NATURAL
HISTORY.
_Century VIII._
THere be _Minerals_ and _Fo{$s}iles_ in great variety, but of
701.
_Veins_ of _Earth Medicinal_ but few. The chief are, _Terra_
Experiment
Solitary,
touching
_Veins of Me-_
_dicinal Earth._
_Lemnia, Terra Sigillata communis_, and _Bolus Arminus_;
whereof _Terra Lemnia_ is the chief. The Vertues of
them are for Curing of _Wounds_, Stanching of _Blood_,
Stopping of _Fluxes_ and _Rheums_, and Arre$ting the Spred-
ing of _Poy$on, Infection_, and _Putrefaction_: And they have of
all other _Simples_ the perfecte$t and pure$t quality of
_Drying_, with little or no mixture of any other quality. Yet it is true, that
the _Bole Arminick_ is the mo$t cold of them, and that _Terra Lemnia_ is the mo$t
hot; for which cau$e the I$land _Lemnos_ where it is digged, was in the old
_Fabulous Ages_ con$ecrated to _Vulcan_.
ABout the Bottom of the _Sereights_ are gathered great quantities of _Spouges_,
702.
which are gathered from the $ides of _Rocks_, being as it were a large,
Experiment
Solitary,
touching the
_Growth of_
_Sponges._
but tough _Mo{$s}_. It is the more to be noted, becau$e that there be but few
Sub$tances, Plant-like, that grow deep within the Sea, for they are gathered
$ometime Fifteen fathom deep: And when they are laid on Shore, they $eem
to be of great Bulk; but cru$hed together, will be tran$ported in a very
$mall room.
IT $eemeth that _Fish_ that are u$ed to the Salt-water, do neverthele$s de-
703.
light more in fre$h. We $ee that _Salmons_ and _Smelts_ love to get into Rivers,
Experiment
Solitary,
touching
_Sea-Fi$h put_
_in Fre$h wa-_
_ters_.
though it be again$t the Stream. At the Haven of _Con$tantinople_ you $hall
have great quantities of _Fish_ that come from the _Euxine Sea_, that when they
come into the Fre$h-water, do inebriate and turn up their Bellies, $o as you
may take them with your hand. I doubt there hath not been $ufficient Ex-
[0182]_Natural Hi$tory;_
periment made of putting _Sea fish_ into Fre$h-water, Ponds, and Pools. It is
a thing of great u$e and plea$ure; for $o you may have them new at $ome
good di$tance from the Sea: And be$ides, it may be the Fi$h will eat the
plea$anter, and may fall to breed. And it is $aid, that _Colihe$ler_ Oy$ters,
which are put into Pits, where the Sea goeth and cometh, (but yet $o that
there is a Fre$h-water coming al$o to them when the Sea voideth) become
by that means $atter, and more grown.
THe _Turkish Bow_ giveth a very forcible Shoot, in$omuch as it hath been
704.
known, that the _Arrow_ hath pierced a Steel Target, or apiece of Bra$s
Experiment
Solitary,
touching
_Attraction by_
_Similitude of_
_Sub$tance_.
of two Inches thick: But that which is more $trange, the _Arrow_, if it be
headed with Wood, hath been known to pierce through a piece of Wood of
eight Inches thick. And it is certain, that we hadin u$e at one time, for Sea-
fight, $hort _Arrows_, which they called _Sprights_, without any other Heads,
$ave Wood $harpned; which were di$charged out of Muskets, and would
pierce through the $ides of Ships, where a Bullet would not pierce. But
this dependeth upon one of the greate$t $ecrets in all Nature; which is, that
_Similitude_ of _Sub$tance_ will cau$e Attraction, where the Body is wholly freed
from the Motion of Gravity: Forif that were taken away, _Lead_ would draw
_Lead_, and _Gold_ would draw _Gold_, and _iron_ would draw _Iron_ without the help
of the _Load-$tone_. But this $ame Motion of Weight or Gravity (which is
a meer Motion of Matter, and hath no affinity with the Form or Kinde)
doth kill the other Motion, except it $elf be killed by a violent Motion; and
in the$e in$tances of Arrows, for then the Motion of Attraction by Simili-
tude of Sub$tance beginneth to $hew it $elf. But we $hall handle this point
of _Nature_ fully in due place.
THey have in _Turky_, and the _Ea$t_, certain _Confections_, which they call
705.
_Servets_, which are like to _Candid Con$erves_, and are made of _Sugar_ and
Experiment
Solitary,
touching
_Certain drinks_
_in Turkey_.
_Lemmons_, or _Sugar_ and _Citrons_, or _Sugar_ and _Violets_, and $ome other Flowers;
and $ome mixture of _Amber_ for the more delicate per$ons: And tho$e they
di$$olve in Water, and there of make their Drink, becau$e they are for bidden
Wine by their Law. But I do much marvel, that no _Englishman_, or _Dutchman_,
or _German_, doth $et up Brewing in _Con$tantinople_, con$idering they have $uch
quantity of Barley. For as $or the general $ort of Men, frugality may be the
cau$e of Drinking Water; $or that it is no $mall $aving to pay nothing for
ones drink: But the better $ort might well be at the co$t. And yet I wonder
the le$s at it, becau$e I $ee _France, Italy_, or _Spain_, have not taken into u$e Beer
or Ale; which _(_perhaps) if they did, would better both their Healths and
their Complexions. It is likely it would be matter of great gain to any that
$hould begin it in _Turkey_.
IN B_athing_ in hot water, $weat _(_neverthele$s) cometh not in the parts un-
706.
der the Water. The cau$eis, fir$t, for that $weat is a kinde of Colliqua-
Experiments
in Con$ort,
touching
_Sweat_.
tion. And that kinde of Colliquation is not made either by an over-dry
Heat, or an over-moi$t Heat. For over-moi$ture doth$ome what extingui$h
the Heat; as we $ee, that even hot water quencheth Fire, and over dry Heat
fhutteth the Pores. And therefore Men will $ooner $weat covered before
the Sun or Fire, then if they $tood naked: And Earthen Bottles filled
with hot water, do provoke in Bed a Sweat more daintily then Brick-bats
hot. Secondly, Hot water doth cau$e Evaporation from the Skin, $o as
it $pendeth the matter in tho$e parts under the Water, be$ore it i$$ueth in
[0183]_Century VIII_.
Sweat. Again, Sweat cometh more plentifully, if the Heat beincrea$ed by
degrees, then if it be greate$t at fir$t, or equal. The cau$e is, for that the
Pores are better opened by a gentle Heat, then by a more violent; and by
their opening the Sweat, i$$ueth more abundantly. And therefore _Phy$icians_
may do well, when they provoke Sweat in Bed by Bottles, with a Decoction
of _Sudorifick Herbs_ in _Hot Water_, to make two degrees of Heat in the Bottles,
and to lay in the Bed the le$s-heated fir$t, and after half an hour the more-
heated.
_Sweat_ is $alt in ta$te. The cau$eis, for that that part of the Nouri$hment
707.
which is fre$h and $weet, turneth into Blood and Fle$h; and the Sweat is
onely that part which is $eparate and excerned. Blood al$o raw, hath $ome
$altne$s more then Fle$h; becau$e the A$$imilation into Fle$h, is not without
a little and $ubtile excretion from the Blood.
_Sweat_ cometh forth more out of the upper parts of the Body then the
708.
lower. The rea$on is, becau$e tho$e parts are more repleni$hed with Spirits,
and the Spirits are they that put forth Sweat; be$ides, they are le$s fle$hy,
and Sweat i$$ueth (chiefly) out of the parts that are le$s fle$hy and more dry,
as the Forehead and Bre$t.
Men $weat more in $leep then waking, and yet $leep doth rather $tay
709.
other Fluxions, then cau$e them; as _Rheums, Loo$ne{$s}_ of the _Body, &c_. The
cau$e is, for that in _Sleep_ the Heat and Spirits do naturally move inwards,
and there re$t. But when they are collected once within, the Heat becometh
more violent and irritate, and thereby expelleth _Sweat_.
_Cold Sweats_ are (many times) Mortal and near _Death_, and always ill and
710.
$u$pected; as in great _Fears, Hypochondriacal Pa{$s}ions, &c_. The cau$e is, for
that _Cold Sweats_ come by a relaxation or for$aking of the _Spirits_, whereby the
Moi$ture of the Body, which Heat did keep firm in the parts, $evereth and
i$$ueth out.
In tho$e _Di$ea$es_ which cannot be di$charged by _Sweat, Sweat_ is ill, and
711.
rather to be $tayed; as in _Di$ea$es_ of the _Lungs_, and _Fluxes_ of the _Belly_; but
in tho$e _Di$ea$es_ which are expelled by _Sweat_, it ea$eth and lightneth; as in
_Agues, Pe$tilences, &c._ The cau$e is, for that _Sweat_ in the latter $ort is partly
Critical, and $endeth forth the _Matter_ that offendeth: But in the former,
it either proceedeth from the Labor of the _Spirits_, which $heweth them
oppre$$ed; or from Motion of _Con$ent_, when _Nature_ notable to expel the
_Di$ea$e_ where it is $eated, moveth to an Expul$ion indifferent over all the
_Body_.
THe Nature of the _Gloworm_ is hitherto not well ob$erved. Thus much
712.
we$ee, that they breed chiefly in the hotte$t Moneths of _Summer_; and
Experiment
Solitary,
touching the
_Gloworm._
that they breed not in _Champaign_, but in _Bushes_ and _Hedges_. Whereby it may
be conceived, that the _Spirit_ of them is very fine, and not to be refined but
by _Summer heats_. And again, that by rea$on of the finene$s, it doth ea$ily ex-
hale. In _Italy_, and the Hotter Countreys, there is a Flie they call _Lucciole_,
that $hineth as the _Gloworm_ doth, and it may be is the _Flying-Gloworm_; but
that Flie is chiefly upon _Fens_ and _Marisbes_. But yet the two former ob$erva-
713.
tions hold, for they are not $een but in the heat of _Summer_; and _Sedge_, or
Experiments
in Con$ort,
touching the
_Impre{$s}ions_
_which the Pa$-_
_$ions of the_
_Minde make_
_upon the Body_.
other Green of the _Fens_ give as good $hade as Bu$hes. It may be the _Gloworms_
of the Cold Countreys ripen not $o far as to be winged.
THe Pa$$ions of the _Minde_ work upon the Body the impre$$ions fol-
lowing. _Fear_, cau$eth _Palene{$s}, Trembling_, the _Standing_ of the _Hair_ up-
[0184]_Natural Hi$tory;_
right, Starting, and Scrieching. The Palene$s is cau$ed, for that the Blood
runneth in ward to $uccor the Heart. The Trembling is cau$ed, for that
through the flight of the Spirits in ward, the out ward parts are de$tituted, and
not $u$tained. Standing upright of the Hair is cau$ed, for that by $hutting
of the Pores of the Skin, the Hair that lyeth a$loap mu$t needs ri$e. Starting
is both an apprehen$ion of the thing feared, (and in that kinde it is a motion
of $hrinking;) and likewi$e an Inqui$ition in the beginning what the matter
$hould be, (and in that kinde it is a motion of Erection;) and therefore
when a Man would li$ten $uddenly to any thing, he $tarteth; for the $tart-
ing is an Erection of the Spirits to attend. Scrieching is an appetite of ex-
pelling that which $uddenly $triketh the Spirits. For it mu$t be noted, that
many Motions, though they be unprofitable to expel that which hurteth,
yet they are Offers of Nature, and cau$e Motions by Con$ent; as in Groan-
ing, or Crying upon Pain.
Grief and Pain, cau$e Sighing, Sobbing, Groaning, Screaming, and Roar-
714.
ing, Tears, Di$torting of the Face, Grinding of the Teeth, Sweating. Sighing
is cau$ed by the drawing in of a greater quantity of Breath to re$re$h the
Heart that laboreth; like a great draught when one is thir$ty. Sobbing is
the $ame thing $tronger. Groaning, and Screaming, and Roaring, are cau$ed
by an appetite of Expul$ion, as hath been $aid; for when the Spirits cannot
expel the thing that hurteth in their $trife to do it, by Motion of Con$ent
they expel the Voice. And this is when the Spirits yield, and give over to
re$i$t; for if one do con$tantly re$i$t Pain, he will not groan. Tears are cau$ed
by a Contraction of the Spirits of the Brain; which Contraction by con$e-
quence a$tringeth the Moi$ture of the Brain, and thereby $endeth Tears into
the Eyes. And this Contraction or Compre$$ion cau$eth al$o Wringing of
the Hands; for Wringing is a Ge$ture of Expre$$ion of Moi$ture. The Di$-
torting of the Face is cau$ed by a Contention, fir$t, to bear and re$i$t, and then
to expel; which maketh the Parts knit fir$t, and after wards open. Grinding
of the Teeth is cau$ed (likewife) by a Gathering and Serring of the Spirits
together to re$i$t; which maketh the Teeth al$o to $et hard one again$t an-
other, Sweating is al$o a Compound Motion by the Labor of the Spirits, fir$t
to re$i$t, and then to expel.
Joy cau$eth a Chear$ulne$s and Vigor in the Eyes, Singing, Leaping, Dan-
715.
cing, and $ometimes Tears. All the$e are the effects of the Dilatation and
coming forth of the Spirits into the outward parts, which maketh them
more lively and $tirring. We know it hath been $een, that Exce$$ive $ud-
den Joy hath cau$ed pre$ent Death, while the Spirits did $pred $o much as
they could not retire again. As for Tears, they are the effects of Compre$-
$ion of the Moi$ture of the Brain, upon Dilatation of the Spirits. For Com-
pre$$ion of the Spirits worketh an Expre$$ion of the Moi$ture of the Brain by
con$ent, as hath been $aid in Grief: But then in Joy it worketh it diver$ly,
_viz_. By Propul$ion of the Moi$ture, when the Spirits dilate, and occupy more
room.
Anger cau$eth Palene$s in $ome, and the going and coming of the colour
716.
in others; al$o Trembling in $ome, Swelling, Foaming at the Mouth, Stamp-
ing, Bending of the F<007>$t. Palenels, and Going, and Coming of the Colour,
are cau$ed by the Burning of the Spirits about the Heart; which to re$re$h
them$elves, call in more Spirits from the out ward parts. And if the Palene$s
be alone, without $ending forth the colour again, it is commonly joyned
with $ome fear: But in many there is no Palene$s at all, but contrariwi$e
Redne$s about the Cheeks and Gils; which is by the $ending forth of the
[0185]_Century VIII_.
Spirits, in an appetite to Revenge. Trembling in Anger is likewi$e by a call-
ing in of the Spirits, and is commonly when Anger is joy ned with Fear. Swel-
ling is cau$ed both by a Dilatation of the Spirits by over-heating, and by a
Liquefaction or Boiling of the Humors thereupon. Foaming at the Mouth
is from the $ame cau$e, being an Ebullition. Stamping and Bending of the Fi$t
are cau$ed by an Imagination of the Act of Revenge.
Light Di$plea$ure or Di$like cau$eth $haking of the Head, Frowning, and
717.
Knitting of the Brows. The$e effects ari$e from the $ame cau$e that Trem-
bling and Horror do; namely, from the Retiring of the Spirits, but in a le$s
degree. For the Shaking of the Head, is but a $low and definite Trembling;
and is a Ge$ture of $light re$u$al: And we $ee al$o, that a di$like cau$eth often
that Ge$ture of the Hand, which we u$e when we refu$e a thing, or warn<007> it
away. The Frowning and Knitting of the Brows, is a Gathering or Setting
of the Spirits, to re$i$t in $ome mea$ure. And we $ee al$o, this Knitting of the
Brows will follow upon earne$t Studying, or Cogitation of any thing, though
it be without di$like.
Shame cau$eth Blu$hing, and ca$ting down of the Eyes. Blu$hing is the
718.
Re$ort of Blood to the Face, which in the Pa$$ion of Shame, is the part that
laboreth mo$t. And although the Blu$hing will be $een in the whole Bre$t.
if it be naked, yet that is but in pa$$age to the Face. As for the ca$ting
down of the Eyes, it proceedeth of the Reverence a Man beareth to other
Men, whereby, when he is a$hamed, he cannot endure to look firmly upon
others: And we $ee, that Blu$hing and the Ca$ting down of the Eyes both,
are more when we come before many; _Ore Pompeii quid mollius? Nunquam non_
_coram pluribus erubuit;_ and likewi$e, when we come before _Great_ or _Reverend_
_Per$ons_.
Pity cau$eth $ometimes Tears, and a Flexion or Ca$t of the Eye a$ide.
719.
Tears come from the cau$e, that they do in Grief; For Pity is but Grief in
anothers behalf. The Ca$t of the Eye, is a Ge$ture of Aver$ion or Lothne$s
to behold the object of Pity.
Wonder cau$eth A$toni$hment, or an Immovable Po$ture of the Body,
720.
Ca$ting up of the Eyes to Heaven, and Li$ting up of the Hands. For A$toni$h-
ment, it is cau$ed by the Fixing of the Minde upon one object of Cogitation,
whereby it doth not $patiate and tran$cur as it u$eth: For in Wonder the
Spirits flie not, as in Fear; but onely $ettle, and are made le$s apt to move.
As for the Ca$ting up of the Eyes, and Lifting up of the Hands, it is a kinde
of Appeal to the Deity, which is the Author, by Power and Providence of
$trange Wonders.
Laughing cau$eth a Dilatation of the Mouth and Lips; a continued Ex-
721.
pul$ion of the Breath, with the loud Noi$e, which maketh the Interjection
of Laughing; Shaking of the Bre$t and Sides; Running of the Eyes with
Water, if it be violent and continued. Wherein fir$t it is to be under$tood,
that Laughing is $carce (properly) a Pa$$ion, but hath his Source from the In-
tellect; for in Laughing, there ever precedeth a conceit of $ome what ridicu-
lous. And therefore it is proper to Man. Secondly, that the cau$e of Laugh-
ing, is but a light touch of the Spirits, and not $o deep an Impre$$ion as in
other Pa$$ions. And there$ore _(_that which hath no Affinity with the Pa$$i-
ons of the Minde_)_ it is moved, and that in great vehemency, onely by Tick-
ling $ome parts of the Body. And we $ee, that Men even in a grieved $tate of
Minde, yet cannot $ometimes forbear Laughing. Thirdly, it is ever joyned
with $ome degree of Delight: And therefore Exhilaration hath $ome Affinity
with Joy, though it be much Lighter Motion. _Res $evera e$t veram Gaudium._
[0186]_Natural Hi$tory;_
Fourthly, That the object of it is _Deformity, Ab$urdity, Shrewd turns,_ and the like.
Now to $peak of the cau$es of the effects before mentioned, whereun to the$e
general Notes give $ome light. For the Dilatation of the _Mouth_ and _Lips_,
continued Expul$ion of the _Breath_ and _Voice_, and Shaking of the _Bre$ts_ and
_Sides_, they proceed (all) from the Dilatation of the _Spirits_, e$pecially being
$udden. So likewi$e the _Running_ of the _Eyes_ with Water, (as hath been for-
merly touched, where we $pake of the _Tears_ of _Joy_ and _Grief_) is an offect of
Dilatation of the _Spirits_. And for _Suddenne{$s}_, it is a great part of the _Matter:_
For we $ee that any _Shrewd turn_ that lighteth upon another, or any _Deformity_,
&c. moveth _Laughter_ in the in$tant, which after a little time it doth not. So
we cannot _Laugh_ at any thing after it is $tale, but while$t it is new. And even
in _Tickling_, if you tickle the $ides, and give watning, or give a hard or con-
tinued touch, it doth not move _Laughter_ $o much.
_Lu$t_ cau$eth a _Flagrancy_ in the _Eys_, and _Priapi$m_. The cau$e of both
722.
the$e is, for that in _Lu$t_ the _Sight_ and the _Touch_, are the things defired; and
therefore the _Spirits_ re$ort to tho$e parts which are mo$t affected. And note
well in general, (for that great u$e may be made of the ob$ervation) that
(evermore) the _Spirits_ in all _Pa{$s}ions_ re$ort mo$t to the parts that labor mo$t, or
are mo$t affected. As in the la$t, which hath been mentioned, they re$ort to
the _Eyes_ and _Venereous parts_; in _Fear_ and _Anger_ to the _Heart_; in _Shame_ to the
_Face_; and in _Light di$likes_ to the _Head_.
IT hath been ob$erved by the _Ancients_, and is yet believed, That the _Sperm_
723.
of _Drunken-men_ is unfruitful. The cau$e is, for that it is over-moi$tned, and
Experiments
in Con$ort,
touching
_Drunkenne{$s}_.
wanteth Spi$$itude. And we have a merry $aying, _That they that go drunk to Bed,_
_get Daughters_.
_Drunken-men_ are taken with a plain De$ect or De$titution in _Voluntary_
724.
_Motion_; they reel, they tremble, they cannot $tand, nor $peak $trongly. The
cau$e is, for that the Spirits of the Wine oppre$s the Spirits Animal, and oc-
cupate part of the place where they are, and $o make them weak to move;
and therefore _Drunken-men_ are apt to fall a$leep. And _Opiates_ and _Stupefactives_
(as _Poppy, Henbane, Hemlock, &c._) induce a kinde of _Drunkenne{$s}_ by the gro$sne$s
of their _Vapor_, as Wine doth by the quantity of the _Vapor_. Be$ides, they rob
the Spirits Animal of their _Matter_ where by they are nouri$hed; for the Spirits
of the Wine, prey upon it as well as they, and $o they make the Spirits le$s
$upple and apt to move.
_Drunken-men_ imagine every thing turneth round; they imagine al$o,
725.
that things come upon them; they $ee not well things afar off; tho$e things
that they $ee near hand, they $ee out of their place; and ($ometimes) they
$ee things double. The cau$e of the imagination that things turn round is,
for that the Spirits them $elves turn, being compre$$ed by the Vapor of the
Wine; (for any Liquid Body upon Compre$$ion turneth, as we $ee in Water:)
And it is all one to the $ight, whether the _Vi$ual Spirits_ move, or the Object
moveth, or the _Medium_ moveth; and we $ee, that long turning round breed-
eth the $ame imagination. The cau$e of the imagination that things come
upon them is, for that the _Spirits Vi$ual_ them$elves draw back, which maketh
the Object $eem to come on; and be$ides, when they $ee things turn
round and move, Fear maketh them think they come upon them. The
cau$e that they cannot $ee things afar off, is the weakne$s of the Spirits; for
in every _Megrim_ or _Vertigo_, there is an Obtenebration joyned with a $em-
blance of Turning round, which we $ee al$o in the lighter $ort of _Swoonings_.
[0187]_Century VIII._
The cau$e of $eeing things out of their place, is the refraction of the Spirits
vi$ual; for the va por is as an unequal _Medium_, and it is as the $ight of things
out of place in Water. The cau$e of $eeing things double, is the $wift and
unquiet motion of the Spirits (being oppre$$ed) to and $ro; for (as was $aid
be$ore) the motion of the Spirits vi$ual, and the motion of the object make
the $ame appearances; and for the $wift motion of the object, we $ee that if
you fillip a _Lute_ $tring, it $heweth double or trebble.
Men are $ooner Drunk with $mall draughts then with great. And again,
726.
Wine $ugared, inebriateth le$s then Wine pure. The cau$e of the former is,
for that the Wine de$cendeth not $o fa$t to the Bottom of the Stomack, but
maketh longer $tay in the upper part of the Stomack, and $endeth Vapors
fa$ter to the Head, and therefore inebriateth $ooner. And for the $ame rea$on,
Sops in Wine (quantity for quantity) inebriate more then Wine of it $elf.
The cau$e of the latter is, for that the Sugar doth in$pi$$ate the Spirits of the
Wine, and maketh them not $o ea$ie to re$olve into Vapor. Nay further, it
is thought to be $ome remedy again$t inebriating, if Wine $ugared be taken
after Wine pure. And the $ame effect is wrought, either by Oyl or Milk taken
upon much Drinking.
THe u$e of Wine in dry and con$umed Bodies is hurtful, in moi$t and $ull
727.
Bodies it is good. The cau$e is, for that the Spirits of the Wine do prey
Experiment
Solitary,
touching the
_Help or hurt_
_of Wine_,
_though Mode_-
_rately u$ed_.
upon the Dew or radical moi$ture (as they term it) of the Body, and $o deceive
the Animal Spirits. But where there is moi$ture enough, or $uper fluous, there
Wine helpeth to dige$t and de$iccate the moi$ture.
THe _Caterpiller_ is one of the mo$t general of Worms, and breedeth of
728.
Dew and Leaves; for we $ee infinite number of _Catterpillers_ which breed
Experiment
Solitary,
touching
_Catterpillers_.
upon Trees and Hedges, by which the Leaves of the Trees or Hedges are in
great part con$umed; as well by their breeding out of the Leaf, as by their
feeding upon the Leaf. They breed in the Spring chiefly, becau$e then there
is both Dew and Leaf. And they breed commonly when the Ea$t Winds
have much blown: The cau$e whereof is, the dryne$s of that Wind; for to
all Vivification upon Putrefaction, it is requi$ite the matter be not too moi$t:
And therefore we $ee they have _Cobwebs_ about them, which is a $ign of a
$limy dryne$s; as we $ee upon the Ground, whereupon by Dew and Sun
_Cobwebs_ breed all over. We $ee al$o the Green _Catterpiller_ breedeth in the in-
ward parts of _Ro$es_, e$pecially not blown where the Dew $ticketh_:_ But
e$pecially _Catterpillers_, both the greate$t and the mo$t, breed upon _Cabbages_,
which have a fat Leaf, and apt to putrifie. The _Catterpiller_ toward the end of
Summer waxeth volatile, and turneth to a _Butterflie_, or perhaps $ome other
Flie. There is a _Catterpiller_ that hath a Fur or Down upon him, and $eemeth to
have affinity with the _Silk worm_.
THe _Flies Cantharides_, are bred of a _Worm_ or _Catterpiller_, but peculiar to
729.
certain Fruit-trees; as are the Fig-tree, the Pine-tree, and the W<007>lde
Experiment
Solitary,
touching the
_Flies Cantha_-
_rides_.
Bryar; all which bear $weet Fruit, and Fruit that hath a kinde of $ecret biting
or $harpne$s. For the Fig hath a Milk in it that is $weet and corro$ive;
the Pine Apple hath a Kernel that is $trong and ab$ter$ive; the Fruit of the
Bryar is $aid to make Children, or tho$e that eat them, $eabbed. And there-
fore no marvel though Cantharides have $uch a Corro$ive and Cauteri-
zing quality; for there is not one other of the _In$ecta_, but is bred of a
duller matter. The Body of the Cantharides is bright coloured; and it may
[0188]_Natural Hi$tory;_
be, that the delicate coloured Dragon Flies may have likewi$e $ome Cor-
ro$ive quality.
L_A{$s}itude_ is remedied by Bathing or Anointing with Oyl and warm Wa-
730.
ter. The cau$e is, for that all _La{$s}itude_ is a kinde of Contu$ion and Com-
Experiments
in Con$ort,
tuoching
_La{$s}itude_.
pre$$ion of the Parts; and Bathing and Anointing give a Relaxion or Emol-
lition: And the mixture of Oyl and Water is better then either of them a-
lone, becau$e Water entreth better into the Pores, and Oyl after entry $oft-
neth better. It is found al$o, that the taking of _Tobacco_ doth help and di$charge
_La{$s}itude_. The rea$on whereof is partly, becau$e by chearing or comfort-
ing of the Spirits, it openeth the Parts compre$$ed or contu$ed: And chiefly,
becau$e it refre$heth the Spirits by the Opiate Vertue thereof, and $o di$-
chargeth Wearine$s, as Sleep likewi$e doth.
In going up a Hill the _Knees_ will be mo$t weary; in going down a Hill,
731.
_Thighs_. The cau$e is, for that in the Lift of the Feet, when a man goeth up
the Hill, the weight of the Body beareth mo$t upon the _Knees_; and in going
down the Hill, upon the Thighs.
THe ca$ting of the _Skin_, is by the Ancients compared to the breaking of
732.
the _Secundine_ or Call, but not rightly; for that were to make every ca$t-
Experiment
Solitary,
touching the
_Casting of the_
_Skin and Shell_
_in $ome Crea_-
_tures_.
ing of the Skin a new Birth: And be$ides, the _Secundine_ is but a general
Cover, not $haped according to the Parts; but the Skin is $haped according
to the Parts. The Creatures that ca$t their Skin are, the _Snake_, the _Viper_,
the _Grashopper_, the _Lizard_, the _Silk-worm, &c_. Tho$e that ca$t their Shell are,
the _Lob$ter_, the _Crab_, the _Cra-fish_, the _Hodmandod_ or _Dodman_, the _Tortoi$e, &c_.
The old Skins are found, but the old Shells never: So as it is like they $cale
off, and crumble away by degrees. And they are known by the extream
tenderne$s and $oftne$s of the new Shell; and $omewhat by the fre$hne$s of
the colour of it. The cau$e of the ca$ting and Skin and Shell $hould $eem
to be the great quantity of matter in tho$e Creatures, that is fit to make
Skin or Shell: And again, the loo$nefs of the Skin or Shell, that $ticketh
not clo$e to the Fle$h. For it is certain, that it is the new Skin or Shell
that putteth off the old. So we $ee that in _Deer_, it is the young Horn that
putteth off the old. And in Birds, the young Feathers put off the old; and
$o Birds that have much matter for their Beak, ca$t their Beaks, the new
Beak putting off the old.
L_Ying_ not Frect but Hollow, which is in the making of the Bed, or with
733.
the _Legs_ gathered up, which is in the po$ture of the Body, is the more
Experiments
in Con$ort,
touching the
_Po$tures of the_
_Body_.
whole$ome, @herea$on is the better comforting of the Stomack, which is
by that le$s pen$ile; and we $ee, that in weak Stomacks, the laying up of the
Legs high, and the Knees almo$t to the Mouth, helpeth and comforteth.
We $ee al$o that _Gally-$laves_, not with $tanding their mi$ery other wi$e, are
commonly fat and fle$hy; and the rea$on is, becau$e the Stomack is $up-
ported $ome what in $itting, and is pen$ile in $tanding or going. And there-
fore for Prolongation of Life, it is good to chu$e tho$e Exerci$es where the
Limbs move more then the Stomack and Belly; as in Rowing and in Saw-
ing, being $et.
_Megrims_ and _Giddine{$s}_ are rather when we _Ri$e_, after long $itting, then
734.
while we $it. The cau$e is, for that the Vapors which were gathered by
$itting, by the $udden _Motion_ flie more up in to the _Head_.
_Leaning_ upon any Part maketh it Num, and, as we call it, _A$leep_.
735.
[0189]_Century VIII._
The cau$eis, for that the Compre$$ion of the Parts $uffereth not the Spirits
to have free acce$s; and therefore, when we come out of it, we feel a $ting
ing or pricking, which is the re entrance of the Spirits.
IT hath been noted, That tho$e Years are pe$tilential and unwhol$ome,
736.
when there are great numbers of Frogs, Flies, Locu$ts, &c. The cau$e is
Experiment
Solitary,
touching
_Pe$tilential_
_Years_.
plain; for that tho$e Creatures being ingendred of Putrefaction, when they
abound, $hew a general di$po$ition of the Year, and con$titution of the Air
to Di$ea$es of Putrefaction. And the $ame Progno$tick (as hath been $aid
before) holdeth, if you finde Worms in Oak Apples. For the Con$titution
of the Air appeareth more $ubtilly in any of the$e things, then to the $en$e of
Man.
IT is an ob$ervation among$t Country people, that Years of $tore of _Haws_
737.
and _Heps_, do commonly portend cold Winters; and they a$cribe it to
Experiment
Solitary,
touching the
_Progno$ticks of_
_Hard Winters_.
_Gods_ Providence, that (as the _Soripture_ $aith) reacheth even to the falling of a
Sparrow; and much more is like to reach to the Pre$ervation of Birds in $uch
Sea$ons. The Natural cau$e al$o may be the want of Heat, and abundance of
Moi$ture in the Summer precedent, which putteth forth tho$e Fruits, and
mu$t needs leave great quantity of cold Vapors not di$$ipate, which cau$eth
the cold of the Winter following.
THey have in _Turkey_ a Drink ealled _Coffee_, made of a Berry of the $ame
738.
name, as black as Soot, and of a $trong $ent, but not aromatical, which
Experiment
Solitary,
touching
_Medicines that_
_Condence and_
_Relieve the_
_Spirits_.
they take, beaten into powder, in Water as hot as they can drink it_:_ And
they take it, and $it at it in their _Coffee-Hou$es_, which are like our Taverns.
This Drink comforteth the Brain and Heart, and helpeth Dige$tion. Cer-
tainly this Berry _Coffee_, the Root and Leaf _Betel_, the Leaf _Tobacco_, and the
Teare of _Poppy_, _(Opium)_ of which, the _Turks_ are great takers ($uppo$ing it
expelleth all fear; do all condence the Spirits, and make them $trong and
aleger. But it $eemeth they are taken after $everal manners; for _Coffee_ and
_Opium_ are taken down, _Tobacco_ but in Smoak, and _Betel_ is but champed in
the Mouth with a little Lime. It is like, there are more of them, if they were
well found out, and well corrected. _Quære_, of _Henbane-$eed_, of _Mandrake_,
of _Saffron_, Root and Flower, of _Folium Indum_, of _Ambergreece_, of the _A$_-
_$yrian Amomum_, if it may be had; and of the _Scarlet Powder_ which they
call _Kermez_; and (generally) of all $uch things as do inebriate and provoke
$leep. Note, that _Tobacco_ is not taken in Root or Seed, which are more forci-
ble ever then Leaves.
THe _Turks_ have a black Powder made of a Mineral called _Alcohole_, which
739.
with a fine long Pencil they lay under their Eye-lids, which doth colour
Experiment
Solitary,
touching
_Paintings of_
_the Body_.
them black, whereby the White of the Eye is $et off more white. With
the $ame Powder they colour al$o the Hairs of their Eye-lids, and of their
Eye-brows, which they draw into embowed Arches. You $hall finde that
_Xenophon_ maketh mention, that the _Medes_ u$ed to paint their Eyes. The
_Turks_ u$e with the $ame Tincture to colour the Hair of their Heads and Beards
black: And divers with us that are grown Gray, and yet would appear young,
finde means to make their Hair black, by combing it (as they $ay) with a
Leaden Comb, or the like. As for the _Chine$es_, who are of an ill Complexion,
(being _Oliva$ter_) they paint their Cheeks Scarlet, e$pecially their _King_ and
_Grandees_. Generally, _Barbarous People_ that go naked, do not onely paint
[0190]_Natural Hi$tory;_
them$elves, but they pounce and ra$e their skin, that the Painting may not
be taken forth, and make it into Works_:_ So do the _We$t-Indians_; and $o did
the ancient _Picts_ and _Britons_. So that it $eemeth Men would have the colours
of _Birds Feathers_, if they could tell how, or at lea$t they will have gay Skins in
$tead of gay Cloaths.
IT is $trange that the u$e of _Bathing_ as a part of _Diet_ is left. With the _Ro_-
740.
_mans_ and the _Grecians_ it was as u$ual as Eating or Sleeping; and $o is it
Experiment
Solitary,
touching the
_U$e of Bath_-
_ing and An_-
_ointing_.
among$t the _Turks_ at this day; whereas with us it remaineth but as a part of
Phy$ick. I am of opinion, that the u$e of it as it was with the _Romans_, was
hurtful to health; for that it made the Body $oft and ea$ie to wa$te. For the
_Turks_ it is more proper, becau$e their drinking Water, and feeding upon
Rice, and other Food of $mall nouri$hment, maketh their Bodies $o $olid
and hard, as you need not fear that _Bathing_ $hould make them frothy. Be-
$ides, the _Turks_ are great $itters, and $eldom walk; whereby they $weat le$s,
and need _Bathing_ more. But yet certain it is, that _Bathing_, and e$pecially _An_-
_ointing_, may be $o u$ed, as it may be a great help to Health, and Prolongation
of Life. But here of we $hall $peak in due place, when we come to handle
_Experiments Medicinal_.
THe _Turks_ have a pretty Art of _Chamoletting_ of _Paper_, which is not with
741.
us in u$e. They take divers Oyled Colours, and put them $everally (in
Experiment
Solitary,
touching
_Chamoletting_
_of Paper_.
drops) upon Water, and $tir the Water lightly, and then wet their Paper
(being of $ome thickne$s) with it; and the Paper will be waved and veined
like _Chamolet_ or _Marble_.
IT is $ome what $trange, that the Blood of all Birds, and Bea$ts, and Fi$hes,
742.
$hould be of a Red colour, and onely the Blood of the Cuttle $hould be
Experiment
Solitary,
touching
_Cuttle-Ink_.
as black as Ink. A man would think that the cau$e $hould be the high Con-
coction of that Blood; for we $ee in ordinary Puddings, that the Boyling
turneth the Blood to be black; and the Cuttle is accounted a delicate Meat,
and is much in reque$t.
IT is reported of credit, That if you take _Earth_ from Land adjoyning to the
743.
River of _Nile_, and pre$erve it in that manner, that it neither come to be
Experiment
Solitary,
touching
_Encrea$e of_
_Weight in_
_Earth_.
wet nor wa$ted, and weigh it daily, it will not alter weight until the Se-
venteenth of _June_, which is the day when the River beginneth to ri$e,
and then it will grow more and more ponderous till the River cometh to
his height. Which if it be true, it cannot be cau$ed but by the Air,
which then beginneth to conden$e; and $o turneth within that $mall
Mould into a degree of Moi$ture, which produceth weight. So it hath
been ob$erved, that _Tobacco_ cut and weighed, and then dryed by the
Fire, lo$eth weight; and after being laid in the open Air, recovereth
weight again. And it $hould $eem, that as $oon as ever the River beginneth
to increa$e, the whole Body of the Air there abouts $uffereth a change: For
(that which is more $trange) it is credibly affirmed, that upon that very
day, when the River fir$t ri$eth, great Plagues in _Cairo_ u$e $uddenly to
break up.
THo$e that are very cold, and e$pecially in their _Feet_, cannot get to _Sleep_.
744.
The cau$e may be, for that in Sleep is required a free re$piration, which
Experiments
in Con$ort,
touching
_Sleep_.
cold doth $hut in and hinder: For we $ee, that in great Colds, one can $carce
[0191]_Century VIII._
draw his Breath. Another cau$e may be, for that Cold calleth the Spiritsto
$uccor; and therefore they cannot $o well clo$e, and go together in the
Head, which is ever requi$ite to Sleep And for the $ame cau$e, Pain and
noi$e hinder $leep, and darkne$s (contrariwi$e) furthereth $leep.
Some noi$es (whereof we $pake in the 112 _Experiment_) help Sleep; as
745.
the blowing of the Wind, the trickling of Water, humming of Bees, $oft
$inging reading, &c. The cau$e is, for that they move in the Spirits a gen-
tle attention; and what$oever moveth attention, without too much labor,
$tilleth the natural and di$cur$ive motions of the Spirits.
Sleep nouri$heth, or at lea$t pre$erveth, Bodies a long time, without
746.
other nouri$hment. Bea$ts that $leep in Winter, (as it is noted of wilde
Bears) during their $leep wax very fat, though they eat nothing. Bats
have been found in Ovens, and other hollow clo$e places, matted one
upon another; and therefore it is likely that they $leep in the VVinter
time, and eat nothing. _Quare_ whether Bees do not $leep all VVinter, and
$pare their Honey. Butter-flies, and other Flies, do not onely $leep, but
lie as dead all VVinter; and yet with a little heat of Sun or Firerevive again.
A Dormou$e, both VVinter and Summer will $leep $ome days together,
and eat nothing.
TO re$tore Teeth in Age, were _Magnale Naturæ_, it may be thought
Experiments
in Con$ort,
touching
_Teeth and_
_hard sub$ton._
_@es in the_
_Bodies of Li-_
_ving Crea._
_tures._
of; but how$oever, thenature of the Teeth de$erveth to be enquired
of, as well as the other parts of Living Creatures Bodies.
There be five parts in the _Bodies_ of _Living Creatures_ that are of hard $ub-
$tances; the _Skull_, the _Teeth_, the _Bones_, the _Horns_, and the _Nails_. The greate$t
quantity of hard $ub$tance continued, is towards the Head; for there is the
747.
Skull of one entire Bone, there are the Teeth, there are Maxillary Bones,
there is the hard Bone that is the In$trument of Hearing, and thence i$$ue
the Horns. So that the building of Living Creatures Bodies is like the build-
ing of a Timber-hou$e, where the VValls and other parts have Columns
and Beams; but the Roof is in the better $ort of Hou$es, all Tile, or Lead,
or Stone. As for _Birds_, they have three other hard $ub$tances proper to them;
the _Bill_, which is of the like matter with the Teeth, for no Birds have Teeth;
the Shell of the Egg, and their Quills; for as for their Spur, it is but a
Nail. Butno _Living Creatures_ that have Shells very hard (as _Oy$ters, Cockles_,
_Mu$tles, Shalops, Crabs, Lob$ters, Craw-fish, Shrimps_, and e$pecially the _Tortoi$e_)
have _Bones_ within them, but onely little _Gri$tles_.
_Bones_, after full growth, continue at a $tay, and $o doth the _Skull. Horns_,
748.
in $ome Creatures, are ca$t and renewed: Teeth $tand at aftay, except their
wearing. As for _Nails_, they grow continually, and _Bills_ and _Beaks_ will over-
grow, and $ometimes be ca$t, as in _Eagles_ and _Parrots_.
Mo$t of the hard $ub$tances flie to the extreams of the Body; as Skull,
749.
Horns, Teeth, Nails, and Beaks; onely the Bones are more inward, and clad
with Fle$h. As for the Entrails, they are all without Bones, $ave that a Bone
is $ometimes found in the _Heari_ of a _Stag_, and it may be in $ome other
Creatures.
The _Skull_ hath _Brains_, as a kinde of _Marrow_ within it. The _Back-bone_
750.
hath one kinde of _Marrow_, which hath an affinity with the Brain; and
other Bones of the Body have another. The _Faw-bones_ have no _Marrow_ fe-
vered, but a little _Pulp_ of _Marrow_ diffu$ed. Teeth likewi$e are thought to
have a kinde of _Marrow_ diffu$ed, which cau$eth the Sen$e and Pain: But it
[0192]_Natural Hi$tory;_
is rather Sinew; for Marrow hath no Sen$e, no more then Blood. Horn is
alike throughout, and $o is the Nail.
None other of the hard $ub$tances have Sen$e, but the Teeth; and the
751.
Teeth have Sen$e, not onely o$ Pain, but of Cold.
But we will leave the _Enquiries_ of other _Hard Sub$tances_ unto their $eve-
# ral places, and now enquire onely of the _Teeth_.
The _Teeth_ are in Men of three kindes, _Sharp_, as the _Fore-teeth_; _Broad_, as
752.
the _Back-teeth_, which we call the _Molar-teeth_, or _Grinders_; and _Pointed-teeth_,
or _Canine_, which are between both. But there have been $ome Men that
have had their _Teeth_ undivided, as of one whole _Bone_, with $ome little
mark in the place of the Divi$ion, as _Pyrrhus_ had. Some Creatures have
over-long or out growing _Teah_, which we call _Fangs_ or _Tusks_; as _Boars_,
_Pikes, Salmons_, and _Dogs_, though le$s. Some _Living Creatures_ have _Teeth_
again$t _Teeth_, as _Men_ and _Hor$es_; and $ome have _Teeth_, e$pecially their _Ma$ter-_
_teeth_, indented one within another like _Saws_, as _Lions_; and $o again have
_Dogs_. Some _Fishes_ have divers Rows of _Teeth_ in the _Roofs_ of their _Mouths_;
as _Pikes, Salmons, Trouts, &c_. and many more in Salt. waters. _Snakes_ and other
_Serpents_ have venemous _Tee@h_, which are $ometimes mi$taken for their
_Sting_.
No Bea$t that hath _Horns_ hath upper-teeth; and no Bea$t that hath Teeth
753.
above, wanteth them below. But yetif they be of the $ame kinde, it follow-
eth not, that if the hard matter goeth not into upper-teeth, it will go into
_Horns_; nor yet è _conver$o_, for _Does_ that have no _Horns_, have no upper-
teeth.
_Hor$es_ have, at three years old, a Tooth put forth which they call the
754.
_Col<007>s-tooth_; and at four years old, there cometh the _Mark-tooth_, which hath
a hole $o big as you may lay a Pea$e within it; and that weareth $horter
and $horter every year, till that at eight years old the Tooth is $mooth,
and the hole gone; and then they $ay, That _the Mark is out of the Hor$es_
_Mouth_.
The Teeth of Men breed fir$t; when the Childe is about a year and
755.
half old, and then they ca$t them, and new come about $even years old. But
divershave Backward-teeth come forth attwenty, yea, $ome at thirty, and
forty. _Quare_ of the manner of the coming of them forth. They tell atale
of the old Counte$s of _De$mond_, who lived till $he was Seven$core years
old, that $he did Dentire twice orthrice, ca$ting her old Teeth, and others
coming in their place.
Teeth are much hurt by Sweet-meats, and by Painting with _Mercury_,
756.
and by things over-hot, and by things over-cold, and by Rheums. And the
pain of the Teeth, is one of the $harpe$t of pains.
Concerning Teeth, the$e things are to be con$idered. 1. The pre$erving
757.
of them. 2. The keeping of them white. 3. The drawing of them with
lea$t pain. 4. The $taying and ea$ing of the Tooth-ach. 5. The binding in
of Artificial Teeth, where Teeth have been $trucken out. 6. And la$t of
all, that great one, of re$toring Teeth in Age. The in$tances that give any
likelihood of re$toring Teeth in Age, are, The late coming of Teeth in
$ome, and the renewing of the Beaks in Birds, which are commaterial with
Teeth. _Quare_ there$ore more particularly how that cometh. And again,
the renewing of Horns, But yet that hath not been known to have been
provoked by Art; therefore let tryal be made, whether Horns may be pro-
cured to grow in Bea$ts that are not horned, and how; and whether they
may be procured to come larger then u$ual, as to make an Ox or a Deer
[0193]_Century VIII._
have a greater Head of Horns; and whether the Head of a Deer, that by
age is more $pitted, may be brought again to be more branched. For
the$e tryals and the like will $hew, Whether by art $uch hard matter can
be called and provoked. It may be tryed al$o, whether Birds may not have
$omething done to them when they are young, whereby they may be made
to have greater or longer Bills, or greater and longer Talons: And whe-
ther Children may not have $ome Wa$h, or $omething to make their
Teeth better and $tronger. _Coral_ is in u$e as an help to the Teeth of
Children.
SOme Living Creatures generate but at certain $ea$ons of the year; as
758.
_Deer, Sheep, Wilde Coneys, &c._ and mo$t $orts of _Birds_ and _Fishes_: Others
Experiments
in Con$ort,
touching the
_Generation_
_and Bearing_
_of Living_
_Creatures in_
_the Womb._
at any time of the year, as _Men_; and all Dome$tick Creatures, as _Hor$es_,
_Hogs, Dogs, Cats, &c_. The cau$e of Generation at all $ea$ons, $eemeth to be
Fulne$s; for Generation is from Redundance. This Fulne$s ari$eth from two
cau$es, Either from the Nature of the Creature, if it be Hot, and Moi$t, and
Singuine, or from Plenty of Food. For the fir$t, _Men, Hor$es, Dogs, &c_.
which breed at all $ea$ons, are full of Heat and Moi$ture; _Doves_ are the full-
e$t of Heat and Moi$ture among$t _Birds_, and therefore breed often, the
_Tame Dove_ almo$t continually. But _Deer_ are a Melancholick dry Creature,
as appeareth by their fearfulne$s, and the hardne$s of their Fle$h. _sheep_ are a
cold Creature, as appeareth by their mildne$s, and for that they $eldom
drink. Mo$t $orts of _Birds_ are of a dry $ub$tance in compari$on of _Bea$ts;_
_Fishes_ are cold. For the $econd cau$e, Fulne$s of Food, _Men, Kine, Swine,_
_Dogs, &c_. feed full. And we $ee, that tho$e Creatures which, being Wilde,
generate $eldom, being tame, generate often; which is from warmth and
fulne$s of food. Wefinde that the time of going to _Rut_ of _Deer_ is in _Sep-_
_tember_, for that they need the whole Summers Feed and Gra$s to make them
fit for Generation; and if Rain come early about the middle of _September_,
they go to Rut $omewhat the $ooner; if Drought, $omewhat the later. So
Sheep, in re$pect of their $mall heat, generate about the $ame time, or $ome-
what before. But for the mo$t part, Creatures that generate at certain $ea-
$ons generate in the Spring; as Birds and Fi$hes: For that the end of the
Winter, and the heat and comfort of the Spring prepareth them. There is
al$o another rea$on why $ome Creatures generate at certain $ea$ons, and that
is the Relation of their time of Bearing to the time of Generation; for no
Creature goeth to generate while$t the Female is full, nor while$t $he is bu$ie
in $itting; or rearing her young; and therefore it is found by experience, that
if you take the Eggs or Young-ones out of the Ne$ts of Birds, they will fall
to generate again three or four times one after another.
Of Living Creatures, $ome are longet time in the Womb, and $ome
759.
$horter. Women go commonly nine Moneths, the Cow and the Ewe about
$ix Moneths, Doesgo about nine Moneths, Mares eleven Moneths, Bitches
nine Weeks; Elephants are $aid to go two years, for the received Tra-
dition of ten years is fabulous. For Birds there is double enquiry; the di-
$tance between the treading or coupling, and the laying of the Egg; and
again, between the Egglaid, and the di$clo$ing or hatching. And among$t
Birds there is le$s diver$ity of time then among$t other Creatures, yet $ome
there is; for<007>the Hen $itteth but three weeks, the Turky-hen, Goo$e
and Duck, a moneth. _Quære_ of others. The cau$e of the great difference
of times among$t Living Creatures is, either from the nature of the Kind,
[0194]_Natural Hi$tory;_
or from the con$titution of the Womb. For the former, tho$e that are longer
in coming to their maturity or growth, are longer in the Womb, as is chiefly
$een in Men; and $o Elephants, which are long in the Womb, are long time
in coming to their full growth. But in mo$t other Kinds, the con$titution of
the Womb (that is, the hardne$s or dryne$s thereof) is concurrent with the
former cau$e. Forthe Colt hath about four years of growth, and $o the Fawn,
and $o the Calf; but Whelps, which come to their growth (commonly) with-
in three quarters of a year, are but nine weeks in the Womb. As for Birds, as
there is le$s diverfity among$t them in the time of their bringing forth, $o
there is le$s diver$ity in the time of their growth, mo$t of them coming to
their growth within a twelve-moneth.
Some Creatures bring forth many young ones at a Burthen; as Bitches,
760.
Hares, Coneys, &c. $ome (ordinarily) but one; as Women, Lione$$es, &c.
This may be cau$ed, either by the quantity of Sperm required to the pro-
ducing one of that Kind; which if le$s be required, may admit greater num-
ber; if more, fewer: Or by the Partitions and Cells of the Womb, which
may $ever the Sperm.
THere is no doubt but Light by Refraction will $hew greater, as well as
761.
things coloured; for like as a $hilling in the bottom of the Water will
Experiments
in Con$ott,
touching
_Species vi$ible._
$hew greater, $o will a Candle in a Lanthorn in the bottom of the Water. I
have heard of a practice, that Gloworms in Gla$$es were put in the Waterto
makethe Fi$h come. But I am not yet informed, whether when a _Diver_
diveth, having his eyes open, and $wimmeth upon his back, whether (I $ay)
he $eeth things in the Air, greater or le$s. For it is manife$t, that when the
eye $tandeth in the finer _medium_, and the object is in the gro$$er, things $hew
greater, but contrariwi$e, when the eye is placed in the gro$$er _medium_, and
the object in the finer, how it worketh I know not.
It would be well boulted out, whether great Refractions may not be
762.
made upon Reflexions, as well as upon direct beams. For example, we $ee,
that take an empty Ba$on, put an _Angel_ of _Gold_, or what you will into it;
then go $o far from the Ba$on till you cannot $ee the Angel, becau$e it is not
in a right Line; then fill the Ba$on with Water, and you $hall $ee it out of
his place, becau$e of the Reflexion. To proceed therefore, put a Looking-
gla$s into a Ba$on of Water; I $uppo$e you $hall not $ee the Image in a right
Line, or at equal Angles, but a$ide. I know not whether this _Experiment_ may
not be extended $o, as you might $ee the Image, and not the Gla$s; which
for beauty and $trangene$s were a fine proof, for then you $hall $ee the Image
like a Spirit in the Air. As for example, if there be a Ci$tern or Pool of Water,
you $hall place over again$t it a picture of the Devil, or what you will, $o as
you do not $ee the Water, then put a Looking gla$s in the Water: Now if
you can $ee the Devils picture a$ide, not $eeing the Water, it will look like a
Devil indeed. They have an old tale in _Oxford_, That Fryer _Bacon_ walked be-
tween two Steeples; which was thought to be done by Glaf$es, when he
walked upon the Ground.
AWeighty Body put into Motion, is more ea$ily impelled then at fir$t
763.
when it re$teth. The cau$e is, partly becau$e Motion doth di$cu$s the
Experiments
in Con$ort,
touching the
_Impul$ion and_
_Percu{$s}ion_.
Torpour of $olid Bodies, which be$ide their Motion of Gravity, have in them
a Natural Appetite not to move at all; and partly, becau$e a Body that re$t-
eth doth get, by the re$i$tance of the Body upon which it re$teth, a $tronger
[0195]_Century V III._
comprc$$ion of parts then it hat of it $elf, and therefore needeth more force
to be put in motion. For if a weighty Body be pen$ile, and hang but by a
thred, the percu$$ion will make an impul$ion very near as ea$ily as i$ it were
already in motion.
A Body-over-great or over-$mall, will not be thrown $o far as a Body of
764.
a middle $ize; $o that (it $eemeth) there mu$t be a commen$uration or pro-
portion bet ween the Body moved, and the force, to make it move well. The
cau$e is, becau$e to the Impul$ion there is requi$ite the force of the Bo dy
that moveth, and the re$i$tance of the Body that is moved; and if the
Body be too great, it yieldeth too little; and if it be too $mall, it re$i$terh
too little.
It is common experience, that no weight will pre$s or cut $o $trong be-
765.
ing laid upon a Body, as falling or $trucken from above. It may be the Air
hath $ome part in furthering the percuf$ion: But the chief cau$e I take to be,
for that the parts of the Body moved, have by impul$ion, or by the motion
of gravity continued, a compre$$ion in them as well downwards, as they have
when they are thrown or $hot through the Air $orwards. I conceive al$o,
that the quick loo$e of that motion preventeth the re$i$tance of the Body be-
low; and priority of the force (always) is of great efficacy, as appeareth in
infinite in$tances.
T_Ickling_ is mo$t in the _Soles_ of the _Feet_, and under the _Arm-holes_, and
766.
on the _Sides_. The cau$e is, the thinne$s of the Skin in tho$e parts, joyned
Experiment
Solitary,
touching
_Titillation_.
with the rarene$s of being touched there; for all _Tickling_ is a light motion
of the Spirits, which the thinne$s of the Skin, and $uddenne$s and rarene$s
of touch do further: For we $ee a Feather or a Ru$h drawn along the Lip
or Cheek, doth tickle; whereas a thing more obtu$e, or a touch more
hard, doth not. And for $uddenne$s, we $ee no man can ticklehim$elf: We
$ee al$o, that the Palm of the Hand, though it hath as thin a Skin as the other
parts mentioned, yet is not tickli$h, becau$e it is accu$tomed to betouched.
_Tickling_ al$o cau$eth _Laughter_. The cau$e may be the emi$$ion of the Spirits,
and $o of the Breath, by a flight from _Titillation_; for upon _Tickling_, we
$ee there is ever a $tarting or $hrinking away of the part to avoid it; and
we $ee al$o, that if you tickle the No$trils with a Feather or Straw, it
procureth _Sneezing_, which is a $udden emi$$ion of the Spirits, that do
like wi$e expel the moi$ture. And _Tickling_ is ever pain$ul, and not well
endured.
IT is $trange, that the River of _Nilus_ overflowing, as it doth the Countrey
767.
of _Egypt_, there $hould be neverthele$s little or no Rain in that Countrey.
Experiment
Solitary,
touching the
_Scarcity of_
_Rain in_
_Egypt_.
The cau$e mu$t be, either in the Nature of the Water, or in the Nature
of the Air, or of both. In the Water, it may be a$cribed either tinto
the long race of the Water; for $wi$t-running Waters vapor not $o much
as $tanding Waters, or el$e to the concoction of the Water; for Waters well
concocted, vapor not $o much as Waters raw, no more then Waters upon
the fire do vapor $o much, after $ome time of boyling, as at the fir$t.
And it is true, that the Water of _Nilus_ is $weeter then other Waters in ta$te;
and it is excellent good for the _Stone_, and Hypochondriacal Melancholy,
which $heweth it is lenifying; and it runneth through a Countrey of a
hot Climate, and flat, without $hade either of Woods or Hills, whereby
the Sun mu$t needs have great power to concoct ir. As for the Air (from
whence I conceive this want of Showers cometh chiefly) the cau$e mu$t be,
[0196]_Natural Hi$tory;_
for that the Air is of it $elf thin and thir$ty, and as $oon as ever it getteth
any moi$ture from the Water, it imbibeth, and d $$ipateth it in the whole
Body of the Air, and $uffereth it not to romain in Vapor, where by it might
breed Rain.
IT hath been touched in the Title of Perlocations, (namely, $uch as are in-
768.
Expetiment
Solitary,
touching
_Clarification_.
wards) that the Whites of Eggs and Milk do clarifie; and it is certain,
that in _Egypt_ they prepare and clarifie the Water of _Nile_, by putting it into
great Jars of Stone, and $tirring it about with a few $tamped Almonds, where-
with they al$o be$mear the Mouth of the Ve$$el; and $o draw it off, after it
hath re$ted $ome time. It were good to try this Clarifying with Almonds in
new Beer or Mu$t, to ha$ten and perfect the Clarifying.
THere be $carce to be found any Vegetables that have Branches and no
769.
Experiment
Solitary,
touching
_Plants with-_
_out Leaves_.
Leaves, except you allow Coral for one. But there is al$o in the De$arts
of S. _Macario_ in _Egypt_, a Plant which is long, Leafle$s, brown of colour, and
branched like Coral, fave that it clo$eth at the top. This being $et in Water
within Hou$e, $predeth and di$playeth $trangely; and the people thereabout
have a $uper$titious belief, that in the Labor of Women it helpeth to the ea$ie
Deliverance.
THe _Cry$talline Venice-Gla{$s}_ is reported to be a mixture, in equal portions,
770.
Experiment
Solitary,
touching the
_Materials of_
_Gla{$s}_.
of Stones brought from _Pavia_, by the River _Ticinum_, and the A$hes of a
Weed called by the _Arabs, Kall_, which is gathered in a De$art bet ween
_Alexandria_ and _Ro$etta_; and is by the _Egyptians_ u$ed fir$t for Fuel, and then
they cru$h the A$hes into lumps like a Stone, and $o$ell them to the _Venetians_
for their Gla$s-works.
IT is $trange, and well to be noted, how long Carca$$es have continued
771.
Experiment
Solitary,
touching
_Prohibition of_
_Putrefactiou_,
_and the long_
_Con$ervation_
_of Bodies_.
uncorrupt, and in their former Dimen$ions; as appeareth in the _Mummies_
of _Egypt_, having la$ted, as is conceived ($ome of them) three thou$and
years. It is true, they finde means to draw forth the Brains, and to take
forth the Entrails, which are the parts apte$t to corrupt. But that is no-
thing to the wonder; for we $ee what a $oft and corruptible $ub$tance the
Fle$h of all the other parts of the Body is. But it $hould $eem, that accord-
ing to our ob$ervation and axiom, in our hundredth _Experiments, Putre_.
_faction_, which we conceive to be $o natural a Period of Bodies, is but an
accident, and that Matter maketh not that ha$te to Corruption that is
conceived; and therefore Bodies in $hining Amber, in Quick-$ilver, in
Balms, (where of we now $peak) in Wax, in Honey, in Gums, and (it
may be) in Con$ervatories of Snow, &c. are pre$erved very long. It need
not go for repetition, if we re$ume again that which we $aid in the afore-
$aid _Experiments_ concerning _Annihilation_, namely, That if you provide
again$t three cau$es of _Putrefaction, Bodies_ will not corrupt. The fir$t is,
that the Air be excluded; for that undermineth the Body, and con$pireth
with the Spirit of the Body to di$$olveit. The $econd is, that the Body adja-
cent and ambient be not Commaterial, but meerly Heterogeneal to wards
the Body that is to be pre$erved; for if nothing can be received by the
one, nothing can i$$ue from the other; $uch are Quick-$ilver and White Am-
ber to Herbs and Flies, and $uch Bodies. The third is, that the Body to be
pre$erved, be not of that gro$s that it may corrupt within it $elf, although no
part of it i$$ue into the Body adjacent; and therefore it mu$t be rather thin
[0197]_Century VIII._
and $mall then of Bulk. There is a fourth Remedy al$o, which is, That if
the Body to be pre$erved, be of bulk, as a Corps is, then the Body that in-
clo$eth it mu$t have a virtue to draw forth and dry the moi$ture of the in-
ward Body; for el$e the Putrefaction will play within, though nothing if$ue
forth. I remember _Livy_ doth relate, that there were found at a time two
Coffins of Lead in a Tomb, where of the one contained the Body of King
_Numa_, it being $ome Four hundred years after his death; and the other, his
Books of Sacred Rites and Ceremonies, and the D<007>$cipline of the Pontiffs:
And that in the Coffin that had the Body, there was nothing (at all) to be $een
but a little light Cinders about the $ides; but in the Coffin that had the
Books, they were found as fre$h as if they had been but newly written, being
written in Parchment, and covered over with Watch-candles of Wax three
or four fold. By this it $eemeth, that the _Romans_ in _Numa’_s time were not
$o good Embalmers as the _Egyptians_ were; which was the cau$e that the
Body was utterly con$umed. But I finde in _Plutarch_ and others, that when
_Augu$tus Ca$ar_ vi$ited the Sepulchre of _Alexander_ the Great in _Alexandria_,
he found the Body to keep his Dimen$ion; but withal, that not with $fanding
all the Embalming (which no doubt was of the be$t) the Body was $o tender,
as _Ca$ar_ touching but the No$e of it, defaced it. Which maketh mefinde it
very $trange, that the _Egyptian Mummies_ $hould be reported to be as hard
as Stone-pitch: For I finde no difference but one. which indeed may be
very material; namely, that the ancient _Egyptian Mummies_ were $hrowded
in a number of folds of Linnen, be$meared with Gums, in manner of
Sear-cloth; which it doth not appear, was practifed upon the Body of
_Alexander_.
NEar the Ca$tle of _Catie_, and by the Wells _A$$an_, in the Land of _Idumæa_,
772.
Expetiment
Solitary,
touching the
_Abundance_
_of Nitre in_
_certain Sea_.
_$hores_.
a great part of the way, you would think the Sea were near hand,
though it be a good di$tance of: And it is nothing, but the $hining of the
_Nitre_ upon the _Sea-$ands_; $uch abundance of _Nitre_ the Shores there do put
forth.
THe _Dead-Sea_, which vomiteth up _Bitumen_, is of that Cta$$itude, as
773.
Experiment
Solitary,
touching
_Bodies that_
_are borne up_
_by Water_.
Living Bodies, bound hand and foot, and ca$t into it, have been borne
up and not $unk: Which $heweth, that all $inking into Water, is but an over-
weight of the Body put into the Water, in re$pect of the Water; $o that
you may make Water $o $trong and heavy of _Quick-$ilver_, (perhaps) or the
like, as may bear up Iron; of which I $ee no u$e, but Impo$ture. We
$ee al$o, that all Metals, except Gold, for the $ame rea$on $wim upon
Quick $ilver.
IT is reported, that at the Foot of a Hill near the _Mare mortuum_, there is a
774.
Experiment
Solitary,
touching
_Fucl that con-_
_$umeth lit@le or_
_nothing_.
Black Stone (where of _Pilgrims_ make Fires) which burneth like a Coal and
dimini$heth not, but onely waxeth brighter and whiter. That it $hould do
$o, is not $trange; for we $ee Iron red hot burneth and con$umeth not.
But the $trangene$s is, that it $hould continue any time $o; for Iron, as
$oon as it is out of the Fire, deadeth $traight-ways. Certainly, it were a
thing of great u$e and profit, if you could finde out Fuel that would burn
hot, and yet la$t long: Neither am I altogether incredulous, but there
may be $uch Candles as (they $ay) are made of _Salamanders_ Wool, being a
kinde of Mineral which whiteneth al$o in the burning, and con$umeth not.
The Que$tion is this. Flame mu$t be made of $ome what; and commonly it
[0198]_Natural Hi$tory;_
is made of $ome tangible Body which hath weight; but it is not impo$$ible,
perhaps, that it $hould be made of Spirit or Vapor in a Body, (which Spirit
or Vapor hath no weight) $uch as is the matter of _Ignis fatuus_. But then you
will $ay, that that Vapor al$o can la$t but a $hort time. To that it may be an-
$wered, That by the help of Oyl and Wax, and other Candle $tuff, the flame
may continue, and the wick not burnt.
S_Ea-coal_ la$t longer then _Char-coal_; and _Char-coal_ of _Roots_, being coaled
775.
Experiment
Solitary,
_Oeconomical_
_touching cheap_
_Fewel_.
into great pieces, la$t longer then ordinary _Char-coal. Turf_, and _Peat_,
and _Cow-$heards_ are cheap Fewels, and la$t long. _Small-coal_ or _Char-coal_ pour-
ed upon _Char-coal_ make them la$t longer. _Sedge_ is a cheap Fewel to Brew
or Bake with, the rather, becau$e it is good for nothing el$e. Tryal would
be made of $ome mixture of _Sea-coal_ with _Earth_, or _Chalk_; for if that mix-
ture be, as the _Sea-coal-men_ u$e it privily, to make the Bulk of the _Coal_
greater, it is deceit; but if it be u$ed purpo$ely, and be made known, it is
$aving.
IT is at this day in u$e in _Gaza_, to couch _Pot-sherds_ or _Ve$$els_ of _Earth_ in their
776.
Experiment
Solitary,
touching the
_Gathering of_
_Wind for_
_Fre$hne{$s}_.
_Walls_, to gather the Wind from the top, and to pa$s it down in Spouts
into Rooms. It is a device for $re$hne $s in great Heats. And it is $aid, there
are $ome Rooms in _Italy_ and _Spain_ for fre$hne$s, and gathering the Winds and
Air in the Heats of Summer; but they be but Pennings of the Winds, and
enlarging them again, and making them reverberate, and go round in Cir-
cles, rather then this device of Spouts in the Wall.
THere would be u$ed much diligence in the choice of $ome Bodies and
777.
Experiment
Solitary,
touching the
_Tryals of_
_Airs_.
Places (as it were) for the ta$ting of Air, to di$cover the whole$omene$s
or un whole$omne$s as well of Sea$ons, as of the Seats of Dwellings. It is
certain, that there be $ome Hou$es wherein Confitures and Pies, will gather
Mould more then in others; and I am per$waded, that a piece of raw Fle$h
or Fi$h, will $ooner corrupt in $ome Airs then in others. They be noble
_Experiments_ that can make this di$covery; for they $erve for a Natural
Divination of Sea$ons, better then the A$tronomers can by their Figures;
and again, they teach men where to chu$e their dwelling for their better
health.
THere is a kinde of _Stone_ about _Bethlehem_ which they grinde to powder,
778.
Experiment
Solitary,
touching
_Increa$ing of_
_Milk in_
_Milk-Bea$ts_.
and put into Water, where of Cattel drink, which maketh them give
more Milk. Surely, there would be $ome better Tryals made of Mixtures
of Water in Ponds for Cattel, to make them more Milch, or to fatten them,
or to keep them from _Murrain_. It may be, _Chalk_ and _Nitre_ are of the
be$t.
IT is reported, that in the Valley near the Mountain _Carmel_ in _Judea_, there
779.
Experiment
Solitary,
touching
_Sand of the_
_Nature of_
_Gla{$s}_.
is a Sand, which of all other, hath mo$t affinity with Gla$s, in$omuch, as
other Minerals laid in it, turn to a gla$$ie $ub$tance without the fire; and
again, Gla$s put into it, turneth into the Mother-$and. The thing is very
$trange, if it be true; and it is likelie$t to be cau$ed by $ome natural Furnace
of Heat in the Earth, and yet they do not $peak of any Eruption of Flames.
It were good to try in Gla$s works, whether the crude Materials of Gla$s
mingled with Gla$s, already made and remoulten, do not facilitate the making
of Gla$s with le$s heat.
[0199]_Century VIII._
IN the Sea, upon the _South-We$t_ of _Sicily_, much Coral is found. It is a Sub-
780.
Experiment
Solitary,
touching the
_Growth of_
_Coral_.
marine Plant, it hath no leaves, it brancheth onely when it is under Wa-
ter; it is $oft, and green of colour; but being brought into the Air, it be-
cometh hard, and $hining red, as we $ee. It is $aid al$o to have a white
Berry, but we finde it not brought over with the Coral: Belike it is ca$t away
as nothing worth. Idquire better of it, for the di$covery of the Nature of
the Plant.
THe _Manna_ of _Calahria_ is the be$t, and in mo$t plenty. They gather it
781.
Experiment
Solitary,
touching the
_Gathering of_
_Manna_.
from the Leaf of the _Mulberry-tree_; but not of $uch _Mulberry-trees_ as
grow in the Valleys: And _Manna_ fa@leth upon the Leaves by night, as other
Dews do. It $hould $eem, that before tho$e Dews come upon Trees in the
Valleys, they di$$ipate and cannot hold out. It $hould $eem al$o, the Mul-
berry-leaf it $elf hath $ome coagulating virtue, which in$pi$$ateth the Dew,
for that it is not found upon other Trees: And we $ee by the Silk worm,
which feedeth upon that Leaf, what a dainty $mooth Juice it hath; and the
Leaves al$o (e$pecially of the Black Mulberry) are $ome what bri$tly, which
may help to pre$erve the Dew. Certainly, it were not ami$s to ob$erve a lit-
tle better the Dews that fall upon Trees or Herbs growing on _Mountains_; for
it may be, many Dews fall that $pend before they come to the Valleys. And
I $uppo$e, that he that would gather the be$t _May_ Dew for Medicine, $hould
gather it from the Hills.
IT is $aid, they have a manner to prepare their _Greek Wines_, to keep them
782.
Experiment
Solitary,
touching the
_Correcting of_
_Wine_.
from Fuming and Inebriating, by adding $ome _Sulphur_ or _Allum_; where of
the one is Unctuous, and the other is A$tringent. And certain it is, that
tho$e two Natures do repre$s the Fumes. This _Experiment_ would be tran$-
ferred unto other Wine and Strong-Beer, by putting in $ome like Sub$tances
while they work; which may make them both to Fume le$s, and to inflame
le$s.
IT is conceived by $ome, (not improbably) that the rea$on why Wild-
783.
Experiment
Solitary,
touching the
_Materials of_
_Wildfire_.
fires (where of the principal ingredient is _Bitumen_) do not quench with
Water, is, for that the fir$t concretion of _Bitumen_, is a mixture of a fiery and
watry $ub$tance; $o is not _Sulphur_. This appeareth, for that in the place near
_Puteoli_, which they call the _Court of Vulcan_, you $hall hear under the
Earth a horrible thundring of Fire and Water conflicting together; and
there break forth al$o Spouts of boiling Water. Now that place yield-
eth great quantities of _Bitumen_; whereas c _Ætna_, and _Ve$uvius_, and the like,
which con$i$t upon _Sulphur_, $hoot forth Smoak, and A$hes, and Pumice,
but no Water. It is reported al$o, that B_itumen_ mingled with Lime, and put
under Water, will make, as it were, an artificial Rock, the $ub$tance be cometh
$o hard.
THere is a Cement compounded of Flower, Whites of Eggs, and Stone
784.
Experiment
Solitary,
touching
_Plai$ter grow-_
_ing as hard as_
_Marble_.
powdred, that becometh hard as Marble, where with _Pi$cina Mirabilis_,
near _Cuma_, is $aid to have the Walls plai$tered. And it is certain, and tried,
that the Powder of Load-$tone and Flint, by the addition of Whites of Eggs
and Gum-dragon, made into Pa$te, will in a few days harden to the hardne$s
of a Stone.
[0200]_Natural Hi$tory;_
IT hath been noted by the _Antients_, that in full or impure Bodies, U'cers
785.
Experiment
Solitary,
touching
_Iudgment of_
_the Curein_
_$ome Vlcers_
_and Hurts_.
or Hurts in the Legs are hard to cure, and in the Head more ea$ie. The
cau$e is, for that Ulcers or Hurts in the Legs require De$iccation, which by
the defluxion of Humors to the lower parts is hindred, where as Hurts and
Ulcers in the Head require it not, but, contrariwi$e, Dryne$s maketh them
more apt to Con$olidate. And in Modern ob$ervation, the like difference
hath been found bet ween French-men and Engli$h men; where of the ones
Con$titution is more dry, and the others more moi$t: And therefore a Hurt
of the Head is harder to cure in a French-man, and of the Leg in an Engli$h-
man.
IT hath been noted by the _Ancients_, that _Southern Winds_ blowing much
786.
Experiment
Solitary,
touching the
_Healthfulne{$s}_
_or Vnhealth-_
_fulne{$s} of the_
_Southern_
_Wind_.
without Rain, do cau$e a _Fevorous Di$po$ition_ of the _Year_; but with Rain,
not. The cau$e is, for that _Southern Winds_ do of them$elves qualifie the Air
to be apt to cau$e _Fevers_; but when Showers are joyned, they do refrigerate
in part, and check the $oultry Heat of the Southern Wind. Therefore this
holdeth not in the Sea coa$ts, becau$e the vapor of the Sea without Showers
doth refre$h.
IT hath been noted by the _Ancients_, that Wounds which are made with
787.
Experiment
Solitary,
touching
_Wounds_.
Bra$s, heal more ea$ily then Wounds made with Iron. The cau$e is, for
that Bra$s hath in it $elf a Sanative virtue, and $o in the very in$tant helpeth
$omewhat; but Iron is Corro$ive, and not Sanative. And therefore it were
good that the In$truments which are u$ed by Chirurgions about Wounds
were rather of Bra$s then Iron.
IN the cold Countreys, when Mens No$es and Ears are mortified, and (as
788.
