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| author | Klaus Thoden <kthoden@mpiwg-berlin.mpg.de> |
|---|---|
| date | Wed, 29 Nov 2017 16:55:37 +0100 |
| parents | 22d6a63640c6 |
| children |
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<?xml version="1.0"?> <archimedes xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" > <info> <author>Epicurus</author> <title>Varia</title> <date>1887</date> <place>Leipzig</place> <translator></translator> <lang>el</lang> <cvs_file>epicu_physi_099_el_1566.xml</cvs_file> <cvs_version></cvs_version> <comments>Excerpts from Usener's edition</comments> <locator>103.xml</locator> </info> <text> <front> </front> <body> <chap><pb></pb><p> <s> <foreign lang="la">NOT TRANSCRIBED</foreign> </s><pb></pb> <s> <foreign lang="la">NOT TRANSCRIBED</foreign> </s><pb></pb> <s> <foreign lang="la">NOT TRANSCRIBED</foreign> </s><pb></pb> <s> <foreign lang="la">NOT TRANSCRIBED</foreign> </s><pb></pb> <s> <foreign lang="la">NOT TRANSCRIBED</foreign> </s><pb></pb> <s> <foreign lang="la">NOT TRANSCRIBED</foreign> </s><pb></pb> <s> <foreign lang="la">NOT TRANSCRIBED</foreign> </s><pb></pb> <s> <foreign lang="la">NOT TRANSCRIBED</foreign> </s><pb></pb> <s> <foreign lang="la">NOT TRANSCRIBED</foreign> </s><pb></pb> <s> 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lang="la">NOT TRANSCRIBED</foreign> </s><pb></pb> <s> <foreign lang="la">NOT TRANSCRIBED</foreign> </s><pb></pb> <s> <foreign lang="la">NOT TRANSCRIBED</foreign> </s><pb></pb> <s> <foreign lang="la">NOT TRANSCRIBED</foreign> </s><pb></pb> <s> <foreign lang="la">NOT TRANSCRIBED</foreign> </s><pb></pb> <s> <foreign lang="la">NOT TRANSCRIBED</foreign> </s><pb></pb> <s> <foreign lang="la">NOT TRANSCRIBED</foreign> </s><pb></pb> <s> <foreign lang="la">NOT TRANSCRIBED</foreign> </s><pb></pb> <s> <foreign lang="la">NOT TRANSCRIBED</foreign> </s><pb></pb> <s> <foreign lang="la">NOT TRANSCRIBED</foreign> </s><pb></pb> <s> <foreign lang="la">NOT TRANSCRIBED</foreign> </s><pb></pb> <s> <foreign lang="la">NOT TRANSCRIBED</foreign> </s><pb></pb> <s> <foreign lang="la">NOT TRANSCRIBED</foreign> </s><pb></pb> <s> <foreign lang="la">NOT TRANSCRIBED</foreign> </s><pb></pb> <s> <foreign lang="la">NOT TRANSCRIBED</foreign> </s><pb></pb> <s> <foreign lang="la">NOT TRANSCRIBED</foreign> </s><pb></pb> <s> <foreign lang="la">NOT TRANSCRIBED</foreign> </s><pb></pb> <s> <foreign lang="la">NOT TRANSCRIBED</foreign> </s><pb></pb> <s> <foreign lang="la">NOT TRANSCRIBED</foreign> </s><pb></pb> <s> <foreign lang="la">NOT TRANSCRIBED</foreign> </s><pb></pb> <s> <foreign lang="la">NOT TRANSCRIBED</foreign> </s><pb></pb> <s> <foreign lang="la">NOT TRANSCRIBED</foreign> </s><pb></pb> <s> <foreign lang="la">NOT TRANSCRIBED</foreign> </s><pb></pb> <s> <foreign lang="la">NOT TRANSCRIBED</foreign> </s><pb></pb> <s> <foreign lang="la">NOT TRANSCRIBED</foreign> </s><pb></pb> <s> <foreign lang="la">NOT TRANSCRIBED</foreign> </s> </p> </chap> <pb></pb> <chap> <p><s>Ἐπίκουρος Ἡροδότῳ χαίρειν. <lb></lb> </s></p><p><s>Τοῖς μὴ δυναμένοις, ὦ Ἡρόδοτε, ἕκα<lb></lb>στα τῶν περὶ φύσεως ἀναγεγραμμένων ἡμῖν <lb></lb> ἐξακριβοῦν μηδὲ τὰς μείζους <lb></lb>τῶν συντε ταγμένων βίβλους διαθρεῖν ἐπιτομὴν <lb></lb>τῆς ὅλης πραγματείας εἰς τὸ κατασχεῖν τῶν ὁλο<lb></lb>σχερωτάτων δοξῶν τὴν μνήμην ἱκανῶς άντις <lb></lb>παρεσκευάσαι. ἵνα παρ' ἑκάστους τῶν καιρῶν ἐν τοῖς <lb></lb>κυριωτάτοις βοηθεῖν αὑτοῖς δύνωνται. καθ' ὅσον <lb></lb>ἂν ἐφάπτωνται τῆς περὶ φύσεως θεωρίας. </s> <s>καὶ τοὺς <lb></lb>προβεβηκότας δὲ ἱκανῶς ἐν τῇ τῶν ὅλων ἐπιβλε<lb></lb>́ψει τὸν τύπον τῆς ὅλης πραγματείας τὸν κατε<lb></lb> στοιχειωμένον δεῖ μνημονεύειν. τῆς γὰρ ἀθρόας ἐπι<lb></lb>βολῆς πυκνὸν δεόμεθα. τῆς δὲ κατὰ μέρος οὐχ <lb></lb>ὁμοίως. </s> <s>βαδιστέον μὲν οὖν καὶ ἐπ' ἐκεῖνα συνε<lb></lb>χῶς, ἐν τῇ μνήμῃ τὸ τοσοῦτο ποιητέον.</s><s> ἀφ'οὗ ἥ τε <lb></lb> κυριωτάτη ἐπιβολὴ ἐπὶ τὰ πράγματα ἔσται καὶ <lb></lb>δὴ καὶ τὸ κατὰ μέρος ἀκρίβωμα <pb></pb>πᾶν ἐξευρήσε<lb></lb>ται. τῶν ὁλοσχερωτάτων τυ<lb></lb>πων εὖ περιειλημμε<lb></lb>́νων καὶ μνημονευομένων· </s> <s>ἐπεὶ καὶ τοῦ τετελεσιουργη<lb></lb>μένου τοῦτο κυριώτατον τοῦ παντὸς ἀκριβώματος γίνε<lb></lb> ται, τὸ ταῖς ἐπιβολαῖς ὀξέως δύνασθαι χπῆσθαι, ἑκάστων πρὸς <lb></lb>ἁπλᾶ στοιχειώματα καὶ φωνὰς ἀναγομένων. </s> <s>οὐ <lb></lb>γὰρ οἷόν τε τὸ πύκνωμα τῆς συνεχοῦς τῶν ὅλων περι<lb></lb>οδείας εἶναι μὴ δυναμένου διὰ βραχεῶν φωνῶν <lb></lb>ἅπαν ἐμπεριλαβεῖν ἐν αὑτῷ τὸ κατὰ μέρος ἂν <lb></lb>ἐξακριβωθέν. </s> <s>ὅθεν δὴ πᾶσι χρησίμης οὔσης τοῖς <lb></lb> ᾠκειωμένοις φυσιολογίᾳ τῆς τοιαύτης ὁδοῦ, παρεγγυῶν τὸ συνεχὲς ἐνέργημα ἐν φυσιολογίᾳ καὶ τοιούτῳ <lb></lb> μάλιστα ἐγγαληνίζον τῷ βίῳ ἐποιήσάσοι καὶ τοιαύτην τινὰ ἐπι<lb></lb> τομὴν καὶ στοιχείωσιν τῶν ὅλων δοξῶν. <lb></lb> </s></p><p><s>Πρῶτον μὲν οὖν τὰ ὑποτεταγμένα τοῖς φθόγγοις. ὦ Ἡρόδο<lb></lb> τε, δεῖ εἰληφέναι. ὅπως ἂν τὰ δοξαζόμενα ἢ ζητού<pb></pb>μενα ἢ ἀπο<lb></lb> ρούμενα ἔχωμεν εἰς ταῦτα ἀναγαγόντες ἐπικρίνειν, καὶ μὴ ἄκρι<lb></lb> τα πάντα ἡμῖν <ἵῃ> εἰς ἄπειρον ἀποδεικνύουσιν ἢ κενοὺς φθόγ<lb></lb> γους ἔχωμεν. <lb></lb> ἀνάγκη γὰρ τὸ πρῶτον ἐννόημα καθ' ἕκαστον <lb></lb> φθόγγον βλέπεσθαι καὶ μηθὲν ἀποδείξεως προσδεῖσθαι, εἴπερ <lb></lb> ἕξομεν τὸ ζητούμενον ἢ ἀπορούμενον καὶ δοξαζόμενον ἐφ' ὃ ἀνά<lb></lb> ξομεν. </s><s> ἔπειτα κατὰ τὰς αἰσθήσεις δεῖ πάντα τηρεῖν καὶ ἁπλῶς τὰς <lb></lb> παρούσας ἐπιβολὰς εἴ τε διανοίας εἴ θ' ὅτου δή ποτε τῶν κριτηρίων, <lb></lb> ὁμοίως δὲ καὶ τὰ ὑπάρχοντα πάθη. ὅπως ἂν καὶ τὸ προσμένον <lb></lb> καὶ τὸ ἄδηλον ἔχωμεν οἷς σημειωσόμεθα. Ταῦτα δὲ διαλαβόντας <lb></lb> συνορᾶν ἤδη περὶ τῶν ἀδήλων· </s><s>πρῶτον μὲν ὅτι οὐδὲν γίνεται ἐκ <lb></lb> τοῦ μὴ ὄντος. πᾶν γὰρ ἐκ παντὸς ἐγίνετ' ἂν σπερμάτων γε οὐθὲν <lb></lb> προσδεόμενον. </s><s><lb></lb> καὶ εἰ ἐφθείρετο δὲ τὸ ἀφανιζόμενον εἰς τὸ μὴ <lb></lb> ὄν, πάντα ἂν ἀπωλώλει τὰ πράγματα, οὐκ ὄντων τῶν εἰς ἃ <pb></pb> διε <lb></lb> λύετο. </s><s>Καὶ μὴν καὶ τὸ πᾶν ἀεὶ τοιοῦτον ἦν οἷον νῦν ἐστι, καὶ ἀεὶ <lb></lb> τοιοῦτον ἔσται. </s><s>οὐθὲν γάρ ἐστιν εἰς ὃ μεταβαλεῖ. </s><s>παρὰ γὰρ τὸ <lb></lb> πᾶν οὐθέν ἐστιν, ὃ ἂν εἰσελθὸν εἰς αὐτὸ τὴν μεταβολὴν ποιή<lb></lb> σαιτο. <lb></lb> </s></p><p><s>Ἀλλὰ μὴν καὶ τὸ πᾶν ἐστι <lb></lb> <σώματα καὶ τοποσ>. </s><s>σώματα μὲν γὰρ ὡς ἔστιν. αὐτὴ ἡ αἴσθη<lb></lb> σις ἐπὶ πάντων μαρτυρεῖ. καθ' ἥν ἀναγκαῖον τὸ ἄδηλον τῷ λογι<lb></lb> σμῷ τεκμαίρεσθαι, ὥσπερ προεῖπον. </s><s> τόπος δὲ<lb></lb> εἰ μὴ ἦν, <lb></lb> ὃν κενὸν καὶ χώραν καὶ ἀναφῆ φύσιν ὀνομάζομεν. οὐκ ἂν εἶχε τὰ <lb></lb> σώματα ὅπου ἦν οὐδὲ δι' οὗ ἐκινεῖτο. καθάπερ φαίνεται κινού<lb></lb> μενα. παρὰ δὲ ταῦτα οὐθὲν οὐδ' ἐπινοηθῆναι δύναται οὔτε περι<lb></lb> ληπτικῶς οὐτ' ἀναλόγως τοῖς περιληπτοῖς. ὅσα καθ' ὅλας φύσεις <lb></lb> λαμβανόμενα καὶ μὴ ὡς τὰ τούτων συμπτώματα ἢ συμβεβηκότα <lb></lb> λεγόμεν. </s><s>Καὶ μὴν καὶ τῶν σωμάτων τὰ μέν ἐστι συγκρίσεις. τὰ δ' ἐξ <lb></lb> ὧν αἱ συγκρίσεις πεποίηνται· <lb></lb> ταῦτα δέ ἐστιν ἄτομα καὶ <pb></pb>ἀμετά<lb></lb> βλητα, εἴπερ μὴ μέλλει πάντα εἰς τὸ μὴ ὂν φθαρήσεσθαι ἀλλ' <lb></lb> ἰσχύειν τι ὑπομενεῖν ἐν ταῖς διαλύσεσι τῶν συγκρίσεων. πλήρη <lb></lb> τὴν φύσιν ὄντα. καὶ οὐκ ἔχοντα ὅπῃ ἢ ὅπως διαλυθήσεται. </s><s>ὥστε <lb></lb> τὰς ἀρχὰς ἀτόμους ἀναγκαῖον εἶναι σωμάτων φύσεις. <lb></lb> </s></p><p><s>Ἀλλὰ μὴν καὶ τὸ πᾶν ἄπειρόν ἐστι. τὸ γὰρ πεπερασμένον <lb></lb> ἄκρον ἔχει· τὸ δὲ ἄκρον παρ' ἕτερόν τι