"></emph>Solinus<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end><lb></lb>ſays, that ſtrewing a Place with ſome of the <lb></lb>Duſt of the Iſle of <emph type="italics"></emph>Thanet,<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end> in <emph type="italics"></emph>Britain,<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end> will <lb></lb>preſently drive away Serpents: And Hiſtorians <lb></lb>relate, that the ſame may be done by the <lb></lb>Earth of ſeveral other Places, and particularly <lb></lb>of the Iſland <emph type="italics"></emph>Ebuſus.<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end></s><s> The Earth of the Iſland <lb></lb><emph type="italics"></emph>Galeon<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end> belonging to the <emph type="italics"></emph>Garamanthes<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end> kills <lb></lb>both Serpents and Scorpions. <emph type="italics"></emph>Strabo<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end> ſays, that <lb></lb>the <emph type="italics"></emph>Africans,<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end> when they went to reſt, uſed to <lb></lb>rub the Feet of their Beds with Garlick, to <lb></lb>keep off the Scorpions. <emph type="italics"></emph>Saſernas<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end> tells us how <lb></lb>to kill Bugs, in the following Words. </s> <s>Boil a <lb></lb>wild Cucumber in Water; then pour it where<lb></lb>ever you think fit; they will never come near <lb></lb>the Place; or elſe rub your Bedſtead with an <lb></lb>Ox's Gall mixed with Vinegar. </s> <s>Others direct <lb></lb>us to fill up all the Cracks with Lees of Wine. <lb></lb></s> <s>The Root of the Holm-oak, ſays <emph type="italics"></emph>Pliny,<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end> is an <lb></lb>Enemy to Scorpions, and the Aſh too is excel<lb></lb>lent againſt ſuch noxious Animals and eſpecially <lb></lb>Serpents; which alſo will never retire under <lb></lb>Fern. </s> <s>Serpents are likewiſe driven away by <lb></lb>the Burning of a Woman's Hair or of a Goat's <lb></lb>Horn, or of that of a Stag, or of the Sawduſt of <lb></lb>Cedar, or of ſome Drops of <emph type="italics"></emph>Galbanum,<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end> or of <lb></lb>Oſier, green Ivy or Juniper; and thoſe who <lb></lb>are rubbed with Juniper-ſeed are perfectly ſe<lb></lb>cure from Hurt by Serpents. </s> <s>The Smell of <lb></lb>the Herb <emph type="italics"></emph>Haxus<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end> inebriates Aſpics, and lays <lb></lb>them ſo faſt aſleep that they are quite be<lb></lb>numbed. </s> <s>Againſt Canker-worms we are di<lb></lb>rected only to ſtick the Skeleton of a Mare's <lb></lb>Head upon a Poſt in the Garden. </s> <s>The Palm<lb></lb>tree is an Enemy to Bats. </s> <s>Where-ever you <lb></lb>ſprinkle Water wherein Elder-flowers have been <lb></lb>boiled, you will kill all the Flies; but this is <lb></lb>ſooner done with Hellebore, eſpecially with <lb></lb>the black Sort. </s> <s>Burying a Dog's Tooth, to<lb></lb>gether with his Tail and Feet in the Hill, will <lb></lb>they ſay rid you of Flies. </s> <s>The <emph type="italics"></emph>Tarantula<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end><lb></lb>cannot endure the Smell of Saffron. </s> <s>The <lb></lb>Smoke of burning Hops will kill the Gnats. <lb></lb></s> <s>Mice are killed by the Smell of Wolf-bane, <lb></lb>though it be at a Diſtance. </s> <s>So both Mice <lb></lb>and Bugs are deſtroyed by the Smoke of <lb></lb>Vitriol. </s> <s>Fleas, if you ſprinkle the Place with <lb></lb>a Decoction of Coloquintida or of the Caltrop<lb></lb>thiſtle, will all vaniſh. </s> <s>If you ſprinkle a Place <lb></lb>with Goat's-blood, they will march to it in <lb></lb>whole Swarms; but they are driven away by <lb></lb>the Smell of Colewort, and yet more effectu<pb