Experiment
Solitary,
touching
_Mortification_
_by Cold_.
it were) Gangrened with cold, if they come to a Fire, they rot off pre-
$ently. The cau$e is, for that the few Spirits that remain in tho $e parts are
fuddenly drawn forth, and $o Putrefaction is made compleat. But Snow put
upon them helpeth, for that it pre$erveth tho$e Spirits that remain till they
can revive; and be$ides, Snow hath in it a $ecret warmth; as the _Monk_
proved out of the Texr, _Qui dat Nivem $icut Lanam, Gelu $icut Cineres $pargit_;
whereby he did infer, that Snow did warm like Wool, and Fro$t did fret like
A$hes. Warm Water al$o doth good, becau$e by little and little it openeth
the pores, without any $udden working upon the Spirits. This _Experiment_
may be transferred unto the cure of _Gangrenes_, either coming of them $elves,
or induced by too much applying of _Opiates_; wherein you mu$t be ware of
dry Heat, and re$ort to things that are Refrigerant, with an inward warmth
and virtue of cheri$hing.
WEigh Iron and _Aqua-fort{is}_ $everally, then di$$olve the Iron in the _Aqua-_
789.
Experiment
Solitary,
touching
_Weight_.
_fortis_, and weigh the Di$$olution; and you $hall finde it to bear as good
weight as the Bodies did $everally, not with $tanding a good deal of wa$te
by a thick vapor that i$$ueth during the working; which $heweth, that the
opening of a Body doth increa$e the weight. This was tryed once or twice,
but I know not whether there were any Error in the Tryal.
TAke of _Aqua-fortis_ two Ounces, of _Quick-$ilver_ two Drachms, (for that
790.
Experiment
Solitary,
touching the
_Supernation of_
_Bodies_.
charge the _Aqua fortis_ will bear) the Di$$olution will not bear a Flint
as big as a _Nutmeg_; yet (no doubt) the increa$ing of the weight of
[0201]_Century VIII._
Water w<007>ll increate h<007>s power of bearing; as we $ee Broyn, when it is $alt
enough, will bear an Egg. And I remember well a Phy$itian, that u$ed to
give $ome M neral Baths for the Gout &c. And the Body when it was put
into the Bath, could not get down $o ea$ily as in ordinary Water. But it $eem
eth, the weight of the Quick$ilver, more then the weight of a Stone, doth
not compen$e the weight of a Stone, more then the weight of the _Aqua-fortis_.
LEt there be a Body of unequal weight, (as of Wood and Lead, or Bone
791.
Experiment
Solitary,
touching the
_Flying of un-_
_equal Bodies_
_in the Air._
and Lead;) it you throw it from you with the light end forward, it will
turn, and the weightier end will recover to be forwards, unle$s the Body be
over-long. The cau$eis, for that the more Den$e Body hath a more violent
pre$$ure of the parts from the fir$t impul$ion; which is the cau$e (though
heretofore not found out, as hath been often $aid) of all Violent Motions:
And when the hinder part moveth $wifter (for that it le$, endureth pre$$ure of
parts) then the for ward part can make way for it, it mu$t needs be that the
Body turn over; for (turned) it can more ea$ily draw forward the lighter part.
_Galilaus_ noteth it well, That if an open Trough, wherein Water is, be driven
fa$ter then the Water can follow, the Water gathereth upon an heap to-
wards the hinder end, where the motion began; which he $uppo$eth (hold-
ing confidently the motion of the Earth) to be the cau$e of the Ebbing and
Flowing of the Ocean, becau$e the Earth over runneth the Water. Which
Theory though it be fal$e, yet the fir$t _Experiment_ is true; as for the inequa-
lity of the pre$$ure of parts, it appeareth manife$tly in this, That if you take
a body of Stone or Iron, and another of Wood, of the $ame magnitude and
$hape, and throw them with equal force, you cannot po$$ibly throw the
Wood $o far as the Stone or Iron.
IT is certain (as it hath been formerly in part touched) that Water may be
792.
Experiment
Solitary,
touching
_Water, that it_
_may be the_
_Medium of_
_Sounds._
the _Medium_ of Sounds. If you da$h a Stone again$t a Stone in the bottom
of the Water, it makes a Sound; $o a long Pole $truck upon Gravel, in the
bottom of the Water, maketh a Sound. Nay, if you $hould think that the
Sound cometh up by the Pole, and not by the Water, you $hall finde that an
Anch or let down by a Rope maketh a Sonnd; and yet the Rope is no $olid
Body, where by the Sound can a$cend.
ALl objects of the Sen$es which are very offen$ive, do cau$e the Spirits
793.
Experiment
Solitary,
_of the Flight_
_of the Spirits_
_upon odious_
_Objects._
to retire; and upon their flight, the parts are _(_in $ome degree) de$titute,
and $o there is induced in them a trepidation and horror. For Sounds, we
$ee, that the grating of a Saw, or any very har$h noi$e, will $et the Teeth on
edge, and make all the Body $hiver. For Ta$tes, we $ee, that in the taking of
a Potion, or Pills, the Head and the Neck $hake. For odious $mells, the like
effect followeth, which is le$s perceived, becau$e there is a remedy at hand,
by $topping of the No$e. But in Hor$es, that can u$e no $uch help, we $ee
the $mell of a Carrion, e$pecially of a dead Hor$e, maketh them flie away,
and take on almo$t, as if they were mad. For Feeling, if you come out of the
Sun $uddenly into a $hade, there followeth a chilne$s or $hivering in all the
Body. And even in Sight, which hath (in effect) no odious object, coming in-
to $udden darkne$s, induceth an offer to $hiver.
794.
Experiment
Solitary,
touching the
_Super-Refiexi-_
_on of Echo@@._
THere is in the City of _Ticinum_ in _Italy_, a Church that hath Windows
onely from above; it is in Length an hundred Feet, in Bredth twenty
Feet, and in Height near fifty, having a Door in the mid$t. It reporteth,
[0202]_Natural Hi$tory_;
the voice twelve or thirteen times. If you $tand by the clo$e end-wall over
again$t the Door, the Echo fadeth and dieth by little and little, as the Echo
at _Pont-Charenton_ doth, and the voice $oundeth as if it came from above the
Door; and if you $tand at the lower end, or on either $ide of the Door, the
Fcho holdeth; but if you $tand in the Door, or in the mid$t ju$t over again$t
the Door, not. Note, that all Echoes $ound better again$t old Walls then
new, becau$e they are more dry and hollow.
THo$e effects which are wrought by the percu$$ion of the Sen$e, and by
795.
Experiment
Solitary,
touching the
_force of Imagi-_
_nation, Imi-_
_tating that of_
_the Sen$e._
things in Fact, are produced likewi$e in $ome degree by the Imagina-
tion: There$ore if a man $ee another eat $our or acide things, which $et the
Teeth on edge, this object tainteth the Imagination; $o that he that $eeth
the thing done by another hath his own Teeth al$o $et on edge. So if a man
$ee another turn $wiftly and long, or if he look upon Wheels that turn, him-
$elf waxeth Turn-$ick. So if a man be upon a high place, without Rails, or
good hold, except he be u$ed to it, he is ready to fall; for imagining a fall,
it putteth his $pirits into the very action of a fall. So many upon the $eeing
of others Bleed, or Strangled, or Tortured, them$elves are ready to faint,
as if they bled, or were in $trife.
TAke a _Stock-Gilliflower_, and tie it gently upon a $tick, and put them both
796.
Experiment
Solitary,
touching
_Pre$ervation_
_of Bodies._
both into a Stoop-gla$s full of Quick-$ilver, $o that the Flower be
covered; then lay a little weight upon the top of the Gla$s, that may keep
the $tick down; and look upon them after four or five days, and you $hall
finde the Flower fre$h, and the Stalk harder and le$s flexible then it was.
If you compare it with another Flower, gathered at the $ame time, it will
be the more manife$t. This $heweth, that _Bodies_ do pre$erve excellently in
_Quick-$ilver_; and not pre$erve onely, but by the coldne$s of the _Quick-$ilver_,
indurate. For the fre$hne$s of the Flower may be meerly Con$ervation,
(which is the more to be ob$erved, becau$e the _Quick-$ilver_ pre$$eth the _Flower_)
but the $tifne$s of the Stalk cannot be without Induration from the cold (as
it $eemeth) of the _Quick-$ilver_.
IT is reported by $ome of the _Ancients_, That in _Cyprus_ there is a kinde of
797.
Experiment
Solitary,
touching the
_Growth or_
_Multiplying_
_of Metals._
Iron, that being cut into little pieces, and put into the ground, if it be well
watered, will encrea$e into greater pieces. This is certain, and known of old,
that Lead will multiply and encrea$e; as hath been $een in old _Statues_ of
Stone, which have been put in _Cellars_, the Feet of them being bound with
_Leaden bands_; where (after a time) there appeared, that the Lead did $well,
in$omuch, as it hanged upon the Stone like Warts.
ICall that drowning of Metals, when the ba$er Metal is $o incorporate
798.
Experiment
Solitary,
touching the
_Drowning of_
_the more Ba$e_
_Metal, in the_
_more Precious_.
with the more rich, as it can by no means be $eparated again; which is a
kinde of Ver$ion, though fal$e; as if _Silver_ $hould be in$eparably incorpo-
rated with _Gold_, or _Copper_ and _Lead_ with _Silver_. The _Ancient Electrum_ had
in it a fifth of _Silver_ to the _Gold_, and made a Compound Metal, as fit for
mo$t u$es as _Gold_, and more re$plendent, and more qualified in $ome
other properties; but then that was ea$ily $eparated. This to do privily,
or to make the Compound pa$s for the rich Metal $imple, is an adulteration
or counterfeiting; but if it be done avowedly and without di$guifing, it
may be a great $aving of the richer Metal. I remember to have heard of
a man skilful in Metals, that a fifteenth part of _Silver_ incorporate with
[0203]_Century VIII._
_Gold_ is the onely Sub$tance which hath nothing in it Volatile, and yet
799.
Experiment
Solitary,
touching
_Fixation of_
_Bodies._
melteth without much difficulty. The Melting $heweth, that it is not
jejune or $carce in Spirit. So that the fixing of it is not want of Spirit to flie
out, but the equal $preding of the Tangible parts, and the clo$e coacerva-
tion of them; where by they have the le$s appetite, and no means (at all) to
i$$ue forth. It were good therefore to try whether Gla$s Re-molten, do lo$e
any weight; for the parts in Gla$s are evenly $pred, but they are not $o clo$e
as in Gold; as we $ee by the ea$ie admi$$ion of Light Heat, and Cold, and
by the $malne$s of the weight. There be other Bodies fixed, which have lit-
tle or no Spirit, $o as there is nothing to flie out; as we $ee in the Stuff, where-
of Coppels are made, which they put into Furnaces, upon which Fire work-
eth not. So that there are three cau$es of Fixation; the _Even-$preding_ both
of the _Spirits_ and _Tangible parts_; the _Clo$ene{$s}_ of the _Tangible parts_; and the _Fe-_
_junen{$s}_ or _Extream Comminution_ of _Spirits_: Of which three, the two fir$t may
be joyned with a _Nature Liquefiable_, the la$t not.
IT is a profound _Contemplation in Nature_, to con$ider of the Emptine$s (as we
800.
Experiment
Solitary,
touching the
_Re$tle$s Na-_
_ture of Things_
_in them$elves,_
_and their De-_
_fire to Change._
may callit) or In$atisfaction of $everal Bodies, and of their appetite to take
in others. Air taketh in Lights, and Sounds, and Smells, and Vapors: And
it is mo$t manife$t, that it doth it with a kinde of Thir$t, as not $atisfied with
his own former Con$i$tence; for el$e it would never receive them in $o $ud-
denly and ea$ily. _Water_ and all _Liquors_ do ha$tily receive dry and more Ter-
re$trial Bodies proportionable; and Dry Bodies, on the other $ide, drink in
Waters and Liquors: So that (as it was well $aid by one of the _Ancients_, of
Earthy and Watry Sub$tances) one is a Glue to another. _Parchments, Skins,_
_Cloth, & c._ drink in Liquors; though them$elves be entire Bodies, and not
comminuted, as _Sand_ and _A$bes_, nor apparently porous. _Metals_ them$elves
do receive in readily _Strong waters_, and _Strong-waters_ likewi$e do readily pierce
into _Metals_ and _Stones_; and that _Strong-water_ will touch upon _Gold_, that will
not touch upon _Silver_, and _è conver$o_. And _Gold_, which $eemeth by the weight
to be the clo$e$t and mo$t $olid Body, doth greedily drink in _Quick-$ilver_. And
it $eemeth, that this Reception of other Bodies is not violent; for it is (many
times) reciprocal, and, as it were with con$ent. Of the cau$e of this, and to
what Axiom it may be referred, con$ider attentively; for as for the pretty
a$$ertion, That _Matter_ is like a _Common Strumpet_ that de$ireth all _Forms_, it is
but a Wandring Notion. Onely _Flame_ doth not content it $elf to take in any
other Body; but either to overcome, and turn another Body into it $elf, as
by victory, or it$elf to die and go out.
[0204]
[0205]
NATURAL
HISTORY
_Century IX_.
IT is certain, That all _Bodies_ what$oever, though they
Experiments
in Con$ort,
touching
_Perception in_
_Bodies In$en-_
_$ible, tending_
_to Natural_
_Divination or_
_Sub<007>il Tryals._
have no Sen$e, yet they have Perception: For when
one _Body_ is applied to another, there is a kinde of Electi-
on, to embrace that which is agreeable, and to exclude
or expel that which is ingrate: And whether the _Body_
be alterantor altered, evermore a Perception precedeth
Operation; for el$e all _Bodies_ would be alike one to an-
other. And $ometimes this Perception in $ome kinde
of _Bodies_ is far more $ubtilthen the Sen$e; $o that the Sen$e is but a dull thing
in compari$on of it. We $ee a _Weather-gla{$s}_ will finde the lea$t difference of
the Weather in Heat or Cold, when Men finde it not. And this Perception
al$o is $ometimes at di$tance, as well as upon the touch; as when the _Load-_
_$tone_ draweth Iron, or Flame fireth _Naphtha_ of _Babylon_ a great di$tance off.
It is therefore a $ubject of a very _Noble Enquiry_, to enquire of the more _$ubtil_
_Perceptions_; for it is another Key to open _Nature_, as well as the _Sen$e_, and
$ometimes better: And be$ides, it is a principal means of _Natural Divination_;
for that which in the$e Perceptions appeareth early, in the great effects
cometh long after. It is true al$o, that it $erveth to di$cover that which is
hid, as well as to foretel that which is to come, as it is in many _$ubtil Tryals:_
As to try whether _Seeds_ be old or new, the _Sen$e_ cannotinform; but if you
boil them in Water, the new Seeds will $prout $ooner. And $o of Water,
the ta$te will not di$cover the be$t Water; but the $peedy con$uming of it,
and many other means which we have heretofore $et down, will di$cover it.
So in all _Phy$iognomy_, the _Lineaments_ of the _Body_ will di$covertho$e Natural
Inclinations of the Minde, which Di$$imulation will conceal, or Di$cipline
will $uppre$s. We $hall therefore now handle onely tho$e two _Perceptions_
which pertain to _Natural Divination_ and _Di$covery_, leaving the handling of
[0206]_Natural Hi$tory_;
_Perception_ in other things to be di$po$ed el$ where. Now it is true, that _Di-_
_vination_ is attained by other _means_; as if you know the cau$es, if you know
the _Concomitants_, you may judge of the effect to follow; and the like may be
$aid of _Di$coper_. But we tye our $elves here to that _Divination_ and _Di$covery_
chiefly, which is cau$ed by an early or $ubtil _Perception_.
The aptne$s or propen$<007>on of Air or Water to corrupt or putrefie,
(no doubt) is to be found before it break forth into manife$t effects of Dif-
ea$es, Bla$ting, or the like. We will therefore $et down $ome Progno$ticks
of Pe$tilential and unwhol$ome years.
The Wind blowing much from the South without Rain, and Worms
801.
in the Oak-Apple, have been $poken of before. Al$o the plenty of Frogs,
Gra$hoppers, Flies, and the like Creatures bred of Putrefaction, doth portend
Pe$tilent<007>al years.
Great and early Heats in the Spring, (and namely in _May_) without
802.
Winds, portend the $ame. And generally $o do years with little Wind or
Thunder.
Great Droughts in Summer, la$ting till to wards the end of _August_,
803.
and $ome gentle $howers upon them, and then $ome dry weather again, do
portend a Pe$tilent Summer the year following: For about the end of
_Augu$t_, all the $weetne$s of the Earth which goeth into _Plants_ or _Trees_ is
exhaled; (and much more if the _Augu$t_ be dry) $o that nothing then
can breath forth of the Earth but a gro$s vapor, which is apt to corrupt
the Air; and that vapor by the fir$t $howers, if they begentle, is relea$ed,
and cometh forth abundantly. Therefore they that come abroad $oon
after tho$e $howers are commonly taken with $<007>ckne$s. And in _Africk_ no
Body will $tir out of doors after the fir$t $howers. But if the fir$t $howers
come vehemently, then they rather wa$h and fill the Earth, then give
it leave to breath forth pre$ently. But if dry weather come again, then
it fixeth and continueth the corruption of the Air upon the fir$t $howers
begun, and maketh it of ill influence even to the next Summer, ex-
cept a very Fro$ty Winter di$charge it, which $eldom $ucceedeth $uch
Droughts.
The le$$er Infections of the _Small-Pox, Purple Feavers, Agues_ in the Sum-
804.
mer precedent, and hovering all Winter, do portend a great _Pe$tilence_
in the Summer following: For Putrefaction doth not ri$e to its height at
once.
It were good to lay a piece of raw Fle$h or Fi$h in the open Air;
805.
and if it putrefie quickly, it is a $<007>gn of a di$po$<007>tion in the Air to Pu-
trefaction. And becau$e you cannot be informed, whther the Putrefacti-
on be quick or Iate, except you compare this Experiment with the
like Experiment in another year; it were not amifs in the $ame year,
and at the $ame time, to lay one piece of Fle$h or Fi$h in the open Air,
and another of the $ame kinde and bigne$s within doors: For I judge,
that if a general di po$<007>tion be in the Air to putrefie, the Fle$h or Fi$h
will $ooner putrefie abroad, where the Air hath more power then in the
Hou$e, where it hath le$s, being many ways corrected. And this Experi-
ment would be made about the end of _March_; for that $ea$on is like$t to
di$cover what the Winter hath done, and what the Summer following will
do upon the Air. And becau$e the Air (no doubt) receiveth greattincture
and infu$<007>on from the Earth, it were good to try that expo$<007>ng of Fle$h
[0207]_Century IX._
or Fi$h both upon a Stake of Wood, $ome height above the Earth, and
upon the flat of the Earth.
Take _May_ Dew, and $ee whether it putrefie quickly, or no; for that
806.
likewi$e may di$clo$e the quality of the Air, and vapor of the Earth, more
or le$s corrupted.
A dry _March_, and a dry _May_, portend a whole$ome Summer, if there be
807.
a $howring _April_ between; but other wi$e it is a $<007>gn of a _Pe$tilential year_.
As the di$covery of the di$po$<007>tion of the Air is good for the _Progno$ticks_
808.
of whole$ome and unwhole$ome years; $o it is of much more u$e for the
choice of places to dwell in; at the lea$t for Lodges and Retiring-places for
Health, (for Man$<007>on Hou$es re$pect provi$<007>ons as well as health) wherein
the _Experiments_ above mentioned may $erve.
But for the choice of Places or Seats, it is good to make tryal, not onely
809.
of aptne$s of Air to corrupt, but al$o of the moi$ture and dryne$s of the
Air, and the temper of it in heat or cold; for that may concern health diver$ly.
We $ee that there be $ome Hou$es wherein _Sweet Meats_ will relent, and _Baked_
_Meats_ will mould, more then in others; and _Wain$cots_ will al$o $weat more, $o
that they will almo$t run with Water: All which (no doubt) are caufed chief-
ly by the moi$tne$s of the Air in tho$e Seats. But becau$e it is better to know
it before a Man buildeth his Hou$e, then to finde it after, take the _Experiments_
following.
Lay Wool, or a Sponge, or Bread in the place you would try, comparing
810.
it with $ome other places, and $ee whether it doth not moi$ten, and make
the Wool or Sponge, &c. more ponderous then the other: And if it do, you
may judge of that place, as $<007>tuate in a gro$s and moi$t Air.
Becau$e it is certain that in $ome places, either by the Nature of the Earth,
811.
or by the $<007>tuation of Woods and Hills, the Air is more unequal then in
others; and inequality of Air is ever an enemy to health: It were good to
take two Weather-Gla$$es, matches in all things, and to $et them for the $ame
hours of one day in $everal places where no $hade is nor enclo$ures, and to
mark when you $et them, how far the Water cometh; and to compare them
when you come again, how the Water $tandeth then. And if you finde them
unequal, you may be $ure, that the place where the Water is lowe$t is in the
warmer Air, and the other in the Colder. And the greater the inequality is
of the a$cent or de$cent of the Water, the greater is the inequality of the
temper of the Air.
The _Predictions_ likewi$e of cold and long Winters, and hot and dry
812.
Summers, are good to be known, as well for the di$covery of the cau$es,
as for divers Provi$<007>ons. That of _Plenty of Haws_, and _Heps_, and _Bryar-Berries_,
hath been $poken of before. If _Wain$cot_ or _Stone_, that have ufed to $weat, be
more dry in the beginning of Winter, or the drops of the Eavs of Hou$es
come more $lowly down then they u$e, it portendeth a hard and fro$ty Win-
ter. The cau$e is, for that it $heweth an inclination of the Air to dry Weather,
which in Winter is ever joyned with Fro$t.
Generally a moi$t and a cool Summer, portendeth a hard Winter. The
813.
cau$e is, for that the vapors of the Earth are not di$$<007>pated in the Summer by
the Sun; and $o they rebound upon the Winter.
A hot and dry Summer and Autumn, and efpecially if the heat and
814.
drought extend far into _September_, portendeth an open beginning of Winter,
and colds to $ucceed to ward the latter part of the Winter, and the beginning
of the Spring. For till then the former heat and drought bear the $way, and
the vapors are not $ufficiently multiplied.
[0208]_Natural Hi$tory;_
An open and warm Winter portendeth a hot and dry Summer: For the
815.
Vapors di$per$e into the Winter $howers; whereas Cold and Fro$t keep-
eth them in, and tran$porteth them into the late Spring and Summer fol-
lowing.
_Birds_ that u$e to change Countrevs at certain Sea$ons, if they come
816.
earlier, do $hew the temperature of Weather according to that Countrey
whence they came: As the Winter Birds, (namely, _Woodcocks, Feldefares &c_.)
if they come earlier, and out of the _Northern Countreys_, with us $hew cold
Winters. And if it be in the $ame Countrey, then they $hew a temperature
of Sea$on, like unto that Sea$on in which they come; as _Swallows Bats_,
_Cuckses, &c_. that come towards Summer, if they come early, $hew a hot
Summer to follow.
The _Progno$ticks_ more immediate of Weather to $ollow $oon after, are
817.
more certain then tho$e of Sea$ons: The Re$ounding of the Sea upon the
Shore, and the Murmur of Winds in the Woods, without apparent Wind,
$hew Wind to follow. For $uch Winds, breathing chiefly out of the Earth,
are not at the fir$t perceived, except they be pent by Water or Wood. And
therefore a Murmur out of Caves like wi$e portendeth as much.
The Upper Regions of the Air, perceive the Collection of the matter of
818.
Tempe$t and Winds before the Air here below. And therefore the ob$curing
of the $maller Stars, is a $<007>gn of Tempe$ts following. And of this kinde you
$hall finde a number of in$tances in our _Inqui$ition de Ventis_.
Great Mountains have a Perception of the di$po$<007>tion of the Air to Tem-
819.
pe$ts $ooner, then the Valleys or Plains below. And therefore they $ay in _VVales_,
_VVhen certain Hills have their Night-caps on, they me@n mi$chief_. The cau$e is, for that
Tempe$ts which are for the mo$t part bred above in the Middle Region, (as
they call it) are $oone$t perceived to collect in the places next it.
The Air and Fire have $ubtil Perceptions of Wind ri$<007>ng before Men
820.
finde it. We $ee the trembling of a Candle will di$cover a Wind, that other-
wi$e we do not feel; and the Flexious burning of Flames doth $hew the Air
beginneth to be unquiet; and $o do Coals of fire, by ca$ting off the a$hes
more then they u$e. The cau$e is, for that no Wind at the fir$t, till it hath
$truck and driven the Air, is apparent to the Sen$e; but flame is ea$<007>er to
move then Air. And for the A$hes, it is no marvel though Wind unperceived
$hake them off; for we u$ually try which way the Wind bloweth, by ca$ting
up Gra$s or Chaff, or $uch light things into the Air.
When Wind expireth from under the Sea, as it cau$eth $ome re$ound-
821.
ings of the Water, (whereof we$pake before) $o it cau$eth $ome light mo-
tions of Bubbles, and white Circles of Froth. The cau$e is, for that the
Wind cannot be perceived by the Sen$e, until there be an Eruption of a great
quantity from under the Water, and $o it getteth into a Body, whereas in the
fir$t putting up, it cometh in little portions.
We $pake of the A$hes that Coals ca$t off, and of Gra$s and Chaff car-
822.
ried by the Wind; $o any light thing that moveth when we find no VVind,
$heweth a VVind at hand: As when Feathers or Down of Thi$tles flie to and
fro in the Air.
For _Progno$ticks_ of VVeather from _Living Creatures_, it is to be noted, That
Creatures that live in the open Air (_$ub dio_) mu$t needs have a quicker
impre$$<007>on from the Air, then Men that live mo$t within doors; and e$pe-
cially Birds who live in the Air free$t and cleare$t, and are apte$t by their
voice to tell tales what they finde, and likewi$e by the motion of their
flight to expre$s the $ame.
[0209]_Century IX._
_VVater-fowls_ (at _Sea-Gulls, Moor-Hens, &c_.) when they flock and flie
823.
together from the Sea to wards the Shores; and contrariwi$e Land Birds, (as
_Crows Swallows, &c_. when they fl<007>e from the Land to the VVaters, and beat
the VVaters with their VVings, do fore$hew Rain and VVind. The cau$e is,
Plea$ure that both kindes take in the moi$tne$s and den$<007>ty of the Air,
and $o de$<007>re to be in motion, and upon the VVing, whither-$oever they
would otherwi$e go: For it is no marvel that VVater fowl do joy mo$t
in that Air which is like$t VVaters; and Land Birds al$o (many of them)
delight in Bathing and moi$t Air. For the $ame rea$on al$o, many Birds do
prune their Feathers, and Gee$e do gaggle, and Crows $eem to call upon
Rain. All which is but the comfort they $eem to receive in the relenting of
the Air.
The _Heron_ when $he $oareth high, ($o as $ometimes $he is $een to pa$s
824.
over a Cloud) $heweth VVinds: But _Kites_ flying alofr, $hew fair and dry
weather. The cau$e may be, for that they both mount mo$t into the Air of
that temper wherein they delight, And the _Heron_, being a VVater-fowl,
taketh plea$ure in the Air that is conden$ed; and be$<007>des, being but heavy
of VVing, needeth the help of the gro$$er Air. But the _Kite_ af$ecteth not
$o much the gro$$ne$, of the Air, as the cold and $re$hne$s thereo$; for be-
ing a _Bird of Prey_, and therefore hot, $he delighteth in the fre$h Air, and
(many times) flieth again$t the VVind; as _Trouts_ and _Salmons_ $wim again$t
the $tream. And yet it is true al$o, that all Birds finde an ea$e in the depth
of the Air, as Swimmers do in a deep VVater. And therefore when they are
al$o, they can uphold them$elves with their VVings $pred, $carce moving
them.
_Fi$hes_ when they play to wards the top of the VVater, do commonly
825.
foretel Rain. The cau$eis, for that a Fi$h hating the dry, will not approach
the Air till it groweth moi$t; and when it is dry will fl@e it, and $wim
lower.
_Beasts_ do take comfort (generally) in a moi$t Air, and it maketh them
826.
eat their Meat better; and therefore _Sheep_ will get up betimes in the
morning to $eed again$t Rain; and Cattle, and Deer, and Coneys will feed
hard before Rain; and a _Heifer_ will put up his No$e, and $nuff in the Air
again$t Rain.
The _Trifoil_ again$t Rain, fwelleth in the Stalk, and $o $tandeth more
827.
uprig@t; for by wet, Stalks do erect, and Leaves bow down. There is a
$mall Red Flower in the Stubble fields, which Countrey people call the
_VVincopipe_; which, if it open in the Morning, you may be $ure of a fair day
to follow.
Even in _Meu, Aches_, and _Hurts_, and _Corns_, do engrieve either to wards
828.
Rain, or towards Fro$t; for the one maketh the Humors more to abound,
and the other maketh them $harper. So we $ee both extreams bring the
_Gout_.
_VVorms, Vermine, &c_. do $ore$hew (likewi$e) Rain; for _Earth-Worms_
829.
will come forth, and _Moles_ will ca$t up more, and _Fleas_ bite more again$t
Rain.
Solid Bodies likewi$e fore$hew Rain: As Stones and Wain$cot when
830.
they $weat, and Boxes and Pegs of Wood when they draw and wind hard;
though the former be but from an outward cau$e, for that the Stone or
Wain$cot turneth and beateth back the Air again$t it $elf; but the latter is an
in ward $welling of the Body of the VVood it $elf.
[0210]_Natural Hi$tory;_
A_Ppetite_ is moved chiefly by things that are cold and dry. The cau$e is,
831.
Experiment
Solitary,
touching the
_Nature of_
_Appetite in_
_the Stomack_.
for that Cold is a kinde of indigence of Nature, and calleth upon $upply,
and $o is Dryne$s: And therefore all $our things (as _Vinegar, Juyce of Lemmons_,
_Oyl of Vitriol, &c_.) provoke Appetite. And the Di$ea$e which they call
_Appetitus Caninus_, con$<007>$teth in the Matter of an Acide and Gla$$<007>e Phlegm
in the Mouth of the Stomack. _Appetite_ is al$o moved by $our things, for
that $our things induce a contraction in the _Nerves_, placed in the Mouth of
the Stomack, which is a great cau$e of Appetite. As for the cau$e why Oni-
ons, and Salt, and Pepper in Baked Meats move Appetite, it is by Vellication
of tho$e Nerves; for Motion whetteth. As for _Wormwood, Olives, Capers_, and
others of that kinde, which participate of Bitterne$s, they move Appetite
by Ab$ter$<007>on. So as there be four principal cau$es of Appetite; the Re$ri-
geration of the Stomack joyned with $ome Dryne$s, Contraction, Vellicati-
on, and Ab$ter$<007>on; be$<007>des Hunger, which is an emptine$s; and yet over-
fa$ting doth (many times) cau$e the Appetite to cea$e; for that want of Meat
maketh the Stomack draw Humors, and $uch Humors as are light and Cho-
lerick, which quench Appetite mo$t.
IT hath been ob$erved by the _Ancients_, that where a _Rainbow_ $eemeth to
832.
Expetiment
Solitary,
touching
_Sweetne{$s} of_
_Odor from the_
_Rainbow._
hang over, or to touch, there breatheth forth a $weet $mell. The cau$e is,
for that this happeneth but in certain matters which have in them$elves $ome
Sweetne$s, which the gentle Dew of the _Rainbow_ doth draw forth; and the
like do $oft Showers, for they al$o make the Ground $weet: But none are $o
delicate as the Dew of the _Rainbow_ where it falleth. It may be al$o, that the
Water it $elf hath $ome Sweetne$s; for the _Rainbow_ con$<007>$teth of a Glomera-
tion of $mall drops, which cannot po$$<007>bly fall but from the Air that is
very low, and therefore may hold the very Sweetne$s of the Herbs and
Flowers as a Di$tilled Water: For Rain and other Dew that fall from high
cannot pre$erve the $mell, being di$$<007>pated in the drawing up; neither do we
know, whether $ome Water it lelf may not have $ome degree of Sweetne$s.
It is true, that we finde it $en$<007>bly in no Pool, River, nor Fountain; but good
Earth newly turned up, hath a fre$hne$s and good $ent; which Water, i$ it be
not too equal, (for equal objects never move the Sen$e) may al$o have. Cer-
tain it is, that _Bay$alt_, which is but a kinde of Water congealed, will $ome-
times $mell like _Violets_.
TO $weet Smells, heat is requi$<007>te to concoct the Matter, and $ome Moy-
833.
Experiment
Solitary,
touching
_Sweet Smells_.
$ture to $pred the Breath of them: For heat, we $eethat Woods and Spi-
ces are more odorate in the Hot Countreys, then in the Cold. For Moi$ture,
we $ee that things too much dryed lo$e their Sweetne$s; and Flowers grow-
ing $mell better in a Morning or Evening, then at Noon. Some $weet $mells
are de$troyed by approach to the Fire; as _Violets, Wall-flowers, Gilliflowers, Pinks_,
and generally all Flowers that have cool and delicate Spirits. Some continue
both on the fire, and from the fire, as _Ro$e-Water, &c_. Some do fcarce come
forth, or at lea$t not $o plea$antly, as by means of the fire; as _Juniper, Sweet_
_Gums, &c_. and all $mells that are enclo$ed in a fa$t Body; but (generally)
tho$e $mells are the mo$t grateful where the degree of heat is $mall, or where
the $trength of the $mell is allayed; for the$e things do rather wo the Sen$e,
then $atiate it. And therefore the $mell of _Violets_ and _Ro$es_ exceedeth in $weet-
ne$s that of Spices; and Gums, and the $tronge$t $ort of $mells, are be$t in a
weft afar off.
[0211]_Century IX._
IT is certain, that no $mell i$$ueth but wth emi$$ion of $ome corporeal $ub-
834.
Experiment
Solitary,
touching the
_Corporeal_
_Sub$tance of_
_Smells_.
$tance; not as it is in Light, and Colours, and Sounds: For we$ee plainly
that $mell doth $pred nothing that di$tance that the other do. It is true, that
$ome Woods of _Orenges_, and _Heaths_ of _Ro$emary_, will $mell a great way into
the Sea, perhaps twenty M<007>les; but what is that, $ince a peal of Ordnance
will do as much, which moveth in a $mall compa$s, whereas tho$e Woods
and Heaths are of va$t $paces? Be$ides, we $ee that $mells do adhere to hard
Bodies; as in perfuming of _Gloves_, &c. which $heweth them corporeal; and
do la$t a great while, which Sounds and Light do not.
THe _Excrements_ of mo$t Creatures $mell ill, chiefly to the $ame Creature
835.
Experiment
Solitary,
touching
_Fetide and_
_Fragrant O-_
_dors_.
that voideth them: For we $ee, be$ides that of Man, that P<007>geons and
Ho<007>$es thrive be$t, if their Hou$es and Stables be kept $weet, and $o of Cage-
Birds; and the Cat burieth that which $he voideth. And it holdeth chie$ly in
tho$e Bea$ts which feed upon Fle$h. _Dogs_ (almo$t) onely of Bea$ts delight in
fetide odors; which $heweth there is $ome what in their $en$e of $mell differ-
ing from the $mells of other Bea$ts. But the cau$e why _Excrements_ $mell ill is
manife$t, for that the Body it $elf rejecteth them, much more the Spirits:
And we $ee, that tho$e _Excrements_ that are of the fir$t dige$tion $mell the wor$t,
as the _Excrements_ from the _Belly_; tho$e that are from the $econd dige$tion, le$s
ill, as _Vr<007>ne_; and tho$e that are from the third, yet le$s; for Sweat is not $o
bad as the other two, e$pecially of $ome per$ons that are full of heat. Like-
wi$e mo$t Putrefactions are of an odious $mell, for they $mell either fertile or
mouldy. The cau$e may be, for that Putrefaction doth bring forth $uch a
con$i$tence as is mo$t contrary to the con$i$tence of the Body while$t it is
$ound, for it is a meer di$$olution of that form. Be$ides, there is another rea-
$or, which is profound: And it is, That the objects that plea$e any of the
$en$es, have (all) $ome equality, and (as it were) order in their compo$ition,
but where tho$e are wanting the object is ever ingrate. So mixture of many
di$agreeing colours is never unplea$ant to the Eye: Mixture of di$cordant
Sounds is unplea$ant to the Ear; mixture or hotch-potch of many ta$tes is
unplea$ant to the ta$te; har$hne$s and ruggedne$s of Bodies is unplea$ant to
the touch. Now it is certain, that all Putrefaction, being a di$$olut<007>on of the
fir$t form, is a meer confu$ion, and unformed mixture of the part. Never-
thele$s, it is $trange, and $eemeth to cro$s the former ob$ervation, that $ome
Putrefactions and Excrements do yield excellent Odors; as _Civit_ and _Musk_, and,
as $ome think, _Amber-greece_, for divers take it (though unprobably) to come
from the Sperm of Fi$h; and the Mo$s we $pake of from _Apple-trees_ is little
better then an Excretion. The rea$on may be, for that there pa$$eth in the
Excrements and remaineth in the Putrefactions, $ome good $pirits, e$pecially
where they proceed from Creatures that are very hot. But it may be al$o
joyned with a further cau$e, which is more $ubtil; and it is, that the Sen$es
love not to be over-plea$ed, but to have a commixture of $ome what that is
in it $elf ingrate. Certainly, we $ee how Di$cords in Mu$ick, falling upon
Concords, make the $weete$t $trains: And we $ee again what $trange ta$tes
delight the ta$te; as _Red-herrings, Caviare, Parme$an, &c._ And it may be the
$ame holdeth in $mells. For tho$e kinde of $mells that we have mentioned
are all $trong, and do pull and vellicate the Sen$e. And we finde al$o, that
places where men Urine commonly have $ome $mell of Violers. And Urine,
if one hath eaten Nutmeg, hath $otoo.
[0212]_Natural Hi$tory;_
The $lothful, general, and indefinite Contemplations and Notions of
the _Elements_, and their Conjugations of the Influences of _Heaven_, of _Hot_,
_Cold, Moi$ture, Drought, Qualities Active, Pa{$s}ive._ and the like, have $wallow-
ed up the true _Pa$$ages_, and _Proce$$es_, and _Affects_, and _Con$i$tencies of Matter,_ and
_Natural Bodies._ Therefore they are to be $et a$ide, being but notional, and ill
limited; and definite axioms are to be drawn out of mea$ured in$tances,
and $o a$$ent to be made to the more general axioms by Scale. And of the$e
kindes of _Proce$$es_ of _Nature_, and _Characters_ of _Matter_, we will now $et down
$ome in$tances.
ALl Putrefactions come chiefly from the inward Spirits of the Body,
836.
Experiment
Solitary,
touching the
_Cau$es of Pu-_
_trefaction_.
and partly al$o from the _Ambient Body,_ be it Air, Liquor, or what-
$oeverel$e. And this la$t, by two means; either by ingre$s of the $ub$tance
of the Ambient Body into the Body putrefied, or by excitation and $olici-
tation of the Body putrefied, and the parts there of, by the Body Ambient.
As for the received opinion, that Putrefaction is cau$ed either by Cold, or
Peregrine and Preternatural Heat, it is but nugation: For Cold in things
inanimate, is the greate$t enemy that is to Putrefaction, though it extin-
gui$heth Vivification, which ever con$i$teth in Spirits attenuate, which the
Cold doth congeal and coagulate. And as for the _Peregrine head,_ it is thus
far true, That it the proportion of the _Adventive heat,_ be greatly predomi-
nant to the _Natural heat_, and _Spirits of the Body_, it tendeth to di$$olution, or
notable alteration. But this is wrought by Emi$$ion, or Suppre$$ion, or
Suffocation of the Native Spirits, and al$o by the Di$ordination and Di$-
compo$ure of the Tangible parts, and other pa$$ages of Nature, and not
by a conflict of Heats.
IN ver$ions or main Alterations of Bodies, there is a _Medium_ between the
837.
Experiment
Solitary,
touching
_Bodies unper-_
_fectly mixt._
Body, as it is at fir$t, and the Body re$ulting; which _Medium_ is _Corpus im-_
_perfectè Mi$tum_, and is tran$itory, and not durable; as _Mi$ts, Smoaks Vapors,_
_Chylus_ in the _Stomack, Living Creatures_ in the fir$t _Vivification_; and the middle
action which produccth $uch _Imperfect Bodies_, is fitly called (by $ome of the
_Ancients) Inquination_ or _Inconcoction_, which is a kinde of _Putrefaction_; for the
parts are in confu$ion till they $ettle one way or other.
THe word _Concoction_ or _Dige$tion_, is chiefly taken into u$e from Living
838.
Experiment
Solitary,
touching
_Concoction and_
_Crudity_.
Creatures, and their Organs, and from thence extended to Liquors
and Fruits, &c. Therefore they $peak of Meat concocted, Urine and Excre-
ments concocted; and the Four Dige$tions (in the Stomack, in the Liver, in
the Arteries and Nerves, and in the $everal parts of the Body) are likewi$e
called _Concoctions_, and they are all made to be the works of _Heat_. All which
notions are but ignorant catches of a few things, which are mo$t obvious
to Mens ob$ervations. The con$tante$t notion of _Concoction_ is, that it $hould
$ignifie the degrees of alteration of one Body into another, from _Crudity_ to
_Perfect Concoction_, which is the ultimity of that action or proce$s. And while
the Body to be converted and altered is too $trong for the efficient that
$hould convert or alter it, (whereby it re$i$teth, and holdeth fa$t in $ome
degree the fir$t Form or Con$i$tence) it is (all that while) Crude and
Inconcoct, and the Proce$s is to be called _Crudity_ and _Inconcoction_. It is true,
that Concoction is in great part the work of _Heat_; but not the work of _Heat_
alone: For all things that further the _Conver$ion_ or _Alteration_ (as _Re$t_,
Mixture of a Body already concocted, &c.) are al$o means to _Concoction_. And
[0213]_Century IX._
there are of Concoction two Periods; the one A$$imilation, or ab$olute
Conver$ion and Subaction; the other Maturation: Whereof, the $ormer is
mo$t con$picuous in the Bodies of _Living Creatures_, in which there is an _Ab$olute_
_Conver$ion_ and _A{$s}imilation_ of the _Nourishment_ into the Body, and likewi$e in
the Bodies of Plants; and again, in Metals, where there is a full Tran$mu-
tation. The other (which is Maturation) is $een in Liquors and Fruits;
wherein there is not defired, nor pretended, an utter Conver$ion, but onely
an Alteration to that Form which is mo$t $ought for Mans u$e; as in Clari-
fying of Drinks, Ripening of Fruits, &c. But note, that there be two kindes
of _Ab$olute Conver$ions_. The one is, when a Body is converted into another
Body which was before; as when Nouri$hment is turned into Fle$h: That is
it which we call _A{$s}imilation_. The otheris, when the _Conver$ion_ is into a Body
meerly new, and which was not before; as if _Silver_ $hould be turned to
_Gold_, or _Iron_ to _Copper_. And this _Conver$ion_ is better called, by di$tinction $ake,
_Tran$mutation_.
THere are al$o divers other great alterations of Matter and Bodies, be-
839.
Experiment
Solitary,
touching
_Alterations_
_which may be_
_called Majors_.
$ides tho$e that tend to _Concoction_ and _Maturation_; for what$oever doth
$o alter a Body, as it returneth not again to that it was, may be called _Alte-_
_ratio Major_: As when Meat is Bo<007>led, or Ro$ted, or Fried, &c. or when
Bread and Meat are Baked; or when Chee$e is made of Curds, or Butter
of Cream, or Coals of Wood, or Bricks of Earth; and a number of others.
But to apply _Notions Philo$ophical_ to _Plebeian Terms_; or to $ay, where the _No-_
_tions_ cannot fitly be reconciled, that there wanteth a _Term_ or _Nomenclature_ for
it, (as the _Ancients_ u$ed) they be but $hifts of _Ignorance_: For _Knowledge_ will
be ever a Wandring and Indige$ted thing, if it be but a commixture of a few
_Notions_ that are at hand, and occur, and not excited from $ufficient number
of in$tances, and tho$e well collated.
The _Con$i$tencies of Bodies_ are very divers; _Den$e, Rare, Tangible, Pneu-_
_matical; Volatile, Fixed; Determinate_, not _Determinate; Hard, Soft; Cleaving_,
not _Cleaving; Congelable_, not _Congelable; Liquefiable_, not _Liquefiable; Fragile_,
_Tough; Flexihle, Inflexible; Tractile_, or to be drawn forth in length, _Intractile_;
_Porous, Solide; Equal_ and _Smooth, Vnequal; Venous_ and _Fibrous_, and with _Grains_,
_Entire_, and divers others. All which to refer to _Heat_ and _Cold_, and _Moi$ture_
and _Drought_, is a Compendious and Inutile _Speculation_. But of the$e $ee prin-
cipally our _Abecedarium Nature_, and otherwife _$par$um_ in this our _Sylva Syl-_
_varum_. Neverthele$s, in $ome good part, we $hall handle divers of them
now pre$ently.
_LIquefiable_ and _not Liquefiable_ proceed from the$ecau$es. _Liquefaction_ is ever
840.
Experiment
Solitary,
touching
_Bodies Lique-_
_fiable, and not_
_Liquefiable_.
cauled by the Detention of the Spirits, which play within the Body,
and open it. Therefore $uch Bodies as are more Turgid of Spirit, or that
have their Spirits more $treightly impri$oned, or again, that hold them bet-
ter plea$ed and content, are _Liquefiable_: For the$e three _Di$po$itions of Bodies_
do arre$t the Emi$$ion of the Spirits. An example of the fir$t two Properties
is in Metals, and of the la$t in Grea$e, Pitch, Sulphur, Butter, Wax, &c. The
Di$po$ition not to Liquefie, proceedeth from the ea$ie Emi$$ion of the
Spirits, whereby the gro$$er parts contract; and therefore Bodies _jejune_ of
Spirits, or which part with their Spirits more willingly, are not _Liquefiable_;
as Wood, Clay, Free$tone, &c. But yet even many of tho$e Bodies that will
not melt, or will hardly melt, will notwith$tanding $often; as Iron in the
[0214]_Natural Hi$tory;_
Forge, and a Stick bathed in hot A$hes, which thereby becometh more
Flexible. Moreover, there are $ome Bodies which do _Liquefie_ or di$$olve by
_Fire_; as _Metals, Wax, &c_, and other Bodies which di$$olve in Water, as
_Salt, Sugar, &c_. The cau$e of the former proceedeth from the Dilatation of
the Spirits by Heat: The cau$e of the latter proceedeth from the opening
of the Tangible Parts, which de$ire to receive the Liquor. Again, there are
$ome Bodies that di$$olve with both; as _Gum, &c_. And tho$e be $uch Bodies
as on the one $ide have good $tore of Spirit, and on the other $ide have the
Tangible parts indigent of Moi$ture; for the former helpeth to the dilating
of the Spirits by the Fire, and the latter $timulateth the parts to receive the
Liquor.
OF Bodies $ome are Fragile, and $ome are Tough and not Fragile; and
841.
Experiment
Solitary,
touching the
_Bodies Fragile_
_and Tough_.
in the breaking, $ome Fragile Bodies break but where the forceis, $ome
$hatter and flie in many pieces. Of Fragility, the cau$e is an impotency to
be extended; and therefore Stone is more Fragile then Metal; and $o Fictile
Earth is more Fragile then Crude Earth, and Dry Wood then Green. And
the cau$e of this unaptne$s to Exten$ion, is the $mall quantity of Spirits (for it
is the Spirit that furthereth the Exten$ion or Dilatation of Bodies;) and it
is ever concomitant with Poro$ity, and with Drine$s in the Tangible parts.
Contrariwi$e, Tough Bodies have more Spirits, and fewer Pores, and
Moi$ter Tangible parts: Therefore we $ee, that Parchment or Lea-
ther will $tretch, Paper will not; Woollen-Cloth will tenter, Linnen
$carcely.
ALL $olid Bodies con$i$t of Parts of two $everal _Natures; Pneumatical_,
842.
Experiment
Solitary,
touching the
_Two kindes of_
_Pneumaticals_
_in Bodies_.
and _Tangible_: And it is well to be noted, that the _Pneumatical Sub$tance_
is in $ome Bodies, the Native Spirit of the Body; and in $ome other,
plain Air that is gotten in; as in Bodies de$iccate, by Heat, or Age: For
in them, when the Native Spirit goeth forth, and the Moi$ture with it, the
Air with time getteth into the Pores. And tho$e Bodies are ever the more
Fragile; for the Native Spirit is more Yielding and Exten$ive (e$pecial-
ly to follow the Parts) than Air. The Native Spirits al$o admit great
diver$ity, as Hot, Cold, Active, Dull, &c. Whence proceed mo$t of
the Vertues, and Qualities (as we call them) of Bodies: But the Air in-
termixt, is without Vertues, and maketh things in$ipid, and without any
extimulation.
THe _Concretion of Bodies_ is (commonly) $olved by the contrary; as Ice,
843.
Experiment
Solitary,
touching
_Concretion and_
_Di$$olation of_
_Bodies_.
which is congealed by Cold, is di$$olved by Heat; Salt and Sugar,
which are excocted by Heat, are di$$olved by Cold and Moi$ture. The
cau$e is, for thatthe$e operations are rather returns to their former Nature,
than alterations; $o that the contrary cureth. As for Oyl, it doth neither
ea$ily congeal with Cold, nor thicken with Heat. The cau$e of both Effects,
though they be produced by contrary efficients $eemeth to be the $ame; and
that is, becau$e the Spirit of the Oyl, by either means, exhaleth little: For
the Cold keepeth it in, and the Heat (except it be vehement) doth not call
it forth. As for Cold, though it take hold of the Tangible Parts, yet as to the
Spirits, it doth rather make them $well, than congealthem: As when Ice
is congealed in a Cup, the Ice will $well in$tead of contracting, and $ome-
times rift.
[0215]_Century IX._
OF Bodies, $ome (we$ee) are hard, and $ome $oft: The hardne$sis cau$ed
844.
Experiment
Solitary,
touching
_Hard and_
_Soft Bodies_.
(chiefly) by the Jejunene$s of the Spirits; and their imparity with the
Tangible parts: Both which, if they be in a greater degree, maketh them
not onely hard, but fragile, and le$s enduring of pre$$ure; as _Steet, Stone, Gla{$s}_,
_Dry Wood, &c_. Softne$s cometh (contrariwi$e) by the greater quantity of
Spirits, (which ever helpeth to induce yielding and ce$$ion;) and by the
more equal $preding of the Tangible parts, which thereby are more $liding,
and following; as in _Gold, Lead, Wax, &c_. But note, that $oft Bodies (as we
u$e the word) are of two kindes; the one, that ea$ily giveth place to an-
other Body, but altereth not Bulk by ri$ing in other places; and therefore we
$ee that Wax, if you put any thing into it, doth not ri$e in Bulk, but onely
giveth place: For you may not think, that in Printing of Wax, the Wax ri$eth
up at all; but onely the depre$$ed part giveth place, and the other remaineth
as it was. The other that altereth Bulk in the Ce$$ion, as Water, or other
Liquors, if you put a Stone, or any thing into them, they give place (in-
deed) ea$ily, but then they ri$e all over; which is a fal$e Ce$$ion, for it is in
place, and not in Body.
ALl _Bodies Ductile_, and _Ten$ile_, (as Metals) that will be drawn into Wires;
845.
Experiment
Solitary,
touching
_Bodies Ductile_
_and Ten$ile_.
Wool, and Tow that will be drawn into Yarn or Thred; have in them
the Appetite of Not di$continuing, $trong; which maketh them follow the
force that pulleth them out; and yet $o, as not di$continue or for$ake their
own Body. Vi$cous Bodies (likewi$e) as _Pitch, VVax, Birdlime, Chee$e_ toa$ted,
will draw forth and roap. But the difference between Bodies fibrous, and
Bodies vi$cous, is plain; For all Wooll, and Tow, and Cotton, and Silk
(e$pecially raw Silk) have, be$ides their de$ire of continuance, in regard of
the tenuity of their Thred, a greedine$s of Moi$ture, and by Moi$ture to
joyn and incorporate with other Thred, e$pecially, if there be a little Wreath-
ing, as appeareth by the twi$ting of Thred, and the practice of Twirling
about of Spindles. And we$ee al$o, that Gold and Silver Thred cannot be
made without Twi$ting.
THe differences of impre$$ible, and not impre$$ible; figurable, and not
846.
Experiment
Solitary,
touching
_Other Pa{$s}i-_
_ons of Matter,_
_and Characters_
_of Bodies_.
figurable; mouldable, and not mouldable; $ci$$ible, and not $ci$$ible;
and many other Pa$$ions of Matter, are Plebeian Notions, applied unto the
In$truments and Ufes which Men ordinarily practi$e; but they are all but the
effects of $ome of the$e cau$es following, which we will enum erate without
applying them, becau$e that would be too long. The fir$t is the Ce$$ion, or
not Ce$$ion of Bodies, into a $maller $pace, or room, keeping the out ward
Bulk, and not flying up. The $econd is, the $tronger or weaker Appetite, in
Bodies, to continu<007>ty, and to flie di$continuity. The third is, the di$po$ition
of Bodies, to contract, or not contract; and again, toextend, or not extend.
The fourth is, the $mall quantity, or great quantity of the Pneumatical <007>n
Bodies. The fifth is, the nature of the Pneumatical, whether it be Native
Spirit of the Body, or common Air. The $ixth is, the Nature of the Native
Spirits in the Body, whether they be Active, and Eager, or Dull, and Gentle.
The $eventh is, the emi$$ion or deten$ion of the Spirits in Bodies. The eighth
is, the dilatation or contraction of the Spirits in Bodies, while they are de-
tained. The nineth is, the collocation of the Spirits in Bodies, vvhether the
collocation be equal or unequal; and again, vvhether the Spirits be coacer-
vate or diffu$ed. Thetenth is, the den$ity or rarity of the Tangible parts.
[0216]_Natural Hi$tory;_
the eleventh is the Equality or Inequality of the Tangible parts; the
twelfth is the Di$ge$tion or Crudity of the Tangible parts; the thirteenth
is the Nature of the Matter, whether Sulphureous, or Mercurial, or Watry,
or Oily, Dry, and Terre$trial, or Moi$t and Liquid; which Natures of
Sulphureous and Mercurial, $eem to be Natures Radical and Principal; the
fourteenth is the placing of the Tangible parts, in Length or Tran$ver$e (as
it is in the Warp, and the Woof of Textiles;) more inward or more out-
ward, &c. The fifteenth is the Poro$ity or Imporo$ity betwixt the Tangible
parts, and the greatne$s or $mallne$s of the Pores; the $ixteenth is the Col-
location and po$ture of the Pores. There may be more cau$es, but the$e do
occur for the pre$ent.
TAke Lead and meltit, and in the mid$t of it, when it beginneth to con-
847.
Experiment
Solitary,
touching
_Induration by_
_Sympathy._
geal, make a little dint or hole, and put Quick-$ilver wrapped in a
piece of Linnen into that hole, and the Quick-$ilver will fix, and run no
more, and endure the Hammer. This is a noble in$tance of Induration,
by con$ent of one Body with another, and Motion of Excitation to imitate;
for to a$cribe it onely to the vapor of the Lead, is le$s probable. _Quære_,
whether the fixing may be in $uch a degree, as it will be figured like other
Metals? For if $o, you may make Works of it for $ome purpo$es, $o they
come not near the Fire.
SUgar hath put down the u$e of Honey, in$omuch, as we have lo$t tho$e
848.
Experiment
Solitary,
touching
_Honey and_
_Sugar._
ob$ervations and preparations of Honey, which the _Ancients_ had, when
it was more in price. Fir$t, it $eemeth, that there was in old time Tree-honey,
as well as Bee-honey, which was the Year or Blood i$$uing from the Tree;
in$omuch, as one of the _Ancients_ relateth, that in _Tribe$ond_, there was Honey
i$$uing from the Box trees, which made Men mad. Again, in ancient time,
there was a kinde of Honey, which either of the own Nature, or by Art,
would grow as hard as Sugar, and was not $o lu$hious as ours; they had
al$o a Wine of Honey, which they made thus. They cru$hed the Honey in-
to a great quantity of Water, and then $trained the liquor, after they boil-
ed it in a Copper to the half; then they poured it into Earthen Ve$$els for
a $mall time, and after turned it into Ve$$els of Wood, and kept it for many
years. They have al$o, at this day in _Ru{$s}ia_, and tho$e Northern Countreys,
_Mead Simple_, which (well made and $ea$oned) is a good whole$om
Drink, and very clear. They u$e al$o in _Wales_, a Compound Drink of
_Mead_, with Herbs and Spices. But mean while it were good, in recompence
of that we have lo$t in Honey, there were brought in u$e a _Sugar-Mead_ (for
$o we may call it) though without any mixture at all of Honey; and to
brew it, and keep it $tale, as they u$e _Mead_; for certainly, though it would
not be $o ab$ter$ive, and opening, and $olutive a Drink as _Mead_; yet it will
bemore grateful to the Stomack, and more lenitive, and fit to be u$ed in
$harp Di$ea$es: For we $ee, that the u$e of Sugar in Beer and Ale, hath good
effects in $uch ca$es.
IT is reported by the _Ancients_, that there is a kinde of _Steel_, in $ome places,
849.
Experiment
Solitary,
touching the
_Finer $ort of_
_Ba$e Metals._
which would poli$h almo$t as white and bright as Silver. And that
there was in _India_ a kinde of Bra$s, which (being poli$hed) could $carce be
di$cerned from Gold. This was in the Natural Ure, but I am doubtful,
whether Men have $ufficiently refined Metals, which we count Ba$e: As,
whether Iron, Bra$s, and Tin, be refined to the height? But when they
[0217]_Century IX._
come to $uch a finene$s, as $erveth the ordinary u$e, they try no
further.
THere have been found certain _Cements_ under _Earth_, that are very $oft,
850.
Experiment
Solitary,
touching
_Cements and_
_Quarries._
and yet taken forth into the Sun, harden as hard as Marble: There are
al$o ordinary Quarries in _Sommer$et-shire_, which in the Quarry cut $oft to
any bigne$s, and in the Building prove firm, and hard.
_LIving Creatures_ (generally) do change their Hair with Age, turning to
851.
Experiment
Solitary,
touching the
_Altering of_
_the Colour of_
_Hairs and_
_Feathers._
be Gray and White; as is $een in _Men_, though $ome earlier, $ome
later; in _Hor$es_, that are Dappled and turn White; in _Old Squirrels_, that turn
Gri$ly, and many others. So do $ome _Birds_; as _Cygnets_ from Gray turn
White; _Hawks_. from Brown turn more White; And $ome _Birds_ there be,
that upon their Moulting, do turn Colour; as _Robin-Redbre$ts_, after their
Moulting grow to be Red again by degrees; $o do _Gold-Finches_ upon the
Head. The cau$e is, for that Moi$ture doth (chiefly) colour Hair, and Fea-
thers; and Dryne$s turneth them Gray and White; now Hairin Age wax-
eth Dryer, $o do Feathers. As for Feathers, after Moulting, they are young
Feathers, and $o all one as the Feathers of young Birds. So the Beard is
younger than the Hair of the Head, and doth (for the mo$t part) wax hoary
later. Out of this ground, ´a Man may devi$e the Means of altering the co-
lour of _Birds_, and the Retardation of Hoary Hairs. But of this $ee the _Fifth_
_Experiment_.
THe difference between _Male_ and _Female_, in $ome _Creatures_, is not to be
852.
Experiment
Solitary,
touching the
_Differences of_
_Living Crea-_
_tures, Male_
_and Female._
di$cerned, otherwi$e than in the parts of Generation; as in _Hor$es_ and
_Mares, Dogs_ and _Bitches, Doves_ he and $he, and others. But $ome differ in
magnitude, and that diver$ly: Forin mo$t the _Male_ is the greater; as in _Man_,
_Phea$ants, Peacocks, Turkies,_ and the like; and in $ome few, as in _Hawks_, the
_Female_. Some differ in the Hair and Feathers, both in the quantity, cri$pation,
and colours of them; as _He-Lions_ are Hir$uite, and have great Mains; the
She’s are $mooth like _Cats. Bulls_ are more cri$p upon the Forehead than _Cows_;
the _Peacock_, and _Phe$ant-cock_, and _Goldfinch-cock_, have glorious and fine colours;
the _Hens_ have not. Generally, the he’s in _Birds_ have the faire$t Feathers. Some
differ in divers features; as _Bucks_ have Horns, _Does_ none; _Rams_ have more
wreathed Horns than _Evvs; Cocks_ have great Combs and Spurs, _Hens_ little
or none; _Boars_ have great Fangs, _Sovvs_ much le$s; the _Turkey-cock_ hath great
and $welling Gills, the _Hen_ hath le$s; _Men_ have generally deeper and $tronger
voices than _VVomen_. Some differ in faculty, as the _Cock_ among$t _Singing Birds_,
are the be$t $ingers. The chief cau$e of all the$e (no doubt) is, for that the
_Males_ have more $trength of heat than the _Females_; which appeareth mani-
fe$tly in this, that all young Creatures _Males_ are like _Females_, and $o are _Eu-_
_nuchs_, and _Gelt Creatures_ of all kindes, liker _Females_. Now heat cau$eth great-
ne$s of growth, generally, where there is moi$ture enough to work upon:
But if there be found in any _Creature_ (which is $een rarely) an over-great
heat in proportion to the moi$ture, in them the _Female_ is the greater; as
in _Havvks_ and _Sparrovvs_. And if the heat be ballanced with the moi$ture,
then there is no difference to be $een between _Male_ and _Female_; as in the
in$tances of _Hor$es_ and _Dogs_. We $ee al$o, that the Horns of _Oxen_ and _Covvs_,
for the mo$t part, are larger than the _Bulls_ which is cau$ed by abundance
of moi$ture, which in the Horns of the _Bull_ faileth, Again, Heat cau$eth
Pilo$ity, and Cri$pation; and $o likewi$e Beards in _Men_. It al$o expelleth
[0218]_Natural Hi$tory;_
finer moi$ture, which want of heat cannot expel; and that is the cau$e of
the beauty and variety of Feathers: Again, Heat doth put forth many Ex-
cre$cences, and much $olid matter, which want of heat cannot do. And this
is the cau$e of Horns, and of the greatne$s of them; and of the greatne$s of
the Combs, and Spurs of Cocks, Gills of Turkey. Cocks, and Fangs of Boars.
Heat al$o dilateth the P<007>pes and Organs which cau$eth the deepne$s of the
Voice. Again, heat refineth the Spirits, and that cau$eth the Cock-$inging
Bird to excel the Hen.
THere be Fi$hes greater than any Bea$ts; as the _Whale_ is far greater than
853.
Experiment
Solitary,
touching the
_Comparative_
_Magnitude of_
_Living Crea-_
_tures._
the _Elephant_. And Bea$ts are (generally) greater than Birds. For Fi$hes,
the cau$e may be, that becau$e they live not in the Air, they have not their
moi$ture drawn, and $oaked by the Air, and Sun-Beams. Al$o they re$t al-
ways, in a manner, and are $upported by the Water; where as Motion and
Labor do con$ume. As for the greatne$s of Bea$ts, more than of Birds, it is
cau$ed, $or that Bea$ts $tay longer time in the Womb than Birds, and there
nouri$h, and grow; whereas in Birds, after the Egg laid, there is no further
growth, or nouri$hment from the Female; for the $itting doth vivifie, and
not nouri$h.
WE have partly touched before the Means of producing Fruits, with-
854.
Experiment
Solitary,
touching
_Exo$$ation of_
_Fruits._
out Coars, or Stones. And this we add further, that the cau$e mu$t
be abundance of moi$ture; for that the Coar, and Stone, are made of a dry
Sap: And we $ee, that it is po$$ible to make a Tree put forth onely in Blo$$om
without Fruit; as in _Cherries_ with double Flowers, much more in Fruit with-
out Stones, or Coars. It is reported, that a Cions of an Apple, grafted
upon a Colewort-$talk, $endeth forth a great Apple without a Coar. It is not
unlikely, that if the inward Pith of a Tree were taken out, $o that the Juyce
came onely by the Bark, it would work the effect. For it hath been ob$erved,
that in Pollards, if the Water get in on the top, and they become hollow,
they put forth the more. We add al$o, that it is delivered $or certain by $ome,
that if the Cions be grafted, the $mall ends down wards, it will make Fruit
have little or no Coars, and Stones.
_TObacco_ is a thing of great price, if it be in reque$t. For an Acre of it
855.
Experiment
Solitary,
touching the
_Melioration of_
_Tobacco._
will be worth (as is affirmed) Two hundred pounds by the year to-
wards charge. The charge of making the Ground, and otherwi$e, is great,
but nothing to the pro$it. But the _English Tobacco_ hath $mall credit, as be-
ing too dull and earthy: Nay, the _Virginian Tobacco_, though that be in a
hotter climate, can get no credit for the $ame cau$e. So that a tryal to
make _Tobacco_ more Aromatical, and better concocted here in _England_, were
a thing of great pro$it. Some have gone about to do it, by drenching the
_English Tobacco_, in a Decoction or Inlufion of _Indian Tobacco_. But tho$e are
but $ophi$tications and toyes; for nothing that is once perfect, and hath
run his race, can receive much amendment; you mu$t ever re$ort to the
beginnings of things for Melioration. The way of Maturation of _Tobacco_
mu$t (as in other Plants) be from the Heat, either of the Earth, or of the
Sun. We $ee $ome leading of this in Musk-Melons, which are $own
upon a hot Bed, dunged below, upon a Bank turned upon the south Sun,
to give Heat by Reflection; laid upon T<007>les, which increa$eth the Heat;
and covered with Straw, to keep them from Cold; they remove them al$o,
which addeth $ome Life: And by the$e helps they become as good in
[0219]_Century IX._
_England_, as in _Italy_, or _Provence_. The$e and the like means may be tried in
Tobacco. Enquire al$o of the $teeping of Roots, in $ome $uch Liquor, as may
give them Vigor to put forth $trong.
HEat of the Sun, for the Maturition of Fruits; yea, and the heat of V<007>-
856.
Experiment
Solitary,
touching
_Several Heats_
_working the_
_$ame Effects._
vification of Living Creatures, are both repre$ented and $upplied by the
heat of Fire; and likew<007>$e, the heats of the Sun, and life, are repre$ented
one by the other. _Trees_, $et upon the Backs of Chimneys, do ripen Fruit
$ooner. _Vines_, that have been drawn in at the Window of a Kitchin, have
$ent forth Grapes, ripe a moneth (at lea$t) before others. _Stoves_, at the Back
of Walls, bring forth _Orenges_ here with us. _Eggs_, as is reported by $ome, have
been hatched in the warmth of an _Oven_. It is reported by the _Ancients_, that
the _E$trich_ layeth her Eggs under Sand, where the heat of the Sun di$clo$eth
them.
B_Arley_ in the Boyling $welleth not much; _Wheat_ $welleth more, _Rize_ ex-
857.
Experiment
Solitary,
touching
_Swelling and_
_Dilatation in_
_Boyling._
treamly; in$omuch, as a quarter of a Pint (unboiled) will ari$e to a Pint
bo<007>led. The cau$e (no doubt) is, for that the more clo$e and compact the
Body is, the more it will dilate. Now _Barley_ is the mo$t hollow, _Wheas_
more $olid than that, and _Rize_ mo$t $olid of all. It may be al$o, that $ome
Bodies have a kinde of Lentor, and more depertible nature than others; as
we $ee it evident in colouration; for a $mall quantity of _Saffron_, will tinct
more, than a very great quantity of _Bre$il_, or _Wine_.
_FRuit_ groweth $weet by Rowling or Preffing them gently with the Hand;
858.
Experiment
Solitary,
touching the
_Dulcoration of_
_Fruitt._
as _Ro wling pears, Dama$ins, & c._ By _Rottenne{$s}_; as _Medlars, Services, Sloes,_
_Heps, & c._ By _Time_; as _Apples, Wardens, Pomegranates, & c._ By certain
$pecial _Maturations_; as by laying them in _Hay, Straw, & c._ And by _Fire_; as
in _Roa$ting, Stewing, Baking, & c._ The cau$e of the $weetne$s by Rowling,
and Pre$$ing is, Emollition, which they properly enduce; as in beating of
_Stock-fish, Flesh, & c._ By _Rottenne{$s}_ is, for that the Spirits of the Fruit, by Putre-
faction, gather heat, and thereby di$ge$t the harder part: For in all Purrefacti-
ons there is a degree of hear. By _Time_ and _Keeping_ is, becau$e the Spirits of
the Body, do ever feed upon the tangible parts, and attenuate them. By
$everal Maturations is, by $ome degree of heat. And by Fireis, becau$e it is
the proper work of Heat to refine, and to incorporate; and all $ourne$s
con$i$teth in $ome gro$sne$s of the Body: And all incorporation doth make
the mixture of the Body, more equal, in all the parts, which ever enduceth
a milder ta$te.
OF _Fleshes_, $ome are edible; $ome, except it be in Famine, not. As
859.
Experiment
Solitary,
touching
_Fle$h Edible,_
_and not Edi-_
_ble._
tho$e that are not edible, the cau$e is, for that they have (commonly)
too much bitterne$s of ta$te; and therefore tho$e Creatures, which are
fierce and cholerick, are not edible; as _Lions, VVolves, Squirrels, Dogs, Foxes,_
_Hor$es, & c._ As for _Kine, Sheep, Goats, Deer, Swine, Conneys, Hares, & c._
We $ee they are milde, and fearful. Yet it is true, that _Hor$es_ which are
Bea$ts of courage, have been and are eaten by $ome Nations; as the _Scythians_
were called _Hippophagi_; and the _Chine$es_ eat _Hor$-flesh_ at this day; and
$ome Gluttons have u$ed to have Colts-fle$h baked. In _Birds_, $uch as are
_Carnivoræ_, and Birds of Prey, are commonly no good Meat; but the rea-
$on is, rather the Cholerick Nature of tho$e Birds, than their Feeding up-
on Fle$h; for _Puits, Gulls, Shovelers, Ducks,_ do feed upon Fle$h, and yet are
[0220]_Natural Hi$tory;_
good Meat. And we $ee, that tho$e B<007>rds which are of Prey, or feed
upon Fle$h, are good Meat, when they are very Young; as _Hauks, Rooks_,
out of the Ne$t, _Owls_. Mans fle$h is not eaten. The Rea$ons are three.
Fir$t, Becau$e Men in Humanity do abhor it.
Secondly, Becau$e no Living Creature, that dieth of it $elf, is good to
eat; and therefore the _Cannibals_ (them$elves) eat no Mans fle$h, of tho$e
that die of them$elves, but of $uch as are $lain.
The third is, Becau$e there mu$t be generally) $ome di$parity between
the Nouri$hment, and the Body nouri$hed; and they mu$t not be overnear,
or like: Yet we $ee, that in great weakne$$es and Con$umptions, Men have
been $u$tained with Womans Milk. And _Picinus_ fondly (as I conceive) ad-
vi$eth, for the Prolongation of Life, that a Vein be opened in the Arm of
$ome whol$ome young man, and the blood to be $ucked. It is $aid, that
Witches do greedily eat Mans fle$h, which if it betrue, be$ides a devilli$h
Appetite in them, it is likely to proceed; for that Mans fle$h may $end up
high and plea$ing Vapors, which may $tir the Imagination, and Witches
felicity is chiefly in Imagination, ashath been $aid.
THere is an ancient received Tradition of the _Salamander_, that it liveth
860.
Experiment
Solitary,
touching the
_Salamander._
in the Fire, and hath force al$o to extingui$h the fire. It mu$t have two
things, if it betrue, to this operation. The one, a very clo$e skin, whereby
flame, which in the mid$t is not $o hot, cannot enter: For we $ee, that if the
Palm of the Hand be anointed thick with White of Eggs, and then _Aquavitæ_
be poured upon it, and enflamed, yet one may endure the flame a pretty
while. The other is $ome extream cold and quenching vertue, in the Body
of that Creature which choaketh the fire. We $ee that Milk quencheth
Wildfire better than VVater, becau$e it entreth better.
TIme doth change Fruit (as _Apples, Pears, Pomegranates, & c._) from more
861.
Experiment
Solitary,
touching the
_Contrary ope-_
_rations of_
_Time, upon_
_Fruits and_
_Liquors._
$our to more $weet; but contrariwi$e, Liquors (even tho$e that are of
the Juyce of Fruit) from more $weet to more $our; as, _Wort, Mu$t, New_
_Verjuyce, & c._ The cau$e is, the congregation of the Spirits together; for
in both kindes, the Spirit is attenuated by Time; but in the fir$t kinde, it is
more diffu$ed, and more ma$t ered by the gro$$er parts, which the Spirits do
but dige$t: But in Drinks the Spirits do reign, and finding le$s oppo$ition
of the parts, become them$elves more $trong, which cau$eth al$o more
$trength in the Liquor; $uch, as if the spirits be of the hotter $ort, the Li-
quor becometh apt to burn; but in time, it cau$eth likewi$e, when the higher
Spirits are evaporated more $ourne$s.
IT hath been ob$erved by the _Ancients_, that Plates of Metal, and e$pecially
862.
Experiment
Solitary,
touching
_Blows and_
_Brui$es._
of Bra$s, applied pre$ently to a blow, will keep it down from $welling.
The cau$e is Repercu$$ion, without Humectation, or entrance of any Body:
For the Plate hath onely a virtual cold, which doth not $earch into the hurt;
whereas all Plai$ters and Oynments do enter. Surely, the cau$e that blows
and brui$es induce $wellings is, for that the Spirits re$orting to $uccor the
part that laboreth, draw al$o the humors with them: For we $ee, that it is
not the repul$e, and the return of the humor in the part $trucken that cau$eth
it; for that Gouts, and Toothachs cau$e $welling, where there is no Per-
cu$$ion at all.
[0221]_Century IX_.
THe nature of the _Orris_ Root, is almo$t $ingular, for there be few odo-
863.
Experiment
Solitary,
touching the
_Orris Root_.
riferous Roots; and in tho$e that are in any degree $weet, it is but the
$ame $weetne$s with the Wood or Leaf: But the _Orris_ not$weet in the
Leaf, neither is the Flower any thing $o $weet as the Root. The Root $eem-
eth to have a tender dainty heat, which when it cometh above ground to
the Sun, and the Air, vani$heth: For it is a great Mollifier, and hath a $mell
like a Violet.
IT hath been ob$erved by the _Ancients_ that a great Ve$$el full, drawn into
864
Experiment
Solitary,
touching the
_Compre {$s}ion of_
_Liquors_.