θεωρεῖται. ὥστε οὐκ ἔχον ἄκρον πέρας <lb></lb> οὐκ ἔχει· πέρας δὲ οὐκ ἔχον ἄπειρον ἂν εἴη καὶ οὐ πεπερασμένον. <lb></lb> </s></p><p><s>Καὶ μὴν καὶ τῷ πλήθει τῶν σωμάτων ἄπειρόν ἐστι τὸ πᾶν <lb></lb> καὶ τῷ μεγέθει τοῦ κενοῦ. <lb></lb> εἴ τε γὰρ ἦν τὸ κενὸν ἄπειρον. τὰ <lb></lb> δὲ σώματα ὡρισμένα. οὐθαμου̂ ἂν ἔμενε τὰ σώματα, ἀλλ' ἐφέ<lb></lb> ρετο κατὰ τὸ ἄπειρον κενὸν διεσπαρμένα. οὐκ ἔχοντα τὰ ὑπε<lb></lb> ρείδοντα καὶ στέλλοντα κατὰ τὰς ἀνακοπάς. εἴ τε τὸ κενὸν ἦν <lb></lb> ὡρισμένον, οὐκ ἂν εἶχε τὰ ἄπειρα σώματα ὅπου ἐνέστη. <lb></lb> </s></p><p><s>Πρός τε τούτοις τὰ ἄτομα τῶν σωμάτων καὶ μεστά, ἐξ ὧν <lb></lb> καὶ αἱ συγκρίσεις γίνονται καὶ εἰς ἃ διαλύονται. ἀπερίληπτά ἐστι <lb></lb> ταῖς διαφοραῖς τῶν σχημάτων· οὐ γὰρ δυνατὸν γενέσθαι τὰς <lb></lb> τοσαύτας διαφορὰς ἐκ τῶν αὐτῶν σχημάτων περιειλημμένων. </s><s><lb></lb> καὶ καθ' ἑκάστην δὲ σχημάτισιν ἁπλῶς ἄπειροί εἰσιν αἱ ὅμοιαι, <lb></lb> ταῖς δὲ διαφοραῖς <pb></pb>οὐχ ἁπλῶς ἄπειροι ἀλλὰ μόνον ἀπερίληπτοι. <lb></lb> </s></p><p><s>Κινοῦνταί τε συνεχῶς αἱ ἄτομοι τὸν αἰῶνα * * καὶ αἱ μὲν εἰς <lb></lb> μακρὰν ἀπ' ἀλλήλων διιστάμεναι, αἱ δὲ αὐτὸν τὸν παλμὸν ἴσχου<lb></lb> σιν, ὅταν τύχωσι τῇ περιπλοκῇ κεκλειμέναι ἢ στεγαζόμεναι <lb></lb> παρὰ τῶν πλεκτικῶν. </s><s><lb></lb> ἥ τε γὰρ τοῦ κενοῦ φύσις ἡ διορίζουσα <lb></lb> ἑκάστην αὐτὴν τοῦτο παρασκευάζει, τὴν ὑπέρεισιν οὐχ οἵα τε <lb></lb> οὖσα ποιεῖσθαι· ἥ τε στερεότης ἡ ὑπάρχουσα αὐταῖς κατὰ τὴν <lb></lb> σύγκρουσιν τὸν ἀποπαλμὸν ποιεῖ, ἐφ' ὁπόσον ἂν ἡ περιπλοκὴ <lb></lb> τὴν ἀποκατάστασιν ἐκ τῆς συγκρούσεως διδῷ. </s><s>ἀρχὴ δὲ τούτων <lb></lb> οὐκ ἔστιν, ἀιδίων τῶν ἀτόμων οὐσῶν καὶ τοῦ κενοῦ. </s><pb></pb><s><lb></lb> </s></p><p><s>Ἡ τοσαύτη δὴ φωνὴ τούτων πάντων μνημονευομένων τὸν <lb></lb> ἱκανὸν τύπον ὑποβάλλει ̔ταῖς περὶ̓ τῆς τῶν ὄντων φύσεως ἐπινοίας. <lb></lb> </s></p><p><s>Ἀλλὰ μὴν καὶ κόσμοι ἄπειροί εἰσιν οἵ θ' ὅμοιοι τούτῳ καὶ <lb></lb> ἀνόμοιοι. </s><s>αἵ τε γὰρ ἄτομοι ἄπειροι οὖσαι, ὡς ἄρτι ἀπεδείχθη, <lb></lb> φέρονται καὶ πορρώτατω. οὐ γὰρ κατανήλωνται αἱ τοιαῦται <lb></lb> ἄτομοι, ἐξ ὧν ἂν γένοιτο κόσμος ἢ ὑφ' ὧν ἂν ποιηθείη. οὔτ' <lb></lb> εἰς ἕνα οὔτ' εἰς πεπερασμένους, οὔθ' ὅσοι τοιοῦτοι οὔθ' ὅσοι <lb></lb> διάφοροι τούτοις. </s><s>ὥστε οὐδὲν τὸ ἐμποδοστατῆσόν ἐστι πρὸς τὴν <lb></lb> ἀπειρίαν τῶν κόσμων. <lb></lb> </s></p><p><s>Καὶ μὴν καὶ τύποι ὁμοιοσχήμονες τοῖς στερεμνίοις εἰσί, <lb></lb> λεπτότησιν ἀπέχοντες μακρὰν τῶν φαινομένων. </s><s>οὔτε γὰρ ἀπο<lb></lb> στάσεις ἀδυνατοῦσιν ἐν τῷ περιέχοντι γίνεσθαι τοιαῦται οὔτ' <lb></lb> ἐπιτηδειότητες πρὸς κατεργασίας τῶν κοιλωμάτων καὶ λειοτή<lb></lb> τῶν γίνεσθαι, οὔτε ἀπόρροιαι τὴν ἑξῆς <pb></pb>θέσιν καὶ βάσιν δια<lb></lb> τηροῦσαι, ἥνπερ καὶ ἐν τοῖς στερεμνίοις εἶχον· τούτους δὲ τοὺς <lb></lb> τύπους εἴδωλα προσαγορεύομεν. </s><s>καὶ μὴν καὶ ἡ διὰ τοῦ κενοῦ <lb></lb> φορὰ κατὰ μηδεμίαν ἀπάντησιν τῶν ἀντικοψάντων γινομένη πᾶν <lb></lb> μῆκος περιληπτὸν ἐν ἀπερινοήτῳ χρόνῳ συντελεῖ. </s><s>βράδους γὰρ <lb></lb> καὶ τάχους ἀντικοπὴ καὶ οὐκ ἀντικοπὴ ὁμοίωμα λαμβάνει. </s><s><lb></lb> οὐ μὴν οὒθ' ἅμα κατὰ τοὺς διὰ λόγου θεωρητοὺς χρόνους <lb></lb> καὶ τὸ φερόμενον σῶμα ἐπὶ τοὺς πλείους τόπους ἀφικνεῖται <lb></lb> ̔ἀδιανόητον γάρ καὶ τοῦτὀ οὐτ' ἀφικούμενον ἐν αἰσθητῷ <lb></lb> χρόνῳ ὅθεν δήποθεν τοῦ ἀπείρου οὐκ ἐξ οὗ ἂν περιλάβωμεν <lb></lb> τὴν φορὰν τόπου ἔσται ἀφιστάμενον· ἀντικοπῇ γὰρ ὅμοιον ἔσται, <lb></lb> κἂν μέχρι τοσούτου τὸ τάχος τῆς φορᾶς μὴ ἀντικόπτον καταλί<lb></lb> πωμεν. χρήσιμον δὴ καὶ τοῦτο κατασχεῖν τὸ στοιχεῖον. </s><s>εἶθ' ὅτι <lb></lb> τὰ εἴδωλα ταῖς λεπτότησιν ἀνυπερβλήτοις κέχρηται. οὐθὲν ἀντι<lb></lb> μαρτυρεῖ τῶν φαινομένων· ὅθεν καὶ τάχη ἀνυπέρβλητα ἔχει. <lb></lb> πάντα πόρον σύμμετρον ἔχοντα πρὸς τῷ ̔τῷ̓ ἀπείρῳ αὐτῶν <pb></pb>μηθὲν <lb></lb> ἀντικόπτειν ἢ ὀλίγα ἀντικόπτειν. πολλαῖς δὲ καὶ ἀπείροις <lb></lb> εὐθὺς ἀντικόπτειν τι . </s><s><lb></lb> πρός τε τούτοις, ὅτι ἡ γένεσις τῶν <lb></lb> εἰδώλων ἅμα νοήματι συμβαίνει· καὶ γὰρ ῥεῦσις ἀπὸ τῶν σω<lb></lb> μάτων τοῦ ἐπιπολῆς συνεχής. οὐκ ἐπίδηλος τῇ μειώσει διὰ τὴν <lb></lb> ἀνταναπλήρωσιν. σῴζουσα τὴν ἐπὶ τοῦ στερεμνίου θέσιν καὶ <lb></lb> τάξιν τῶν ἀτόμων ἐπὶ πολὺν χρόνον. εἰ καὶ ἐνίοτε συγχεομένη <lb></lb> ὑπάρχει, καὶ συστάσεις ἐν τῷ περιέχοντι ὀξεῖαι διὰ τὸ μὴ δεῖν <lb></lb> κατὰ βάθος τὸ συμπλήρωμα γίνεσθαι. καὶ ἄλλοι δὲ τρόποι <lb></lb> τινὲς γεννητικοὶ τῶν τοιούτων φύσεών εἰσιν. </s><s>οὐθὲν γὰρ τούτων <lb></lb> ἀντιμαρτυρεῖται ταῖς αἰσθήσεσιν. ἂν βλέπῃ τις τίνα τρόπον τὰς <lb></lb> ἐναργείας. τίνα καὶ τὰς συμπαθείας ἀπὸ τῶν ἔξωθεν πρὸς <lb></lb> ἡμᾶς ἀνοίσει. <lb></lb> </s></p><p><s>Δεῖ δὲ καὶ νομίζειν. ἐπεισιόντος τινὸς ἀπὸ τῶν ἔξωθεν τὰς <lb></lb> μορφὰς ὁρᾶν ἡμᾶς καὶ διανοεῖσθαι· οὐ γὰρ ἂν εναποσφραγισαιτο <lb></lb> τὰ ἔξω τὴν ἑαυτῶν φύσιν τοῦ τε χρώματος καὶ τῆς μορφῆς διὰ <lb></lb> τοῦ ἀέρος τοῦ μεταξὺ ἡμῶν τε κἀκείνων οὐδὲ διὰ τῶν ἀκτί- <lb></lb> νων ἢ οἵων δή ποτε ῥευμάτων ἀφ' ἡμῶν πρὸς ἐκεῖνα παραγινο<lb></lb> μένων, οὕτως. ὡς τύπων τινῶν ἐπεισιόντων ἡμῖν ἀπὸ τῶν πραγ<lb></lb> μάτων ὁμο <pb></pb>χρόων τε καὶ ὁμοιομόρφων κατὰ τὸ ἐναρμόττον μέγεθος <lb></lb> εἰς τὴν ὄψιν ἢ τὴν διάνοιαν, ὠκέως ταῖς φοραῖς χρωμέ<lb></lb> νων, εἶτα διὰ ταύτην τὴν αἰτίαν τοῦ ἑνὸς καὶ συνεχοῦσ<lb></lb> τὴν φαντασίαν ἀποδιδόντων καὶ τὴν συμπάθειαν ἀπὸ τοῦ <lb></lb> ὑποκειμένου σῳζόντων κατὰ τὸν ἐκεῖθεν σύμμετρον ἐπε<lb></lb>ρεισμὸν ἐκ τῆς κατὰ <lb></lb> βάθος ἐν τῷ στερεμνίῳ τῶν ἀτόμων πάλσεως. </s><s>καὶ ἣν ἂν λάβω<lb></lb> μεν φαντασίαν ἐπιβλητικῶς τῇ διανοίᾳ ἢ τοῖς αἰσθητηρίοις εἴ τε <lb></lb> μορφῆς εἴτε συμβεβηκότων, μορφή ἐστιν αὕτη τοῦ στερεμνίου, <lb></lb> γινομένη κατὰ τὸ ἑξῆς πύκνωμα ἢ ἐγκατάλειμμα τοῦ εἰδώλου. <lb></lb> </s></p><p><s>τὸ δὲ ψεῦδος καὶ τὸ διημαρτημένον ἐν τῷ προσδοξαζο<lb></lb> μένῳ ἀεί ἐστιν <ἐπὶ τοῦ προσμένοντοσ> ἐπιμαρτυρηθήσεσθαι ἢ <lb></lb> μὴ ἀντιμαρτυρηθήσεσθαι, εἶτ' οὐκ ἐπιμαρτυρουμένου <ἢ ἀντι<lb></lb> μαρτυρουμένου>·. </s><s><lb></lb> ἥ τε γὰρ ὁμοιότης τῶν φαντασμῶν οἱον ἤ ἐν εἰκόνι <lb></lb> λαμβανομένων ἢ καθ' ὕπνους γινομένων ἢ κατ' ἄλλας τινὰς ἐπι<lb></lb> βολὰς τῆς διανοίας ἢ τῶν λοιπῶν κριτηρίων οὐκ ἄν ποτε ὑπῆρχε <lb></lb> τοῖς οὖσί τε καὶ ἀληθέσι προσαγορευομένοις. εἰ μὴ ἦν τινα καὶ <lb></lb> τοιαῦτα προσβαλλόμενα· <pb></pb> τὸ τε διημαρτημένον οὐκ ἂν ὑπῆρ<lb></lb> χεν, εἰ μὴ ἐλαμβάνομεν καὶ ἄλλην τινὰ κίνησιν ἐν ἡμῖν αὐτοῖς <lb></lb> συνημμένην μὲν <τῇ φανταστικῇ ἐπιβολῇ>, διάληψιν δὲ ἔχουσαν· <lb></lb> κατὰ δὲ ταύτην , ἐὰν μὲν μὴ ἐπιμαρτυρηθῇ ἢ ἀντιμαρτυρηθῇ, <lb></lb> τὸ ψεῦδος γίνεται· ἐὰν δὲ ἐπιμαρτυρηθῇ ἢ μὴ ἀντιμαρτυρηθῇ, <lb></lb> τὸ ἀληθές. </s><s><lb></lb> καὶ ταύτην οὖν σφόδρα γε δεῖ τὴν δόξαν κατέχειν, <lb></lb> ἵνα μήτε τὰ κριτήρια ἀναιρῆται τὰ κατὰ τὰς ἐναργείας μήτε <lb></lb> τὸ διημαρτημένον ὁμοίως βεβαιούμενον πάντα συνταράττῃ. <lb></lb> </s></p><p><s>Ἀλλὰ μὴν καὶ τὸ ἀκούειν γίνεται ῥεύματός τινος φερομένου <lb></lb> ἀπὸ τοῦ φωνοῦντος ἢ ἠχοῦντος ἢ ψοφοῦντος ἢ ὅπως δή ποτε <lb></lb> ἀκουστικὸν πάθος παρασκευάζοντος. </s><s>τὸ δὲ ῥεῦμα τοῦτο εἰς <lb></lb> ὁμοιομερεῖς ὄγκους διασπείρεται, ἅμα τινὰ διασῴζοντας συμπά<lb></lb> θειαν πρὸς ἀλλήλους καὶ ἑνότητα ἰδιότροπον, διατείνουσαν πρὸς <lb></lb> τὸ ἀποστεῖλαν. καὶ τὴν ἐπαίσθησιν τὴν ἐπ' ἐκείνου <lb></lb> ποιοῦσαν, εἰ δὲ μή γε, τὸ ἔξωθεν μόνον ἔνδηλον παρασκευάζον τας· ἄνευ <pb></pb>γὰρ ἀναφερομένης τινὸς ἐκεῖθεν συμπαθείας οὐκ ἂν <lb></lb> γένοιτο ἡ τοιαύτη ἐπαίσθησις. </s><s>οὐκ αὐτὸν οὖν δεῖ νομίζειν τὸν <lb></lb> ἀέρα ὑπὸ τῆς προιεμένης φωνῆς ἢ καὶ τῶν ὁμογενῶν σχηματίζε<lb></lb> σθαι ̔πολλὴν γὰρ ἔνδειαν ἕξει τοῦτο πάσχειν ὑπ' ἐκείνησ̓ <lb></lb> ἀλλ' εὐθὺς τὴν γινομένην πληγὴν ἐν ἡμῖν. ὅταν φωνὴν ἀφίωμεν, <lb></lb> τοιαύτην ἔγκλισιν ὄγκων τινὸς ῥεύματος πνευματώδους ἀποτε<lb></lb> λεστικήν ποιεῖσθαι, ἣ τὸ πάθος τὸ ἀκουστικὸν ἡμῖν παρα<lb></lb> σκευάζει. <lb></lb> </s></p><p><s>Καὶ μὴν καὶ τὴν ὀσμὴν νομιστέον, ὥσπερ καὶ τὴν ἀκοὴν <lb></lb> οὐκ ἄν ποτε οὐθὲν πάθος ἐργάσασθαι. εἰ μὴ ὄγκοι τινὲς ἦσαν <lb></lb> ἀπὸ τοῦ πράγματος ἀποφερόμενοι, σύμμετροι πρὸς τοῦτο τὸ <lb></lb> αἰσθητήριον κινεῖν. οἱ μὲν τοῖοι τεταραγμένως καὶ ἀλλοτρίως. <lb></lb> οἱ δὲ τοῖοι ἀταράχως καὶ οἰκείως ἔχοντες. <lb></lb> </s></p><p><s>Καὶ μὴν καὶ τὰς ἀτόμους νομιστέον μηδεμίαν ποιότητα τῶν <lb></lb> φαινομένων προσφέρεσθαι πλὴν σχήματος καὶ βάρους καὶ με<lb></lb> γέθους καὶ ὅσα ἐξ ἀνάγκης σχήματος συμφυῆ ἐστι. </s><s>ποιότης <lb></lb> γὰρ πᾶσα μεταβάλλει· αἱ δὲ ἄτομοι οὐδὲν μεταβάλλουσιν, ἐπει<lb></lb> δή περ δεῖ τι ὑπομένειν ἐν ταῖς διαλύσεσι τῶν συγκρίσεων στε<lb></lb> ρεὸν καὶ ἀδιάλυτον, ὃ τὰς μεταβολὰς οὐκ εἰς τὸ μὴ ὂν ποιήσε ται οὐδ' ἐκ τοῦ μὴ <pb></pb>ὄντος, ἀλλὰ κατὰ μεταθέσεις . </s><s>ὅθεν ἀναγκαῖον τὰ δὴ <lb></lb> μετατιθέμενα ἄφθαρτα εἶναι καὶ τὴν τοῦ μεταβάλλοντος φύσιν <lb></lb> οὐκ ἔχοντα, ὄγκους δὲ καὶ σχηματισμοὺς ἰδίους· τοῦτο γὰρ <lb></lb> καὶ ἀναγκαῖον ὑπομένει. </s><s><lb></lb> καὶ γὰρ ἐν τοῖς παρ' ἡμῖν μετασχη<lb></lb> ματιζομένοις κατὰ τὴν περιαίρεσιν τὸ σχῆμα ἐνυπάρχον λαμβά<lb></lb> νεται. αἱ δὲ ποιότητες οὐκ ἐνυπάρχουσαι ἐν τῷ μεταβάλλοντι. <lb></lb> ὥσπερ ἐκεῖνο καταλείπεται, ἀλλ' ἐξ ὅλου τοῦ σώματος ἀπολλύ<lb></lb> μεναι. </s><s>ἱκανὰ οὖν τὰ ὑπολειπόμενα ταῦτα τὰς τῶν συγκρίσεων <lb></lb> διαφορὰς ποιεῖν, ἐπειδή περ ὑπολείπεσθαί γέ τινα ἀναγκαῖον. ούκ <lb></lb> εἰς τὸ μὴ ὂν φθείρεσθαι. <lb></lb> </s></p><p><s>Ἁλλὰ μὴν οὐδὲ δεῖ νομίζειν πᾶν μέγεθος ἐν ταῖς ἀτόμοις <lb></lb> ὑπάρχειν, ἵνα μὴ τὰ φαινόμενα ἀντιμαρτυρῇ· παραλλαγὰς δέ τι<lb></lb> νας μεγεθῶν νομιστέον εἶναι. </s><s>βέλτιον γὰρ καὶ τούτου προσόντος <lb></lb> τὰ κατὰ τὰ πάθη καὶ τὰς αἰσθήσεις γινόμενα ἀποδοθήσεται. </s><s><lb></lb> πᾶν δὲ μέγεθος ὑπάρχειν οὔτε χρήσιμόν ἐστι πρὸς τὰς τῶν ποιο<lb></lb> τήτων διαφοράς. ἀφῖχθαί τε ἅμ' ἔδει καὶ πρὸς ἡμᾶς ὁρατὰς <lb></lb> ἀτόμους· ὃ οὐ θεωρεῖται γινόμενον. οὔθ' ὅπως ἂν γένοιτο ἔστιν ἐπινοῆ<pb></pb>σαι. </s><s>πρὸς δὲ τούτοις οὐ δεῖ νομίζειν ἐν τῷ <lb></lb> ὡρισμένῳ σώματι ἀπείρους ὄγκους εἶναι οὐδ' ὁπηλίκους οὖν. </s><s><lb></lb> ὥστε οὐ μόνον τὴν εἰς ἄπειρον τομὴν ἐπὶ τοὔλαττον ἀναιρετέον, <lb></lb> ἵνα μὴ πάντα ἀσθενῆ ποιῶμεν κἀν ταῖς περιλήψεσι τῶν ἀθρόων <lb></lb> εἰς τὸ μὴ ὂν ἀναγκαζώμεθα τὰ ὄντα θλίβοντες καταναλίσκειν, <lb></lb> ἀλλὰ καὶ τὴν μετάβασιν μὴ νομιστέον γίνεσθαι ἐν τοῖς ὡρισμέ<lb></lb> νοις εἰς ἄπειρον μηδ' ἐπὶ τοὔλαττον. </s><s><lb></lb> οὔτε γὰρ ὅπως, ἐπει<lb></lb> δὰν ἅπαξ τις εἴπῃ ὅτι ἄπειροι ὄγκοι ἔν τινι ὑπάρχουσιν, ἢ ὁπη<lb></lb> λίκοι οὖν, ἔστι νοῆσαι· πῶς τ' ἂν ἔτι τοῦτο πεπερασμένον εἴη <lb></lb> τὸ μέγεθος; </s><s>πηλίκοι γάρ τινες δῆλον ὡς οἱ ἄπειροί εἰσιν ὄγκοι· <lb></lb> καὶ οὗτοι ὁπηλίκοι ἄν ποτε ὦσιν. ἄπειρον ἂν ἦν καὶ τὸ μέγε<lb></lb> θος. </s><s>ἄκρον τε ἔχοντος τοῦ πεπερασμένου διαληπτόν, εἰ μὴ <lb></lb> καὶ καθ' ἑαυτὸ θεωρητόν. οὐκ ἔστι μὴ οὐ καὶ τὸ ἑξῆς τούτουτου <lb></lb> τοιοῦτον νοεῖν, καὶ τοῦτο κατὰ τὸ ἑξῆς εἰς τοὔμπροσθεν <lb></lb> βαδίζοντι εἰς τὸ ἄπειρον ὑπάρχειν κατὰ <τὸ> τοιοῦτον <pb></pb> ἀφικνεῖσθαι τῇ ἐννοίᾳ. </s><s><lb></lb> τό τε ἐλάχιστον τὸ ἐν τῇ αἰσθήσει δεῖ κατα<lb></lb> νοεῖν ὅτι οὔτε τοιοῦτόν ἐστιν οἷον τὸ τὰς μεταβάσεις ἔχον οὔτε <lb></lb> πάντῃ πάντως ἀνόμοιον. ἀλλ' ἔχον μέν τινα κοινότητα τῶν με<lb></lb> ταβατῶν. διάληψιν δὲ μερῶν οὐκ ἔχον· ἀλλ' ὅταν διὰ τὴν τῆς <lb></lb> κοινότητος προσεμφέρειαν οἰηθῶμεν διαλήψεσθαί τι αὐτοῦ, τὸ <lb></lb> μὲν ἐπιτάδε, τὸ δὲ ἐπέκεινα, τὸ ἴσον ἡμῖν δεῖ προσπίπτειν. </s><s>ἑξῆς <lb></lb> τε θεωροῦμεν ταῦτα ἀπὸ τοῦ πρώτου καταρχόμενοι καὶ οὐκ ἐν <lb></lb> τῷ αὐτῷ, οὐδὲ μέρεσι μερῶν ἁπτόμεν'. ἀλλ' ἢ ἐν τῇ ἰδιότητι <lb></lb> τῇ ἑαυτῶν τὰ μεγέθη καταμετροῦντα, τὰ πλεῖω πλεῖον καὶ <lb></lb> τὰ ἐλάττω ἔλαττον. </s><s>ταύτῃ τῇ ἀναλογίᾳ νομιστέον καὶ τὸ ἐν τῇ <lb></lb> ἀτόμῳ ἐλάχιστον κεχρῆσθαι. <lb></lb> μικρότητι γὰρ ἐκεῖνο δῆλον ὡς <lb></lb> διαφέρει τοῦ κατὰ τὴν αἴσθησιν θεωρουμένου, ἀναλογίᾳ δὲ τῇ <lb></lb> αὐτῇ κέχρηται. </s><s>ἐπεὶ περ καὶ ὅτι μέγεθος ἔχει ἡ ἄτομος, κατὰ <lb></lb> τὴν ̔τῶν̓ ἐνταῦθα ἀναλογίαν κατηγορήσαμεν, μικρόν τι μόνον μακρὰν <lb></lb> ἐκβαλόντες ἔτι τε τὰ ἐλάχιστα καὶ ἀμερῆ πέρατα δεῖ νομίζειν <lb></lb> τῶν μηκῶν, τὸ καταμέτρημα ἐξ αὑτῶν πρῶτον τοῖς μείζοσι καὶ <lb></lb> ἐλάττοσι παρασκευάζοντα *́ *́ τῇ διὰ λόγου θεωρίᾳ ἐπὶ τῶν ἀοράτων. </s><s><lb></lb> ἡ γὰρ κοινότης ἡ ὑπάρχουσα αὐτοῖς πρὸς τὰ <pb></pb> ἀμετάβατα ἱκανὴ <lb></lb> τὸ μέχρι τούτου συντελέσαι. συμφόρησιν δὲ ἐκ τούτων κίνησιν <lb></lb> ἐχόντων οὐχ οἷόν τε γίνεσθαι. <lb></lb> </s></p><p><s>Καὶ μὴν καὶ τοῦ ἀπείρου ὡς μὲν ἀνωτάτω ἢ κατωτάτω οὐ <lb></lb> δεῖ κατηγορεῖν *́ *́ τὸ ἄνω ἢ κάτω· </s><s>εἰς μέντοι τὸ ὑπὲρ κεφαλῆς. <lb></lb> ὅθεν ἂν στῶμεν, εἰς ἄπειρον τεῖfοf, μηδέποτε φανεῖσθαι τοῦτο <lb></lb> ἡμῖν· ἢ τὸ ὑποκάτω τοῦ νοηθέντος εἰς ἄπειρον, ἅμα ἄνω τε εἶναι <lb></lb> καὶ κάτω πρὸς τὸ αὐτό· τοῦτο γὰρ ἀδύνατον διανοηθῆναι. </s><s>ὥστε <lb></lb> ἔστι μίαν λαβεῖν φορὰν τὴν ἄνω νοουμένην εἰς ἄπειρον καὶ μίαν <lb></lb> τὴν κάτω. ἂν καὶ μυριάκις πρὸς τοὺς πόδας τῶν ἐπάνω τὸ παρ' <lb></lb> ἡμῶν φερόμενον <εσ> τοὺς ὑπὲρ κεφαλῆς ἡμῶν τόπους ἀφικνῆ<lb></lb> ται ἢ ἐπὶ τὴν κεφαλὴν τῶν ὑποκάτω τὸ παρ' ἡμῶν κάτω φε<lb></lb> ρόμενον· ἡ γὰρ ὅλη φορὰ οὐθὲν ἧττον ἑκατέρα ἑκατέρᾳ ἀντι<lb></lb> κειμένη ἐπ' ἄπειρον νοεῖται. <lb></lb> </s></p><p><s>Καὶ μὴν καὶ ἰσοταχεῖς ἀναγκαῖον τὰς ἀτόμους εἶναι, ὅταν <lb></lb> διὰ τοῦ κενοῦ εἰσφέρωνται μηθενὸς ἀντικόπτοντος· οὔτε γὰρ <lb></lb> τὰ βαρέα θᾶττον οἰσθήσεται τῶν μικρῶν καὶ κούφων, ὅταν γε <lb></lb> δὴ μηδὲν ἀπαντᾷ αὐτοῖς· οὔτε τὰ μικρὰ <βραδύτερον> τῶν μεγάλων, πάντα <lb></lb> πόρον σύμμετρον ἔχον<lb></lb> τα, ὅταν μηθὲν μηδὲ ἐκείνοις ἀντικόπτῃ· οὔθ' ἡ ἄνω οὔθ' <pb></pb> ἡ εἰς τὸ πλάγιον διὰ τῶν κρούσεων φορά, οὔθ' ἡ <lb></lb> κάτω διὰ τῶν ἰδίων βαρῶν. </s><s>ἐφ' ὁπόσον γὰρ ἂν κατίσχῃ ἑκάτερον, <lb></lb> ἐπὶ τοσοῦτον ἅμα νοήματι τὴν φορὰν σχήσει, ἕως < ἄν τι> ἀντικόψῃ. ἢ <lb></lb> ἔξωθεν ἢ ἐκ τοῦ ἰδίου βάρους . <lb></lb> </s></p><p><s>Ἀλλὰ μὴν καὶ κατὰ τὰς συγκρίσεις <οὐ> θάττων ἑτέρα ἑτέρας <lb></lb> ῥηθήσεται, τῶν ἀτόμων ἰσοταχῶν οὐσων, τῷ ἐφ' ἕνα τόπον φέ<lb></lb> ρεσθαι τὰς ἐν τοῖς ἀθροίσμασιν ἀτόμους καὶ κατὰ τὸν ἐλάχιστον <lb></lb> συνεχῆ χρόνον ῆ μὴ ἐφ' ἕνα · ἀλλὰ πυκνὸν ἀντικόπτουσιν, ἕως ἂν ὑπὸ τὴν αἴσθησιν τὸ <lb></lb> συνεχὲς τῆς φορᾶς γίνηται. </s><s>τὸ γὰρ προσδοξαζόμενον περὶ τοῦ <lb></lb> ἀοράτου, ὡς ἄρα καὶ οἱ διὰ λόγου θεωρητοὶ χρόνοι τὸ συνεχὲς <lb></lb> τῆς φορᾶς ἕξουσιν, οὐκ ἀληθές ἐστιν ἐπὶ τῶν τοιούτων· ἐπεὶ τό <lb></lb> γε θεωρούμενον πᾶν ἢ κατ' ἐπιβολὴν λαμβανόμενον τῇ διανοίᾳ <lb></lb> ἀληθές ἐστιν. <lb></lb> </s></p><p><s>Μετὰ δὲ ταῦτα δεῖ συνορᾶν ἀναφέροντα ἐπὶ τὰς αἰσθήσεις <lb></lb> καὶ τὰ πάθη <οὕτω γὰρ ἡ βεβαιοτάτη πίστις ἔσται>, ὅτι ἡ <lb></lb> ψυχὴ σῶμά ἐστι λεπτομερές, παρ' ὅλον τὸ ἄθροισμα παρεσπαρ<lb></lb> μένον, προσεμφερέστατον δὲ πνεύματι <pb></pb>θερμοῦ τινα κρᾶσιν <lb></lb> ἔχοντι καὶ πῇ μὲν τούτῳ προσεμφερές, πῇ δὲ τούτῳ. </s><s>ἐπὶ δὲ <lb></lb> τοῦ μέρους πολλὴν παραλλαγὴν εἰληφὸς τῇ λεπτομερείᾳ καὶ αὐ<lb></lb> τῶν