xlink:href="003/01/317.jpg" pagenum="237"></pb>ally by that of Oleander. </s> <s>Broad flat Veſſels <lb></lb>full of Water ſet about the Floor are dangerous <lb></lb>Traps for Fleas that take their Leaps too da<lb></lb>ringly. </s> <s>Moths are driven away by Worm<lb></lb>wood, Aniſe-ſeed, or the Smell of the Herb <lb></lb>Savin: Nay we are told, that Cloaths are ſafe <lb></lb>from them ſo long as they hang upon Ropes. </s> <s>But <lb></lb>upon this Subject we have dwelt long enough, <lb></lb>and perhaps longer than a very grave Reader <lb></lb>may like; but he will pardon it, if he con<lb></lb>ſiders, that what we have ſaid may be of ſome <lb></lb>Service for ridding a Situation of Inconvenien<lb></lb>cies, and that all is little enough againſt the <lb></lb>inceſſant Plague of theſe intolerable Vermin.</s></p><p type="head"> <s>CHAP. XVI.</s></p><p type="head"> <s><emph type="italics"></emph>Of making a Room either warmer or cooler, as alſo of amending Defects in <lb></lb>the Walls.<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end></s></p><p type="main"> <s>I now return to my Subject. </s> <s>It is a <lb></lb>wonderful Thing, that if you cover a Wall <lb></lb>with Hangings woven of Wool it will make <lb></lb>the Room warmer, and if they are of Flax, <lb></lb>colder. </s> <s>If the Platform be damp, dig Pits <lb></lb>and Drains under it, and fill them up either <lb></lb>with Pumice-ſtone or Gravel, to prevent the <lb></lb>Water from rotting in them. </s> <s>Then ſtrew <lb></lb>the Ground with Coal to the Height of one <lb></lb>Foot, and cover that with Sand or rather <lb></lb>with Tiles, and over all this lay your Floor. <lb></lb></s> <s>It will be all to no Purpoſe if there is Room <lb></lb>for the Air to paſs under the firſt Pavement <lb></lb>or Floor. </s> <s>But againſt the Heat of the Sun in <lb></lb>Summer, and the Severity of the Cold in Win<lb></lb>ter, it will be of very great Service, if the Soil <lb></lb>thereabouts in general is not damp but dry. <lb></lb></s> <s>Under the Area of your Parlour dig away the <lb></lb>Earth to the Depth of twelve Foot, and then <lb></lb>floor it with nothing but naked Boards; the <lb></lb>Space beneath which is floored only with Plai<lb></lb>ſter will make the Air in your Parlour much <lb></lb>cooler than you would imagine, inſomuch that <lb></lb>you ſhall find it make your Feet cold even <lb></lb>when your Shoes are on, nothing being over <lb></lb>the ſubterraneous Pavement but plain Boards. <lb></lb></s> <s>The Ceiling of this Parlour ſhould be arched; <lb></lb>and then you will be ſurprized how warm it <lb></lb>will be in Winter and how cold in Summer. <lb></lb></s> <s>If you are troubled with the Inconvenience <lb></lb>which the Satyriſt complains of the Noiſe of <lb></lb>Carriages paſſing through a narrow Street, to<lb></lb>gether with that of the rough Language of <lb></lb>their bruitiſh Drivers, ſo dreadful to the poor <lb></lb>Man in his ſick Bed; <emph type="italics"></emph>Pliny<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end> the younger tells <lb></lb>us, in one of his Epiſtles, how to prevent this <lb></lb>Diſturbance, in the following Words. </s> <s>Next <lb></lb>to this Room lies the Chamber of Night and <lb></lb>of Repoſe, in which was never heard the Voice <lb></lb>of Servants, nor the hollow Murmur of the Sea, <lb></lb>nor the Crack of Tempeſt, nor can you here <lb></lb>perceive the Gleam of Lightening, nor even <lb></lb>the Light of the Sun, unleſs you open the <lb></lb>Windows, ſo retired is the Place. </s> <s>The Reaſon <lb></lb>is, that there is a Lobby between this Cham<lb></lb>ber and the Garden, in which intermediate <lb></lb>Space all the Sounds are loſt, let us now come <lb></lb>to the Walls. </s> <s>The Defects in theſe are as fol<lb></lb>lows; either they ſcale off, or they crack, or <lb></lb>the Ribs give Way, or they lean from their <lb></lb>Perpendicular. </s> <s>The Cauſes of theſe Defects <lb></lb>are various, and ſo are