Bottles; and then the Liquor put again into the Ve$$el, will not fill the
Ve$$el again, $o full as it was, but that it may take in more Liquor; and that
this holdeth more in Wine, than in Water. The cau$e may be trivial, name-
ly, by the expence of the Liquor, in regard $ome may $tick to the $ides of
the Bottles: But there may be a cau$e more $ubtil, which is, that the Liquor
in the Ve$$el, is not $o much compre$$ed, as in the Bottle; becau$e in the
Ve$$el, the Liquor meeteth with Liquor chiefly; but in the Bottles, a $mall
quantity of Liquor meeteth with the $ides of the Bottles, which compre$s it
$o, that it doth not open again.
WAter being contiguous with Air, cooleth it, but moi$teneth it not,
865.
Experiment
Solitary,
touching the
_Working of_
_Water upon_
_Air contiguo_
_ous_.
except it Vapor. The cau$e is, for that Heat and Cold have a Virtual
Tran$ition, without Communication of $ub$tance, but moi$ture not; and
to all made$action there is required an imbibition: But where the Bodies
are of $uch $everal Levity, and Gravity, as they mingle not, they can follow
no imbibition. And therefore, Oyl likewi$e lieth at the top of the Water,
without commixture: And a drop of Water running $wiftly over a Straw
or $mooth Body, wetteth not.
S_Tarlight Nights_, yea, and bright _Moonshine Nights_, are colder than _Cloudy_
866.
Experiment
Solitary,
touching the
_Nature of_
_Air_.
_Nights_. The cau$e is, the drine$s and Finene$s of the Air, which thereby
becometh more piercing and $harp; and there$ore great Continents are
colder than I$lands. And as for the _Moon_, though it $elf inclineth the Air to
moi$ture, yet when it $hineth bright, it argueth the Air is dry. Al$o clo$e
Air is warmer than open Air, which (it may be) is, for that the true cau$e of
cold, is an expiration from the Globe of the Earth, which in open places is
$tronger. And again, Air it $elf, if it be not altered by that expiration, is
not without$ome $ecret degree of heat; as it is not likewi$e without $ome
$ecret degree of Light: For otherwi$e _Cats_, and _Owls_, could not $ee in the
Night; but that Air hath a little Light, proportionable to the Vi$ual Spirits
o$ tho$e Creatures.
THe Eyes do move one and the $ame way; for when one Eye moveth
867.
Experimeats
in Con$ort,
touching the
_Eyes and_
_Sight_.
to the No$tril, the other moveth from the No$tril. The cau$e is Motion
of Con$ent, which in the Spirits, and Parts Spiritual, is $trong. But yet u$e will
induce the contrary; for $ome can $quint when they will. And the common
Tradition is, that if Children be $et upon a Table with a Candle behinde
them, both Eyes will move outwards, as affecting to $ee the Light, and $o
induce Squinting.
We $ee more exqu i$itely with one Eye $hut, than with both open. The
868.
cau$e is, for that the Spirits Vi$ual unite them$elves more, and $o become
[0222]_Natural Hi$tory_;
$tronger. For you may $ee, by looking in a Gla$s, that when you $hut one
Eye, the Pupil of the other Eye, that is open, dilateth.
The Eyes, if the $ight meet not in one Angle, $ee things double. The
869.
cau$e is, for that $eeing two things, and $eeing one thing twice, worketh the
$ame effect: And therefore a little Pellet, held between two Fingers, laid a
cro$s, $eemeth double.
Pore-blind Men, $ee be$t in the dimmer light; and like wi$e have their
870.
$ight $tronger near hand, than tho$e that are not Poreblind, and can read
and write $maller Letters. The cau$e is, for that the Spirits V<007>$ual, in tho$e
that are Poreblind, are thinner and rarer, than in others; and therefore the
greater light di$per$eth them. For the $ame cau$e they need contracting;
but being contracted, are more $trong than the Vi$ual Spirits of ordinary eyes
are; as when we $ee thorow a Level, the $ight is the $tronger: And $o is it,
when you gather the Eye-lids $ome what clo$e: And it is commonly $een in
tho$e that are Poreblind, that they do much gather the eye-lids together.
But old Men, when they would $ee toread, put the Paper $omewhat a $ar off.
The cau$e is, for that old Mens Spirits V<007>$ual, contrary to tho$e o$ Pore-
blind Men unite not, but when the object is at $ome good di$tance from their
Eyes.
Men $ee better when their Eyes are over again$t the Sun or a Candle, if
871.
they put their Hand a little before their Eye. The Rea$on is, for that the
Glaring of the Sun, or the Candle, doth weaken the Eye; whereas the Light
circumfu$ed is enough for the Perception. For we $ee, that an over-light
maketh the Eyes dazel, in$omuch as perpetual looking again$t the Sun,
would cau$e Blindne$s. Again, if Men come out of a great light, into a
dark room; and contrariwi$e, if they come out of a dark room into a light
room, they $eem to have a Mi$t before their Eyes, and $ee wor$e than they
$hall do after they have $taid a little while, either in the light, or in the dark.
The cau$e is, for that the Spirits Vi$ual, are upon a $udden change di$turbed,
and put out of order; and till they be recollected, do not perform their
Function well. For when they are much dilated by light, they cannot con-
tract $uddenly; and when they are much contracted by darkne$s, they cannot
dilate $uddenly. And exce$s of both the$e, (that is, of the Dilatation, and
Contraction of the Spirits V<007>$ual) if it be long, de$troyeth the Eye. For as
long looking again$t the Sun, or Fire, hurteth the Eye by Dilatation, $o curi-
ous painting in $mall Volumes, and reading of $mall Letters, do hurt the Eye
by contraction.
It hath been ob$erved, that in Anger the Eyes wax red; and in Blu$h-
872.
ing, not the Eyes, but the Ears, and the parts behind them. The cau$e is, for
that in Anger, the Spirits a$cend and wax eager; which is mo$t ea$ily $een in
the Eyes, becau$e they are tran$lucide, though withal it maketh both the
Cheeks, and the Gils red; but in Blu$hing, it is true, the Spirits a$eend like-
wi$e to $uccor, both the Eyes and the Face, which are the parts that labor:
But when they are repul$ed by the Eyes, for that the Eyes, in $hame do put
back the Spirits that a$cend to them, as unwilling to look abroad: For no
Man, in that pa$$ion, doth look $trongly, but dejectedly, and that repul$ion
from the Eyes, diverteth the Spirits and heat more to the Ears, and the parts
by them.
The objects of the Sight, may cau$e a great plea$ure and delight in the
873.
Spirits, but no pain or great offence; except it be by Memory, as hath been
$aid. The Glimp$es and Beams of Diamonds that $trike the Eye, _Indian Fea-_
_thers_, that have glorious colours, the coming into a fair Garden, the coming
[0223]_Century IX_.
into a fair Room richly furni$hed; a beauti$ul per$on, and the like, do de-
light and exhilarate the Spirits much. The rea$on, why it holdeth not in
the offence is, for that the Sight is mo$t $piritual of the Sen$es, whereby it
hath no object gro$s enough to offend it. But the cau$e (chiefly) is, for
that there be no active objects to offend the Eye. For Harmonical Sounds,
and Di$cordant Sounds, are both Active and Po$itive; $o are $weet $mells,
and $tinks; $o are bitter, and $weets, in ta$tes; $o are over-hot, and over-
cold, in touch; but blackne$s, and darkne$s, are indeed but privatives; and
therefore have little or no Activity. Some what they do contri$tate, but very
little.
W_Ater_ of the _Sea_, or otherwi$e, looketh blacker when it is moved, and
874.
Experiment
Solitary,
touching the
_Colour of the_
_Sea, or other_
_Water_.
whiter when it re$teth. The cau$e is, $or that by means of the Moti-
on, the Beams of Light pa$s not $traight, and there$ore mu$t be darkned;
whereas when it re$teth, the Beams do pa$s $traight. Be$ides, $plendor hath a
degree of whitene$s, e$pecially, if there be alittle repercu$$ion; for a Look-
ing-Gla$s with the Steel behinde, looketh whiter than Gla$s $imple. This
_Experiment_ de$erveth to be driven further, in trying by what means Motion
may hinder Sight.
S_Hell-fish_ have been by $ome of the _Ancients_, compared and $orted with
875.
Experiment
Solitary,
touching
_Shelfi$h_.
the _In$ecta_; but I $ee no rea$on why they $hould, for they have Male,
and Female, as other F@$h have; neither are they bred of Putrefaction, e$pe-
cially $uch as do move. Neverthele$s it is certain, that Oy$ters, and Cockles,
and Mu$$els, which move not, have not di$criminate Sex. _Quœre_, in what
time, and how they are bred? It $eemeth, that Shells of Oy@ters are bred
where none were be$ore; and it is tryed, that the great Hor$e-Mu$le, with the
fine $hell, that breedeth in Ponds, hath bred within thirty years: But then,
which is $trange, it hath been tryed, that they do not onely gape and $hut as
the Oy$ters do, but remove from one place to another.
THe _Sen$es_ are alike $trong, both on the right $ide, and on the left; but the
876.
Experiment
Solitary,
touching the
_Right-$ide and_
_the Le$t_.
Limbs on the right $ide are $tronger. The cau$e may be, for that the
Brain, which is the In$trument of Sen$e, is alike on both $ides; but Motion,
and habilities of moving, are $omewhat holpen from the Liver, which lieth
on the right $ide. It may be al$o, for that the Sen$es are putin exerci$e, in-
differently on both $ides from the time of our Birth; but the Limbs are u$ed
mo$t on the right $ide, whereby cu$tom helpeth: For we $ee, that $ome are
left-handed, which are $uch as have u$ed the left-hand mo$t.
F_Rictions_ make the parts more fle$hy, and full; As we $ee both in Men, and
877.
Experiment
Solitary,
touching
_Frictions._
in the Currying of Hor$es, &c. The cau$e is, for that they draw greater
quantity of Spirits and Blood to the parts; and again, becau$e they draw the
Aliment more forcibly from within; and again, becau$e they relax the Pores,
and $o make better pa$$age for the Spirits, Blood, and Aliment: La$tly, be-
cau$e they di$$ipate, and di$ge$t any Inutile, or Excrementitious moi$ture,
which lieth in the Fl@$h; all which help A$$imulation. _Frictions_ al$o do,
more fill and impinguate the Body, than Exerci$e. The cau$e is, for that in
_Frictions_, the in ward parts are at re$t; which in exerci$e are beaten (many
times) toomuch: And for the $ame rea$on (as we have noted heretofore)
Galli$laves are $at and fle$hy, becau$e they $tir the Limbs more, and the in-
ward parts le$s.
[0224]_Natural Hi$tory_;
ALl _Globes_ a $ar off, appearflat. The cau$e is, for that di$tance, being a
878.
Expetiment
Solitary,
touching
_Globes ap-_
_pearing Flat_
_at di$tance_.
$ecundary object of $ight, is not otherwi$e di$cerned, than by more or
le$s light; which di$parity, when it cannot be di$cerned, all $eemeth one:
As it is (generally) in objects not di$tinctly di$cerned; for $o Letters, i$ they
be $o far off, as they cannot be di$cerned, $hew but as duski$h Paper; and
all Engravings and Embo$$ings (a far off) appear plain.
THe uttermo$t parts of _Shadows_, $eem ever to tremble. The cau$e is, for
879.
Experiment
Solitary,
touching
_Shadows_.
that the little Moats which we $ee in the Sun, do ever $tir, though there
be no Wind; and therefore tho$e moving, in the meeting of the Light and
the Shadow, $rom the Light to the Shadow, and from the Shadow to the
Light, do $hew the $hadow to move, becau$ethe _Medium_ moveth.
S_Hallow_ and _Narrow Seas_, break more than deep and large. The cau$e is,
880.
Experiment
Solitary,
touching the
_Rowling and_
_Briaking of_
_the Seas_.
for that the Impul$ion being the $ame in both; where there is a greater
quantity of Water, and likewi$e $pace enough, there the Water rouleth,
and moveth, both more $lowly, and with a $loper ri$e and fall: But where
there is le$s Water, and le$s $pace, and the Water da$heth more again$t the
bottom; there it moveth more $wiftly, and more in Precipice: For in the
breaking of the Waves, there is ever a Precipice.
IT hath been ob$erved by the _Ancients_, that _Salt-water_ boiled, or boiled
881.
Experiment
Solitary,
touching the
_Dulcoration of_
_Salt water_.
and cooled again, is more potable, than of it $elf raw; and yet the ta$te
of _Salt_, in Di$tillations by _Fire_, ri$eth not: For the Di$tilled Water will be
fre$h. The cau$e may be, for that the Salt part of the Water, doth partly
ri$e into a kinde of Scum on the top, and partly goeth into a Sediment in
the bottom; and $o is rather a $eparation, than an evaporation. But it is too
gro$s to ri$e into a vapor; and $o is a bitter ta$te likewi$e: For $imple di$til-
led Waters of _Wormwood_, and the like, are not bitter.
IT hath been $et down before, that _Pits_ upon the _Sea-shores_ turn into fre$h
882.
Experiment
Solitary,
touching the
_Return of_
_Saltne{$s} in_
_Pits upon the_
_Sea$hore_.
Water, by Percolation of the Salt through the Sand: But it is further
noted, by $ome of the _Ancients_, that in $ome places of _Africk_, after a time,
the Water in $uch Pits will become braki$h again. The cau$e is, for that
after a time, the very Sands, thorow which the _Salt-Water_ pa$$eth, become
Salt; and $o the Strainer it $elf is tincted with Salt. The remedy therefore is
to dig $till new Pits, when the old wax bracki$h; as if you would change
your Strainer.
IT hath been ob$erved by the _Ancients_, that _Salt-Water_ will di$$olve _Salt_ put
883.
Experiment
Solitary,
touching
_Attraction by_
_Similitude of_
_Substance_.
into it, in le$s time, than Fre$h Water will di$$olve it. The cau$e may
be, for that the Salt in the precedent Water, doth by $imilitude of Sub$tance,
draw the Salt new put in, unto it; whereby it diffu$eth in the Liquor more
$peedily. This is a noble _Experiment_, if it be true; for it $heweth means of
more quick and ea$ie In fu$ions, and it is likewi$e a good in $tance of Attracti-
on by Similitude of Sub$tance. Try it with Sugar put into Water, formerly
$ugred, and into other VVater un$ugred.
PUt _Sugar_ into _Wine_, part of it above, part under the _Wine_; and you $hall
884.
Experiment
Solitary,
touching
_Attraction_.
finde (that which may $eem $trange) that the _Sugar_ above the _VVine_, will
$often and di$$olve $ooner than that within the Wine. The cau$e is, for that
[0225]_Century IX_.
the Wine entreth that part of the Sugar which is under the Wine, by $im-
ple Infu$ion or Spreding; but that part above the Wine is likewi$e forced
by Sucking: For all Spongy Bodies expel the Air, and draw in Liquor, if
it be contiguous; as we $ee it al$o in Sponges, put part above the Water. It
is worthy the inquiry, to $ee how you may make more accurate In$u$ions,
by help of Attraction.
WAter in Wells is warmer in Winter than in Summer; and $o Air in
885.
Experiment
Solitary,
touching
_Heat upon_
_Earth_.
Caves. The cau$e is, for that in the higher parts, under the Earth,
there is a degree of $ome heat (as appeareth in $ulphureous Veins, &c.)
which $hut clo$e in (as in Winter) is the more; but if it per$pire (as it doth
in Summer) it is the le$s.
IT is reported, that among$t the _Leucadians_, in ancient time, upon a $uper-
886.
Experimen
Solitary,
touching
_Flying in the_
_Air_.
$tition, they did u$e to precipitate a Man from ahigh Cliff into the Sea;
tying about him with $trings, at $ome di$tance, many great Fowls; and fix-
ing unto his Body divers Feathers $pred, to break the fall. Certainly many
Birds of good Wing (as _Kites_, and the like) would bear up a good weight
as they flie; and $preding of Feathers thin and clo$e, and in great bredth,
will likewi$e bear up a great weight, being even laid without tilting upon
the $ides. The further exten$ion of this Experiment for Flying, may be
thought upon.
THere is in $ome places (namely, in _Cephalonia_) a little Shrub, which
887.
Experiment
Solitary,
touching the
_Dye of Scar-_
_let_.
they call _Holy Oak_, or _Dwarf Oak_. Upon the Leaves whereof there
ri$eth a Tumor, like a Bli$ter; which they gather, and rub out of it, acer-
tain red du$t, that converteth (after a while) into Worms, which they kill
with Wine, (as is reported) when they begin to quicken: With this Du$t
they Die Scarlet.
IN _Zant_, it is very ordinary, to make Men impotent, to accompany with
888.
Experiment
Solitary,
touching
_Maleficiating_.
their Wives. The like is practi$ed in _Ga$cony_, where it is called _Nover l’_
_Eguillete_. It is practi$ed alvvays upon the Wedding day. And in _Zant_, the
Mothers them$elves do it by vvay of prevention, becau$e thereby they hinder
other Charms, and can undo their ovvn. It is a thing the _Civil Law_ taketh
knovvledge of, and therefore is of no light regard.
IT is a common Experiment, but the cau$e is mi$taken. Take a Pot, (or
889.
Experiment
Solitary,
touching the
R_i$e of Water_
_by Means of_
_Flame_.
better a Gla$s, becau$e therein you may $ee the Motion) and $et a Candle
lighted in the Bottom of a Ba$on of Water; and turn the Mouth of the Pot
or Gla$s over the Candle, and it vvill make the Water ri$e. They a$cribe it
to the dravving of heat, vvhich is not true: For it appeareth plainly to be
but a Motion of _Nexe_, vvhich they call _Nedetur vacuum_, and it proceedeth
thus; The Flame of the Candle as $oon, as it is covered, being $uffocated
by the clo$e Air, le$$eneth by l<007>ttle and little: During vvhich time, there is
$ome little a$cent of Water, but not much; for the Flame occupying le$s
and le$s room, as it le$$eneth, the Water $ucceedeth. But upon the in$tant
of the Candles going out, there is a $udden ri$e of a greatdeal of Water; for
that that the Body of the Flame filleth no more place, and $o the Air and
Water $ucceed. It vvorketh the $ame offect, if in$tead of Water, you put
Flovver, or Sand, into the Ba$on: Which $hevveth, that it is not the Flames
dravving the Liquor, as Nouri$hment, as it is $uppo$ed, for all Bodies are
[0226]_Natural Hi$tory;_
alike unto it, as it is ever in motion of _Nexe_; in$omuch, as I have $een the
Gla$s, being held by the hand, hath lifted up the Ba$on, and all: The motion
of _Nexe_ did $o cla$p the bottom of the Ba$on. That _Experiment_, when the
Ba$on was lifted up, was made with Oyl, and not with Water. Neverthele$s
this this is true, that at the very fir$t $etting of the Mouth of the Gla$s, upon
the bottom of the Ba$on, it draweth up the Water a little, and then $tandeth
at a $tay, almo$t till the Candles going out, as was $aid. This may $hew $ome
Attraction at fir$t; but of this we will $peak more, when we handle Attracti-
ons by Heat.
OF the Power of the _Cele$tial Bodies_, and what more $ecret in $lucences
Experiments
in Con$ort,
tcuching the
_Influences o$_
_the Moon_.
they have, be$ides the two manife$t in fluences of Heat and Light, we
$hall $peak, when we handle _Experiments_ touching the _Cele$tial Bodies_: Mean
while, we will give $ome Directions for more certain Tryals of the Vertue
and Influences of the Moon, which is our neare$t Neighbor.
The Influences of the Moon (mo$t ob$erved) are four; the drawing
forth of Heat; the Inducing of Putrefaction; the increa$e of Moi$ture; the
exciting of the Motions of Spirits.
For the drawing forth of Heat, we have $ormerly pre$cribed to take
890.
Water warm, and to $et part of it again$t the Moon-beams, and part of it
with a Skreen between; and to $ee whether that which $tandeth expo$ed to
the Beams will not cool $ooner. But becau$e this is but a $mall interpo$ition,
(though in the Sun we $ee a $mall $hade doth much) it were good to try it
when the Moon $hineth, and when the Moon $hineth not at all; and with
Water warm in a Gla$s-bottle as well as in a Di$h, and with Cinders, and
with Iron red-hot, &c,
For the inducing of Putrefaction, it were good to try it with Fle$h or
891.
Fi$h expo$ed to the Moon-beams, and again expo$ed to the Air when the
Moon $hineth not, for the liketime, to $ee whether will corrupt $oorter;
and try it al$o with Capon, or $ome other fowl laid abroad, to $ee whether it
will mortifie and become tender$ooner. Try it al$o with dead Flies or dead
Worms, having a little Water ca$t upon them, to $ee whether will putrefie
$ooner. Try it al$o with an Apple or Orenge, having holes made in their
tops, to $ee whether will rot or mould $ooner. Try it al$o with _Holland_
Chee$e, having Wine put into it, whether it will breed Mites $ooner or
greater.
For the increafe of Moi$ture, the opinion received is, that Seeds will
892.
grow $oone$t, and Hair, and Nails, and Hedges, and Herbs, cut, &c. will
grow $oone$t, if they be $et or cut in the increa$e of the Moon: Al$o, that
Brains in Rabits, Wood-cocks, Calves, &c. are $ulle$t in the Full of the
Moon; and $o of Marrow in the Bones, and fo of Oy$ters and Cockles;
which of all the re$t are the ea$ie$t tried, if you have them in Pits.
Take $ome Seeds or Roots (as Onions, &c.) and $et $ome of them im-
893.
mediately after the Change, and others of the $ame kinde immediately after
the Full: Let them be as like as can be, the Earth al$o the $ame as near as
may be, and therefore be$t in Pots: Let the Pots al$o $tand where no Rain
or Sun may come to them, le$t the difference of the Weather con$ound the
_Experiment_. And then $ee in what time the Seeds $et, in the increa$e of the
Moon, come to a certain height, and how they differ from tho$e that are $et
in the decrea$e of the Moon.
[0227]_Century IX_.
It is like, that the Brain of Man waxeth moi$ter and fuller upon the Full
894.
of the Moon; and therefore it were good for tho$e that have moi$t Brains,
and are great Drinkers, to take fume of _Lignum Aloes, Ro$emary, Frankincen$e_,
_&c._ about the Full of the Moon. It is like al$o, that the Humors in Mens
Bodies increa$e and decrea$e, as the Moon doth; and therefore it were good
to purge $ome day or two after the Full, for that then the Humors will not
repleni$h $o $oon again.
As for the exciting of the motion of the Spirits, you mu$t note, that the
895.
growth of Hedges, Herbs, Hair, &c. is cau$ed from the Moon, by exciting of
the Spirits, as well as by increa$e of the moi$ture. But for Spirits in particular,
the great in$tance is in _Lunacies_.
There may be other $ecret effects of the influence of the Moon, which
896.
are not yet brought into ob$ervation. It may be, that if it $o fall out, that the
Wind be North or North Ea$t, in the Full of the Moon, it increa$eth Cold;
and if South or South-We$t, it di$po$eth the Air for a good while to warmth
and rain; which would be ob$erved.
It may be that Children and young Cattel that are brought forth in the
897.
Full of the Moon, are $tronger and larger then tho$e that are brought forth
in the Wane; and tho$e al$o which are begotten in the Full of the Moon:
So that it might be good Husbandry, to put Rams and Bulls to their Females
$omewhat before the Full of the Moon. It may be al$o, that the Eggs
laid in the Full of the Moon, breed the better Bird; and a number of the
like effects, which may be brought into ob$ervation. _Quare_ al$o, whe-
ther great Thunders and Earth-quakes be not mo$t in the Full of the
Moon.
THe turning of Wine to Vinegar, is a kinde of Putrefaction; and in
898.
Experiment
Solitary,
touching
_Vinegar_.
making of Vinegar, they u$e to $et Ve$$els of Wine over again$t the
Noon Sun, which calleth out the more Oily Spirits, and leaveth the Liquor
more $our and hard. We $ee al$o, that Burnt-Wine is more hard and a$trin-
gent then Wine unburnt. It is $aid, that _Cider_ in Navigations under the Line
ripeneth, when _Wine_ or _Beer_ $oureth. It were good to $et a Rundlet of _Ver-_
_juice_ over again$t the Sun in Summer, as they do Vinegar, to $ee whether it
will ripen and $weeten.
THere be divers Creatures that $leep all Winter; as the _Bear_, the _Hedg-_
899.
Expetiment
Solitary,
touching
_Creatures that_
_Sleep all Win-_
_ter_.
_hog_, the _Bat_, the _Bee, &c._ The$e all wax fat when they $leep, and ege$t
not. The cau$e of their fattening, during their $leeping time, may be the
want of a$$imilating; for what$oever a$$imilateth not to Fle$h, turneth either
to $weat or fat. The$e Creatures, for part of their $leeping time, have been
ob$erved not to $tir at all; and for the other part, to $tir, but not to remove,
and they get warm and clo$e places to $leep in. When the _Flemmings_ wintred
in _Nova Zembla_, the _Bears_ about the middle of _November_ went to $leep; and
then the _Foxes_ began to comeforth, which dur$t not before. It is noted by
$ome of the _Ancients_, that the She Bear breedeth, and lieth in with her
young during that time of Re$t, and that a Bear big with young, hath $eldom
900.
Expetiment
Solitary,
touching the
_Generation of_
_Creatures by_
_Copulating,_
_and by Putre-_
_faction._
been $een.
SOme _Living Creatures_ are procreated by Copulation between Male and
Female, $ome by Putrefaction; and of tho$e which come by Putrefaction,
many do (neverthele$s) after wards procreate by Copulation. For the cau$e
of both Generations: Fir$t, it is mo$t certain, that the cau$e of all Vivi-
[0228]_Natural Hi$tory;_
fication is a gentle and proportionable heat, working upon a gluttinous and
yielding $ub$tance; for the heat doth bring forth Spirit in that $ub$tance,
and the $ub$tance being gluttinous, produceth two effects; the one, That
the Spirit is detained, and cannot break forth; the other That the matter
being gentle and yielding, is driven forwards by the motion of the Spirits,
after $ome $welling into $hape and members. Therefore all Sperm, all Men-
$truous $ub$tance, all matter whereof Creatures are produced by Putrefacti-
on, have evermore a Clo$ene$s, Lentor, and Sequacity. It $eemeth therefore
that the Generation by Sperm onely, and by Putrefaction, have two diffe-
rent cau$es. The fir$t is, for that Creatures which have a definite and exact
$hape (as tho$e have which are procreated by Copulation) cannot be produ-
ced by a weak and ca$ual heat; nor out of matter, which is not exactly pre-
pared according to the Species, The $econd is, for that there is a greater
time required for Maturation of perfect Creatures; for if the time required
in Vivification be of any length, then the Spirit will exhale before the Crea-
ture be mature; except it be inclo$ed in a place where it may have continu-
ance of the heat, acce$s of $ome nouri$hment to maintain it, and clo$ene$s
that may keep it from exhaling; and $uch places, or the Wombs and Matri-
ces of the Females: And therefore all Creatures made of Putrefaction, are
of more uncertain $hape, and are made in $horter time, and need not $o per-
fect an enclo$ure, though $ome clo$ene$s be commonly required. As for
the Heathen opinion, which was, That upon great mutations of the World,
perfect Creatures were fir$t ingendred of Concretion, as well as Frogs, and
Worms, and Flies, and $uch like, are now; we know it to be vain: But if
any $uch thing $hould be admitted, di$cour$ing according to $en$e, it cannot
be, except you admit of a _Chaos_ fir$t, and commixture of Heaven and Earth;
for the Frame of the World once in order, cannot effect it by any exce$s or
ca$ualty.
[0229]
NATURAL
HISTORY.
_Century X_.
THe Philo$ophy of _Pythagoras_ (which was full of Super-
Experiments
in Con$ott,
touching
_Tran$mi{$s}ion_
_and Influx of_
_Immateriate_
_Virtues, and_
_the Force of_
_Imagination_.
$tition) did fir$t plant a Mon$trous Imagination, which
afterwards was, by the School of _Plato_, and others,
watred and nouri$hed. It was, That _the World was one_
_entire perfect Living Creature_; in$omuch, as _Apollonius_ of
_Iyana_, a _Pythagorean_ Prophet, affirmed, That the Ebb-
ing and Flowing of the Sea was the Re$piration of the
World, drawing in Water as Breath, and putting it
forth again. They went on, and inferred, That if the World were a Living
Creature, it had a Soul and Spirit; which al$o they held, calling it _Spiritus_
_Mundi_, the Spirit or Soul of the World; by which, they did not intend _God_,
(for they did admit of a _Deity_ be$ides) but onely the Soul, or E$$ential Form
of the Univer$e. This _Foundation_ being laid, they might build upon it what
they would; for in a _Living Creature_, though never $o great (as for example,
in a great Whale) the Sen$e and the Affects of any one part of the Body
in$tantly make a Tran$cur$ion throughout the whole Body: So that by this
they did in$inuate, that no di$tance of place, nor want orindi$po$ition of
Matter, could hinder Magical Operations; but that (for example) we
might here in _Europe_ have Sen$e and Feeling of that which was done in
_China_; and likewi$e, we might work any effect without and again$t Matter:
And this not holden by the co-operation of Angels or Spirits, but onely by
the Unity and Harmony of Nature. There were $ome al$o that $taid not
here, but went further, and held, That if the Spirit of Man (whom they
call the _Microco$m_) do give a fit touch to the Spirit of the World, by $trong
Imaginations and Beliefs, it might command Nature; for _Paracel$us_, and
$ome dark$ome _Authors_ of Magick, do a$cribe to Imagination exalted the
Power of Miracle-working Faith. With the$e va$t and bottomle$s Follies
Men have been (in part) entertained.
[0230]_Natural Hi$tory;_
Butwe, that hold firm to the Works of God, and to the Sen$e, which
is Gods Lamp, (_Lucerna Dei Spiraculum Hominis_) will enquire with all So-
briety and Severity, whether there be to be found in the Foot-$teps of Na-
ture any $uch Tran$mi$$ion and Influx of Immateriate Virtues; and what
the force of Imagination is, either upon the Body Imaginant, or upon
another Body: Wherein it will be like that labor of _Hercules_ in purging the
Stable of _Augeas_, to $eparate from Super$titious and Magical Arts and Ob-
$ervations, any thing that is clean and pure Natural, and not to be either
contemned or condemned. And although we $hall have occa$ion to
$peak of this in more places then one, yet we will now make $ome entrance
thereinto.
MEn are to be admoni$hed, that they do not withdraw credit from the
901.
Experiments
in Con$ort
_Menitory_,
touching
_Tran$mi{$s}ion_
_of Spirits, and_
_the Force of_
_Imagination_.
Operations by Tran$mi$$ion of Spirits and Force of Imagination,
becau$e the effects fail $ometimes. For as in Infection and Contagion from
Body to Body, (as the Plague, and the like) it is mo$t certain, that the In-
fection is received (many times) by the Body Pa$$ive, but yet is by the
$trength and good di$po$ition thereof repul$ed, and wrought out, before it
be formed into a Di$ea$e; $o much more in Impre$$ions from Minde to
Minde, or from Spirit to Spirit, the Impre$$ion taketh, but is encountred
and overcome by the Minde and Spirit, which is Pa$$ive, before it work any
manife$t effect: And therefore they work mo$t upon weak Mindes and
Spirits; as tho$e of Women, Sick Per$ons, Super$titious and fearful Per-
$ons, Children, and young Creatures.
_Ne$cio quis teneros oculus mihi fa$cinat Agnos:_
The _Poet_ $peaketh not of Sheep, but of Lambs. As for the weakne$s of the
Power of them upon Kings and Magi$trates, it may be a$cribed (be$ides the
main, which is the Protection of God over tho$e that execute his place) to
the weakne$s of the Imagination of the Imaginant; for it is hard for a
Witch or a Sorcerer to put on a belief, that they can hurt $uch per$ons.
Men are to be admoni$hed on the other $ide, that they do not ea$ily give
902.
placeand creditto the$e operations, becau$e they $ucceed many times: For
the cau$e of this $ucce$s is (oft) to be truly a$cribed unto the force of Affecti-
on and Imagination upon the Body Agent, and then by a $econdary means it
may work upon a diver$e Body. As for example, If a man carry a _Planets Seal_
or a _Ring_, or $ome part of a _Bea$t_, believing $trongly that it will help him to
obtain his _Love_, or to keep him from danger of hurt in _Fight_, or to prevail in
a _Sute, &c._ it may make him more active and indu$trious; and again more
confident and per$i$ting, then otherwi$e he would be. Now the great effects
that may come of Indu$try and Per$everance (e$pecially in civil bu$ine$s) who
knoweth not? For we $ee audacity doth almo$t binde and mate the weaker
$ort of Mindes; and the $tate of Humane Actions is $o variable, that to try
things oft, and never to give over, doth wonders: Therefore it were a meer
fallacy and mi$taking to a$cribe that to the Force of Imagination upon an-
other Body, which is but the Force of Imagination upon the proper Body;
for there is no doubt but that Imagination and vehement Affection work
greatly upon the Body of the Imaginant, as we $hall $hew in due place.
Men are to be admoni$hed, that as they are not to mi$take the cau$es of
903.
the$e Operations, $o much le$s they are to mi$take the Fact or Effect,
and ra$hly to take that for done which is not done. And therefore, as di-
vers wi$e Judges have pre$cribed and cautioned, Men may not too ra$hly
[0231]_Century X._
bel<007>eve the Confe$$ion of W<007>tches, nor yet the evidence again$t them: For
the Witches them$elves are Imaginative, and believe o$t-times they do that
which they do not; and people are credulous in that point, and ready to
impute Accidents and Natural operations to W<007>tchcraft. It is worthy the
ob$erving, that both in ancient and late times, (as in the _The$$alian_ Witches,
and the meetings of Witches that have been recorded by $o many late Con-
fe$$ions) the great wonders which they tell of carrying in the Air, trans-
forming them $elves into other Bodies, &c. are $till reported to be wrought,
not by Incantation or Ceremonies, but by Ointments and Anointing them-
$elves all over. This may ju$tly move a Man to think, that the$e Fables are
the effects of Imagination; for it is certain, that Ointments do all (if they be
laid on any thing thick) by $topping of the Pores, $hut in the Vapor, and
$end them to the head extreamly. And for the particular Ingredients of
tho$e Magical Ointments, it is like they are opiate and $oporiferous. For
Anointing of the Forehead, Neck, Feet, Back-bone, we know is u$ed for
procuring dead $leeps. And if any Man $ay, that this effect would be bet-
ter done by in ward potions; an$wer may be made, that the Medicines which
go to the Ointments are $o $trong, that if they were u$ed in wards, they would
kill tho$e that u$e them; and therefore they work potently, though out-
wards.
We will divide the $everal kindes of the operations by tran$mi$$ion of
Spirits and Imagination, which will give no $mall light to the _Experiments_
that follow. All operations by tran$mi$$ion of Spirits and Imaginat<007>on have
this, that they work at di$tance, and not at touch; and they are the$e being
di$tingui$hed.
The fir$t is, The Tran$mi$$ion or Emi$$ion of the thinner and more
904.
airy parts of Bodies, as in Odors and Infect<007>ons; and this is, of all the
te$t, the mo$t corporeal. But you mu$t remember withal, that there
be a number of tho$e Emi$$ions, both unwhole$ome and whole$ome, that
give no $mell at all: For the Plague many times when it is taken giveth
no $ent at all, and there be many good and healthful Airs, as they appear
by Habitation, and other proofs, that differ not in Smell from other Airs.
And under this head you may place all Imbibitions of Air, where the $ub-
$tance is material, odor-like, whereof $ome neverthele$s are $trange, and
very $uddenly diffu$ed; as the alteration which the Air receiveth in _Egypt_ al-
mo$t immediately upon the ri$ing of the River of _Nilus_, whereof we have
$poken.
The $econd is, the Tran$mi$$ion or Emi$$ion of tho$e things that we call
905.
Spiritual Species, as Vi$ibles and Sounds; the one whereof we have hand-
led, and the other we $hall handle in due place. The$e move $wiftly and at
great di$tance, but then they require a _Medium_ well di$po$ed, and their Tran$-
mi$$ion is ea$ily $topped.
The third is, the Emi$$ions which cau$e Attraction of certain Bodies at
906.
di$tance; wherein though the Load$tone be commonly placed in the fir$t
rank yet we think good to except it, and refer it to another Head: But
the drawing of _Amber_, and _Fet_, and other _Electrick Bodies_, and the At-
traction in _Gold_ of the _Spirit_ of _Quick-$ilver_ at di$tance, and the Attraction
of Heat at di$tance, and that of fire to _Naphtha,_ and that of $ome Herbs
to Water, though at di$tance, and divers others, we $hall handle; but
yet not under this pre$ent title, but under the title of Attraction in
general.
[0232]_Natural Hi$tory;_
The fourth is, the Emi$$ion of Spirits, and Immateriate Powers and
907.
Virtues, in tho$e things which work by the univer$al configuration and Sym-
pathy of the World; not by Forms, or Cele$tial Influxes, (as is vainly taught
and received) but by the Primitive Nature of Matter, and the $eeds of
things. Of this kinde is (as we yet $uppo$e) the working of the Load$tone,
which is by con$ent with the Globe of the Earth; of this kinde is the motion
of Gravity, which is by con$ent of den$e Bodies with the Globe of the Earth:
Of this kinde is $ome di$po$ition of Bodies to Rotation, and particularly
from Ea$tro We$t; of which kinde, we conceive the Main Float and Refloat
of the Sea is, which is by con$ent of the Univer$e, as part of the _Diurnal_
_Motion._ The$e _Immateriate Virtues_ have this property differing from others,
that the diver$ity of the _Medium_ hindreth them not, but they pa$s through all
_Mediums_, yet at determinate di$tances. And of the$e we $hall $peak, as they
are incident to $everal Titles.
The fifth is, the Emi$$ion of Spirits; and this is the principal in our in-
908.
tention to handle now in this place, namely, the operation of the Spirits of
the minde of Man upon other Spirits; and this is of a double nature; the
operation of the Affections, if they be vehement; and the operation of the
Imagination, if it be $trong. But the$e two are $o coupled, as we $hall handle
them together; for when an envious or amorous a$pect doth in$ect the Spi-
rits of another, there is joyned both Affection and Imagination.
The $ixth is, the influxes of the _Heavenly Bodies_, be$ides tho$e two mani-
909.
$e$t ones of Heat and Light. But the$e we will handle, where we handle the
_Cele$tial Bodies_ and _Motions_.
The $eventh is, the operations of _Sympathy,_ which the Writers of _Na-_
910.
_tural Magick_ have brought into an _Art_ or _Precept_; and it is this, That if
you de$ire to $uper-induce any Virtue or Di$po$ition upon a Per$on, you
$hould take the _Living Creature_, in which that Virtue is mo$t eminent and in
perfection; of that Creature you mu$t take the parts wherein that Virtue
chiefly is collocate. Again, you mu$t take the parts in the time, and act
when that Virtue is mo$t in exerci$e, and then you mu$t apply it to that part
of Man, wherein that Virtue chiefly con$i$teth. As if you would $uper-
induce _Courage_ and _Fortitnde,_ take a _Lion_, or a _Cock_; and take the _Heart, Tooth_,
or _Paw_ of the _Lion_; or the _Heart,_ or _Spur_ of the _Cock_: Take tho$e parts im-
mediately after the _Lion_ or the _Cock_ have been in fight, and let them be worn
upon a Mans heart or wri$t. Of the$e and $uch like _Sympathies_ we $hall $peak
under this pre$ent Title.
The eighth and la$t is, an Emi$$ion of Immateriate Virtues, $uch as we
911.
are a little doubtful to propound it is $o prodigious, but that it is $o con-
$tantly avouched by many: And we have $et it down as a Law to our $elves,
to examine things to the bottom; and not to receive upon credit, or reject
upon improbabilities, until there hath pa$$ed a due examination. This is the
_Sympathy_ of _Individuals_; for as there is a _Sympathy_ of _Species_, $o (it may be) there
is a _Sympathy_ of _Individuals_; that is, that in things, or the parts of things that
have been once contiguous or entire, there $hould remain a tran$mi$$ion of
Virtue from the one to the other, as between the Weapon and the Wound.
Whereupon is blazed abroad the operation of _Vnguentum Teli_, and $o of a
piece of Lard, or $tick of Elder, &c. That if part of it be con$umed or pu-
trefied, it will work upon the other parts $evered. Now we will pur$ue the
in$tances them$elves.
[0233]_Century X._
THe _Plague_ is many times taken without manife$t $en$e, as hath been
912.
Experiments
in Con$ort,
touching
_Emi$sion of_
_Spirits in Va_-
_por or Exha_-
_lation Odor_-
_like._
$aid; and they report, that where it is found it hath a $ent of the $mell
of a Mellow Apple, and (as $ome $ay) of May-flowers: And it is al$o re-
ceived, that $mells of Flowers that are Mellow and Lu$hious, are ill for the
_Plague_; as _White Lilies, Covv$lips_, and _Hyacinths_.
The _Plague_ is not ea$ily received by $uch as continually are about them
913.
that have the _Plague_, as _Keepers_ of the Sick, and Phy$icians; nor again by
$uch as take _Antidetes_, either in ward (as _Mithridate, Juniper-berries, Rue, Leaf,_
and _Seed, &c._) or outward (as _Angelica, Zedoary_, and the like in the Mouth;
_Tar, Galbanum_, and the like in Perfume:) Nor again, by old people, and $uch
as are of a dry and cold complexion. On the other $ide, the _Plague_ taketh
$oone$t hold of tho$e that come out of a fre$h Air, and of tho$e that are fa$t-
ing, and of Children; and it is likewi$e noted to go in a Blood more then
to a $tranger.
The mo$t pernicious Infection, next the _Plague_, is the $mell of the Goal,
914.
when Pri$oners have been long, and clo$e, and na$tily kept; whereof we
have had in our time, experience twice or thrice, when both the _Fudges_ that
$at upon the Goal, and numbers of tho$ethat attended the bu$ine$s, or were
pre$ent, $ickned upon it, and died. Therefore it were good wi$dom, that in
$uch ca$es the Goal were aired before they be brought forth.
Out of que$tion, if $uch foul $mells be made by Art, and by the Hand,
915.
they con$i$t chiefly of Mans fle$h, or $weat, putrefied; for they are not tho$e
$tinks which the No$trils $traight abhor and expel, that are mo$t pernicious,
but $uch Airs as have $ome $imilitude with Mans body, and $o in$inuate them-
$elves, and betray the Spirits. There may be great danger in u$ing $uch Com-
po$itions in great Meetings of People within Hou$es; as in _Churches_, at _Ar-_
_raignments_, at _Plays_ and _Solemnities_, and the like: For poy$oning of Air is no
le$s dangerous, then poy$oning of Water, which hath been u$ed by the _Turks_
in the Wars, and was u$ed by _Emanuel Comnenus_ to wards the Chri$tians, when
they pa$$ed through his Countrey to the _Holy Land_. And the$e empoy$on-
ments of Air are the more dangerous in Meetings of People, becau$e the
much breath of People doth further the reception of the Infection. And
therefore when any $uch thing is feared, it were good tho$e publick places
were perfumed before the _A$$emblies_.
The empoy $onment of particular per$ons by Odors, hath been reported
916.
to be in perfumed Gloves, or the like. And it is like they mingle the poy$on
that is deadly with $ome $mells that are $weet, which al$o maketh it
the $ooner received. _Plagues_ al$o have been rai$ed by Anointings of the
Chinks of Doors, and the like; not $o much by the touch, as for that it is
common for men, when they finde any thing wet upon their fingers, to
put them to their No$e; which men therefore $hould take heed how they
do. The be$t is, that the$e Compo$itions of In$ectious Airs cannot be made
without dangers of death to them that make them; but then again, they
may have $ome _Antidotes_ to $ave them$elves; $o that men ought not to be
$ecure of it.
There have been in divers Countreys great _Plagues_ by the putrefaction of
917.
great $warms of _Grashoppers_ and _Locu$ts_, when they have been dead and ca$t
upon heaps.
It hapneth oft in _Mines,_ that there are Damps which kill either by
918.
Suffocation, or by the poy$onous nature of the _Mineral;_ and tho$e that
[0234]_Natural Hi$tory;_
deal much in Refining, or other works about Metals and Minerals, have
their Brains hurt and <007>tupefied by the Metalline Vapors. Among$t which, it
is noted, that the Spirits of Quick-$ilver ever flie to the Skull, Teeth, or
Bones; in$omuch, as _Gilders_ u$e to have a piece of Gold in their Mouth to
draw the Spirits of Quick-$ilver; which Gold a$terwards they finde to be
whitned. There are al$o certain Lakes and Pits, $uch as that of _Avernus_, that
poy$on Birds (as is $aid) which flie over them, or Men that $tay too long
about them.
The Vapor of Char-coal or Sea-coal in a clo$e room, hath killed
919.
many; and it is the more dangerous, becau$e it cometh without any ill $mell,
but $tealeth on by little and little, inducing onely faintne$s, without any
manife$t $trangling. When the _Dutchmen_ wintred at _Nova Zembla_, and
that they could gather no more $ticks, they fell to make fire of $ome Sea-
coal they had, wherewith (at fir$t) they were much refre$hed; but a little
after they had $at about the fire, there grew a general $ilence and lothne$,
to $peak among$t them; and immediately after, one of the weake$t of
the Company fell down in a $woon: Whereupon, they doubting what it
was, opened their door to let in Air, and $o $aved them$elves. The effect
(no doubt) is wrought by the in$p<007>ffition of the Air, and $o of the
Breath and Spirits. The like en$ueth in Rooms newly Plai$tred, if a fire
be made in them; whereof no le$s M<007>n then the Emperor _Jovinianus_
died.
_Vide the Experiment_ 803. Touching the _Infectious Nature_ of the Air upon
920.
the fir$t Showers a$ter long Drought.
It hath come to pa$s, that $ome _Apothecaries_. upon $tamping of _Colo-_
921.
_quintida_, have been put into a great Scouring by the Vapor onely.
It hath been a practice to burn a _Pepper_ they call _Guinny-Pepper_, which
922.
hath $uch a $trong Spirit, that it provoketh a continual _SneeZing_ in tho$e that
are in the Room.
It is an Ancient Tradition, that _Blear Eyes_ infect _Sound Eyes_; and that a
923.
_Men$truous Woman_ looking in a Gla$s doth ru$t it: Nay, they have an opinion,
which $eemeth fabulous, That _Men$truous Women_ going over a _Field_ or _Garden,_
do _Corn_ and _Herbs_ good by killing the Worms.
The Tradition is no le$s ancient, that the _Ba$ilisk_ killeth by a$pect; and
924.
that the _Woolf,_ if he $eeth a _Man_ fir$t, by a$pect $triketh a _Man_ hoar$e.
_Perfumes_ convenient do dry and $trengthen the Brain, and $tay Rheums
925.
and Defluxions; as we finde in Fume of _Ro$emary_ dried, and _Lignum Aloes_,
and _Calamus_ taken at the Mouth and No$trils. And no doubt, there be other
Petfumes that do moi$ten and refre$h, and are fit to be u$ed in Burning Agues,
Con$umptions, and too much wakefulne$s; $uch as are _Ro$e-Water, Vinegar,_
_Lemmon-pills, Violets_, the Leaves of _Vines_ $prinkled with a little _Ro$e-water,_
_&c._
They do u$e in $udden Faintings and Swoonings, to put a Handkerchief
926.
with Ro$e-water, or a little Vinegar to the No$e, which gathereth together
again the Spirits, which are upon point to re$olve and fall away.
_Tobacco_ comforteth the Spirits, and di$chargeth wearine$s; which it
927.
worketh, partly by opening, but chiefly by the opiate virtue, which con-
den$eth the Spirits. It were good therefore to try the taking of Fumes by
Pipes (as they do in _Tobacco_) of other things, as well to dry and comfort, as
for other intentions. I wi$h tryal be made of the drying Fume of _Ro$emary_
and _Lignum Aloes_, before mentioned in Pipe; and $o of _Nutmegs_ and _Folium_
_indum, &c._
[0235]_Century X._
The following of the Plough hath been approved for refre$hing the
928.
Spirits, and procuring Appetite; but to do it in the Ploughing for Wheat
or Rye is not $o good, becau$e the Earth hath $pent her $weet breath in Vege-
tables put forth in Summer. It is better therefore to do it when you $ow
Barley. But becau$e Ploughing is tied to Sea$ons, it is be$t to take the Air
of the Earth new turned up by digging with the Spade, or $tanding by him
that diggeth. _Gentlewomen_ may do them$elves much good by kneeling upon
a Cu$hion, and Weeding. And the$e things you may practi$e in the be$t Sea-
$ons; which is ever the early Spring, before the Earth putteth forth the
Vegetables, and in the $weete$t Earth you can chu$e. It would be done al$o
when the Dew is a little off the Ground, le$t the Vapor be too moi$t. I Knew
a great Man that lived long, who had a clean Clod of Earth brought to
him every morning as he $ate in his Bed; and he would hold his head
over it a good preety while. I commend al$o $ometimes in digging of
new Earth, to pour in $ome Malm$ey or Greek Wine, that the Vapor of
the Earth and Wine together may comfort the Spirits the more; pro-
vided always it be not taken for a Heathen Sacrifice or Libation to the
Earth.
They have in _Phy$ick_ u$e of _Pomanders_, and knots of Powders for drying
929.
of Rheums, comforting of the Heart, provoking of Sleep, &c. for though
tho$e things be not $o $trong as Perfumes, yet you may have them continu-
ally in your hand, whereas Perfumes you can take but at times; and be-
$ides, there be divers things that breath better of them$elves then when
they come to the Fire; as _Nigella Romana_, the Seed of _Melanthium, Amo-_
_mum, &c._
There be two things which (inwardly u$ed) do cool and conden$e
930.
the Spirits; and I wi$h the $ame to be tried outwardly in Vapors. The one
is _Nitre_; which I would have di$$olved in Malm$ey, or Greek Wine, and $o
the $mell of the Wine taken; or, if you would have it more forcible, pour
of it upon a Fire-pan well heated, as they do _Ro$e-water_ and _Vinegar_. The
other is, the di$tilled Water of Wilde Poppey; which I wi$h to be mingled
at half with _Ro$e-water_, and $o taken with $ome mixture of a few _Cloves_ in a
Perfuming pan. The like would be done with the di$tilled Water of Saffron-
Flowers.
Smells of _Musk_, and _Amber_, and _Civit_, are thought to further Vene-
931.
reous Appetite; which they may do by the refre$hing and calling forth of
the Spirits.
Incen$e and Niderous $mells ($uch as were of _Sacrifices_) were thought to
932.
intoxicate the Brain, and to di$po$e men to devotion; which they may do
by a kinde of $adne$s and contri$tation of the Spirits, and partly al$o by
Heating and Exalting them. We $ee that among$t the Jews, the principal
perfume of the Sanctuary was forbidden all common u$es.
There be $ome Perfumes pre$cribed by the Writers of _Natural Magick_,
933.
which procure plea$ant Dreams; and $ome others (as they $ay) that procure
Prophetical Dreams, as the Seeds of _Flax, Fleawort, &c._
It is certain, that Odors do in a $mall degree, nouri$h, e$pecially the
934.
Odor of Wine; and we $ee Men an hungred do love to $mell hot Bread.
It is related, that _Democritus_ when he lay a dying, heard a Woman in the
Hou$e complain, that $he $hould be kept from being at a Fea$t and Solemni-
ty (which $he much de$ired to $ee) becau$e there would be a Corps in the
Hou$e: Whereupon he cau$ed Loaves of new Bread to be $ent for, and open-
ed them, and poured a little Wine into them, and $o kept him$elf alive with
[0236]_Natural Hi$tory_;
the Odor of them till the Fea$t was pa$t. I knew a Gentleman that would
fa$t ($ometimes) three or four, yea, five days, without Meat, Bread, or
Drink; but the $ame Man u$ed to have continually a great Wi$p of Herbs
that he $melled on, and amongft tho$e Herbs $ome e$culent Herbs of $trong
$ent, as _Onions, Garlick, Leeks_, and the like.
They do u$e for the Accident of the _Mother_ to burn Feathers, and other
935.
things of ill Odor; and by tho$e ill $mells the ri$ing of the Mother is put
down.
There be Airs which the Phy$icians advi$e their Patients to remove
936.
unto in _Con$umptions_, or upon recovery of long $ickne$$es, which (common-
ly) are plain Champaigns, but Gra$ing, and not over grown with Heath,
or the like; or el$e Timber-$hades, as in Fore$ts, and the like. It is noted al-
$o, that Groves of Bays do forbid Pe$tilent Airs; which was accounted a
great cau$e of the whole$ome Air of _Antiochia_. There be al$o $ome Soyls
that put forth Odorate Herbs of them$elves, as _VVilde Thyme, VVilde Marjoram_,
_Penny-royal, Camomile_; and in which, the _Bryar-Ro$es_ $mell almo$t like _Musk-_
_Ro$es_; which (no doubt) are $igns that do di$cover an excellent Air.
It were good for men to think of having healthful Air in their Hou$es;
937.
which will never be, if the Rooms be low-roofed, or full of Windows and
Doors; for the one maketh the Air clo$e, and not fre$h; and the other,
maketh it exceeding unequal, which is a great enemy to health. The Win-
dows al$o $hould not be high up to the Roof (which is in u$e for Beauty and
Magnificence) but low. Al$o Stone-walls are not whole$ome; but Timber is
more whole$ome, and e$pecially Brick; nay, it hath been u$ed by $ome
with great $ucce$s, to make their Walls thick, aed to put a Lay of Chalk
between the Bricks to take away all dampi$hne$s.
THe$e Emi$$ions (as we $aid before) are handled, and ought to be hand-,
938.
Experiment
Solitary,
touching the
_Emi{$s}ions of_
_Spiritual Spe-_
_cies, which_
_affect the_
_Sen$es_.
led by them$elves, under their proper Titles; that is, Vi$ibles, and
Audibles, each apart: In this place it $hall $uffice to give $ome general Ob-
$ervations common to both. Fir$t, they $eem to be Incorporeal. Secondly,
they work $wiftly. Thirdly, they work at large di$tances. Fourthly, in
curious varieties. Fifthly, they are not effective of any thing, nor leave any
work behinde them, but are energies meerly; for their working upon mir-
rors and places of Echo doth not alter any thing in tho$e Bodies; but it is
the $ame Action with the Original, onely repercu$$ed. And as for the $haking
of Windows, or rarifying the Air by great noi$es, and the Heat cau$ed by
Burning Gla$$es, they are rather Concomitants of the Audible and Vi$ible
Species, then the effects of them. Sixthly, they $eem to be of $o tender and
weak a Nature, as they affect onely $uch a Rare and Attenuate Sub$tance
as is the Spirit of Living Creatures.
IT is mentioned in $ome Stories, that where Children have been expo$ed
939.
Experiments
in Con$ort,
touching
_Emi{$s}ion of_
_Immateriate_
_Virtues from_
_the Mindes_
_and Spirits of_
_Men, either by_
_Affections, or_
_by Imaginati-_
_ons, or by other_
_Impre{$s}sons._
or taken away young from their Parents, and that afterward they have
approached to their Parents pre$ence, the Parents (though they have not
known them) have had a $ecret Joy, or other Alteration thereupon.
There was an _Egyptian Sooth$ayer_ that made _Antonius_ believe, that his
_genius_ (which otherwi$e was brave and confident) was, in the pre$ence of
_Octavianus Cæ$ar_, poor and cowardly; and therefore, he advi$ed him to ab$ent
him$elf (as much as he could) and remove far from him. The _Sooth$ayer_ was
thought to be $uborned by _Cleopatra_, to make him live in _Egypt_, and other
940.
[0237]_Century X_.
remote places from _Rome_. How$oever, the conceit of a predominant or
ma$tering Spirit of one Man over another is ancienr, and received $till, even
in vulgar opinion.
There are conceits, that $ome Men that are of an ill and melancholly
941.
nature, do incline the company into which they come, to be $ad and ill di$-
po$ed; and contrariwi$e, that others that are of a jovial nature do di$po$e
the company to be merry and chearful: And again, that $ome Men are lucky
to be kept company with, and employed, and others unlucky. Certainly it
is agreeable to rea$on, that there are at the lea$t $ome light effluxions from
Spirit to Spirit when Men are in pre$ence one with another, as well as from
Body to Body.
It hath been ob$erved, that old Men have loved young company, and
942.
been converfant continually with them, have been of long life; their Spirits
(as it $eemeth) being recreated by $uch company. Such were the Ancient
Sophi$ts and Rhetoricians, which ever had young Auditors and Di$ciples;
as _Gorgias, Protagoras, I$ocrates, &c_. who lived till they were an hundred years
old; and $o like wi$e did many of the _Grammarians_ and _School-ma$ters:_ Such as
was _Orbilius, &c_.
Audacity and confidence doth, in civil bu$ine$$es, $o great effects, as a
943.
Man may (rea$onably) doubt, that be$ides the very daring, and earne$tne$s,
and per$i$ting, and importunity, there $hould be $ome $ecret binding and
$tooping of other Mens $pirits to $uch per$ons.
The Affections (no doubt) do make the Spirits more powerful and active,
944.
and e$pecially tho$e Affections which draw the Spirits into the Eyes; which
are two, Love and Envy, which is called _Oculus Malus_. As for Love, the
_Platoni$ts_ ($ome of them) go $o far, as to hold, That the Spirit of the Lover
dorh pa$s into the Spirits of the per$on loved, which cau$eth the de$ire of
return into the Body whence it was emitted, whereupon followeth that ap-
petite of contract and conjunction which is in Lovers. And this is ob$erved
likewi$e, that the A$pects that procure Love, are not gazings, but $udden
glances and dartings of the Eye. As for Envy, that emitteth $ome malign
and poi$onous Spirits, which take hold of the Spirit of another; and is like-
wi$e of greate$t force, when the Ca$t of the Eye is oblique. It hath been no
ted al$o, That it is mo$t dangerous, where the envious Eye is ca$t upon per-
$ons in glory, and triumph, and joy. The rea$on whereof is, for that at $uch
times the Spirits come forth mo$t into the outward parts, and $o meet the
percu$$ion of the envious eye more at hand; and therefore it hath been no-
ted, That after great triumphs, Men have been ill di$po$ed for $ome days
following. We $ee the opinion of Fa$cination is ancient for both effects, of
procuring Love, and $ickne$s cau$ed by Envy; and Fa$cination is ever by
the Eye. But yet if there by any $uch infection from Spirit to Spirit, there
is no doubt, but that it worketh by pre$ence, and not by the Eye alone, yet
mo$t forcibly by the Eye.
Fear and Shame are like wi$e infective: For we $ee that the $tarting of one,
945.
will make another ready to $tarr, and when one man is out of countenance
in a company, others do like wi$e blu$h in his behalf.
Now we will $peak of the _Force of Imagination_ upon other _Bodies_, and
of the means to exalt and $trengthen it. Imagination, in this place, I under-
$tand to be the repre$entation of an Individual Thought. Imagination is of
three kindes; the fir$t, joyned with _Belief_ of that which is to come; the $e-
cond, joyned with _Memory_ of that which is pa$t; and the third is, of _Things_
_pre$ent_, or as if they were pre$ent: For I comprehend in this, Imagination
[0238]_Natural Hi$tory_;
feigned, and at plea$ure: As if one $hould imagine $uch a Min to bein the
Ve$tments of a _Pope_, or to have Wings. I $ingle out for this time that which
is with _Faith_ or _Belief_ of that which is to come. The Inqui$ition of this
Subject in our way (which is by Induction) is wonderful hard, for the things
that are reported are full of Fables; and new _Experiments_ can hardly be
made but with extream Caution, for the Rea$on which we will after de-
clare.
The _Power of Imagination_ is in three kindes. The fir$t, upon the Body of
the imaginant, including like wi$e the Childe in the Mothers Womb. The
$econd is, the power of it upon dead bodies, as Plants, Wood, Stone, Metal,
&c. The third is, the power of it upon the Spirits of Men and Living Crea-
tures. And with this la$t we will onely meddle.
The _Probleme_ therefore is, Whether a Man con$tantly and $trongly be-
lieving that $uch a thing $hall be, (as that $uch an one will love him, or that
$uch an one will grant him his reque$t, or that $uch an one $hall recover a
$ickne$s, or the like) it doth help any thing to the effecting of the thing it
$elf. And here again we mu$t warily di$tingui$h; for it is not meant (as
hath been partly $aid be$ore) that it $hould help by making a man more $tout,
or more indu$trious; (in which kinde, con$tant belief doth much) but
meerly by a $ecret operation, or binding, or changing the Spirit of another.
And in this it is hard (as we began to $ay) to make any new experiment; for
I cannot command my $elf to believe what I will, and $o no tryal can be
made. Nay it is wor$e, for what$oever a Man imagineth doubtingly, or with
fear, mu$t needs do hurt, if Imagination have any power at all; $or a Man
repre$enteth that ofther that he feareth, then the contrary.
The help therefore is, for a Man to work by another, in whom he
may create belief, and not by him$elf, until him$elf have found by experi-
ence, that Imagination doth prevail; for then experience worketh in him$elf
Belief, if the Belief that $uch a thing $hall be joyned with a Belief, that his
Imagination may procure it.
For example, I related one time to a Man that was curious and vain
946.
enough in the$e things, _That I $aw a kinde of Jugler that had a Pair of Cards, and_
_vvould tell a man vvhat Card he thought_. This pretended _Learned Man_ told me, it
was a mi$taking in me. _For_ ($aid he) _it vvas not the knovvledge of the Mans thought_
_(for that is proper to God) but it vvas the inforcing of a thought upon him, and binding his_
_Imagination by a $tronger, that he could think no other Card_. And thereupon he asked
me a Que$tion or two, which I thought he did but cunningly, knowing be-
fore what u$ed to be the feats of the _Jugler. Sir_, ($aid he) _do you remember vvhe-_
_ther he told the Card the Man thought him$elf, or bad another to tell it?_ I an$wered,
(as was true) _That he bad another tell it_. Whereunto he $aid, _So I thought: For_
($aid he) _him$elf could not have put on $o $trong an Imagination, but by telling the other_
_the Card (vvho believed, that the Jugler vvas $ome $trange man, and could do $trange things)_
_that other man caught a $trong Imagination_. I hearkned unto him, thinking for a
vanity he $pake prettily. Then he asked me another Que$tion: Saith he, _Do_
_you remember vvhether he bad the Man think the Card fir$t, and aftervvards told the other_
_Man in h{is} Ear whæt he should think; or el$e, that he did whi$per fir$t in the Mans Ear_
_that $hould tell the Card, telling, That $uch a Man $hould think $uch a Card, and after_
_bad the Man think a Card?_ I told him, (as was true) _That he did fir$t whi$per the_
_Man in the Ear, that$uch a Man $hould think $uch a Card_. Upon this, the _Learned_
_Man_ did much exuit and plea$e him$elf, $aying, _Lo, you may $ee that my opinion_
_is right: For if the Man had thought fir$t, his thought had been fixed; but the other imagi-_
_ning fir$t, hound his thought_. Which though it did $ome what $ink with me, yet I
[0239]_Century X_.
made it lighter then I thought, and $aid, _I thought it was confederacy between the_
_Jugler, and the two Servants_; though (indeed) I had no rea$on $o to think, for
they were both my Fathers $ervants, and he had never plaid in the Hou$e
before. The _Jugler_ al$o did cau$e a Garter to be held up, and took upon
him to know that $uch an one $hould point in $uch a place of the Garter, as
it $hould be near $o many Inches to the longer end, and $o many to the $hort-
er; and $till he did it by fir$t telling the imaginer, and after bidding the actor
think.
Having told this Relation, not for the weight thereof, but becau$e it
doth hand$omly open the nature of the Que$tion, I return to that I $aid,
That _Experiments of Imagination_ mu$t be practi$ed by others, and not by a Mans
$elf. For there be three means to fortifie Belief; the fir$t is Experience, the
$econd is Rea$on, and the third is Authority. And that of the$e which is
far the mo$t potent, is Authority: For Belief upon Rea$on or Experience
will $tagger.
For Authority, it is of two kindes: Belief in an Art, and Belief in a
947.
Man. And for things of Belief in an Art, a Man may exerci$e them by him-
$elf; but for Belief in a Man, it mu$t be by another. Therefore if a Man be-
lieve in A$trology, and finde a figure pro$perous; or believe in Natural Ma-
gick, and that a Ring with $uch a Stone, or $uch a piece of a Living Creature
carried, will do good, it may help his Imagination; but the Belief in a Man
is far the more active. But how$oever all Authority mu$t be out of a Mans
$elf, turned (as was $aid) either upon an Art, or upon a Man; and where
Authority is from one Man to another, there the $econd mu$t be Ignorant,
and not learned, or full of thoughts: And $uch are (for the mo$t part) all
Witches and $uper$titious per$ons, who$e beliefs, tied to their Teachers and
Traditions, are no whit controlled either by Rea$on or Experience: And
upon the fame rea$on, in Magick they u$e (for the mo$t part) Boys and young
People, who$e $pirits ea$ilie$t take Belief and Imagination.
Now to fortifie Imagination, there be three ways: The Authority
whence the Belief is derived; Means to quicken and corroborate the Imagi-
nation; and Means to repeat it and refre$h it.
For the Authority we have already $poken. As for the $econd, namely,
948.
the Means to quicken and corroborate the Imagination, we $ee what hath been
u$ed in Magick, (if there be in tho$e practices any thing that is purely Na-
tural) as Ve$tments, Characters, Words, Seals, $ome parts of Plants, or Li-
ving Creatures, Stones, choice of the Hour, Ge$tures and Motions; al$o In-
cen$es and Odors, choice of Society, which increa$eth Imagination, Diets
and Preparations for $ome time before. And for Words, there have been
ever u$ed, either barbarous words of no $en$e, le$t they $hould di$turb the
Imagination; or words of $imilitude, that may $econd and feed the Imagi-
nation: And this was ever as well in Heathen Charms, as in Charms of later
times. There are u$ed al$o Scripture words, for that the Belief that Religious
Texts and Words have power, may $treng then the Imagination. And for the
$ame rea$on He brew words (which among$t us is counted the holy Tongue,
and the words more my $tical) are often u$ed.
For the refre$hing of the Imagination (which was the third Means of
949.
Exalting it) we $ee the practices of Magick; as in Images of Wax, and the
like, that $hould melt by little and little, or $ome other things buried in
Muck, that $hould putrefie by little and little, or the like: For $o oft as the
Imaginant doth think of tho$e things, $o oft doth he repre$ent to his Imagina-
tion the effect of that he de$ireth.
[0240]_Natural Hi$tory_;
If there be any power in Imagination, it is le$s credible that it $hould
950.
be $o incorporcal and immateriate a Virtue, as to work at great di$tances, or
through all _Mediums_, or upon all Bodies; but that the di$tance mu$t be com-
petent, the _Medium_ not adver$e, and the Body apt and proportionate.
Therefore if there be any operation upon Bodies in ab$ence by Nature, it
is like to be conveyed $rom Man to Man, as _Fame_ is: As if a _Witch_ by Imagi-
nation $hould hurt any afar off, it cannot be naturally, but by working upon
the Spirit of $ome that cometh to the _Witch_, and from that party upon the
Imagination of another, and $o upon another, till it come to one that hath
re$ort to the party intended; and $o by him, to the party intended him$elf.
And although they $peak, that it $ufficeth to take a Point, or a piece of the
Garment, or the Name of the party, or the like; yet there is le$s credit to
be given to tho$e things, except it be by working of evil $pirits.
The _Experiments_ which may certainly demon$trate the power of Imagi-
nation upon other Bodies, are few or none; for the _Experiments_ of _Witchcraft_
are no clear proofs, for that they may be by a tacite operation of malign
Spirits; we $hall therefore be forced in this Inquiry, to re$ort to new _Ex-_
_periments_, wherein we can give onely Directions of Tryals, and not any _Po$i-_
_tive Experiments_. And if any man think that we ought to have $taid till we
had made _Experiment_ of $ome of them our $elves, (as we do commonly in
other Titles) the truth is, that the$e Effects of Imagination upon other Bodies,
have $o little credit with us, as we $hall try them at lei$ure: But in the mean
time we will lead others the way.
When you work by the Imagination of another, it is nece$$ary that he by
951.
whom you work have a precedent opinion of you that you can do $trange
things, or that you are a Man of Art, as they call it; for el$e the $imple affir-
mation to another, that this or that $hall be, can work but a weak impre$$ion
in his Imagination.
It were good, becau$e you caunot di$cern fully of the $trength of Ima-
952.
gination in one Man, more then another, that you did u$e the Imagination
of more then one, that $o you may light upon a $trong one. As if a Phy$ician
$hould tell three or four of his Patients $ervants that their Ma$ter $hall $urely
recover.
The Imagination of one that you $hall u$e ($uch is the variety of Mens
953.
mindes) cannot be always alike con$tant and $trong; and if the $ucce$s follow
not $peedily, it will faint and lo$e $trength. To remedy this, you mu$t pretend
to him who$e Imagination you u$e $everal degrees of Means by which to
operate: As to pre$cribe him, that every three days, if he finde not the $uc-
ce$s apparent, he do u$e another Root, or part of a Bea$t, or Ring, &c. as be-
ing of more force; and if that $ail, another; and if that, another, till $even
times. Al$o you mu$t pre$cribe a good large time for the effect you promi$e;
as if you $hould tell a $ervant of a $ick man, that his Ma$ter $hall recover, but
it will be fourteen days ere he findeth it apparently, &c. All this to entertain
the Imagination, that it waver le$s.
It is certain, that potions or things taken into the Body, Incen$es and
954.
Perfumes taken at the No$trils, and oyntments of $ome parts, do (naturally)
work upon the Imagination of him that taketh them. And therefore it mu$t
needs greatly cooperate with the Imagination of him whom you u$e, if you
pre$cribe him, before he do u$e the Receit for the Work which he de$ireth,
that he do take $uch a Pill, or a $poonful of Liquor, or burn $uch an Incen$e,
or anoint his Temples, or the Soles of his Feet, with $uch an Oyntment or
Oyl: And you mu$t chu$e for the Compo$ition of $uch Pill, Perfume, or
[0241]_Century X_.
Oyntment, $uch Ingredients as do make the Spirits a little more gro$s or
muddy, whereby the Imagination will fix the better.
The Body Pa$$ive, and to be wrought upon, (I mean not of the Ima-
955.
ginant) is better wrought upon (as hath been partly touched) at $ome times
then at others; As if you $hould pre$cribe a $ervant about a $ick per$on,
(whom you have po$$e$$ed that his Ma$ter $hall recover) when his Ma$ter is
fa$t afleep, to u$e $uch a Root, or $uch a Root. For Imagination is like to
work better upon fleeping men, then men awake; as we $hall $hew when we
handle Dreams.
We finde in the _Art of Memory_, that _Images vi$ible_ work better then other
956.
conceits; As if you would remember the word _Philo$ophy_, you $hall more
$urely do it by imagining that $uch a Man (for Men are be$t places) is read-
ing upon _Ari$totles_ Phy$icks, then if you $hould imagine him to $ay, _I will_
_go $tudy Philo$ophy._ And therefore this ob$ervation would be tran$lated to the
$ubject we now $peak of; for the more lu$trous the Imagination is, it filleth
and fixeth the better. And therefore I conceive, that you $hall in that _Experi-_
_ment_ (whereof we $pake before) of binding of thoughts, le$s fail, if you tell
one that $uch an one $hall name one of twenty men, then if it were one of
twenty Cards. The _Experiment_ of binding of thoughts would be diverfified
and tried to the full: And you are to note, whether it hit for the mo$t part,
though not always.
It is good to con$ider upon what things Imagination hath mo$t force:
957.
And the rule (as I conce<007>ve) is, that it hath mo$t force upon things that have
the lighte$t and ea$ie$t motions; and therefore above all upon the Spirits of
Men, and in them upon $uch affections as move lighte$t: As upon procuring
of Love, binding of Lu$t, which is ever with Imagination upon Men in
fear, or Men in irre$olution, and the like: What$oever is of this kinde
would be throughly enquired. Tryals like wi$e would be made upon Plants,
and that diligently: As if you $hould tell a man that $uch a Tree would die
this year, and will him at the$e and the$e times to go unto it, to $ee how it
thriveth. As for inanimate things, it is true, that the motions of $huffling
of Cards, or ca$ting of Dice, are very light motions; and there is a folly
very u$e$ul, That Game$ters imagine, that $ome that $tand by them, bring
them ill luck. There would be tryal al$o made, of holding a Ring by a
thred in a Gla$s, and telling him that holdeth it before, that it $hall $trike $o
many times again$t the $ide of the Gla$s, and no more; or of holding a Key
between two Mens fingers without a charm; and to tell tho$e that hold it,
that at $uch a name it $hall go off their fingers. For the$e two are extream
light motions. And how $oever, I have no opinion of the$e things, yet $o
much I conceive to be true, That $trong Imagination hath more force upon
things living, or that have been living, then things meerly inanimate; and
more force like wi$e upon light and $ubtil motions, then upon motions vehe-
ment or ponderous.
It is an u$ual ob$ervation, That if the Body of one murthered be brought
958.
before the Murtherer, the wounds will bleed afre$h. Some do affirm, That
the dead Body, upon the pre$ence of the Murtherer hath opened the eyes;
and that there have been $uch like motions as well where the party murthered
hath been $trangled or drowned, as where they have been killed by wounds.
It may be that this participateth of a miracle, by _Gods_ ju$t judgment, who
u$ually brings murthers to light. But if it be Natural, it mu$t be referred to
Imagination.
The tying of the point upon the day of Marriage, to make Men impo-
959.
[0242]_Natural Hi$tory;_
tent to wards their Wives, which (as we have formerly touched) is $o fre-
quent in _Zant_ and _Ga$cony_, if it be Natural, mu$t be referred to the Imagi-
nation of him that tieth the Point. I conceive it to have the lefs affinity
with Witchcraft, becau$e not peculiar per$ons onely, ($uch as Witches are)
but any Body may do it.
THere be many things that work upon the _Spirits of Men_ by _Secret Sympa-_
960.
Experiments
in Con$ort
touching the
_Secret Virtue_
_of Sympathy_
_and Anti-_
_pathy_.
_thy_ and _Antipathy_. The virtues of _Precious Stones_ worn, have been an-
ciently and generally received, and curiou$ly a$$igned to work $everal effects.