τούτων, συμπαθὲς δὲ τοῦτῳ μᾶλλον καὶ τῷ λοιπῷ ἀθροί<lb></lb> σματι· τοῦτο δὲ πᾶν αἱ δυνάμεις τῆς ψυχῆς διῆγον καὶ τὰ <lb></lb> πάθη καὶ αἱ εὐκινησίαι καὶ αἱ διανοήσεις καὶ ὧν στερόμενοι <lb></lb> θνῄσκομεν. </s><s>Καὶ μὴν καὶ ὅτι ἔχει ἡ ψυχὴ τῆς αἰσθήσεως τὴν <lb></lb> πλείστην αἰτίαν, δεῖ κατέχειν· <lb></lb> οὐ μὴν εἰλήφει ἂν ταύτην, εἰ <lb></lb> μὴ ὑπὸ τοῦ λοιποῦ ἀθροίσματος ἐστεγάζετό πως. τὸ δὲ λοιπὸν <lb></lb> ἄθροισμα παρασκευάσαν ἐκείνῃ τὴν αἰτίαν ταύτην μετείληφε <lb></lb> καὶ αὐτὸ τοιούτου συμπτώματος παρ' ἐκείνης. οὐ μέντοι πάν<lb></lb> των ὧν ἐκείνη κέκτηται· διὸ ἀπαλλαγείσης τῆς ψυχῆς οὐκ ἔχει <lb></lb> τὴν αἴσθησιν. </s><s>οὐ γὰρ αὐτὸ ἐν ἑαυτῷ ταύτην ἐκέκτητο τὴν δύ<lb></lb> ναμιν, ἀλλ' ἑτέρῳ ἅμα συγγεγενημένῳ αὐτῷ παρεσκεύαζεν. ὃ <lb></lb> διὰ τῆς συντελεσθείσης περὶ αὐτὸ δυνάμεως κατὰ τὴν κίνησιν <lb></lb> σύμπτωμα αἰσθητικὸν εὐθὺς ἀποτελοῦν ἑαυτῶ ἀπεδίδου κατὰ <lb></lb> τὴν ὁμούρησιν καὶ συμπάθειαν καὶ ἐκείνῳ, καθά περ εἶπον. </s><s> διὸ δὴ <pb></pb>καὶ ἐνυπάρχουσα ἡ ψυχὴ οὐδέποτε ἄλλου τινὸς μέρους <lb></lb> ἀπηλλαγμένου ἀναισθητέσει· ἀλλ' ἃ ἂν καὶ ταύτης ξυναπόληται <lb></lb> τοῦ στεγάζοντος λυθέντος εἴ θ' ὅλου εἴτε καὶ μέρους τινός, <lb></lb> ἐάν περ διαμένῃ, ἕͅζει τὴν αἴσθησιν· </s><s>τὸ δὲ λοιπὸν ἄθροισμα <lb></lb> διαμένον καὶ ὅλον καὶ μέρος οὐκ ἔχει τὴν αἴσθησιν ἐκείνου <lb></lb> ἀπηλλαγμένου, ὅσον ποτέ ἐστι τὸ συντεῖνον τῶν ἀτόμων πλῆθος <lb></lb> εἰς τὴν τῆς ψυχῆς φύσιν. </s><s>Καὶ μὴν καὶ λυομένου τοῦ ὅλου ἀθροί<lb></lb> σματος ἡ ψυχὴ διασπείρεται καὶ οὐκέτι ἔχει τὰς αὐτὰς δυνάμεις <lb></lb> οὐδὲ κινεῖται, ὥστε οὐδ' αἴσθησιν κέκτηται. </s><s><lb></lb> οὐ γὰρ οἷόν τε <lb></lb> νοεῖν αὐτὸ αἰσθανόμενον μὴ ἐν τούτῳ τῷ συστήματι καὶ ταῖς <lb></lb> κινήσεσι ταύταις χρώμενον. ὅταν τὰ στεγάζοντα καὶ περιέχοντα <lb></lb> μὴ τοιαῦτα ᾖ, ἐν οἷς νῦν οὖσα ἔχει ταύτας τὰς κινήσεις. </s><s>Ἀλλὰ <lb></lb> μὴν καὶ τόδε <lb></lb> γε δεῖ προσκατανοεῖν, ὅ τι <pb></pb>τὸ ἀσώματον, <lb></lb> τοῦ ὀνόματος ἐπὶ τοῦ καθ' ἑαυτὸ νοηθέντος ἄν· καθ' <lb></lb> ἑαυτὸ δὲ οὐκ ἔστι νοῆσαι τὸ ἀσώματον πλὴν τοῦ κενοῦ. τὸ δὲ <lb></lb> κενὸν οὔτε ποιῆσαι οὔτε παθεῖν δύναται, ἀλλὰ κίνησιν μόνον δι' <lb></lb> ἑαυτοῦ τοῖς σώμασι παρέχεται. </s><s>ὥσθ' οἱ λέγοντες ἀσώματον <lb></lb> εἶναι τὴν ψυχὴν ματᾴζουσιν. </s><s>οὐθὲν γὰρ ἂν ἐδύνατο ποιεῖν οὔτε <lb></lb> πάσχειν, εἰ ἦν τοιαύτη· νῦν δ' ἐναργῶς ἀμφότερα ταῦτα συμβαίfει <lb></lb> περὶ τὴν ψυχὴν τὰ συμπτώματα. </s><s><lb></lb> ταῦτα οὖν πάντα τὰ <lb></lb> διαλογίσματα <τὰ> περὶ ψυχῆς ἀνάγων τις ἐπὶ τὰ πάθη καὶ τὰς <lb></lb> αἰσθήσεις, μνημονεύων τῶν ἐν ἀρχῇ ῥηθέντων, ἱκανῶς κατόψε<lb></lb> ται τοῖς τύποις ἐμπεριειλημμένα εἰς τὸ <καὶ τὰ> κατὰ μέρος ἀπὸ τούτων <lb></lb> ἐξακριβοῦσθαι βεβαίως. <lb></lb> </s></p><p><s>Ἀλλὰ μὴν καὶ τὰ σχήματα καὶ τὰ χρώματα καὶ τὰ μεγέθη <lb></lb> καὶ τὰ βάρη καὶ ὅσα ἄλλα κατηγορεῖται σώματος ὡσανεὶ <lb></lb> συμβεβηκότα ἢ πᾶσιν ἢ τοῖς ὁρατοῖς καὶ κατὰ τὴν αἴσθησιν <lb></lb> σώματος γνωστά, οὔθ' ὡς καθ' ἑαυτάς εἰσι <pb></pb> φύσεις δοξαστέον <lb></lb> ̔οὐ γὰρ δυνατὸν ἐπινοῆσαι τοῦτὀ, <lb></lb> οὔτε ὅλως ὡς οὐκ εἰσίν, <lb></lb> οὔθ' ὡς ἕτερ' ἄττα προσυπάρχοντα τούτῳ ἀσώματα, οὔθ' ὡς <lb></lb> μόρια τούτου, ἀλλ' ὡς τὸ ὅλον σῶμα καθόλου <ἐκ> τούτων πάν<lb></lb> των τὴν ἑαυτοῦ φύσιν ἔχον ἀίδιον, οὐχ οἷον δ' εἶναι συμπεφορη<lb></lb> μένον ̔ὥσπερ ὅταν ἐξ αὐτῶν τῶν ὄγκων μεῖζον ἄθροισμα <lb></lb> συστῇ ἤτοι τῶν πρώτων ἢ τῶν τοῦ ὅλου μερῶν τοῦδε τινὸς <lb></lb> ἐλαττόνων̓, ἀλλὰ μόνον, ὡς λέγω, ἐκ τούτων ἁπάντων τὴν <lb></lb> ἑαυτοῦ φύσιν ἔχον ἀίδιον. </s><s>καὶ ἐπιβολὰς μὲν ἔχοντα ἰδίας πάντα <lb></lb> ταῦτά ἐστι καὶ διαλήψεις, συμπαρακολουθοῦντος δὲ τοῦ ἀθρόου <lb></lb> καὶ οὐθαμῇ ἀποσχιζομένα, ἀλλὰ κατὰ τὴν ἀθρόαν ἔννοιαν τοῦ <lb></lb> σώματος κατηγορίαν εἰληφότος. <lb></lb> </s></p><p><s>Καὶ μὴν καὶ τοῖς σώμασι συμπίπτει πολλάκις καὶ οὐκ ἀί<lb></lb> διον παρακολουθεῖν *́ *́ οὔτ' ἐν τοῖς ἀοράτοις ἔσται οὔτε ἀσώματα. </s><s><lb></lb> ὥστε δὴ κατὰ τὴν πλείστην φορὰν τούτῳ τῷ ὀνόματι χρώμε<lb></lb> νοι φανερὰ ποιοῦμεν τὰ συμπτώματα οὔτε τὴν τοῦ ὅλου φύσιν <lb></lb> ἔχειν, ὃ συλλαβόντες κατὰ τὸ ἀθρόον σῶμα προσαγορεύομεν, <lb></lb> οὔτε τὴν τῶν ἀίδιον παρακολου<lb></lb> θούντων, ὧν ἄνευ σῶμα οὐ δυνατὸν νοεῖσθαι· </s><s>κατ' ἐπι<lb></lb> βολὰς δ' ἄν τινας παρακολυθοῦντος τοῦ ἀθρόου ἕκαστα <pb></pb>προσαγορευθείη *́ *́, <lb></lb> ἀλλ' ὅτῳ δή ποτε ἕκα<lb></lb> στα συμβαίνοντα θεωρεῖται, οὐκ ἀίδιον τῶν συμπτώματων πα<lb></lb> ρακολουθούντων. </s><s>καὶ οὐκ ἐξελατέον ἐκ τοῦ ὄντος ταύτην τὴν <lb></lb> ἐνάργειαν, ὅτι οὐκ ἔχει τὴν τοῦ ὅλου φύσιν ᾧ συμβαίνει οὐδὲ τὴν τῶν ἀίδιον παρακολου<lb></lb> θούντων, οὐδ' αὖ καθ' αὑτὰ νομιστέον ̔οὐδὲ γὰρ τοῦτο δια<lb></lb> νοητὸν οὔτ' ἐπὶ τούτων οὔτ' ἐπὶ τῶν ἀίδιον συμβεβηκότων̓. ἀλλ' <lb></lb> ὅπερ καὶ φαίνεται, συμπτώματα πάντα σώματος νομιστέον, <lb></lb> καὶ οὐκ ἀίδιον παρακολουθοῦντα οὐδ' αὖ φύσεως καθ' ἑαυτὰ <lb></lb> τάγμα ἔχοντα. ἀλλ' ὃν τρόπον αὐτὴ ἡ αἴσθησις τὴν ἰδιότητα <lb></lb> ποιεῖ, θεωρεῖται. <lb></lb> </s></p><p><s>Καὶ μὴν καὶ τόδε γε δεῖ προσκατανοῆσαι σφοδρῶς· τὸν γὰρ <lb></lb> δὴ χρόνον οὐ ζητητέον ὥσπερ καὶ τὰ λοιπά, ὅσα ἐν ὑποκειμένῳ <lb></lb> ζητοῦμεν ἀνάγοντες ἐπὶ τὰς βλεπομένας παρ' ἡμῖν αὐτοῖς προ-<lb></lb> λήψεις, ἀλλ' αὐτὸ τὸ ἐνάργημα, καθ' ὃ τὸν πολὺν ἢ ὀλίγον <lb></lb> χρόνον ἀναφωνοῦμεν, συγγενικῶς τοῦτο ἐπιφέροντες, ἀναλο<lb></lb> γιστέον. </s><s>καὶ οὔτε διαλέκτους ὡς βελτίους μεταληπτέον, ἀλλ' αὐταῖς ταῖς <pb></pb> ὑπαρχούσαις κατ' αὐτοῦ χρηστέον· οὔτε ἄλλο τι <lb></lb> κατ' αὐτοῦ κατηγορητέον ὡς τὴν αὐτὴν οὐσίαν ἔχον τῷ <lb></lb> ἰδιώματι τούτῳ ̔καὶ γὰρ τοῦτο ποιοῦσί τινεσ̓, ἀλλὰ μόνον <lb></lb> ᾧ συμπλέκομεν τὸ ἴδιον τοῦτο καὶ παραμετροῦμεν, μάλιστα <lb></lb> ἐπιλογίστέον. <lb></lb> καὶ γὰρ τοῦτο οὐκ ἀποδείξεως προσδεῖται ἀλλ' <lb></lb> ἐπιλογισμοῦ, ὅτι ταῖς ἡμέραις καὶ ταῖς νυξὶ συμπλέκομεν, καὶ <lb></lb> τοῖς τούτων μέρεσιν, ὡσαύτως δὲ καὶ τοῖς πάθεσι καὶ ταῖς <lb></lb> ἀπαθείαις, καὶ κινήσεσι καὶ στάσεσιν; ἴδιόν τι σύμπτωμα περὶ <lb></lb> ταῦτα πάντα αὐτὸ τοῦτο ἐννοοῦντες, καθ' ὃ χρόνον ὀνομάζομεν <lb></lb> <lb></lb> </s></p><p><s>Ἐπί τε τοῖς προειρημένοις τοὺς κόσμους δεῖ καὶ πᾶσαν σύγ<lb></lb> κρισιν πεπερασμένην τὸ ὁμοιοειδὲς τοῖς θεωρουμένοις πυκνῶς <lb></lb> ἔχουσαν νομίζειν γεγονέναι ἀπὸ τοῦ ἀπείρου, πάντων τούτων <lb></lb> ἐκ συστροφῶν ἰδίων ἀποκεκριμένων καὶ μειζόνων καὶ ἐλαττό<lb></lb> νων· καὶ πάλιν διαλύεσθαι πάντα, τὰ μὲν θᾶττον, τὰ δὲ βρα<lb></lb> δύτερον, καὶ τὰ μὲν ὑπὸ τῶν τοιῶνδε, τὰ δὲ ὑπὸ τῶν τοιῶνδε <lb></lb> πάσχοντα. </s> <s> Ἔτι δὲ <pb></pb>καὶ τοὺς κόσμους οὔτε ἐξ ἀνάγκης δεῖ <lb></lb> νομίζειν ἕνα σχηματισμὸν ἔχοντας *́ *́ </s><s>οὐδὲ γὰρ ἂν ἀποδείξειεν οὐδείς, ὡς <ἐν> μὲν τῷ τοιούτῳ <lb></lb> καὶ οὐκ ἂν ἐμπεριελήφθη τὰ τοιαῦτα σπέρματα, ἐξ ὧν ζῷά τε <lb></lb> καὶ φυτὰ καὶ τὰ λοιπὰ πάντα <τὰ> θεωρούμενα συνίσταται, ἐν <lb></lb> δὲ τῷ τοιούτῳ οὐκ ἂν ἐδυνήθη. <lb></lb> </s></p><p><s>Ἀλλὰ μὴν ὑποληπτέον καὶ τὴν φύσιν πολλὰ καὶ παν<lb></lb> τοῖα ὑπὸ αὐτῶν τῶν πραγμάτων διδαχθῆναί τε καὶ ἀναγ<pb></pb> κασθῆναι· τὸν δὲ λογισμὸν τὰ ὑπὸ ταύτης παρεγγυηθέντα ὕστερον ἐπα<lb></lb> κριβοῦν καὶ προσεξευρίσκειν ἐν μέν τισι θᾶττον, ἐν δέ τισι βρα<lb></lb> δύτερον καὶ ἐν μέν τισι περιόδοις καὶ χρόνοις *́ *́ ἐν δέ τισι κατ' ἐλάττους. </s><s>Ὅθεν καὶ τὰ <lb></lb> ὀνόματα ἐξ ἀρχῆς μὴ θέσει γενέσθαι, ἀλλ' αὐτὰς τὰς φύσεις <lb></lb> τῶν ἀνθρώπων καθ' ἕκαστα ἔθνη ἴδια πασχούσας πάθη καὶ <lb></lb> ἴδια λαμβανούσας φαντάσματα