their Remedies. </s> <s>Some <lb></lb>of the Cauſes indeed are manifeſt, others more <lb></lb>concealed, ſo that often we know not what <lb></lb>Remedies to apply, till we have ſeverely felt <lb></lb>the Miſchief. </s> <s>Others are not in the leaſt ob<lb></lb>ſcure; but then perhaps the Negligence of <lb></lb>Men makes them inclined to hope that they <lb></lb>may not do ſo much Hurt as they certainly <lb></lb>will do. </s> <s>The manifeſt Cauſes of Defects in <lb></lb>the Wall are, when it is too thin, when it is <lb></lb>not well knit together, when it is full of im<lb></lb>proper dangerous Apertures, or laſtly, when it <lb></lb>is not ſufficiently ſtrengthened with Ribs <lb></lb>againſt the Violence of Storms. </s> <s>Thoſe Cauſes <lb></lb>which happen unexpected or unforeſeen, are <lb></lb>Earthquakes, Lightening, the Inconſtancy of <lb></lb>the Foundation, and indeed of Nature itſelf. <lb></lb></s> <s>But in ſhort, the greateſt Injury to all Parts <lb></lb>of a Building is the Negligence and Heedleſſ<lb></lb>neſs of Men. </s> <s>A certain Author ſays, that a <lb></lb>Weed is a ſecret Battering-ram againſt a Wall; <lb></lb>nor is it to be believed what vaſt Stones I have <lb></lb>myſelf ſeen removed and puſhed out of their <lb></lb>Places by the Force, or indeed by the Wedge <lb></lb>of a little Root that grew between the Joints; <lb></lb>which if you had only pulled out while it was <lb></lb>young, the Work would have been preſerved <lb></lb>from that Injury. </s> <s>I greatly commend the <lb></lb>Ancients, who kept a Number of People in <pb xlink:href="003/01/318.jpg" pagenum="238"></pb>Pay, only to preſerve and look after the pub<lb></lb>lick Buildings. <emph type="italics"></emph>Agrippa<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end> left Pay for two hun<lb></lb>dred and fifty for this Purpoſe, and <emph type="italics"></emph>Cæſar<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end> for <lb></lb>no leſs than four hundred and ſixty; and they <lb></lb>dedicated the next fifteen Feet to the Structure <lb></lb>to lie quite clear by their Aqueducts, that their <lb></lb>Sides or Arches might not breed any Weeds <lb></lb>to demoliſh them. </s> <s>The ſame ſeems to have <lb></lb>been done even by private Perſons, with re<lb></lb>lation to thoſe Edifices which they were de<lb></lb>ſirous to have eternal; for we find, that the <lb></lb>Inſcription upon their Sepulchres generally <lb></lb>mentioned how many Foot of Ground was <lb></lb>conſecrated to Religion in that Structure; <lb></lb>ſometimes it was fifteen, ſometimes twenty. <lb></lb></s> <s>But not to fall into a Repetition of theſe Things, <lb></lb>the Ancients thought, that you might entirely <lb></lb>deſtroy a Tree even after it was pretty well <lb></lb>grown, if in ſome Part of the Dog-days you <lb></lb>cut it down to the Height of one Foot, and <lb></lb>boring a Hole through the Heart, pour into it <lb></lb>Oil of Vitriol mixed with Powder of Brimſtone, <lb></lb>or elſe ſprinkling it plentifully with a Decoc<lb></lb>tion of burnt Bean-ſhells. <emph type="italics"></emph>Columella<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end> ſays, that <lb></lb>you may deſtroy a Wood with the Flower of <lb></lb>Hops ſteept one Day in Juice of Hemlock, <lb></lb>ſtrewed about the Roots. <emph type="italics"></emph>Solinus<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end> ſays, that a <lb></lb>Tree touched with the Menſtrua will loſe its <lb></lb>Leaves, and ſome affirm, that it will even kill <lb></lb>the Tree. <emph type="italics"></emph>Pliny<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end> ſays, that a Tree may be <lb></lb>killed by touching the Root with a wild Car<lb></lb>rot. </s> <s>But to return to the Defects of a Wall. <lb></lb></s> <s>If a Wall be thinner than it ought to be, we <lb></lb>muſt either apply a new Wall to the old one, <lb></lb>in ſuch a Manner that they may make but <lb></lb>one; or, to