So much is true, that _Stones_ have in them fine _Spirits_, as appeareth by their
$plendor: And therefore they may work by con$ent upon the _Spirits_ of _Men_,
to comfort and exhilarate them. Tho$e that are the be$t for that effect, are the
_Diamond_, the _Emerald_, the _Facynth Oriental_, and the _Gold-$tone_, which is the
_yellow Topaz_. As for their particular Proprieties, there is no credit to be gi-
ven to them. But it is manife$t, that Light above all things, excelleth in com-
forting the _Spirits_ of _Men_; and it is very probable, that Light varied doth the
$ame effect with more novelty. And this is one of the cau$es why _Precious_
_Stones_ comfort. And therefore it were good to have _Tincted Lanthorns_, or
_Tincted Skreens_ of _Gla{$s}_ coloured into _Green, Blue, Carnation, Crim$on, Purple,_
_&c._ and to u$e them with Candles in the night. So likewi$e to have round
_Gla$$es_, not onely of _Gla{$s}_ coloured through, but with Colours laid between
_Cry$tals_, with handles to hold in ones hand. _Pri$ms_ are al$o comfortable
things. They have of _Paris-work, Looking. Gla$$es_, bordered with broad Borders
of $mall _Cry$tal_, and great counterfeit _Precious Stones_ of all Colours, that are
mo$t glorious and plea$ant to behold, e$pecially in the night. The _Pictures_
of _Indian Feathers_ are likewi$e comfortable and plea$ant to behold. So al$o
fair and clear _Pools_ do greatly comfort the _Eyes Spirits_; e$pecially when the
_Sun_ is not glaring but overca$t, or when the _Moon_ $hineth.
There be divers $orts of _Bracelets_ fit to comfort the _Spirits_; and they be
961.
of three Intentions; _Refrigerant, Corroborant_, and _Aperient_. For _Refrigerant_ I
wi$h them to be of _Pearl_, or of _Coral_, as is u$ed. And it hath been noted
that _Coral_, if the party that weareth it be ill di$po$ed, will wax pale; which
I believe to be true, becau$e other wi$e di$temper of heat will make _Coral_
lofe colour. I commend al$o _Beads_ or little _Plates_ of _Lapis Lazuli_, and _Beads_
of _Nitxe_, either alone, or with $ome _Cordial mixture_.
For _Corroboration_ and _Comfortation_, take $uch _Bodies_ as are of A$tringent
962.
quality without manife$t cold. I commend _Bead. Amber_, which is full of A-
$triction, but yet is unctuous, and not cold, and is conceived to impinguate
tho$e that wear $uch _Beads_. I commend al$o _Beads_ of _Harts-Horn_ and _Ivory_,
which are of the like nature; al$o _Orenge-Beads_, al$o _Beads_ of _Lignum Aloes_,
macerated fir$t in _Ro$e-water_ and dried.
For opening, I commend Beads, or pieces of the Roots of _Carduus_
963.
_Benedictus_; al$o of the _Roots_ of _Peony_ the _Male_, and of _Orras_, and of _Calamus_
_Aromatious_, and of _Rew_.
The Cramp (no doubt) cometh of contraction of Sinews; which is
964.
manife$t in that it cometh either by cold or drine$s, as after _Con$umptions_ and
long _Agues_; for Cold and Drine$s do (both of them) contract and cor-
rugate. We $ee al$o, that chafing a little above the place in pain, ca$eth
the Cramp; which is wrought by the Dilatation of the contracted Sinews
by heat. There are in u$e for the prevention of the Cramp, two things:
The one, _Rings_ of _Sea-Hor$e Teeth_ worn upon the _Fingers_; the other, _Bands_
[0243]_Century X._
of _Green Perwinckle_ (the _Herb_) tied about the Calf of the Leg, or the
Thigh, &c. where the Cramp u$eth to come. I do finde this the more
$trange, becau$e neither of the$e have any Relaxing Virtue, but rather the
contrary. I judge therefore that their working is rather upon the Spirits
within the _Nerves_ to make them $trive le$s, then upon the Bodily $ub$tance
of the _Nerves_.
I would have tryal made of two other kindes of Bracelets for com-
965.
forting the Heart and Spirits. The one of the _Trochi$ch_ of _Vipers_ made into
little pieces of Beads; for $ince they do great good inwards (e$pecially for
_Pe$tilent Agues_) it is like they will be effectual outwards, where they may be
applied in greater quantity. There would be _Trchi$chs_ likewi$e made of
_Snakes_, who$e fle$h dried is thought to have a very opening and Cordial
Virtue. The other is of Beads made of the Scarlet Powder, which they call
_Kermes_, which is the principal Ingredient in their _Cordial-Confection Alkermen._
The Beads would be made up with _Amber-Griece_, and $ome _Pomander_.
It hath been long received, and confirmed by divers tryals, that the
966.
Root of the _Male-Peony_ dried, tied to the Neck, doth help the _Falling-_
_$ickne{$s}_; and likewi$e the _Incubus_, which we call the _Mare_. The cau$e of both
the$e _Di$ea$es_, and e$pecially of the _Epilep$ie_ from the Stomack, is the gro$s-
ne$s of the Vapors which ri$e and enter into the Cells of the Brain: And
therefore the working is by extream and $ubtil Attenuation, which that
Simple hath. I judge the like to be in _Ca$toreum, Musk, Ren-Seed, Agnus_
_Ca$tus Seed &c._
There is a Stone which they call the _Blood-Stone_, which worn, is thought
967.
to be good for them that bleed at the No$e; which (no doubt) is by a$tricti-
on and cooling of the Spirits. _Quare_, if the Stone taken out of the _Toads_
Head, be not of the like virtue, for the _Toad_ loveth Shade and Coolne$s.
Light may be taken from the _Experiment_ of the _Hor$e-tooth Ring_, and the
968.
_Garland_ of _Perwinckle_, how that tho$e things which a$$wage the $trife of the
Spirits, do help di$ea$es, contrary to the Intention de$ired; for in the curing
of the Cramp, the Intention is to relax the Sinews; but the contraction of
the Spirits, that they $trive le$s, is the be$t help: So to procure ea$ie Tra-
vails of Women, the Intention is to bring down the Childe; but the help is,
to $tay the coming down too $aft; whereunto they $ay the _Toad-$tone_ like-
wi$e helpeth. So in _Pe$tilent Fevers_, the Intention is to expel the Infection by
Sweat and Evaporation; but the be$t means to do it, is by _Nitre, Dia$cordium_,
and other cool things, which do for a time arre$t the Expul$ion, till Nature
can do it more quietly. For as one $aith prettily, _In the quenching of the flame_
_of a Pe$tilent Ague, Nature is like People that come to quench the Fire of an Hou$e;_
_which are $o bu$ie, as one of them letteth another._ Surely it is an excellent Axiome
and of manifold u$e, that what$oever appea$eth the contention of Spirits
furthereth their action.
The Writers of _Natural Magick_ commend the wearing of the $poil of
969.
a Snake, for pre$erving of Health. I doubt it is but a conceit; for that the
Snake is thought to renew her youth by ca$ting her $poil. They might as
well take the Beak of an Eagle, or a piece of a Harts-horn, becau$e tho$e
renew.
It hath been anciently received, (for _Pericles_ the _Athenian_ u$ed it) and
970.
it is yet in u$e, to wear little Bladders of Quick-$ilver, or Tablets of Ar$e-
nick, as pre$ervatives again$t the Plague: Not, as they conceive, for any
comfort they yield to the Spirits; but for that being poy$ons them$elves,
they draw the venome to them from the Spirits.
[0244]_Natural Hi$tory_;
_Vide the Experiments_ 95, 96, and 97. touching the $everal _Sympathies_ and
971.
_Antipathies_ for _Medicinal u$e._
It is $aid, that the Guts or Skin of a Woolf being applied to the Belly
972.
do cure the Colick. It is true, that the Woolf is a Bea$t of great Edacity and
Dige$tion; and $o it may be the parts of him comfort the Bowels.
We $ee _Scare-crows_ are $et up to keep Birds from Corn and Fruit. It is
973.
reported by $ome, that the Head of a Woolf, whole, dried and hanged up in
a _Dove-hou$e_, will $care away Vermin, $uch as are _Wea$ils, Pole-cats_, and the
like. It may be the Head of a Dog will do as much; for tho$e Vermin with
us, know Dogs better then Wolves.
The Brains of $ome Creatures, (when their Heads are ro$ted) taken in
974.
Wine, are $aid to $trengthen the Memory; as the Brains of Hares, Brains of
Hens, Brains of Deer, &c. And it $eemeth to be incident to the Brains of
tho$e Creatures that are fearful.
The Oyntment that Witches u$e, is reported to be made of the Fat of
975.
Children digged out of their Graves; of the Juices of Smallage, Woolf-
bane, and Cinquefoil, mingled with the Meal of F<007>ne Wheat. But I $uppo$e,
that the Soporiferous Medicines are like$t to do it; which are Henbane, Hem-
lock, Mandrake, Moon$hade, Tobacco, Opium, Saffron, Poplar leaves, &c.
It is reported by $ome, that the affections of Bea$ts when they are in
976.
$trength, do add $ome virtue unto inanimate things: As that the Skin of a
Sheep devoured by a Woolf moveth itching; that a $tone bitten by a Dog in
anger, being thrown at him, drunk in Powder provoketh Choler.
It hath been ob$erved, that the diet of Women with Childe, doth work
977.
much upon the Infant. As if the Mother eat Quinces much, and Coriander-
feed (the nature of both which, is to repre$s and ftay vapors that a$cend to
the Brain) it will make the Childe ingenious: And on the contrary $ide, if
the Mother eat (much) Onions or Beans, or $uch vaporous food, or drink
Wine or $trong drink immoderately, or fa$t much, or be given to much
mu$ing, (all which $end or draw vapors to the Head) it indangereth the
Childe to become Lunatick, or of imperfect memory: And I make the $ame
judgment of Tobacco of en taken by the Mother.
The Writers of _Natural Magick_ report, that the Heart of an Ape worn
978.
near the Heart, comforteth the Heart, and increa$eth audacity. It is true, that
the Ape is a merry and bold Bea$t. And that the $ame Heart likewi$e of an Ape
applied to the Neck or Head, helpeth the Wit, and is good for the Falling
$ickne$s. The Ape al$o is a witty Bea$t, and hath a dry Brain; which may
be $ome cau$e of attenuation of Vapors in the Head. Yet it is $aid to move
Dreams al$o. It may be the Heart of a Man would do more, but that it is
more again$t Mens mindes to u$e it; except it be in $uch as wear the Reliques
of Saints.
The Fle$h of a Hedghog dre$$ed and eaten, is $aid to be a great dryer.
979.
It is true, that the Juice of a Hedghog mu$t needs be har$h and dry, becau$e
it putteth forth $o many Prickles: For Plants al$o that are full of Prickles are
generally dry; as Bryars, Thorns, Barberries. And therefore the a$hes of a
Hedghog are $aid to be a great de$iccative of Fi$tula’s.
Mummy hath great force in $tanching of Blood; which as it may be
980.
a$cribed to the mixture of Balms that are Glutenous, $o it may al$o partake
of a $ecret propriety, in that the Blood draweth Mans fle$h. And it is ap-
proved, that the Mo$s which groweth upon the Scull of a Dead Man unburied
will $tanch Blood potently. And $o do the dregs or powder of Blood, $evered
from the Water and dried.
[0245]_Century X._
It hath been practi$ed to make _White Swallaws_, by anointing of the Eggs
981.
with Oyl. Which effect may be produced by the $topping of the Pores of
the Shell, and making the Juice that putteth forth the Feathers after wards
more penurious, And it may be, the anointing of the Eggs will be as effectu-
al as the anointing of the Body. Of which, _Vide the Experiment 93._
It is reported, that the White of an Egg or Blood mingled with Salt-
982.
water, doth gather the $altne$s, and maketh the water $weeter. This may be
by Adhe$ion; as in the _Sixth Experiment_ of _Clarification_. It may be al$o, that
Blood, and the White of an Egg, (which is the matter of a Living Creature)
have $ome Sympathy with Salt; for all Life, hath a Sympathy with Salt.
We $ee that Salt laid to a cut finger, healeth it; $o, as it $eemeth, Salt draw-
eth Blood, as well as Blood draweth Salt.
It hath been anciently received, that the Sea-Hare hath an antipathy
983.
with the Lungs, (if it cometh near the Body) and erodeth them. Whereof
the cau$e is conceived to be a quality it hath of heating the Breath and Spi-
rits; as _Cantharides_ have upon the watry parts of the Body, as Urine and Hy-
dropical Water. And it is a good rule, That what$oever hath an operation
upon certain kindes of Matters, that in Mans Body worketh mo$t upon
tho$e parts wherein that kinde of matter aboundeth.
Generally that which is Dead, or Corrupted, or Excerned, hath antipa-
984.
thy with the $ame thing when it is alive, and when it is $ound, and with tho$e
parts which do excern: As a Carca$s of Man is mo$t infectious and odious to
Man, a Carrion of an Hor$e to an Hor$e, &c. Purulent matter of Wounds
and Ulcers, Carbuncles, Pox, Scabs, Lepro$ie, to $ound Fle$h; and the Ex-
crements of every Species to that Creature that excerneth them. But the
Excrements are le$s pernicious then the corruptions.
It is a common experience, That Dogs know the Dog-killer, when as
985.
in times of Infection $ome pety fellow is $ent out to kill the Dogs; and that
though they have never $een him before, yet they will all come forth, and
bark, and flie at him.
The _Relations_ touching the Force of Imagination, and the Secret In$tincts
986.
of Nature, are $o uncertain, as they require a great deal of Examination ere
we conclude upon them. I would have it fir$t throughly inquired, whether
there be any $ecret pa$$ages of Sympathy between Per$ons of near Blood; as
_Parents, Children, Brothers, Si$ters, Nur$e-children, Husbands, Wives, &c._ There
be many reports in _Hi$tory_, that upon the death of Per$ons of $uch nearne$s,
Men have had an in ward feeling of it. I my $elf remember, that being in
_Paris_, and my Father dying in _London_, two or three days before my Fathers
death, I had a dream, which I told to divers _Engli$h Gentlemen_, that my Fa-
thers Hou$e in the Countrey was Plai$tered all over with Black Mortar. There
is an opinion abroad, (whether idle, or no I cannot $ay) That loving and
kinde Husbands have a $en$e of their Wives breeding Childe by $ome acci-
dent in their own Body.
Next to tho$e that are near in Blood, there may be the like pa$$age and
987.
in$tincts of Nature between great Friends and Enemies. And $ometimes the
revealing is unto another per$on, and not to the party him$elf. I remember
_Philippus Comineus_ (a grave Writer) reporteth, That the Archbi$hop of _Vienna_
(a Reverend Prelat) $aid (one day) after Ma$s to King _Lewis_ the Eleventh of
_France, Sir, rour Mortal Enemy is dead_; what time, _Charles Duke_ of _Burgundy_
was $lain at the Battel of _Gran$on_ again$t the _Switzers_. Some tryal al$o would
be made, whether Pact or Agreement do any thing; as if two Friends $hould
agree, That $uch a day in every Week, they being in far di$tant places,
[0246]_Natural Hi$tory;_
$hould pray one for another, or $hould put on a _Ring_ or _Tablet_ one for an-
others $ake; whether, if one of them $hould break their Vow and Promi$e,
the other $hould have any feeling of it in ab$ence.
If there be any force in Imaginations and Affections of $ingular Per-
988.
$ons, it is probable the force is much more in the Joynt-Imaginations and
Affections of Multitudes; as if a victory $hould be won or lo$t in remote
parts, Whether is there not $ome $en$e thereof in the people whom it con-
cerneth, becau$e of the great joy or grief that many men are po$$e$$ed with
at once? _Pius Quintus_, at the very time when that memorable victory was
won by the _Chri$tians_ again$t the _Turks_, at the Naval Battel of _Lepanto_, being
then hearing of Cau$es in the Con$i$tory, brake off $uddenly, and $aid to
tho$e about him, _It is now more then time we $hould give thanks to God for the great_
_Victory he hath granted us again$t the Turks._ It is true, that Victory had a Sympa-
thy with his Spirit, for it was meerly his work to conclude the League: It
may be that _Revelation_ was _Divine_. But what $hall we $ay then to a number
of Examples among$t the _Grecians_ and _Romans_, where the People being in
Theatres at Plays, have had news of Victories and Overthrows $ome few
days, before any Me$$enger could come?
It is true, that that may hold in the$e things which is the general Root
of Super$tition; namely, that men ob$erve when things hit, and not when
they mi$s, and commit to Memory the one, and forget and pa$s over the
other. But touching _Divination_ and the mi$giving of Mindes, we $hall
$peak more when we handle in general the _Nature of Mindes_, and _Souls_, and
_Spirits_.
We having given formerly $ome _Rules of Imagination_, and touching
989.
the fortifying of the $ame; we have $et down al$o $ome few In$tances and
Directions of the force of Imagination upon _Bea$ts, Birds, &c._ upon _plants_,
and upon _Inanimate Bodies:_ Wherein you mu$t $till ob$erve, that your Tryals
be upon Subtil and Light Motions, and not the contrary; for you will
$oonerby Imagination bind a Bird from Singing then from Eating or Flying;
and I leave it to every man to chu$e _Experiments_ which him$elf thinketh
mo$t commodious, giving now but a few Examples of every of the three
kindes.
U$e $ome Imaginant (ob$erving the _Rules_ formerly pre$cribed). for
990.
binding of a Bird from $inging, and the like of a Dog from barking. Try
al$o the Imagination of $ome, whom you $hall accommodate with things to
fortifie it in Cock-fights, to make one Cock more hardy, and the other
more cowardly. It would be tried al$o in flying of Hawks, or in cour$ing
of a Deer or Hart with Grey-hounds, or in Hor$e-races, and the like com-
parative Motions; for you may $ooner by Imagination, quicken or $lack a
motion, then rai$e or cea$e it; as it is ea$ier to make a Dog go $lower, then
to make him $tand $till, that he may notrun.
In _Plants_ al$o you may try the force of Imagination upon the lighter
991.
$ort of Motions; as upon the $udden fading or lively coming up of Herbs;
or upon their bending one way or other, or upon their clo$ing and open-
ing, &c.
For Inanimate things, you may try the force of Imagination upon $tay-
992.
ing the working of Beer, when the Barm is put in; or upon the coming of
Butter or Chee$e, after the Churning, or the Rennet be put in.
It is an ancient _Tradition_, every where alleaged, for example of $ecret
993.
Proprieties and Influxes, That the _Torpedo Marina_, if it be touched with a
long $tick, doth $tupefie the hand of him that touchethit. It is one degree of
[0247]_Century X._
working at di$tance, to work by the continuance of a $it _Medium_; as Sound
will be conveyed to the Ear by $triking upon a Bow-$tring, i$ the Horn of the
Bow be held to the Ear.
The Writers of _Natural Magick_ do attribute much to the Virtues that
994.
come from the parts of Living Creatures, $o as they be taken from them, the
Creatures remaining $till alive; as if the Creature $till living did infu$e $ome
immateriate Virtue and Vigor into the part $evered. So much may be true,
that any part taken from a Living Creature newly $lain, may be of greater
force, then if it were taken from the like Creature dying of it $elf; becau$e
it is fuller of Spirit.
Tryal would be made of the like parts of Individuals in Plants and
995.
Living Creatures; as to cut off a Stock of a Tree, and to lay that which you
cut off to putrefie, to $ee whether it will decay the re$t o$ the Stock; or if
you $hould cut off part of the Tail, or Leg of a Dog, or a Cat, and lay it to
putrefie, to $ee whether it wili fe$ter, or keep from healing, the part which
remaineth.
It is received, that it helpeth to continue love, if one wear a Ring or
996.
a Bracelet of the Hair of the party beloved. But that may be by the exciting
of the Imagination; and perhaps a Glove, or other like Favor, may as well
do it.
The Sympathy of Individuals that have been entire, or have touched,
997.
is of all others, the mo$t incredible; yet according unto our faithful manner
of Examination of Nature, we will make $ome little mention of it. The taking
away of Warts, by rubbing them with $omewhat that after wards is put to
wa$te and con$ume, is a common Experiment; and I do apprehend it the
rather, becau$e of mine own experience. I had $rom my Childhood a Wart
upon one of my Fingers; afterwards, when I was about $ixteen years old,
being then at _Par{is}_, there grew upon both my hands anumber of Warts (at
lea$t an hundred) in a moneths $pace. The _Engli$h Amba$$adors Lady_, who
was a Woman far from Super$tition, told me one day $he would help me a-
way with my Warts. Whereupon $he got a piece of Lard with the skin on,
and rubbed the Warts all over with the fat $ide, and among$t the re$t that
Wart which I had from my Childhood; then $he nailed the piece of Lard,
with the fat to wards the Sun, upon a po$t of her Chamber window, which
was to the South. The $ucce$s was, that within five weeks $pace all the Warts
went quite away, and that Wart which I had $olong endured, for company.
But at the re$t I did little marvel, becau$e they came in a $hort time, and might
go away in a $hort time again; but the going of that which had $taid $o long
doth yet $tick with me. They $ay the like is done by rubbing of Warts with
a green Elder-$tick, and then burying the $tick to rot in muck. It would be
tried with Corns and Wens, and $uch other Excre$cences: I would have it
al$o tried with $ome parts of Living Creatures that are neare$t the nature of
Excre$cences; as the Combs of Cocks, the Spurs of Cocks, the Horns of
Bea$ts, &c. and I would have it tried both ways; both by rubbing tho$e parts
with Lard or Elder as before; and by cutting off $ome piece of tho$e parts,
and laying it to con$ume, to $ee whether it will work any effect towards the
Con$umption of that part which was once joyned with it.
It is con$tantly received and avouched, that the anointing of the Wea-
998.
pon that maketh the Wound, will heal the Wound it $elf. In this Experiment,
upon the relation of men of credit, (though my $elf, as yet, am not $ully
inclined to believe it) you $hall note the Points following. Fir$t, the Oynt-
ment wherewith this is done, is made of divers Ingredients; where of the
[0248]_Natural Hi$tory_;
$trange$t and harde$t to come by, are the Mo$s upon the Skull of a dead Man
unburied, and the Fats of a Boar, and a Bear killed in the act of generation.
The$e two la$t I could ea$ily $u$pect to be pre$eribed as a $tartling hole, that
if the _Experiment_ proved not, it might be pretended, that the Bea$ts were not
killed in the due time; for as for the Mo$s, it is certain there is great quan-
tity of it in _Ireland_, upon $lain Bodies laid on heaps unburied. The other In-
gredients are the Blood-$tone in Powder, and $ome other things which $eem
to have a virtue to $tanch blood, as al$o the Mo$s hath. And the de$cription
of the whole Oyntment is to be found in the _Chymical Di$pen$atory_ of _Crollius_.
Secondly, The $ame kinde of Oynment applied to the hurt it $elf, worketh
not the effect, but onely applied to the weapon. Thirdly, (which I like well)
they do not ob$erve the confecting of the Oyntment under any certain Con-
$tellation; which commonly is the excu$e of Magical Medicines when they
fail, that they were not made under a fit figure of Heaven. Fourthly, it may
be applied to the Weapon, though the party hurt be at great di$tance. Fi$th-
ly, it $eemeth the Imagination of the party to be cured is not need$ul to con-
cur, for it may be done without the knowledge of the party wounded:
And thus much hath been tried, that the Oyntment (for _Experiments_ $ake)
hath been wiped off the Weapon without the knowledge of the party hurt,
and pre$ently the party hurt hath been in great rage of pain, till the weapon
was reanointed. Sixthly, it is affirmed, That if you cannot get the weapon,
yet if you put an In$trument of Iron or Wood, re$embling the weapon
into the Wound, whereby it bleedeth, the anointing of that In$trument will
$erve and work the effect. This I doubt $hould be a device to keep this
$trange form of Cure in reque$t and u$e, becau$e many times you cannot
comeby the Weapon it $elf. Seventhly, the Wound mu$t be at fir$t wa$hed
clean with White-wine, or the parties own Water, and then bound up clo$e
in fine Linnen, and no more dre$$ing renewed till it be whole. Eighthly, the
Sword it $elf mu$t be wrapped up clo$e as far as the Oyntment goeth, that it
take no wind. Ninthly, the Oyntment, if you wipe it off from the Sword
and keep it, wil $erve again, and rather increa$e in vertue then dimini$h. Tenth-
ly, it will cure in far $horter time, then Oyntments of Wounds commonly do.
La$tly, it will cure a Bea$t as well as a Man; which I like be$t of all the re$t,
becau$e it $ubjecteth the matter to an ea$ie tryal.
IWould have Men know, that though Ireprehend the ea$ie pa$$ing over of
999.
Experiment
Solitary,
touching
_Secret Proprie-_
_ties._
the cau$es of things, by a$cribing them to $ecret and hidden virtues and
proprieties (for this hath arre$ted and laid a$leep all true Inquiry and Indica-
tions;) yet I do not under$tand, but that in the practical part of knowledge
much will be left to Experience and Probation, whereunto Indication cannot
$o $ully reach; and this is not onely in _Specie_, but in _Individuo_. So in Phy$ick,
if you will cure the _Faundies_, it is not enough to $ay, that the Medicine mu$t
not be cooling, forthat will hinder the opening which the di$ea$e requireth;
that it mu$t not be hot, for that will exa$perate Choler; that it mu$t go to
the Gall, for there is the ob$truction which cau$eth the di$ea$e, &c. But you
mu$t receive from Experience, that Powder of _Chamæpyt{is}_, or the like, drunk
in Beer, is good for the _Faundies_. So again, a wi$e Phy$ician doth not continue
$till the $ame Medicine to a Patient, but he will vary, if the fir$t Medicine
doth not apparently $ucceed; $or of tho$e Remedies that are good for the
_Faundies, Stone, Agues, &c._ that will do good in one Body, which will not
do good in another, according to the corre$pondence the Medicine hath to
the Individual Body.
[0249]_Century X._
THe delight which Men have in _Popularity, Fame, Honor, Submi$sion_, and
1000.
Experiment
Solitary,
touching the
_General Sym-_
_pathy of Mens_
_Spirits_.
_Subjection_ of other _Mens Mindes, Wills_, or _Affections_ (although the$e things
may be de$ired for other ends) $eemeth to be athing in it $elf, without con-
templation of con$equence, grate$ul, and agreeable to the Nature of Man.
This thing ($urely) is not without $ome $ignification, as if all Spirits and
Souls of Men came forth out of one _Divine Limbus_; el$e, why be Men $o
much affected with that which others think or $ay? The be$t temper of
Mindes, de$ireth good Name and true Honor; the lighter, Popularity and
Applau$e; the more depraved, Subjection and Tyranny; as is $een in great
Conquerors and Troublers of the World, and yet more in Arch-Herencks,
for the introducing of new Doctrines, is like wi$e an affectation o$ Tyranny
over the Under$tandings and Beliefs of Men.
[0250]
[0251]
ATABLE
Of the chief Matters containedin the
CENTURIES
_A._
_A_Cceleration of time in Works
# of Nature, _67._ In Clarifi-
# cation of Liquor, _68._ In $e-
# ueral Maturations, _69._ As
# of Fruits, _ibid._ Of Drinks, _ibid._
# Impo$thumes and Ulcers, _ibid._ Of
# Metals, _ibid._ Of Clarification in wine,
# _165._ Acctleration of Putrefaction,
# _73._ Acceleration of Birth, _78._ Of
# Growth or Stature, _ibid._ Three means
# of it # _ibid._
Acceleration of Germination, _89._ By
# three means, _viz._ Mending the Non-
# ri$hment, _90._ Comforting the Spirits
# of the Plant, _ibid._ Ea$ie coming to
# the Nouri$hment, _91._ Several in$tances
# thereof # _89,90,91_
Aches in Mens Bodies fore$hew rain, # _176_
_Egypt_ $carce hath any rain, _161._ Egypti-
# an con$erving of bodies, _163._ Their
# Mummies # _ibid._
Equinoctial more tolerable for heat, then
# the Zones, _87._ Three cau$es thereof # _ibid._
_Æthiopes # 87_
_Ætna # 165_
Affectation of Tyranny over Mens un-
# der$tandings andbeliefs # _213_
Affections of Bea$ts impre$$ed upon inani-
# mate things # _214_
Agarick # _116,131_
Air turnedinto water, _6._ # By four $eve-
# ralways, _ibid._ In$tances tending there-
# to, _20, 21._ Converted into a den$e
# body, a rarity in Nature, _7._ Hath an
# antipathy with tangible bodies, _21._
# Converted into water by repercn{$s}ion
# from hard bodies, _ibid._ Air turned into
# water by the $ame means that Ice, _ibid._
# Congealing of air, _80._ Air conden$ed
# into weight # _156_
Air pent the cau$e of Sounds, # _32, 33, 34._
# Eruptions thereof, cau$e Sounds, _ibid._
# Air not always nece$$ary to Sounds, # _36_
Air excluded in $ome Bodies, prohibiteth
# putrefaction, _75._ In $ome cau$eth it,
# _76._ The cau$es of each, _ibid._ Air com-
# pre$$ed and blown, prohibiteth putre-
# faction # _77_
Airs whole$ome, how found out, _164._ The
# putrefaction of air, to be di$cerned a-
# forchand, _173._ Airs good to recover Con-
# $umptions, _204._ A<007>r healthful within
# doors, how procured # _ibid._
Air and Fire, fore$hew winds # _274_
Air, _21._ The cau$es of heat, and cold in it,
# _ibid._ Hath $ome degree of light in it, # _ibid._
Air poy$oned by art # _202_
Alchymi$ts # _71_
_Alexanders_ Body pre$erved till _Ce$ars_ time, # _163_
Aliments changed good # _18_
Alleys clo$e gravelled, what they bring
# forth # _117_
All Night # _83_
Almond Putter for nouri$hing $ick bodies
# better then Cullices # _13_
Alterations of bodies # _179_
Altering the colours of Hairs and Feathers # _183_
Amber $mell # _203_
Anger, _150._ The impre{$s}ion thereof, _151._
# Cau$eth the eyes to look red, _189._ The
# cau$e # _ibid._
Animate and inanimate, wherein they differ, # _125_
Annihilation, not po$sible in Nature # _28_
Anointing of the Weapon # _213_
Annual Herbs # _120_
_Antonius_ his genius weak before _Augu$tus_, # _204_
Antipathy and Sympathy, _25._ Of Plants,
# _101, 102, 103, 104, 105._ In$tances of
[0252]A Table of the chief Matters
# Antipathy in other kindes, _209, 210,_
# _211, 212, 213._ Antipathy between ene-
# mies in ab$ence # _ib._
Appetite of continuation in liquid bodies # _5, 6_
Appetite in the $tomach, _176._ what quali-
# ties provcke it, _ibid._ Four cau$es thereof
# _ibid._
Apple inclo$ed in VV ax for speedy ripening,
# _70, 71._ Hanged in $m@ak, _ibid._ Covered
# in Lime and A$hes, _ibid._ Covered with
# Crabs and Onions, _ib._ Apple in Hay and
# Straw, _ibid._ In a clo$e box, _ibid._ Apple
# rolled, _ib._ Apple inpart cut, be$meared
# with $ack # _ibid._
Apple-cions grafted on the $tock of a Cole-
# wort # _97_
Apple-trees, $ome of them bring forth a
# $weet Mo$s # _114_
_Aqua-fortis_ di$$elving Iron # _166_
Archbi$hop of Vienna his revelation to
# _Lewis_ the Eleventh # _211_
Arrows with wooden-heads $harpned, pierce
# wood $ooner, then with iron heads # _148_
Artichokes made le$s prickly # _98_
Art of memory # _27_
A$hes in a ve$$el, will not admit equal quan-
# tity of water, as in the ve$$el cmpty # _10_
A$hes an excellent compo$t # _123_
Asp eau$eth ea$ie death # _132_
A$$imilation in bodies in animate, _24._ In
# vegetables # ib. _79, 179_
Aftriction prohibiteth putrefaction # _75_
Attraction by $militude of $ub$tance # _148, 191_
Audibles mingle in the _medium,_ which vi$i-
# bles do not, _53._ The cau$e thereof. _ibid._
# Several Con$ents of audibles and vi$ibles,
# _58, 59._ Several Di$$ents of thcm, _60, 61._
# Audibles and Vi$ibles # _204_
Authority $trengthneth Imagination # _206_
_B._
_B_Ag growing in the fields # _115_
Barrel empty knocked, $aid to give a
# D<007>apa$on to the $ame Barrel full # _45_
Barrenne$s of Trees, the cau$e # _100_
_Ba$il_ turned into VVilde Thjme # _111_
_Ba$ilisk # 202_
Bathing the body, _156._ VVould not be
# healthful for us, if it were in u$e, _ibid._
# For the _Tu<007>ks_ good # _ib._
Bearing in the womb, in $ome creatures
# longer, in $ome $horter # _159_
Bea$ts do not imitate Mans $peech as Birds
# do, _55._ The cau$e, _ibid._ Bea$ts commu-
# nicating in $pecies with one another, _138._
# Likewi$e $ome Birds, _ibid._ Bea$ts <007>n their
# kindes, le$$er then F $hes, _184._ Greater
# then Birds, the cau$e # _ibid._
Beasts that yield the taste or virtue of the
# the Herb they feed on # _104_
Bea$ts fore$hew Rain # _175_
Capon. Becr, how made, _13._ Averynouri$h-
# ing drink # _ibid._
Bees humming an uneqnal $ound # _43_
Birds have another manner in their quick-
# ning, then Men or Bea$ts, _25._ Birds
# communicating in $pecies with one an-
# other, _138._ Swifter in motion then Bea$ts,
# _ibid._ The cau$e, _ibid._ In their kindes,
# le$$er then Bea$ts or Fi$hes, _184._ The
# cau$e, _ibid._ Imitate Mans $peech, which
# Beasts do not, _55._ Thecan$e # _ibid._
B<007>rth of living creatnres # _78_
Black the be$t colour in Plumbs # _109_
Blear-eyes infectious # _202_
Bleeding of the body, at the approach of the
# murtherer # _207_
Blood, five means of $tanching it # _18_
Blood draweth$alt # _211_
Blood of the Cuttle-fi$h # _156_
Blood-stone # _210_
Blows and brui$es induce $welling, _187._ The
# cau$e # _ibid._
Blu$hing cau$eth redne{$s} in the ears, not in
# theeyes, as anger doth, _189._ The cau$e
# of each # _ibid._
Boaring an hol@ through a Tree, helpeth it # _94_
Body brittle $trucken, _3._ Bodies natural
# mo$t of them have an appetite of admit-
# ting others into them, _169._ Except flame,
# _ibid._ Bodies unperf@ctly mixt # _178_
Bodies in nature that g<007>ve no $ounds, and
# that give $ounds # _32, 33, 34_
Bodies, to which, VVine {is} hurtful, and to
# wh<007>ch, good # _153_
Bodies con$erved a long time # _162, 163_
Boldne$s and ind@$iry, the power of them in
# civil bu$ine$s # _190, 203_
_Boletus # 131_
_Bolus Armenus # 147_
Bones, _141, 157._ The mo$t $en$ible of cold,
# _141._ In what Fi$hes none, _157._ One in
# the Heart of a Stag # _ib._
Boiling cau$eth Grains to $well in difference # _185_
Bracelets worn which comfort the $pirits,
# _219._ Their three $cveral operations, # _ibid._
Brains of $ome Beo$ts $trengthen the memory, # _210_
Brain increa$ed in the Full Moon # _193_
Bra$s $anative of wounds # _166_
Bra$ -plates o$$w age $welling # _187_
Breath held, helpeth hearing, _62._ The cau$e # _ibid._
[0253]contained in the$e Centuries.
Bryer-bu$h # _117_
Bringing forth many at a birth, and but one,
# _160._ The cau$e of each # _ibid._
Burning-gla$$es rare # _34_
Burning $ome Vegetables upon the ground,
# enricheth it # _122_
Borage, leaf infu$ed # _4_
_C._
_C_Ake growing on the $ide of a dead Tree # _139_
_Calamitas # 137_
Candles of $everal mixtures, _82._ Of $everal
# wicks, _83._ Laid in Bran for la$ting # _ibid._
_Cantharides,_ where$oever applied, affect the
# Bladder, _25, 211._ The Flies Cantha-
# rides, _153._ Of what $ub$tance they are
# bred # _ibid._
Carrying of foreign Roots $afe # _128_
_Ca$$ia # ibid._
Ca$ting of the skin or $hell, _154._ The crea-
# tures that ca$t either # _ibid._
Caterpillars # _153_
Cements that grow hard # _183_
Chalk, a good compo$t, _122, 123._ Good for
# Pa$ture, as well as for Arable # _ibid._
Chameleons, _80._ Their nouri$hment, _ibid._
# A fond Tradition of them # _ibid._
Chamelotted Paper # _156_
Change in Medicines and Aliments good,
_18._ The cau$e why # _ibid._
Charcoal vapor in a clo$e room, mortal # _202_
Charms # _205_
Cheap fuel # _164_
Children born in the $eventh moneth, vital,
# in the eighth, not, _78._ The cau$e why,
# _ibid._ Over-much nouri$hment, ill for
# children, _ibid._ Dry nouri$hment, hurt-
# ful, _ibid._ Nouri$hment of an opening
# nature, good for them, _ibid._ Sitting much,
# hurtful for them, _ibid._ Cold things,
# hurtful, _ibid._ Long $ucking, hurtful, # _ibid._
Chine$es # _71_
Cions over-rule the Stock, _93._ Mu$t be
# $uperior to it, _99._ Cionsregrafted # _97_
Cinnamon, _128._ The Proprieties of that
# Tree # _ibid._
Citron grafted on a Quince # _110_
Clammy Bodies # _64, 65_
Clarifying of Liquors by Adhe$ion, _2._ Of
# water running # _ibid._
Clarification of Liquors, _67._ Three cau$es
# thereof, _ibid. 80._ Clarification of them
# by Separation, _ibid._ By even di$tribution
# of the Spirits, _ibid._ By Refining the Spi-
# rit, _ibid._ Several in$tances of Clarifica-
# tion, _ibid. 68._ Clarification of Dr<007>nks,
# _ibid. 69._ Of Wine # _137_
Clarification # _162_
Cloves, attractive of Water # _21_
Coa$ting of Plants # _99_
Coffee, a Berry making Drink in _Turky # 155_
Cold, _19._ Production of it, a very noble
# work, _ibid._ Seven means to produce it,
# _ibid. 20. Primum Frigidum,_ the Earth,
# _19._ Tran$itive into Bodies adjacent, as
# well as Heat, _ibid._ All tangible bodies
# of them$elves, cold, _ibid._ Den$ity, cau$e
# of cold, _ibid._ Quick $pirit in a cold body,
# increa$eth cold, _ibid. 20._ Cha$ing away
# of the warm $pirits, increa$e of cold, _ib._
# Exhaling of the warm $pirits, doth the
# like, _ibid._ Cold prohibiteth Putrefacti-
# on, _75._ Irritateth Flame # _83_
Cold having mortified any part, how to help
# it # _166_
Coleworts furthered intheir growth by Sea-
# weed, _96._ By being watered with Salt-
# water, _98._ Hurt Neighbor Plants # _101_
Colick cured by application of woolfs-guts # _210_
Colliquation # _73_
Coloquintida # _202_
Coloration of Flowers, _108._ Colours of
# Flowers different from the $ame Seed,
# _109._ Colours of Herbs # _ibid._
Colours vani$h not by degrees, as Sounds do,
# _51._ The cau$es thereof, _ibid._ colours of
# Metal Orient in their di$$olutions, _64._
# The cau$es # _ibid._
Comforting of the Spirits of Men by $everal
# things # _209_
Compo$ts to inrich ground, _122, 123, 124._
# The ordering of them for $everalgrounds,
# _222._ Six kindes of them # _ibid._
Compound fruits, _100._ How they may be
# made # _ibid._
Compre$$ion in $olid bodies, _2._ Cau$e of all
# violent motion, _3._ Not hitherto inquired,
# _ibid._ worketh fir$t in round, then in pro-
# gre{$s}, _ibid._ Ea$ily di$cernable in Liquors,
# in $olid bodies not, _ibid._ Compre$$ion in a
# br<007>ttle body, _ibid._ In powder, in Shot,
# _ibid._ To a preternatural extent, _16,_ In
# Sounds, _ib._ Compre$$ion of Liquors # _187_
Concoction, _179._ The word le$s re$trained
# then formerly, _ibid._ Not the work of
# Heat alone, _ibid._ The two periods of <007>t # _ibid._
Concords in Mu$ick # _30_
Concretion of Bodies, _181._ Di$$olved by the
# coxtrary # _ibid._
Conden$ing Medicines to relieve the Spirits # _155_
Conden$ing of Air into weight # _156_
[0254]A Table of the chief Matters
Congealing of Air # _80_
Con$ervation of Bodies long time, _162, 163._
# The cau$es and helps thereof # _ibid._
Con$ervation of Bodies in Quick-$ilver # _168_
Con$i$tence of Bodies # _180_
Con$umptions in what Airs recovered # _204_
Contiguous things their operations # _201_
Coppice-woods ha$tned # _93_
Coral # _126, 165_
No Core in Fruits # _110_
Corn changed by $owing often in the $ame
# ground, _111._ Changed into a ba$er kinde
# by the $terility of the year, _ibid._ The
# Di$ea$es thereof, _136._ The remedy of
# the Di$ea$es, _ibid. 137._ Choice of the
# be$t Corn # _ibid._
Corruptions # _73_
Court of _Vulcan,_ near _Puteoli # 165_
Cramp, _211, 212._ Twocures of it # _ibid._
Creatures moving after the $evering of the
# head, _88._ The cau$es there of # _ibid._
Crudity # _179_
Cry$tal in C@ves, _81._ De$ignation of atryal
# for making of it # _ibid._
Cucumbers made to grow $ooner, _96._ To
# bear two years, _ibid._ By $teeping their
# Seeds in Milk, prove more dainty, _98._
# Made more delicate by throwing in chaff
# when they are $et, _ibid._ They exceedingly
# affect moi$ture, _ibid._ VVill grow towards
# a pot of water. # _ibid._
Cure by cu$tom, _17._ Caution to be u$ed in
# di$ea$es counted incurable, _ibid._ cure by
# exce$s, _ibid._ The cau$e of it, _ibid._ Cure
# by motion of con$ent, _ibid._ Phy$icians,
# how to make u$e of th{is} motion # _ibid._
Curio$ities touching Plants, # _107, 108, 109, 110_
Curled leaves in Plants # _133_
Cutting Trees often, cau$eth their long la$t-
# ing # _120_
Cuttles blood # _156_
_D._
_D_Amps from Mines and Minerals # _202_
Day $howers, not $o good for Fruits as
# night-$howers # _135_
Death without pain # _232_
Decoction maketh Liquors clearer, Infu$ion
# thicker, _68._ The cau$e # _ibid._
Deer, _159._ Their generating # _ibid._
Degenerating of Plants, _110, 111._ The $e-
# veralcau$es thereof # _ibid._
_Democritus # 203_
De$iccation # _74_
Dew upon Hills, better then upon Valleys # _165_
Diamonds Corni$h # _2_
Diapa$on, the $weete$t of Sounds, _30._ The
# Diapa$on or number of Eight, rather a
# thing received, then atrue computation,
# _ibid._ Half Notes of Nece{$s}ity between
# the vni$on and Diapa$on # _ibid._
Diet-drinks, _19._ Mo$t trouble$ome at fir$t # _ibid._
Differences of Plants # _121, 122_
Differences of $everal pa$sions in matter # _182_
Digging of the Earth healthful # _203_
Di$cords in M<007>$ick # _30, 31_
Di$ea$es contrary to predispo$ition, _17._ What
# the Phy$ician {is} to do in $uch ca$es, _ibid._
# Di$ea$es infectious, _65._ Di$ea$es e{$s}ide-
# mical # _85_
Di$plea$ures and plea$ures of the $en$es # _145_
D<007>$plea$ure light, _151._ The impre$sions
# thereof # _ibid._
Di$$olution of Iron in _Aqua-fortis # 166_
Divination Natural # _172_
Dogsknow the Dog-killer # _211_
Double flowers # _109, 110_
Down upon the leaves of Plants, _117._ The
# virtue of $uch leaves # _ibid._
Drean s plea$ant and prophetical procured
# by $ome $mells # _204_
Drizks, _69._ The maturation of them, _ibid._
# How it {is} wrought, _ibid._ VVherein it
# differeth from clarification, _ibid._ Degrees
# of Maturation in $everal Liquors, _ibid._
# Maturation by ixforcing the motions of
# the Spirits, _ibid._ Quickning of drixkthat
# {is} dead # _ibid._
Drowning of Metals # _168, 169_
Drunken men, _152._ Their Sperm unfruitful,
# _153._ They are unapt for voluntary moti-
# on, _ibid._ Imag<007>ne fal$e things as to the
# eye, _ibid._ Distempered $ooner with $mall
# draughts, then with great # _ibid._
Drying the adventitious moi$ture, prohibi-
# teth putrefaction, _76._ Mixture of dry
# things prohibits it # _ibid._
Ductible Bodies # _181, 182_
Dulcoration of things, _133._ of Metals, _79._
# Of Fruits by $everal ways, _186._ The
# cau$es of them # _ibid._
Dungs of Bea$ts to inrich grounds, _122._
# VVhich of them the be$t # _ibid._
Dnst maketh Trees fruitfub # _136_
Dwarfing of Trees # _113_
_E._
_E_Ar dangerous to be picked in yawning # _140_
Early Flowers and Plants # _119_
Earth and sand differ, _1._ Earth _Primum_
# _Frigldum, 19._ Infu$ions in Earth, _83._ The
# effects thereof, _ibid._ Cautions to be u$ed
# therein, _ibid._ Several in$tances thereof,
[0255]contained in the$e Centuries.
# _ibid._ Earthtaken out of the Va{<007>s}lts will
# put forth Herbs, _117._ The nature of
# tho$e Herbs, _ibid._ what Earth taken
# out of $hady and watry woods will put
# forth, _ibid._ Earth upon Earth, a good
# Compost, _123._ Earths good and bad,
# _136._ Earths Medicinal, _147._ Earth
# taken near the River _N<007>lus, 156._ Earth
# pure, the healthfulle$t $mell of all # _203_
Ebbing and Flowing of the Sea # _200_
Ecchoes, _56._ Artificial Ecchoes not known,
# _ibid._ Natural Ecchoes where found, _ibid._
# The differences between the Concurrent
# Eccho and Iterant, _ibid._ No Eccho from
# a Trunck, $topped at one end, _ibid._ The
# cau$e, _ibid._ Eccho from within a Well,
# _ibid._ whether Ecchoes move in the $ame
# angle with the original Sounds, _ibid._
# Plurality of Ecchoes in one place, _ibid._
# Back-ecchoes, _ibid._ Ecchoes returning
# many words, _58._ Eccho upon Eccho, _167,_
# _168._ The like betwixt an Hou$e, and an
# Hill, _58._ Eccho will not return the Let-
# ter S, _ibid._ Difference of Ecchoes, _ibid._
# Mixture of Ecchoes # _ibid._
Edible fie$h, and not Edible, _186._ The cau$es
# of each # _ibid._
Eggs, the yolks of them great nouri$hers, _14._
# How to be u$ed, _ibid._ rolk conduceth
# more to the nouri$hment. white to the
# generation of the Bird # _25_
Eight, the $weete$t Concord in Mu$ick # _30_
Elder $tick put to con$ume, taketh away
# warts # _213_
_Electrum # 168_
Electrick Bodies # _ibid._
Elm grafred # _100_
Enforcing a thought upon another, _204._ In-
# $tance thereof, in a fuglers trick, _ibid._
# Three means by which it mu$t be wrought # _204, 205_
Engli$hman hurt in the Leg, hard to cure # _166_
Envy # _203, 204_
Epidemical Di$ea$es # _85_
E$culent Plants, _129._ E$culent raw, _ibid._
# Having po$$ed the fire, _ibid._ Not E$cu-
# lent at all # _ibid._
Eunuchs # _142_
Excrements of living creaiures $mell ill, _177._
# The can$e, _178._ Some $mell well, _ibid._
# The cau$e, _ibid._ Mo$t odious to a creature
# of the $ame kinde
Excre$cences of Plants, _113, 114,_ &c. Two
# tryals for Excre$cences, _116._ Excre$cences
# joyned with Putref action # _117_
Exerci$e, _66._ In what Bodies hurtful, _ibid._
# Not to be u$ed with a $pare diet, _ibid._ Be-
# nefits of exerci$e, _ibid._ Evils of exer-
# c<007>$e, _ibid._ Exerci$e imping uateth not $o
# much as frictions, _190._ The cau$e # _ibid._
Eye of the Under$tanding, like the Eye of
# Sen$e # _24_
The Eyes, _188._ Both move one way, _ibid._ See
# better one eye $hut, _ibid._ Thecau$e, _ibid._
# why $ome $ee one thing double, _ibid._
# Pore-blinde men $ee be$t near-hand, _ibid._
# The cau$e, _ibid._ Old men at $ome di$tance # _ibid._
Eyes are offended by over-great Lights, _189._
# By enterchange of Light and Darkne{$s} on
# the $udden, _ibid._ By $mall Prints, _ibid._
# wax red in Anger, in Blu$hing not, _ibid._
# The cau$e of each, _ibid._ Eye re-placed,
# hath recovered $ight # _88_
_F._
_F_Able of _Hercules_ and _Hylas # 40_
Falling-$ickne$s, how helped # _210_
Fa$cination # _203_
Fat extracted out of fle$h # _139_
Fear, _149, 206._ The impre$sions thereof # _149, 150_
Feathers of Birds, why of $uch fine colours,
# _2._ How the colour of them may be chan-
# ged, _24, 25._ Age changeth them # _183_
Feathers burnt, $uppre$s the Mother # _204_
Female and Male in Plants, _126._ The differ-
# ences of Female and Male in $everal li-
# ving creatures, _184._ The cau$es thereof # _ibid._
Fetid $mells # _177, 178_
Fibrows Bodies # _181, 182_
F<007>gs in the Spring, _96._ Indian Fig # _127_
Figurable, and not Figurable # _182_
Figures of Plants # _121_
Figures or Tropes in Mu$ick, have an agree-
# ment with the Figures of Rhetorick # _31_
Fire Tanneth not as the Sun doth # _87, 88_
Fire and hot water, heat differently, _140._
# Fires $ubterrany # _80_
Fire and A<007>r fore$hew winds # _174_
Fi$h of the Sea, put into fre$h water # _147, 148_
Fi$hes fore$hew rain # _175_
Fi$hes greater then any Bea$ts, _184._ The
# cau$e # _ibid._
Fixation of Bodies # _169_
Flame and Air mix not, _8._ Except in the
# Spirits of Vegetables, _ibid._ And of living
# creatures, _ibid._ Their wonderful effects
# mixed, _9._ Form of Flame would be Glo-
# bular, and not Pyramidal, _ibid._ VVould
# be a la$ting Body, if not extingui$hed by
# Air, _ibid._ Mixeth not with Flame, _ibid._
# Burns $tronger on the $ides, then in the
# mid$t, _ibid._ Is irritated by the Air am-
# bient, _ibid._ Opinion of the Peripateticks
[0256]A Table of the chief Matters
# of the Element of Fire, _ibid_. Preyeth
# upon Oil, as Air upon VVater, _24_. Taketh
# in no other body into it, but converteth it,
# _169_. Flame cau$ing water to ri$e, _192_.
# Flame, _81_. Thecontinuance of it accord-
# ing to $everal Bodies, _ibid_. Ob$ervation
# about going out of Flame, _ibid. 82_. La$t-
# ing thereof, in Candles of $everal m<007>x-
# tures, _ibid_. Of $everal VVicks, _ibid. 83_.
# In Candles laid in Bran, _ibid_. In Lamps,
# _ibid_. VVhere it draweth the nouri$hment
# far, _ibid_. In a Turretted Lamp, _ibid_.
# VVhere it is kept clo$e from Air, _83_. Ac-
# cording to the temper of the Air, _ibid. 84_.
# Irritated by cold # _ibid_.
Fle$h di$$ olved into Fat, _139_. Fle$h edible and
# not edible, _186_. The cau$es of each, _ibid_.
# Hor$es fle$h $ometimes eaten, _ibid_. Mans
# fle$h likewi$e, _ib_. Eaten by VVitches # _ib_.
Flies in exce{$s}, $ign of a Pestilential year,
# _155_, The cau$e # _ibid_.
Flights of Birds, the $wiftest motion, _139_.
# The cau$ethereof # _ibid_.
Flint la<007>d at the bottom of a Tree, hath help-
# edthe growth, _93_. The cau$e # _ibid_.
Flowers $mell be$t who$e Leaves $mell not, _86_.
# Flowers growing among$t the Corn, and no
# where el$e, _108_. To have Flowers grow
# upon Trees, _102_. To induce colour into
# Flowers, _ibid_. Flowers double, _109_. To
# make them $o in fruitful Trees, _ibid_.
# Flowers, _121_. All exqui$itely figured,
# _ibid_. Numbers of their Leaves # _ibid_.
Flying in the Air of a Body unequal, _167_.
# Of a Body $upported with Feathers # _191_
Forming of parts in young Creatures # _7_
Foreign Plants # _118, 119_
Fowls, VVater-fowls fore$hew Rain # _175_
Fragile Bodies, _180_. The cau$e of their fr a-
# gility # _ibid_.
French-man hurt in the head, hard to cure
# _166_
Fryer _Bacons_ Illu$ion # _160_
Friction, a furtherer of nouri$hment, _16_.
# Maketh the parts morefre$hly, _190_. The
# cau$e, _ibid_. Impinguateth more then
# Exerci$e, _ibid_. The cau$e # _ibid_.
Frogs in exce{$s}, a $ign of a pe$tilential year,
# _155_. The cau$e # _ibid_.
Fruits, their maturation, _70_. The cau$es
# thereof, _ibid_. Several in$tances thereof,
# _ibid. 71_. The dulcoration thereof, by
# other means, _186_. The $everal cau$es # _ib_.
Fruit pricked as it groweth, ripens $ooner, _96_.
# Fruit-tree grafted upon a wild tree, _97_.
# Fruit dulcorated, by applying of Swines
# dung, _98_. The cau$e, _ibid_. Al$oby Choff
# and Swines dung mingled, _ibid_. Enlarged
# bybeing covered with a Pot as it groweth,
# _ibid_. Fru<007>ts compound, _100, 101_. Fruits
# of divers kindes upon one Tree, _107_. Fruits
# if divers $hapes and figuers, _ibid. 108_.
# Fruits with in$criptions upon them, _ibid_.
# Fruits that are red within, _109_. Fruits
# coming twice a year, _119_. Fruits made
# without core or $tone, _110_. Fruits that
# have juyces fit for drink, _130_. Unfit, _ibid_.
# The cau$e of each, _ibid_. Fruits $weet before
# they beripe, _132_. which never $weeten, _ibid_.
# Fruit bl@$$oming, hurt by South-winds # _135_
Fuel not con$uming, _163, 164_. Fuel con-
# $uming fa$t, _ibid_. Fuel cheap # _ibid_.
Full of the Moon, _193_. Several e$fects of it,
# _ibid_. Tryals for further ob$ervations # _194_
Fumes taken in Pipes # _202_
_G_.
_GAlilæus_ his opinion of the Ebbing and
# Flowing of the sea # _167_
Gaping a motion of Imitation # _65_
Garments, of what Plants they maybe made
# _128_
Gathering of wind for fre$hne{$s} # _164_
Generation, oppo$ed to corruption # _73_
Generating of $ome Creatures at $et times
# onely, of $ome at all times, _159_. The cau$e
# of each # _ibid. 160_
Genius over-mastering # _204_
Germination accelerated by $everal means,
# _90, 91, 92_. Retarded by $everal means # _92_
_Guinny-_Pepper cau$eth $neezing # _202_
Gla$s, the materials thereof in _Venice # 162_
Gla$s out of Sand, _164_. Gla$s, whether re-
# moulten, it keepeth weight # _169_
Globes at di$tance appearing flat # _190_
Gloworm # _149_
Gold, _71_. The making of it, _ibid_. A work
# po$$ible, but not rightly pur$ued, _ibid_.
# Di$cour$e of a Stranger, touching the
# making of it, _72_. Directions for the making
# of it, _ibid. 73_. Direction of a Tryal, _ibid_.
# Several properties of Gold, _ibid_. Gold
# hath in it the least volatile of any Metal
# _169_
Gout, order incuring it # _16_
Grafting, _92_. A late-coming fruit upon an
# early Fruit-tree, _93_. Grafts in great plen-
# ty, _95_. Grafting meliorateth the Fruit,
# _97_. Grafting of Trees that bear no Fruit,
# enlargeth the Leaves, _100_. Grafting of
# $everal kindes, maketh not Compound
# fruits # _ibid_.
Grafting Vine upon Vine # _136_
Grapes, bow they may be kept long, _129_. Al-
# $o by pre$erving of the $talk # _ibid_.
Gravity, _10_. Motion of Gravity, _ibid. 148_.
[0257]contained in the$e Centuries.
# Opinion of moving to the Centre, avanity
# _10_
Greatne$s, comparative of living Creatures
# _184_
Greenne$s in $ome Plants all winter, _121_,
# _122_. The cau$e # _ibid_.
Grief and pain, _150_. The impre$$ions there-
# of # _ibid_.
Growing of certain Fruits and Herbs, after
# they are gathered, _7, 8_. The cau$e, _ibid_.
# Tryal, whether they increa$e in weight # _ib_.
Growing or multiplying of Metals # _168_
Gum of Trees # _2_
Gum-powder, _8_. The cau$e of the great noi$e
# it yieldeth, _ibid_. white giveth no $ound
# _130_
_H_.
_H_Airs of Bea$ts, not of $o fre$h colours
# as Birdsfeathers, _2_. How the colour of
# them may be changed, _24, 25_. Hair on
# the Head of Children new born, _139_.
# Hair changing colour, _183_. Hair of the
# party, _5_. Beloved worn, exciteth love
# _213_
Hands have a $ympathy with the head and
# other parts # _25, 26_
Hard $ub$tances in the Bodies of living crea-
# tures, _157_. Mo$t about the head, _ibid_.
# Some of them $tand at a $tay, $ome con-
# tinually grow, _ibid_. All of them without
# Sen$e, but the Head # _158_
Hard Bodies, _181_. The cau$e # _ibid_,
Heart of an Ape worn, increa$eth audacity
# _210_
Haws and Heps in $tore, portend cold Winters
# _155_
Head cut off in $ome creatures leaveth a
# little $pace of motion, _88_. The cau$es # _ibid_.
Healthful Airs oft times without $ent # _199_,
# _200_
Hearing hathmore operation upon the Man-
# ners and Spirits of Men, then other Sen$es,
# _31, 32_. Hinderances of Hearing, _62_.
# Hearing hindred by Yawning, _ibid_. The
# cau$e, _ibid_. Helped by holding the breath,
# _ibid_. The cau$e, _ibid_. In$truments to help
# the Hearing, _ibid_. U$ed in _Spain # ibid_.
Heat the chiefest power in Nature # _27_
How to make tryal of the highest operation of
# it, _ibid_. Heat and time work the like effects,
# _65_. Their different operation in many
# things, _ibid_. Heat being qualified by
# Moi$ture, the effect, _140_. Heat cau$eth
# the differences of Male and Female, _184_.
# Al$o many other differences thereupon,
# _ibid_. The $ame tempered with moi$ture,
# _ibid_. The $ever al effects of Heat, in the
# Sun, Fire, and Living Creatures, _ibid_.
# Heat within the Earth, _191_. Tryal of
# drawing it forth by the Moon-beams # _193_
Heats under the Æquinoctial, le$s then under
# the Torrid Zones, _87_. Three cau$es thereof
# _ibid_.
Heathen opinion touching the Generation of
# Creatures, perfect by Concretion, refell’d
# _194_
Heavenly Bodies, true Fires # _195_
Hedg-hogs fle$h, a good dryer # _113_
_Heliotropia, 114_. The cau$es of their open-
# ing and $hutting, or bending towards the
# Sun # _ibid_.
Hemlock cau$eth ea$ie death # _132_
Herbs removed from Beds into Pots, prosper
# better, _98_. Grow $weeter by cutting off
# the fir$t Sprout, _99_. The cau$e thereof,
# _ibid_. Inquiry, whether they be made Me-
# dicinable, and how, _105_. Four de$ignati-
# ons of it, _ibid_. Their ordinary colours, _109_.
# Herbs growing out of the water without
# Roots, _117_. Growing out of the top of
# the Seawithout Roots, _ibid. 118_. Grow-
# ing out of Snow, _ibid_. Growing out of
# Stone, _ibid_. Growing in the bottoms of
# Mikes, _ibid_. None growing out of Sea-
# $ands, _ibid_. Herbs dying yearly, _ibid_. That
# last many years, _ibid_. The large$t la$t, not
# longe$t, as the largest Trees do, _ibid_. The
# cau$e, _ibid_. Herb in likene$s of a Lamb,
# _127_. The Fable of it, _ibid_. Herbs will
# $hew the nature of the ground, _135_. Herbs
# which like to be watered with Salt-water,
# _137_. Herbs fore$hew rain # _176_
Hiccough, _140_. The cau$e of it, _ibid_. Means
# to cea$e it # _ibid_.
Honey, _127, 183_. Several ways how it {is}
# u$ed # _ibid_.
Honey-dews upon certain Leaves and Flowers
# _104_
Horns, _157_. Horn’d Bea$ts have no upper
# Teeth # _158_
Hor$es fle$h eaten, _186_. Hor$es Tooth the mark
# of their age, _158_. Hor$e-tooth Ring, good
# for the Cramp # _111, 112_
Hot Bread nouri$hing in the odors thereof
# _203_
Humorsill lodged, very dangerous # _18_
_I_.
_I_Aol, a mo$t pernicious $mell # _201_
# Jews-ear # _115_
Image, whether it might be $een without $ee-
# ing the Gla$s # _160_
Imagination exalted, _198_. Force of it, _ibid_.
# _199_. Three Cautions about the $ame;
# VVorketh mo$t upon weak per$ons, _ibid_.
[0258]A Table of the chief Matters
# Imagination, _206_. The kindes of it, _ibid_.
# The farce of it upon another Body, _ibid_.
# _207_. Several inst ances of it, _ibid_. & in
# _$eq_. An in$tance thereof by a Pair of
# Cards, _ibid_. Three means to impo$e a
# Thought, _206, 207_. De$ignation for tryal
# of the operations in this kinde, _ibid. 207_.
# To work by one that hath a good opinion
# of you, _ibid_. To work by many, _ibid_.
# Means to pre$erve Imagination in the
# $trength, _ibid_. It worketh more at $ome
# times, then others, _ibid_. It hath mo$t
# force upon the highe$t motions, _ibid. 208_,
# _209, 210_. effects of the Sen$e # _168_
Imaginations imitating the imitations of
# Nature, _1_. Imitation in Men, and other
# Creatures, _55_. A thing to be wondred
# at, _ibid_. Several motions in Men of Imi-
# tation # _65_
Impre$$ible, and not impre$$ible # _182_
Impul$ion and percu$s<007>on of Bodies, _160, 161_.
# Impul$ion of a Body unequal # _167_
Inanimate and Animate, wherein they differ
# _125_
Incen$e, thought to dispo$e to devotion by the
# operation of the $mell # _204_
_Incubus_, how helped # _210_
Indian Earth brought over, hath produced
# Indian Plants, _118_. Indian Fig # _127_
Indian Tree with Leaves of great largene$s,
# and Fruit without $talks # _ibid_.
Induration of Bodies, _22_. Three means to
# effect it, _ibid_. Examples thereof, _ibid. 23_.
# Indurations by Snow or Ice, _ibid_. By Me-
# talline waters, _ibid_. In $ome natural
# Spring-waters, _ibid_. Of Metals by heat-
# ing and quenching, _ibid_. By fire, _ibid_.
# By Decoctions within water, the water not
# touching, _ibid. 24_. Induration by Sym-
# pathy # _182_
Infant in the VVomb, $uffering from the Mo-
# thers diet # _113_
Infectious Di$ea$es # _65_
Influences of the Moon, _192, 193, 194_. In
# number four # _ibid_.
Influxes of the heavenly Bodies. # _200_
Infu$ion in Liquors, _4_. A $hort $tay be$t,
# _ibid_. Infu$ions to be iterated, _ibid_. U$e-
# ful $or Medicinal operations, _ibid_. Tryal
# which parts i$$ue $oone$t, which $lowe$t, _5_.
# Evaporations of the finer Spirits, $ome-
# times u$eful # _ibid_.
Infu$ion maketh Liquors thick, but Decocti-
# on clearer, _68_. The cau$e # _ibid_.
Infu$ions in Air, _5_. The $everal odors i$$ue
# at $everal times # _ibid_.
Infu$ion in εarth, _83, 84_. The effects of it,
# _ibid_. Cautions to be u$ed in it, _ibid_. Se-
# veral in$tances thereof # _ibid_.
Inquination or Inconcoction # _179_
In$criptions upon Fruits # _108_
In$ecta, _143_. The name communicated to all
# Creatures, bred of Putrefaction, _ibid_.
# The difference of them according to the
# $everal matters they are bred of, _143_,
# _144, 145_. The enumeration of many of
# them, _ibid_. Several properties in them,
# _ibid_. They have voluntary motion, _ibid_.
# Other Sen$es, be$ide Ta$te # _ibid_.
Invi$ibles in Bodies ought to be better inqui-
# red # _26_
_Jovinianus_ the εmperor # _202_
Joy, _150_. The impre$$ions thereof # _ibid_.
Joynts in $ome Plants, _121_. The cau$e there-
# of # _ibid_.
Ippocra$s clarified # _2_
Iron In$truments, hurtful for wounds # _166_
I$landers Bodies # _85_
Ivy growing out of a Stags Horn # _115_
Juices of Fruit fit for Drinks, _120_. Unfit
# for them, _ibid_. The cau$e of each # _ibid_.
_L_.
_LAdanum # 128_
# Lard put to wa$te, taketh away Warts # _213_
La$$itude # _154_
La$ting Trces and Herbs, _120_. De$ignation
# to make Plants more lasting then ordina-
# ry # _ibid_.
Late Flowers and Plants # _119_
Laughing, _151, 152_. The impre$$ions there-
# of # _ibid_.
Leaning long upon any part # _154, 155_
Leaping, _145_. Helped by weights in the
# hands # _ibid_.
Leaves nouri$h not, _12_. The cau$e _130_.
# Leaves of Trees and Herbs, _127_. Plant
# without Leaves # _192_
Left-$ide and Right, _190_. Sen$es alike, $trong
# on each $ide, Limbs $tronge$t on the Right,
# _ibid_. The cau$e of each # _ibid_.
Life, by what cour$es prolonged # _64_
Lights over-great offend the eyes # _188, 189_
Light comforteth the Spirits, _211_. Especi-
# ally Light varied # _ibid_.
_Linco$tis # 132_
Liquefiable, and not Liquefiable, _180_. Bodies
# that Liquefie by Fire, _ibid_. Others that
# by water, _ibid_. Some that by both # _ibid_.
Liquors, their Clarification, _67_. Three
# cau$es thereof, _ibid. 68_. Pre$ervation of
# Liquors in Wells or Vaults, _85_. Liquors
# compre$$ed, _187_. Their incorporation with
# Powders # _65_
Living Creatures that generate at certain
# $ea$ons onely, _159_. Others that at all
# $ea$ons, _ibid_. The cau$e of each, _ibid_.
[0259]contained in the$e Centuries.
# Their $everal times of bearing in the
# VVomb, _ibid. 160_. The cau$es thereof,
# _ibid_. The $everal numbers which they
# bring forth at a Burthen, _ibid_. The cau$es,
# _ibid_. Living creatures that will be tran$-
# muted into another $pecies, _111_. Living
# creatures fore$hew weather # _175_
Love # _203_
_Lucciole_ in _Italy # 149_
Lupines # _136_
Lu$t, _152_. The impre$sions thereof # _ibid_.
Lying, in what kinde of po$ture healthful
# _154_
_M_.
_M_Agical operations # _128, 200, 204_
# Maiz # _13_
Male and Female, the difference of them
# in $everal living creatures, _84_. The
# cau$es thereof, _ib. 185_. Male and Female
# in Plants, _126_. Male-peony, good for
# the Falling $ickne$s and _Incubus # 209_
Maleficiating, _192_. Practi$ed in _Ga$-_
# _cony # ibid_.
Malt, _123_. The $welling thereof, _ibid_.
# The $weetne$s thereof # _ibid_.
Mans-fle$h eaten, _6_. Breedeth the French
# Di$ea$e, _ibid_. Cau$eth high imaginati-
# ons, _ibid_. Not in it $elf edible, _186_.
# The cau$e, _ibid_. How eaten by _Cannibals_,
# _ibid_. VVherefore by VVitches # _ibid_.
Mandrakes # _128_
Manna # _165_
_March_, towards the end, the be$t di$coverer
# of Summer $ickne$$es # _173_
Marl, a good Compo$t # _122, 123_
Marrow # _157, 158_
Maturation, _179_. Of Drinks, _69, 70_. Of
# Fruits, _ibid_. Maturation of Digestion,
# _71, 73_
Meats inducing $atiety # _66_
Medicines changed help$ul, _18_. Medicines
# which effect the Bladder, _25_. Medicines
# conden$ing, which relieve the Spirits, _155_.
# Medicinal Herbs # _104, 105_
Megrims come upon ri$ing, not during the
# $itting # _154_
Melancholly per$ons di$po$e the company to
# the like # _26_
Melioration of Fruits, Trees, and Plants,
# _93, 94, 95, 96, 97, 98, 99, 100_
_Melc-cotones_ grow best without grafting,
# _97_. The cau$e thereof # _ibid_.
Memory the Art, _207_. Men, better places
# then words, _ibid_. Memory $trengthned by
# the Brains of $ome creatures # _210_
Menstruous women # _202_
Mercurial and Sulphurous # _78_
Metals and Plants whercin they di$fer, _126_.
# Growing of metals, _168_. Drowning of
# metals, _ibid. 169_. Refining of metals,
# _183_. Metalline Vapors hurtful to the
# Brain, _202_. Metals give orient colours
# in their di$$olutions, _64_. The cau$es
# _ibid_.
Milk warm from the Cow, a great nouri$h-
# er, _14_. How to be u$ed, _ibid_. Cows Milk
# better then A$$es Milk, or then womens
# Milk, _ibid_. Milk in Bea$ts, how to be in-
# crea$ed, _164_. Milk u$ed for Clarification
# of Liquors, _69_. Good to $teep divers Seeds
# in, _98_. Pre$erving of Milk, _85_. Milk
# in Plants # _131_
M<007>ldew # _104, 136_
Minced meat, a great nouri$her, _14_. How to
# be u$ed # _ibid_.
Mi$letoe # _116_
Mixture of Earth and Water in Plants # _79_
Moi$t Air, how di$covered # _173_
Moi$ture adventitious, cau$e of putrefaction,
# _68_. Moi$ture qualifying heat, the effect,
# _140_. Moi$ture increa$ed by the Moon,
# _193_. Tryal of it in Seeds, _ibid_. In mens
# bodies, _ibid_. Force of it in Vegetables
# _103, 104_
Mon$ters # _100_
Moon attractive of heat out of Bodies # _20_
Moones influences, _192, 193, 194_. In num-
# ber four, _ibid_. It increa$eth moi$ture # _ibid_.
_Mor$us Diaboli_, an Herb # _134_
Mortified parts by cold, _166_. Mu$t not ap-
# proach the fire, _ibid_. Cured, by applying
# Snow, _ibid_. Orwarm water # _ibid_.
Mo{$s}, _75, 113_. where it groweth mo$t,
# _ibid_. The cau$e of it, _ibid_. What it {is},
# _ibid_. Mo$s $weet, _114_. In Apple-trees
# $weet, _ibid_. In $ome other Trees # _132_
Mother $uppre$$ed by burning Feathers # _204_
Mothers diet affecteth the Infant in the
# womb # _210_
Motion hindreth putrefactions # _75_
Motion of Bodies, _161_. Motion of Liberty # _3_
Motion of Nexe, _192_. Motion of Con$ent in
# mans body, _10, 17_. Motion of Attraction
# would prevail if Motion of Gravity hin-
# dred not # _148_
Motions in men by Imitation # _65_
Moulding of Fruits # _108_
Moulds # _75_
Mountains great fore$hew Tempe$ts early
# _174_
Mouth out of ta$te, _141_. what ta$tes it will
# not have # _ibid_.
Mulberry-leaf # _161_
Mummy $tancheth Blood # _210_
Murthered body, bleeding at the approach of
# the murtherer # _207_
[0260]A Table of the chief Matters
_Mu$covia_ hath a late Spring, and early Har-
# ve$t, _119_. The cau$e # _ibid_.
Mu$hrooms, _115_. Their proprieties, _ibid_.
# Sever al productions of them, _ibid_. where
# they grow mo$t # _131_
Mu$ick, _29_. Mu$ical and Immu$ical $ounds,
# _ibid_. Bodies producing Mu$ical $ounds,
# _ibid. 30_. Diapa$on the $weete$t of $ounds,
# _ibid_. Fall of Half-notes nece$$ary in
# Mu$ick, _ibid_. Con$ent of Notes to be a-
# $cribed to the Ante-notes, not Entire
# Notes, _30_. Concords Perfect, and Semi-
# perfect, which they are, _ibid_. The mo$t
# odious Di$cords of all other, _ibid_. Di$-
# cords of the Ba$e, mo$t di$turbeth the
# Mu$ick, _ibid. 31_. No Quarter-notes in
# Mu$ick, _ibid_. Plea$ing of $ingle Tones,
# an$wereth to the plea$ing of Colour, and
# of Harmony to the plea$ing of Order, _ibid_.
# Figures or Tropes in Mu$ick have an agree-
# ment with the Figures in Rhetorick, _ibid_.
# Mu$ick hath great operation upon the
# manners and $pirits of Men, _ibid. 31, 32_.
# Concords and Di$cords in Mu$ick, ar e
# Sympathies and Antipathies of Sounds,
# _61_. In$truments that agree be$t in Con-
# $ort, _ibid_. In$truments with a double
# Lay of Strings, VVire, and Lute-$trings
# _62_
_N_.