ἰδίως τὸν ἀέρα ἐκπέμπειν στελ<lb></lb> λόμενον ὑφ' ἑκάστων τῶν παθῶν καὶ τῶν φαντασμάτων, ὡς ἄν <lb></lb> ποτε καὶ ἡ παρὰ τοὺς τόπους τῶν ἐθνῶν διαφορὰ ᾐ· <lb></lb> ὕστε<lb></lb> ρον δὲ κοινῶς καθ' ἕκαστα ἔθνη τὰ ἴδια τεθῆναι πρὸς τὸ τὰς <lb></lb> δηλώσεις ἧττον ἀμφιβόλους γενέσθαι ἀλλήλοις καὶ συντομωτέ<lb></lb> ρως δηλουμένας· τινὰ δὲ καὶ οὐ συνορώμενα πράγματα εἰσφέ<lb></lb> ροντας τοὺς συνειδότας παρεγγυῆσαί τινας φθόγγους <lb></lb> ἀναγκασθέντας ἀναφωνῆσαι, τοὺς δὲ τῷ λογισμῷ ἑλομένους <lb></lb> κατὰ τὴν πλείστην αἰτίαν οὕτως ἑρμηνεῦσαι. <lb></lb> </s></p><p><s>Καὶ μὴν <καὶ τὴν> ἐν τοῖς μετεώροις φορὰν καὶ τρο<lb></lb> πὴν καὶ ἔκλειψιν καὶ ἀνατολὴν καὶ δύσιν καὶ τὰ σύστοιχα <pb></pb> τούτοις μήτε λειτουρ<lb></lb> γοῦντός τινος νομίζειν δεῖ γένεσθαι καὶ διατάττοντος ἢ διατά-<lb></lb> ξαντος καὶ ἅμα τὴν πᾶσαν μακαριότητα ἔχοντος μετὰ ἀφθαρ<lb></lb> σίας <lb></lb> ̔οὐ γὰρ συμφωνοῦσιν πραγματεῖαι καὶ φροντίδες καὶ <lb></lb> ὀργαὶ καὶ χάριτες μακαριότητι, ἀλλ' ἐν ἀσθενείᾳ καὶ φόβῳ καὶ <lb></lb> προσδεήσει τῶν πλησίον ταῦτα γίνεταἰ μήτε αὖ πῦρὸς ἀνάμματα <lb></lb>συνεστραμμένου τὴν μακαριότητα κεκτημένα κατὰ βούλη<lb></lb> σιν τὰς κινήσεις ταύτας λαμβάνειν· ἀλλὰ πᾶν τὸ σέμνωμα τη<lb></lb> ρεῖν, κατὰ πάντα ὀνόματα φερόμενα ἐπὶ τὰς τοιαύτας ἐννοίας, <lb></lb> ἵνα μηδ' ὑπεναντίον ἐξ αὐτῶν <γέfωfται> τῷ σεμνώματι δόξαι· εἰ δὲ μή, <lb></lb> τὸν μέγιστον τάραχον ἐν ταῖς ψυχαῖς αὐτὴ ἡ ὑπεναντιότης πα<lb></lb> ρασκευάσει. </s><s>ὅθεν δὴ κατὰ τὰς ἐξ ἀρχῆς ἐναπολήψεις τῶν συ<lb></lb> στροφῶν τούτων ἐν τῇ τοῦ κόσμου γενέσει δεῖ δοξάζειν καὶ τὴν <lb></lb> ἀνάγκην ταύτην καὶ περίοδον συντελεῖσθαι. <lb></lb> </s></p><p><s>Καὶ μὴν καὶ <το> τὴν ὑπὲρ τῶν κυριωτάτων αἰτίαν ἐξακριβῶσαι <lb></lb> φυσιολογίας ἔργον εἶναι δεῖ νομίζειν, καὶ τὸ μακάριον ἐνταῦθα πεπτωκέναι καὶ <lb></lb> ἐν τῷ τίνες φύσεις αἱ θεωρούμεναι κατὰ τὰ μετέωρα <pb></pb> ταυτί, καὶ ὅσα συντείνει πρὸς <lb></lb> τὴν εἰς τοῦτο ἀκρίβειαν· ἔτι τε οὐ τὸ πλεοναχῶς ἐν τοῖς τοιού<lb></lb> τοις εἶναι καὶ τὸ ἐνδεχόμενον καὶ ἄλλως πως ἔχειν. ἀλλ' ἁπλῶς <lb></lb> μὴ εἶναι ἐν ἀφθάρτῳ καὶ μακαρίᾳ φύσει τῶν διάκρισιν ὑποβαλ<lb></lb> λόντων ἢ τάραχον μηθέν· </s><s>καὶ τοῦτο καταλαβεῖν τῇ διανοίᾳ <lb></lb> ἔστιν ἁπλῶς εἶναι. </s><s><lb></lb> τὸ δ' ἐν τῇ ἱστορίᾳ πεπτωκὸς. τῆς δύσεως <lb></lb> καὶ ἀνατολῆς καὶ τροπῆς καὶ ἐκλείψεως καὶ ὅσα συγγενῆ τού<lb></lb> τοις μηθὲν ἔτι πρὸς τὸ μακάριον τὰς γνώσεις συντείνειν, ἀλλ' <lb></lb> ὁμοίως τοὺς φόβους ἔχειν τοὺς ταῦτα κατειδότας. τίνες δ' αἱ <lb></lb> φύσεις ἀγνοοῦντας καὶ τίνες αἱ κυριώταται αἰτίαι. καὶ εἰ μὴ <lb></lb> προσῄδεσαν ταῦτα· τάχα δὲ καὶ πλείους, ὅταν τὸ θάμβος ἐκ τῆς <lb></lb> τούτων προσκατανοήσεως μὴ δύνηται τὴν λύσιν λαμβάνειν καὶ <lb></lb> τὴν περὶ τῶν κυριωτάτων οἰκονομίαν. </s><s>διὸ δὴ κἂν πλείους αἰτίας <lb></lb> εὑρίσκομεν τροπῶν καὶ δύσεων καὶ ἀνατολῶν καὶ ἐκλείψεων καὶ <lb></lb> τῶν τοιουτοτρόπων, ὥσπερ καὶ ἐν τοῖς κατὰ μέρος γινομένοις ἦν, <lb></lb>οὐ δεῖ νομίζειν τὴν ὑπὲρ τούτων χρείαν ἀκρίβειαν μὴ ἀπει<lb></lb> ληφέναι, ὅση πρὸς τὸ ἀτάραχον καὶ μακάριον ἡμῶν συντείνει. </s><s><lb></lb> ὥστε παραθεωροῦντας ποσαχῶς παρ' ἡμῖν τὸ ὅμοιον γίνεται, <lb></lb> αἰτιολογητέον ὑπέρ τε τῶν μετεώρων καὶ παντὸς τοῦ ἀδήλου, <lb></lb> καταφρονοῦν <pb></pb> τας τῶν οὔτε <τὸ> μοναχῶς ἔχον ἢ γινόμενον γνω<lb></lb> ριζόντων οὔτε τὸ πλεοναχῶς συμβαῖνον τὴν <τ'> ἐκ τῶν <lb></lb> ἀποστημάτων φαντασίαν παριδόντων, ἔτι τε ἀγνοοῦντων καὶ <lb></lb> ἐν ποίοις οὐκ ἔστιν ἀταρακτῆσαι. </s><lb></lb> <s>ἂν οὖν οἰώμεθα καὶ ὡδί πως ἐνδεχόμενον αὐτὸ γίνε<lb></lb> σθαι, ἐφ' οI̔́οις ὁμοίως ἀταρακτῆσαι, αὐτὸ τὸ ὅτι πλεονα<lb></lb> χῶς γίνεται γνωρίζοντες ὥσπερ κἂν ὅτι ὡδί πως γίνεται εἰδῶ<lb></lb> μεν ἀταρακτήσομεν. </s><s><lb></lb> Ἐπὶ δὲ τούτοις ὅλως ἅπασιν ἐκεῖνο δεῖ <lb></lb> κατανοεῖν, ὅτι τάραχος ὁ κυριώτατος ταῖς ἀνθρωπίναις ψυχαῖς <lb></lb> γίνεται ἐν τῷ ταὐτὰ μακάριά τε δοξάζειν <εἶναι> καὶ ἄφθαρτα, <lb></lb> καὶ ὑπεναντίας ἔχειν τούτοις ἅμα βουλήσεις καὶ πράξεις καὶ <lb></lb> αἰτίας. καὶ ἐν τῷ αἰώνιόν τι δεινὸν ἀεὶ προσδοκᾶν ἢ ὑποπτεύειν <lb></lb> κατὰ τοὺς μύθους εἴ τε καὶ αὐτὴν τὴν ἀναισθησίαν τὴν ἐν τῷ <lb></lb> τεθνάναι φοβουμένους ὥσπερ οὖσαν κατ' αὐτούς, καὶ ἐν τῷ μὴ <lb></lb> δόξαις ταῦτα πάσχειν ἀλλ' ἀλόγῳ γέ τινι παραστάσει, ὅθεν μὴ <lb></lb> ὁρίζοντας τὸ δεινὸν τὴν ἴσην ἢ καὶ ἐπιτεταμένην ταραχὴν λαμβά- <lb></lb> νειν τῷ εἰκαίως δόξαζοντι ταῦτα· <lb></lb> ἡ δὲ ἀταραξία τῷ τούτων πάν <pb></pb> των ἀπολελύσθαι καὶ συνεχῆ μνήμην ἔχειν τῶν ὅλων καὶ κυριω<lb></lb> τάτων. </s><s>Ὅθεν τοῖς πάθεσι προσεκτέον τοῖς παροῦσι καὶ ταῖς <lb></lb> αἰσθήσεσι, κατὰ μὲν τὸ κοινὸν ταῖς κοιναῖς, κατὰ δὲ τὸ ἴδιον <lb></lb> ταῖς ἰδίαις, καὶ πάσῃ τῇ παρούσῃ καθ' ἕκαστον τῶν κριτηρίων <lb></lb> ἐναργείᾳ· ἂν γὰρ τούτοις προσέχωμεν, τὸ ὅθεν ὁ τάραχος καὶ <lb></lb> ὁ φόβος ἐγίνετο ἐξαιτιολογήσομεν ὀρθῶς καὶ ἀπολύσομεν, ὑπὲρ <lb></lb> τε μετεώρων αἰτιολογοῦντες καὶ τῶν λοιπῶν τῶν ἀεὶ παρεμπι<lb></lb> πτόντων, ὅσα φοβεῖ τοὺς λοιποὺς ἐσχάτως. <lb></lb> </s></p><p><s>Ταῦτά σοι, ὦ Ἡρόδοτε, ἔστι κεφαλαιωδέστατα ὑπὲρ τῆς <lb></lb> τῶν ὅλων φύσεως ἐπιτετμημένα. </s><s><lb></lb> ὥστ' ἐὰν γένηται ὁ <lb></lb> λόγος οὗτος κατασχεθεὶς μετ' ἀκριβείας, οἶμαι, ἐὰν μὴ καὶ <lb></lb> πρὸς ἅπαντα βαδίσῃ τις τῶν κατὰ μέρος ἀκριβωμάτων, ἀσύμ<lb></lb> βλητον αὐτὸν πρὸς τοὺς λοιποὺς ἀνθρώπους ἁδρότητα λήψε<lb></lb> σθαι. </s><s>καὶ γὰρ καὶ καθαρὰ ἀφ' ἑαυτοῦ ποιήσει πολλὰ τῶν κατὰ <lb></lb> μέρος ἐξακριβουμένων κατὰ τὴν ὅλην πραγματείαν ἡμῖν, καὶ <lb></lb> αὐτὰ ταῦτα ἐν μνήμῃ τιθέμενα συνεχῶς βοηθήσει. </s><s>τοιαῦτα γάρ <lb></lb> ἐστιν, ὥστε καὶ τοὺς <καὶ τὰ> μέρος ἤδη ἐξακριβοῦντας ἱκανῶς ἢ καὶ <pb></pb> τελείως, εἰς τὰς τοιαύτας ἀναλύοντας ἐπιβολὰς τὰς πλεί<lb></lb> στας τῶν περιοδειῶν ὑπὲρ τῆς ὅλης φύσεως ποιεῖσθαι· ὅσοι δὲ <lb></lb> μὴ παντελῶς αὐτῶν τῶν ἀποτελουμένων, ἐκ τούτων καὶ <lb></lb> κατὰ τὸν ἄνευ φθόγγων τρόπον τὴν ἅμα νοήματι περίοδον τῶν <lb></lb> κυριωτάτων πρὸς γαληνισμὸν ποιοῦνται. </s></p></chap> <pb></pb> <chap> <p> <s> <foreign lang="la">NOT TRANSCRIBED</foreign> </s><pb></pb> <s> <foreign lang="la">NOT TRANSCRIBED</foreign> </s><pb></pb> </p> </chap> <chap> <p type="head"><s>Ἐπίκουρος Πυθοκλεῖ χαίρειν. <lb></lb> </s></p><p><s>Ἤνεγκέ μοι Κλέων ἐπιστολὴν παρὰ σοῦ. ἐν ᾗ φιλοφρονού<lb></lb> μενός τε περὶ ἡμᾶς διετέλεις ἀξίως τῆς ἡμετέρας περὶ σεαυτὸν <lb></lb> σπουδῆς, καὶ οὐκ ἀπιθάνως ἐπειρῶ μνημονεύειν τῶν εἰς μακά<lb></lb> ριον βίον συντεινόντων διαλογισμῶν, ἐδέου τε σεαυτῷ περὶ τῶν <lb></lb> μετεώρων σύντομον καὶ εὐπερίγραφον διαλογισμὸν ἀποστεῖλαι, <lb></lb> ἵνα ῥᾳδίως μνημονεύῃς· τὰ γὰρ ἐν ἄλλοις ἡμῖν γεγραμμένα <lb></lb> δυσμνημόνευτα εἶναι, καίτοι, ὡς ἔφης, συνεχῶς αὐτὰ βαστάζεις. </s><s><lb></lb> ἡμεῖς δὲ ἡδέως τέ σου τὴν δέησιν ἀπεδεξάμεθα καὶ ἐλπίσιν <lb></lb> ἡδείαις συνεσχέθημεν. </s><s><lb></lb> γράψαντες οὖν τὰ λοιπὰ πάντα συντε<lb></lb> λοῦμεν ἅπερ ἠξίωσας πολλοῖς καὶ ἄλλοις ἐσόμενα χρήσιμα τὰ <lb></lb> διαλογίσματα ταῦτα, καὶ μάλιστα τοῖς νεωστὶ φυσιολογίας <lb></lb> γνησίου γευομένοις καὶ τοῖς εἰς ἀσχολίας βαθυτέρας τῶν ἐγκυ<lb></lb> κλίων τινὸς ἐμπεπλεγμένοις. </s><s>καλῶς δὴ αὐτὰ διάλαβε, καὶ διὰ <lb></lb> μνήμης ἔχων ὀξέως αὐτὰ περιόδευε μετὰ τῶν λοιπῶν ὧν ἐν <lb></lb> τῇ μικρᾷ ἐπιτομῇ πρὸς Ἡρόδοτον ἀπεστείλαμεν. <lb></lb> </s></p> <pb></pb> <p><s>Πρῶτον μὲν οὖν μὴ ἄλλο τι τέλος ἐκ τῆς περὶ μετεώρων <lb></lb> γνώσεως εἴ τε κατὰ συναφὴν λεγομένων εἴ τε αὐτοτελῶς νομί-<lb></lb> ζειν