avoid the Expence of this, we <lb></lb>may only ſtrengthen it with Ribs, that is to <lb></lb>ſay, with Pilaſters or Columns. </s> <s>A new Wall <lb></lb>may be ſuperinduced to an old one, as follows. <lb></lb></s> <s>In ſeveral Parts of the old Wall fix ſtrong <lb></lb>Catches made of the ſoundeſt Stone, ſticking <lb></lb>out in ſuch a Manner as to enter into the Wall <lb></lb>which you are going to join to the other, and <lb></lb>to be in the Nature of Bands between the two <lb></lb>Walls; and your Wall in this Caſe ſhould al<lb></lb>ways be built of ſquare Stone. </s> <s>You may for<lb></lb>tify an old Wall with a new Pilaſter, in the <lb></lb>following Manner. </s> <s>Firſt mark out its future <lb></lb>Breadth upon the Wall with red Oker. </s> <s>Then <lb></lb>open a Break in the Bottom of the Wall quite <lb></lb>down below the Foundation, in Breadth ſome <lb></lb>ſmall Matter more than your Pilaſter, but not <lb></lb>very high. </s> <s>Then immediately fill up this Break <lb></lb>with ſquare Stone worked together ſtrong and <lb></lb>even. </s> <s>By this Means that Part of the Wall <lb></lb>which is between the red Marks will be ſhored <lb></lb>up by the Thickneſs of the Pilaſter, and ſo the <lb></lb>whole will be made ſtronger. </s> <s>Then in the <lb></lb>ſame Manner that you have laid the Bottom of <lb></lb>this Pilaſter you muſt go on to work up the <lb></lb>Body of it quite to the Top. </s> <s>Thus much of <lb></lb>a Wall that is too thin. </s> <s>Where the Wall has <lb></lb>not made good Bond, we muſt uſe Cramps or <lb></lb>Spars of Iron, or rather of Braſs; but you <lb></lb>muſt take great Care that you do not weaken <lb></lb>the Ribs by boring the Holes from them. </s> <s>If <lb></lb>the Weight of any crumbling Earth puſhes <lb></lb>againſt ſome Part of the Wall, and threatens <lb></lb>Injury to it by its Humidity, dig a Trench <lb></lb>along the Wall as broad as you find it neceſ<lb></lb>ſary, and in this Trench build ſome Arches to <lb></lb>ſupport the Weight of the Earth which is <lb></lb>falling in, with a Current or Drain through <lb></lb>theſe Arches for the Humidity to purge off <lb></lb>by; ot elſe lay ſome Girders along the Ground <lb></lb>with the Heads ſetting againſt the Wall which <lb></lb>is ſhoved out by the Weight of the Earth, and <lb></lb>let the Heads of theſe Girders into Summers, <lb></lb>which you may cover over with new Earth. <lb></lb></s> <s>This will ſtrengthen the Foundation, becauſe <lb></lb>this new Earth will conſolidate, and grow <lb></lb>compact, before the Strength of the Girders <lb></lb>will give Way.</s></p><p type="head"> <s>CHAP. XVII.</s></p><p type="head"> <s><emph type="italics"></emph>Of ſome Defects which cannot be provided againſt, but which may be repaired <lb></lb>after they have happened.<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end></s></p><p type="main"> <s>I now proceed to thoſe Defects which can<lb></lb>not be foreſeen, but which when they have <lb></lb>happened may be repaired. </s> <s>Cracks in the <lb></lb>Wall and Inclination from the Perpendicular, <lb></lb>are ſometimes occaſioned by the Arches over it, <lb></lb>which puſh out the Wall, or becauſe it is not <lb></lb>ſufficiently ſtrong to bear the Weight which is <lb></lb>laid upon it. </s> <s>But the greateſt Defects of this <lb></lb>Sort almoſt conſtantly proceed from ſome Faults <lb></lb>in the Foundation; however we may eaſily <pb xlink:href="003/01/319.jpg" pagenum="239"></pb>diſcover whether they are from thence, or from <lb></lb>ſome other Cauſe by certain Symptoms. </s> <s>Thus <lb></lb>to begin with Cracks in the Wall; to which ſo<lb></lb>ever Side the Crack runs in its Aſcent, on that <lb></lb>Side you may be ſure the Cauſe of the Defect <lb></lb>lies ſomewhere in the Foundation. </s> <s>If it does <lb></lb>not verge to either Side, but runs up in a direct <lb></lb>Line, and grows wider at the Top, then let us <lb></lb>take a careful View of the Courſes of