_N_Ature, _63_. Advice for the true in-
# qui$ition thereof # _ibid. 64_
Natural Divination # _172_
Negroes # _88_
Night-$howres better for Fruit, then Day
# $howres # _135, 136_
Nights Star-light, or Moon-$hine, colder
# then cloudy # _188_
_Nilus_, the virtues thereof, _161_. How to cla-
# rifie the water of it # _ibid_.
Nitre, good for men grown, ill for children,
# _78_. Nitrous water, _80_. Scoureth of it
# $elf, _ibid_. Nitre mingled with water,
# maketh Vines sprout, _96_. Nitre upon the
# sea-$ands # _163_
Nouri$hing Meats and Drinks # _12, 13_
Nouri$hing parts in Plants # _14, 130_
Nouri$hment, _14_. Five $everal Means to
# help it # _ibid. 15, 16_
Nouri$hment mended, a great help # _95_
_Numa’_s two Cou$ins # _163_
_O_.
_O_Ak-leaves gather Honey-dews # _104_
# Oak-boughs put into the Earth, bring
# forth wilde Vines. _111_. Oak-apples # _117_
Oak bears the mo$t fruit among Trees, _157_,
# _158_. The cau$e # _ibid_.
Objects of the $ight, cau$e great delight in
# the Spirits, but no great offence, _189_. The
# cau$e # _ibid_.
_Occhus_, a Tree in _Hyrcania # 127_
Odious objects, cau$e the $pirits to flie # _167_
Odors in $ome degree, nouri$h # _204_
Oyntment u$ed by VVitches # _210_
Old Trees bearing better then the $ame new
# _131_
Old men conver$ing with young company,
# live long # _203_
Onions made to wax greater, _99_. In grow-
# ing, carry the $eeds to the top # _193_
Operations of $ympathy # _200_
_Opium # 20_
Order in curing of d<007>$ea$es # _16, 17_
Orenge-flowers infu$ed, _4_, Orenge-$eeds
# $own in _April_, will bring forth an excel-
# lent Sallet-herb # _119_
Orris-root # _187_
Ox-horn bringeth forth Ivy # _115_
Oyly $ub$tances and watry, _76_. Commix-
# ture of oyly $ub$tances, prohibiteth
# putrefaction, _ibid_. Turning of watry
# $ub$tances into oyly, _79_. A great work
# in Nature, _ibid_. Some in$tances thereof
# _ibid_.
Oyl of sweet-Almonds, a great nouri$her,
# _14_. How to be u$ed # _ibid_.
_P_.
_P_Alliation in Di$ea$es # _17_
# Pain and grief, _150_. The impre$ sions
# thereof # _ibid_.
Paintings of the Body, _155_. Barbarous peo-
# ple much given to it # _156, ibid_.
_Panicum # 95_
_Pantomimi # 56_
Paper chamoletted # _156_
_Paracel$us’_s Principles # _78, 79_
Parents finding an alteration upon the ap-
# proach of their children, though unknown
# to them # _204_
Parts in living creatures ea$ily reparable,
# and parts hardly reparable, _16_. Parts of
# living creatures $evered, _216_. Their vir-
# tues in Natural Magick # _ibid_.
Pa{$s}ions of the minde, _150, 151, 152_. Their
# $everal impre$sions # _ibid_.
Peaches prove be$t without grafting, _97_.
# The cau$e thereof # _ibid. 110_
Pearl, $aid to recover the colour by burial
# in the Earth # _84_
[0261]contained in the$e Centuries.
Pepper-_Gainny_, cau$eth $neez<007>ng # _202_
Percept<007>on in all bodies, 171. More $ubtil
# then the $en$e, _ibid_. It worketh al$o at
# di$tance, _ibid_. The be$t means of prog-
# no$ticating. # _ibid. 172_
Percolation, inward and outward # _1, 2_
Percu$$ion and impul$ion of bodies # _160, 161_
Perfumes Dryers, and Perfumes Moi$tners
# of the Brain,_203_. Perfumes procure
# plea$ant and prophetical Dreams # _204_
Per$ons near in blood, or other Relations,
# have many $ecret pa$$ages of $ympathy
# _211_
Pe$tilential years, _85_. Their progno$ticks
# _155, 172, 173_
Philo$ophy received # _178_
Pilo$ity in Men and Bea$ts, _139_. The cau$es
# thereof # _ibid_.
Pi$tachoes # _13_
Pituponthe Sea-$bore, _1_. Filled with water
# potable, _ibid_. Practi$ed in _Alexandria_,
# _ibid_. And by Ce$ar, _ibid_. Who mi$took
# the cau$e, _ibid_. Intime will become Salt
# again # _191_
Pity, _151_. The impre$$ions thereof # _ibid_.
Pius Quintus h{is} revelation, touching the
# victory at Le{$s}anto # _212_
Plague tran$mitted withont $ent, _200, 201_.
# The $uppo$ed $ent of it, _ibid_. Per$ons
# lea$t apt to take it, and per$ons mo$t, _ibid_.
# Plagues cau$ed by great putrefactions,
# _202_. Pre$ervatives again$t it # _209_
Plane-tree watered with wine # _128_
Plants, why of greater age then li-
# ving creatures, _15, 16_. Dignity of
# Plants, _89_. Acceleration of their Ger-
# mination, _ibid. 90, 91, 92_. Retarding
# of their Germination, _ibid_. The Melio-
# ration of them divers ways, _93, 94, 95_,
# _96, 97, 98, 99, 100_. Cau$e why $ome
# die in Winter, _96_. Sympathy and Anti-
# pathy of Plants, _101, 102, 103, 104_.
# Plants drawing the $ame juyces out of
# the earth, thrive not together, _101_.
# Drawers of much nouri$bment, hurt
# their neighbor-plants, _ibid_. Drawing
# $everal juyces, thrive well together, _102_.
# Several in$tances of each, _ibid_. De$ig-
# nations of further tryals hereof, _ibid_.
# Tryals in Herbs, poy$onous or purgative,
# _103_. Plants that die placed together,
# _ibid_. Tryal whether Plants will attract
# water at $ome di$tance, _104_. Curio$ities
# touching plants, _107, 108, 109, 110_.
# Plants will degenerate, _110, 111_. The
# $everal cau$es thereof, _ibid_. Tran$mu-
# tation of Plants, _ibid_. Six de$ignations
# thereof, _ibid. 112, 113_. Their $everal
# excre$cences, _113, 114, 115, 116, 117_.
# Prickles of Trees, _116_. Plants growing
# without $eed, _117, 118_. Growing out of
# $tone, _ibid_. Plants foreign, _ibid. 119_.
# Removed out of hot Countreys willkeep
# their $ea$ons, _ibid_. Set in the Summer
# $ea$ons w<007>ll pro$per in colder Countreys,
# _ibid_. Sea$ons of $everal Plants, _ibid_.
# Plants bearing blo$$oms, and young fruit,
# and ripe fruits together, _119, 120_.
# Plants with joynts or knuckles <007>n the
# $talks, _121_. The cau$es thereof,_ibid_.
# Differences of Plants, _ibid. 122_. Some
# putting forth blo$$oms before leaves, _121_.
# Others, leaves before blo$$oms, _ibid_. The
# cau$e of each, _ibid_. Plants green all
# winter, _121, 122_. The cau$e, _ibid_. Plants
# not $upporting them$elves, _ib_. The cau$e
# of their $lenderne{$s}, _ibid_. Plants and in-
# animate bodies differ in four things, _125_,
# _126_. Plants and Metals in three, _ibid_.
# Plants and Moulds, or Putrefactions,
# wherein they differ, _ibid_. Plants and li-
# ving Creatures their differences, _126_,
# _127_. Male and Female in Plants, _ibid_.
# Plants whereof Garments are made, _128_.
# Plant $leeping, _ibid_. Plants with bearded
# Roots, _ibid_. Plants e$culent, _129, 130_.
# E$culent raw, _ibid_. Having pa$$ed the
# fire, _ibid_. Parts in Plants that are nouri$h-
# ing, _ibid_. Seeds in Plants, more $trong
# then either Leaf or Root, _ibid_. Thecau$e,
# _ibid_. In $ome not, _ibid_. Plants with
# Milk in them, _131_. Plants with red
# jnyce, _132_. No Plants have a $alt ta$te,
# _ibid_. Plants with curled Leaves, _133_.
# Plants may be tran$lated into other Regi-
# ons, _135_. Yet they like $ome $oils, more
# then other, _ibid_. Several in$tances there-
# of, _ibid_. Plant without leaves, _162_. Sin-
# gularities in $everal Plants # _138_
Pla$ter hardned like Marble # _165_
Pla$tered room green, dangerous # _202_
Places of Metals a$$wage $welling # _187_
Plea$ures and di$plea$ures of the Sen$es
# _145_
Plough followed, healthful # _103_
Plumo$ity in Birds, _139_. The cau$e thereof
# _ibid_.
Plums of what colour the be$t, _109_. The
# dryer, the better $ort # _ibid_.
Pneumaticals in Bodies # _181_
Pomanders # _203_
_Pont-Charenton_, the εccho there # _57_
Pore-blinde men $ee be$t near hand, _188_.
# The cau$e # _ibid_.
Potado roots potted, grow greater # _90_
Powder in Shot # _3_
Powders and Liquors, their Incorporation
# _65_
[0262]A Table of the chief Matters
Poy$oning of air # _201_
Poy$oning by $mells, _ibid. 202_. Caution
# touehing poy$on<007>ng # _ib_.
Poy$onous Creatures love to lie under Odo-
# rate Herbs # _138_
Precious $tones comfort the $pirits # _208_
Pre$ervation of bodies from corruption # _28_
Pre$ervation of Fruits in Sirrups, _129_.
# Al$o in powders, _ibid_. when to gather
# fruits for pre$ervation, _ibid_. Al$o in
# Bottles in a well, _ib_. Pre$erving Grapes
# long, _ib_. Another waythereof # _134_
Prickles of Trees # _116, 117_
Procreations by copulation, and by putre.
# faction, _194_. The cau$e of each # _ibid_.
# _195_
Progno$ticks for plenty or $carcity, _138_. of
# pe$tilential years, _141, 155, 172, 173_.
# Of cold and long winters, _174_. By Bir ds,
# _175_. Of an hot and dry $ummer, _ib_. By
# the Birds al$o, _ib_. of winds, _ib_. Of great
# tempe$ts, _ib_. Of rain, _ib_. From living
# creatures, _ibid_. From water fowls and
# land fowls, _176_. From fi$hes, _ibid_. From
# bea$ts, _ib_. From herbs, _ibid_. From aches
# in mens bodies, _ibid_. From worms, _ibid_.
# From the $weating of $olid bodies # _ibid_.
Proprieties $ecret # _117, 214_
Purging Medicines, 5. Have their virtue
# in a fine $pirit. Endure not boiling, _ibid_.
# Taking away their unplea$ant ta$te, _ibid_.
# Several ways of the operations of purg-
# ing Medicines, _10, 11, 12_. They work
# upon their proper Humors, _11_. Medi-
# cines that purge by $tool, and that purge
# by urine, _12_. Their $everal cau$es, _ibid_.
# work in the$e ways as they are given in
# quantity, _ib_. Preparat<007>ons before purg-
# <007>ng, _18_. want of preparatives, what
# hurt it doth, both in purging, _ibid_. and
# after purging # _ibid_.
Putrefaction, _73_. Acceleration of it, _ibid_.
# The cau$e of putrefaction, _ibid_. Putre-
# faction, whence, _74_. Ten means of in-
# ducing putrefactions, _ibid_. Prohibiting
# of putrefaction, _75_. Ten means of pro-
# hibiting it, _ibid. 76_. Inceptions of pu-
# trefaction, _79_. Putrefactions for the
# mo$t part $mellill, _177_. The cau$e, _ibid_.
# Putrefaction from what cau$es it com-
# eth, _178_. Putrefaction induced by the
# Moon-beams # _192_
Putrefactions of living creatures, have
# cau$ed Plagues # _102_
Putrefied bodies mo$t odious to a creature of
# the $ame kinde # _ibid_.
Pyrrhus had h{is} Teeth undivided # _158_
Pythagoras h{is} Philo$ophy # _197_
_Q_
_Q_Varries that grow hard # _183_
Quick-$ilver will con$erve Bodies
# _168_
Quick-$ilver fixed to the hardne$s of Lead
# _182_
_R._
_R_Acking of Wine or Beer # _68_
Rain in Egy{$s}t $carce, _161_. The can$e
thereof, _ibid_. Several progno$ticks of Rain
# _175, 176_
Rainbow $aid to bring $weetne$s of odor to
# Plants under it # _176, 177_
Rams skins good to be applied to wounds
# _139_
Red within $ome few fruits # _109_
Red juyce in Plants # _132_
Reeds # _134_
Refining of Metals # _183_
Refraction cau$eth the $pecies vi$ible to
# appear bigger, _160_. Other ob$ervations
# about Refractions # _ibid_.
Repletion hindreth Generation # _94_
Re$t cau$eth Putrefaction # _75_
Retardation of Germination # _92_
Rew helpeth the Fig-tree # _102_
Rheumes, how cau$ed # _11_
Rice a nouri$hing meat # _13_
Right-$ide and left, _190_. Sen$es alike $trong
# on both $ides, Limbs $tronge$t on the
# Right, _ibid_. The cau$e of each # _ibid_.
Rooms built for health # _20_
Roots of fruit trees multiplied, _93, 94_.
# Root made great, _95_. By applying Pani-
# _cum_ about it, _ibid_. Roots potted, grow
# greater, _99, 100_. Roots pre$erved all
# winter, _ibid_. Roots of Trees that de$cend
# deep, _133, 134_. Others that $pred more,
# _ibid_. The cau$e of each, _ibid_. Roots of
# Plants of three $orts, Bulbous, Fibrous,
# Hir$ute # _128_
Ro$a Solis the Herb # _104_
Ro$es Damask how con$erved # _81_
Rubarb infu$ed, _4, 5_. Fora $hort time be$t,
# _ibid_. Repeated may be as $trong as Scam-
# momy, _ibid_. A Benedict Medicine, _5_.
# caution in the taking thereof # _11_
Ru$t of Metals # _74_
_S._
_S_Atiety in Meats # _66_
Salamander, _186, 187_. The cau$e that
# it endureth the fire # _ib_.
Salt a good Compo$t, _133_. Salt in Plants, 132.
[0263]contained in the$e Centuries.
# Salt hath a$ymp at hy with Blood, _211_. It
# {is} an healer, _ibid_. It ri$eth not in Di$til-
# lations # _190, 191_
Salt-petre, how it may be bred # _123_
Salt-water pa$$ed through Earth, becomes
# fre$h, _1_. Four differences between the pa$s-
# ing it in Ve$$els and in Pits, _2_. Salt-water
# good for to water $ome Herbs, _137, 138_.
# Salt-water boiled, becometh more potable,
# _190, 191_. Salt-water $ooner di$$olving
# Salt, then Fre$h-water, _ibid_. The cau$e
# _ibid_.
Sand turning Minerals into a Gla$$y $ub.
# $tance # _164_
Sanguis Draconis, the Tree that bears it
# _132_
Sap of Trees, _134_. The differing nature
# thereof in $everal Trees # _ibid_.
Scarlet-dye # _191, 192_
Sci$$ible, and not $ci$$ible # _182_
Sea clearer the North-wind blowing, then
# the South, _139_. Sea, by the bubbles fore.
# $heweth wind, _175_. Sea-water looketh
# black, moved; white, resting, _139_. The
# cau$e, _ibid_. Seas $hallow and narrow,
# break more then deep and large # _190_
Sea-fi$h put into Fre$h-waters # _147_
Sea-hare coming near the Body, hurteth the
# Lungs # _211_
Sea-$and a good Compost, _123_. Sea-$ands
# produce no Plant # _118_
Sea$ons of Plants # _119_
Secret proprieties # _214, 215_
Secundine # _154_
Seeds in Plants, more $trong then either Leaf
# or Root, _130_. The cau$e, _ibid_. In $onse
# not, _ibid_. Seeds, their choice, _137_. Plants
# growing without Seeds # _117, 118_
Sen$es, their plea$ures and di$plea$ures, 145.
# Their instruments have a $imilitude with
# that which giveth the reflex<007>on of the ob-
# ject # _62_
Separation of $everal Natures by $training,
# _2_. Of $everal Liquors by weight, _3_. And
# of the $ame kinde of Liquors thickned, _4_.
# Of Metals # _169_
Separat<007>on of the cruder parts prohibiteth
# Putrefaction # _76_
Servets u$ed in Turky # _148_
Setting of Wheat # _95, 96_
Setting of Trees, higher or lower # _99_
Several Fruits upon one Tree # _107_
Shade helpeth $ome Plants # _95_
Shadows $eeming ever to tremble # _190_
Shame, _151, 206_. The impre$$ions thereof
# _151_
Shell-fi$h have no Bones within _157, 189, 190_
Shifting for the better, helpeth Plants and
# Living Creatures # _95_
Shining wood # _77, 78_
Showres good for fruits, _135_. For $ome not,
# _ibid_. N<007>ght-$howres better then Day-
# $howres # _136_
Showres after along drought, cau$e $ickne$$es
# if they be gentle, _172_. If great, not
# _ibid_.
Sickne$$es of the Summer and the Winter # _84_
Sight the object thereof, quicker then of
# Hearing, _50, 51_. Sight, _188, 189_. Ob-
# jects thereof, cau$e great delight in the
# Spirits, but no great offence, _ibid_. The
# cau$e # _ibid_.
Silver more ea$ily made then Gold # _71, 72_
Simples $pecial for Medicines, _141, 142_. Such
# as have $ubtile parts without Acrimony,
# _ibid_. Many creatures bred of Putre-
# faction, are $o, _ibid_. Al$o Putref actions
# of Plants # _ibid_.
Singularicies in $everal Plants # _138_
Sinking of Bodies, _163_. The cau$e # _ibid_.
Sitting healthful # _154_
Skull # _157_
Sleep agreat nouri$her, _15_. Sleep, _156, 157_.
# Hindred by cold in the Feet, _ibid_. Fur-
# thered by $ome kinde of noi$es, _ibid_. Nou-
# ri$heth in many Beasts aud Birds, _ibid_.
# Sleeping creatures all Winter # _194_
# Sleeping Plants # _128_
# Smells and Odors, _86_. Be$t at $ome di$tance,
# _ibid_. Best where the Body {is} cru$hed, _ibid_.
# Not $o in Flowers cru$hed, _ibid_. Best in
# Flowers, who$e Leaves $mell not, _ibid_.
# Smells $weet, _177_. Have all a corporeal
# $ub$tance, _ibid_. Smells fetide, _ibid. 178_.
# Smell of the Faol mo$t pernicious, _201_.
# Smells that are mo$t dangerous # _ibid_.
Snake-skin worn # _209_
Sneezing cea$eth the Hiccough, _104_. Induced
# by looking again$t the Sun, _ibid_. The cau$e
# thereof # _ibid_.
Snow-water, _87_. Snows cau$e fruitfulne$s,
# _ibid_. Three cau$esthereof, _ibid_. Snow good
# to be applied to a mortified part, _166_. The
# cau$e thereof, _ibid_. Snow bringing forth
# Herbs # _118_
Soals of the Feet, h<007>ve a$ympathy with the
# Head # _25_
Soft Bodies,_181_. The cau$e, _ibid_. They are
# of two $orts # _ibid_.
Solid Bodies $weating fore$hew Rain # _176_
Soot a good Compo$t # _123_
Sorel, _137_. The Root thereof # _ibid_.
Soul of the World # _197, 198_
Sounds Mu$ical and Immu$ical # _29_
Sounds more apt to procure $leep then tones,
# _31_. The cau$e, _ibid_. Nature of Sounds,
# not $ufficiently inquired, _32_. Motions
# great in Nature without Sounds, _ibid_.
[0264]A Table of the chief Matters
# Nullity and εntity of Sounds, _ibid. 33_,
# _34_. Swiftne$s of Motion, may make
# Sounds inaudible, _ibid_. Sounds not an E-
# li$ion of the Air, _ibid_. The rea$ons there-
# of, _35_. Sound not produced without $ome
# local motion of the _Medium, ibid_. Yet
# di$tinction to be made betwixt the motion
# of the Air, and the Sounds them$elves,
# _ibid. 36_. Great Sounds, cau$e great mo-
# tions in the Air, and other Bodies, _ibid_.
# Have rarefied the Air much, _ibid_. Have
# cau$ed Deafne$s, _ibid_. Enclo$ure of Sounds
# con$erveth them, _ibid_. Sounds partly in-
# clo$ed, and partly in open Air, _ibid_. Bet-
# ter heard $rom without, then from within,
# _ibid_. A Semi-cave will convey Sound,
# beticr then open Air, _ibid_. Any long Pole
# will do the like, _ibid_. Tryal to be made in
# a crooked Concave, _ibid_. Sounds may be
# created without Air, _37_. Differekce of
# Sounds in different Ve$$els filled with water,
# _ibid_. Sound within a Flame, _ibid_. Sound
# upon a Barrel emptier or fuller, _ibid_.
# Sound not created betwixt the Bow and
# the String, but betwixt the String and
# the Air # _ibid_.
Magnitude of Sound, _45_. In a Trunck, _ibid_.
# The cau$e thereof, _ibid_. In an Hunters
# Horn bigger at the lower end, _38_. The
# cau$e thereof, _ibid_. In a Vault under the
# Earth, _ibid_. The cau$e thereof, _ibid_. In
# Hawks Bells, rather then upon a piece of
# Bra$s in the open Air, _ibid_. In a Drum,
# _ibid_. Further beard by night, then by
# day, _ibid_. The cau$e thereof, _ibid_. In-
# crea$ed by the concurrent reflexion, _ibid_.
# Increa$ed by the Sound-board in In$tru-
# ments, _ibid_. In an Iri$h Harp, _ibid_. The
# cau$e of the loud $ound thereof, _ibid_. In
# a Virginal the Lid $hut, _ibid_. In a Con-
# cave within a wall, _ibid. 38, 39_. In a
# Bow-$tring, the Horn of the Bow laid to
# the ear, _ibid. 39_. The like in a Rod of
# Ironor Bra$s, _ibid_. The like conveyed by a
# Pillar of Wood, from an upper Chamber
# to a lower, _ibid_. The like from the bottom
# of a well, _ibid_. Five ways of Major ation
# of Sounds # _ibid_.
Exility of Sounds through any porous Bodies,
# _ibid. 39_. Through water, _ibid. 40_. Strings
# $topped $hort # _ibid_.
Damping of Sounds, _ibid_. With a $oft Body,
# _ibid_. Iron hot, not $o $ounding as cold, _ib_.
# water warm, not $o $ounding in the fall as
# cold # _ibid_.
Loudne$s and $oftne$s of Sounds, differ from
# Magnitude and Exility, _41_. Loudne$s of
# Sounds, _ibid_. Quickne$s of Percu$$ion,
# cau$e of the loudne$s # _ibid_.
Communication of Sounds # _41_
Inequality of Sounds, _42_. Unequal Sounds
# ingrate, _ibid_. Grateful, _ibid_. Mu$ical
# and Immu$ical Sounds, at plea$ure onely in
# Men and Birds, _ibid_. Humm<007>ng of Bees
# an unequal Sound, _43_. Metals quenched
# give an hi$$ing Sound # _ibid_.
Ba$e and Treble Sounds, _ibid_. Two cau$es of
# Treble in Strings, _ibid_. Proportion of the
# Air perc<007>$$ed in Treble and Ba$e, _53_.
# Tryal hereof to be made in the winding up
# of a String, _ibid. 44_. In the di$tances of
# Frets, _ibid_. In the Bores of Wind-In$tru-
# ments # _ibid_.
Interior and Exterior Sounds, _45_. Their dif-
# ference, _ibid_. Several kindes of each _ibid_.
Articulation of Sounds, _46_. Articulate
# Sounds in every part of the Air, _ibid_.
# VVinds hinder not the Articulation, _ibid_.
# Di$tance hindreth, _ibid_. Speating under
# water hindreth it not, _ibid_. Articulation
# requireth a Mediocrity of Sound, _ibid_.
# Confounded in a Room over an arched
# Vault, _ibid_. Motions of the Instruments
# of Speech, towards the forming of the Let-
# ters, _ib_. In$truments of Voice, which they
# are, _ibid. 46, 47_. Inarticulate Voices and
# Inaimate Sounds have a $imilitude with
# divers Letters # _ibid_.
Motions of Sounds, _49_. They move in
# round, _ibid_. May move in an arched Line,
# _ibid_. Suppo$ed that Sounds move better
# downwards then upwards, _ibid. 50_. Tryal
# of it # _ibid_.
La$ting of Sounds, _ibid_. Sounds continue not,
# but renew, _ibid_. Great Sounds heard at
# far di$tance, _ibid_. Not in the in$tant of
# the Sound, but long after, _ibid_. Object of
# S<007>ght, quicker then Sound, _50, 51_. Sounds
# Vani$h by degrees, which the Objects of
# $ight do not, _ibid_. The cau$e thereof _ibid_.
Pa$$age of Sounds through other Bodies, _51_.
# The Body intercepting, mu$t not be very
# thick, _ibid_. The spirits of the Body inter-
# cept<007>ng, whether they co-operate in the
# Sound, _ibid_. Sound not heard in a long
# down-right Arch, _ibid_. Pe$$eth ea$ily
# through Foraminous Bodies, _ibid_. VVhe-
# ther dimini$hed in the pa$$age through
# $mall Crannies # _52_
Medium of Sounds, _ibid_. Air the be$t Me-
# dium, _ibid_. Thin Air not $o good as thick
# Air, _ibid_. VVhether Flame be a fit Me-
# dium, _ibid_. VVhether other Liquors be-
# $ide water # _ibid_.
Figures of the differents of Sounds, _52_. Se-
# veral tryals of them # _ibid_.
Mixtures of Sounds, _53_. Audibles mingle
# in the Medium, which Vi$ibles do not, _ibid_.
[0265]contained in the$e Centuries.
# The cau$e thereof, _ibid_. Mixture w<007>thout
# distinction, makes the best Harmony, _ibid_.
# Qualities in the Air, have no operations
# upon Sounds, _ibid_. Sounds in the Air
# alter one another, _54_. Two Sounds of like
# loudne{$s}, will not be heard as far again as
# one, _ibid_. The cau$e thereof # _ibid_.
Melioration of Sounds, _55_. Poli$hed Bodies,
# created Sounds meliorate them, _ibid_. wet
# on the in$ide of a Pipe doth the like, _ibid_.
# Frosty weather cau$eth the $ame, _ibid_.
# Mingling of open Air with pent Air, doth
# the $ame, _ibid_. From a Body equal, $ound
# better, _55_. Inten$ion of the Sen$e of Hear-
# ing, melior ateth them # _ibid_.
Imitarion of Sounds, _ibid_. The wonder there-
# of in Children and Birds # _ibid_.
Reflexion of Sounds, _56_. The $everal kindes,
# _ibid_. No refraction in Sounds ob$erved, _58_.
# Sympathy and antipathy of Sounds, _61_.
# Concords and Di$cords in Mu$ick, are $ym-
# pathies and antipathies of Sounds, _ibid_.
# Strings that best agree in Con$ort, _ibid_.
# Strings tuned to an Uni$on or a Diapa$on,
# $hew a Sympathy, _62_. Sympathy conceived,
# to cau$e no report, _ibid_. εxperiment of
# Sympathy to be transferred to Wind-In$tru.
# ments # _ibid_.
E$$ence of Sounds Spiritual, _63_. Sounds not
# Impre$$ions in the Air # _ibid_.
Cau$es of the $udden Generation and Peri$h-
# ing of Sounds # _ibid_.
Conclu$iontouching Sounds # _63_
Sourne$s in Fruits and Liquors, _187_. The
# cau$e of each, _ibid_. Souring of Liquors
# in the Sun # _ibid_.
South winds di$po$e Mens Evdies to heavi-
# ne$s, _64_, South-winds hurtful to Fruit
# blo$$oming, _135_. South-winds without
# Rain, breed Pe$tilence, with Rain not,
# _166_. The cau$es, _ibid_. On the Sea-coasts
# not $o # _ibid_.
South-East, Sun better then the South-west
# for ripening Fruit # _ibid_.
Sparkling woods # _133_
Spec<007>es Vi$ible # _160_
# Spirits in Bodies, $carce known, _26_. Seve-
# ral opinions of them, _ibid_. They are Na-
# tural Bodies rarified, _ibid_. Cau$es of
# mo$t of the effects in Nature, _ibid_. They
# have five differing operations, _73_. Spirits
# in Bod<007>es, _125_. How they differ in animate
# and inanimate, _ibid_. How in Plants and
# Living Creatures # _126_
Again of Spirits in Bodies, _181_. They are
# of two $orts, _ibid_. Motion of the Spirits
# excited by the Moon, _193_. The $trength-
# ning of them prohibiteth Putrefaction
# _76_
Spirits of Men flie upon odious objects, _167_.
# The Tran$mi$$ion of Spirits, _198_. & in
# $equentib. Tran$mi$$ion of them from the
# mindes of Men, _203, 204, 206, 207, 208_,
# _209_. Such th<007>ngs as comfort the Spirits
# by $ympathy, _208, 209_. The $trife of the
# Spirits, be$t helped by arre$ting them for a
# time # _ibid_.
Sponges # _147_
Springs of water made by art # _6_
Spring-water # _87_
Sprouting of Plants with water onely # _133_
Squill, good to $et Kernels or Plumb-$tones
# in # _96_
Stags Hart with a Bone in it # _157_
Stanchers of Blood # _210_
Stars le$$er ob$cured, a $ign of Tempe$ts
# _174_
Sterility of the year, changeth Corn into an-
# other kinde # _111_
Stomach, the appetite thereof, _176_. The
# qualities that provoke appetite, _ibid_. The
# four cau$es of appetite # _ibid_.
Stone wanting in Plumbs # _110_
Stretching, a motion of imitation # _65_
Stub old, putting forth a Tree of a better
# kinde # _111_
Stutting, _85_. Two cau$es thereof # _ibid_.
Subterrany Fires # _78_
Sucking long, ill for Children # _ibid_.
Sugar, _127, 183_. The u$e of it,_ibid_.
# Draweth Liquor, higher then the Liquor
# cometh # _21_
Sulphureous and Mercurial # _78, 79_
Summer and Winter $ick ne$$es, _84_. The Prog-
# no$ticks of a dry Summer # _174_
Sun Tanneth, which Fire doth not, _87, 88_.
# The cau$e # _ibid_.
Superfetation, the cau$e of it # _116_
Super-Plants be$ide Mi$letoe # _135_
Supporting Plants of them$elves, and not
# $upporters # _122_
Swallows made white, by anointing the Eggs
# with Oyl # _211_
Sweat, _148_. Parts under the water, though
# hot $weat not, _ibid_. Salt in ta$te, _ibid_.
# cometh more from the upper parts then
# from the lower, _ibid_. More in $leep then
# waking, _ibid_. Cold $weat commonly mor-
# tal, _ibid. 149_. Sweat, in what di$ea$es
# good, in what bad, _ibid_. In $ome men
# have been $weet # _2_
Sweet Mo$s, _114, 132_. Sweetne$s of odor
# from the Rainbow, _176_. Sweetne$s of
# odor, whether not in $ome water, _ibid_. In
# Earth found, _ibid_. Sweet $mells, _177_.
# Several properties of them, _ibid_. They
# have a Corporeal $ub$tances. # _ibid_.
Sweetne$s in Fruits and Liquors,_187_. The
[0266]A Table of the chief Matters
# cau$e of cach, _ibid_. Sweet things commix-
# ed, prohibit Putrefaction # _76_
Swelling, how cau$ed in the Body, _74_. How
# it may be kept down, _187_. why it follow-
# et h upon Blows and Brui$es # _ibid_.
Swelling of Grains upon Boiling, _185_. The
# cau$e of the different $welling them # _ibid_.
Swimming of Bodies, _163, 166, 167_. The
# cau$e # _163_
Swines Dung dulcorateth Fruit, _98_. The
# cau$e # _ibid_.
Swinging of Bottles, _68_. The u$e of it # _ibid_.
Swoundings # _203_
_Sylva Sylvarum_, the intention of it # _24, 25_
Sympathy and Antipathy, _25_. Sympathy in
# Plants, _98_. Sympathy and Antipathy of
# Plants # _101, 102, 103, 104_
Sympathy, _211_. In$tances thereof, _ibid. 208_,
# _209_. Sympathy, $ecret between Per$ons,
# nearin blood, _210_. Between great friends
# in ab$ence, _ibid_. Sympathybetwixt Mul-
# titudes, _ibid_. Sympathy of Individuals
# _213_
_T_.
_T_Ears of Trees # _128_
Teeth, _141, 157_. Their tenderne$s, _128_.
# Teeth $et on edge by har$h $ounds, _145_.
# The cau$e, _ibid_. Sinews inthem, the cau$e
# of their pain, not the Marrow, _158, 159_.
# Their $everal kindes, _ibid_. Difference in
# $everal Creatures, _ibid_. Horned Beacts
# have no upper teeth, _ibid_. Tooth, the mark
# of Hor$es age, _ibid_. At what age they
# come forth in Men, _ibid_. VVhat things
# hurt them, _ibid_. Chiefest con$iderations
# about the Teeth, _158_. Restitution of Teeth
# in age, _ibid_. VVhether it may be done or
# no # _ibid_.
Tempe$ts, their predictions # _174_
Ten$ile Bodies # _181, 182_
_Terra Lemnia_ # _147_
_Terra Sigillara_ communis # _ibid_.
_Thales_ # _138_
Thi$tle-down flying in the Air, fore$heweth
# wind # _175_
Timber, _134_. The $everal natures thereof,
# _ibid_. The $everal u$es according to the
# nature of the Trees # _135_
Time and heat work the like effects, _65_. Their
# different operations in many things # _ibid_.
Titillation, _161_. The cau$e of it, _ibid_. In-
# duceth laughing, _ibid_. Of the No$trils,
# cau$eth $neezing # _ibid_.
Toad-$tool # _115_
Tobacco, _185, 203_. _Engli$h_ Tobacco, how
# it may be mended # _185_
Tones, _29_. Le$s apt to procure $leep, then
# Sounds, _31_. The cau$e why # _ibid_.
Tongue $heweth readily inward Di$ea$es # _141_
_Torpedo Marina_ # _212_
Tough Bodies, _180, 181_. The cau$e # _ibid_.
Tran$mi$$ion of Spirits, _198_. & _in $eq_. Eight
# kindes of tran$mi$sion of $pirits, _199_,
# _200, 201_. As of the airy parts of bodies,
# _ibid_. Of $piritual species, _ibid_. Of $pi-
# rits cau$ing Attraction, _ibid_. Of $pirits
# working by the Primitive Nature of Mat-
# ter, _ibid_. Of the $pirits of the Minde of
# Man, _ibid_. Of the Inftuxes of the Hea-
# venly bodies, _ibid_. In operations of Sym-
# pathy, _ibid_. By $ympathy of individuals
# _ibid_.
Trees planted warm, _90_. Hou$ing of them,
# _92_. Heap of Flint laid at the bottom,
# helpeth the growth, _93_. Shaking hurteth
# the young Tree, a grown Tree not, _ibid_.
# Cutting away of Suckers, helpeth them,
# _ibid_. How to plant a Tree that may grow
# fair in one year, _94_. Helped by boring a
# hole through the beart of the Stock, _ibid_.
# By $litting the Roots, _ibid_. By spreding
# upon a wall, _ibid_. By plucking off $ome
# Leaves, _ibid_. By digging yearly about the
# Root, _95_. By applying new Moulds, _ibid_.
# Byremoving to better Earth, _ibid_. By $li-
# cing their Bark, _ibid_. In $ome kindes by
# $hade, _ibid_. By $etting the Kernels or
# Stones in a Squil growing, _ibid. 96_. By
# pulling off $ome Blo$$oms, _ibid_. By cutting
# off the top, when they begin to bud, _97_. By
# boaring them through the Trunck, and
# putting in wedges of hot Woods, _ibid_. By
# $everal applications to the Roots, _ibid_. By
# Terebration again. _98_. The cau$e thereof,
# _ibid_. By letting them blood, _ibid_. Grow
# be$t fenced from Sun and Wind, _99_. Cau$es
# of their Barrenne$s, _ibid_. Helps to make
# Trees fruitful, _100_. Tree blown up by the
# Roots, and replaced, proved fruitful, _95_.
# Tryal of watering a Tree with warm wa-
# ter, _97_. Trees that grow be$t without graft-
# ing, _ibid_. Fruit-tree grafted upon a moi-
# $ter $tock, will grow larger, _97_. Trees re-
# moved to be coafted as before, _ibid_. Lower
# Boughs bring the bigger Fruit # _ibid_.
Trees apparelled with Flowers, _108_. Form-
# ing of Trees into $everal $hapes # _ibid_.
Tran$mutation of Trees and Plants, _110_.
# Six de$ignations thereof # _ibid. 112, 113_
Trees in Copice-woods grow more $traight,
# _113_. The cau$e thereof # _ibid_.
Trees full of heat, grow tall,_ibid_. Thecau$e,
# _ibid_. How to Dwarf Trees # _ibid_.
Trees that are VVinders, _113_. The cau$e
# thereof # _ibid_.
[0267]contained in the$e Centuries.
Trees moi$ter yield le$s Mo$s, _114_. The cau$e
# _ibid_.
Trees in Clay-grounds apt to gather Mo$s,
# _ibid_. The cau$e # _ibid_.
Trees Hide-bound bring forth Mo$s # _ibid_.
Treesthat ripen late$t blo$$om earlie$t # _119_
Trees that la$t longe$t, _120_. viz. The large$t
# of body, _ibid_. such as bring Ma$t or Nuts,
# _ibid_. Such as bring forth Leaves late,
# and $hed them late, _ibid_. Such as are often
# cut # _ibid_.
Trees with $cattered bough@, _121_. with up-
# right boughs, _ibid_. The cau$e of each
# _ibid_.
Tree _Indian_ with Leaves of great largene$s,
# and Fruit without $talks # _127_
Tree in _Per$ia_ nouri$hed with Salt-water
# _ibid. 128_
Trees commonly fruitful, but each other
# year # _130_
Trees bearing be$t on the lower boughs, _131_.
# others on the higher boughs, _ibid_. The
# cau$e of each, _ibid_. Such as bear be$t when
# they are old, _131_. Others when they are
# young, _ibid_. The cau$e of each # _ibid_.
Trembling in $hadows # _190_
Tryals for whole$ome Airs # _164_
Tuft of Mo$s on a Briar-bu$h # _117_
_Tu<007>ks_ great $itters, _156_. to them, Bathing
# good # _ibid_.
Twice a year Fruits # _119_
Tying of the Point # _192, 193_
Tyranny over Mens Under$tandings and Be-
# liefs much affected # _215_
_V_.
_V_Apor of Charl-coal, or of Sea coal, or of
# a Room new pla$tred, mortal # _202_
Vapors which taken outwaraly, would con-
# den$e the Spirits # _203_
Vegetables rotting upon the ground, a good
# Compo$t, _223_. Several in$tances thereof
# _ibid_.
Venous Bodies # _180_
_Venus, 142_. Inexce$s dimeththe $ight, _ibid_.
# The Act of it. Men more inclined in
# winter, women in Summer # _143_
Vermine frighted with the Head of a VVoolf
# _210_
_Ve$uvius_ # _165_
Vines made fruitful by applying the Kernels
# of Grapes to the Roots, _10_. The cau$e
# thereof, _ibid_. Made to $prout $uddenly
# with Nitre, _96_. Love not the Colewort,
# _110_. Vine-Trees, _128, 129_. Anciently
# of great bodies, _ibid_. Atough wood dry,
# _ibid_. Vines in $ome places, not propped
# _125_
Vine grafted upon Vine # _136_
Vinegar # _194_
Violet-Vinegar # _4_
Vi$ibles hitherto, the $ubject of Knowledge,
# _26_. Mingle not in the _Medium_ as Au-
# dibles do, _53_. The cau$e thereof, _ibid_. se-
# veral con$ents of Vi$ibles and Audibles,
# _58_. Several Di$$ents of Vi$ibles and Au-
# dibles, _60, 61_. Vi$ible Species, _160_. Vi-
# $ibles and Audibles, _204_. Two Lights of
# the $ame bigne$s, will not make things be
# $een as far again as one, _54_. The cau$e
# thereof # _ibid_.
Vi$ual Spirits infecting # _202, 203_
Vitrial # _127_
Vivification, _73, 74_. The $everal things re-
# quired to Vivification, _143_. The Proce$s
# of it # _ibid. 194, 195_
Vlcers in the Leg, harder to cure then in the
# Head, _166_. The cau$e, _ib_. Difference of
# curing them in a French-man, and an
# Engli$h-man # _ibid_.
Unbarkt Branch of a Tree being $et, hatb
# grown, _134_. Barkt will not # _ib_.
_Unguentum Teli_ # _200_
Union, the force thereof in Natural Bodies,
# _24_. Appetite of Union in Natural Bodies,
# _64_. Appeareth in three kindes of Bodies
# _ibid_.
Voice, the $hrilne$s thereof, _43_. In whom
# e$pecially, _ibid_. VVhy changed at years of
# Puberty, _ibid_. Labor and Intention, con-
# duceth much to imit ate Voices, _56_. Imi-
# tation of Voices, as if they were at di$tance
# _ibid_.
Vrine in quantity, a great hinderer of Nou-
# ri$hment # _14_
_W_.
_W_Armth, a $pecial means to make
# ground fruitful # _123, 124_
Warts taken away by Lard or an Elder $tick
# con$uming # _213_
Water thickned in a Cave, _20_. Changed
# $uddenly into Air, _24_. Choice of waters,
# _86_. By weight, _ibid_. By boiling, _ibid_. By
# longest lasting, imputrefied, _ibid_. By
# making Drinks $tronger, _ibid_. By bearing
# Soap, _ibid_. By the places where they are
# congregated, _87_. By the Soil, _ibid_. wa-
# ters $weet, not to be tructed, _ibid_. well-
# water, _ibid_. water putteth forth Herbs
# without Roots, _117_. water alone will
# cau$e Plants to $prout, _ibid_. well-water
# warmer in winter then in Summer, _191_.
# water ri$ing in a Ba$on by means of Flames
# _192_
Water hot, and Fire, heat differently, # _104_.
[0268]A Table of the chief Matters
# Water cooleth Air, and moi$teneth it not
# _187, 188_
Water may be the _Medium_ of Sounds, _167_.
# watry moi$ture enduceth Putrefaction, _74_.
# Turning watry $ub$tances into oily, _79_. A
# great work in Nature, _ibid_. Four in$tan-
# ces thereof, _ibid. 80_. wrought by Dige$ti-
# on, _ibid_. watering of Grounds, a great
# help to fruitfulne$s, _123, 124_. Cautions
# therein, _ibid_. Means to water them # _ibid_.
Water-Cre$$es # _78_
Weapon anointed # _213_
Weight of the Di$$olution of Iron in Aqua-
# _fortis_ # _166_
Wheat $et # _95, 96_
White, a penurious colour, _24, 25_. In Flow-
# ers, _108_. commonly more inodorate then
# other colours, _ibid_. The cau$e, _ibid_. white
# more delicate in Berries, _109_. The eau$e
# thereof, _ibid_. Not $o commonly in Fruits,
# _ibid_. The cau$e thereof # _ibid_.
White Gunpowder # _42, 43_
Whole$ome $eats, _164_. Tryal for them, _173_.
# Moist Air, not good, _ibid_. Inequality of
# Air, naught # _ibid_.
Wilde-fires, why water will not quench them
# _165_
Wilde Herbs $hew the nature of the Ground
# _135_
Winds southern, di$po$e Mens bodies to hea-
# vine$s, _81_. winds Southern without Rain
# fevori$h # _166_
Winds gathered for fre$hne$s, _164_. Prog-
# no$ticks of winds # _174_
Winding Trees # _113_
Wine burnt, 5. Wine how to be u$ed in Con-
# $umptions, _14_. Wine, for what Bodies
# good, for what burtful, _153_. wine cor-
# rected, that it may not fume # _165_
Wine new, pre$ently made potable # _139_
Wine and water, $eparated by weight, _3, 4_.
# Tryal hereof in two Gla$$es, _ibid_. When
# it will operate, and when not, _ibid_. Spirit
# of wine burnt, _82_. Mingled with wax,
# the operation of it # _ibid_.
Winter and summer $ukne$$es, _84_. Signs of
# a cold winter, _155, 174_. winter Sleepers
# _194_
Witches, _198, 199_. work most by Imagi-
# nation and Fancy, _ibid. 203_. Witches
# Oyntment # _210_
# Woolf-guts applied to the belly, care the
# Collick, _ibid_. Head hanged up frighteth
# Vermin # _ibid_.
Wonder, _151_. The Impre$$ions thereof # _ibid_.
Wood $hining in the dark # _77, 78_
Wood-$ear # _104_
Wool attractive of Water, _20, 25_. Through
# a Ve{$s}el # _ibid_.
World, $uppo$ed by $ome to be a Living Crea-
# ture # _197, 198_
Worms foretel Rain # _176_
Wounds, $ome applications to them,_139_
# wounds made with Bra$s, ea$ier to cure
# then tho$e made with Iron # _166_
Wri$ts have a $ympathy with the Head, and
# other parts # _25_
_Y_.
_Y_Awning hindereth Hearing, _62_. The
# cau$e, _ibid_. It {is} a motion of Imitation,
# _65_. In yawning, dangerous to pick the
# Ear # _140_
Years $teril, cau$e Corn to degenerate # _111_
Yellow colour in Herbs # _109_
Young Trees, which bear be$t # _131_
_Z_.
_Z_One Torrid, le{$s} tolerable for Heats then
# the Æquinoctial, _87_. Three cau$es
# thereof # _ibid_.
[0269]
His Lord$hips u$ual Receipt for the _Gout_ (to which, the
Sixtieth Experiment hath reference) wasthis.
Tobe taken in this order.
_1_. The Poultice.
<006>. Of Manchet, about three Ounces, the Crum onely, thin cut; let it be boiled
# in Milk till it grow to a Pulp; add in the end, a Dram and a half of the Powder
# of Red Ro$es.
Of Saffron ten Grains.
Of Oyl of Ro$es an Ounce.
Let it be $pred upon a Linnen Cloth, and applied luke-warm, and continued
# for three hours $pace.
_2_. The Bath or Fomentation.
<006>. Of Sage-Leaves, half an handful.
Of the Root of Hemlock $liced, $ix Drams.
Of Briony Roots, half an Ounce.
Of the Leaves of Red Ro$es, two Pugils.
Let them be boiled in a Pottle of Water wherein Steel hath been quenched,
# till the Liquor come to a Quart; after the $training, put in half an handful
# of Bay-Salt.
Let it be u$ed with Scarlet-Cloth, or Scarlet-Wool, dipped in the Liquor
# hot, and $o renewed $even times; all in the $pace of a quarter of an hour
# or little more.
_3_. The Plai$ter.
<006>. _Empla$trum Diacalcitbeos_, as much as is $ufficient for the part you mean to
# cover; let it be di$$olved with Oyl of Ro$es in $uch a con$i$tence as will
# $tick, and $pred upon a piece of Holland, and applied.
[0270]
[0271]
HISTORY
Natural and Experimental
OF
LIFE & DEATH:
OR,
Of the Prolongation of LIFE.
Written in Latin by the Right Honorable
FRANCIS Lord _Verulam_,
Vi$count St. _Albans_.
LONDON,
Printed for _VVilliam Lee_ at the Turks-head
in _Fleet$treet_. 1669.
[0272]
[0273]
_TO THE READER_.
IAm to give Adverti$ement, that
there came forth of late a _Tran$lation_
of this _Book_ by an unknown _Per$on_,
who though he wished well to the
propagating of his _Lord$hips Works_,
yet he was altogether unacquainted with his
_Lord$hips_ $tile and manner of Expre$$ions, and
$o published a _Tran$lation_ lame and defective in
the whole. Whereupon I thought fit to re-
commend the $ame to be tran$lated anew by a
more diligent and zealous Pen, which hath $ince
travelled in it; and though it $till comes short
of that lively and incomparable Spirit and Ex-
pre$$ion, which lived and died with the _Author_,
yet I dare avouch it to be much more warrant-
able and agreeable then the former. It is true,
this _Book_ was not intended to have been pub-
lished in _Engli$h_; but $eeing it hath been already
made free of that _Language_, what$oever benefit
or delight may redound from it, I commend the
$ame to the _Courteous_ and _Judicious Reader_.
W. R.
[0274]
To the pre$ent Age and Po$terity,
Greeting.
A_Lthough I had ranked the_ Hi$tory of
Life and Death _as the la$t among $t my_
S<007>x Monethly De$ignations; _yet I_
_have thought fit, in re$pect of the prime u$e_
_thereof, (in which the lea$t lo{$s} of time ought_
_to be e$teemed precious) to invert that order, and to $end it_
_forth in the $econd place. For I have hope, and wi$h, that it_
_may conduce to a common good; and that the Nobler $ort of_
Phy$icians _will advance their thoughts, and not employ their_
_times wholly in the $ordidne{$s} of_ Cures, _neither be honored_
_for_ Nece$$ity _onely, but that they will become_ Coadju-
tors _and_ In$truments _of the_ Divine Omnipotence
_and_ Clemency _in_ Prolonging _and_ Renewing _the_
Life of Man; _e$pecially $eeing I pre$cribe it to be done by_
_$afe, and convenient, and civil ways, though hitherto una$$ayed_.
_For though we_ Chri$tians _do continually a$pire and pant_
_after the_ Land of Promi$e; _yet it will be a token of_
Gods _favor towards us, in our journeyings through this_
Worlds Wilderne$s, _to have our_ Shoes _and_ Gar-
ments (_I mean tho$e of our frail_ Bodies) _little worn or_
_impaired_.
FR. St. ALBANS.
[0275]
THE
HISTORY
OF
Life and Death.
_The Preface_.
IT is an ancient $aying and complaint, That _Life_ is
$hort and _Art_ long; wherefore it behoveth us, who
make it our chiefe$t aim to perfect _Arts_, to take up-
on us the con$ideration of _Prolonging Mans Life_,
_G O D_, the _Author_ of all _Truth_ and _Life_, pro$per-
ing our Endeavors. For though the _Life_ of _Man_ be
nothing el$e but a ma$s and accumulation of $ins and
$orrows, and they that look for an Eternal Life $et but
light by a Temporary: Yet the continuation of VVorks of Charity ought
not to be contemned, even by us _Christians_. Be$ides, the beloved _Di$ciple_
of our _Lord_ $urvived the other _Di$ciples_; and many of the Fathers of the
Church, e$pecially of the holy Monks and Hermits, were long-lived:
VVhich $hews, that this ble$sing of long life, $o often promi$ed in the Old
Law, had le$s abatement after our _Saviours_ days then other earthly ble$s-
ings had; but to e$teem of this as the chiefe$t good, we are but too
prone. Onely the enquiry is difficult how to attain the $ame; and $o
much the rather, becau$e it is corrupted with fal$e opinions and vain re-
ports: For both tho$e things which the vulgar _Phy$itians_ talk of, _Radical_
_Moi$ture_ and _Natural Heat_, are but meer Fictions; and the immoderate
[0276]_The Preface_.
prai$es of _Chymical Medicines_, fir$t puff up with vain hopes, and then fail
their admirers.
And as for that _Death_ which is cau$ed by Suffocation, Putrefaction, and
$everal Di$ea$es, we$peak not of it now, for that pertains to an _Hi$tory_ o$
_Phy$ick_; but onely o$ that _Death_ which comes by a total decay of the
Body, and the Inconcoction of old Age. Neverthele$s the la$t act of
_Death_, and the very extingui$hing of _Life_ it $elf, which may $o many
ways be wrought outwardly and inwardly (which notwith$tanding have,
as it were, one common Porch be$ore it comes to the point of death) will
be pertinent to beinquired of in this Treati$e; but we re$erve that for the
la$t place.
That which may be repaired by degrees, without a total wa$te of the
fir$t $tock, is potentially eternal, as the _Ve$tal Fire_. There$ore when _Phy_-
_$icians_ and _Philo$ophers_ $aw that living Creatures were nouri$hed and their
Bodies repaired, but that this did la$t onely for a time, and afterwards
came old age, and in the end di$$olution; they $ought Death in $omewhat
which could not properly be repaired, $uppo$ing a _Radical Moi$ture_ in-
capable of $olid reparation, and which, from the fir$t infancy, received
a $purious addition, but no true reparation, whereby it grew daily wor$e
and wor$e, and, in the end, brought the bad to none at all. This con-
ceit of theirs was both ignorant and vain; for all things in living Crea-
tures are in their youth repaired entirely; nay, they are for a time in-
crea$ed in quantity, bettered in quality, $o as the Matter of reparation
might be eternal, if the Manner of reparation did not fail. But this is
the truth of it, There is in the declining of age an unequal reparation;
$ome parts are repaired ea$ily, others with difficulty and to their lo$s; $o
as from that time the Bodies of Men begin to endure the torments of _Me_
_zentius, That the living die in the embraces of the dead_; and the parts ea$ily repair-
able, through their conjunction with the parts hardly repairable, do de-
cay: For the _Spirits, Blood, Flesh_, and _Fat_ are, even after the decline of
years, ea$ily repaired; but the drier and more porous parts (as the
_Membranes_, all the _Tunicles_, the _Sinews, Arteries, Veins, Bones, Cartilages_,
mo$t of the _Bowels_, in a word, almo$t all the _Organical Parts_) are hardly
repairable, and to their lo$s. Now the$e hardly-repairable parts, when they
come to their office of repairing the other which are ea$ily repairable,
finding them$elves deprived of their wonted ability and $trength, cea$e
to per$orm any longer their proper Functions: By which means it comes
to pa$s, that in proce$s of time the whole tends to di$$olution; and even
tho$e very parts which in their own nature are with much ea$e repair-
able, yet through the decay of the Organs of reparation can no more re-
ceive reparation, but decline, and in the end utterly fail. And the cau$e of
the termination of Life is this, for that the _Spirits_, like a gentle flame,
continually preying upon Bodies, con$piring with the outward _Air_, which
is ever $ucking and drying of them, do, in time, de$troy the whole Fa-
brick of the Body, as al$o the particular Engines and Organs thereof,
and make them unable for the work of Reparation. The$e are the true
ways of _Natural Death_, well and faithfully to be revolved in our mindes;
for he that knows not the ways of _Nature_, how can he $uccor her, or turn
her about?
Therefore the _Inqui$ition_ ought to be twofold; the one touching the
_Con$umption_ or _Depredation_ of the Body of Man; the other touching the
_Reparation_ and _Renovation_ of the $ame: To the end, that the former may,
[0277]_The Preface_.
as much as is po$$ible, be forbidden and re$trained, and the latter com-
forted. The former of the$e pertains, e$pecially to the _Spirits_ and outward
_Air_, by which the Depredation and Wa$te is committed; the latter to the
whole race of _Alimentation_ or _Nourishment_, whereby the Renovation or
Re$titution is made. And as for the former part touching _Con$umption_,
this hath many things common with _Bodies Inanimate_, or without life. For
$uch things as the _Native Spirit_ (which is in all tangible Bodies, whether
living or without life) and the ambient or external Air worketh upon
Bodies Inanimate, the $ame it attempteth upon Animate or Living Bodies;
although the _Vital Spirit_ $uperadded, doth partly break and bridle tho$e
operations, partly exalt and advance them wonder$ully. For it is mo$t
manife$t that Inanimate Bodies (mo$t of them) will endure a long time
without any Reparation; but Bodies Animate without Food and Repara-
tion $uddenly fall and are ektingui$hed, as the Fire is. So then, our _Inqui$ition_
$hall be double. Fir$t, we will con$ider the Body of Man as Inanimate, and
not repaired by _Nourishment_: Secondly, as _Animate_ and repaired by _Nourish_-
_ment_. Thus having Prefaced the$e things, we come now to the _Topick_ places
of _Inqui$ition_.
[0278]
[0279]
THE
Particular Topick Places;
OR,
ARTICLES of INQUISITION
TOUCHING
LIFE and DEATH.
FIr$t, inquire of _Nature durable_, and _Not durable_, in Bodies Inani-
1.
mate or without Life, as al$o in Vegetables; but that not in a
large or ju$t Treati$e, but as in a Brief or Summary onely.
Al$o inquire diligently of _De$iccation, Arefaction_, and _Con_-
2.
_$umption_ of _Bodies Inanimate_, and of _Vegetables_; and of the
ways and proce$$es, by which they are done; and further, of
Inhibiting and Delaying of _De$iccation, Arefaction_, and _Con_-
_$umption_, and of the _Con$ervation of Bodies_, in their proper $tate;
and again, of the _Inteneration, Emollition_, and _Recovery of Bodies_ to their former fre$h-
ne$s, after they be once dryed and withered.
Neither need the _Inqui$ition_ touching the$e things, to be full or exact, $eeing they
pertain rather to their proper Title of _Nature durable_; $eeing al$o, they are not Princi-
pals in this _Inqui$ition_, but $erve onely to give light to the _Prolongation_ and _Instauration_
of _Life_ in _Living creatures_. In which (as was $aid before) the $ame things come to pa$s,
but in a particular manner. So from the _Inqui$ition_ touching _Bodies Inanimate_ and _Vege_-
_tables_, let the _Inqui$ition_ pa$s on to other _Living Creatures_ be$ides _Man_.
Inquire touching the _length_ and _$hortne$s of Life_ in _Living Creatures_, with the due
3.
circum$tances which make mo$t for their long or $hort lives.
But becau$e the _Duration of Bodies_ is twofold, One in _Identity_, or the $elf $ame
4.
$ub$tance, the other by a _Renovation_ or _Reparation_; whereof the former hath place onely
in _Bodies Inanimate_, the latter in _Vegetables_ and _Living Creatures_, and is perfected by
_Alimentation_ or _Nouri$hment_; therefore it will be fit to inquire of _Alimentation_, and
of the ways and progre$$es thereof; yet this not exactly, (becau$e it pertains properly
to the Titles of _A$$imilation_ and _Alimentation_) but, as the re$t, in progre$s onely.
From the _Inqui$ition_ touching _Living Creatures_, and _Bodies_ repaired by _Nouri$h_-
_ment_, pa$s on to the _Inqui$ition_ touching _Man_. And now being come to the principal
$ubject of _Inqui$ition_, the _Inqui$ition_ ought to be in all points more preci$e and accu-
rate.
Inquire touching the _length_ and _$hortne$s of Life_ in _Men_, according to the _Ages_ of
5.
the _World_, the $everal _Regions, Climates_, and _Places_ of their _Nativity_ and _Habitation_.
Inquire touching the _length_ and _$hortne$s of Life_ in _Men_, according to their _Races_
6.
and _Families_, as if it were a thing hereditary; al$o according to their _Complexions, Con_-
_$titutions_, and _Habits_ of _Body_, their _Statures_, the _manner_ and _time_ of their growth, and
the making and compo$ition of their _Members_.
Inquire touching the _length_ and _$hortne$s of Life_ in _Men_, according to the times of
7.
their _Nativity_; but $o, as you omit for the pre$ent all _A$trological_ ob$ervations, and the
_Figures_ of _Heaven_, under which they were born; onely in$i$t upon the vulgar and
[0280]_The Hi$tory of Life and Death_.
manife$t Ob$ervations; as whether they were born in the Seventh, Eighth, Ninth, or
Tenth Moneth, al$o, whether by Night or by Day, and in what Moneth of the Year.
Inquire touching the _Length_ and _Shortne$s of Life in Men_, according to their _Fare_,
8.
_Diet, Government_ of their _Life, Exerci$es_, and the like. For as for the _Air_, in which
Men live and make their abode, we account that proper to be inquired of in the above-
$aid _Article_, touching the places of their _Habitation_.
Inquire touching the _Length_ and _Shortne$s of Life in Men_, according to their _Stu_-
9.
_dies_, their $everal _Cour$es of Life_, the _Affections_ of the _Minde_, and divers _Accidents_ befal-
ling them.
Inquire apart touching tho$e _Medicines_ which are thought to prolong _Life_.
10.
Inquire touching the _Signs_ and _Prognosticks of long and $hort life_; not tho$e which
11.
betoken _Death_ at hand, (for they belong to an _History of Phy$ick_) but tho$e which are
$een and may be ob$erved even in Health, whether they be Phy$iognomical $igns, or any
other.
Hitherto have been propounded _Inqui$itions_ touching _Length_ and _Shortne$s of Life_,
be$ides the _Rules_ of _Art_, and in a confu$ed manner; now we think to add $ome, which
$hall be more _Art-like_, and tending to practice, under the name of _Intentions_. Tho$e
_Intentions_ are generally three: As for the particular Di$tributions of them, we will pro-
pound them when we come to the _Inqui$ition_ it $elf. The three general _Intentions_ are,
the _Forbidding of Wa$te and Con$umption_, the _Perfecting of Reparation_, and the _Renewing_
_of Oldne$s_.
Inquire touching tho$e things which con$erve and exempt the Body of Man $rom
12.
_Arefaction_ and _con$umption_, at lea$t which put off and protract the inclination thereunto.
Inquire touching tho$e things which pertain to the whole proce$s of _Alimentation_,
13.
(by which the Body of Man is repaired) that it may be good, and with the be$t im-
provement.
Inquire touching tho$e things which purge out the _old Matter_, and $upply with new;
14.
as al$o which do Intenerate and Moi$ten th@$e parts which are already dried and hardned.
But becau$e it will be hard to know the Ways of Death, unle$s we $earch out and
di$cover the _Seat_, or _Hou$e_, or rather _Den of Death_, it will be convenient to make In-
qui$ition of this thing; yet not of every kinde of _Death_, but of tho$e _Deaths_ which
are cau$ed by want and indigence of Nouri$hment, not by violence; for they are tho$e
_Deaths_ onely which pertain to a decay of Nature, and meer old Age.
Inquire touching the Point of Death, and the Porches of Death, leading thereun-
15.
to from all parts, $o as that Death be cau$ed by a decay of Nature, and not by Vio-
lence.
La$tly, becau$e it is behoveful to know the Character and Form of _Old Age_, which
will then be$t be done, if you make a _Collection_ of all the _Differences_, both in the State
and Functions of the Body, betwixt _Youth_ and _Old Age_, that by them you may ob$erve
what it is that produceth $uch manifold _Effects_; let not this Inqui$ition be omitted.
Inquire diligently touching the _Differences_ in the _State_ of the _Body_ and _Faculties_ of
16.
the _Minde_ in _Youth_ and _Old Age_; and whether there be any that remain the $ame with-
17.
out alteration or abatement in _Old Age_.
_Nature Durable, and not Durable_.
_The History_.
M_Etals_ are of that long la$ting, that Men cannot trace the beginnings of
_To the fir$t_
_Article_.
them; and when they do decay, they decay through _Ru$t_, not through per-
$piration into Air; yet _Gold_ decays neither way.
1.
_Quick-$ilver_, though it be an humid and fluid Body, and ea$ily made
2.
volatile by Fire; yet (as far as we have ob$erved) by Age alone, without Fire, it neither
wa$teth nor gathereth Ru$t.
_Stones_, e$pecially the harder $ort of them, and many other Fo$$iles, are of long
3.
[0281]_The Hi$tory of Life and Death_.
ing, and that though they be expo$ed to the open air; much more if they be buried
in the earth. Notwith$tanding _Stones_ gather a kind of _Nitre_, which is to them in$tead
of _Ru$t. Precious Stones_ and _Cry$tals_ exceed _Metalls_ in long la$ting; but then they
grow dimmer and le$s Orient, if they be very old.
It is ob$erved, that _Stones_ lying to wards the North do $ooner decay with age than
4.
tho$e that lie to ward the South; and that appears manife$tly in _Pyramids_, and _Churches_,
and other ancient _Buildings_: contrariwi$e, in _Iron_, that expo$ed to the South, gathers
_Ru$t_ $ooner, and that to the North later; as may be $een in the _Iron-bars_ of windows.
And no marvel, $eeing in all putrefaction (as _Ru$t_ is) Moi$ture ha$tens Di$$olutions;
in all $imple Arefaction, Drine$s.
In _Vegetables_, (we $peak of $uch as are fell’d, not growing) the Stocks or Bodies of
5.
harder _Trees_, and the Timber made of them, la$t divers ages. Butthen there is diffe-
rence in the bedies of Trees: $ome Trees are in a manner $pongy, as the _Elder_, in which
the pith in the mid$t is $oft, and the outward part harder; but in Timber-trees, as the
_Oak_, the inner part (which they call _Heart of Oak_) la$teth longer.
The _Leaves_, and _Flowers_, and _Stalks_ of _Plants_ are but of $hort la$ting, but di$$olve into
6.
du$t, unle$s they putrefie: the _Roots_ are more durable.
The _Bones_ of living Creatures la$t long, as we may $ee it of mens bones in Charnel-
7.
hou$es: _Horns_ al$o la$t very long; $o do _Teeth_, as it is $een in _Ivory_, and the _Sea-hor$e_
Teeth.
_Hides_ al$o and _Skins_ endure very long, as is evident in old _Parchment-books: Paper_
8.
likewi$e will la$t many ages, though not$olong as _Parchment_.
Such _things_ as have _pa$$ed the Fire_ la$t long, as _Gla$s_ and _Bricks_; likewi$e _Fle$h_ and
9.
_Fruits_ that have _pa$$ed the Fire_ la$t longer than _Raw_: and that not onely becau$e the
Baking in the Fire forbids putrefaction; but al$o becau$e the watry humour being drawn
forth, the oily humour $upports it $elf the longer.
_Water_ of all Liquors is $oone$t drunk up by _Air_, contrariwi$e _Oil_ late$t; which we
10.
may $ee not onely in the _Liquors_ them$elves, but in the _Liquors_ mixt with other Bodies:
for _Paper_ wet with water, and $o getting $ome degree of tran$parency, will $oon after
wax white, and lo$e the tran$parency again, the watry vapour exhaling; but oiled _Paper_
will keep the tran$parency long, the _Oil_ not being apt to exhale_:_ And therefore they
that counterfeit mens hands, will lay the oiled paper upon the writing they mean to
counterfeit, and then a$$ay to draw the lines.
_Gums_ all of them la$t very long; the like do _wax_ and _Honey_.
11.
But the _equal_ or _unequal_ u$e of things conduceth no le$s to long la$ting or $hort la$t-
12.
ing, than the things them$elves; for _Timber_, and _Stones_, and other _Bodies_, $tanding con-
tinually in the _water_, or continually in the _air_, la$t longer than if they were $ometimes
wet, $ometimes dry: and $o _Stones_ continue longer, if they be laid towards the $ame
coa$t of Heaven in the Building that they lay in the Mine. The $ameis of _Plants_ re-
moved, if they be coa$ted ju$t as they were before.
_Ob$ervations_.
L _Et this be laid for a_ Foundation, _which is mo$t $ure, That there is in every Tangible_
1.
_body a_ Spirit, _or body_ Pneumatical, _enclo$ed and covered with the Tangible parts;_
_And that from this_ Spirit _is the beginning of all Di$$olution and Con$umption, $o as_
_the Antidote again$t them is the detaining of this_ Spirit.
_This_ Spirit _is detained two ways: either by a_ $treight Inclo$ure, _as it were in a Pri_-
_2._
_$on: or by a kind of_ free _and_ voluntary Detention. _Again, this_ voluntary $tay _is_
_per$waded two ways: either if the_ Spirit _it $elf be not to moveable or eager to depart_;
_or if the external_ Air _importune it not too much to come forth. So then, two $orts of_
_Sub$tances are durable_, Hard Sub$tances, _and_ Oily: Hard Sub$tance _binds in the_
Spirits _clo$e_; Oily _partly enticeth the_ Spirit _to stay, partly is of that nature that it is_
_not importuned by_ Air; _for_ Air _is con$ub$tantial to_ Water, _and_ Flame _to_ Oil. _And_
_touching_ Nature Durable _and_ not Durable _in_ Bodies Inanimate, _thus much_.
The Hi$tory.
H_Erbs_ of the _colder $ort_ die yearly both in Root and Stalk; as _Lettice, Pur$tane_;
13.
al$o _VVheat_ and all kind of _Corn_: yet there are $ome _cold Herbs_ which will la$t
[0282]_The Hi$tory of Life and Death._
three or four years; as the _Violet, Straw-berry, Burnet, Prim-ro$e_, and _Sorrel_. But _Borage_
and _Buglo$@_, which $eem $o alike when they are alive, differ in their deaths; for _Borage_
will la$t but one year, _Buglo$s_ will la$t more.
But many _hot Herbs_ bear their age and years better; _Hy{$s}op, Thyme, Savory, Pot-mar-_
14.
_joram, Balm, Wormwood, Germander, Sage_, and the like. _Fennel_ dies yearly in the $talk,
buds again from the root_:_ but _Pul$e_ and _Sweet-marjoram_ can better endure age than
winter; for being $et in a very warm place and wel-fenced, they will live more than
one year. It is known, that a knot of _H@$$op_ twice a year $horn hath continued forty
years.
_Bu$hes_ and _Shrubs_ live three$core years, and $ome double as much. A _Vine_ may at-
15.
tain to three$core years, and continue fruitful in the old age. _Ro$e-mary_ well placed
will come al$o to three$core years; but _white Thorn_ and _Ivy_ endure above an hundred
years. As for the _Bramble_, the age thereof is not certainly known, becau$e bowing
the head to the ground it gets new roots, $o as you cannot di$tingui$h the old from
the new.
Among$t great _Trees_ the longe$t livers are the _Oak_, the _Holm, Wild a$h_, the _Elm_,
16.
the _Beech-tree_, the _Che$-nut_, the _Plane-tree, Ficus Ruminal{is}_, the _Lote tree_, the _wild-_
_olive_, the _Palm-tree_ and the _Mulberry-tree_, Of the$e, $ome have come to the age of
eight hundred years; but the lea$t livers of them do attain to two hundred.
But _Trees Odorate_, or that have $weet woods, and _Trees Rozennie_, la$t longer in their
17.
Woods or Timber than tho$e above-$aid, but they are not $o long-liv’d; as the _Cypre$s-_
_tree, Maple, Pine, Box, Juniper_. The _Cedar_ being born out by the vaftne$s of his body,
lives well-near as long as the former.
The _A$h_, fertile and forward in bearing, reacheth to an hundred years and $omewhat
18.
better; which al$o the _Birch, Maple_, and _Sirvice-tree_ $ometimes do: but the
_Poplar, Lime-tree, Willow_, and that which they call the _Sycomore_, and _walnut-tree_, live
not $olong.
The _Apple-tree, Pear-tree, Plum-tree, Pomegranate-tree, Citron-tree, Medlar-tree,_
19.
_Black cherry-tree, Cherry-tree_, may attain to fifty or $ixty years; e$pecially if they be
clean$ed from the Mo$s wherewith $ome of them are cloathed.
Generally, greatne$s of body in trees, if other things be equal, hath $ome congruity
20.
with _length_ of _life_; $o hath _hardne$s_ of _$ub$tance:_ and trees bearing _Ma$t_ or _Nuts_ are
commonly longer livers than trees bearing _Fruit_ or _Berries_: like wi$e trees putting forth
their leaves late, and $hedding them late again, live longer than tho$e that are early
either in leaves or fruit: the like is of _wild-trees_ in compari$on of _Orchard-trees_ And
la$tly, in the $ame kind, trees that bear a _$owr fruit_ out-live tho$e that bear a _$weet_
_fruit_.
An Ob$ervation.
_ARi$totle_ noted well the difference between _Plants_ and _living Creatures,_ in re$pect of
their _Nouri$hment_ and _Reparation_: Namely, that the _bodies_ of _living Creatures_
are confined within certain _bounds,_ and that after they be come to their full _growth_ they
are continued and pre$erved by _Nouri$hment,_ but they put forth nothing new except _Hair_
and _Nails,_ whish are counted for no better than _Excrements;_ $o as the _juice_ of _living_
_creatures_ mu$t of nece$$ity $ooner wax old: but in Trees, which put forth yearly new _boughs,_
new _$hoots,_ new _leaves,_ and new _fruits,_ it comes to pa$s that all the$e parts in _Trees_ are
once a year young and renewed. Now it being $o, that what$oever is fre$h and young
draws the _Nouri$hment_ more lively and chearfully to it than that which is decayed andold,
it happens withall, that the _$tock_ and _body_ of the _tree,_ through which the _$ap_ pa$$eth to the
_branches,_ is refre$hed and cheared with a more bountiful and vigorous _nouri$h ment_ in the
pa$$age than otherwi$e it would have been. And this appears manifest (though _Ari$totle_
noted it not, neither hath be expre$$ed the$e things $o clearly and per$picuou$ly) in _Hedges,_
_Cop$es,_ and _Pollards,_ when the _pla$hing, $hedding,_ or _lopping_ comforteth the old _$tem_ or
_$tock,_ and maketh it more flouri$hing and longer-liv’d.
[0283]_The Hi$tory of Life and Death_.
De$iccation, Prohibiting of De$iccation, and In-teneration of that which
is de$iccated and dried.
The Hi$tory.
F_Ire_ and _$trong Heats dry_ $ome things, and _melt_ others.
_To the $e_-
_cond Arti_-
_cle_.
_Limus ut bic dure$cit, & hæc ut Cera lique$cit, Vno eodemque Igne_?
_How this Clay is hardned, and how this wax is melted, with one and the $ame thing_,
_Fire_? It drieth _Earth, Stones, wood, Cloth_, and _Skins_, and what$oever is not _liquefiable_;
1.
and it melteth _Metalls, wax, Gums, Butter, Tallow_, and the like.
Notwith$tanding, even in tho$e things which the _fire_ melteth, if it be very vehement
2.
and continueth, it doth at la$t dry them. For _metal_ in a $trong _fire_, (_Gold_ onely ex-
cepted) the _volatile_ part being gone forth, will become le$s ponderous and more brit-
tle; and tho$e _oily_ and _fat $ub$tances_ in the like _fire_ will burn up, and be dried and
parched.
_Air_, e$pecially _open Air_, doth manife$tly _dry_, but not _melt:_ as _High-ways_, and the
3.
upper part of the Earth, moi$tned with $howers, are _dried; linnen clothes_ wa$hed, if they
be hang’d out in the _air_, are like wi$e _dried; herbs_, and _leaves_, and _flowers_, laid forth in
the $hade, are _dried_. But much more $uddenly doth the _Air_ this, if it be either en-
lightned with the _Sun-beams_, ($o that they cau$e no putrefaction) or if the _air_ be $tir-
red, as when the _wind_ bloweth, or in _rooms open_ on all $ides.
_Age_ mo$t of all, but yet $lo we$t of all, _drieth_; as in all bodies which (if they be not
4.
prevented by putrefaction) are _drie_ with _Age_. But _age_ is nothing of it $elf, being
onely the mea$ure of _time_; that which cau$eth the _effect_ is the _native Spirit_ of bodies,
which $ucketh up the moi$ture of the body, and then, together with it, flieth forth;
and the _air ambient_, which multiplieth it $elf upon the _native $pirits_ and _juices_ of the bo-
dy, and preyeth upon them.