εἶναι ἤ περ ἀταραξίαν καὶ πίστιν βέβαιον, καθά περ καὶ ἐπὶ <lb></lb> τῶν λοιπῶν. <lb></lb> Μήτε τὸ ἀδύνατον καὶ παραβιάζεσθαι μήτε <lb></lb> ὁμοίαν κατὰ πάντα τὴν θεωρίαν ἔχειν ἢ τοῖς περὶ βίων λόγοις <lb></lb> ἢ τοῖς κατὰ τὴν τῶν ἄλλων φυσικῶν προβλημάτων κάθαρσιν. <lb></lb> οἷον ὅτι τὸ πᾶν σῶματα καὶ ἀναφὴς φύσις ἐστίν, ἢ ὅτι ἄτομα <τὰ> στοι<lb></lb> χεῖα, καὶ πάντα τὰ τοιαῦτα ὅσα μοναχὴν ἔχει τοῖς φαινομένοις <lb></lb> συμφωνίαν· ὅ περ ἐπὶ τῶν μετεώρων οὐχ ὑπάρχει, ἀλλὰ ταῦτά <lb></lb> γε πλεοναχὴν ἔχει καὶ τῆς γενέσεως αἰτίαν καὶ τῆς οὐσίας <lb></lb> ταῖς αἰσθήσεσι σύμφωνον κατηγορίαν. </s><s>οὐ γὰρ κατὰ ἀξιώματα <lb></lb> κενὰ καὶ νομοθεσίας φυσιολογητέον, ἀλλ' ὡς τὰ φαινόμενα ἐκ<lb></lb> καλεῖται· <lb></lb> οὐ γὰρ ἤδη ἀλογίας καὶ κενῆς δόξης ὁ βίος ἡμῶν <lb></lb> ἔχει χρείαν, ἀλλὰ τοῦ ἀθορύβως ἡμᾶς ζῆν. </s><s>πάντα μὲν οὖν γί<lb></lb> νεται ἀσείστως κατὰ πάντων κατὰ πλεοναχὸν τρόπον ἐκκαθαι<lb></lb> ρομένων συμφώνως τοῖς φαινομένοις, ὅταν τις τὸ πιθανολογού<lb></lb> μενον ὑπὲρ αὐτῶν δεόντως καταλίπῃ· ὅταν δέ τις τὸ μὲν ἀπο<lb></lb> λίπῃ τὸ δὲ ἐκβάλῃ ὁμοίως σύμφωνον ὂν τῷ φαινομένῳ, δῆλον <lb></lb> ὅτι καὶ ἐκ παντὸς ἐκπίπτει φυσιολογήματος, ἐπὶ δὲ τὸν μῦθον <lb></lb> καταρρεῖ. <lb></lb> </s></p><p><s>σημεῖα δ' ἐπὶ τῶν <pb></pb> ἐν τοῖς μετεώροις συντελουμένων φέρειν <lb></lb> τῶν παρ' ἡμῖν τινα φαινομένων, ἃ θεωρεῖται ᾗ ὑπάρχει. καὶ οὐ <lb></lb> τὰ ἐν τοῖς μετώροις φαινόμενα· ταῦτα γὰρ ἐνδέχεται πλεοναχῶς <lb></lb> γίνεσθαι. </s><s><lb></lb> τὸ μέντοι φάντασμα ἑκάστου τηρητέον καὶ ἐτὶ τὰ <lb></lb> συναπτόμενα τούτῳ διαιρετέον, ἃ οὐκ ἀντιμαρτυρεῖται τοῖς <lb></lb> παρ' ἡμῖν γινομένοις πλεοναχῶς συντελεῖσθαι. <lb></lb> </s></p><p><s>Κόσμος ἐστὶ περιοχὴ τις οὐρανοῦ, ἄστρα τε καὶ γῆν καὶ <lb></lb> πάντα τὰ φαινόμενα περιέχουσα, ἀποτομὴν ἔχουσα ἀπὸ τοῦ <lb></lb> ἀπείρου, καὶ λή<lb></lb> γουσαν ἢ ἐν περιαγομένῳ ἢ ἐν στάσιν ἔχοντι, καὶ στρογ<lb></lb> γύλην ἢ τρίγωνον ἢ οἵαν δή ποτε περιγραφήν. πανταχῶς γὰρ <lb></lb> ἐνδέχεται· τῶν γὰρ φαινομένων οὐδὲν ἀντιμαρτυρεῖ <ἐν> τῷδε τῷ <lb></lb> κόσμῳ, ἐν ᾧ λῆγον οὐκ ἔστι καταλαβεῖν. </s><s><lb></lb> Ὅτι δὲ καὶ τοιοῦτοι <lb></lb> κόσμοι εἰσὶν ἄπειροι τὸ πλῆθος. ἔστι καταλαβεῖν. καὶ ὅτι καὶ <lb></lb> ὁ τοιοῦτος δύναται κόσμος γίνεσθαι καὶ ἐν κόσμῳ καὶ μετα<lb></lb> κοσμίῳ. ὃ λέγομεν μεταξὺ κόσμων διάστημα, ἐν πολυκένῳ <lb></lb> τόπῳ καὶ οὐκ ἐν μεγάλῳ εἰλικρινεῖ καὶ κενῷ, καθὰ <pb></pb> περ τινές <lb></lb> φασιν. ἐπιτηδείων τινῶν σπερμάτων ῥυέντων ἀφ' ἑνὸς κόσμου <lb></lb> ἢ μετακοσμίου ἢ καὶ ἀπὸ πλειόνων κατὰ μικρὸν προσθέσεις τε καὶ <lb></lb> διαρθρώσεις καὶ μεταστάσεις ποιούντων ἐπ' ἄλλον τόπον, ἐὰν <lb></lb> οὕτω τύχῃ. καὶ ἐπαρδεύσεις ἐκ τῶν ἐχόντων ἐπιτηδείως ἕως <lb></lb> τελειώσεως καὶ διαμονῆς ἐφ' ὅσον τὰ ὑποβληθέντα θεμέλια τὴν <lb></lb> προσδοχὴν δύναται ποιεῖσθαι. <lb></lb> οὐ γὰρ ἀθροισμὸν δεῖ μόνον γε<lb></lb> νέσθαι οὐδὲ δῖνον ἐν ᾧ ἐνδέχεται κόσμον γίνεσθαι κενῷ κατὰ <lb></lb> τὸ δοξαζόμενον ἐξ ἀνάγκης αὔξεσθαί τε, ἕως ἂν ἑτέρῳ προσ<lb></lb> κρούσῃ, καθά περ τῶν φυσικῶν καλουμένων φησί τις. </s><s>τοῦτο γὰρ <lb></lb> μαχόμενόν ἐστι τοῖς φαινομένοις. <lb></lb> </s></p><p><s>Ἥλιός τε καὶ σελήνη καὶ τὰ λοιπὰ ἄστρα <οὐ> καθ' ἑαυτὰ <lb></lb> γενόμενα ὕστερον ἐμπεριελαμβάνετο ὑπὸ τοῦ κόσμου <lb></lb> , ἀλλ' εὐθὺς διεπλάττετο καὶ αὔξησιν ἐλάμβανεν <lb></lb> κατὰ προσκρίσεις καὶ δινήσεις <lb></lb> λεπτομερῶν τινων φύσεων, ἤτοι <pb></pb>πνευματικῶν ἢ πυροειδῶν ἢ τὸ <lb></lb> συναμφότερον· καὶ γὰρ ταῦτα οὕτως ἡ αἴσθησις ὑποβάλλει. <lb></lb> </s></p><p><s>Τὸ δὲ μέγεθος ἡλίου τε <καὶ σελήνησ> καὶ τῶν λοιπῶν ἄστρων κατὰ μὲν τὸ <lb></lb> πρὸς ἡμᾶς τηλικοῦτόν ἐστιν ἡλίκον φαίνεται· κατὰ δὲ τὸ καθ' <lb></lb> αὑτὸ ἤτοι μεῖζον τοῦ ὁρωμένου ἢ μικρῷ ἔλαττον ἢ τηλικοῦτον <lb></lb> τυγχάfει. </s><s>οὕτω γὰρ καὶ τὰ παρ' ἡμῖν πυρὰ ἐξ ἀποστήματος <lb></lb> θεωρούμενα κατὰ τὴν αἴσθησιν θεωρεῖται. </s><s>καὶ πᾶν δὲ τὸ εἰς <lb></lb> τοῦτο τὸ μέρος ἔνστημα ῥᾳδίως διαλυθήσεται, ἐάν τις τοῖς ἐναρ<lb></lb> γήμασι προσέχῃ, ὅ περ ἐν τοῖς περὶ φύσεως βιβλίοις δείκνυμεν. </s><s><lb></lb> Ἀνατολὰς καὶ δύσεις ἡλίου καὶ σελήνης καὶ τῶν λοιπῶν ἄστρων <lb></lb> καὶ κατὰ ἄναψιν <τε> γένεσθαι δύνατὸν καὶ σβέσιν, τοιαύτης <lb></lb> οὔσης περιστάσεως ὥστε τὰ <lb></lb> προειρημένα ἀποτελεῖσθαι· οὐδὲν γὰρ τῶν φαινομένων ἀντιμαρτυρεῖ· <καὶ> κατ' <pb></pb>ἐκφάνειάν τε ὑπὲρ γῆς καὶ πάλιν ἐπιπροσθέ<lb></lb> τησιν τὸ προειρημένον δύναιτ' ἂν συντελεῖσθαι· οὐδὲ γάρ τι <lb></lb> τῶν φαινομένων ἀντιμαρτυρεῖ. </s><s>Τάς τε κινήσεις αὐτῶν οὐκ ἀδύ<lb></lb> νατον μὲν γίνεσθαι κατὰ τὴν τοῦ ὅλου οὐρανοῦ δίνην, ἢ τούτου <lb></lb> μὲν στάσιν, αὐτῶν δὲ δίνην κατὰ τὴν ἐξ ἀρχῆς ἐν τῇ γενέσει <lb></lb> τοῦ κόσμου ἀνάγκην ἀπογεννηθεῖσαν ἐπ' ἀνατολῇ· *́ *́ *́<lb></lb> <σφοδρο>τάτῃ <lb></lb> θερμασίᾳ κατά τινα ἐπινέμησιν τοῦ πυρὸς ἀεὶ ἐπὶ τοὺς ἑξῆς <lb></lb> τόπους ἰόντος. </s><s>Τροπὰς ἡλίου καὶ σελήνης ἐνδέχεται μὲν γί<lb></lb> νεσθαι κατὰ λόξωσιν οὐρανοῦ οὕτω τοῖς χρόνοις κατηναγκα<lb></lb> σμένου· ὁμοίως δὲ καὶ κατὰ ἀέρος ἀντέξωσιν ἢ καὶ ὕλης ἀεὶ <lb></lb> ἐπιτηδείας ἐχομένοις ἐμπιπραμένης. τῆς δὲ ἐκλειπούσης, ᾒ <lb></lb> καὶ ἐξ ἀρχῆς τοιαύτην δίνην κατειληθῆναι τοῖς ἄστροις τού<lb></lb> τοις, ὥσθ' οἷόν τιν' ἕλικα κινεῖσθαι. πάντα γὰρ τὰ τοιαῦτα καὶ <lb></lb> τὰ τούτοις συγγενῆ οὐθενὶ τῶν ἐναργημάτων διαφωνεῖ, ἐάν τις <lb></lb> ἀεὶ ἐπὶ τῶν τοιούτων μερῶν ἐχόμενος τοῦ δυνατοῦ εἰς τὸ σύμ<lb></lb> φωνον τοῖς φαινομένοις ἕκαστον τούτων δύνηται ἐπάγειν, μὴ <lb></lb> φοβούμενος τὰς ἀνδραποδώδεις ἀστρολόγων τεχνιτείας. <lb></lb> </s></p><p><s>Κενώσεις τε σελήνης καὶ πάλιν πληρώσεις καὶ κατὰ <pb></pb>στροφὴν <lb></lb> τοῦ σώματος τούτου δύναιντ' ἂν γίνεσθαι καὶ κατὰ σχηματι<lb></lb> σμοὺς ἀέρος ὁμοίως, ἔτι τε καὶ κατ' ἐπιπροσθετήσεις καὶ κατὰ <lb></lb> πάντας τρόπους, καθ' οὓς καὶ τὰ παρ' ἡμῖν φαινόμενα ἐκκα<lb></lb> λεῖται εἰς τὰς τούτου τοῦ εἴδους ἀποδόσεις, ἐὰν μή τις τὸν <lb></lb> μοναχῇ τρόπον κατηγαπηκὼς τοὺς ἄλλους κενῶς ἀποδοκιμάζῃ, <lb></lb> οὐ τεθεωρηκὼς τί δυνατὸν ἀνθρώπῳ θεωρῆσαι καὶ τί ἀδύνατον, <lb></lb> καὶ διὰ τοῦτο ἀδύνατα θεωρεῖν ἐπιθυμῶν. </s><s>Ἔτι τε ἐνδέχεται <lb></lb> τὴν σελήνην ἐξ ἑαυτῆς ἔχειν τὸ φῶς, ἐνδέχεται δὲ ἀπὸ <lb></lb> τοῦ ἡλίου. </s><s><lb></lb> καὶ γὰρ παρ' ἡμῖν θεωρεῖται πολλὰ μὲν ἐξ ἑαυτῶν <lb></lb> ἔχοντα, πολλὰ δὲ ἀφ' ἑτέρων. καὶ οὐθὲν ἐμποδοστατεῖ τῶν ἐν <lb></lb> τοῖς μετεώροις φαινομένων, ἐάν τις τοῦ πλεοναχοῦ τρόπου ἀεὶ <lb></lb> μνήμην ἔχῃ καὶ τὰς ἀκολούθους αὐτοῖς ὑποθέσεις ἅμα καὶ αἰ<lb></lb> τίας συνθεωρῇ καὶ μὴ ἀναβλέπων εἰς τὰ ἀνακόλουθα ταῦτ' <lb></lb> ὀγκοῖ ματαίως καὶ καταρρέπῃ ἄλλοτε ἄλλως ἐπὶ τὸν μοναχὸν <lb></lb> τρόπον. </s><s>Ἡ δὲ ἔμφασις τοῦ προσώπου ἐν αὐτῇ δύναται μὲν γί<lb></lb> νεσθαι καὶ κατὰ παραλλαγὴν μερῶν καὶ κατ' ἐπιπροσθέτησιν, <lb></lb> καὶ ὅσοι ποτ' ἂν τρόποι θεωροῖντο τὸ σύμφωνον τοῖς φαινομέ<lb></lb> νοις κεκτημένοι. <lb></lb> ἐπὶ πάντων γὰρ τῶν μετεώρων τὴν τοιαύτην <pb></pb> ἴχνευσιν οὐ προετέον. </s><s>ἢν γάρ τις ᾖ μαχόμενος τοῖς ἐναργήμασιν, <lb></lb> οὐδέποτε μὴ δυνήσεται ἀταραξίας γνησίου μεταλαβεῖν. <lb></lb> </s></p><p><s>Ἔκλειψις ἡλίου καὶ σελήνης δύναται μὲν γίνεσθαι καὶ κατὰ <lb></lb> σβέσιν, καθάπερ καὶ παρὰ ἡμῖν τοῦτο θεωρεῖται γινόμενον· καὶ <lb></lb> ἤδη κατ' ἐπιπροσθέτησιν ἄλλων τινῶν, ἢ γῆς ἢ οὐρανοῦ ἤ <lb></lb> τινος ἑτέρου τοιούτου. </s><s>καὶ ὧδε τοὺς οἰκείους ἀλλήλοις τρό<lb></lb> πους συνθεωρητέον, καὶ τὰς ἅμα συγκυρήσεις τινῶν ὅτι οὐκ ἀδύ<lb></lb> νατον γίνεσθαι. </s><s> Ἔτι