Stone<lb></lb>work on each Side; for on which ever Side <lb></lb>they ſink from their Level, on that Side we <lb></lb>may be ſure the Foundation has failed. </s> <s>But <lb></lb>if the upper Part of the Wall is entire, and <lb></lb>there are Cracks in ſeveral Places towards the <lb></lb>Bottom, which in their Aſcent run together <lb></lb>cloſe at Top; then we may be ſatisfied that <lb></lb>the Corners of the Building ſtand firm, and <lb></lb>that the Defect is ſomewhere about the Mid<lb></lb>dle in the Foundation. </s> <s>If there is but one <lb></lb>Crack of this Sort, the higher up it goes, the <lb></lb>the more it ſhews the Corners to have given <lb></lb>Way. </s> <s>In order to ſtrengthen the Foundations <lb></lb>in any of theſe Caſes, according to the Magni<lb></lb>tude of the Structure and the Solidity of the <lb></lb>Ground, dig a narrow Pit near the Wall, but <lb></lb>ſo deep as to come to a firm Soil, and there <lb></lb>breaking through the Bottom of the Wall, <lb></lb>immediately work up to it with ſquare Stone, <lb></lb>and then leave it to ſettle. </s> <s>When that is ſet<lb></lb>tled, dig another Pit in another Part, and un<lb></lb>derprop it in the ſame Manner, and in the ſame <lb></lb>Manner give it Time to ſettle. </s> <s>By this Means <lb></lb>you will make a Kind of new Foundation to <lb></lb>the whole Wall. </s> <s>But if even by digging you <lb></lb>cannot come at any firm Ground, then make <lb></lb>Holes in certain Places not too near the Cor<lb></lb>ners, but pretty cloſe to the Foundation of the <lb></lb>Wall, on both Sides, that is to ſay, as well un<lb></lb>der the Roof as under the open Air, and into <lb></lb>thoſe Holes drive Piles as cloſe as they will ſtick, <lb></lb>and over them lay the ſtouteſt Summers you <lb></lb>can get lengthways, with the Sides of the Wall. <lb></lb></s> <s>Then acroſs theſe Summers lay the ſtrongeſt <lb></lb>Girders running under the Bottom of the <lb></lb>Foundation, which muſt reſt with their whole <lb></lb>Weight upon theſe Girders, as it were upon a <lb></lb>Bridge. </s> <s>In all theſe Reparations great Care <lb></lb>muſt be taken that no Part of the new Work <lb></lb>be too weak to ſupport the Weight which is to <lb></lb>bear upon it, and that for ever ſo long <lb></lb>Time: becauſe the whole Pile bearing towards <lb></lb>that weaker Part, would immediately fall to <lb></lb>Ruins. </s> <s>But where the Foundation has given <lb></lb>Way ſomewhere about the Middle of the Wall, <lb></lb>and the upper Part does not appear to be af<lb></lb>fected by the Crack, then upon the Face of <lb></lb>the Wall mark out with your Oker an Arch <lb></lb>as large as the Caſe requires, or, in other Words, <lb></lb>ſo big as to take in all that Part of the Wall <lb></lb>which is ſunk. </s> <s>Then beginning at one End <lb></lb>of this Arch, break into the Wall with an <lb></lb>Opening not bigger than one Stone of your in<lb></lb>tended Arch will fill up; which Stones in an <lb></lb>Arch we formerly called Wedges, and im<lb></lb>mediately inſert one of theſe Wedges in ſuch a <lb></lb>Manner that its Lines may exactly anſwer to <lb></lb>the Center to which you have deſcribed your <lb></lb>Arch. </s> <s>Then make another Break cloſe above <lb></lb>it, and fill it up with another ſuch Wedge; <lb></lb>and ſo continuing the Work ſucceſſively, <lb></lb>compleat your whole Arch: and thus you <lb></lb>may fortify you Wall without Danger. </s> <s>If a <lb></lb>Column or any other of the Ribs of the Building <lb></lb>is weakened, you may reſtore it in the following <lb></lb>Manner. </s> <s>Underprop the Architrave with a <lb></lb>ſtrong Arch of Tile and Plaiſter beat together, <lb></lb>as alſo with Piers of Plaiſter rais'd for this <lb></lb>Purpoſe, in ſuch a Manner that this new Arch <lb></lb>may quite fill up the old Intercolumnation, or <lb></lb>Aperture between the Ribs: and let this un<lb></lb>derproping be run up as faſt as poſſible, and <lb></lb>without the leaſt