_Cold_ of all things mo$t properly _drieth_: for _drying_ is not cau$ed but by _Contraction_;
5.
now _contraction_ is the proper work of _cold_. But becau$e we _Men_ have _heat_ in a high
degree, namely, that of _Fire_, but _cold_ in a very low degree, no other than that of
_VVinter_, or perhaps of _Ice_, or of _Snow_, or of _Nitre_; therefore the _drying_ cau$ed by
_cold_ is but weak, and ca$ily re$olved. Notwith$tanding we $ee the _$urface_ of the _earth_
to be more _dried_ by _Fro$t_, or by _March-winds_, than by the _Sun_, $e@ing the $ame _wind_ both
licketh up the _moi$ture_ and af$ecteth with _coldne$s_.
_Smoak_ is a _drier_;as in _Bacon_ and _Neats tongues_ which are hanged up in the chimneys: and
6.
_Perfumes_ of _Olibanum_, or _Lignum Aloes_, and the like, dry the _Brain_, and cure _Catarrhs_.
_Salt_, after $ome rea$onable continuance, _drieth_, not onely on the out-$ide, but in the
7.
in$ide al$o; as in _Fle$h_ and _Fi$h_ $alted, which if they have cont<007>nued any long time have
a manife$t hardne$s within.
_Hot Gums_ applied to the skin dry and wrinkle it; and $ome _a$tringent waters_ al$o do
8.
the $ame.
_Spirit_ of _$trong waters_ imitateth the _fire_ in _drying_; for it will both potch an Egg put
9.
into it, and toa$t Bread.
_Powders_ dry like _Sponges_ by drinking up the moi$ture, as it is in Sand thrown upon
10.
Lines new written: al$o _$moothne$s_ and _politene$s_ of bodies, (which $uffer not the va-
pour of moi$ture to go in by the pores) _dry_ by accident, becau$e it expo$eth it to the
_air_; as it is $een in _precious Stones, Looking gla$$es_, and _Blades_ of _Swords_, upon which if you
breath, you $hall $ee at fir$t a little mi$t, but $oon after it vani$heth like a cloud. And thus
much for _De$iccation_ or _Drying_.
They u$e at this day in the _East parts_ of _Germany Garners_ in _Vaults_ under gronnd,
11.
wherein they keep _VVheat_ and other _grains_, laying a good quantity of $traw both under
the _grains_ and about them, to $ave them from the dampne$s of the _Vault_; by which
device they keep their grains 20 or 30 years. And this doth not onely pre$erve them
from fu$tine$s, but (that which pertains more to the pre$@nt _inqui$ition_) pre$erves them
al$o in that greenne$s that they are fit and $erviceable to make _bread_. The $ame is reported
to have been in u$e in _Cappadocia_ and _Thracia_, and $ome parts of _Spain_.
The placing of _Garners_ on the tops of hou$es, with windows to wards the Ea$t
12.
and North, is very commodious. Some al$o make two _Sollars_, an upper and a lower;
and the upper _Sollar_ hath an hole it, through which the grain continually de$cen-
deth, like _$and_ in an _hour-gla$s_, and after a few dayes they throw it up again
with $hovels, that $o it may be in continual motion. Now it is to be noted
[0284]_The Hi$tory of Life and Death_.
that this doth not only prevent the Fu$tine$s, but con$erveth the Greene$s, and $lack-
@th the De$iccation of it. The Cau$e is that which we noted before, That the di$charge-
ing of the _VVatry humour_, which is quickned by the _Motion_ and the _VVinds_, pre$erves
the _Oily humour_ in his being, which otherwi$e would fly out together with the _VVatry_
_humour_. Al$o in $ome Mountains, where the _Air_ is very pure, _dead Carka$es_ may be
keptfor a good while without any great decay.
_Fruits_, as _Pomegranates, Citrons, Apples, Pears_, and the like; al$o _Flowers_, as _@o$es_ and
13.
_Lilies_, may be kept a long time in Earthen Ve$$els clo$e $topped: how$oever, they are
not free from the injuries of the outward _Air_, which will affect them with his unequal
Temper through the $ides of the Ve$$el, as it is manife$t in heat and cold. Therefore
it will be good to $top the mouths of the Ve$$els carefully, and to bury them within
the _Earth_; and it will be as good not to bury them in the _Earth_, but to $ink them in the
_VVater_, $o as the place be $hady, as in _VVells_ or _Cisterns_ placed within doors: but tho$e
that be $unk in _Water_ will do better in Gla$s ve$$els than in Earthen.
Generally tho$e things which are kept in the _Earth_, or in _Vaults_ under _ground_, or
14.
in the _bottom_ of a _Well_, will pre$erve their fre$hne$s longer than tho$e things that are
kept above _ground_.
They $ay it hath been ob$erved, that in _Con$ervatories_ of _snow_ (whether they were
15.
in Mountains, in natural Pits, or in Wells made by Art for that purpo$e) an _Apple_, or
_(he$-nut_, or _Nut_, by chance falling in, after many months, when the _Snow_ hath
melted, hath been found in the _Snow_ as fre$h and fair as if it had been gathered the day
before.
Country people keep _Clu$ters_ of _Grapes_ in _Meal_, which though it makes them le$s
16.
plea$ant to the ta$te, yet it pre$erves their moi$ture and fre$hne$s. Al$o the harder $ort
of _Fruits_ may be kept long, not onely in _Meal_, but al$o in _Saw-du$t_, and in _heaps_ of _Corn_.
There is an opinion held, that _Bodies_ may be pre$erved fre$h in _Liquors_ of their own
17.
kind, as in their proper _Men$trua_; as, to keep _Grapes_ in _Wine, Olives_ in _Oil_.
_Pomegranates_ and _Quinces_ are kept long, being lightly dipped in _Sea-water_ or _Salt_-
18.
_water_, and $oon after taken out again, and then dried in the open _Air_, $o it be in the Shade.
Bodies put in _wine, Oil_, or the _Lees_ of _Oil_, keep long; much more in _Hony_ or _Spirit_
19.
of _Wine_; but mo$t of all, as $ome $ay, in _Quick-$ilver_.
_Fruits_ inclo$ed in _Wax, Pitch, Plai$ter, Pa$te_, or any the like Ca$e or Covering,
20.
keep green very long.
It is manife$t that _Flies, Spiders, Ants_, or the like $mall _Creatures_, falling by chance into
21.
_Amber_, or the _Gums_ of _Trees_, and $o finding a burial in them, do never after corrupt or
rot, although they be $oft and tender Bodies.
_Grapes_ are kept long by being hanged up in _Bunches_: the $ame is of other _Fruits_. For
22.
there is a two-fold Commodity of this thing: the one, that they are kept without _pre$-_
_$ing_ or _brui$ing_, which they mu$t needs $uffer if they were laid upon any hard $ub$tance;
the other, that the _Air_ doth encompa$s them on every $ide alike.
It is ob$erved that _Putrefaction_, no le$s than _De$iccation_ in _Vegetablès_, doth not begin
23.
in every part alike, but chiefly in that part where, being alive, it did attract nouri$h-
ment. Therefore $ome advi$e to cover the _$talks_ of _Apples_ or other _Fruits_ with _Wax_
or _Pitch_.
Great _Wieks_ of _Candles_ or _Lamps_ do $ooner con$ume the _Tallow_ or _Oil_ than le$$er
24.
_Wieks_; al$o _Wieks_ of _Cotton_ $ooner than tho$e of _Ru$h_, or _Straw_, or $mall _Twigs_: and
in _Staves_ of _Torches_, tho$e of _Juniper_ or _Firre_ $ooner than tho$e of _A$h_: likewi$e
_Flame moved_ and _fanned_ with the _Wind_ $ooner than that which is _$till_: And therefore
_Candles_ $et in a _Lanthorn_ will la$t longer than in the _open Air_. There is a Tradition, that
_Lamps_ $et in _Sepulchres_ will la$t an ncredible time.
The _Nature_ al$o and _Preparation_ of the _Nouri$hment_ conduceth no le$s to the _la$ting_
25.
of _Lamps_ and _Candles_, than the nature of the _Flame_; for _Wax_ will la$t longer than
_Tallow_, and _Tallow_ a little wet longer than _Tallow_ day, and _Wax candles_ old made
longer than _Wax-candles_ new made.
_Trees_, if you $tir the _Earth_ about their _Root every year_, will continue le$s time;
26.
if once in four, or perhaps in ten years, much longer: al$o _cutting_ off the _Suckers_ and
_young Shoots_ will make them live the longer_:_ but _Dunging_ them, or laying of _Marl_
about their Roots, or much _Watering_ them, adds to their fertility, but cuts off from
their long la$ting. And thus much touching the _Prohibiting_ of _De$iccation_ or _Con-_
_$umption_.
[0285]_The Hi$tory of Life and Death_.
The Inteneration or making tender of that which is dried (which is the chief Mat-
27.
ter) affords but a $mall number of _Experiments_. And therefore $ome few _Experiments_
which are found in Living Creatures, and al$o in _Man_ $hall be joyned together.
_Bands of Willow_, wherewith they u$e to binde Trees, laid in Water, grow more
28.
flexible; likewi$e they put Boughs of Birch (the ends of them) in Earthen Pots filled
with Water, to keep them from withering; and Bowls cleft with dryne$s, $teep’d in
Water, clo$e again.
_Boots_ grown hard and ob$tinate with age, by grea$ing them before the Fire with
29.
Tallow, wax $oft, or being onely held before the Fire get $ome $oftne$s. _Bladders_ and
_Parchments_ hardned al$o become tender with warm Water, mixed with Tallow or any
Fat thing; but much the better, if they be a little chafed.
_Trees_ grown very old, that have $tood long without any culture, by digging and
30.
opening the Earth about the Roots of them, $eem to grow young again, and put forth
young Branches.
_Old Draught Oxen_ worn out with labor, being taken from the yoak, and put into
31.
fre$h Pa$ture, will get young and tender fle$h again, in$omuch, that they will eat as fre$h
and tender as a _Steer_.
A $trict Emaciating Diet of _Guaiacum, B{is}ket_, and the like, (wherewith they u$e to
32.
cure the _French-Pox, Old catarrhs_, and $ome kinde of _Drop$ies_) doth fir$t bring men to
great poverty and leanne$s, by wa$ting the Juices and Humors of the Body; which
after they begin to be repaired again, $eem manife$tly more vigorous and young. Nay,
and I am of opinion, that Emaciating Di$ea$es afterwards well cured, have advanced
many in the way of long life.
Ob$ervations.
MEn _$ee clearly, like_ Owls, _in the_ Night _of their own_ Notions; _but in_ Experience, _as_
1.
_in the_ Day-light _they wink and are but half $ighted. They speak much of the_ Ele-
mentary quality _of_ Siccity _or_ Drine$s, _and of things_ De$iccating, _and of the_ Natural Periods
_of_ Bodies, _in which they are corrupted and con$umed: But mean while, either in the_ begin-
nings, _or_ middle pa$$ages, _or_ la$ts acts _of_ De$iccation _and_ Con$umption, _they ob$erve no-_
_thing that {is} of moment_.
De$iccation _or_ Con$umption _in the proce$s thereof, {is} fini$hed by three_ Actions; _and_
2.
_all th@$e (as was $aid before) have their original from the_ Native Spirit _of_ Bodies.
_The_ fir$t Action _{is}, the_ Attenuation _of the_ Moi$ture _into_ Spirit; _the $econd is, the_
3.
I$$uing forth _or_ flight of the Spirit; _the third {is}, the_ Contraction _of the_ gro$$er parts _of_
_the_ Body _immediately after the_ Spirit _i$$ued forth. And this la$t {is}, that_ De$ic@ation _and_
Induration _which we chiefly bandle; the former two con$ume onely_.
Touching _Attenuation_, the matter is manife$t. For the _Spirit_ which {is} inclo$ed in every
4.
_Tangible Body_ forgets not its nature, but what$oever it meets withal in the Body (in which
it {is} inclo$ed) that it can dige$t and ma$ter, and turn into it $elf, that it plainly alters and
$ubdues, and multiplies it $elf upon it, and begets new _Spirit_. And this evicted by one proof,
in$tead of many; for that tho$e things which are throughly dryed are le{$s}ened in their _weight_,
and become hollow, porous, and re$ounding from within. Now it {is} mo$t certain, that the in-
ward _Spirit_ of any thing, confers nothing to the _weight_, but rather lig'tens it; and there-
fore it mu$t needs be, that the $ame _Spirit_ hath turned into it the moi$ture and juyce of the
_Body_ which weighed before, by which means the _weight_ {is} le$$ened. And this {is} the _fir$t_
_Action_, the _Attenuation_ of the _Moi$ture_, and Converting it into _Spirit_.
_The_ $@cond Action, _which {is} the_ l$$uing forth _or_ Flight of the Spirit, _{is} as manife$t_
5.
_al$o. For that_ i$$uing forth, _when it {is} in throngs, is apparent even to the $en$e; in_ Vapors _to_
_the $ight, in_ Odors _to the $melling; but if it i$$ueth forth $lowly, (as when a thing is decayed_
_by age) then it is not apparent to the $en$e, but the matter is the $ame. Again, where the_
_compo$ure of the Body is either $o $treight or $o tenacious, that the_ Spirit _can finde no pores or_
_pa$$ages by which to depart, then, in the $triving to get out, it drives before it the gro$$er parts_
_of the Body, and protrudes them beyond the $uperficies or $urface of the Body; as it is in the_
_ru$t of_ Metals, _and mould of all_ Fat things. _And this is the_ $econd Action, _the_ I$$uing
forth _or_ Flight of the Spirit.
_The_ third Action _is $omewhat more ob$cure, but full as certain; that is, the_ Con-
6.
traction _of the_ gro$$er parts _after the_ Spirit _i$$ued forth. And this appears, fir$t, in that_
Bodies _after the_ Spirit _i$$ued forth, do manife$tly $hrink, and fill a le$s room; as it is in_
[0286]_The Hi$tory of Life and Death._
the _Kernels of Nuts,_ which after they are dried, are too little for the _Shells_; and in _Beams_
and _Planchers_ of _Hou$es_, which at fir$t lay clo$etogether, but after they are dried, give; and
likewi$e in _Bowls_, which through drought, grow full of cranies, the parts of the _Bowl_ con-
tracting them$elves together, and after _contraction_ mu$t needs be empty spaces. Secondly,
It appears by the wrinkles of _Bodies_ dryed: For the endeavor of _contracting_ it $elf {is} $uch,
that by the _contraction_ it brings the parts nearer together, and $o lifts them up; for what-
$oever {is} _contracted_ on the $ides, {is} lifted up in the mid$t: And th{is} {is} to be $een <007>n _Papers_
and old _Parchments_, and in the _Skins_ of _Living Creatures,_ and in the _Coats_ of $oft _Chee$es_,
all which, with age, gatber wrinkles. Thirdly, This _Contraction_ $hews it $elf mo$t in tho$e
things, which by heat are not onely wrinkled, but ruffled, and plighted, and, as it were, rouled
together; as it {is} in _Papers_, and _Parchments_, and _Leaves_, brought near the fire: For _Con-_
_traction_ by _Age_, which {is} more $low, commonly cau$eth wrinkles; but _Contraction_ by the
_Fire_, which {is} more $peedy, cau$eth plighting. Now in mo$t things where it comes not to
_wrinkling_ or _plighting_, there {is} $imple _Contraction_, and _angu$tiation_ or _$treightning_,
and _induration_ or _hardning_, and _de$iccation_, as was $isewed in the fir$t place. But if the
i$$uing forth of the _Spirit_, and _ab$umption_ or _wa$te_ of the _Moi$ture_ be $o great, that
there {is} not left body $ufficient to unite and contract it $el$, then of nece$$ity _Contraction_
mu$t cea$e, and the Body becomeputrid, and nothing el$e but a little du$t cleaving together,
which with æ light touch {is} disper$ed and falleth a$under; as it {is} in _Bodies_ that are
rotten, and in _Paper burnt,_ and _Linnen_ made into _Tinder_, and _Carka$es_ embalmed after
many ages. And th{is} {is} the third _Action_, the _Contraction_ of the _gro$$er parts_ after the
_Spirit_ i$$ueth forth.
It {is} to be noted, that _Fire_ and _Heat_ dry onely by accident; for their proper work {is} to
7.
attenuate and dilate the _Spirit_ and _Moi$ture;_ and then it follows by accident, that the other
parts $hould contract them$elves, either for the flying of _Vacuum_ alone, or for $ome other
_motion_ withal, whereof we now speak not.
It {is} certain, that _Putrefaction_ taketh its original from the _Native Spirit,_ no le$s then
8.
_Arefaction_; but it goeth on afar different way: For in _Putrefaction_, the _Spirit_ {is} not $imply
vapored forth, but being detained in part, works $trange garboils; and the gro$$er parts are
not $o much locally contracted, as they congregate them$elves to parts of the $ame nature.
Length and Shortne{$s} of Life in Living Creatures.
The Hi$tory.
TOuching the _Length_ and _Shortne$s of Life_ in _Living Creatures,_ the Information
To the fir$t
Article.
which may be had, {is} but $lender, Ob$ervation {is} negligent, and Tradition fabu-
lous. In _Tame Creatures,_ their degenerate life corrupteth them; in _Wilde Crea-_
_tures_, their expo$ing to all weathers, often inter cepteth them Neither do tho$e things
which may $eem concomitants, give any furtherance to th{is} Information, (the greatne$s of
their Bodies, their time of Bearing in the _Womb_, the number of the<007>r _young ones,_ the
time of their growth, and the re$t) inregard that the$e things are intermixed, and $ometimes
they concur, $ometimes they $ever.
_Mans_ age (as far as can be gathered by any certain Narration) doth exceed the age
1.
of all other _Living Creatures_, except it be of a very few onely; and the _Concomitants_ in
him are very equally di$po$ed, his _$tature_ and _proportion_ large, his _bearing_ in the _womb_
nine moneths, his _fruit_ commonly one at a birth, his _puberty_ at the age of fourteen years,
his _time_ of _growing_ till twenty.
The _Elephant_ by undoubted relation, exceeds the ordinary race of _Mans_ life;
2.
but his bearing in the Womb the $pace of Ten years, is fabulous; of two years, or at
lea$t above one, is certain. Now his bulk is great, his time of growth until the thirti-
eth year, his teeth exceeding hard; neither hath it been ob$erved, that his blood is the
colde$t of all Creatures: His age hath $ometimes reached to Two hundred years.
_Lions_ are accounted long livers, becau$e many of them have been found Toothle$s,
3.
a $ign not $o certain, for that may be cau$ed by their $trong breath.
The _Bear_ is a great $leeper, a dull bea$t, and given to ea$e; and yet not noted
4.
[0287]_The Hi$tory of Life and Death._
for long life: nay, he hath this $ign of $hort life, that his _bearing_ in the _womb_ is but
$hort, $carce full forty days.
The _Fox_ $eems to be well di$po$ed in many things for long life; he is well skinned,
5.
feeds on fle$h, lives in Dens; and yet he is noted not to have that property. Certainly
he is a kind of _Dog_, and that kind is but $hort-liv’d.
The _Camel_ is a long liver, a lean Creature, and $inewy, $o that he doth ordinarily
6.
attain to fifty, and $ometimes to an hundred years.
The _Hor$e_ lives but to a moderate age, $carce to forty years, his ordinary period
7.
is twenty years: but perhaps he is beholden for this $hortne$s of life to _Man_; for
we have now no _Hor$es_ of the _Sun_, that live freely, and at plea$ure, in good pa$tures.
Not with$tanding the _Hor$e_ grows till he be $ix years old, and is able for generation
in his old age. Be$ides, the _Mare_ goeth longer with her young one than a _woman_,
and brings forth, two at a burthen more rarely. The _A$s_ lives commonly to the _Hor$e’s_
age; but the _Mule_ out-lives them both.
The _Hart_ is famous among$t men for long life, yet not upon any relation that
8.
is undoubted. They tell of a certain _Hart_ that was found with a Collar about his neck,
and that Collar hidden with _Fat_. The long life of the _Hart_ is the le$s credible, be-
cau$e he comes to his perfection at the fifth year; and not long a$ter his _Horns_
(which he $heds and renews yearly) grow more narrow at the Root, and le$s
branched.
The _Dog_ is but a $hort liver, he exceeds not the age of twenty years, and for the
9.
mo$t part lives not to fourteen years: a Creature of the hotte$t temper, and living in ex-
treams; for he is commonly either in vehement motion, or $leeping: be$ides, the
_Bitch_ bringeth forth many at a Burden, and goeth nine weeks.
The _Ox_ like wi$e, for the greatne$s of his body and $trength, is but a $hort liver, about
10.
$ome $ixteen years, and the _Males_ live longer than the _Females;_ notwith$tanding they
bear u$ually but one at a burden, and go nine months: a Creature dull, fle$hy, and $oon
fatted, and living onely upon Herby $ub$tances, without Grain.
The _Sheep_ $eldom lives to ten years, though he be a creature of a moderate $ize, and
11.
excellently clad; and, that which may $eem a wonder, being a creature with $o little
a Gall, yet he hath the mo$t curled Coat of any other, for the _Hair_ of no Creature is $o
much curled as _Wool_ is. The _Rams_ generate not before the third year, and continue
able for generation until the eighth. The _Ews_ bear young as long as they live. The
_Sheep_ is a di$ea$ed Creature, and rarely lives to his full age.
The _Goat_ lives to the $ame age with the _Sheep_, and is not much unlike in other
12.
things; though he be a Creature more nimble, and of $omewhat a firmer fle$h, and
$o $hould be longer-liv’d; but then he is much more la$civious, and that $hortens his
life.
The _Sow_ lives to fifteen years, $ometimes to twenty: and though it be a Creature
13.
of the mo<007>$te$t fle$h, yet that $eems to make nothing to _Length_ of _Life_. Of the _Wild_
_Boar_ or _Sow_ we have nothing certain.
The _Cat’s_ age is betwixt $ix and ten years: a creature nimble and full of $pirit, who$e
14.
$eed (as _Ælian_ reports) burneth the Female; whereupon it is $aid, _That the Cat con-_
_ceives with pain, and brings forth with ea$e:_ A Creature ravenous in eating, rather
$wallowing down his meat whole than feeding.
_Hares_ and _Conies_ attain $carce to $even years, being both Creatures generative, and
15.
with young ones of $everal conceptions in their bellies. In this they are unlike, that
the _Coney_ lives under ground; and the _Hare_ above ground; and again, that the _Hare_
is of a more duski$h fle$h.
_Birds_ for the $ize of their bodies are much le$$er than _Bea$ts;_ for an _Eagle_ or _Swan_
16.
is but a $mall thing in compari$on of an _ox_ or _Hor$e_, and $o is an _E$trich_ to an _Ele-_
_phant_.
_Birds_ are excellently well-clad: for _Feathers_, for warmth and clo$e $itting to the
17.
body, exceed _Wooll_ and _Hairs_.
_Birds_, though they hatch many young ones together, yet they bear them not all in
18.
their bodies at once, but lay their Eggs by turns, whereby their Fruit hath the more
plentiful nouri$h ment whil$t it is in their bodies.
_Birds_ chew little or nothing, but their meat is found whole in their crops, notwith-
19.
$tanding they will break the $hells of Fruits, and pick out the Kernels: they are thought
to be of a very hot and $trong concoction.
[0288]_The Hi$tory of Life and Death._
The motion of _Birds_ in their flying is a mixt motion, con$i$ting of a moving
20.
of the limbs, and of a kind of carriage; which is the mo$t whol$ome kind of Ex-
erci$e.
_Ari$totle_ noted well touching the generation of _B<007>rds_, (but he transferred it ill to
21.
other _living Creatures_) that the $eed of the _Male_ confers le$s to generation than the
_Female_, but that it rather affords Activity than Matter; $o that fruitful _Eggs_ and un-
fruitful _Eggs_ are hardly di$tingui$hed.
_Birds_ (almo$t all of them) come to their full growth the fir$t year, or a little after.
22.
It is true, that their Feathers in $ome kinds, and their Bills in others, $hew their years,
but for the growth of their Bodies it is not $o.
The _Eagle_ is accounted a long liver, yet his years are not $et down; and it is alledged
23.
as a $ign of his long life, that he ca$ts his Bill, whereby he grows young again: from
whence comes that old Proverb, _The old age of an Eagle._ Notwith$tanding perchance
the matter may be thus, That the renewing of the _Eagle_ doth not ca$t his bill, but the
ca$ting of his bill is the renewing ofthe _Eagle_, for after that his bill is grown to a great
crookedne$s, the _Eagle_ feeds with much difficulty.
_Vultures_ are al$o affirmed to be long livers, in$omuch that they extend their life
24.
well near to an hundred years. _Kites_ likewi$e, and $o all _Birds_ that feed upon fle$h,
and _Birds_ of prey live long. As for _Hawks_, becau$e they lead a degenerate and $ervile
life for the delight of men, the term of their natural life is not certainly known: not-
with$tanding among$t _Mewed Hawks_ $ome have been found to have lived thirty years, and
among$t _uild Hawks_ forty years.
The _Raven_ likewi$e is reported to live long, $ometimes to an hundred years: he
25.
feeds on Carrion, and flies not often, but rather is a $edentry and malanchollick _Bird_,
and hath very black fle$h. But the _crow_, like unto him in mo$t things, (except in
greatne$s and voice) lives not altogether $olong, and yet is reckoned among$t the long
l<007>vers.
The _Swan_ is certainly found to be a long liver, and exceeds not unfrequently an
26.
hundred years. Hc is a _Bird_ excellently plumed, a feeder upon fi$h, and is always car-
ried, and that in running waters.
The _Goo$e_ al$o may pa$s among$t the long livers, though his food be commonly
27.
gra$s, and $uch kind of nouri$hment; e$pecially the _W<007>ld-Goo$e_; whereupon this
Proverb grew among$t the _Germans, Magis $enex quam An$er nivalis, Older than a_
_Wild Goo$e._
_Storks_ mu$t needs be long livers, if that be true which was anciently ob$erved of
28.
them, that they never came to _Thebes_, becau$e that City was often $acked. This if it
were $o, then either they mu$t have the knowledge of more ages than one, or el$e
the old ones mu$t tell their young the Hi$tory. But there is nothing more frequent than
_Fables_.
For _Fables_ do $o abound touching the _Phœnix_, that the truth is utterly lo$t if
29.
any $uch _Bird_ there be. As for that which was $o much admired, That $he was
ever $een abroad with a great troop of _Birds_ about her, it is no $uch wonder; for
the $ame is u$ually $een about an _Owl_ flying in the day-time, or a _Parrot_ let out of a
Cage.
The _Parro_ hath been certainly known to have lived three$core years in _England_,
30.
how old $oever he was before he was brought over: a _Bird_ eating almo$t all kind of
meats, chewing his meat, and renewing his bill; likewi$e cur$t and mi$chievous, and of
a black fle$h.
The _Peacock_ lives twenty years; but he comes not forth with his _Argus Eyes_ before
31.
he be three years old; a _Bird_ $low of pace, having whiti$h flew.
The _Dunghill-Cock_ is venerious, martial, and but of a $hort life; a crank _Bird_,
32.
having al$o white fle$h.
The _Indian-Cock_, commonly called the _Turkey-Cock_, lives not much longer than
33.
the _Dungh<007>ll-Cock_: an angry _Bird_, and hath exceeding white fle$h.
The _Ring-Doves_ are of the longe$t $ort of livers, in$omuch that they attain $ome-
34.
times to fifty years of age: an aiery _Bird_, and both builds and $its on high. But _Doves_
and _Turtles_ are but $hort-liv’d, not exceeding eight years.
But _Phea$ants_ and _Partiges_ may live to $ixteen years. They are great breeders, but
35.
not $o white of fle$h as the ordinary _Pullen_.
[0289]_The Hi$tory of Life and Death._
The _Black bird_ is reported to be, among$t the le$$er birds, one of the longe$t livers;
36.
an unhappy bird, and a good $inger.
The _Sparrow_ is noted to be of a very short life; and it is imputed in the Males to their
37.
la$civiou$ne$s. But the _Linnet_, no bigger in body than the _Sparrow_, hath been ob$erved
to have lived twenty years.
Of the _E$trich_ we have nothing certain: tho$e that were kept here have been $oun-
38.
fortunate, that no long life appeared by them. Of the bird _Ibis_ we find onely that he
liveth long, but his years are not recorded.
The age of _Fi$hes_ is more uncertain than that of terre$trial Creatures, becau$e
39.
living under the water they are the le$s ob$erved: many of them breath not, by which
means their vital $pirit is more clo$ed in; and therefore though they receive $ome re-
frigeration by their Gills, yet that refrigeration is not $o continual as when it is by
breathing.
They are free from the _De$iccation_ and _Depredation_ of the _Air ambient_, becau$e they
40.
live in the water: yet there is no doubt but the _water ambient_, and piercing, and received
into the pores of the body, doth more hurt to long life than the Air doth.
It is affirmed too that their blood is not warm. Some of them are great devourers,
41.
even of their own kind. Their fle$h is $ofter and more tender than that of terre$trial
creatures: they grow exceedingly fat, in$omuch that an incredible quantity of Oyl will
be extracted out of one _Whale_.
_Dolphins_ are reported to live about thirty years; of which thing a trial was taken in
42.
$ome of them by cutting off their tails: they grow untill ten years of age.
That which they report of $ome _Fi$hes_ is $trange, that after a certain age their bodies
43.
will wa$te and grow very $lender, onely their head and tail retaining their former
greatne$s.
There were found in _Cæ$ar’s_ Fi$h ponds _Lampreys_ to have lived three$core years:
44.
they were grown $o familiar with long u$e, that _cra$$us_ the Orator $olemnly lamented
one of them.
The _Pike_ among$t Fishes living in fresh water is found to la$t longe$t, $ometimes to
45.
forty years: he is a Ravener, of a flesh $ome what dry and firm.
But the _Carp, Bream, Tench, Eel,_ and the like, are not held to live above ten
46.
years.
_Salmons_ are quick of growth, short of life; $oare _Trouts:_ but the _Pearch_ is $low of
47.
growth, long of life.
Touching that mon$trous bulk of the _Whale_ or _Ork_, how long it is weiled by vital
48.
$pirit, we have received nothing certain; neither yet touching the _Sea-calf_, and _Sea-hog_,
and other innumerable _Fi$hes_.
_Crocod<007>les_ are reported to be exceeding long-liv’d, and are famous for the time of their
49.
growth, for that they, among$t all other Creatures, are thought to grow during their
whole life. They are of tho$e Creatures that lay Eggs, ravenous, cruel, and well-fenced
again$t the waters, Touching the other kinds of _Shell-fi$h_, we find nothing certain how
long they live.
Ob$ervations.
TO find out a Rule touching _Length_ and _Shortne$s_ of _Life_ in _Living Creatures_ is very
d<007>f$icult, by rea$on of the negligence of Ob$ervations, and the intermixing of Cau$es. A
few things we will $et down.
There are more kinds of _Birds_ found to be long liv’d than of _Bea$ts_; as the _Eagle_, the
_1._
_Vulture_, the _Kite_, the _Pelican_, the _Raven_, the _Crow_, the _Swan_, the _Goo$e_, the _Stork_, the
_Crane_, the Birdcalled the _Ibis_, the _Parrot_, the _Ring dove_, with the re$t, though they come
to their full growth within a year, and are le$s of bod<007>es: $urely their cloathing is excellent
good again$t the di$temper atures of the weather; and be$ides, living for the mo$t part in the
open Air, they are like the Inhabitants of pure Mountains, which are long-liv’d. Again,
their _Motion_, which (as I el$e-where $aid) is a mixt _Motion_, compounded of a moving of
their Limbs and of a carriage in the Air, doth le$s weary and wear them, and’tis more whol-
$ome. Neither do they $uffer any compre$$ion or want of nouri$hmentin their mother’s bel-
lies, becau$e the Eggs are laid by turns. But the chiefe$t cau$e of all I take to be this, that
_Birds_ are made more of the $ub$tance of the Mother than of the Father, whereby their Spirits
are not $o eager and hot.
[0290]_The Hi$tory of Life and Death._
It may be a Po$ition, that _Creatures_ which partake more of the $ub$tance of their _Mother_
_2._
than of their _Father_ are longer-liv’d, as _Birds_ are; which was $aid before Al$o that tho$e
which have a longer time of bearing in the womb, do partake more of the $ub$tance of their
_Mother_, le$s of the _Father_, and $o are longer-liv’d: In$omuch that I am of opinion, that even
among $t Men, (which I have noted in $ome) tho$e that re$emble their _Mothers_ mo$t are
longe$t-liv’d; and $o are the Children of Oldmen begotten of young V V<007>ves, if the Fathers be
$ound, not di$ea$ed.
The _fir$t breeding_ of _Creatures_ is ever material, either to their hurt or benefit. And
_3._
therefore it $tands with rea$on, that the _le$$er Compre$$ion_, and the more _liberal Alimenta-_
_tion_ of the _Young one_ in the womb, $hould confer much to _Long Life._ Now this happens
when either the young ones are brought forth $ucce$$ively; as in _Birds_; or when they are $ingle
Births, as in Creatures bearing but one at a Burthen
But _long Bearing_ in the _Womb_ makes for _Length_ of _Life_ three ways. Fir$t, for that the
_4._
young one partakes more of the $ub$tance of the Mother, as hath been $aid. Secondly, that
<007>t comes forth more $trong and able. Thirdly, that it undergoes the predatory force of the Air
later, Be$ides, it $hews that Nature intendeth to fini$b her periods by larger Circles. Now
though _Oxen_ and _Sheep_, which are born in the womb about $ix months, are but $hort-l<007>v’d, that
happens for other cau$es.
_Feeders_ upon _Gra$s_ and mere _Herbs_ are but $oort livers; and Creatures feeding upon
_5._
_Fle$h_, or _Seeds_, or _Fruits_, long livers, as $ome _Birds_ are. As for _Harts_, which are long-liv’d,
they _take the one half of their meat_ (as men u$e to $ay) _from above their heads;_ and the
_Goo$e_, be$ides Gra$s, findeth $omething in the water, and stubble to feed upon.
u e $uppo$e that a good _Cloathing_ of the _Body_ maketh much to _long life;_ for it fenceth
_6._
and armeth again$t the intemper ances of the Air, which do wonderfully a$$ail and decay the
body: which benefit _Birds_ e$pecially have. Now that _Sheep_, which have $o good Fteeces,
$hould be $o $hort-liv’d, that is to be imputed to Di$ea$es, where of that Creature is full, and to
the bare eating of Gra$s.
The $eat of the _Spirits_, without doubt, is principally the Head; which though it be u$ual-
_7._
ly under$tood of the _Animal Spirits_ onely, yet this is all in all. Again, it is not to be doubted
but the _Spirits_ do mo$t of all wa$te and prey upon the Body, $o that when they are either in
greater plenty, or in greater Inflamation and Acrimony, there the l<007>fe is much $hortned.
And therefore I conceive a great cau$e of long life in _Birds_ to be the $malne$s of their
Heads in compari$on of their Bodies; for even Men which have very great Heads I $uppo$e
to be the $horter livers.
I am of opinion that _Carriage_ is of all other motions the mo$t helpful to long life; which I
_8._
al$o noted before. Now there are _carried Water-fowls_ upon the water, as _Swans_; all _Birds_
in their flying, but with a $trong endeavour of their limbs; and _Fi$hes_, of the length of
who$e live we have no certainty.
Tho$e _Creatures_ which are long before they come to their perfection (not $peaking of
_9._
growth in $tature onely, but of other $teps to maturity; as Man puts forth, fir$t, his Teeth,
next the $igns of Puberty, then his beard, and $o forward) are long liv’d, for it $hews that
Nature fini$hed her Periods by larger Circles,
_Milder Creatures_ are not long-liv’d, as the _Sheep_ and _Dove_; for Choler is as the whet-
_10._
$tone and Spur to many Functions in the Body.
_Creatures_ who$e _Fle$h_ is more _duski$h_ are longer-liv’d than tho$e that have white Fle$h;
_11._
for it $heweth that the juice of the body is more firm, and le$s apt to di$$ipate.
In every corruptible Body _Quantity_ maketh much to the con$ervation of the whole: for
_12._
a great Fire is longer in quenching, a $mall portion of Water is $ooner evaporated, the Body
of a Tree withereth not $o fa$t as a Twig, And therefore generally (I $peak it of Species, not
of Individuals) _Creatures_ that are large in body are longer-liv’d than tho$e that are $mall,
unle$s there be $ome other potent cau$e to hinder it.
[0291]_The Hi$tory of Life and Death._
_Alimentation, or Nouri$hment: and the way of Nouri$hing._
_The History._
N _Ouri$hment_ ought to be of an inferiour nature, and more $imple $ub$tance
_To the_
_fourth Ar-_
_ticle._
than the thing nouri$hed. _Plants_ are nouri$hed with the Earth and Water,
_Living Creatures_ with Plants, _Man_ with living Creatures. There are al$o
certain _Creatures_ feeding upon Fle$h, and _Man_ him$elf takes Plants into
1.
a part of his Nouri$hment; but _Man_ and _Creatures_ feeding upon Fle$h are $carcely nou-
ri$hed with Plants alone: perhaps _Fruit_ or _Grains_, baked or boiled, may, with long
u$e, nouri$h them; but _Leaves_ or _Plants_ or _Herbs_ will not do it, as the _Order_ of the _Fo-_
_liatanes_ $hewed by Experience.
Over-great _Affinity_ or _Con$ub$tantiality_ of the _Nouri$hment_ to the thing nouri$hed
2.
proveth not well: Creatures feeding upon Herbs touch no Fle$h; and of Creatures
feeding upon Fle$h, few of them eat their own kind: Asfor _Men_, which are _Cannibals,_
they feed not ordinarily upon _Mens_ fle$h, but re$erve it as a Dainty, either to $erve
their reveng upon their enemies, or to $atisfie their appetite at $ome times. So the
_Ground_ is be$t $own with _Seed_ growing el$ewhere, and _Men_ do not u$e to _Graft_ or _Ino_
_culate_ upon the $ame Stock.
By how much the more the _Nouri$hment_ is better _prepared_, and approacheth Hearer in
3.
likene$s to the thing nouri$hed, by $o much the more are _Plants_ more fruitful, and _living_
_Creatures_ in better liking and plight: for a young _Slip_ or _cion_ is not $o well nouri$hed
if it be pricked into the ground, as if it be grafted into a Stock agreeing with it in
Nature, and where it finds the nouri$hment already dige$ted and prepared: neither (as
is reported, will the _Seed_ of an _Onion_, or $ome $uch like, $own in the bare earth, bring
forth $o large a fruit as if it be put into another _Onion_, which is a new kind of _Grafting_,
into the root, or under ground. Again, it hath been found out lately, that a _Slip_ of a
_Wild Tree_, as of an _Elm, Oak, A$h,_ or $uch like, grafted into a Stock of the $ame kind,
will bring forth larger leaves then tho$e that grow without grafting: Al$o Men are not
nouri$hed $o well with raw fle$h as with that which hath pa$$ed the fire.
_Living Creatures_ are nouri$hed by the _Mouth, Plants_ by the _Root, γoung ones_ in
4.
the womb by the _Navel: Birds_ for a while are nouri$hed with the _rolk_ in the Egge,
whereof $ome is found in their Crops after they are hatched.
All Nouri$h ment moveth from the _centre_ to the _Circumference_, or from the Inward
5.
to the utward: yet it is to be noted, that in _Trees_ and _Plants_ the Nouri$hment pa$-
$eth rather by the Bark and Outward parts then by the Pith and Inward parts; for if the
Bark be pilled off, though but for a $mall breadth, round, they live no more: and the
Bloud in the Veins of living Creatures doth no le$s nouri$h the Fle$h beneath it then the
Fle$h above it.
In all _Alimentation_ or _Nouri$hment_ there is a two-fold Action, _Extu$ion_ and _<_>At-_
6.
_traction_; whereof the former proceeds from the In ward Function, the latter from the
Outward.
_Vegetables_ a$$imulate their Nouri$hment $imply, without Excerning: For Gums and
7.
Tears of Trees are rather Exuberances then Excrements, and Knots or knobs are nothing
but Di$ea$es. But the $ub$tance of living Creatures is more perceptible of the like;
and there$ore it is conjoyned with a kind of di$dain, whereby it rejecteth the bad, and
a$$imulateth the good.
It is a $trange thing of the _$talks_ of _Fruits_, that all the Nouri$hment which produceth
8.
$ometimes $uch great Fruits, $hould be forced to pa$s through $o narrow necks; for the
Fruit is never joyn’d to the Stock without $ome $talk.
It is to be noted, that the Seeds of living Creatures will not be fruitful but when they
9.
are new $hed, but the Seeds of Plants will be fruitful a long time after they are gathered;
yet the Slips or Cions of Trees will not grow unle$s they be grafted green; neither will
the roots keep long fre$h unle$s they be covered with earth.
In _living creatures_ there are degrees of Nouri$h ment according to their Age: in the
10.
womb, the young one is nourished with the Mother’s blood; when it is new-born,
with Milk; afterwards with Meats and Drinks; and in old age the mo$t nourishing and
$avoury Meats plea$e be$t.
[0292]_The Hi$tory of Life and Death._
Above all it maketh to the pre$ent _Inqui$ition_, to inquire diligently and attentively whe-
ther a man may not receive _Nouri$hment_ from without, at lea$t $ome other way be$ide
the Mouth We know that Baths of Milk are u$ed in $ome _Hectick <_>Fevers_, and when
the body is brought extream low, and _Phy$icians_ do provide _Nouri$hing cly$ters_. This
matter would be well $tudied; for if _Nouri$hment_ may be made either from without,
or $ome other way than by the $tomach, then the weakne$s of Concoction, which is
incident to old men, might be recompenced by the$e helps, and Concoction re$tored to
them intire.
_Length and Shortne$s of Life in Man._
_The Hi$t@ry._
BEfore the _Floud_, as the _Sacred Scriptures_ relate, _Men_ lived many hundred
_To the_ 5, 6,
7, 8, 9, _and_
11 _Articles._
years; yet none of the _Fathers_ attained to a full thou$and. Neither was this
_Length_ of _Life_ peculiar onely to _Grace_, or the _Holy Line_; for there are reckon-
ed of the _Fathers_ until the _Floud_ eleven Generations; but of the $ons of
1.
_Adam_ by _cain_ onely eight Generations; $o as the po$terity of _Cain_ may $eem the lon-
ger-liv’d. But this _Length of Life_ immediately after the _Floud_ was reduced to a moiety,
but in the _Po$t-nati_; for _Noah_, who was born before, equalled the age of his Ance$tors,
and _Sem_ $aw the $ix hundredth year of his life. Afterwards, three Generations being
run from the _Floud_, the _Life_ of _Man_ was brought down to a fourth part of the pri-
mative _Age_, that was, to about two hundred years.
_Abraham_ lived an hundred $eventy and five years: a man of an high courage, and
2.
pro$perous in all things. _I$aac_ came to an hundred and eighty years of age: a cha$te
man, and enjoying more quietne$s than his Father. But _Jacob_, after many cro$$es
and a numerous progeny, la$ted to the hundred forty $eventh year of his life: a pa-
tient, gentle, and wi$e man. _I$mael_, a military man, lived an hundred thirty and
$even years. _Sarah_ (who$e years onely among$t women are recorded) died in the
hundred twenty $eventh year of her age: a beautifull and magnanimous woman; a
$ingular good Mother and Wife; and yet no le$s famous for her Liberty than Ob-
$equiou$ne$s towards her husband. _Jo$eph_ al$o, a prudent and politick man, pa$$ing
his youth in affliction, afterwards advanced to the height of honour and pro$perity,
lived an hundred and ten years. But his brother _Levi_, elder than him$elf, attained to
an hundred thirty $even years: a man impatient of contumely and revengeful. Near
unto the $ame age attained the _$on_ of _Levi_@ al$o his _grand-child_, the _father_ of _Aaron_
and _Mo$es_.
_Mo$es_ lived an hundred and twenty years: a $tout man, and yet the _meekest upon_
3.
_the earth_, and of a very _$low tongue_. How$oever _Mo$es_ in his _P$alm_ pronounceth
that the life of man is but $eventy years, and if a man have $trength, then eighty;
which term of man’s life $tandeth firm in many particulars even at this day. _Aaron_,
who was three years the elder, died the $ame year with his _Brother_: a man of a
readier $peech, of a more facile di$po$ition, and le$s con$tant. But _Phineas, grand-_
_child_ of _Aaron_, (perhaps out of extraordinary grace) may be collected to have
lived three hundred years; if $o be the _War_ of the _I$raelites_ again$t the _Tribe_ of _Ben-_
_jamin_ (in which Expedition _Phineas_ was con$ulted with) were performed in the
$ame order of time in which the _Hi$tory_ hath ranked it: He was a man of a mo$t _emi-_
_nent Zeal. Jo$hua_, a martial man, and an excellent Leader, and evermore victorious,
lived to the hundred and tenth year of his life. _Caleb_ was his Contemporary, and
$eemeth to have been of as great years. _Ehud_ the Judge $eems to have been no
le$s than an hundred years old, in regard that after the Victory over the _N@oa-_
_bites_ the _Holy Land_ had re$t under his Government eighty years: He was a man
fierce and undaunted, and one that in a $ort neglected his life for the good of his
People.
_Job_ lived, after the re$tauration of his happine$s, an hundred and forty years,
4.
being before his afflictions of that age that he had $ons at man’s e$tate: a man po-
[0293]_The Hi$tory of Life and Death._
litick, eloquent, charitable, and the _Example_ of _Patience. Eli_ the Prie$t lived ninety
eight years; a corpulent man, calm of di$po$ition, and indulgent to his children. But
_Elizæus_ the _Prophet_ may $eem to have died when he was above an hundred years old;
for he is found to have lived after the _a$$umption_ of _Elias_ $ixty years; and at the time
of that _a$$umption_ he was of tho$e years, that the boys mocked him by the name of
_Bald-head_: a man vehement and $evere, and of an au$tere life, and a contemner of
riches. Al$o _@$aiah_ the _Prophet_ $eemeth to have been an hundred years old: for he is
found to have exerci$ed the Function of a _Prophet_ $eventy years together, the years both
of his beginning to prophe$ie and of his death being uncertain: a man of an admirable
eloquence, an _Evangelical Prophet_, full of the promi$es of God of the _New Te$tament_,
as a Bottle with $weet Wine.
_Tobias_ the Elder lived an hundred fifty eight years, the Younger, an hundred twen-
5.
ty $even: merciful men, and great alms-givers. It $eems, in the time of the _Cap-_
_tivity_, many of the _Jews_ who returned out of _Babylon_ were of great years, $eeing they
could remember both _Temples_, (there being no le$s than $eventy years betwixt them)
and wept for the unlikene$s of them. Many ages after that, in the time of our _Saviour_,
lived old _Simeon_, to the age of ninety; a devoutman, and full both of hope and expe-
ctation. Into the $ame time al$o fell _Anna_ the _Prophete$s_, who could not po$$ibly be
le$s than an hundred years old; for $he had been $even years a wife, about eighty
four years a widow, be$ides the years of her virginity, and the time that $he lived after
her Prophecy of our Saviour: She was an holy woman, and pa$$ed her days in fa$tings
and prayers.
The _long Lives_ of _Men_ mentioned in _Heathen Authors_ have no great certainty in
6.
them; both for the intermixture of Fables, whereunto tho$e kind of relations were
very prone, and for their fal$e calculation of years. Certainly of the _Ægyptians_ we
find nothing of moment in tho$e works that are extant as touching _long Life_, for their
_Kings_ which reigned longe$t did not exceed fifty or five and fifty years, which is no
great matter, $eeing many at this day attain to tho$e years. But the _Arcadian Kings_
are fabulou$ly reported to have lived very long. Surely that Country was Mountainous,
full of flocks of Sheep, and brought forth mo$t whol$ome food; notwith$tanding,
$eeing _Pan_ was their god, we may conceive that all things about them were _Panick_ and
vain, and $ubject to fables.
_Numa_ King of the _@omans_ lived to eighty years: a man peaceable, contemplative,
7.
and much devoted to Religion. _Marcus Valerius Corvinus_ $aw an hundred years
complete, there being betwixt his fir$t and $ixth _Con$ul$hip_ forty $ix years: a man va-
lorous, affable, popular, and always fortunate.
_Solon_ of _Athens_, the _Law giver_, and one of the $even _Wi$e-men_, lived above eighty
8.
years: a man of an high courage, but popular, and affected to his Country; al$o learn-
ed, given to plea$ures and a $oft kind of life. _Epimenides_ the _Cretian_ is reported to
have lived an hundred fifty $even years: the matter is mix’d with a _prodigious Relation_;
for fifty $even of tho$e years he is $aid to have $lept in a _Cave_. Half an age after _Xeno-_
_phon_ the _Colophonian_ lived an hundred and two years, or rather more: for at the age of
twenty five years he left his Country, $eventy $even complete years he travelled, and
after that returned; but how long he lived after his return appears not; a man no le$s
wandring in mind than in body, for his name was changed for the madne$s of his opi-
nions from _Xenophanes_ to _Xenomanes_: a man no doubt of a va$t conceit, and that minded
nothing but _Infinitum_.
_Anacreon_ the Poet lived eighty years and $ome what better: a manla$civious, vo-
9.
luptuous, and given to drink. _Pindarus_ the _Theban_ lived to eighty years: a Poet of
an high fancy, $ingular in his conceits, and a great adorer of the _gods. Sophocles_ the
_Athenian_ attained to the like age: alofty Tragick Poet, given over wholly to Writing,
and neglectful of his Family.
_Artaxerxes_ King of _Per$ia_ lived ninety four years: a man of a dull wit, aver$e to the
10.
di$patch of bu$ine$s, de$irous of glory, but rather of ea$e. At the $ame time lived _Age-_
_$ilaus_ King of _sparta_ to eighty four years of age: a moderate Prince, as being a _Phi-_
_lo$opher_ among _Kings_; but not with$tanding ambitious, and a Warriour, and no le$s $tout
in war than in bu$ine$s.
_Gorgias_ the _Sicilian_ was an hundred and eight years old; a _Rhetorician_, and a
11.
great boa$ter of his faculty, one that taught Youth for profit: he had $een many
[0294]_The Hi$tory of Life and Death._
Countries, and a little before his death $aid, That he had done nothing worthy of
blame $ince he was an old man. _Protagoras_ of _Abdera_ faw ninety years of age: this
man was like wi$e a _Rhetorician_, but profe$$ed not $o much to teach the Liberal Arts, as
the Art of Governing Common-wealths and States_:_ notwith$tanding he was a great
wanderer in the world, no le$s than _Gorgias. I$ocrates_ the _Athenian_ lived ninety
eight years_:_ he was a _Rhetorician_ al$o, but an exceeding mode$t man; one that
$hunned the publick light, and opened his School onely in his own hou$e. _Democritus_
of _Abdera_ reached to an hundred and nine years: he was a great _Philo$opher_, and, if
ever any man among$t the _Grecians_, a true _Naturali$t_; a Surveyor of many Coun-
tries, but much more of Nature; al$o a diligent $earcher into Experiments, and (as
_Ari$totle_ objected again$t him) one that followed Similitudes more than the Laws of
Arguments. _Diogenes_ the _Sinopean_ lived ninety years: a man that u$ed liberty to-
wards others, but tyranny over him$elf_:_ a cour$e diet, and of much patience. _Zeno_
of _Citium_ lacked but two years of an hundred: a man of an high mind, and a
contemner of other mens opinions; al$o of a great acutene$s, but yet not trouble-
$ome, chu$ing rather to take mens minds than to enforce them_:_ The like whereof after-
ward was in _Seneca. Plato_ the _Athenian_ attained to eighty one years: a man of a great
courage, but yet a lover of ea$e; in his Notions $ublimed, and of a fancy, neat and
delicate in his life, rather calm than merry, and one that carried a kind of Maje$ty
in his countenance. _Theophra$tus_ the _Ere$$ian_ arrived at eighty five years of age; a
man $weet for his eloquence, $weet for the variety of his matters, and who $elected
the plea$ant things of Philo$ophy, and let the bitter and har$h go. _Carneades_ of _Cy-_
_rene_ many years after came to the like age of eighty five years_:_ a man of a fluent
eloquence, and one who by the acceptable and plea$ant variety of his knowledge de
lighted both him$elf and others. But _Orbilius_, who lived in _Cicero’s_ time, no _Philo-_
_$opher_ or _Rhetorician_, but a _Grammarian_, attained to an hundred years of age, he was
fir$t a Souldier, then a Schoolma$ter; a man by nature tart both in his Tongue and Pen,
and $evere towards his Scholars.
_Quintus Fabius Maximus_ was _Augur_ $ixty three years, which $hewed him to be
12.
above eighty years of age at his death; though it betrue, that in the _Augur$hip_ No-
bility was more re$pected then age_:_ a wife man, and a great _Deliberator_, and in all
his proceedings moderate, and not without affability $evere. _Ma$ini$$a_ King of _Nu-_
_midia_ lived ninety years, and being more than eighty five got a $on: a daring man, and
tru$ting upon his fortune, who in his youth had ta$ted of the incon$tancy of Fortune,
but in his fucceeding age was con$tantly happy. But _Marcus Porcius Cato_ lived above
ninety years of age: a man of an Iron body and mind; he had a bitter tongue, and loved
to cheri$h factions; he was given to Husbandry, and was to him$elf and his Family a
Phy$ician.
_Terentia Cicero’s_ wife, lived an hundred and three years: a woman afflicted with
13.
many croffes; fir$t, with the bani$h ment of her Husband; then with the difference
betwixt them; la$tly, with his la$t fatal misfortune_:_ She was al$o oftentimes vexed
with the _Gout. Luceia_ mu$t needs exceed an hundred by many years; for it is $aid
that $he acted an whole hundred years upon the Stage, at fir$t perhaps repre$enting
the per$on of $ome young Girl, at la$t of $ome decrepit old Woman. But _Galeria_
_Copiola_, a Player al$o and a Dancer, was brought upon the Stage as a Novice, in what
year of her age is not known; but ninety nine years after, at the _Dedication_
of the _Theatre_ by _Pompey_ the _Great_, $he was $hewn upon the Stage, not now
for an Actre$s, but for a Wonder_:_ neither was this all, for after that, in the _So-_
_lemnities_ for the health and life of _Augu$tus_, $he was $hewn upon the Stage the
third time.
There was another _Actre$s_, $omewhat inferiour in age, but much $uperiour in
14.
dignity, which lived well-near ninety years, I mean _Livia Julia Augu$ta_, wife to
_Augu$tus Cæ$ar_, and mother to _Tiberius_. For if _Augu$tus_ his life were a Play, (as
him$elf would have it, whenas upon his death-bed he charged his friends they
$hould give him a _Plaudite_ after he was dead) certainly this _Lady_ was an excellent
_Actre$s_, who could carry it $o well with her husband by a diffembled obedience,
and with her $on by power and authority_:_ a woman affable, and yet of a Ma-
tronal carriage, pragmatical, and upholding her power. But _Junia_, the wife of _Caius_
_Ca$$ius_, and $i$ter of _Marcus Brutus_, was al$o ninety years old; for $he $urvived
the _Philippick Battel_ $ixty four years_:_ a magnanimous woman, in her great wealth
[0295]_The Hi$tory of Life and Death._
happy in the calamity of her husband and near kinsfolks, and in a long widow-hood
unhappy; not with$tanding much honoured of all.
The _year_ of our _Lord_ $eventy $ix, falling into the time of _Ve$pa$ian_, is memorable;
15.
in which we $hall find, as it were, a _calendar_ of long liv’d men: For that year there
was a _Taxing_, (now a _Taxing_ is the mo$t Authentical and true$t Informer touching
the ages of men;) and in that part of _Italy_ which lieth betwixt the _Apennine Moun-_
_tains_ and the _River Po_, there were found an hundred and four and twenty per$ons that
either equalled or exceeded an hundred years of age_:_ namely, of an hundred years
ju$t, fifty four per$ons; of an hundred and ten, fifty $even per$ons; of an hundred
and five and twenty, two onely; of an hundred and thirty, four men; of an hundred
and five and thirty, or $even and thirty, four more; of an hundred and forty, three
men. Be$ides the$e, _Parma_ in particular afforded five; whereof three fulfilled an hun-
dred and twenty years, and two an hundred and thirty_: Bruxels_ afforded one of an hun-
dred and twenty five years old; _Placentia_ one, aged an hundred thirty and one; _Fa-_
_ventia_ one woman, aged one hundred thirty and two: a certain Town, then called
_Velleiatium_, $ituate in the _Hills_ about _Placentia_, afforded ten, whereof $ix fulfilled an
hundred and ten years of age; four, an hundred and twenty_:_ La$tly, _Rimini_ one of an
hundred and fifty years, who$e name was _Marcus Aponius._
That our catalogue might not be extended too much in length, we have thought fit,
as well in tho$e whom we have rehear$ed, as in tho$e whom we $hall rehear$e, to offer
none under eighty years of age. Now we have affixed to every one a true and $hort
_Character_ or _Elogy;_ but of that $ort whereunto, in our judgment, _Length_ of _Life_
(which is not a little $ubject to the Manners and Fortunes of men) hath $ome relation,
and that in a two-fold re$pect: either that $uch kind of men are for the most part long-
liv’d; or that $uch men may $ometimes be of long life, though otherwi$e not well di$po$ed
for it.
Among$t the _Roman_ and _Grecian Emperors_, al$o the _French_ and _Almain_, to the$e
16.
our dayes, which make up the number of well-near two hundred _Princes_, there
are onely four found that lived to eighty years of age: unto whom we may adde the
two fir$t Emperors, _Augu$tus_ and _Tiberius_; whereof the latter fulfilled the $eventy
and eighth year, the former the $eventy and $ixth year of his age, and might both per-
haps have lived to four$core, if _Livia_ and _Caius_ had been plea$ed. _Augu$tus_ (as was
$aid) lived $eventy and $ix years: a man of moderate di$po$ition; in accompli$hing
his de$igns vehement, but other wi$e calm and $erene; in meat and drink $ober,
in Venery intemperate, through all his life-time happy; and who about the thir-
tieth year of his life had a great and dangerons $ickne$s, in$omuch as they de-
$paired of life in him; whom _Antonius Mu$a_ the Phy$ician, when other Phy$icians
had applied hot Medicines, as mo$t agreeable to his di$ea$e, on the contrar cured
with cold Medicines, which perchance might be $ome help to the prolonging of his
life. _Tiberius_ lived to be two years older: _A man with lean chaps_, as _Augustus_
was wont to $ay, for his $peech $tuck within his jaws, but was weighty He was
bloudy, a drinker, and one that took Lu$t into a part of his diet; notwith$tanding
a great ob$@rver of his health, in$omuch that he u$ed to $ay, That he was a fool
that after thirty years of| age took advice of a _Phy$ician. Gordian_ the elder lived
eighty years, and yet died a violent death when he was $carce warm in his _Empire_:
a man of an high $pirit and renowned, learned, and a Poet, and con$tantly hap-
py throughout the whole cour$e of his life, $ave onely that he ended his dayes by a
violent death. _Valerian_ the _Emperour_ was $eventy $ix years of age before he was
taken pri$oner by _Sapor_ King of _Per$ia_, after his Captivity he lived $even years in
reproaches, and then died a violent death al$o: a man of a poor mind, and not va-
liant; notwith$tanding li$ted up in his own and the opinion of men, but falling
$hort in the performance. _Ana$ta$ius_, $urnamed _Dicorus_, lived eighty eight years_:_ he
was of a $etled mind, but too abject, and $uper$titious, and fearful. _Anicius Ju$ti-_
_nianus_ lived to eighty three years: a man greedy of glory, performing nothing in his
own per$on, but in the valour of his Captains happy and renowned; uxorious, and not
his own man, but $uffering others to lead him. _Helena_ of _Britain_, mother of _Con-_
_$tantine_ the _Great_, was four@core years old: a woman that intermedled not in matters of
State neither in her Husband’s nor $ons Reign, but devoted her $elf wholly to Religion;
magnanimous, and perpetually flouri$hing. _Theodora_ the _Empre$s_ (who was $i$ter to _Zoes_,
[0296]_The Hi$tory of Life and Death_.
wife of _Monomachus_, and reigned alone after her decea$e) lived above eighty years:
a pragmatical woman, and one that took delight in Governing; fortunate in the highe$t
degree, and through her good fortunes credulous,
We will proceed now from the$e _Secular Princes_ to the _princes_ in the _Church_.
17.
St. _John_, an Apo$tle of our _saviour_, and the _Beloved Di$ciple_, lived ninety three years.
He was rightly denoted under the _Emblem_ of the _Eagle_, for his piercing $ight into
the _Divinity_; and was a _seraph_ among$t the _Apo$tles_ in re$pect of his burning Love.
St. _Luke_ the _Evangeli$t_ fulfilled four$core and four years: an eloquent man, and a
Traveller, St. _Paul’s_ in$eparable Companion, and a _Phy$ician, Simeon_ the $on
of _Cleophas_, called the _Brother of our Lord_, and Bi$hop of _feru$alem_, lived an hun-
dred and twenty years though he was cut $hort by Martyrdom: a $tout man, and
con$tant, and full of good works. _Polycarpus, Di$ciple_ unto the _Apo$tles_, and
Bi$hop of _smyrna_, $eemeth to have extended his age to an hundred years and more;
though he were al$o cut off by Martyrdom: a man of an high mind, of an heroi-
cal patience, and unwearied with labours. _Dyoni$ius Areopagita_, Contemporary
to the Apo$tle St. _Paul_, lived ninety years: he was called the _Bird of Heaven_
for his high flying Divinity, and was famous as well for his holy life as for his
Meditations. _Aquilla_ and _Pri$cilla_, fir$t St. _Paul_ the Apo$tle’s Ho$ts, After ward
his Fellow helpers, lived together in a happy and famous Wedlock at lea$t to an
hundred years of age a piece; for they were both alive under Pope _Xi$tus_ the fir$t:
a noble Pair, and prone to all kind of charity, who among$t other their com-
forts (which no doubt were great unto the fir$t _Founders_ of the _Church_) had this
added, to enjoy each other $o long in an happy marriage. St. _Paul_ the _Hermite_
lived an hundred and thirteen years: now he lived in a Cave; his diet was $o flender
and $trict, that it was thought almo$t impo$$ible to $upport humane nature there-
withal: he pa$$ed his years onely in Meditations and Soliloquies; yet he was notilli-
terate or an Idiot, but learned. St. _Anthony_, the fir$t Founder of _Monks_, or (as
$ome will have it) the Re$torer onely, attained to an hundred and five years of age:
a man devout and contemplative, though not unfit for Civil affairs; his life
was au$tere and mortifying, notwith$tanding he lived in a kind of glorious $oli-
tude; and exerci$ed a command, for he had his _Monks_ under him. And be$ides,
many _Chri$tians_ and _Philo$ophers_ came to vi$it him as a living Image, from which
they parted not without $ome adoration. St. _Athana$ius_ exceeded the term of eighty
years: a man of an invincible con$tancy, commanding fame, and not yielding
to Fortune: he was free to wards the Great ones, with the People gracious and
acceptable, beaten and practi$ed to oppo$itions, and in delivering him$elf from them
$tout and wi$e. St. _Hierom_, by the con$ent of mo$t Writers, exceeded ninety years of
age: a man powerful in his Pen, and of a manly Eloquence, variou$ly learned both
in the Tongues and Sciences, al$o a Traveller, and that lived $trictly towards his old
age, in an e$tate private, and not dignified; he bore high Spirits, and $hined far out of
ob$curity.
The _Popes_ of _Rome_ are in number to this day two hundred forty and one. Of $o great
18.
a number five onely have attained to the age of four$core years, or upwards. But in
many of the fir$t _Popes_ their full age was intercepted by the Prerogative and Crown
of _Martyrdom. John_ the twenty third, _Pope_ of _Rome_, fulfilled the ninetieth year o$ his
age: a man of an unquiet di$po$ition, and one that $tudied novelty: he altered ma-
ny things, $ome to the better, others onely to the new, a great accumulator of Riches
and Trea$ures. _Gregory_, called the twelfth, created in Schi$m, and not fully acknow-
ledged _pope_, died at ninety years: of him, in re$pect of his _$hort Papacy_, we find no-
thing to make a judgment upon. _Paul_ the third lived eighty years and one: a tempe-
rate man, and of a profound wi$dom: he was Learned, an A$trologer, and one that
tended his health carefully; but, after the example of old _Eli_ the Prie$t, over-indul-
gent to his Family. _Paul_ the fourth attained to the age of eighty three years: a man of
an har$h nature and $evere, of an haughty mind and imperious, prone to anger; his
$peech was eloquent and ready. _Gregory_ the thirteenth ful$illed the like age of eighty
three years: an ab$olute goodman, $ound in mind and body, politick, temperate, full of
good works, and an alms-giver.
Tho$e that follow are to be more promi$cuous in their order, more doubtful in their
19.
faith, and more barren of ob$ervation. King _Arganthenius_, who reigned at _Cadiz_ in
[0297]_The Hi$tory of Life and Death_.
_Spain_ lived an hundred and thirty, or (as $ome would have it) an hundred and for-
ty years, of which he reigned eighty. Concerning his Manners, In$titution of his
Li$e, and the time wherein he reigned, there is a general $ilence. _Cyair as_ King of
_Cyprus_, living in the _I $land_ then termed the _Happy_ and _Plea$ant I $land_, is affirmed
to have attained to an hundred and fifty or $ixty years. Two _Latin Kings_ in _Italy_,
the Father and the Son, are reported to have lived, the one eight hundred, the other
$ix hundred years: but this is delivered unto us by certain _Philologi$ts_, who though
otherwi$e credulous enough, yet them$elves have $u$pected the truth of this matter,
or rather condemned it. Others record $ome _Arcadian Kings_ to have lived three han-
dred years: the Country, no doubt, is a place apt for long life; but the Relation
I $u$pect to be fabulous. They tell of one _Dando_ in _Illyrium_, that lived without the
inconveniences of old age to five hundred years. They tell al$o of the _Epians_, a part
of _Ætolia_, that the whole Nation of them were excceding long liv’d, in$omuch
that many of them were two hundred years old; and that one principal man among$t
them, named _Litorius_, a man of a Giant-like $tature, could have told three hundred
years. It is recorded, that on the top of the Mountain _timolus_, anciently called
_Temp$is_, many of the Inhabitants lived to an hundred and fifty years. We read that
the _Sect_ of the _E$$eans_ among$t the _Jews_ did u$ually extend their life to an hundred
years: Now that _Sect_ u$ed a $ingle or ab$temious diet, after the rule of _Pythagoras_.
_Apollonius Tyaneus_ exceeded an hundred years, his face bewraying no $uch age:
he was an admirable man, of the _Heathens_ reputed to have $omething Divine in him,
of the _chri$tians_ held for a Sorcerer; in his diet _Pythagorical_, a great traveller,
much renowned, and by $ome adored as a _god_: notwith$tanding, towards the end
of his life he was $ubject to many complaints again$t him, and reproaches, all which
he made $hift to e$cape. But le$t his long life $hould be imputed to his _Pythagorical_
d et, and not rather that it was hereditary, his _Grandfather_ before him lived an
hundred and thirty years. It is undoubted that _Quintus Metellus_ lived above an
hundred years, and that after $everal _Con$ul$hips_ happily admini$tred, in his old age
he was made _Pontifex Maximus_, and exerci$ed tho$e holy duties full two and twenty
years; in the performance of which Rites his voice never failed, nor his hand trem-
bled. It is mo$t certain that _Appius cæcus_ was very old, but his years are not extant,
the mo$t part whereof he pa$$ed after he was blind; yet this misfortune no whit
$oftned him, but that he was able to govern a numerous Family, a great Retinue
and Dependance, yea, even the Commonwealth it $elf, with great $toutne$s. In
his extream old age he was brought in a Litter into the _Senate-hou$e_, and vehe-
mently di$$waded the Peace with _Pyrrhus_: the beginning of his Oration was very
memorable, $hewing an invincible $pirit and $trength of mind; _I have with great_
_grief of mind (Fathers con$cript) the$e many years born my blindne$s, but now I could_
_wi$h that I were deaf al$o, when I hear you $peak to $uch di$@onourable Treaties. Marcus_
_Perpenna_ lived ninety eight years, $urviving all tho$e who$e Suffrages he had gather-
ed in the _senate-hou$e_, being _Con$ul_, I mean, all the _Senators_ at that time; as al-
$o all tho$e whom a little after, being _Con$ul_, he cho$e into the _Senate_, $even onely
being excepted. _Hiero_ King of _Sicily_, in the time of the $econd _Punick War_, lived
almo$t an hundred years: a man moderate both in his Government and in his Life;
a wor$hiper of the _gods_, and a religious con$erver of Friend$hip: liberal, and con-
$tan$ly fortunate. _Statilia_, de$cended of a noble Family in the days of _Claudius_,
lived ninety nine years. _clodia_, the daughter of _O$ilius_, an hundred and fifteen. _Xe-_
_nophilus_, an ancient Philo$opher, of the Sect of _Pythagoras_, attained to an hundred
and $ix years, remaining healthful and vigorous in his old age, and famous among$t
the vulgar for his learning. The _I$landers_ of _Corcyra_ were anciently accounted
long liv’d, but now they live after the rate of other men, _Hipocrates Cous_, the fa-
mous _Phy$ician_, lived an hundred and four years, and approved and credited his own
Art by $o long a life: a man that coupled Learning and Wi$dom together, very
conver$ant in Experience and Ob$ervation; one that haunted not after Words or
Methods, but $evered the very Nerves of Science, and $o propounded them. _Demo_-
_nax_ a Philo$oper, not onely in Profeffion but Practice, lived in the dayes of _Adrian_ al-
mo$t to an hundred years: a man of an high mind, and a vanqui$her of his own
mind, and that truly and without affectation; a contemner of the world, and yet
civil and courteous. When his friends $pake to him about his Burial, he $aid,
_Take no care for my Burial, for Stench will bury a Carca$e_. They replied, _Is it your_
[0298]_The Hi$tory of Life and Death_.
_mind than to be ca$t out to Birds and Dogs?_ He $aid again, _Seeing in my life-time I_
_endeavoured to my uttermo$t to benefit Men, what hurt is it <007>f when I am dead I_
_benefit Bea$ts?_ Certain _Indian_ People called _Pandoræ_ are exceedingly long liv’d,
even to no le$s than two hundred years. They adde a thing more maryellous, That
having, when they are boys, an hair $omewhat whiti$h, in their old age, before their
gray hairs, they grow coal black, though indeed this be every where to be $een, that
they which have white hair whil$t they are boys, in their man’s e$tate change
their hairs into a darker colour. The _Seres_, another people of _India_, with their
Wine of Palms are accounted long livers, even to an hundred and thirty years.
_Euphranor_ the _Grammarian_ grew old in his School, and taught Scholars when
he was above an hundred years old. The elder _Ovid_, father to the _Poet_, lived nine-
ty years, differing much from the di$po$ition of his $on, for he contemned the
Mu$es, and di$$waded his $on from Poetry. _A$inius Pollio_, intimate with _Au_-
_gu$tus_, exceeded the age of an hundred years: a man of an unrea$onable Profu$e-
ne$s, Eloquent, and a lover of Learning; but vehement, proud, cruel, and one
that made his private ends the centre of his thoughts. There was an opinion, that
_Seneca_ was an extream old man, no le$s than an hundred and fourteen years of
age: which could not po$$ibly be, it being as improbable that a decrepit old man
$hould be $et over _Nero’s_ Youth, as, on the contrary, it was true, that he was
able to manage with great dexterity the affairs of State: be$ides, a little before,
in the mid$t of _Claudius_ his Reign, he was bani$hed _Rome_ for Adulteries com-
mitted with $ome _Noble Ladies_, which was a Crime no way competible with $o
extreme old age. _Johannes de Temporibus_, among all the men of our later Ages, out
of a common fame and vulgar opinion, was reputed long-liv’d, even to a mira-
cle, or rather, even to a fable; his age hath been counted above three hundred
years: He was by Nation a _French man_, and followed the Wars under _Charls_
the _Great_. _Garcius Aretine_, Great Grand-father to _Petrarch_, arrived at the age of
an hundred and four years: he had ever enjoyed the benefit of good health; be-
$ides, at the la$t, he felt rather a decay of his $trength, than any $ickne$s or malady,
which is the true re$olution by old age. Among$t the _Venetians_ there have been
found not a few long livers, and tho$e of the more eminent $ort: _Franci$cus Do_-
_natus_, Duke; _Thomas Contarenus_, Procurator of St. _Mark; Franci$cus Molinus_,
Procurator al$o of St. _Mark_, and others. But mo$t memorable is that of _cornarus_
the _Venetian_, who being in his youth of a $ickly body, began fir$t to eat and drink by
mea$ure to a certain weight, thereby to recover his health: this Cure turned by u$e
into a Diet, that Diet to an extraordinary long Life, even of an hundred years and bet-
ter, without any decay in his $en$es, and with a con$tant enjoying of his health. In
our age _William Po$tel_, a _French_-_man_, lived to an hundred and well-nigh twenty years,
the top of his beard on the upper-lip being black, and not gray at all: a man crazed in
his brain, and of a fancy not altogether $ound; a great Traveller, Mathematician, and
$omewhat $tained with _Here$ie_.
I $uppo$e there is $carce a _Village_ with us in _England_, if it be any whit populous, but
20.
it affords $ome Man or Woman of four$core years of age; nay, a few years $ince there
was in the County of _Hereforda_ May-game or Morrice dance, con$i$ting of eight men,
who$e age computed together made up eight hundred years, in$omuch that what $ome
of them wanted of an hundred, others exceeded as much.
In the _Ho$pital_ of _Bethlehem_, corruptly called _Bedlam_, in the _Suburbs_ of _London_, there
21.
are found from time to time many mad per$ons that live to a great age.
The ages of _Nymphs, Fauns_, and _Satyrs_, whom they make to be indeed mortal,
22.
but yet exceedingly long-liv’d, (a thing which ancient Super$tition and the
late Credulity of $ome have admitted) we account but for _Fables_ and _Dreams_;
e$pecially being that which hath neither con$ent with _Philo$ophy_ nor with _Div<007>_
_nity_. And as touching the _Hi$tory_ of _Long Life_ in _Man_ by _Individuals_, or next
unto _Individuals_, thus much. Now we will pa$s on to _Ob$ervations_ by certain
Heads.