τε <lb></lb> τάξις περιόδου, καθά περ ἔνια καὶ παρ' ἡμῖν τῶν τυχόντων γί<lb></lb> νεται, λαμβανέσθω· καὶ ἡ θεία φύσις πρὸς ταῦτα μηδαμῇ προ<lb></lb> σαγέσθω, ἀλλ' ἀλειτούργητος διατηρείσθω καὶ ἐν τῇ πάσῃ μα<lb></lb> καριότητι. </s><s>ὡς εἰ τοῦτο μὴ πραχθήσεται, ἅπασα ἡ τῶν μετεώρων <lb></lb> αἰτιολογία ματαία ἔσται, καθά περ τισὶν ἤδη ἐγένετο οὐ δυνατοῦ <lb></lb> τρόπου ἐφαψαμένοις, εἰς <pb></pb>δὲ τὸ μάταιον ἐκπεσοῦσι τῷ καθ' ἕνα <lb></lb> τρόπον μόνον οἴεσθαι γίνεσθαι, τοὺς δ' ἄλλους πάντας τοὺς κατὰ <lb></lb> τὸ ἐνδεχόμενον ἐκβάλλειν εἴς τε τὸ ἀδιανόητον φερομένους καὶ <lb></lb> τὰ φαινόμενα, ἃ δεῖ σημεῖα ἀποδέχεσθαι, μὴ δυναμένους συν<lb></lb> θεωρεῖν. <lb></lb> </s></p><p><s>Μήκη νυκτῶν καὶ ἡμερῶν παραλλάττοντα καὶ παρὰ τὸ τα<lb></lb> χείας ἡλίου κινήσεις γίνεσθαι καὶ πάλιν βραδείας ὑπὲρ γῆς, <lb></lb> ὡς καὶ παρὰ ἡμῖν τινα θεω<lb></lb> ρεῖται, οἷς συμφώνως δεῖ λέγειν ἐπὶ τῶν μετεώρων. </s><s>οἱ δὲ τὸ <lb></lb> ἓν λαμβάνοντες τοῖς τε φαινομένοις μάχονται καὶ τοῦ ᾗ δυνατὸν <lb></lb> ἀνθρώπῳ θεωρῆσαι διαπεπτώκασιν. <lb></lb> </s></p><p><s>Ἐπισημασίαι δύνανται γίνεσθαι καὶ κατὰ συγκυρήσεις και<lb></lb> ρῶν, καθά περ ἐν τοῖς ἐμφανέσι παρ' ἡμῖν ζῷοις, καὶ παρ' ἑτε<lb></lb> ροιώσεις ἀέρος καὶ μεταβολάς. ἀμφότερα γὰρ ταῦ<pb></pb>τα οὐ μάχεται <lb></lb> τοῖς φαινομένοις· <lb></lb> ἐπὶ δὲ ποίοις παρὰ τοῦτο ἢ τοῦτο τὸ αἴτιον <lb></lb> γίνεται, οὐκ ἔστι συνιδεῖν. <lb></lb> </s></p><p><s>Νέφη δύναται γίνεσθαι καὶ συνίστασθαι καὶ παρὰ πιλήσεις <lb></lb> ἀέρος καὶ παρὰ περιπλοκὰς ἀλληλούχων <lb></lb> ἀτόμων καὶ ἐπιτηδείων εἰς τὸ τοῦτο τελέσαι καὶ κατὰ ῥευμά<lb></lb> των συλλογὴν ἀπό τε γῆς καὶ ὑδάτων· καὶ κατ' ἄλλους δὲ τρό<lb></lb> πους πλείους αἱ τῶν τοιούτων συστάσεις οὐκ ἀδυνατοῦσι συν<lb></lb> τελεῖσθαι. </s><s>Ἤδη δ' ἀπ' αὐτῶν ᾗ μὲν θλιβομένων, ᾗ δὲ μεταβαλ<lb></lb> λόντων ὕδατα δύναται συντελεῖσθαι, <lb></lb> ἔτι τε πνευμάτων κατα<lb></lb>φορᾷ ἀπὸ ἐπιτηδείων τόπων δι' ἀέρος κινουμένου, <lb></lb> βιαιοτέρας ἐπαρδεύσεως γινομένης ἀπό τινων ἀθροισμάτων ἐπι<lb></lb> τηδείων εἰς τὰς τοιαύτας ἐπιπέμψεις. <lb></lb> </s></p><p><s>Βροντὰς ἐνδέχεται γίνεσθαι καὶ κατὰ πνεύματος ἐν τοῖς <lb></lb> κοιλώμασι τῶν νεφῶν ἀνείλησιν. καθά περ ἐν τοῖς ἡμετέροις ἀγ<lb></lb> γείοις, καὶ παρὰ πυρὸς πεπνευματωμένου βόμβον ἐν αὐτοῖς, καὶ <lb></lb> κατὰ ῥήξεις δὲ νεφῶν καὶ διαστά<pb></pb>σεις, καὶ κατὰ παρατρίψεις <lb></lb> νεφῶν καὶ τάσεις πῆξιν εἰληφότων κρυσταλλοειδῆ· καὶ τὸ <lb></lb> ὅλον καὶ τοῦτο τὸ μέρος πλεοναχῶς γίνεσθαι λέγειν ἐκκαλεῖται <lb></lb> τὰ φαινόμενα. </s><s><lb></lb> Καὶ ἀστραπαὶ δ' ὡσαύτως γίνονται κατὰ πλείους <lb></lb> τρόπους· καὶ γὰρ κατὰ παράτριψιν καὶ σύγκρουσιν νεφῶν ὁ <lb></lb> πυρὸς ἀποτελεστικὸς σχηματισμὸς ἐξολισθαίνων ἀστραπὴν γεν<lb></lb> νᾷ. </s><s>καὶ κατ' ἐκριπισμὸν ἐκ τῶν νεφῶν ὑπὸ πνευμάτων τῶν τοιού<lb></lb> των σωμάτων ἃ τὴν λαμπηδόνα ταύτην παρασκευάζει· καὶ κατ' <lb></lb> ἐκπιασμόν. θλίψεως τῶν νεφῶν γινομένης εἴθ' ὑπ' ἀλλήλων εἴ θ' <lb></lb> ὑπὸ πνευμάτων· καὶ κατ' ἐμπερίληψιν δὲ τοῦ ἀπὸ τῶν ἄστρων <lb></lb> κατεσπαρμένου φωτός, εἶτα συνελαυνομένου ὑπὸ τῆς κινήσεως <lb></lb> νεφῶν τε καὶ πνευμάτων καὶ διεκπίπτοντος διὰ τῶν νεφῶν· ἢ <lb></lb> κατὰ διήθησιν <διὰ> τῶν νεφῶν τοῦ λεπτομερεστάτου φωτός· <lb></lb> καὶ τὴν τούτου κίνησιν. </s><s>καὶ κατὰ τὴν τοῦ πνεύματος <lb></lb> ἐκπύρωσιν τὴν γινομένην διά τε συντονίαν φορᾶς καὶ διὰ <pb></pb>σφοδρὰν <lb></lb> κατείλησιν· <lb></lb> καὶ κατὰ ῥήξεις δὲ νεφῶν ὑπὸ πνευμάτων ἔκπτω<lb></lb> σίν τε πυρὸς ἀποτελεστικῶν ἀτόμων καὶ τὸ τῆς ἀστραπῆς φάν<lb></lb> τασμα ἀποτελουσῶν· καὶ κατ' ἄλλους δὲ πλείους τρόπους ῥᾳδίως <lb></lb> ἔσται καθορᾶν ἐχόμενον ἀεὶ τῶν φαινομένων καὶ τὸ τούτοις <lb></lb> ὅμοιον δυνάμενον συνθεωρεῖν. </s><s>Προτερεῖ δὲ ἀστραπὴ βροντῆς ἐν <lb></lb> τοιᾷδέ τινι περιστάσει νεφῶν καὶ διὰ τὸ ἅμα τῷ τὸ πνεῦμα <lb></lb> ἐμπίπτειν ἐξωθεῖσθαι τὸν ἀστραπῆς ἀποτελεστικὸν σχηματι<lb></lb> σμόν, ὕστερον δὲ τὸ πνεῦμα ἀνειλούμενον τὸν βόμβον ἀποτελεῖν <lb></lb> τοῦτον· καὶ κατ' ἔμπτωσιν δὲ ἀμφοτέρων ἅμα, τῷ τάχει συντο- <lb></lb> νωτέρῳ κεχρῆσθαι πρὸς ἡμᾶς τὴν ἀστραπήν. <lb></lb> ὑστερεῖν δὲ τὴν <lb></lb> βροντήν, καθά περ ἐπ' ἐνίων ἐξ ἀποστήματος θεωρουμένων καὶ <lb></lb> πληγάς τινας ποιουμένων. <lb></lb> </s></p><p><s>Κεραυνὸς ἐνδέχεται γίνεσθαι καὶ κατὰ πλείονας πνευμάτων <lb></lb> συλλογὰς καὶ κατείλησιν ἰσχυράν τε ἐκπύρωσιν' καὶ κατάρηξιν <lb></lb> μέρους καὶ ἔκπτωσιν ἰσχυροτέραν αὐτοῦ ἐπὶ τοὺς κάτω τόπους, <lb></lb> τῆς ῥήξεως γινομένης διὰ τὸ τοὺς ἑξῆς τόπους πυκνοτέρους <lb></lb> εἶναι διὰ πίλησιν νεφῶν· καὶ κατ' αὐτὴν δὲ τὴν τοῦ πυρὸς ἔκ<lb></lb> πτωσιν ἀνειλουμένου, καθὰ καὶ βροντὴν ἐνδέχεται γίνεσθαι, <lb></lb> πλείονος γενομένου καὶ <pb></pb>πνευματωθέντος ἰσχυρότερον καὶ ῥή<lb></lb> ξαντος τὸ νέφος διὰ τὸ μὴ δύνασθαι ὑποχωρεῖν εἰς τὰ ἑξῆς, <lb></lb> τῷ πίλησιν γίνεσθαι ἀεὶ πρὸς ἄλληλα. </s><s><lb></lb> καὶ κατ' <lb></lb> ἄλλους δὲ τρόπους πλείονας ἐνδέχεται κεραυνὸς ἀποτελεῖσθαι· <lb></lb> μόνον ὁ μῦθος ἀπέστω· ἀπέσται δέ, ἐάν τις καλῶς τοῖς φαινο<lb></lb> μένοις ἀκολουθῶν περὶ τῶν ἀφανῶν σημειῶται. <lb></lb> </s></p><p><s>Πρηστῆρας ἐνδέχεται γινεσθαι καὶ κατὰ κάθεσιν νέφους εἰς <lb></lb> τοὺς κάτω τόπους στυλοειδῶς ὑπὸ πνεύματος ἀθρόου ὠσθέντος <lb></lb> καὶ διὰ τοῦ πνεύματος κύκλῳ φερομένου, ἅμα καὶ τὸ νέφος <lb></lb> εἰς τὸ πλάγιον ὠθοῦντος τοῦ ἐκτὸς πνεύματος· καὶ κατὰ περί<lb></lb> στασιν δὲ πνεύματος εἰς κύκλον. ἀέρος τινὸς ἐπισυνωθουμένου <lb></lb> ἄνωθεν· καὶ ῥύσεως πολλῆς πνευμάτων γινομένης καὶ οὐ δυ<lb></lb> ναμένης εἰς τὰ πλάγια διαρρυῆναι διὰ τὴν πέριξ τοῦ ἀέρος <lb></lb> πίλησιν. </s><s><lb></lb> καὶ ἕως μὲν γῆς τοῦ πρηστῆρος καθιεμένου στρό<lb></lb> βιλοι γίνονται ἕως δὲ θαλάττης δῖνοι ἀποτελοῦνται. <lb></lb> </s></p><p><s>Σεισμοὺς ἐνδέχεται γίνεσθαι καὶ κατὰ πνεύματος ἐν <pb></pb>τῇ γῇ <lb></lb> ἀπόληψιν καὶ παρὰ μικροὺς ὄγκους αὐτῆς παράθεσιν καὶ συ<lb></lb> νεχῆ κίνησιν, ὃ τὴν κράδανσιν τῇ γῇ παρασκευάζει. </s><s>καὶ τὸ πνεῦ<lb></lb> μα τοῦτο ἢ ἔξωθεν ἐμπεριλαμβάνει <ἢ> ἐκ τοῦ πίπτειν [εἰσ] <lb></lb> ἐδάφη εἰς ἀντροειδεῖς τόπους τῆς γῆς ἐκπνευματοῦντα τὸν ἐπε<lb></lb> ιλημμένον ἀέρα· <καὶ> κατ' αὐτὴν δὲ τὴν διάδοσιν τῆς κινήσεως <lb></lb> ἐκ τῶν πτώσεων ἐδαφῶν πολλῶν καὶ πάλιν ἀνταπόδοσιν. ὅταν <lb></lb> πυκνώμασι σφοδροτέροις τῆς γῆς ἀπαντήσῃ, ἐνδέχεται σεισμοὺς <lb></lb> ἀποτελεῖσθαι. </s><s><lb></lb> καὶ κατ' ἄλλους δὲ πλείους τρόπους τὰς κινήσεις <lb></lb> ταύτας τῆς γῆς γίνεσθαι. <lb></lb> </s></p><p><s>Τὰ δὲ πνεύματα συμβαίνει γίνεσθαι κατὰ χρόνον ἀλλοφυ<lb></lb> λίας τινὸς ἀεὶ καὶ κατὰ μικρὸν παρεισδυομένης. καὶ καθ' ὕδατος <lb></lb> ἀφθόνου συλλογήν. </s><s>τὸ δὲ λοιπὰ πνεύματα γίνεται καὶ ὀλίγων <lb></lb> πεσόντων εἰς τὰ πολλὰ κοιλώματα, διαδόσεως τούτων γινομένης. <lb></lb> </s></p><p><s>Χάλαζα συντελεῖται καὶ κατὰ πῆξιν ἰσχυροτέραν, πάντοθεν <lb></lb> δὲ πνευματωδῶν περίστασίν τινων κᾴτα μέρισιν· <pb></pb>καὶ <κατὰ> τῆξιν <lb></lb> μετριωτέραν ὑδατοειδῶν τινων, <πνευματωδῶν δὲ τινων> ὁμούῥηξιν ἅμα τήν τε σύνωσιν <lb></lb> αὐτῶν ποιουμένην καὶ τὴν διάρρηξιν πρὸς τὸ κατὰ μέρη συν<lb></lb> ίστασθαι πηγνύμενα καὶ κατὰ ἀθρότητα· <lb></lb> ἡ δὲ περιφέρεια οὐκ <lb></lb> ἀδυνάτως μὲν ἔχει γίνεσθαι πάντοθεν τῶν ἄκρων ἀποτηκομένων <lb></lb> καὶ ἐν τῇ συστάσει πάντοθεν, ὡς λέγεται, κατὰ μέρη ὁμαλῶς <lb></lb> περιισταμένων εἴτε ὑδατοποιῶν τινων εἴτε πνευματοδῶν. <lb></lb> </s></p><p><s>Χιόνα δὲ ἐνδέχεται συντελεῖσθαι καὶ ὕδατος λεπτοῦ ἐκχεο<lb></lb> μένου