Intermiſſion. </s> <s>It is the Nature <lb></lb>of Plaiſter to ſwell as it dries: ſo that this new <lb></lb>Work, though quite freſh, will be able to take <lb></lb>upon itſelf and ſuſtain the Weight of the old <lb></lb>Wall Vault. </s> <s>Then, having before got ready <lb></lb>all your Materials, take out the defective <lb></lb>Column, and ſupply its Place with a ſound <lb></lb>one. </s> <s>If you chuſe rather to reſt the old Wall <lb></lb>upon Timbers, then underſhore it with Levers <lb></lb>made of ſtrong Beams, and load the longer <lb></lb>Ends of thoſe Levers with Baskets filled with <lb></lb>Sand, which will raiſe up the Weight by de<lb></lb>grees equally and without any Shocks. </s> <s>If the <lb></lb>Wall is ſwerved from its Perpendicular, fix <lb></lb>Planks or Timbers upright againſt it, and <lb></lb>againſt each of theſe ſet a ſtrong Timber by <lb></lb>Way of Shore, with its Foot ſtretching at ſome <lb></lb>Diſtance from the Wall. </s> <s>Then either with <lb></lb>Levers or with Wedges, drive forwards the Feet <lb></lb>of the Shores by degrees, ſo as they may preſs <lb></lb>againſt the Wall, and ſo by diſtributing this <lb></lb>Force equally in all Parts, you will raiſe the <lb></lb>Wall again to its perpendicular. </s> <s>If this <lb></lb>cannot be done, prop it up with Shores of <lb></lb>Timber fixed well in the Ground, with their <lb></lb>Ends well daubed over with Pitch and Oil to <lb></lb>prevent their being corroded by the Touch of <lb></lb>Mortar; then erect Buttreſſes of ſquare Stone, <lb></lb>built ſo as to encloſe thoſe Shores of Timber. <pb xlink:href="003/01/320.jpg" pagenum="240"></pb>Perhaps a Coloſſus or ſome ſmall Church is <lb></lb>ſunk to one Side in its whole Foundation. </s> <s>In <lb></lb>this Caſe, you muſt either raiſe that Part which <lb></lb>is ſunk, or take away that Part which is too <lb></lb>high; both very bold Attempts. </s> <s>The firſt <lb></lb>Thing you are to do, is to bind and faſten to<lb></lb>gether, as ſtrongly as poſſible, the Foundation <lb></lb>and thoſe Parts which will be in Danger of <lb></lb>being ſeparated by Motion, with good Timbers <lb></lb>and the ſtrongeſt Braces. </s> <s>There are no bet<lb></lb>ter Sort of Braces than ſtrong Hoops of Iron <lb></lb>with Wedges drove in between them to keep <lb></lb>them tight. </s> <s>Then we raiſe up the Side of the <lb></lb>Wall which is ſunk with ſtrong Timbers put <lb></lb>under it aſter the Manner of Levers, as above. <lb></lb></s> <s>If you would rather rectify the Fault by taking <lb></lb>away from the Side which is too high, you <lb></lb>may do it in the following Manner: Dig away <lb></lb>the Ground about the Middle of that Side <lb></lb>quite below the Foundation, in the Bottom of <lb></lb>which you muſt there open a Break, not very <lb></lb>wide, but high enough for you to make it good <lb></lb>with ſtrong ſquare Stone. </s> <s>In making good <lb></lb>this Break you muſt not work it up quite to <lb></lb>the reſt of the Building, but leave ſome Inches <lb></lb>ſpace between the new Work and the Old; <lb></lb>and this Space you muſt fill up with Wedges <lb></lb>of the tougheſt Oak drove in at very ſmall Diſ<lb></lb>tances from each other. </s> <s>In this Manner you <lb></lb>muſt go on to ſhore up all that Side which you <lb></lb>want to let down lower. </s> <s>When the whole <lb></lb>Weight is thus ſupported, knock out the <lb></lb>Wedges by degrees, as gently and cautiouſly as <lb></lb>poſſible, till the Wall is ſunk to its juſt Perpen<lb></lb>dicular. </s> <s>Then fill up the Spaces between the <lb></lb>Wedges which are left, with other Wedges of <lb></lb>the ſtrongeſt Stone that can be got. </s> <s>In the <lb></lb>great Baſilique of St. <emph type="italics"></emph>Peter<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end> at <emph type="italics"></emph>Rome,<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end> ſome Parts <lb></lb>of the Wall which were over the Columns <lb></lb>being