Latin: Alpetragius; flourished Andalusia (Spain), 1185–1192; Biṭrūjī’s only extant work bears the title Kitāb [murta`ish] fī al-hay’a (A [revolutionary] book on cosmology), which is extant in two Arabic manuscripts, the Latin translation of Michael Scot, the Hebrew translation of Mosheh ben Tibbon, and the Latin by Calo Calonymos (1286–circa 1328) from the Hebrew. A modern English translation and commentary can be found in Goldstein (1971). Biṭrūjī's book is the final result of the efforts made by Andalusian Aristotelian philosophers of the twelfth century (Ibn Bājja, Ibn Ṭufayl, Ibn Rushd, and Maimonides) to overcome the physical difficulties inherent in the geometrical models of Ptolemy’s Almagest and to describe the cosmos in agreement with Aristotelian or Neoplatonic physics. [BEA, Samsó]