ἐκ τῶν νεφῶν διὰ πόρων συμμετρίας καὶ θλίψεως ἐπιτη<lb></lb> δείων νεφῶν ὑπὸ πνεύματος σφοδρᾶς, εἶτα τούτου πῆξιν <lb></lb> ἐν τῇ φορᾷ λαμβάνοντος διά τινα ἰσχυρὰν ἐν τοῖς κατώτερον <lb></lb> τόποις τῶν νεφῶν ψυχρασίας περίστασιν. καὶ κατὰ πῆξιν δ' ἐν <lb></lb> τοῖς νέφεσιν ὁμαλῆ ἀραιότητα ἔχουσιν τοιαύτη πρόεσις ἐκ τῶν <lb></lb> νεφῶν γίνοιτο ἄν πρὸς ἄλληλα θλιβομένων <τῶν> ὑδατοειδῶν καὶ <lb></lb> συμπαρακειμένων· ἃ οἱονεὶ σύνωσιν ποιούμενα χάλαζαν ἀπο<lb></lb> τελεῖ, ὃ μάλιστα γίνεται ἐν τῷ ἔαρι. <lb></lb> καὶ κατὰ τρῖψιν δὲ νεφῶν <pb></pb> πῆξιν εἰληφότων ἀπόπαλσιν ἂν λαμβάνοι τὸ τῆς χιόνος τοῦτο <lb></lb> ἄθροισμα. </s><s>καὶ κατ' ἄλλους δὲ τρόπους ἐνδέχεται χιόνα συν<lb></lb> τελεῖσθαι. <lb></lb> </s></p><p><s>Δρόσος συντελεῖται καὶ κατὰ σύνοδον πρὸς ἄλληλα ἐκ τοῦ <lb></lb> ἀέρος τῶν τοιούτων, ἃ τῆς τοιαύτης ὑγρασίας ἀποτελεστικὰ γί<lb></lb> νεται· καὶ κατὰ φορὰν δὲ ἢ ἀπὸ νοτερῶν τόπων ἢ ὕδατα κεκτη<lb></lb> μένων, ἐν οἷς τόποις μάλιστα δρόσος συντελεῖται, εἶτα σύνοδον <lb></lb> τούτων εἰς τὸ αὐτὸ λαβόντων καὶ ἀποτέλεσιν ὑγρασίας καὶ πά<lb></lb> λιν φορὰν ἐπὶ τοὺς κάτω τόπους, καθά περ ὁμοίως καὶ παρ' <lb></lb> ἡμῖν ἐπὶ πλειόνων τοιαῦτά τινα <συν<lb></lb>τελούμενα θεορεῖται. Καὶ πάχνη δὲ οὐ διαφερόντωσ> συντελεῖται </s><s> <lb></lb>τῶν δρόσων, τοιούτων τινῶν πῆξίν τινα ποιὰν λαβόντων διὰ <lb></lb> περίστασίν τινα ἀέρος ψυχροῦ. <lb></lb> </s></p><p><s>Κρύσταλλος συντελεῖται καὶ κατ' ἔκθλιψιν μὲν τοῦ περι<lb></lb> φεροῦς σχηματισμοῦ ἐκ τοῦ ὕδατος, σύνωσιν δὲ τῶν σκαληνῶν <lb></lb> καὶ ὀξυγωνίων τῶν ἐν τῇ ὕδατι ὑπαρχόντων· καὶ κατὰ ἔξωθεν <lb></lb> δὲ τῶν τοιούτων πρόσκρισιν, ἃ συνελασθέντα πῆξιν τῷ ὕδατι <lb></lb> παρεσκεύασε, ποσὰ τῶν περιφερῶν ἐκθλίψαντα. <pb></pb> </s></p><p><s>Ἶρις γίνεται κατὰ πρόσλαμψιν τοῦ ἡλίου πρὸς ἀέρα <lb></lb> ὑδατοειδῆ· ἢ κατὰ κπᾶσιν ἰδίαν τοῦ τε φωτὸς καὶ τοῦ ἀέρος, <lb></lb> ἣ τὰ τῶν χρωμάτων τούτων ἰδιώματα ποιήσει εἴ τε πάντα εἴ τε <lb></lb> μονοειδῶς, ἀφ' οὗ πάλιν ἀπολάμποντος τὰ ὁμοροῦντα τοῦ ἀέρος <lb></lb> χρῶσιν ταύτην λήψεται, οἵαν θεωροῦμεν, κατὰ πρόσλαμψιν πρὸς <lb></lb> τὰ μέρη. </s><s><lb></lb> Τὸ δὲ τῆς περιφερείας τοῦτο φάντασμα γίνεται διὰ <lb></lb> τὸ τὸ διάστημα πάντοθεν ἴσον ὑπὸ τῆς ὄψεως θεωρεῖσθαι, ἢ <lb></lb> σύνωσιν τοιαύτην λαμβανουσῶν τῶν ἐν τῷ ἀέρι ἀτόμων ἢ ἐν <lb></lb> τοῖς νέφεσιν ἀπὸ τοῦ ἡλίου <lb></lb> ἀποφερομένων περιφέρειάν τινα καθίεσθαι <lb></lb> τὴν σύγκρισιν ταύτην. <lb></lb> </s></p><p><s>Ἄλως περὶ τὴν σελήνην γίνεται καὶ πάντοθεν ἀέρος <lb></lb> προσφερομένου πρὸς τὴν σελήνην ἢ τὰ ἀπ' αὐτῆς ῥεύματα ἀπο<lb></lb> φερόμενα ὁμαλῶς ἀναστέλλοντος ἐπὶ τοσοῦτον ἐφ' ὅσον κύκλῳ <lb></lb> περιστῆσαι εἰς τὸ νεφοειδὲς τοῦτο καὶ μὴ τὸ παράπαν διακρῖναι, <lb></lb> ἢ καὶ τὸν πέριξ αὐτῆς ἀέρα ἀναστέλλοντος συμμέτρως πάντο<lb></lb> θεν εἰς τὸ περιφερὲς τὸ περὶ αὐτὴν καὶ παχυμερὲς περιστῆσαι. </s><s><lb></lb> ὅ γίνεται κατὰ <pb></pb>μέρη τινὰ ἤτοι ἔξωθεν βιασαμένου τινὸς ῥεύ<lb></lb> ματος ἢ τῆς θερμασίας ἐπιτηδείων πόρων ἐπιλαμβανομένης εἰς <lb></lb> τὸ τοῦτο ἀπεργάσασθαι. <lb></lb> </s></p><p><s>Κομῆται ἀστέρες γίνονται ἤτοι πυρὸς ἐν τόποις τισὶ διὰ <lb></lb> χρόνων τινῶν ἐν τοῖς μετεώροις συντρεφομένου περιστάσεως <lb></lb> γινομένης, ἢ ἰδίαν τινὰ κίνησιν διὰ χρόνων τοῦ οὐρανοῦ ἴσχον<lb></lb> τος ὑπὲρ ἡμᾶς, ὥστε τὰ τοιαῦτα ἄστρα ἀναφανῆναι, [ἢ αὐτὰ ἐν <lb></lb> χρόνοις τισὶν ὁρμῆσαι διά τινα περίστασιν καὶ εἰς τοὺς καθ' <lb></lb> ἡμᾶς τόπους ἐλθεῖν καὶ ἐκφανῆ γενέσθαι. </s><s>τήν τε ἀφάνισιν τού<lb></lb> των γίνεσθαι παρὰ τὰς ἀντικειμένας ταύταις αἰτίας.] <lb></lb> </s></p><p><s>Τινὰ ἄστρα στρέφεται αὐτοῦ συμβαίνει οὐ μόνον τῷ τὸ <lb></lb> μέρος τοῦτο τοῦ κόσμου ἑστάναι, περὶ ὃ τὸ λοιπὸν στρέφεται, <lb></lb> καθά περ τινές φασιν, ἀλλὰ καὶ τῷ δίνην ἀέρος ἔγκυκλον αὐ<lb></lb> τῷ περιεστάναι, ἣ κωλυτικὴ γίνεται τοῦ περιπολεῖν ὡς καὶ τὰ <lb></lb> ἄλλα· </s><s>ἢ καὶ διὰ τὸ ἑξῆς μὲν αὐτοῖς ὕλην ἐπιτηδείαν μὴ εἶναι, <lb></lb> ἐν δὲ τοῦτῳ τῷ τόπῳ ἐν ᾧ κείμενα θεωρεῖται· καὶ κατ' ἄλλους <lb></lb> δὲ πλείονας τρόπους τοῦτο δυνατὸν συντελεῖσθαι, ἐάν τις δύ<lb></lb> νηται τὸ σύμφωνον τοῖς φαινομένοις συλλογίζεσθαι. <pb></pb> </s></p><p><s>Τινὰ τῶν ἄστρων πλανᾶσθαι, εἰ οὕτω ταῖς κινήσεσι χρώμε<lb></lb> να συμβαίνει, τινὰ δ' ὁμαλῶς κινεῖσθαι <lb></lb> ἐνδέχεται μὲν καὶ παρὰ <lb></lb> τὸ κύκλῳ κινούμενα ἐξ ἀρχῆς οὕτω κατηναγκάσθαι, ὥστε τὰ <lb></lb> μὲν κατὰ τὴν αὐτὴν δίνην φέρεσθαι ὁμαλὴν οὖσαν, τὰ δὲ κατὰ <lb></lb> τινα δίνησιν ἀνομαλίαις χρωμένην· ἐνδέχεται δὲ καὶ καθ' οὓς <lb></lb> τόπους φέρεται οὗ μὲν παρεκτάσεις ἀέρος εἶναι ὁμαλεῖς ἐπὶ τὸ <lb></lb> αὐτὸ συνωθούσας κατὰ τὸ ἑξῆς ὁμαλῶς τε ἐκκαούσας, οὗ δὲ <lb></lb> ἀνωμαλεῖς οὕτως ὥστε τὰς θεωρουμένας παραλλαγὰς συντε<lb></lb> λεῖσθαι. </s><s>τὸ δὲ μίαν αἰτίαν τούτων ἀποδιδόναι, πλεοναχῶς τῶν <lb></lb> φαινομένων ἐκκαλουμένων, μανικὸν καὶ οὐ καθηκόντως πρατ<lb></lb> τόμενον ὑπὸ τῶν τὴν ματαίαν ἀστρολογίαν ἐζηλωκότων καὶ <lb></lb> εἰς τὸ κενὸν αἰτίας ἄστρων ἀποδιδόντων, ὅταν τὴν θείαν φύσιν <lb></lb> μηθαμῇ λειτουργιῶν ἀπολύωσι. <lb></lb> </s></p><p><s>Τινὰ ἄστρα ὑπολειπόμενά τινων θεωρεῖσθαι συμβαίνει καὶ <lb></lb> παρὰ τὸ βραδύτερον συμπεριφέρεσθαι τὸν αὐτὸν κύκλον πε<lb></lb> ριιόντα, καὶ παρὰ τὸ τὴν ἐναντίαν κινεῖσθαι ἀντισπώμενα ὑπὸ <lb></lb> τῆς αὐτῆς δίνης· καὶ παρὰ τὸ περιφέρεσθαι τὰ μὲν διὰ πλείονος <lb></lb> τόπου, τὰ δὲ δι' ἐλάττονος, τὴν αὐτὴν δῖνην περικυκλοῦντα. </s><s><lb></lb> τὸ δὲ ἁπλῶς ἀποφαίνεσθαι περὶ τούτων καθῆκόν ἐστι τοῖς τε<lb></lb> ρατεύεσθαί τι πρὸς τοὺς πολλοὺς βουλομένοις. <pb></pb> </s></p><p><s>Οἱ λεγόμενοι ἀστέρες ἐκπίπτειν καὶ παρὰ μέρος κατὰ παρὰ<lb></lb> τρῖψιν νεφῶν δύνανται συντελεῖσθαι καὶ πυρὸς ἔκπτωσιν οὗ ἂν <lb></lb> ἡ ἐκπνευμάτωσις γένηται, καθά περ καὶ ἐπὶ τῶν ἀστραπῶν ἐλέ<lb></lb> γομεν· <lb></lb> καὶ κατὰ σύνοδον δὲ ἀτόμων πυρὸς ἀποτελεστικῶν <lb></lb> συμφυλίας γενομένης εἰς τὸ τοῦτο τελέσαι, καὶ κίνησιν <lb></lb> οὗ ἂν ἡ ὁρμὴ ἐξ ἀρχῆς κατὰ τὴν σύνοδον γένηται· καὶ κατὰ <lb></lb> πνευμάτος δὲ συλλογὴν ἐν πυκνώμασί τισιν ὀμιχλοειδέσι <lb></lb> καὶ ἐκπύρωσιν τούτου διὰ τὴν κατείλησιν, εἶτ' ἐπέκρηξιν <lb></lb> τῶν περιεχόντων, καὶ ἐφ' ὃν ἂν τόπον ἡ ὁρμὴ γένηται τῆς φορᾶς, <lb></lb> εἰς τοῦτον φερομένων. </s><s>καὶ ἄλλοι δὲ τρόποι εἰς τὸ τοῦτο τελέσαι <lb></lb> ἀμύθητοί εἰσιν. <lb></lb> </s></p><p><s>Αἱ δ' ἐπισημασίαι αἱ γινόμεναι ἐπί τισι ζῴοις κατὰ συγκύ<lb></lb> ρημα γίνονται τοῦ καιροῦ. </s><s>οὐ γὰρ τὰ ζῷα ἀνάγκην τινὰ προσφέ<lb></lb> ρεται τοῦ ἀποτελεσθῆναι χειμῶνα, οὐδὲ κάθηταί τις θεία φύσις <lb></lb> παρατηροῦσα τὰς τῶν ζῴων τούτων ἐξόδους κἄπειτα τὰς ἐπι<lb></lb> σημασίας ταύτας ἐπιτελεῖ. </s><s><lb></lb> οὐδὲ γὰρ εἰς τὸ τυχὸν ζῷον <lb></lb> κἂν <εἰ> μικρὸν χαριέστερον εἴη, τοιαύτη μωρία ἐκπέσοι, μὴ ὅτι εἰς <lb></lb> παντελῆ εὐδαιμονίαν κεκτημένον. <pb></pb> </s></p><p><s>Ταῦτα δὲ πάντα, Πυθόκλεις, μνημόνευσον· κατὰ πολύ τε <lb></lb> γὰρ τοῦ μύθου ἐκβήσῃ καὶ τὰ ὁμογενῆ τούτοις συνορᾶν δυνήσῃ. <lb></lb> μάλιστα δὲ σεαυτὸν ἀπόδος εἰς τὴν τῶν ἀρχῶν καὶ ἀπειρίας <lb></lb> καὶ τῶν συγγενῶν τούτοις θεωρίαν, ἔτι δὲ κριτηρίων καὶ παθῶν, <lb></lb> καὶ οὗ ἕνεκεν ταῦτα ἐκλογιζόμεθα. </s><s>ταῦτα γὰρ μάλιστα συν<lb></lb> θεωρούμενα ῥᾳδίως τὰς περὶ τῶν κατὰ μέρος αἰτίας συνορᾶν <lb></lb> ποιήσει. </s><s>οἱ δὲ ταῦτα μὴ καταγαπήσαντες ᾗ μάλιστα οὔτε <ἂν> <lb></lb> αὐτὰ ταῦτα καλῶς συνθεωρήσαιεν οὔτε οὗ ἕνεκεν δεῖ θεωρεῖν <lb></lb> ταῦτα περιεποιήσαντο. <lb></lb> </s></p></chap></body><back></back></text></archimedes>