The _Running_ on of _Ages_, and _Succe$$ion_ of _Generations_, $eem to have no whit
23.
abated from the length of Life; for we $ee that from the time of _Mo$es_ unto the$e
our dayes, the term of man’s life hath $tood about four$core years of age,
neither hath it declined (as a man would have thought) by little and little. No
doubt there are times in every Country wherein men are longer or $horter liv’d.
[0299]_The Hi$tory of Life and Death_.
Longer, for the mo$t part when the times are barbarous, and men fare le$s delici-
ou$ly, and are more given to bodily exerci$es: Shorter, when the times are more
civil, and men abandon them$elves to luxury and ea$e. But the$e things pa$s on by
their turns, the $ucce$$ion of Generations alters is not. The $ame, no doubt, is in
other living Creatuses; for neither Oxen, nor Hor$es, nor Sheep, nor any the
like, are abridged of their wonted ages at this day. And therefore the Great
Abridger of Age was the _Floud_; and perhaps $ome $uch notable accidents (as
particular _Inundations_, _long Droughts_, _Earthquakes_, or the like) may do the $ame
again And the like rea$on is in the dimen$ion and $tature of Bodies; for neither
are they le$$ened by $ucce$$ion of Generations, how$oever _Virgil_ (following the
vulgar opinion) divined, that after Ages would bring forth le$$er Bodies than the
then pre$ent: whereupon $peaking of ploughing up the _Æmathian_ and _Æmonen_-
_$ian_ Fields, he $aith, _Grandiáq; effo$$is mirabitur o$$a Sepulchris, That after-ages $hall_
_admire the great bones digged up in ancient Sepulchres_. For whereas it is manife$ted that
there were heretofore men of Gigantine Statures, ($uch as for certain have been found
in _Sicily_, and el$e-where, in ancient Sepulchres and Caves) yet within the$e la$t
three thou$and years, a time whereof we have $ure memory, tho$e very places have
produced none $uch: although this thing al$o hath certain turns and changes, by the
Civilizing of a Nation, no le$s than the former. And this is the rather to be noted,
becau$e men are wholly carried away with an opinion, that there is a continual
decay by Succe$$ion of Ages, as well in the term of man’s Life as in the
$tature and $trength of his Body; and that all things decline and change to the
wor$e.
In _Cold_ and _Northern Countries_ men live longer commonly than in _Hot_: which
24.
mu$t needs be in re$pect the skin is more compact and clo$e, and the juices of
the body le$s di$$ipable, and the Spirits them$elves le$s eager to con$ume, and in
better di$po$ition to repair, and the Air (as being little heated by the Sun-beams)
le$s predatory: And yet under the _Æquinoctial Line_, where the Sun pa$$eth to and
fro, and cau$eth a double Summer and double Winter, and where the Days and
Nights are more cqual, (if other things be concurring) they live al$o very long;
as in _Peru_ and _Taprobane_.
_I$landers_ are, for the mo$tpart, longer-liv’d than tho$e that live in _Continents_: for
25.
they live not $o long in _Ru$$ia_ as in the _Orcades_; nor $o long in _Africa_, though
under the $ame _Parallel_, as in the _Canaries_ and _Tercera’s_; and the _Japonians_ are
longer-liv’d than the _Chine$es_, though the _Chine$es_ are made upon long life. And this
thing is no marvel, $eeing the Air of the Sea doth heat and cheri$h in cooler Regi-
ons, and cool in hotter.
_High Situations_ do rather afford long-livers than _Low_, e$pecially if they be not Tops
26.
of Mountains, but Ri$ing Grounds, as to their general Situations; $uch as was _Ar_-
_cadia_ in _Greece_, and that part of Æ_tolia_ where we related them to have lived $o long.
Now there would be the $ame rea$on for _Mountains_ them$elves, becau$e of the purene$s
and clearne$s of the Air, but that they are corrupted by accident, namely, by the
Vapours ri$ing thither out of the Valleys, and re$ting there; and therefore in Snowy
_Mountains_ there is not found any notable long life, not in the _Alps_, not in the _Pyre_-
_nean Mountains_, not in the _Apennine_: yet in the tops of the _Mountains_ running
along towards Æ_thiopia_ and the _Aby$$ines_, where by rea$on of the Sands beneath little
or no Vapour ri$eth to the _Mountains_, they live long, even at this very day, attaining ma-
ny times to an hundred and fifty years.
_Mar$hes_ and _Fens_ are propitious to the Natives, and malignant to Strangers, as touch-
27.
ing the lengthning and $hortning of their lives: and that which may $eem more mar-
vellous, _Salt-Mar$hes_, where the Sea Ebbs and Flows, arele$s whol$ome than tho$e of
_Fre$h water_.
The _Countries_ which have been ob$erved to produce long-livers are the$e; _Arcadia_,
28.
Æ_tolia, India_ on this $ide _Ganges, Bra$il, Taprobane, Britain, Ireland_, with the I$lands of
the _Orcades_ and _Hebrides_: for as for Æ_thiopia_, which by one of the Ancients is re-
ported to bring forth long-Livers, ’tis but a toy,
It is a Secret; The _healthfulne$s_ of _Air_, e$pecially in any perfection, is better
29.
found by _Experiment_ than by _Di$cour$e_ or _Conjecture_. You may make a trial by
a lock of Wool expo$ed for a few dayes in the open Air, if the weight be not much
[0300]_The Hi$tory of Life and Death_.
increa$ed; another by a piece of fle$h expo$ed likewi$e, if it corrupt not over-$oon;
another by a Weather-gla$s, if the Water interchange not too $uddenly. Of the$e and
the like enquire further.
Not onely the _Goodne$s_ or _Purene$i_ of the _Air_, but al$o the _Equality_ of the _Air_,
30.
is material to long life. Intermixture of Hills and Dales is plea$ant to the $ight, but
$u$pected for long life. A Plain, moderately drie, but yet not over-barren or $an-
dy, nor altogether without Trees and Shade, is very convenient for length of
life.
_Inequality_ of _Air_ (as was even now $aid) in the place of our dwelling is naught;
31.
but _Change_ of _Air_ by travelling, after one be u$ed unto it, is good; and therefore
great Travellers have been long liv’d. Al$o tho$e that have lived perpetually in a little
Cottage, in the $ame place, have been long-livers: for air accu$tomed con$umeth le$s;
but air changed nouri$heth and repaireth more.
As the continuation and number of Succe$$ions (which we $aid before) makes no-
32.
hing to the Length and Shortne$s of Life; $o the _immediate condition_ of the _Parents_,
(as well the Father as the Mother) without doubt availeth much. For $ome are be
gotten of old men, $ome of young men, $ome of men of middle age; again, $ome
are begotten of fathers healthful and well-di$po$ed, others of di$ea$ed and langui$h-
ing; again, $ome of fathers immediately after repletion, or when they are
drunk, others after $leeping, or in the morning; again, $ome after a long inter-
mi$$ion of _Venus_, others upon the act repeated; again, $ome in the fervency of the
father’s love, (as it is commonly in Ba$tards) others after the cooling of it, as in
long-married couples. The $ame things may be con$idered on the part of the Mother:
unto which mu$t be added the condition of the Mother whil$t $he is with child,
as touching her health, as touching her diet, the time of her bearing in the womb,
to the tenth month, or earlier. To reduce the$e things to a Rule, how far they
may concern _Long Life_, is hard; and $o much the harder, for that tho$e things
which a man would conceive to be the be$t, will fall out to the contrary: For that
alacrity in the Generation which begets lu$ty and lively children, will be le$s
pro$itable to long life, becau$e of the Acrimony and inflaming of the Spirits. We
$aid before, That to partake more of the mother’s bloud conduceth to long life:
al$o we $uppo$e all things in moderation to be be$t; rather Conjugal love than
Meretricious; the hour for Generation to be the morning; a $tate of body not too
lu$ty or full, and $uch like. It ought to be well ob$erved, that a $trong Con$titu-
tion in the Parents is rather good for them then for the Child, e$pecially in the Mother:
And therefore _Plato_ thought, ignorantly enough, that the virtue of Generations
halted, becau$e the Woman u$ed not the $ame exerci$e both of mind and body
with the Men. The contrary is rather true; for the difference of virtue betwixt
the Male and the Female is mo$t profitable for the Child; and the thinner Wo-
men yield more towards the nouri$hment of the Child; which al$o holds in
Nut$es. Neither did the _Spartan Women_, which married not beforetwenty two, or,
as $ome $ay, twenty five, (and therefore were called _Man-like women_) bring forth a
more generous or long-liv’d Progeny than the _Roman_ or _Athenian_, or _Theban_
_women_ did, which were ripe for Marriage at twelve or fourteen years; and if there
were any thing eminent in the _spartans_, that was rather to be imputed to the Par-
$imony of their Diet than to the late Marriages of their Women. But this we are
taught by experience, that there are $ome Races which are long-liv’d for a few
De$cents; $o that Life is like $ome Di$ea$es, a thing hereditary within certain
bounds.
_Fair_ in _Face_, or _Skin_, or _Hair_, are $horter livers; _Black_, or _Red_, or _Freckled_,
33.
longer. Al$o too fre$h a colour in Youth doth le$s promi$e long life than palene$s.
A _hard skin_ is a $ign of long life rather that a _$oft_; but we under$tand not this of a _rug-_
_ged skin_, $uch as they call the _Goo$e skin_, which is as it were $pongy, but of that which
is hard and clo$e. A _Fore-head_ with deep furrows and wrinkles is a better $ign than a
$mooth and plain _Forehead_.
The _Hairs_ of the _Head_ hard and like bri$tles, do betoken longer life than tho$e that are
34.
$oft and delicate. _Curled Hairs_ betoken the $ame thing, if they be hard withal; but the
contrary if they be $oft and $hining: the like if the _curling_ be rather thick than in large
bunches.
Early or late _Baldne$s_ is an indifferent thing, $eeing many which have been
35.
[0301]The Hi$tory of Life and Death.
_Bald_ betimes have lived long. Al$o early _gray hairs_ (how$oever they may $eem fore-
runners of old age approaching) are no $ure $igns; for many that have grown _gray_ be-
times have lived to great years: nay, ha$ty _gray hairs_ without _Baldne$s_ is atoken of long
life; contrarily, if they be accompanied with _Baldne$s_.
_Hairine$s_ of the _upper parts_ is a $ign of $hort life, and they that have extraordinary
36.
much _hair_ on their brea$ts live not long: but _hairine$s_ of the _lower parts_, as of the Thighes
and Legs, is a $ign of long life.
_Talne$s_ of _Stature_ (if it be notimmoderate) with convenient making, and not too
37.
$lender, e$pecially if the body be active withal, is a $ign of long life: Al$o on the con-
trary, men of low $tature live long, if they be not too active and $tirring.
In the proportion of the body, they which are _$hort_ to the _wa$tes_, with _long Leggs_, are
38.
longer-liv’d than they which are _long_ to the _wa$tes_, and have _$hort Leggs_: al$o they which
are large in the _neather parts_, and $treight in the _upper_, (the making of their body ri$ing,
as it were, into a $harp figure) are longer-liv’d than they that have _broad $houlders_, and
are _$lender downwards_.
_Leanne$s_, where the affections are $etled, calm, and peaceable; al$o a more _fat ha-_
39.
_bit of body_, joyned with Choler, and a di$po$ition $tirring and peremptory, $ignifie
long life: but _Corpulency_ in Youth fore$hews $hort life, in Age it is a thing more
indifferent.
To be _long_ and _$low_ in _growing_ is a $ign of long life; if to a greater$tature, the greater
40.
$ign, if to a le$$er $tature, yet a $ign though: contrarily, to _grow_ quickly to a great
$tature is an evil $ign; if to a $mall $tature, the le$s evil.
_Firm Fle$h_, a raw-bone body, and veins lying higher than the fle$h, betoken long
41.
life; the contrary to the$e, $hort life.
A _Head_ $omewhat le$$er than to the proportion of the body; a moderate _Neck_, not
42.
long, nor $lender, nor $lat, nor too $hort; wide _No$trils_, what$oever the form of the No$e
be; a large _Mouth_; and _Ear_ gri$tly, not fle$hy; _Teeth_ $trong and contiguous, $mall, or
thin-$et, fore-token long li$e; and much more if $omenew _Teeth_ put forth in our elder
years.
A broad _Brea$t_, yet not bearing out, but rather bending inwards; _Shoulders_ $ome-
43.
what crooked, and (as they call $uch per$ons) round-back’d; a flat _Belly_; a _Hand_large,
and with few lines in the Palm; a $hortand round _Foot, Thighs_ not fle$hy, and _Calves_
of the _Leggs_ not hanging over, but neat, are $igns of long life.
_Eyes_ $omewhat large, and the _Circles_ of them inclined to greenne$s; _Sen$es_ not too
44.
quick; the _Pul$e_ in youth $lower, towards old age quicker; _Facil<007>ty_ of _holding_ the
_Breath_, and longer than u$ual; the body in youth inclined to be bound, in the decline
of years more laxative, are al$o $igns of long life.
Concerning the _Times_ of _Nativity_, as they refer to long life, nothing hath been ob-
45.
$erved worthy the $etting down, $ave onely _A$trological Ob$ervations_, which we reje-
cted in our _opicks_. A _Birth_ at the eighth month is not onely long-liv’d, but not likely
to live. Al$o _Winter births_ are accounted the longer-liv’d.
A _Pythagorical_ or _Mona$tical Diet_, according to $trict rules, and always exactly e-
46.
qual, (as that of _Cornarus_ was) $eemeth to be very effectual for long life. Yet on the
contrary, among$t tho$e that live freely and after the common $ort, $uch as have _good_
_$tomachs_, and _feed_ more _plentifully_, are often the longe$t-liv’d. The _middle diet_, which
we account the temperate, is commended, and conduceth to good health, but not to
long life: for the _spare diet_ begets few _Spirits_, and dull, and $o wa$teth the body le$s;
and the _liberal diet_ yieldeth more ample nouri$hment, and $o repaireth more: but the
_middle diet_ doth neither of both, for where the Extreamsare hurtful, there the Mean is
be$t; but where the Extreams are helpful, there the Mean is nothing worth.
Now to that _spare diet_ there are requi$ite _Watching_, le$t the Spirits being few
$hould be oppre$$ed with much $leep; _little Exerci$e_, le$t they $hould exhale; _ab-_
_$tinence_ from _Venery_, le$t they $hould be exhau$ted: but to the _liberal diet_, on the
other $ide, are requ<007>$ite much _Sleep_, frequent _Exerci$es_, and a $ea$onable u$e of _Venery_.
_Baths_ and _Anointings_ ($uch as were anciently in u$e) did rather tend to delici-
ou$ne$s than to prolonging of life. But of all the$e things we $hall $pcak more ex-
actly when we come to the _Inqui$ition_ according to _Intentions_. Mean while that of
_cel$us_, who was not onely a learned Phy$ician, but a wi$e man, is not to be omitted,
who advi$eth interchanging and alternation of the diet, but $till with an inclina-
tion to the more benign: as that a man $hould $ometimes accu$tom him$elf to
[0302]The Hi$tory of Life and Death.
watching, $ometimes to $leep; but to $leep oftne$t: again, that he $hould $ometimes
give him$elf to fa$ting, $ometimes to fea$ting; but to fea$ting oftne$t: that he $hould
$ometimes inure him$elf to great labours of the miud, $ometimes to relaxations of
the $ame; but to relaxations oftme$t. Certainly this is withont all que$tion, that _Diet_
well ordered bears the greate$t part in the prolongation of life: neither did I ever meet
an extream long liv’d man, but beingasked of his cour$e, he ob$erved $omething pe-
culiar; $ome one thing, $ome another. I remember an _old man_, above an hundred
years of age, who was produced as witne$s touching an ancient Pre$cription. When
he had fini$hed his te$timony the _Jugde_ familiarly asked him how he came to live $o long.
He an$wered, be$ide expectation, and not without the laughter of the hearers, _By_
_eating before I was hungry, and drinking before I was dry_. But of the$e things we $hall
$peak hereafter.
A _Life_ led in _Religion_ and in _Holy Exerci$es_ $eemeth to conduce to long life. There
47.
are in this kind of life the$e things, Lei$ure, Admiration and Contemplation of hea-
venly things, Joyes not $en$ual, noblehopes, whol$ome Fears, $weet Sorrows; la$tly,
continual Renovations by Ob$ervances, Penances, Expiations: all which are very pow-
erful to the prolongation of life. Unto which if you add that au$tere diet which hard-
neth the ma$s of the Body, and humbleth the Spirits, no marvel if an extraordinary
length of life do follow; $uch was that of _Paul_ the _Hermite, Simeon Stelita the Columnar_
_Anchorite_, and of many other _Hermites_ and _Anchorites_.
Next unto this is the life led in good Letters, $uch as was that of Philo$ophers, Rhe-
48.
toricians, Grammarians. This life is al$o led in lei$ure, and in tho$e thoughts, which,
$eeing they are $evered from the affairs of the world, bite not, but rather delight
throughtheir Variety and Impertinency: They live al$o at their plea$ure, $pending their
time in $uch things as like them be$t, and for the mo$t part in the company of young
men, which is ever the mo$t chearful. But in Philo$ophies there is great difference
betwixt the Sects as touching long life: For tho$e Philo$ophies which have in them a
touch of Super$tition, and are conver$ant in high Contemplations, are the be$t; as the
_Pytbagorical_ and _Platonick_: al$o tho$e which did in$titute a perambulation of the
world, and con$idered the variety of natural things, and had reachle$s, and high, and
magnanimous thoughts, (as of _Infinitum_, of the Stars, of the Heroical Vertues, and
$uch like) were good for lengthning of life; $uch were tho$e of _Democritus Philolaus_,
_Xenophanes_, the A$trologians and stoicks: al$o tho$e which had no profound Specu-
lation in them, but di$cour$ed calmly on both fides, out of common Sen$e, and there-
ceived Opinions, without any $harp Inqui$itions, were likewi$e good; $uch were tho$e
of _Carneades_ and the _Academicks_, al$o of the Rhetoricians and Grammarians. But
contrary, Philo$ophies conver$ant in perplexing Subtilties, and which pronounced pe-
remptorily, and which examined and wre$ted all things to the Scale of Principles, la$tly,
which were thorny and narrow, were evil: $uch were tho$e commonly of the _Peripa-_
_teticks_, and of the _school-men_.
The _Country life_ al$o is well fitted for long life: it is much abroad, and in the open
49.
air, it is not $lothful, but ever in employment; it feedeth upon fre$h Cates, and un-
bought; it is without Cares and Envy.
For the _Military life_, we have a good opinion of that whil$t a man is young. Certain-
50.
ly many excellent _Warriors_ have been long-liv’d; _Corvinus, camillus, Xenophon, Age$i-_
_laus_, with others both ancient and modern. No doubt it furthereth long life to have
all things from our youth to our elder age mend, and grow to the better, that a Youth
full of cro$$es may mini$ter $weetne$s to our Old age. We conceive al$o that _Military_
_affections_, inflamed with a de$<007>re of Fighting, and hope of Victory, do infu$e $uch a
heat into the _Spirits_, as may be profitable for long life.
[0303]The Hi$tory of Life and Death.
Medicines for Long Life.
THe Art of _Phy$ick_, which we now have, looks no further commonly than to _Con$erva-_
To the
tenth Ar-
ticle.
_tion_ of _Health_ and _Cure_ of _Di$ea$es_: As for tho$e things which tend properly to
L_ong_ L_ife_, there is but $light mention, and by the way onely. Notwith $tanding we will
propound tho$e _Medicines_ which are notable in this kind, I mean, tho$e which are _Cordials_.
For it is con$onant to rea$on, that tho$e _things_ which being taken in _Cures_ do defend and
fortifie the _Heart_, or, more truly, the _Spirits_, against Poy$ons and Di$ea$es, being tran$-
ferred with judgment and choice into _Diet_, $hould have a good effect, in $ome $ort, towards
the _Prolonging_ of L_ife_. This we will do, not heaping them promi$cuou$ly together, (as
the manner is) but $electing the be$t.
_Gold_ is given in three forms; either in that which they call _Aurum potabile_, or in
1.
_Wine_ wherein _Gold_ hath been _quenched_, or in _Gold_ in the _sub$tance_, $uch as are _Leaf_
_gold_, and the _Filings_ of _Gold_. As for _Aurum potabile_, it is u$ed to be given in de$pe-
rate or dangerous di$ea$es, and that not without good $ucce$s. But we $uppofe that
the Spirits of the _Salt_, by which the _Gold_ is di$$olved, do rather mini$ter that vertue
which is found in it, than the _Gold_ it $elf; though this $ecret be wholly $uppre$$ed.
Now if the body of _Gold_ could be opened with the$e _Corro$ive waters_, or by the$e
_Corro$ive waters_ ($o the venomous quality were wanting) well wa$hed, we conceive
it would be no unprofitable Medicine.
_Pearls_ are taken either in a fine Powder, or in a certain Ma$s, or Di$$olution by the
2.
juice of $our and new Limons; and they are given $ometimes in Aromatical Confecti-
ons, $ometimes in Liquor. The _Pearl_, nodoubt, hath $ome affinity with the Shell in
which it groweth, and may be of the $ame quality with the Shels of _Cra-f{ij}hes_.
Among$t the _transparent precious Stones_, two onely are accounted _Cordial_, the _Eme-_
3.
_rauld_ and the _Jacinth_, which are given under the $ame forms that the _Pearls_ are; $ave
only that the di$$olutions of them, as far as we know, are not in u$e. But we $u$pect
the$e _Gla$$ie Jewels_, le$t they $hould be cutting.
Of the$e which we have mentioned, how far and in what manner they are helpful, $hall
be $poken hereafter.
_Bezoar-Stone_ is of approved vertue for refre$hing the Spirits, and procuring a gen
4.
tle Sweat. As for the _Vnicorn’s Horn_, it hath lo$t the credit with us; yet $o, as it
may keep rank with _Hart’s Horn_, and the _Bone_ in the heart of a _Hart_, and _Ivory_,
and $uch like.
_Amber-griece_ is one of the be$t to appea$e and comfort the Spirits.
5.
Hereafter follow the names only of the _Simple Cordials_, $eeing their Vertues are $uf-
ficiently known.
_Hot. # Hot. # Cold. # Cold._
Saffron. # Clove-Gilly-flowers. # Nitre. # Fuice of $weet
Folium Indum. # Orenge flowers. # Ro$es. Violets. # Orenges.
Lignum Aloes. # Ro$emary. # Strawberry- \\ Leaves. # Fuice of Pearmains.
Citron Pill or \\ Rind. # Mint. # # Borage.
# Betony. # Straw-berries. # Buglo$s.
Balm # Carduus Benedi- \\ Etus. # Fuice of $weet \\ Limons. # Burnet. Sanders.
Ba$il. # # Limons. # Camphire.
Seeing our $peecb now is of tho$e things which may be transferred into _Diet_, all _hot_
_Waters_ and _Chymieal Oiles_, (which, as a certain _Trifler_ $aith, are under the _Planet_
_Mars_, and have a furious and de$tructive force) as al$o all hot and biting _Spices_ are
to be rejected, and a Con$ideration to be had, how waters and Liquors may be made of
the former Simples: not tho$e phlegmatick di$tilled Waters, nor again tho$e burning Waters
of spirits of Wine; but $uch as may be more temperate, and yet lively, and $ending forth
a benign Vapour.
I make $ome que$tion touching the frequent letting of _Bloud_, whether it conduceth
6.
to long life nor no; and I am rather in the opinion that it doth, if it be turned into a
habit, and other things be well di$po$ed: for it letteth out the old Juice of the body,
and bringeth in new.
[0304]The Hi$tory of Life and Death.
I $uppo$e al$o, that $ome _Emaciating Di$ea$es_ well cured, do profit to long life, for
they yield new Juice, the old being con$umed; and, as (as he $a<007>th) _To recover a_
_$ickne$s is to renew youth_: Therefore it were good to make $ome _Arti$icial Di$ea$es_,
which is done by $trict and _Emaciating Diets_, of which I $hall $peak hereafter.
The Intentions.
HAving fini$hed the _Inqui$ition_ according to the _Subjects_, as namely, of _Inanimate_
To the 12,
13, and 14
Articles.
_Bodies, Vegetables, Living Creatures, Man_; I will now come nearer to the
matter, and order mine _Inqui$itions_ by certain _Intentions_, $uch as are true and proper,
(as I am wholly per$waded) and which are the very paths to _Mortal Life_. For in
this part, nothing that is of worth hath hitherto been inquired, but the contemplations
of men have been but $imple, and _non-proficients._ For when I hear men on the one
$ide $peak of _comforting Natural heat_, and the _Radical moi$ture_, and of Meats which
breed good _Blood_, $uch as may neitber be burnt nor phlegmatick; and of the cheering
and recreating the _Spirits_; I $uppo$e them to be no bad men which $peak the$e things:
but none of the$e worketh effectually towards the end. But when on the other $ide I hear
$everal di$cour$es touching _Medicines_ made of _Gold_, becau$e _Gold_ is not $ubject to cor-
ruption; and touching Precious $tones to refrefh the $pirits by their hidden properties
and lu$tre, and that if they could be taken and retained in Ve$$els, the Bal$oms, and
_Quinte$$ences_ of _living Creatures_, would make men conceive a proud hope of Immorta-
lity: And that the Fle$h of _Serpents_ and _Harts_, by a certain con$ent, are powerful to
the Renovation of Life, becau$e the one ca$teth his Skin, the other his Horns: (they
$hould al$o have added the Fle$h of _Eagles_, becau$e the Eagle changes bis Bill) And
that a certain _Man_, when he had found an Oyntment hidden under the ground, and
had anointed him$elf therewith from head to foot, (excepting onely the $oles of his feet)
did, by his anointing, live three hundred years, without any di$ea$e, $ave onely $ome
Tumors in the $oles of his feet: and of _Arte$ius_, who when he $ound his Spirit ready to
depart, drew into his body the $pirit of a certain young man, and thereby made him
breathle$s, but him$elf lived many years by another mans Spirit: And of _Fortunate_
_Hours_ according to the _Figures_ of _Heaven_, in which _Medicines_ are to be gathered and
compounded for the prolongation of Life: And of the _Seales_ of _Planets_, by which ver-
tuesmay be drawn and fetched down from Heaven to prolong Life: and $uch like fabulous
and $uper$titious vanities: I wonder exceedingly that men $hould $o much doat, as to
$uffer them$elves to be deluded with the$e things. And again, I do pity Mankind that they
$hould have the hard fortune to be be$ieged with $uch frivolous and $encele$s apprehen$ions.
But mine _Intentions_ do both come home to the Matter, and are far from vain and cre-
dulous Imaginatious; being al$o $uch, as I conceive, po$terity may adde much to the
matters which $atisfie the$e _Intentions_; but to the _Intentions_ them$elves, but a little.
Notwith $tanding there are a few things, and tho$e of very great moment, of which I
would have men to be forewarned.
Fir$t, we are of that opinion, that we e$teem the _Offices_ of _Life_ to be more worthy
than Ltfe it $elf. Therefore if there be any thing of that kind that may indeed exactly
an$wer our _Intentions_, yet fo, that the _Offices_ and _Duties_ of _Life_ be thereby hin-
dred; what$oever it be of this kind, we reject it. Perhaps wemay make $ome light men-
tion of $ome things, but we in$i$t not upon them. For we make no $erious nor diligent di$
cour$e, either of leading the life in Caves, where the sunbeams and $everal changes of the
Air pierce not, like _Epimenides_ his _Cave_; or of perpetual baths, made of Liquors pre-
pared; or of shirts, and Sear cloths $o applied, that the Body $hould be always as it were
in a Box; or of thick paintings of the body, after the manner of $ome _Barbarous Na-_
_tions_; or of an exact ordering of our Life and Diet, which aimeth onely at this, and
mindeth nothing el$e but that a man live, (as was that of _Herodicus_ among$t the An-
tients, and of _Cornarus_ the _Venetian_ in our days, but with greater moderation;) or
of any $uch Prodigy, Tediou$ne$s, or Inconvenience: but we propound $uch Remedies and
Precepts, by which the Offices of Life may neither be de$erted, nor receive any great
interr uptions or mole$tations.
[0305]The Hi$tory of Life and Death.
Secondly, on the other $ide we denounce unto men that they will give over trifling, and
not imagine that $o great a work as the $topping and turning back the powerful cour$e of na-
ture, can be brought to pa$s by $ome Morning-draught, or the taking of $ome precious
Drug, but that they would be a$$ured that it mu$t needs be, that this is a work of labour,
and con$isteth of many Remedies, and a fit connexion of them among$t them$elves; for no
man can be $o $tupid as to imagine, that what was never yet done, can be done, but by $uch
ways as were never yet attempted.
I hirdly, we ingeniou$ly profe$s, that $ome of tho$e things which we $hall propound have
not been tried by us by way of Experiment, (for our cour$e of life doth not permit that)
but are derived (as we $uppo$e) upon good rea$on, out of our Principles and Grounds,
(of which $ome we $et down, others we re$erve in our mind) and are, as it were, cut and
digged out of the _Rock_ and _Mine_ of _Nature_ her $elf. Neverthele$s we have been careful,
and that with all providence and circum$pection, ($eeing the _Scripture_ $a<007>th of the _Body_
of _Man_, that it is _more worth than Raiment_) to propound $uch Remedies, as may at
lea$t be $afe, if peradventure they be not fruitful.
Fourthly, we would have men rightly to ob$erve and di$tingui$h, that tho$e things which
are good for an _Healthful Life_, are not always good for a _Long Life_; for there are $ome
things which do further the alacrity of the Spirits, and the $trength and vigour of the
Functions, which notwith$tanding, do cut off from the $um of Life; and there are other things
which are profitable to prolongation of Life, which are not without $ome peril of health,
unle$s this matter be $alved by $it Remedies; of which, notwith$tanding, as occa$ion $hall be
offered, we will not omit to give $ome Cautions and Monitions.
La$tly we have thought good to propound $undry _Remedies_, according to the $everal
_Intentions_; but the choice of tho$e _Remedies_, and the order of them, to leave to Di$-
cretion: for to $et down exactly which of them agreeth be$t, with which Con$titution of
Body, which with the $everal cour$es of Life, which with each mans particular Age, and
how they are to be taken one after another, and how the whole Practique of the$e things is to
be admini$tred and governed, would be too long, neither is it $it to be publi$bed.
In the _Topicks_ we propunded three Intentions: The _Prohibiting_ of _Con$umption_,
The _Peifecting_ of _Reparation_, and the _Renewing_ of _Oldne$s_. But $eeing tho$e things
which $hall be $aid are nothing le$s than words, we will deduce the$e three _Intentions_ to ten
_Operations_.
_The fir$t is, the_ Operation _upon the_ Spirits _that they may renew their vigour_.
1.
_The $econd_ Operation _is upon the_ Exclu$ion _of_ Air.
2.
_The third_ Operation _is upon the_ Bloud, _and the_ Sanguifying Heat.
3.
_The fourth_ Operation _is upon the_ Juices _of the_ Body.
4.
_The fifth_ Operation _is upon the_ Bowels, _for their_ Extru$ion _of_ Aliment.
5.
_The $ixth_ Operation _is upon the_ Outward Parts, _for their_ Attraction _of_ Aliment.
6.
_The $eventh_ Operation _is upon the_ Aliment _it $elf, for the_ In$inuation _thereof_.
7.
_The eighth_ Operation _is upon the la$t Act of_ A$$imilation.
8.
_The n<007>nth_ Operation _is upon the_ Inteneration _of the_ Parts, _after they begin to be dried_.
9.
_The tenth_ Operation _is upon the_ Purging _away of_ Old Juice, _and_ Supplying _of_ New
10.
Juice.
_Of the$e_ Operations, _the four fir$t belong to the Fir$t_ Intention, _the four next to the se-_
_cond_ Intention, _and the two la$t to the Third_ Intention.
_But becau$e this part touching the_ Inten$ions _doth tend to Practice, under the name_
_of_ Hi$tory, _we will not onely compri$e_ Experiments _and_ Ob$ervations, _but al$o_ Coun$els,
Remedies, Explications _of_ Cau$es, A$$umptions, _and what$oever hath reference here-_
_unto_.
[0306]_The Hi$tory of Life and Death._
The Operation upon the Spirits that they may remain
Youthful, and renew their Vigour.
_The Hi$tory._
THE _Spirits_ are the Ma$ter-workmen of all effects in the _Body_. This is ma-
1.
nife$t by Con$ent, and by infinite in$tances.
If any man could procure that a young man’s _Spirit_ could be conveyed into
2.
an old man’s _Body_, it is not unlikely but this great Wheel of the _Spirits_ might
turn about the le$$er Wheel of the _Parts_, and $o the cour$e of Nature become retro-
gade.
In every Con$umption, whether it be by Fire or by Age, the more the _Spirit_ of the
3.
Body, or the Heat, preyeth upon the Moi$ture, the le$$er is the duration of that thing.
This occurs every where, and is manife$t.
The _Spirits_ are to be put into $uch a temperament and degree of activity, that
4.
they $hould not (as he $aith) _drink_ and _guzzle_ the juices of the Body, but _$ip them_
_onely_.
There are two kinds of _Flames:_ the one eager and weak, which con$umes $light
5.
$ub$tances but hath little power over the harder; as the flame of $traw, or $mall Sticks:
the other $trong and con$tant, which converts hard and ob$tinate $ub$tances; as the
flame of hard wood, and $uch like.
The eager flames, and yet le$s robu$t, do dry Bodies, and render them exhau$t and
6.
$aple$s; but the $tronger flames do intenerate and melt them.
Al$o in _Di$$ipating Medicines_, $ome vapour forth the thin part of the tumors
7.
or $wellings, and the$e harden the tumour; others potently di$cu$s, and the$e $of-
ten it.
Al$o in _Purging_ and _Ab$terging Medicines_, $ome carry away the fluid humors vio-
8.
lently, others draw the more ob$tinate and vi$cous.
The _Spirits_ ought to be inve$ted and armed with $uch a heat, that they may chu$e ra-
9.
ther to $tir and undermine hard and ob$tinate matters, than to di$charge and carry away
the thin and prepared; for by that means the Body becomes green and $olid.
_The_ Spirits _are $o to be wrought and tempered, that they may be in_ Sub$tance Den$e, _not_
10.
Rare; _in_ Heat strong, _not_ Eager; _in_ Quantity Sufficient _for the offices of L<007>fe, not_ Re-
dundant _or_ Turgid; _in_ Motion Appea$ed, _not_ Dancing _or_ Unequal.
That _Vapours_ work powerfully upon the _Spirits_, it is manife$t by Sleep, by Drunken-
11.
ne$s, by Melancholick Pa$$ions, by letificant Medicines, by Odours, calling the Spirits
back again in Swounings and Faintings.
The _Spirits_ are conden$ed four ways; either by _putting them to flight_, or by _refri-_
12.
_gerating_ and _cooling_ them, or by _$troaking_ them, or by _quieting_ them. And fir$t of their
_Conden$ation_ by _putting them to flight_.
What$oever putteth to flight on all parts, driveth the body into his Centre, and $o
13.
_Conden$eth_.
To the _Conden$ation_ of the _spirits_ by flight, the mo$t powerful and effectual is _Opi-_
14.
_um_, and next _Opiates_, and generally all _Soporiferous things_.
The force of _Opium_ to the _conden$ation_ of the _Spirits_ is exceeding $trong, whenas
15.
perhaps three grains thereof will in a $hort time $o coagulate the _Spirits_, that they re
turn no more, but are extingui$hed, and become immoveable.
_Opium_, and the like, put not the _Spirits_ to flight by their coldne$s, for they
16.
have parts manife$tly hot; but, on the contrary, cool by their putting the _Spirits_
to flight.
The _Flight_ of the _Spirits_ by _Opium_ and _Opiate Medicines_ is be$t $een by applying the
17.
$ame outwardly; for the _Spirits_ $traight with-draw them$elves, and will return no more,
but the part is mortified, and turns to a _Gængrene_.
_Opiates_, in grievous pains, as in the Stone, or the cutting off of a Limb, mitigate pains
18.
mo$t of all, by putting the _Spirits_ to flight.
_Opiates_ obtain a good effect from a bad cau$e; for the _Flight_ of the _Spirits_ is evil but
19.
the _Conden$ation_ of them through their flight is good.
[0307]_The Hi$tory of Life and Death._
The _Grecians_ attributed much, both for health and for prolongation of life, as _O-_
20.
_piates:_ but the _Arabians_ much more, in$omuch that their _grand Medicines_ (which they
called the _gods Hands_) had _Opium_ for their Ba$is and principal Ingredient, other things
being mixed to abate and correct the noxious qualities thereof; $uch were _Treacle_,
_Methridate_, and the re$t.
What$oever is given with good $ucce$s in the curing of _Pe$tilential_ and _Malignant_
21.
_Di$ea$es_, to $top and bridle the _Spirits_, le$t they grow turbulent and tumultuate, may
very happily be transferred to the prolongation of life; for one thing is effectual unto
both, namely, the _conden$ation_ of the _Spirits_: now there is nothing better for that
than _Opiates_.
The _Turks_ find _Opium_, even in a rea$onable good quantity, harmle$s and comfortable,
22.
in$omuch that they take it before their Battel to excite courage: but to us, unle$s it be
in a very $mall quantity, and with good Correctives, it is mortal.
_Opium_ and _Opiates_ are manife$tly found to excite _Venus_; which $hews them to have
23.
force to corroborate the Spirits.
_Di$tilled Water_ of _wilde Poppy_ is given with good $ucce$s in Surfeits, Agues, and divers
24.
di$ea$es; which no doubt is a temperate kind of _Opiate_. Neither let any man wonder
at the various u$e of it; for that is familiar to _Opiates_, in regard that the Spirits, cor-
roborated and conden$ed, will ri$e up again$t any di$ea$e.
The _Turks_ u$e a kind of Herb which they call _Caphe_, which they dry and powder,
25.
and then drink in warm water; which, they $ay, doth not a little $harpen them, both
in their Courage, and in their Wits; notwith$tanding, if it be taken in a large quantity,
it affects and di$turbs the mind: whereby it is manife$t, that it is of the $ame nature
with _Opiates_.
There is a Root much renowned in all the _Ea$tern parts_, which they call _Betel_, which
26.
the _Indians_ and others u$e to carry in their mouths, and to champ it, and by that
champing they are wonderfully enabled both to endure labours, and to overcome
$ickne$$es, and to the act of carnal copulation: It $eems to be a kind of _Stupefactive_,
becau$e it exceedingly blacks the Teeth.
_Tobacco_ in our age is immoderately grown into u$e, and it affects men with a $e-
27.
cret kind of delight, in$omuch that they who have once inured them$elves unto it can
hardly afterwards leave it: and no doubt it hath power to lighten the body, and to
$hake off wearine$s. Now the vertue of it is commonly thought to be, becau$e it
opens the pa$$ages, and voids humors: but it may more rightly be referred to the _con-_
_den$ation_ of the Spirits; for it is a kind of _Henbane_, and manife$tly troubles the
Head, as _Opiates_ do.
There are $ometimes _Humors_ engendred in the body, which are, as it were, _Opiate_
28.
them$elves; as it is in $ome kind of _Melanchol<007>es_, with which if a man be affected, it
is a $ign of very long life.
The _$imple Opiates_ (which are al$o called _Stupefactives_) are the$e; _Opium_ it $elf,
29.
which is the juice of _Poppy_; both the _Poppies_, as well in the Herb as in the Seed; _Hen-_
_bane, Mandrake, Hemlock, Tobacco, Night-$hade._
The compound _Opiates_ are, _Treacle, Methridate, Trifera, Ladanum, Paracel$i, Diaco-_
30.
_nium, Dia$cordium, Philonium, Pills_ of _Hounds-tongue_.
From this which hath been $aid, certain De$ignations or Coun$els may be deduced
31.
for the prolongation of life, according to the pre$ent inten$ion; namely, of _conden$ing_
the _Spirits_ by _Opiates_.
Let there be therefore every year, from Adult years of Youth, an _Op<007>ate_ diet; let it
32.
be taken about the end of _May_, becau$e the Spirits in the Summer are more loo$e and
attenuated, and there are le$s dangers from cold humours; let it be $ome _Magi$tral_
_Opiate_, weaker than tho$e that are commonly in u$e, both in re$pect of a $maller quan-
tity of _Opium_, and of a more $paring mixture of extreme hot things; let it be taken in
the morning betwixt $leeps. The fare for that time would be more $imple and $pa-
ring than ordinary, w<007>thout Wine, or Spices, or Vapourous things. This Medicine to
be taken onely each other day, and to be continued for a fortnight. This De$ignation in
our judgment comes home to the inten$ion.
_Opiates_ al$o may be taken, not onely by the mouth, but al$o by _Fumes_; but the
33.
_Fumes_ mu$t be $uch as may not move the expul$ive Faculty too $trongly, nor force
down humours, but onely taken in a Weft, may work upon the Spirits within the
brain. And therefore a _Suffumigation_ of _Tobacco, Lignum-Aloes, Ro$emary-leaves_
[0308]_The Hi$tory of Life and Death._
dried, and a little _Myrrhe_ $nuffed up in the morning at the mouth and no$trils, would be
very good.
In _Grand Opiates_, $uch as are _Treacle, Methridate_, and the re$t, it would not be
34.
ami$s (e$pecially in youth) to take rather the _di$tilled Waters_ of them than them$elyes
in their bodies; for the vapour in di$tilling doth ri$e, but the heat of the Medicine com-
monly $etleth. Now _di$tilled Waters_ are good in tho$e vertues which are conveyed by
Vapours, in other things but weak.
There are Medicines which have a certain weak and hidden degree, and therefore
35.
$afe to an _Opiate_ vertue; the$e $end forth a $low and copious vapour, but not malig-
nant as _Opiates_ do, therefore they put not the Spirits to _flight_; notwith$tanding they
congregate them, and $ome what thicken them.
Medicines in order to _Opiates_ are principally _Saffron_, next _Folium Indum, Am-_
36.
_ber-gree$e, Coriander-$eed prepared, Amomum, P$euda-momum, Lignum-Rhod<007>um,_
_Orenge-flower water_, and much more the _Infu$ion_ of the $ame _Flowers_ new gathered
in the _Oil_ of _Almonds; Nutmegs_ pricked full of holes, and macerated in Ro$e-
water.
As _Opiates_ are to be taken very $paringly, and at certain times, as was $aid, $o the$e $e-
37.
condaries may be taken familiarly, and in our daily diet, and they will be very effectual
to prolongation of life. Certainly an _Apothecary_ of _Calecute_, by the u$e of _Amber_,
is $aid to have lived an hundred and $ixty years; and the _Noble-men_ of _Barbary_, through
the u$e thereof, are certifi’d to be very long liv’d, whereas the mean people are but
of $hort life. And our _Ance$tors_, who were longer-liv’d than we, did u$e _Saffron_
much in their Cakes, Broths, and the like. And touching the fir$t way of conden$ing
the Spirits of _Opiates_ and the _Subordinates_ thereto, thus much.
Now we will enquire of the $econd way of conden$ing the _Spirits_ by _Cold_. For the
38.
proper work of _Cold_ is _Conden$ation_, and it is done without any malignity, or adver$e
quality; and therefore it is a $afer operation than by _Opiates_, though $omewhat le$s
powerful, if it be done by turns onely, as _Opiates_ are. But then again, becau$e it may
be u$ed familiarly, and in our daily diet with moderation, it is much more powerful for
the prolongation of life than by _Opiates_.
The _Refrigeration_ of the Spirits is effected three ways, either by _Respiration_,
39.
or by _Vapours_, or by _Aliment_. The fir$t is the be$t, but, in a $ort, out of our
power; the $econd is potent, but yet ready, and at hand; the third is weak, and
$omewhat about.
_Air clear_ and _pure_, and which hath no foggine$s in it, before it be received into the
40.
Lungs, and which is lea$t expo$ed to the Sun-beams, conden$eth the Spirits be$t. Such
is found either on the tops of dry Mountains, or in Champagnes open to the wind, and
yet not without $ome $hade.
As for the _Refrigeration_ and _Conden$ation_ of the _Spirits_ by _Vapours_, the Root of this
41.
operation we place in _Nitre_, as a Creature purpo$ely made and cho$en for this end, be-
ing thereunto led, and per$waded by the$e Arguments.
_Nitre_ is a kind of cool Spice: this is apparent to the $en$e it $elf, for it bites the
42.
Tongue and Palate with _cold_, as Spices do with _heat_, and it is the onely thing, as far as
we know, that hath this property.
Almo$t all _cold things_ (which are cold properly, and not by accident, as _Opium_ is)
43.
are poor and jejune of Spirit; contrarily, things full of _Spirit_ are almo$t all hot, onely
_Nitre_ is found among$t Vegetables, which aboundeth with _Spirit_, and yet is cold. As
for _Camphire_, which is full of Spirit, and yet performeth the actions of cold, it cooleth
by accident onely; as namely, for that by the thinne$s thereof, without _A_crimony,
it helpeth per$piration in inflammations.
In _congealing_ and _freezing_ of _Liquors_, (which is lately grown into u$e) by laying
44.
Snow and Ice on the out-$ide of the Ve$$el, _Nitre_ is al$o added, and no doubt it ex-
citeth and fortifieth the _Congelation_. It is true, that they u$e al$o for this work ordinary
Bay-Salt, which doth rather give activity to the coldne$s of the Snow, than cool by it
$elf: But, as I have heard, in the hotter Regions, where Snow falls not, the congeal-
ing is wrought by _Nitre_ alone; but this I cannot certainly affirm.
It is affirmed that _Gun powder_, which con$i$teth principally of _Nitre_, being taken in
45.
drink, doth conduce to valour, and that it is u$ed oftentimes by Mariners and Souldiers
before they begin their Battels, as the _Turks_ do _Opium_.
[0309]_The Hi$tory of Life and Death._
_Nitre_ is given with good $ucce$s in burning Agues, and Pe$tilential Fevers, to miti-
46.
gate and bridle their pernicious heats.
It is manife$t, that _Nitre_ in _Gun-powder_ doth mightily abhor the Flame, from
47.
whence is cau$ed that horrible Crack and puffing.
_Nitre_ is found to be, as it were, the _Spirit_ of the Earth: for this is mo$t cer-
48.
tain, that any Earth, though pure and unmixt with Nitrous matter, if it be $o laid up
and covered, that it be free from the Sun-beams, and putteth forth no Vegetable,
will gather _Nitre_, even in good abundance. By which it is clear, that the Spirit of
_Nitre_ is not onely inferiour to the _Spirit_ of living Creatures, but al$o to the _Spirit_
of Vegetables.
_Cattle_ which drink of _Nitrous_ water do manife$tly grow fat, which is a $ign of the
49.
cold in _Nitre_.
The manuring of the Soil is chiefly by _Nitrous $ub$tances_; for all Dung is _Nitrous_,
50.
and this is a $ign of the Spirit in _Nitre_.
From hence it appears, that the Spirits of Man may be cooled and conden$ed
51.
by the Spirit of _Nitre_, and be made more crude, and le$s eager. And therefore,
as $trong Wines, and Spices, and the like, do burn the Spirits, and $horten life;
$o on the contrary $ide, _Nitre_ doth compo$e and repre$s them, and furthereth to
life.
_Nitre_ may be u$ed with meat, mixed with our Salt, to the tenth part of the Salt;
52.
in Broths taken in the morning, for three grains to ten, al$o in Beer: but how$oever
it be u$ed, with moderation, it is of prime force to long life.
As _Opium_ holds the preheminence in _conden$ing_ the Spirits, by putting them to
53.
_flight_, and hath withal his _Subordinates_, le$s potent, but more $afe, which may be
taken both in greater quantity, and in more frequent u$e, of which we have for-
merly $poken_:_ $o al$o _N<007>tre_, which conden$eth the Spirits by cold, and by a kind of
Fre$cour, (as wenow a-days $peak) hath al$o his _Subordinates_.
_Subordinates_ to _Nitre_ are all tho$e things which yield an Odour $omewhat Ear-
54.
thy, like the $mell of Earth, pure and good, newly digged or turned up; of this $ort
the chief are, _Borage, Buglo$s, Langue de Bœuf, Burnet, Strawberry leaves_ and
_Strawberries, Frambo{is}_ or _Ra$p{is}_, raw _Cucumers_, raw _Pearmains, Vine-leaves, and Buds_;
al$o _Violets_.
The next in order are tho$e which have a certain fte$hne$s of $mell, but $omewhat
55.
more inclined to heat; yet not altogether void of that vertue of refre$hing by cool-
ne$s; $uch as are _Balm, green Citrons, green Orenges, Ro$e-water di$tilled, roasted Wardens_;
al$o the _Damask, Red_, and _Musk Ro$es_.
This is to be noted, that _Subordinates_ to _Nitre_ do commonly confer more to
56.
this _Inten$ion, Raw_, then having pa$$ed the Fire, becau$e that the Spirit of Cooling
is di$$ipated by the Fire; therefore they are be$t taken, either infu$ed in $ome liquor,
or raw.
As the conden$ation of the Spirits by _Subordinates_ to _Opium_ is, in $ome $ort, per-
57.
formed by _Odours_, $o al$o that which is by _Subordinates_ to _Nitre_; therefore the $mell
of new and pure _Earth_, taken either by following the Plough, or by digging, or by
weeding, excellently refre$heth the Spirits. Al$o the Leaves of Trees in Woods, or
Hedges, falling towards the middle of Autumn, yield a good refre$hing to the Spi-
rits, but none $o good as _Strawberry-leaves_ dying. Likewi$e the $mell of _Violets_, or
_Wall-flowers_, or _Bean-flowers_, or _Sweet-briar_, or _Hony-$uckles_, taken as they grow, in
pa$$ing by them onely, is of the $ame nature.
Nay, and we know a certain great word who lived long, that had every morning
58.
immediately after $leep, a _Clod_ of fre$h _Earth_ laid in a fair Napkin under his No$e, that
he might take the $mell thereof.
There is no doubt, but the cooling and tempering of the blood by cool things, $uch
59.
as are _Endive, Succory, Liver wort, Pur$lain_, and the like, do al$o by con$equent
cool the Spirits; but this is about, whereas vaponrs cool immediately.
And as touching the conden$ing of the Spirits by _Cold_, thus much: The third way
60.
of conden$ing the Spirits, we $aid to be by that which we call _$troaking_ the _Spirits_:
The fourth, by _quieting_ the _alacrity_ and _unruline$s_ of them.
Such things _$troke_ the _Spirits_ as are plea$ing and friendly to them, yet they al-
61.
lure them not to go abroad; but rather prevail, that the Spirits contented, as it were,
[0310]_The Hi$tory of Life and Death._
in their own $ociety, do enjoy them$elves, and betake them$elves into their proper
Centre.
For the$e, if you recollect tho$e things which were formerly $et down, as _Subor-_
61.
_dinates_ to _Opium_ and _Nitre_, there will need no other _Inqui$ition_.
As for the quieting of the _unruline$s_ of the Spirits, we $hall pre$ently $peak of that,
62.
when we enquire touching their _Motion_. Now then, $eeing we have $poken of that
_Conden$ation_ of the _Spirits_ which pertaineth to their $ub$tance, we will come to the
_temper_ of _Heat_ in them.
The _Heat_ of the _Spirits_, as we $aid, ought to be of that kind that it may be _robu$t_,
63.
not _eager_, and may delight rather to ma$ter the tough and ob$tinate, than to carry away
the thin and light humors.
We mu$t beware of _Spices, wine_, and $trong _Drinks_, that our u$e of them be very
64.
temperate, and $ometimes di$continued; al$o of _Savory, Wild marjoram, Penny-royal_,
and all $uch as bite and heat the tongue; for they yield unto the _Spirits_ an _heat_ not _O-_
_perative_, but _Predatory_.
The$e yield a _robu$t heat_, e$pecially _Elecampane, Garlick, Carduus Bened<007>ctus_,
65.
_Water-cre{$s}es_ while they are young, _Germander, Angelica, Zedoary, Vervin, Valerian_,
_Myrrhe, Pepper-wort, Elder flowers, Garden-Chervile_; The u$e of the$e things with
choice and judgement, $ometimes in Sallads, $ometimes in Medicines, will $atisfie this
_Operation_.
It falls out well that the _Grand Opiates_ will al$o $erve excellently for this _Operation_,
66.
in re$pect that they yield $uch an _heat_ by compo$ition, which is wi$hed, but not to be
found, in Simples. For the mixing of tho$e exce$$ive hot things ($uch as are _Enphor-_
_bium, Pellitory_ of _Spain, stav{is}-acre, Dragon-wort, Anacordi, ca$toreum, Ari$tolochium_,
_Opponax, Ammoniachum, Galbanum_, and the like, which of them$elves cannot be taken
inwardly) to qualifie and abate the _Stupefactive_ virtue of the _Opium_, they do make
$uch a con$titution of a Medicament as we now require; which is excellently $een in
this, That _Treacle_ and _Methridate_, and the re$t, are not $harp, nor bite the tongue,
but are onely $omewhat bitter, and of $trong $cent, and at la$t manife$t their heat when
they come into the $tomach, and in their $ub$equent operations.
There conduce al$o to the _robu$t heat_ of the Spirits _Venus_ often excited, rarely
67.
performed; and no le$s $ome of the affections, of which $hall be $poken hereafter.
So touching the heat of the Spirits, Analogical to the prolongation of Life, thus
much.
Touching the _Quantity_ of the Spirits, that they be not _exuberant_ and _boiling_, but
68.
rather _sparing_, and within a mean, ($eeing a $mall flame doth not devour $o much as a
great flame) the _Inqui$ition_ will be $hort.
It $eems to be approved by experience, that a _spare Diet_, and almo$t a _Pythagori-_
69.
_cal_, $uch as is either pre$cribed by the $trict Rules of a _Monastical life_, or practi$ed
by _Hermites_, which have Nece$$ity and Poverty for their Rule, rendreth a man long-
liv’d.
Hitherto appertain _drinking of water_, a _hard Bed, ab$tinence from Fire_, a _$lender_
70.
_Diet_, (as namely, of _Herbs, Fruits, Fle$h_, and _Fi$h_, rather _powdred_ and _$alted_ than
_fre$h_ and _hot_) an _Hair-$hirt, frequent Fa$tings, frequent Watchings, few $en$ual Plea-_
_$ures_, and $uch like; for all the$e dimini$h the Spirits, and reduce them to $uch a _quan-_
_tity_ as may be $ufficient onely for the Functions of Life, whereby the depredation is the
le$s.
But if the _Diet_ $hall not be altogether $o _rigorous_ and _mortifying_, yet notwith$tand-
71.
ing $hall be always _equal_ and _con$tant_ to it $elf, it worketh the $ame effect. We $ee
it in _Flames_, that a _Flame_ $omewhat bigger ($o it be always alike and quiet) con$u-
meth le$s of the fuel than a le$$er Flame blown with Bellows, and by Gu$ts $tronger
or weaker: That which the _Regiment_ and _Diet_ of _Cornarus_ the _Venetian_ $hewed
plainly, who did eat and drink $o many years together by a ju$t weight, where-
by he exceeded an hundred years of age, $trong in limbs, and intire in his
$en$es.
Care al$o mu$t be taken, that a body plentifully nouri$hed, and not emaciated by
72.
any of the$e afore$aid Diets, omitteth not a $ea$onable u$e of _Venus_, le$t the Spirits in-
crea$e too fa$t, and $often and de$troy the body. So then, touching a moderate _quan-_
_tity_ of Spirits, and (as we may $ay) Frugal, thus much.
The _Inqui$ition_ touching _bridling_ the _motions_ of the _Spirits_ followeth next.
73.
[0311]The Hi$tory of Life and Death.
_Motion_ doth manife$tly attenuate and in$lame them. This bridling is done by three
means: by _Sleep_; by _avoiding_ of _vehement Labours, immoderate Exerci$e_, and in a word,
all _La$$itude_; and by refraining _irk $ome Affections_. And fir$t, touching _Sleep_.
The Fable tells us, that _Epimenides $lept_ many years together in a Cave, and all that
74.
time needed no meat, becau$e the _Spirits_ wa$te not much in _$leep_.
Experience teacheth us that certaϊn Creatures, as _Dormice_ and _Bats_, _$leep_ in $ome
75.
clo$e places an whole Winter together; $uch is the force of _$leep_ to re$train all vital
Con$umption. That which _Bees_ and _Drones_ are al$o thought to do, though $ometimes
de$titute of _Honey_; and likewi$e _Butter-flies_, and other _Flies_.
_Sleep_ after _Dinner_ (the $tomach $ending up no unplea$ing Vapours to the head, as
76.
being the fir$t Dews of our Meat) is good for the _$pirits_, but derogatory and hurt$ul
to all other points of health. Notwith$tanding in extream old age there is the $ame
rea$on of Meat and _Sleep_, for both our meals and our _$leeps_ $hould be then frequent,
but $hort and little; nay, and towards the la$t period of old age, a mere _Re$t_, and, as
it were, a perpetual _Repo$ing_ doth be$t, e$pecially in Winter-time.
But as moderate _$leep_ con$erreth to long life, $o much more if it be _quiet_ and not
77.
_di$turbed_.
The$e procure _quiet $leep, Violets, Lettuce_, e$pecially boiled, _Sirrup_ of _dried Ro$es_,
78.
S_affron, Balm, Apples_, at our going to bed; a _$op_ of _Bread_ in _Malm$ey_, e$pecially
where _Musk-Ro$es_ have been fir$t _infu$ed_: therefore it would not be ami$s to make
$ome _Pill_, or a $mall Draught of the$e things, and to u$e it familiarly. Al$o tho$e
things which $hut the mouth of the $tomach clo$e, as _Coriander-$eed_ prepared, _Quinces_
and W_ardens_ roa$ted, do induce $ound $leep; but above all things in youth, and for
tho$e that have $ufficient $trong $tomacks, it will be be$t to take a good draught of _clear_
_cold_ W_ater_ when they go to bed.
To ching voluntary and procured _Trances_, as al$o _fixed_ and _pro$ound Thoughts_, $o
as they be without irksomne$s, I have nothing certain: no doubt they make to this _Inten$ion_,
and _conden$e_ the _Spirits_, and that more potently than _Sleep_, $ee<007>ng they lay a$leep, and
$u$pend the $en$es as much or more. Touching them, let further inquiry be made. so far
touching _Sleep_.
As for _Motion_ and _Exerci$e_, La$$itude hurteth, and $o doth all Motion and Exer-
79.
ci$e which is too nimble and $wift; as Running, Tennis, Fencing, and the like; and
again, when our $trength is extended and $trained to the uttermo$t, as Dancing, Wre$t-
ling, and $uch like: for it is certain, that the _$pirits_ being driven into $treights, either by
the $wiftne$s of the motion, or by the $training of the forces, do afterward become
more eager and predatory. On the other $ide, _Exerci$es_ which $tir up a good $trong
motion, but not over-$wift, or to our utmo$t $trength, ($uch as are Leaping, Shooting,
Riding, Bowling, and the like) do not hurt, but rather benefit.
We mu$t come now to the _Affections_ and _Pa$$ions_ of the _Mind_, and $ee which of them
are hurtful to long life, which profitable.
_Great Joys_ attenuate and diffu$e the _$pirits_, and $horten life; _familiar Chearfulne$s_
80.
$trengthens the _$pirits_, by calling them forth, and yet not re$olving them.
_Impre$$ions_ of _Joy_ in the $en$e are naught; ruminations of _Joy_ in the memory, or
81.
apprehen$ions of them in hope or fancy, are good.
_Joy $uppre$$ed_, or communicated $paringly, doth more comfort the _$pirits_ than _Joy_
82.
poured forth and publi$hed.
_Grief_ and _Sadne$s_, if it be void of _Fear_, and afflict not too much, doth rather pro-
83.
longlife; for it contracteth the _$pirits_, and is a kind of _conden$ation_.
_Great Fears_ $horten the life: for though _Grief_ and _Fear_ do both $treighten the _$pirit_,
84.
yet in _Grief_ there is a $imple contraction; but in _Fear_, by rea$on of the cares taken
for the remedy, and hopes intermixed, there is a turmoil and vexing of the _$pirits_.
_Anger_ $uppre$$ed is al$o a kind of vexation, and cau$eth the _$pirit_ to feed upon the
85.
juices of the body; but let loo$e and breaking forth, it helpeth: as tho$e _Medicines_ do
which induce a _robu$t heat_.
_Envy_ is the wor$t of all _Pa$$ions_, and fecdeth upon the _$pirits_, and they again
86.
uponthe _body_; and $o much the more becau$e it is perpetual, and, as it is $aid, _keepeth_
_no holidays_.
_Pity_ of another man’s misfortune, which is not likely to befall our $elves, is good.
87.
[0312]The Hi$tory of Life and Death.
but _P<007>ty_, which may reflect with $ome $imilitude upon the party pitying, is naught, be-
can$e it exciteth _Fear_.
_Light shame_ hurteth not, $eeing it contracteth the _spirits_ a little, and then $traight
88.
diffu$eth them: in$omuch that _$hamefac’d_ per$ons commonly live long: but _Shame_ for
$ome great ignominy, and which afflicteth the mind long, contracteth the _spirits_ even
to $uffocation, and is pernicious.
_Love_, if it be not unfortunate, and too deeply wounding, is a kind of _Joy_, and is
89.
$ubject to the $ame Laws which we have $et down touching _Joy_.
_Hope_ is the mo$t beneficial of all the _Affections_, and doth much to the prolonga
90.
tion of life, if it be not too often fru$trated, but entertaineth the Fancy with an ex-
pectation of good: therefore they which fix and propound to them$elves $ome end,
as the mark and $cope of their life, and continually and by degrees go for ward in
the $ame, are, for the mo$t part, long-liv’d; in $o much that when they are come to
the top of their hope, and can go no higher therein, they commonly droop, and live
not long after: So that _Hope_ is a _Leaf-joy_, which may be beaten out to a great exten-
$ion, like Gold.
_Admiration_ and _light contemplation_ are very powerful to the prolonging of life; for
91.
they hold the _$pirits_ in $uch things as delight them, and $uffer them not to tumultuate,
or to carry them$elves unquietly and waywardly. And therefore all the _Contemplators_
of _Natural things_, which had $o many and eminent Objects to admire, (as _Demo-_
_critus, Plato, Parmedides, Apollonius_) were long liv’d: al$o _Rhetoricians_, which ta-
$ted but lightly of things, and $tudied rather Exornation of $peech than profundity of
matters, were al$o long-liv’d; as _Gorgias, Protagoras, I$ocrates, seneca_. And certain-
ly, as old men are for the mo$t part talkative, $o talkative men do often grow very old;
for it $hews a _light contemplation_, and $uch as doth not much $tain the _spirits_, or vex
them: but $ubtil, and acute, and eager inqui$ion $hortens life; for it tireth the _$pir<007>t_,
and wa$teth it.
And as touching the _motion_ of the _Spirits_ by the _Affections_ of the _Mind_, thus much.
Now we will adde certain other general _Ob$ervations_ touching the _Spirits_, be$ide the
former, which fall not into the precedent di$tribution.
E$pecial care mu$t be taken that the _Spirits_ be not too often _re$olved_; for attenua-
92.
tion goeth before re$olution, and the _spirit_ once attenuated doth not very ea$ily retire,
or is _conden$ed_. Now _Re$olution_ is cau$ed by over-great labours, over-vebement affe-
ctions of the mind, over great $weats, over great evacuations, hot Baths, and an un
temperate and un$ea$onable u$e of _Venus_; al$o by over-great cares and carpings, and
anxious expectations; la$tly, by malignant di$ea$es, and intolerable pains and torments
of the body_:_ all which, as much as may be, (which our vulgar _Phy$icians_ al$o advi$e)
mu$t be avoided.
The _$pirits_ are delighted both with _wonted_ things, and with _new_. Now it maketh
93.
wonderfully to the con$ervation of the _$pirits_ in vigour, that we neither u$e _wonted_
things to a $atiety and glutting; nor _new_ things, before a quick and $trong appetite.
And therfore both _cu$toms_ are to be broken off with judgment and care, before they
breed a fulne$s; and the _appetite_ after new things to be re$trained for a time until
it grow more $harp and jocond: and moreover, the _life_, as much as may be, $o to
be ordered, that it may have many _renovations_, and the _$pirits_ by perpetual conver$ing
in the $ame actions may not wax dull. For though it were no ill $aying of _Seneca’s_,
_The fool doth ever beg<007>n to live_; yet this folly, and many more $uch, are good for
long life.
It is to be ob$erved touching the _$pirits_, (though the contrary u$ed to be done)
94.
That when men perceive their _$pirits_ to be in good, placid, and healthful $tate,
(that which will be $een by the tranquility of their Mind, and chearful di$po$i-
tion) that they cheri$h them, and not change them: but when, in a turbulent
and untoward $tate, (which will al$o appear by their $adne$s, lumpi$hne$s, and
other indi$po$ition of their mind) that then they $traight overwhelm them, and
alter them. Now the _$pirits_ are contained in the $ame $tate, by a re$training of the
affections, temperatene$s of diet, ab$tinence from _Venus_, moderation in labour,
indifferent re$t and repo$e: and the contrary to the$e do alter and overwhelm
the _$pirits_; as namely, vehement affections, profu$e fea$tings, immoderate _Venus_,
difficult labours, earne$t $tudies, and pro$ecution of bu$ine$s. Yet men are wont,
when they are merrie$t and be$t di$po$ed, then to apply them$elves to $ea$tings,
[0313]The Hi$tory of Life and Death.
_Venus_, Labours, Endeavours, Bu$ine$$es, whereas if they have a regard to long life,
(wh<007>ch may $eem $trange) they $hould rather practi$e the contrary. For we ought
to cheri$h and pre$erve good _$pirits_, and for the evil-di$po$ed _spirits_ to di$charge and
alter them.
_Ficinus_ $aith not unwi$ely, That _old men_, for the comforting of their $pirits, ought
95.
often to remember and ruminate upon the _Acts_ of their _Childhood_ and _routh_. Cer-
tainly $uch a remembrance is a kind of peculiar Recreation to every _old man_:
and thet efore it is a delight to men to enjoy the $ociety of them which have been
brought up together with them, and to vi$it the places of their education. _Ve$pa$ian_
did attribute $o much to this matter, that when he was _Emperour_ he would by no
means be per$waded to leave his Father’s hou$e, though but mean, le$t he $hould
lo$e the wonted object of his eyes, and the memory of his childhood; and be$ides,
he would drink in a _wooden Cup_, tipped with $ilver, which was his _Grandmother’s_,
upon _Fe$tival dayes_.
One thing above all is grateful to the _Spirits_, that there be a _continual progre$s_ to
96.
the more _benign_; therefore we $hould lead $uch a Youth and manhood, that our
Old age $hould find new Solaces, whereof the chief is _moderate ea$e_: And there-
fore old men in honourable places lay violent hands upon them$elves, who retire not
to their ea$e: whereof may be found an eminent Example in _ca$$iodorus_, who was
of that reputation among$t the _Gothi$h Kings_ of _Italy_, that he was as the Soul of their
affairs; afterwards, being near eighty years of age, he betook him$elfto a Mona$tery,
where he ended not his dayes before he was an hundred years old. But this thing doth
require two Cautions: one, that they drive not off till their bodies be utterly
worn out and di$ea$ed; for in $uch bodies all mutation, though to the more _benign_,
ha$teneth death: the other, that they $urrender not them$elves to a _$luggi$h ea$e_, but
that they embrace $omething which may entertain their thoughts and mind with con-
tentation; in which kind the chief delights are Reading and Contemplation; and
then the de$ires of Building and Planting.
La$tly, the $ame _Action, Endeavour_ and _Labour_ undertaken _chearfully_ and with a _good_
97.
_will_ doth refre$h the _Spirits_; but with an _aver$ation_ and _unwillingne$s_, doth fret and
deject them. And therefore it conferreth to long life, either that a man hath the art
to in$titute his life $o as it may be free and $uitable to his own humour; or el$e to lay
$uch a command upon his mind, that what$oever is impo$ed by Fortune, it may rather
lead him than drag him.
Neither is that to be omitted towards the government of the _Affections_, that e$pecial
98.
care be taken of the _mouth_ of the _Stomach_, e$pecially that it be not too much relaxed;
for rhat part hath a greater dominion over the affections, e$pecially the daily affections,
than either the Heart or Brain; onely tho$e things excepted which are wrought by po-
tent vapours, as in Drunkenne$s and Melancholly.
Touching the _Operation_ upon the _Spirits_, that they may _remain youthful_, and _re-_
99.
_new_ their _vigour_, thus much: which we have done the more accurately, for that
there is, for the mo$t part, among$t _Phy$icians_ and other Authors touching the$e _Ope-_
_rations_ a deep $ilence; but e$pecially, becau$e the _Operation_ upon the _Spir<007>ts_, and their
_waxing green again_, is the mo$t ready and compendious way to long life; and that for a
two-fold compendiou$ne$s: one, becau$e the _Spirits_ work compendiou$ly upon the
body; the other, becau$e _Vapours_ and the _Affections_ work compendiou$ly upon the
_Spirits_; $o as the$e attain the end, as it were, in a right line, other things rather in
lines circular.
The Operation upon the Exclu$ion of the Air. 2.
The Hi$tory.
THE Exclu$ion of the _Air ambient_ tendeth to length of life two wayes:
1.
Fir$t for that the _External Air_, next unto the _Native spirit_, (how-
$oever the _Air_ may be $aid to animate the Spirit of Man, and con-
ferreth not a little to health) doth mo$t of all prey upon the juices of the body,
[0314]The Hi$tory of Life and Death.
and ha$ten the De$iccation thereof; and therefore the _Exclu$ion_ of it is effectual to
length of life.
Another effect which followeth the _Exclu$ion_ of _Air_ is much more $ubtil and pro-
2.
found, namely, that the Body clo$ed up, and not per$piring by the pores, detaineth the
_Spirits_ within, and turneth it upon the harder parts of the body, whereby the _Spirit_
mollifies and intenerates them.
Of this thing the rea$on is explained in the _De$iccation_ of _Inanimate Bodies_; and
3.
it is an Axiom almo$t infallible, That the _Spirit_ di$charged and i$$uing forth, drieth
Bodies; detained, melteth and intenerateth them. And it is further to be a$$umed,
That all Heat doth properly attenuate and moi$ten, and contracteth and drieth onely by
Accident.
_Leading_ the _Life_ in _Dens_ and _caves_, where the _Air_ receives not the Sun-beams, may
4.
be effectual to long life. For the _Air_ of it $elf doth not much towards the depreda-
tion of the body, unle$s it be $tirred up by heat. Certainly, if a man $hall recal things
pa$t to his memory, it will appear that the $tatures of men have been anciently much
greater than tho$e that $ucceeded, as in _Sicily_, and $ome other places: but this kind of
men led their lives, for the mo$t part, in _Caves_. Now length of life and largene$s of
limbs have $ome affinity. The _cave_ al$o of _Epimenides_ walks among the Fables. I
$uppo$e likewi$e, that the life of _Columnar Anchorites_ was a thing re$embling the life
in _Caves_, in re$pect the Sun-beams could not much pierce thither, nor the _Air_ receive
any great changes or inequalities. This is certain, both the _Simeon Stelita’s_, as well
_Daniel_ as _Saba_, and other _Columnar Anchorites_, have been exceeding long-liv’d. Like-
wi$e the _Anchorites_ in our dayes, clo$ed up and immured either within Walls or Pillars,
are often found to be long-liv’d.
Next unto the life in _Caves_ is the life on _Mountains_: for as the beams of the
5.
Sun do not penetrate into _Caves_; $o on the tops of _Mountains_, being de$titute of
Reflexion, they are of $mall force. But this is to be under$tood of _Mountains_ where
the Air is clear and pure; namely, whether by rea$on of the drine$s of the Vallies, Clouds
and Vapours do not a$cend; as it is in the Mountains which encompa$s _Barbary_, where,
even at this day, they live many times to an hundred and fifty years, as hath been noted
before.
And this kind of _Air_ of _Caves_ and _Mountains_, of its own proper nature, is little or
6.
nothing predatory; but _Air_, $uch as ours is, which is predatory through the heat of
the Sun, ought as much as is po$$ible, to be excluded from the body.
But the _Air_ is prohibited and excluded two ways: fir$t, by _clo$ing_ the Pores; $e-
7.
condly, by _filling_ them up.
To the _clo$ing_ of the Pores help coldne$s of the air, going naked, whereby the skin
8.
is made hard, wa$hing in cold water, A$tringents applied to the skin, $uch as are _Ma-_
_$tick, Myrrbe, Myrtle_.
But much more may we $atisfie this _Operation_ by _Baths_, yet tho$e rarely u$ed, (e$pe-
9.
cially in Summer) which are made of _A$tringent Mineral Waters_, $uch as may $afely be
u$ed, as Waters participating of Steel and Coperas; for the$e do potently contract the
skin.
As for _filling_ up the _Pores, Paintings_ and $uch like _Vnctuous daubings_, and (which
10.
may mo$t commodiou$ly be u$ed) _Oil_ and _fat things_, do no le$s con$erve the $ub$tance
of the body, than Oil-colours and Varni$h do pre$erve Wood.
The ancient _Britains_ painted their bodies with _Woad_, and were exceeding long liv’d:
11.
the _Picts_ al$o u$ed paintings, and are thought by $ome to have derived their name from
thence.
The _Bra$ilians_ and _Virginians_ paint them$elves at this day, who are (e$pecially the
12.
former) very long liv’d; in$omuch that five years ago the _French Je$uites_ had $peech
with $ome who remembred the building of _Fernambuck_, which was done an hundred
and twenty years $ince; and they were then at Man’s e$tate.
_Joannes de temporibus_, who is reported to have extended his life to three hundred
13.
years, being asked how he pre$erved him$elf $o long, is $aid to have an$wered, _By Oyl_
_without, and by Honey within_.
The _Iri$h_, e$pecially the _Wild-Iri$h_, even at this day live very long: certainly they
14.
report, that within the$e few years the _counte$s_ of _De$mond_ lived to an hundred and
forty years of age, and bred Teeth three times. Now the _Iri$h_ have a fa$hion to chafe,
and, as it were, to ba$te them$elves with old Salt-butter again$t the fire.
[0315]The Hi$tory of Life and Death.
The $ame _Iri$h_ u$e to wear _Saffroned Linen_ and _Shirts_: which though it were at
15.
fir$t devi$ed to prevent Vermin, yet how$oever I take it to be very u$eful for length-
ning of life; for _Saffron_, of all things that I know, is the be$t thing for the skin,
and the comforting of the fle$h, $eeing it is both notably A$tringent, and hath be$ides
an Oleo$ity and $ubtle heat, without any Acrimony. I remember a certain _Engli$hman_,
who when he went to Sea carried a bagg of _Saffron_ next his $tomack, that he might
conceal it, and $o e$cape Cu$tom; and whereas he was wont to be always exceed-
ing Sea-$ick, at that time he continued very well, and felt no provocation to
vomit.