ſwerved from their Uprights, ſo as to <lb></lb>threaten even the Fall of the whole Roof; I <lb></lb>contrived how the Defect might be remedied <lb></lb>as follows. </s> <s>Every one of thoſe Parts of the <lb></lb>Wall which had given Way, let it reſt upon <lb></lb>what Column it would, I determined ſhould <lb></lb>be taken clear out, and made good again with <lb></lb>ſquare Stone which ſhould be worked true to <lb></lb>its Perpendicular, only leaving in the old Wall <lb></lb>ſtrong Catches of Stone to unite the additional <lb></lb>Work to the former. </s> <s>Laſtly, I would have <lb></lb>ſupported the Beam under which thoſe uneven <lb></lb>Parts of the Wall were to be taken out, by <lb></lb>means of Engines, called <emph type="italics"></emph>Capra<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end>'s, erected <lb></lb>upon the Roof, ſetting the Feet of thoſe En<lb></lb>gines upon the ſtrongeſt Parts of the Roof and <lb></lb>of the Wall. </s> <s>This I would have done at dif<lb></lb>ferent Times over the ſeveral Columns where <lb></lb>theſe Defects appear. </s> <s>The <emph type="italics"></emph>Capra<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end> is a naval <lb></lb>Engine conſiſting of three Timbers, the Heads <lb></lb>of which meet and are ſtrongly braced or <lb></lb>bound together, and the Feet ſtretch out to a <lb></lb>Triangle. </s> <s>This Engine, with the Addition of <lb></lb>Pullies and a Capſtern is very uſeful for raiſing <lb></lb>great Weights. </s> <s>If you are to lay a new Coat <lb></lb>over an old Wall or an old plaiſtered Floor, firft <lb></lb>waſh it well with clean Water, and then with <lb></lb>a Bruſh whiten it over with Whiting diſſolved <lb></lb>and mixed with marble Duſt; and this will <lb></lb>prepare it for holding the new Coat of Plaiſter <lb></lb>or Stuc. </s> <s>If a Pavement which is expoſed to <lb></lb>the open Air has any Cracks in it, you may <lb></lb>ſtop them up with Aſhes ſifted fine, and tem<lb></lb>pered Oil, eſpecially of Linſeed. </s> <s>But the beſt <lb></lb>Material for this Sort of Reparation is Chalk <lb></lb>mixed with quick Lime well beat together and <lb></lb>thoroughly burnt in the Kiln, and then ſlaked <lb></lb>immediately with Oil; taking Care before you <lb></lb>fill up the Cracks with it to clean them from <lb></lb>all manner of Duſt, which you may do with <lb></lb>Feathers, or by blowing it out with Bellows. <lb></lb></s> <s>Nor let us under this Article of Amendments, <lb></lb>quite forget all Ornament. </s> <s>If any Wall looks <lb></lb>unhandſome from being too high, embelliſh it <lb></lb>either by faſtening on a Cornice of Stuc-work, <lb></lb>or by Painting it like Pannels, in order to divide <lb></lb>its Height into more decent Proportions. </s> <s>If <lb></lb>a Wall be too long, adorn it with Columns <lb></lb>reaching from the Top to the Bottom, not ſet <lb></lb>too cloſe to each other, which will be a kind of <lb></lb>Reſting-places to the Eye, and make the ex<lb></lb>ceſſive Length appear leſs offenſive. </s> <s>There is <lb></lb>another Thing not foreign to our preſent Pur<lb></lb>poſe. </s> <s>Many Parts of a Building, from being <lb></lb>either placed too low or encompaſſed with <lb></lb>Walls not high enough, ſeem leſs, and more <lb></lb>contracted than they really are; whereas when <lb></lb>they are either raiſed upon a higher Platfom, <lb></lb>or have ſome Addition made to the Height of <lb></lb>their Walls, they ſeem at a Diſtance much <lb></lb>larger than they did before. </s> <s>It is alſo certain, <lb></lb>that a handſome Diſpoſition of the Apertures, <lb></lb>and placing the Door and Windows gracefully, <lb></lb>gives all the Aparments a greater Share both <lb></lb>of Dignity and Elegance than is to be imagined.</s></p><p type="head"> <s><emph type="italics"></emph>The End of Book X.<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end><lb></lb></s></p> </chap> </body> <back></back> </text></archimedes>