_Hippocrates_ advi$eth in Winter to wear clean Linen, and in Summer foul Linen and
16.
be$ineared with Oil. The rea$on may $eem to be, becau$e in Summer the _Spirits_ ex-
hale mo$t, therefore the pores of the skin would be filled up.
Hereupon we are of opinion, that the u$e of _Oil_, either of _Olives_ or $weet _Al-_
17.
_monds_, to anoint the skin therewith, would principally conduce to long life: The
_anointing_ would be done every morning when we ri$e out of bed, with Oil in which a
little _Bay-$alt_ and _Saffron_ is mixed. But this _anointing_ mu$t be lightly done with
Wool, or $ome $oft $ponge, not laying it on thick, but gently touching and wet-
ting the skin.
It is certain that _Liquors_, even the Oily them$elves, in great quantities draw $ome-
18.
what from the body; but contrarily, in $mall quantities are drunk in by the body: there-
fore the anointing would be but light, as we $aid, or rather the $hirt it $elf would be be-
$meared with Oil.
It may happily be objected, that this anointing with Oil, which we commend,
19.
(though it were never in u$e with us, and among$t the _Italians_ is ca$t off again)
was anciently very familiar among$t the _Grecians_ and _Romans_, and a part of their Diet;
and yet men were not longer-liv’d in tho$e dayes than now. But it may rightly be an-
$wered, Oil was in u$e onely after Baths, unle$s it were perhaps among$t _Champi-_
_ons:_ now hot Baths are as much contrary to our operation, as _Anointings_ are
congruous, $eeing the one opens the pa$$ages, the other $tops them up: therefore
the Bath, without the anointing following, is utterly bad; the anointing without the
Bath is be$t of all. Be$ides, the anointing among$t them was u$ed onely for _delicacy_,
or (if you take it at the be$t) for _health_, but by no means in order to long life; and
therefore they u$ed them with all precious Ointments, which were good for deliciou$-
ne$s, but hurtful to our intention, in regard of their heat: So that _Virgil_ $eemeth not to
have $aid ami$s,
----Nec Ca$iâ liquidi corrumpitur u$us Olivi,
That odoriferous Ca$ia hath not $upplanted the u$e of neat Oil-Olive.
_Anointing_ with _Oil_ conduceth to health, both in Winter, by the exclu$ion of the
20.
_cold Air_, and in Summer, by detaining the $pirits within, and prohibiting the Re-
$olution of them, and keeping off the force of the air which is then mo$t pre-
datory.
Seeing the anointing with _Oil_ is one of the mo$t potent operations to long life, we
21.
have thought good to add $ome cautions, left the health $hould be endangered: They
are four, according to the four _Inconveniences_ which may follow thereupon.
The fir$t _Ineonvenience_ is, that by _repre$$ing $weats_, it may ingender di$ea$es from
22.
tho$e excrementitious humours. To this a remedy muft be given by _Purges_ and _Cly-_
_$ters_, that evacuation may be duly performed. This is certain, that evacuation by
$weats commonly advanceth health, and derogateth from long life; butgentle _Purgers_
work upon the humours, not upon the $pirits, as $weat doth.
The $econd _Inconvenience_ is, that it may _heat_ the body, and in time inflame it; for
23.
the $pirits $hut in, and not breathing forth, acquire heat. This inconvenience may be
prevented, if the _Diet_ mo$t u$ually incline to the colder part, and that at times $ome
proper cooling Medicines be taken, of which we $hall $traight $peak in the operation
upon the _Bloud_.
The third is, that it may _annoy the head_; for all _Oppletion_ from without $trikes back
24.
the vapours, and $ends them up unto the head. This inconvenience is remedied by
_Purgers_, e$pecially _Cly$ters_, and by $hutting the mouth of the $tomach $trongly with
Stipticks, and by combing and rubbing the head, and by wa$hing it with convenient
Lies, that $omething may exhale, and by not omitting competent and good exerci$es,
that $omething al$o may per$pire by the skin.
[0316]_The Hi$tory of Life and Death_.
The fourth _Inconvenience_ is a more $ubtil Evil, namely, that the Spirit being
25.
detained by the clo$ing up of the _Pores_, is likely to multiply it $elf too much; for when
little i$$ueth forth, and new Spirit is continually ingendred, the Spirit in crea$eth too
fa$t, and $o preyeth upon the body more plentifully. But this is not altogether $o;
for all Spirit clo$ed up is dull, (for it is blown and excited with motion as Flame is)
and therefore it is le$s active, and le$s generative of it $elf: Indeed it is thereby in-
crea$ed in Heat, (as Flame is) but flow in Motion. And therefore the remedy to
this inconvenience mu$t be by cold things, being $ometimes mixed with _Oil_, $uch
as are _Ro$es_ and _Myrtles_; for we mu$t altogether di$claim hot things, as we $aid of
_Ca$$ia_.
Neither will it be unprofitable to wear next the body Garments that have in
26.
them $ome _Unctuo$ity_ or _Oleo$ity_, not _Aquo$ity_, for they will exhau$t the body
le$s; $uch as are tho$e of Woollen rather than tho$e of Linen. Certainly it is
manife$t in the Spirits of Odours, that if you lay $we@t powders among$t Li-
nen, they will much $ooner lo$e their $mell than among$t Woollen. And there-
fore Linen is to be preferred for delicacy and neatne$s, but to be $u$pected for our
_Operation_.
The _Wild Iri$h_, as $oon as they fall $ick, the fir$t thing they do is to take the $heets
27.
off their beds, and to wrap them$elves in the woollen cloaths.
Some report, that they have found great benefit in the con$ervation of their health
28.
by wearing _scarlet Wa$coats_ next their skin, and under their $hirts, as well down to
the neather parts as on the upper.
It is al$o to be ob$erved, that _Air_ accu$tomed to the body doth le$s prey upon it
29.
than new _Air_ and often changed; and therefore poor people, in $mall Cottages, who
live always within the $mell of the $ame chimney, and change not their $eats, are
commonly longe$t liv’d: notwith$tanding, to other operations (e$pecially for them
who$e Spirits are not altogether dull) we judge change of air to be very profitable;
but a mean mu$t be u$ed, which may $atisfie on both $ides. This may be done by re-
moving our habitation four times a year, at con$tant and $et times, unto convenient
$eats, that $o the body may neither be in too much peregrination, nor in too much
$tation. And touching the _Operation_ upon the _Exclu$ion_ of _Air_, and avoiding the
predatory force thereof, thus much.
The Operation upon the Bloud, and the
Sanguifying Heat. 3.
The Hi$tory.
THE following _Operations_ an$wer to the two precedent, and are in the re-
1.
lation of _Pa$fives_ and _Actives:_ for the two precedent intend this, that
the _Spirits_ and _Air_ in their actions may be the le$s depredatory; and the
two latter, that the _Bloud_ and _Juice_ of the body may be the le$s depredable.
But becau$e the Bloud is an irrigation or watering of the Ju<007>ces and Members, and a
preparation to them, therefore we will put the operation upon the _Bloud_ in the fir$t
place. Concerning this _Operation_ we will propound certain Coun$els, few in number,
but very powerful in virtue. They are three.
Fir$t, there is no doubt, but that if the bloud be brought to a cold temper, it
2.
will be $o much the le$s di$$ipable. But becau$e the cold things which are taken
by the mouth agree but ill with many other Intentions, therefore it will be be$t
to find out $ome $uch things as may be free from the$e inconveniences. They
are two.
The fir$t is this: Let there be brought into u$e, efpecially in youth, _Cly$ters_, not
3.
_purging_ at all, or _ab$terging_, but onely cooling, and $ome what opening: @ho$e are
approved which are made of the Juices of _Lettuce, Pur$lane, Liver-wort, Hou$esleek_, and
the _Mucilage_ of the $eed of _Flea-wort_, with $ome temperate opening decoction, and a
[0317]_The Hi$tory of Life and Death_.
little _Camphire_: but in the declining age let the _Housleek_ and _Purslane_ be left out, and
the juices of _Borrage_ and _Endive_, and the like, be put in their rooms. And let the$e
_Cly$ters_ be retained, if it may be, for an hour or more.
The other is this, Let there be in u$e, e$pecially in Summer, _Baths_ of fre$h water,
4.
and but luke-warm, altogether without _Emollients_, as _Mallows, Mercury, M<007>lk_, and
the like; rather take new _Whey_ in $ome good quantity, and _Ro$es_.
But (that which is the principal in this intention, and new) we advi$e that before
5.
the bathing of the body be anointed with Oil, with $ome _thickne$s_, whereby the quality
of the cooling may be received, and the water excluded: yet let not the pores of the
body be $hut too clo$e; for when the outward cold clo$eth up the body too $trongly, it
is $o far from furthering coolne$s, that it rather forbids, and $tirs up heat.
Like unto this is the u$e of _Bladders_, with $ome decoctions and cooling juices, ap
6.
plied to the inferiour region of the body, namely, from the ribbs to the privy parts;
for this al$o is a kind of _bathing_, where the body of the liquor is for the mo$t part ex-
cluded, and the cooling quality admitted.
The third coun$el remaineth, which belongeth not to the quality of the _blood_, but
7.
to the $ub$tance thereof, that it may be made more firm and le$s di$$ipable, and $uch,
as the heat of the $pirit may have the le$s power over it.
And as for the u$e of _Filings_ of _Gold, Leaf-gold, Powder_ of _Pearl, Precious $tones_,
8.
_Coral_, and the like, we have no opinion of them at this day, unle$s it be onely as they
may $atisfie this pre$ent _Operation_. Certainly, $eeing the _Arabians, Grecians_, and _mo-_
_dern Phy$icians_ have attributed $uch virtues to the$e things, it cannot be altogether
Nothing which $o great men have ob$erved of them. And therefore omitting all fan-
ta$tical opinions about them, we do verily believe, that if there could be $ome $uch
thing conveyed into the whole ma$s of the bloud in minute and fine portions, over
which the $pirits and heat $hould have little or no power, ab$olutely it would not only
re$i$t _Putrefaction_, but _Arefaction_ al$o, and be a mo$t effectual means to the prolonga-
tion of life. Neverthele$s in this thing $everal cautions are to be given. Fir$t, that
there be a mo$t exact comminution. Secondly, that $uch hard and $olid things be void
of all malignant qualities, le$t while they be di$per$ed and lurk in the veins, they breed
$ome ill convenience. Thirdly, that they be never taken together with meats, nor
in any $uch manner as they may $tick long, le$t they beget dangerous ob$tructions about
the Me$entery. La$tly, that they be taken very rarely, that they may not congregate
and knot together in the veins.
Therefore let the manner of taking them be _fasting_, in _white wine_, a little _Oil_ of
9.
_Almonds_ mingled therewith, _Exerci$e_ u$ed immediately upon the taking of them.
The _Simples_ which may $atisfie this _Operation_ are, in $tead of all, _Gold, Pearls_, and
10.
_Coral_: for all _Mctalls_, except _Gold_, are not without $ome malignant quality in the
di$$olutions of them, neither will they be beaten to that exqui$ite finene$s that _Leaf-_
_gold_ hath. As for all _gla$$ie_ and _tran$parent Jewels_, we like them not, _(_as we $aid be-
fore_)_ for fear of Corro$ion.
But, in our judgment, the $afer and more effectual way would be by the u$e of
11.
_woods_ in Infu$ions and Decoctions; for there is in them $ufficient to cau$e _firmne$s_ of
_bloud_, and not the like danger for breeding ob$tructions; but e$pecially, becau$e they
may be taken in meat and drink, whereby they will find the more ea$ie entrance into the
veins, and not be avoided in excrements.
The _Woods_ fit for this purpo$e are _Sanders_, the _Oak_ and _Vine_. As for all _hot Woods_
12.
or $omething _Ro$ennie_, we reject them: notwith$tanding you may adde the _woody_
_$talks_ of _Ro$emary_ dried, for _Ro$emary_ is a Shrub, and exceedeth in age many Trees;
al$o the _woody $talks_ of _Ivy_, but in $uch quantity as they may not yield an unplea$ing
ta$te.
Let the _Woods_ be taken either boiled in _Broths_, or infu$ed in _Mu$t_ or _Ale_ before
13.
they leave working: but in _Broths_ (as the cu$tom is for _Guaiacum_ and the like) they
would be infu$ed a good while before the boiling, that the firmer part of the _wood_, and
not that onely which lieth loo$ely, may be drawn forth. As for _A$h_, though it be u$ed
for Cups, yet we like it not. And touching the _Operation_ upon the _Bloud_ thus much.
[0318]_The Hi$tory of Life and Death_.
The Operation upon the Juices of the Body. 4.
The Hi$tory.
THere are two kinds of _Bodies_ _(_as was $aid before in the _Inqui$ition_ touching _In-_
1.
_animates_) which are hardly con$umed, _Hard_ things and _Fat_ things; as is
$een in _Metalls_ and _Stones_, and in _Oil_ and _Wax_.
It muft be ordered therefore, that the _juice_ of the _body_ be $omewhat _hard_, and that it
2.
be _fatty_ or _$ubro$cid_.
As for _bardne$s_, it is cau$ed three ways: by _Aliment of a firm nature_, by _Cold_ con-
3.
den$ing the skin and fle$h, and by _Exerci$e_, binding and compacting the juices of the
body, that they be not $oft and frothy.
As for the _Nature_ of the _Aliment_, it ought to be $uch as is not ea$ily _di$$ipable_; $uch
4.
as are _Beef, Swine’s-fle$h, Dear, Goat, K<007>d, Swan, Goo$e, Ring-dove_, e$pecially if they be a
little powdred; _Fi$h_ likewi$e $alted and dried, _Old Chee$e_, and the like.
As for the _Bread; Oaten-bread_, or _bread_ with $ome mixture of _Pea$e_ in it, or _Rye-_
5.
_bread_, or _Barly-bread_, are more $olid than _Wheat-bread_, and in _Wheat-bread_, the
cour$e _Wheat-bread_ is more $olid than the pure _Manchet_.
The Inhabitants of the _Orcades_, which live upon _$alted fi$h_, and generally all _Fi$h-eaters_,
6.
are long liv’d.
The _Monks_ and _Hermites_ which fed $paringly, and upon dry _Aliment_, attained com-
7.
monly to a great age.
Al$o _pure Water_ u$ually drunk makes the juices of the body le$s frothy? unto which
8.
if, for the dulne$s of the $pirits, (which no doubt in _VVater_ are but a little penetrative)
you $hall adde a little _Nitre_, we conceive it would be very good. And touching the
_firmne$s_ of the _Aliment_ thus much.
As for the _Conden$ation_ of the _skin_ and _fle$h_ by _Cold_: They are longer-liv’d for the
9.
mo$t part that live abroad in the _open air_, than they that live in _Hou$es_; and the Inha-
bitants of the _cold Countries_, than the Inhabitants of the _hot_.
Great $tore of _clothes_, either upon the bed or back, do re$olve the body.
10.
Wa$hing the _body_ in _Cold Water_ is good for length of life; u$e of _hot Baths_ is naught.
11.
Touching _Baths_ of _A$tringent Mineral Waters_ we have $poken before.
As for _Exerci$e_; an _idle life_ doth manife$tly make the fle$h $oft and di$$ipable: _robu$t_
12.
_exerci$e_ ($o it be without over-much $weating or wearine$s) maketh it hard and com-
pact. Al$o _exerci$e_ within cold Water, as $wimming, is very good; and generally
_exerci$e_ abroad is better than that within hou$es.
Touching _Frications_, (which are a kind of _exerci$e_) becau$e they do rather call forth
13.
the Aliment than harden the fle$h, we will inquire hereafter in the due place.
Having now $poken of _hardning_ the _juices_ of the _body_, we are to come next to the
14.
_Oleo$ity_ and _Fattine$s_ of them, which is a more perfect and potent Intention than _Indu-_
_ration_, becau$e it hath no inconven<007>ence or evil annexed. For all tho$e things which
pertain to the _hardning_ of the _juices_ are of that nature, that while they prohibit the
ab$umption of the Aliment, they al$o hinder the operation of the $ame; whereby it
happens, that the $ame things are both propitious and adver$e to length of life: but tho$e
things which pertain to making the _Juices Oily_ and _Ro$cid_, help on both $ides, for they
render the Aliment both le$s di$$ipable, and more reparable.
But whereas we $ay that the _Juice_ of the _body_ ought to be _Ro$cid_ and _Fat_, it is to be
15.
noted that we mean it not of a vi$ible _Fat_, but of a _Dewine$s_ di$per$ed, or _(_if you will
call it_) Radical_ in the very $ub$tance of the body.
Neither again let any man think, that _Oil_ or the _Fat_ of _Meats_ or _Marrow_ do engen-
16.
der the like, and $atisfie our intention: for tho$e things which are once perfect are
not brought back again; but the Aliments ought to be $uch, which after dige$tion
and maturation do then in the end engender _Olco$ity_ in the _Juices_.
Neither again let any man think, that _Oil_ or _Fat_ by it $elf and $imple is hard of di$$i-
17.
pation, but in mixture it doth not retain the $ame nature: for as _Oil_ by it $elf is much
more longer in con$uming then _VVater_; $o in Paper or Linnen it $ticketh longer, and
is later dried, as we noted before.
[0319]_The Hi$tory of Life and Death_.
To the Irroration of the body, roa$ted meats or baked meats are more effectual than
18.
boiled meats, and all preparation of meat with water is inconvenient: be$ides, Oil is
more plentifully extracted out of drie bodies than out of moi$t bodies.
Generally, to the _Irroration_ of the body much u$e of $weet things is profitable, as of
19.
_Sugar, Honey, $weet Almonds, Pine-Apples, Pi$tachio’s, Dates, Rai$ins_ of the _Sun, Corans_,
_Figs_, and the like. Contrarily, all $our, and very $alt, and very biting things are oppo-
$ite to the generation of _Ro$cid Juice_.
Neither would we be thought to favaur the _Manichees_, or their diet, though we com-
20.
mend the frequent u$e of all kinds of Seeds, Kernels, and Roots, in Meats or Sauces,
con$idering all Bread (and Bread is that which maketh the Meat firm) is made either
of Seeds or Roots.
But there is nothing makes $o much to the _Irroration_ of the body, as the quality of
21.
the Drink, which is the convoy of the Meat; therefore let there be in u$e $uch Drinks as
without all acrimony or $owrne$s are notwith$tanding $ubtil: $uch are tho$e Wines
which are (as the old woman $aid in _Plautus_) _vetu$tate edentula_, toothle$s with age,
and _Ale_ of the $ame kind.
_Mead_ (as we $uppo$e) would not be ill if it were $trong and old: but becau$e
22.
all Honey hath in it $ome $harp parts, (as appears by that $harp water which the _Chy-_
_mists_ extract out of it, which will di$$olve metals) it were better to take the $ame por-
tion of Sugar, not lightly infu$ed in it, but $o incorporated as Honey u$eth to be in _Mead_,
and to keep it to the age of a year, or at lea$t $ix months, whereby the Water may lo$e
the crudity, and the Sugar acquire $ubtilty.
Now ancientne$s in Wine or Beer hath this in it, that it ingenders $ubtilty in the
23.
parts of the Liquor, and acrimony in the Spirits, where of the fir$t is profitable, and the
$econd hurtful. Now to rectifie this evil commixture, let there be put into the ve$$el,
before the Wine be $eparated from the Mu$t, _Swines-fle$h_ or _Deers-fle$h_ well boiled,
that the Spirits of the Wine may have whereupon to ruminate and feed, and $o lay a$ide
their mordacity.
In like manner, if _Ale_ $hould be made not only with the grains of Wheat, Barly,
24.
Oates, Pea$e, and the like; but al$o $hould admit a part ($uppo$e a third part to the$e
grains) of $ome fat roots, $uch as are _Potado-roots, Pith_ of _Artichokes, Burre-roots_,
or $ome other $weet and e$culent roots; we $uppo$e it would be a more u$eful drink
for long life than _Ale_ made of grains onely.
Al$o $uch things as have very thin parts, yet notwith$tanding are without all acri-
25.
mony or mordacity, are very good Sallets: which vertue we find to be in $ome few
of the Flowers; namely, Flowers of _Ivy_, which infu$ed in Vinegar are plea$ant even
to the ta$te; _Marigold leaves_, which are u$ed in Broths; and Flowers of _Betony_. And
touching the operation upon the _Juices_ of the _Body_ thus much.
The Operation upon the Bowels for their Extru$ion
of Aliment. 5.
The Hi$tory.
WHat tho$e things are which comfort the _Principal Bowels_, whichare the foun-
1.
tains of Concoctions, namely, the _Stomack, Liver, Heart_ and _Brain_, to
perform their functions well, (whereby _Aliment_ is di$tributed into the parts,
_Spirits_ are di$per$ed, and the _Reparation_ of the whole body is accompli$hed) may be
derived from _Phy$itians_, and from their Pre$cripts and Advices.
Touching the _Spleen, Gall, Kidneys, Me$enteries, Guts_ and _Lungs_, we $peak not, for
2.
the$e are members mini$tring to the principal; and whereas $peech is made touching
health, they require $ometime a mo$t $pecial con$ideration, becau$e each of the$e
have their di$ea$es, which unle$s they be cured, will have influence upon the _Prin-_
_cipal Members_. But as touching the prolongation of life, and reparation by ali-
ments, and retardation of the incoction of old age; if the Concoctions and
[0320]_The Hi$tory of Life and Death._
tho$e _principal Bowels_ be well di$po$ed, the re$t will commonly follow according to ones
wi$h.
And as for tho$e things which, according to the different $tate of every man’s body
3.
may be transferred into his Diet and the regiment of his life, he may collect them out
of the Books of Phy$icians, which have written of the comforting and pre$erving the
four _Principal Members_: For con$ervation of health hath commonly need of no more
than $ome $hort cour$es of Phy$ick; but length of life cannot be hoped without an or-
derly diet, and a con$tant race of _$overaign Medicines_. But we will propound $ome few,
and tho$e the mo$t $elect and prime directions.
The _Stomach_ (which, as they $ay, is the Ma$ter of the hou$e, and who$e $trength
4.
and goodne$s is fundamental to the other concoctions) ought $o to be guarded and
confirmed, that it may be without _Intemperatene$s_ hot; next _a$tricted_ or _boúnd_,
not loo$e; furthermore _clean_, not $urcharged with foul Humours, and
yet (in regard it is nouri$hed from it $elf, not from the veins) not altogether
_empty_ or _hungry_: la$tly, it is to be kept ever in _appetite_, becau$e _appetite_ $harpens
dige$tion.
I wonder much how that $ame _Calidum bibere_, to drink warm drink, (which was in
5.
u$e among$t the Ancients_)_ is laid down again. I knew a Phy$ician that was very fa
mous, who in the beginning of dinner and $upper, would u$ually eat a few $poonfulls
of very warm _broth_ with much greedine$s, and then would pre$ently wi$h that it were
out again, $aying, _He had no need of the broth, but only of the warmth_.
I do verily conceive it good, that the fir$t draught either of _Wine_, or _Ale_, or any
6.
other _drink_, _(_to which a man is mo$t accu$tomed) be taken at $upper _warm_.
_Wine_ in which _Gold_ hath been quenched, I conceive, would be very good once in a
7.
meal; not that I believe the _Gold_ conferreth any vertue thereunto, but that I know
that the quen ching of all Metals in any kind of liquor doth leave a mo$t potent A$tri-
ction: Now I chu$e _Gold_, becau$e be$ides that A$triction which I de$ire, it leaveth
nothing el$e behind it of a metalline impre$$ion.
I am of opinion, that the $ops of bread dipped in wine, taken at the mid$t of the
8.
meal, are better than wine it $elf; e$pecially if there were infu$ed into the wine in
which the $ops were dipped _Ro$emary_ and _Citron-pill_, and that with _Sugar_, that it
may not $lip too fa$t.
It is certain that the u$e of _Quinces_ is good to $trengthen the $tomach; but we
9.
take them to be better if they be u$ed in that which they call _Quiddeny_ of _Quinces_,
than in the bodies of the _Quinces_ them$elves, becau$e they lie heavy in the $tomach.
But tho$e _Quiddenies_ are be$t taken after meals, alone; before meals, dipped in Vi-
negar.
Such things as are good for the $tomach above other Simples are the$e, _Ro$emary_,
10.
_Elecampane, Ma$tick, Wormwood, Sage, Mint_.
I allow Pills of _Aloes, Ma$tick_ and _Saffron_ in Winter time, taken before dinner;
11.
but $o, as the _Aloes_ be not only oftentimes wa$hed in _Ro$e water_, but al$o in _Vinegar_ in
which _Tragacanth_ hath been infu$ed, and after that be macerated for a few hours in
Oil of $weet _Almonds_ new drawn, before it be made into Pills.
_Wine_ or _Ale_ wherein _Wormwood_ hath been infu$ed, with a little _Elecampane_ and
12.
yellow _Sanders_, will do well, taken at times, and that e$pecially in Winter.
But in Summer, a draught of _White-wine_ allayed with _Strawberry-water_, in which
13.
Wine Powder of Pearls and of the $hells of _cra-fi$hes_ exqui$itely beaten and (which
may perhaps $eem $trange) a little _Chalk_ have been infu$ed, doth excellently refre$h
and $trengthen the $tomach.
But generally, all _Draughts_ in the morning (which are but too frequently u$ed) of
14.
_cooling_ things, as of Juices, Decoctions, Whey, Barly-waters, and the like_)_ are to be
avoided, and nothing is to be put into the $tomach fa$ting which is purely _cold_.
The$e things are better given, if need require, either at five in the afternoon, or el$e an
hour after a light breakfa$t.
Often fa$tings are bad for long life; be$ides, all thir$t is to be avoided, and the $to-
15.
mach is to be kept clean, but al ways moi$t.
_Oil_ of _Olives_ new and good, in which a little _Methridate_ hath been di$folved,
16.
anointed upon the back-bone, ju$t again$t the mouth of the $tomach, doth wonderfully
comfort the $tomach.
A $mall bag filled with locks of Scarlet-wool $teeped in Red-wine, in which
17.
[0321]_The Hi$tory of Life and Death._
_Myrtle_, and _Citron-pill_, and a little _Saffron_ have been infu$ed, may be always worn
upon the $tomach. And touching tho$e things wich comfort the $tomach thus much,
$eeing many of tho$e things al$o which $erve for other operations are helpful to
this.
The _Liver_, if it be pre$erved from _Torrefaction_, or _De$iccation_, and from _Ob$truction_,
18.
it needeth no more; for that loo$ene$s of it which begets _Aquo$ities_ is plainly a di$-
ea$e, but the other two old age approaching induceth.
Hereunto appertain mo$t e$pecially tho$e things which are $et down in the _Operation_
19.
upon the _Bloud_: we w<007>ll adde a very few things more, but tho$e $elected.
Principally let there be in u$e the Wine of $weet _Pomegranats_, or, if that cannot be
20.
had, the juice of them newly expre$$ed; let it be taken in the morning with a little
_sugar_, and into the gla$s into which the Expre$$ion is made put a $mall piece of _Citron-_
_pill_ green, and three or four whole _Cloves:_ let this be taken from _February_ till the end
of _April_.
Bring al$o into u$e above all other Herbs _Water-cre{$s}es_, but young, not old; they
21.
may be u$ed either raw in Sallets, or in Broths, or in Drinks: and after that take
_Spoon-wort._
_Aloes_, however wa$hed or corrected, is hurtful for the _Liver_, and therefore it is
22.
never to be taken ordinarily. Contrariwi$e, _Rhubarb_ is $overeign for the _Liver_, $o
that the$e three cautions be interpo$ed. Fir$t, that it be taken before meat, le$t it dry
the body too much, or leave $ome impre$$ions of the _Stipic<007>ty_ thereof. Secondly, that
it be macerated an hour or two in Oil of $weet _Almonds_ new drawn, with _Ro$e-water_,
before it be infu$ed in Liquor, or given in the proper $ub$tance. Thirdly, that it be
taken by turns, one while $imple, another while with _Tartar_, or a little _Bay-$alt_, that
it carry not away the lighter parts onely, and make the ma$s of the Humours more ob-
$tinate.
I allow _Wine_, or $ome decoction with _Steel_, to be taken three or four times in the
23.
year, to open the more $trong ob$tructions; yet $o, that a draught of two or three
$poonfuls of Oil of $weet _Almonds_ new drawn ever go before, and the motion of the
Body, e$pecially of the arms and $ides, con$tantly follow.
_Sweetned Liquors_, and that with $ome fatne$s, are principally, and not a little effe-
24.
ctual to prevent the _Arefaction_, and _Saltne$s_, and _Torrefaction_, and in a word, the
_Oldne$s_ of the _Liver_, e$pecially if they be well incorporated with age. They are made
of $weet Fruits and Roots, as namely, the Wines and Julips of _Rai$ins_ of the _Sun_ new,
_Jujubaes, dried Figs, Dates, Par$nips, Potatoes_, and the like, with the mixture of _Li-_
_cor{is}_ $ometimes: al$o a Julip of the _ind<007>an_ grain, (which they call _Maiz_) with the
mixture of $ome $weet things, doth much to the $ame end. But it is to be noted,
that the intention of pre$erving the _Liver_ in a kind of $oftne$s and fatne$s,
is much more powerful than that other which pertains to the opening of the
_Liver_, which rather tendeth to health than to length of life, $aving that that
_Ob$truction_ which induceth _Torrefaction_ is as oppo$ite to long life as tho$e other
_Arefactions_.
I commend the Roots of _succory, spinage_ and _Beets_ cleared of their piths, and
25.
boiled till they be tender in Water, with a third part of _White-wine,_ for ordinary Sal-
lets, to be eaten with Oil and Vinegar: al$o _A$paragus_, pith of _Artichokes_, and
_Burre-roots_ boiled and $erved in after the $ame manner; al$o Broths in the Spring-time
of _Vine-buds_, and the green blades of _wheat_. And touching the pre$erving of the _Li-_
_ver_ thus much.
The _Heart_ receiveth benefit or harm mo$t from the _Air_ which we breath, from
26.
_Vapours_, and from the _Affections_. Now many of tho$e things which have been for-
merly $poken touching the Spirits may be transferred hither; but that indige$ted ma$s
of Cordials collected by @ by$icians avails little to our intention; notwith$tanding
tho$e things which are found to be good again$t Poy$ons may with good judgment
be given to $trengthen and fortifie the _Heart_, e$pecially if they be of that kind, that
they do not $o much re$i$t the particular poy$ons as arm the heart and $pirits again$t poy-
$on in general. And touching the $everal Cordials, you may repair to the _Table_ already
$et down.
The goodne$s of the Air is better known by experience than by $igns. We hold
27.
that Air to be be$t where the Country is level and plain, and that lieth open
on all $ides, $o that the $oil be dry, and yet not barren or $andy; which puts forth
[0322]_The Hi$tory of Life and Death._
_Wild Thyme_, and _Eye-bright_, and a kind of _Marjoram_, and here and there $talks of _Ca-_
_lamint_; which is not altogether void of wood, but conveniently $et with $ome Trees
for $hade; where the _Sweet-briar-re$e_ $melleth $omething Musky and Aromatically. If
there be _Rivers_, we $uppo$e them rather hurtful than good, unle$s they be very $mall,
and clear, and gravelly.
It is certain that the _morning air_ is more lively and refre$hing than the _evening air_,
28.
though the latter be preferr’d out of delicacy.
We conceive al$o, that the _air $tirred_ with a _gentle wind_ is more whole$ome than
29.
the _air_ of a _$erene_ and _calm skie_; but the be$t is, the _wind_ blowing from the _We$t_ in the
morning, and from the _North_ in the afternoon.
_Odours_ are e$pecially profitable for the comforting of the _heart_, yet not $o as though
30.
ag ood_odour_ were the prerogative of a good _air_: for it is certain, that as there are $ome
_Pe$tilential airs_ which $mell not $o ill as others that are le$s hurtful; $o, on the contra-
ry, there are $ome _airs_ mo$t whol$ome and friendly to the _$pirits_, which either $mell
not at all, or are le$s plea$ing and fragrant to the $en$e. And generally, where the _air_ is
good, _odours_ $hould be taken but now and then; for a continual _odour_, though never
$o good, is burthen$ome to the _$pirits_.
We commend above all others (as we have touched before) _odour_ of _Plants, grow-_
31.
_ing_, and not _plucked_, taken in the open _air_: the principal of that kind are _Violets_,
_Gilliflowers, Pinks, Bean-flowers, Lime-tree-blo$$oms, Vine-buds, Honey-$uckles, yellow Wall-_
_flowers, Musk-Ro$es_, (for other _Ro$es_ growing are fa$t of their $mells) _Strawberry-leaves_,
e$pecially _dying, Sweet-briar_, principally in the early Spring, _wild Mint, Lavender flowered_;
and in the hotter Countries, _Orenge-tree, Citron-tree, Myrtle, Laurel_: Therefore to walk
or $it near the breath of the$e _Plants_ would not be neglected.
For the comforting of the _Heart_, we prefer cool $mels before hot $mells: therefore
32.
the be$t perfume is, either in the morning, or about the heat of the day, to take an equal
portion of _Vinegar, Ro$e-water_, and _claret-wine_, and to pour them upon a Fire-pan $ome-
what heated.
Neither let us be thought to $acrifice to our Mother the _Earth_, though we advi$e,
33.
that in _digging_ or _ploughing_ the _Earth_ for health, a quantity of _claret-wine_ be poured
thereon.
_Orenge-flower-water_, pure and good, with a $mall portion of _Ro$e-water_ and _brisk wine_,
34.
$nuffed up into the no$trils, or put into the no$trills with a _springe_, after the manner of an
_Errhine_, (but not too frequently) is very good.
But _champing_ (though we have no _Betel_) or holding in the mouth onely of $uch
35.
things as cheer the Spirits, (even daily done) is exceeding comfortable. Therefore
for that purpo$e make _Grains_ or little _cakes_ of _Amber-griece, Musk, Lignum-Aloes_,
_Lignum Rhodium, Orr as Powder_, and _Ro$es_; and let tho$e _Grains_ or _Cakes_ be made up with
_Ro$e-water_ which hath pa$$ed through a little _Indian Bal$am_.
The _Vapours_ which ari$ing from things inwardly taken do fortifie and cheri$h the
36.
_heart_ ought to have the$e three properties, that they be Friendly, Clear, and Cool<007>ng;
for hot _vapours_ are naught, and _wine_ it $elf, which is thought to have onely an heating
_vapour_, is not altogether void of an _Opiate quality_, Now we call tho$e _vapours_ Clear
which have more of the _vapour_ than of the _exhalation_, and which are not $moaky. or
fuliginous, or unctuous, but moi$t and equal.
Out of that unprofitable rabble of _cordials_, a few ought to be taken into daily diet:
37.
in$tead of all, _Amber-griece, Saffron_, and the grain of _Kermes_, of the hotter $ort; Roots
of _Buglo$s_ and _Borrage, Citrons, Sweet Limons_, and _Pearmains_, of the colder $ort. Al$o that
way which we $aid, both _Gold_ and _Pearls_ work a good effect, not onely within the
veins, but in their pa$$age, and about the parts near the heart; namely, by cooling, with-
out any malignant quality.
Of _Bezoar-$tone_ we believe well, becau$e of many trials: but then the manner of
38.
taking it ought to be $uch, as the vertue thereof may more ea$ily be communicated to
the _$pirits_: therefore we approve not the taking of it in _Broths_ or _Syrups_, or in _Ro$e-_
_water_, or any $uch like; but onely in _wine, Cinnamon-water_, or the like di$tilled water,
but that weak or $mall, not burning or $trong.
Of the _Affections_ we have $poken before; we onely adde this, That every _Noble_, and
39.
_Re$olute_, and (as they call it) _Heroical De$ire_, $trengthneth and inlargeth the powers of
the Heart. And touching the _Heart_ thus much.
[0323]_The Hi$tory of Life and Death._
As for the _Brain_, where the Seat and Court of the _Animal spirits_ is kept, tho$e things
40.
which were inquired before touching _Opium_, and _Nitre_, and the _Subor dinates_ to them
both, al$o touching the _procuring_ of _placid $leep_, may likewi$e be referred hither. This
al$o is mo$t certain, that the _Brain_ is in $ome $ort in the cu$tody of the _Stomach_; and
therefore tho$e things which comfort and $trengthen the _Stomach_ do help the _Brain_
by con$ent, and may no le$s be transferred hither. We will adde a few Ob$ervations,
three Outward, one Inward.
We would have _bathing_ of the _Feet_ to be often u$ed, at lea$t once in a week; and
41.
the _Bath_ to be made of _Lye_ with _Bay-$alt_, and a little _Sage, chamom<007>le, Fennel, Sweet-_
_marjoram_, and _Pepper-wort_, with the leaves of _Angellica_ green.
We commend al$o a _Fume_ or _Suffumigation_ every morning of dried _Ro$emary, Bay-_
42.
_leaves_ dried, and _Lignum-Aloes:_ for all $weet _Gums_ oppre$s the head.
E$pecially care mu$t be taken that no _bot things_ be applied to the _Head_ outwardly;
43.
$uch are all kind of Spices, the very _Nutmeg_ not excepted: for tho$e hot things we
deba$e them to the $oles of the _Feet_, and would have them applied there onely; but a
light anointing of the _Head_ with _Oil_, mixed with _Ro$es, Myrtle_, and a little _Salt_ and _Saf-_
_fron_, we much commend.
Not forgetting tho$e things which we have before delivered touching _Opiates, Nitre,_
44.
and the like, which $o much _conden$e_ the _spirits_; we think it not impertinent to that
effect, that once in fourteen days _Broth_ be taken in the morning with three or four grains
of _Ca$toreum_, and a little _Angelica-$eed_, and _Calamus_, which both fortifie the _Brain_, and
in that afore$aid den$ity of the $ub$tance of the _$pirits_, ($o nece$$ary to long life) adde
al$o a _vivacity_ of _motion_ and _vigour_ to them.
In handling the _Comforters_ of the four _principal Bewels_, we have propounded tho$e
45.
things which are both proper and choice, and may $afely and conveniently be tran$-
ferred into Diets and Regiment of Life: for variety of _Medicines_ is the _Daughter_ of
_Ignorance_; and it is not more true, that _many Di$hes have cau$ed many Di$ea$es_, as the
_Proverb_ is, than this is true, that _many Medicines have cau$ed few Cures_. And touch-
ing the _Operation_ upon the _principal Bowels_ for their _Extru$ion_ of _Aliment_, thus
much.
_The Operation upon the Outward Parts for their_
_Attraction of Aliment. 6._
_The Hi$tory._
ALthough a good _Concoction_ per$ormed by the _Inward Parts_ be the principal to-
1.
wards a perfect Alimentation; yet the Actions of the _Outward Parts_ ought
al$o to concur; that like as the _Inward Faculty_ $endeth forth and extrudeth the
Aliment, $o the _Faculty_ of the _Outward Parts_ may call forth and attract the $ame: and
the more weak the _Faculty_ of _Concoction_ $hall be, the more need is there of a concurring
help of the _Attractive Faculty_.
A _$trong Attraction_ of the _outward parts_ is chiefly cau$ed by the motion of the Body,
2.
by which the parts being heated and comforted, do more chear$ully call forth and _attract_
the Aliment unto them$elves.
But this is mo$t of all to be fore$een and avoided, that the $ame motion and heat which
3.
calls the new juice to the members, doth not again de$poil the member of that juice
wherewith it had been before refre$hed.
F_rications_ u$ed in the morning $erve e$pecially to this _I_ntention: but this mu$t
4.
evermore accompany them, that after the F_rication_ the part be lightly anointed with
Oil, le$t the Attrition of the outward parts make them by Per$piration dry and
juicele$s.
The next is _Exerci$e_, (by which the parts confricate and chafe them$elves) $o it
5.
[0324]_The Hi$tory of Life and Death._
be moderate, and which (as was noted before) is not $wift, nor to the utmo$t $trength,
nor unto wearine$s. But in _Exerci$e_ and _Frication_ there is the $ame rea$on and caution,
that the body may not per$pire or exhale too much: Therefore _Exerci$e_ is better in
the open air than in the hou$e, and better in Winter than in Summer; and again, _εxer-_
_ci$e_ is not onely to be concluded with Unction, as _Frication_ is, but in vehement _Ex-_
_erci$es_ Unction is to be u$ed both in the beginning and in the end, as it was anciently
to _Champions._
That _Exerci$e_ may re$olve either the $pirits or the juices as little as may be, it is
6.
nece$$ary that it be u$ed when the $tomach is not altogether empty: and therefore that
it may not be u$ed upon a full $tomach, (which doth much concern health) nor yet
upon an empty $tomach, (which doth no le$s concern long life) it is be$t to take a
breakfa$t in the morning, not of any Phy$ical Drugs, or of any Liquors or of Rai$ins,
or of Figs, or the like; but of plain Meat and Drink, yet that very light, and in moderate
quantity.
_Exerci$es_ u$ed for the irrigation of the members, ought to be equal to all the mem
7.
bers; not (as _Socrates_ $aid) _that the Legs $hould move, and the Arms $hould re$t_, or
on the contrary; but that all the parts may participate of the motion. And it is alto
gether requi$ite to long life, that the Body $hould never abide long in one po$ture, but
that every half hour, at lea$t, it change the po$ture, $aving onely in $leep.
Tho$e things which are u$ed to _Mortification_ may be transferred to _Vivification_; for
8.
both Hair-$hirts, and Scourgings, and all vexations of the outward parts, do fortifie the
Attractive force of them.
_Cardan_ commends _Nettling_, even to let out _Melancholly_: but of this we have no ex-
9.
perience; and be$ides, we have no good opinion of it, le$t, through the venemous
quality of the _Nettle_, it may with often u$e breed Itches and other di$ea$es of the skin.
And touching the _Operation_ upon the _Outward Parts_ for their _Attraction_ of _Aliment_,
thus much.
_The Operation upon the Aliment it $elf for_
_the In$inuation thereof. 7._
_The Hi$tory._
THe vulgar reproof touching many Di$hes doth rather become a $evere _Re-_
1.
_former_ than a _Phy$ician_; or how$oever it may be good for per$ervation of
health, yet is is hurtful to length of life, by rea$on that a various mixture of
Al<007>ments, and $omewhat heterogeneous, finds a pa$$age into the veins and juices of the
body more lively and chearfully than a $imple and homogeneous diet doth: be$ides, it
is more forcible to $tir up _Appetite_, which is the $pur of Dige$tion. Therefore we
allow both a _full Table_, and a _continual changing of Di$hes_, according to the Sea$ons of
the year, or upon other occa$ions.
Al$o that opinion of the _Simplicity_ of _Meats_ without _Sawces_ is but a $implicity of
2.
judgment; for good and well-cho$en _Sawces_ are the mo$t whole$ome preparation of
_Meats_, and conduce both to health and to long life.
It mu$t be ordered, that with Meats hard of dige$tion be conjoyned $trong Liquors
3.
and Sawces that may penetrate and make way; but with Meats more ea$ie of dige$ti-
on, $maller Liquors and fat Sawces.
Whereas we advi$ed before, that the fir$t _Draught_ at _Supper_ $hould be taken warm;
4.
now we adde, that for the preparation of the $tomach, a good draught of that Liquor
(to which every man is mo$t accu$tomed) be taken warm half an hour before meat
al$o, but a little $piced, to plea$e the ta$te.
The preparation of Meats, and Bread, and Drinks, that they may be rightly hand-
5.
led, and in order to this Intention, is of exceeding great moment how$oever it may
$eem a Mechanical thing, and $avouring of the Kitchin and Buttery; yet it is of more
con$equence than tho$e Fables of Gold and precious Stones, and the like.
[0325]_The Hi$tory of Life and Death._
The moi$tning of the juices of the body by a moi$t preparation of the aliment, is a
6.
childi$h thing; it may be $omewhat available again$t the fervours of di$ea$es, but it is
altogether aver$e to ro$cid alimentation. Therefore boiling of meats, as concerning
our Intention, is far in$eriour to roa$ting, and baking, and the like.
Roa$ting ought to be with a quick fire, and $oon di$patched; not with a dull fire, and
7.
in long time.
All $olid fle$hes ought to be $erved in, not altogether fre$h, but $omewhat pow-
8.
dered or corned; the le$s Salt may be $pent at the table with them, or none at all:
for Salt incorporated with the meat before is better di$tributed in the body, then eaten
with it at the table.
There would be brought into u$e $everal and good _Macerations_, and _Infu$ions_ of
9.
_Meats_ in convenient Liquors, before the roa$ting of them: the like whereof are $ome-
time in u$e before they bake them, and in the Pickles of $ome Fi$hes.
But _beatings_, and as it were _$courgings_, of fle$h-meats before they be boiled, would
10.
work no $mall matter. We $ee it is confe$$ed that _Partridges_ and _Phea$ants_ killed with
an _Hawk_, al$o _Bucks_ and _Stags_ killed in _Hunting_, (if they $tand not out too long, eat
better even to the ta$te; and $ome _Fi$hes_ $courged and beaten, become more tender
and whol$ome; al$o hard and $our _Pears_, and $ome other Fruits, grow $weet with row-
ling them. It were good to practi$e $ome $uch beating and brui$ing of the harder kinds
of Fle$hes before they be brought to the fire; and this would be one of the be$t prepa-
rations of all.
Bread a little levened, and very little $alted, is be$t, and which is baked in an Oven
11.
throughly heated, and not with a faint heat.
The preparation of Drinks in order to long life $h all not exceed one Precept. And
12.
as touching _water-drinkers_ we have nothing to $ay; $uch a diet (as we $aid before) may
prolong life to an indifferent term, but to no eminent length: but in other Drinks, that
are full of $pirit, ($uch as are _wine, Ale, Mead,_ and the like) this one thing is to be ob-
$erved and pur$ued, as the $um of all, That the parts of the _Liquor_ may be exceeding
thin and $ubtil, and the _Spirit_ exceeding mild. This is hard to be done by _Age_ alone,
for that makes the parts a little more $ubtil, but the $pirits much more $harp and eager:
therefore of the _Infu$ions_ in the Ve$$els of $ome fat $ub$tance, which may re$train the
acrimony of the $pirits, coun$el hath been given before. There is al$o another way
without _Infu$ion_ or _Mixture_: this is, that the Liquor might be continually agitated,
either by carriage upon the Water, or by carriage by Land, or by hanging the ve$-
$els upon lines, and daily $tirring them, or $ome $uch other way: for it is certain that
this _local motion_ doth both $ubtilize the parts, and doth $o incorporate and compact the
$pirits with the parts, that they have no lei$ure to turn to $owrne$s, which is a kind of
_putrefaction_.
But in extream _old age_ $uch a preparation of meats is to be made as may be almo$t in
13.
the middle way to _clylus_. And touching the _Di$tillations_ of _Meats_, they are mere toys;
for the Nutritive part, at lea$t the be$t of it, doth not a$cend in _Vapours_.
The incorporating of meat and drink before they meet in the $tomach is a degree
14.
to _chylus:_ therefore let _Chickens_, or _Partridges_, or _Phea$ants_, or the like, be taken
and boiled in water with a little $alt, then let them be clean$ed and dried, after-
ward let them be infu$ed in _Mu$t_ or _Ale_ before it hath done working, with a little
_Sugar_.
Al$o _Grazies_ of meat, and the _mincings_ of them $mall well $ea$on’d, are good for
15.
_old per$ons_; and the rather, for that they are de$tituted of the office of their _Teeth_ in
chewing, which is a principal kind of preparation.
And as for the helps of that defect, (namely, of the $trength of _Teeth_ to grind the
16.
meat) there are three things which may conduce thereunto. Fir$t, that new _Teeth_ may
put forth; that which $eems altogether difficult, and cannot be accompli$hed without
an inward and powerful re$tauration of the body. Secondly, that the _Jaws_ be $o con-
firmed by due _A$tringents_, that they may in $ome $ort $upply the office of the _Teeth_; which
may po$$ibly be effected. Thirdly, that the meat be $o prepared, that there $hall be no
need of chewing: which remedy is ready at hand.
We have $ome thought al$o touching the _Quantity_ of the meat and drink, that the
17.
$ame taken in a larger _quantity_ at $ome times is good for the _irrigation_ of the _body_;
therefore both _great Fea$t<007>ngs_ and _free Drinkings_ are not altogether to be inhibited.
And touching the _Operation_ upon the _Aliments_ and the _Preparation_ of them, thus much.
[0326]_The Hi$tory of Life and Death._
_The Operation upon the la$t Act of A$similation. 8._
_T_Ouching the _la$t A_ ct of _A$$imilation_ (unto which the three _Operations_ immediately
preceeding chiefly tend) our advice $hall be brief and $ingle: and the thing it $elf ra-
ther needs Explication, than any various Rules.
IT is certain, that all bodies are endued with $ome de$ire of _A$$imilating_ tho$e things
1.
which are next them. This the rare and pneumatical bodies, as _Flame, Spirit, Air_,
perform generou$ly and with alacrity_:_ on the contrary, tho$e that carry a gro$s and
tangible bulk about them, do but weakly, in regard that the de$ire of _a$$imilating_ other
things is boundin by a $tronger de$ire of Re$t, and containing them$elves from _Motion_.
Again, it is certain that the de$ire of _a$$imilating_ being bound, as we $aid, in a Gro$s
2.
body, and made uneffectual, is $ome what freed and $tirred up by the _heat_ and _neighbour-_
_ing $pirit_, $o that it is then actuated: which is the onely cau$e why _Inanimates a$$imi-_
_late not_, and _Animates a$$imilate_.
This al$o is certain, that the harder the Con$i$tence of the body is, the more doth
3.
that body $tand in need of a greater heat to prick forward the _a$$imilation:_ which falls
out ill for old men, becau$e in them the parts are more ob$tinate, and the heat weaker;
and therefore either the ob$tinacy of their parts is to be $oftned, or their heat increa$ed.
And as touching the _Malaci$$ation_ or _mollifying_ of the members, we $hall $peak after ward,
having al$o formerly propounded many things which pertain to the prohibiting and
preventing of this kind of hardne$s. For the other, touching the increa$ing of the
heat, we will now deliver a $ingle precept, after we have firft a$$umed this _Axiom_.
The _Act_ of _A$$imilation_ (which, as we $aid, is excited by the heat circumfu$ed) is
4.
a motion exceeding accurate, $ubtile, and in little; now all $uch motions do then
come to their vigour, when the _local Motion_ wholly cea$eth which di$turbeth it. For
the _Motion_ of _Separation_ into _homogeneal_ par ts, which is in Milk, that the Cream $hould
$wim above, and the Whey $ink to the bottom, will never work, if the Milk benever
$o little agitated; neither will any _Putrefaction_ proceed in Water or mixt Bodies, if
the $ame be in continual _Local Motion_. So then, from this _A$$umption_ we will conclude
this for the pre$ent Inqui$<007>tion.
The _Act_ it $elf of _A$$imilation_ is chiefly accompli$hed in Sleep and Re$t, e$pecially
5.
towards the morning, the di$tribution being fini$hed. Therefore we have nothing
el$e to advi$e, but that men keep them$elves hot in their $leep; and further, that to wards
the morning there be u$ed $ome Anointing, or $hirt tincted with Oil, $uch as may gently
$tir up heat, and after that to fall a$leep again. And touching the la$t _Act_ of _A$$imilation_
thus much.
The Operation upon the Inteneration of that which begins to
be Arefied, _or_ the Malaci$$ation of the Body. 9.
VVE have inquired formerly touching the _Inteneration_ from within, which is done by
many windings and Circuits, as well of _Alimentation_ as of _Detaining_ the _Spirit_
from i$$uing forth, and therefore {is} accompli$hed $lowly. Now we are to inquire touching
that _Inteneration_ which is from without, and {is} effected, as it were, $uddenly; or touching
the _Malaci$$ation_ and _Suppling_ of the _Body._
The Hi$tory.
IN the _Fable_ of re$toring _Pelias_ to youth again, _Medea_, when $he feigned to do it
1.
propounded this way of accompli$hing the $ame, That the Old man’s body $hould
be cut into $everal pieces, and then boiled in a Cauldron with certain Medicaments.
There may, perhaps, $ome boiling be required to this matter, but the cutting into pieces
is not needful.
[0327]_The Hi$tory of Life and Death._
Not with$tanding, this cutting into pieces $eems, in $ome $ort, to be u$eful; not
2.
with a knife, but with judgment. For whereas the Con$i$tence of the _Bowels_ and
_Parts_ is very diver$e, it is needfull that the _Inteneration_ of them both be not effected the
$ame way, but that there be a Cure de$igned of each in particular, be$ides tho$e things
which pertain to the Inteneration of the whole ma$s of the Body; of which, notwith-
$tanding, in the fir$t place.
This _Operation_ (if perhaps it be within our power) is mo$t likely to be done by
3.
Baths, Unctions, and the like; concerning which the$e things that follow are to be
ob$erved.
We mu$t not be too forward in hoping to accompli$h this matter from the Exam-
4.
ples of tho$e things which we $ee done in the _Imb<007>bitions_ and _Macerations_ of _Inani-_
_mates_, by which they are intenerated, where of we introduced $ome in$tances before:
For this kind of operation is more ea$ie upon _Inanimates_, becau$e they attract
and $uck in the Liquor; but upon the bodies of Living creatures it is har-
der, becau$e in them the motion rather tendeth outward and to the _Circum-_
_ference._
Therefore the _Emollient Baths_ which are in u$e do little good, but on the contrary
5.
hurt, becau$e they rather draw forth than make entrance, and re$olve the $tructure of
the body rather than con$olidate it.
The _Baths_ and _Unctions_ which may $erve to the pre$ent _Operation_ (namely, of _Inte-_
6.
_nerating_ the _body_ truly and really) ought to have three properties.
The fir$t and principal is, That they con$i$t of tho$e _tlings_ which in their whole
7.
$ub$tance are like unto the _body_ and _fle$h_ of _man_, and which have a _feeding_ and _nur$ing_
virtue from without.
The $econd is, That they be mixed with $uch things as through the _$ubtilty_ of their
8.
_parts_ may _make entrance_, and $o in$inuate and conveigh their _nouri$hing virtue_ into the
_body_.
The third is, That they receive $ome _mixture_ (though much inferiour to the re$t)
9.
of $uch things as are _A$tringent_; I mean not $our or tart things, but unctuous and
comforting; that while the other two do operate, the exhaling out of the body, which
de$troyeth the virtue of the things _intenerating_, may (as much as is po$$ible) be pro-
hibited; and the motion to the in ward parts, by the _A$triction_ of the skin and clo$ing
of the pa$$ages, may be promoted and furthered.
That which is mo$t _con$ub$tant<007>al_ to the body of man is _warm Bloud_, either of man,
10.
or of $ome other living creature: but the device of _Ficinus_, touching the $ucking of
_bloud_ out of the arm of a whole$ome young man, for the re$tauration of $trength in
old men, is very frivolous; for that which nouri$heth from within ought no way to
be equal or homogeneal to the body nouri$hed, but in $ome $ort inferiour and $ubor-
dinate, that it may be converted: but in things applied out wardly, by how much the
_$ub$tance_ is _liker_, by $o much the _con$ent_ is _better_.
It hath been anciently received, that a _Bath_ made of the _bloud_ of _Infants_ will cure the
11.
_Lepro$ie_, and heal the fle$h already putrefi’d; in$omuch that this thing hath begot envy
towards $ome _Kings_ from the common people.
It is reported that _Heraclitus_, for cure of the _Drop$ie_, was put into the _warmbelly_ of an
12.
_Ox_ newly $lain.
They u$e the _bloud_ of _Kitlins_ warm to cure the _di$ea$e_ called St. _Anthony’s Fire_, and
13.
to re$tore the fle$h and skin.
An _Arm_ or other _Member_ newly cut off, or that upon $ome other occa$ion will not
14.
leave _bleeding_, is with good $ucce$s put into the _belly_ of $ome _creatures newly ripped up_,
for it worketh potently to $tanch the _bloud_; the _bloud_ of the member cut off by con-
$ent $ucking in, and vehemently drawing to it $elf, the _warm bloud_ of the creature $lain,
where by it $elf is $topped and retireth.
It is much u$ed in extreme and de$perate _di$ea$es_ to cut in two _young Pigeons_, yet
15.
living, and apply them to the _$oles_ of the _feet_, and to $hift them one after another,
where by $ometime there followeth a wonderful ea$e. This is imputed vulgarly as if
they $hould draw down the malignity of the di$ea$e; but how$oever, this application
goeth to the _Head_, and comforteth the _Animal Spirits_.
But the$e _bloudy Baths_ and U_nctions_ $eem to us $lutti$h and odious: let us $earch
16.
out $ome others, which perhaps have le$s loath$omene$s in them, and yet no le$s
benefit.
[0328]_The Hi$tory of Life and Death._
Next unto _warm Bloud, things alike in $ubstance_ to the Body of a man are _nutritives_:
17.
_fat fle$hes_ of _Oxen, Swine, Dear; Oi$ters_ among$t _Fi$hes; Milk, Butter, Yolks_ of
_Eggs, Flower_ of _Wheat, $weet wine_, either Sugred, or before it be fined.
Such things as we would have mixed to make impre$$ion are, in$tead of all, _Salts_,
18.
e$pecially _Bay-$alt_; al$o Wine (when it is full of Spirit) maketh entrance, and is an
excellent Convoy.
_A$tringents_ of that kind which we de$cribed, namely, unctuous and comfortable
19.
things, are _Saffron, Ma$tick, Myrrhe_, and _Myrtle berries_.
Of the$e parts, in our judgment, may very well be made $uch a _Bath_ as we de$ign:
20.
_Phy$icians_ and _Po$terity_ will find out better things hereafter.
But the _Operation_ will be much better and more powerful, if $uch a _Bath_ as we have
21.
propounded (which we hold to be the principal matter) be attended with a fourfold
_Cour$e_ and _Order_.
Fir$t, that there go before the _Bath_ a _Frication_ of the body, and an _Anointing_ with
22.
_Oil,_ with $ome thickning $ub$tance, that the virtue and moi$tning heat of the _Bath_ may
pierce the body, and not the watry part of the Liquor. Then let the _Bath_ follow, for
the $pace of $ome two hours. After the _Bath,_ let the body be _Emplai$tered_ with _Ma-_
_$tick, Myrrhe, Tragacanth, Diapalma_, and _Saffron_; that the per$piration of the body
may (as much as is po$$ible) be inhibited, till the _$upple matter_ be by degrees turned
into _$olid_: This to be continued for the $pace of twenty four hours or more. La$tly,
the _Emplai$tering_ being removed, let there be an _anoint<007>ng_ with _Oil_ mixed with _salt_ and
_Saffron_. And let this _Bath_, together with the _Emplaistering_ and _Unction_, (as before)
be renewed every fifth day. This _Malaci$$ation_ or _$uppling_ of the body be continued
for one whole month.
Al$o during the time of this _Malaci$$ation_, we hold it u$eful and proper, and accord-
23.
ing to our intention, that men nouri$h their bodies well, and keep out of the cold air,
and drink nothing but warm drink.
Now this is one of tho$e things (as we warned in general in the beginning)
24.
whereof we have made no trial by _Experiment_, but onely $et it down out of our
aiming and levelling at the end: For having $et up the Mark, we deliver the Light to
others.
Neither ought the _warmths_ and _cheri$hings_ of _living bodies_ to be neglected. _Ficinus_
25.
$aith, and that $erioufly enough, _That the laying of the young Maid in_ David’s _bo$om_
_was whol$ome $or him, but it came too late._ He $hould al$o have added, That the _young_
_Maid_, after the manner of the _Per$ian Virgins_, ought to have been anointed with _Myrrhe_,
and $uch like, not for deliciou$ne$s, but to increa$e the virtue of this cheri$hing by a
living body.
_Barbaro$$a_, in his extream old age, by the advice of a _Phy$ician_, a _Jew_, did con-
26.
tinually apply young Boys to his $tomach and belly, for warmth and cheri$hing: al$o
$ome old men lay Whelps (creatures of the hotte$t kind) clo$e to their $tomachs every
night.
There hath gone a report, almo$t undoubted, and that under $everal names, of cer-
27.
tain men that had great _No$es_, who being weary of the deri$ion of people, have cut
of$ the bunches or hillocks of their _No$es_, and then making a wide ga$h in their arms,
have held their _No$es_ in the place for a certain time, and $o brought forth fair and come-
ly _No$es:_ which if it be true, it $hews plainly the _con$ent_ of _fle$h_ unto _fle$h_, e$pecially
in _live fle$hes_.
Touching the particular _Inteneration_ of the _principal Bowels_, the _Stomach, Lungs, Liver,_
28.
_Heart, Brain, Marrow_ of the _Back-bone, Guts, Reins, Gall, Veins, Arteries, Nerves, Carti-_
_Lages, Bones,_ the _Inqui$ition_ and _Direction_ would be too long $eeing we now $et not forth
a _Practick_, but certain _Indications_ to the _Practick_.
[0329]_The Hi$tory of Life and Death_.
The Operation upon the Purging away of old Juice, and Sup-
plying of new Juice; or of Renovation by Turns. 10.
The Hi$tory.
ALthough tho$e things which we $hall here $et down have been, for themo$t part,
$poken of before; yet becau$e this Operation is one of the principal, we will
handle them over again more at large.
It is certain that _Draught-Oxen_ which have been worn out with working, being put
1.
into fre$h and rich pa$tures, will gather tender and young fle$h again: and this will ap-
pear even to the ta$te and palat; $o that the _Inteneration_ of fle$h is no hard matter.
Now it is likely that this _Inteneration_ of the _fle$h_ being often repeated, will in time reach
to the _Inteneration_ of the _Bones_ and _Membranes_, and like _parts_ of the _body_.
It is certain that Diets which are now much in u$e, principally of _Guaiacum_, and of
2.
_Sar$aperilla, China_, and _Sa$$afras_, if they be continued for any time, and according to
$trict rules, do fir$t _attenuate_ the whole _juice_ of the body, and after con$ume it and
drink it up. Which is mo$t manife$t, becau$e that by the$e Diets the _French-Pox_,
when it is grown even to an hardne$s, and hath eaten up and corrupted the very mar-
row of the body, may be effectually cured. And further, becau$e it is manifeft that
men who by the$e diets are brought to be extream lean, pale, and as it were gho$ts,
will $oon after become fat, well-coloured, and apparently young again. Wherefore
we are ab$olutely of opinion, that $uch kind of diets in the decline of age, being u$ed
every year, would be very u$eful to our Intention; like the old skin or $poil of _Ser-_
_pents_.
We do confidently affirm, (neither let any man reckon us among tho$e _Hereticks_
3.
which were called _Cathari_) that often _Purges_, and made even familiar to the body, are
more available to long life than _Exerci$es_ and _Sweats_: and this mu$t needs be $o, if that
be held, which is already laid for aground, That Unctions of the body, and Oppletion
of the pa$$ages from without, and Exclu$ion of air, and Detaining of the $pirit within
the ma$s of the body, do much conduce to long life. For it is mo$t certain, that by
Sweats and outward Per$pirations not only the Humours and excrementitious vapours
are exhaled and con$umed, but together with them the juices al$o and good $pirits,
which are not $o ea$ily repaired: but in Purges (unle$s they be very immoderate) it is
not $o, $eeing they work principally upon the Humors. But the be$t Purges for this
Intention are tho$e which are taken immediately beforemeat, becau$e they dry the body
le$s; and therefore they mu$t be of tho$e Purgers which do lea$t trouble the belly.
The$e _Intentions_ of the _Operations_ which we have propounded (as we conceive) are
mo$t true, the _Remedies_ faithful to the _Intentions_. Neither {is} it credible to be told (al-
though not a few of the$e _Remedies_ may $eem but vulgar) with what care and choice they
have been examined by us, that they might be (the _Intention_ not at all impeached) both
$afe and effectual _Experience_, no doubt, will both verifie and promote the$e matters.
And $uch, in all things, are the _works_ of every _prudent coun$el_, that they are _Admi-_
_rable_ in their _Effects, Excellent_ al$o in their _Order_, but $eeming _Vulgar_ in the _Way_
and _Means._
The Porches of Death.
WE are now to enquire touching the _Porches_ of _Death_, that {is}, touching tho$e things
which happen unto men at the point of _Death_, both a little before and after; that
$eeing there are many _Paths_ which lead to _Death_, it may be under $tood in what _Common_
[0330]_The Hi$tory of Life and Death._
_way_ they all end, e$pecially in tho$e _Deaths_ which are cau$ed by _Indigence_ of _Nature_
rather than by _Violence_: although $omething of this latter al$o mu$t be in$erted, becau$e
of the connexion of things.
The Hi$tory.
THe living Spirit $tands in need of three things that it may $ub$i$t; _Convenient_
1.
_Motion, Temperate Refrigeration_, and _Fit Aliment_. Flame $eems to $tand in
need but of two of the$e, namely, _Motion_ and _Aliment_; becau$e Flame is a
$imple $ub$tance, the Spirit a compounded, in$omuch that if it approach $ome what too
near to a flamy nature, it overthroweth it $elf.
Al$o Flame by a greater and $tronger Flame is extingui$hed and $lain, as _Ari$totle_ well
2.
noted, much more the _Spirit_.
Flame, if it be much compre$$ed and $treightned, is extingui$hed: as we may $ee in.
3.
a Candle having a Gla$s ca$t over it; for the Air being dilated by the heat, doth con-
trude and thru$t together the Flame, and $o le$$eneth it, and in the end extingui$heth it;
and fires on hearths will not flame if the fuel be thru$t clo$e together without any $pace
for the flame to break forth.
Al$o things fired are extingui$hed with compre$$ion; as if you pre$s a burning coal
4.
hard with the Tongs or the foot, it is $treight extingui$hed.
But to come to the Spirit: if Bloud or Phlegm get into the Ventricles of the
5.
Brain, it cau$eth $udden death, becau$e the Spirit hath no room to move it
$elf.
Al$o a great blow on the head induceth $udden death, the Spirits being $treightned
6.
within the Ventricles of the Brain.
_Opium_ and other $trong _Stupefactives_ do coagulate the Spirit, and deprive it of the
7.
motion.
A _venemous Vapour_, totally abhorred by the $pirit, cau$eth $udden death: as in deadly
8.
poi$ons, which work (as they call it) by a $pecifical malignity; for they $trike a loath-
ing into the Spirit, that the $pirit will no more move it $elf, nor ri$e again$t a thing $o
much dete$ted.
Al$o extreme Drunkenne$s or extreme Feeding $ometime cau$e $udden death,
9.
$eeing the $pirit is not onely oppre$$ed with over much _conden$ing,_ or the malignity
of the vapour, (as in _Opium_ and malignant poi$ons) but al$o with the abundance of
the Vapours.
Extreme Grief or Fear, e$pecially if they be $udden, (as it is in a $ad and unexpected
10.
me$$age) cau$e $udden death.
Not onely over-much Compre$$ion, but al$o over-much Dilatation of the $pirit, is
11.
deadly.
Joys exce$$ive and $udden have bereft many of their lives.
12.
In greater Evacuations, as when they cut men for the _Drep$ie_, the waters flow forth
13
abundantly; much more in great and $udden fluxes of bloud oftentimes pre$ent
death followeth: and this happens by the mere flight of _Vacuum_ within the body,
all the parts moving to fill the empty placcs, and among$t the re$t the $pirits
them$elves. For as for $low fluxes of blood, this matter pertains to the indigence
of nouri$hment, not to the diffu$ion of the $pirits. And touching the motion
of the $pirit $o far, either compre$$ed or diffu$ed, that it bringeth death, thus
much.
We mu$t come next to the want of Refrigeration. Stopping of the breath cau$eth
14.
$udden death, as in all $uffocation or $trangling. Now it $eems this matter is not $o
much to be referred to the impediment of Motion, as to the impediment of Refri-
geration; for air over-hot, though attracted freely, doth no le$s $uffocate than if
breathing were hindred; as it is in them who have been $ometime $uffocated with
burning coals, or with char-coal, or with walls newly plai$tered in clo$e chambers
where a fire is made: which kind of death is reported to have been the end of the
Emperor _Jovinian._ The like happeneth from dry Baths over heated, which was pra-
cti$ed in the killing of _Fau$ta_, wifeto _Con$tantine_ the Great.
It is a very $mall time which Nature taketh to repeat the breathing, and in
15.
[0331]_The Hi$tory of Life and Death._
which $he de$ireth to expel the foggy air drawn into the _Lungs_, and to take in new,
$carce the third part of a minute.
Again, the beating of the _Pul$e_, and the motion of the _Sy$tole_ and _Dia$tole_ of the
16.
heart, are three times quicker than that of breathing_:_ in$omuch that if it were po$$i-
ble that that motion of the heart could be $topped without $topping the breath, death
would follow more $pedily there upon than by $trangling.
Notwith$tanding, u$e and cu$tom prevail much in this natural action of breathing;
17.
as it is in the _Delian_ Divers and Fi$hers for Pearl, who by long u$e can hold their breaths
at lea$t ten times longer than other men can do.
Among$t living Creatures, even of tho$e that have _Lungs_, there are $ome that are able
18.
to hold their breaths a long time, and others that cannot hold them $o long, according
as they need more or le$s refrigeration.
_Fi$hes_ need le$s refrigeration that _Terre$trial Creatures_, yet $ome they need, and
19.
take it by their Gills. And as _Terre$trial Creatures_ cannot bear the air that is too
hot or too clo$e; $o _Fi$hes_ are $uffocated in waters if they be totally and long
frozen.
If the Spirit be a$$aulted by another _heat_ greater than it $elf, it is di$$ipated and de-
20.
$troyed; for it cannot bear the proper _beat_ without refrigeration, much le$s can it
bear another heat which is far $tronger. This is to be $een in _burning-Fevers_, where
the heat of the putrefied humours doth exceed the native heat, even to extinction or
di$$ipation.
The want al$o and u$e of _Sleep_ is referred to _Refrigeration_. For Motion doth atte-
21.
nuate and rarifie the $pirit, and doth $harpen and increa$e the heat thereof; contra-
rily, _sleep_ $etleth and re$traineth the motion and gadding of the $ame_:_ for though
Sleep doth $trengthen and advance the actions of the parts and of the livele$s $pi-
rits, and all that motion which is to the circumference of the body; yet it doth in
great part quiet and $till the proper motion of the _living Spirit_. Now $leep regu-
larly is due unto humane nature once within four and twenty hours, and that for $ix
or five hours at the lea$t: though there are, even in this kind, $ometimes miracles of
Nature; as it is recorded of _Mecanas_, that he $lept not for a long time before his
death. And as touching the want of _Refrigeration_ for con$erving of the _Spirit_ thus
much.
As concerning the third _Indigence_, namely of _Aliment_, it $eems to pertain rather to
22.
the _parts_ than to the _living Spirit_; for a man may ea$ily believe that the _living Spirit_
$ub$i$teth in Identity, not by $ucce$$ion or renovation. And as for the _rea$onable Soul_
in man, it is above all que$tion that it is not engendred of the Soul of the Parents, nor is
repaired, nor can die, They $peak of the _Natural spirit_ of living Creatures, and al$o
of Vegetables, which differs from that other Soul e$$entially and formally. For out of
the confu$ion of the$e that $ame tran$migration of Souls, and innumerable other devices
of Heathens and Hereticks have proceeded.
The Body of man doth regularly require _Renovation_ by _Aliment_ every day, and a
23.
body in health can $carce endure fa$ting three days together; notwith$tanding u$e and
cu$tome will do much even in this ca$e: but in $ickne$s fa$ting is le$s grievous to the
body. Al$o _Sleep_ doth $upply $omewhat to nouri$hment; and on the other $ide
_Exerci$e_ doth require it more abundantly. Likewi$e there have $ome been found
who $u$tained them$elves (almo$t to a miracle in nature) a very long time without
meat or drink.
_Dead Bodies_ if they be not intercepted by _putrefaction_, will $ub$i$t a long time with-
24.
out any notable _Ab$umption_; but _Living bodies_ not above three days, (as we $aid) un-
le$s they be repaired by nouri$hment: which $heweth that quick _Ab$umption_ to be
the work of the _living spirit_, which either repairs it $elf, or puts the parts into a ne-
ce$$ity of being repaired, or both. This is te$tified by that al$o which was noted a little
before, namely, that _living creatures_ may $ub$i$t $omewhat the longer without _Aliment_
if they $leep: now $leep is nothing el$e but a reception and retirement of the _living_
_Spirit_ into it $elf.
An abundant and continual _effluxion_ of blood, which $ometimes happeneth in
25.
the _Hæmorrhoides_, $ometimes in vomitting of blood, the inward Veins being
unlocked or broken, $ometimes by wounds, cau$eth $udden death, in regard that
the bloud of the _Veins_ mini$treth to the _Arteries_, and the bloud of the _Arteries_
to the _Spirit_.
[0332]_The Hi$tory of Life and Death._
The quantity of meat and drink which a man, eating two meals a day, receiveth into
26.
his body is not $mall; much more than he voideth again either by $tool, or by urine,
or by $weating. You will $ay, No marvel, $eeing the remainder goeth into the juices
and $ub$tance of the body. It is true; but con$ider then that this addition is made twice
a day, and yet the body aboundeth not much. In like manner, though the $pirit be re-
paired, yet it grows not exce$$ively in the quantity.
It doth no good to have the Aliment ready, in a degree removed, but to have it of that
27.
kind, and $o prepared and $upplied that the $pirit may work upon it: for the $taff of
a _Torch_ alone will not maintain the flame, unle$s it be fed with wax, neither can men
live upon herbs alone. And from thence comes the _Inconcoction_ of old age, that though
there be fle$h and bloud, yet the $pirit is become $o penurious and thin, and the
juices and bloud $o heartle$s and ob$tinate, that they hold no proportion to _Ali-_
_mentation_.
_L_et us now ca$t up the _accounts_ of the _Needs_ and _Indigences_, according to the ordi
28.
nary and u$ual cour$e of nature. The Spirit hath need of opening and moving it $elf
in the _Ventricles_ of the Brain and Nerves even continually, of the motion of the _Heart_
every third part of a moment, of breathing every moment, of $leep and nouri$hment
once within three days, of the power of nouri$hment commonly till eighty years be
pa$t: And if any of the$e _Indigences_ beneglected, _Death_ en$ueth. So there are plainly
three _Porches_ of _Death_; De$titution of the Spirit in the _Motion_, in the _Refrigeration_,
in the _Aliment_.
It {is} an error to think that the L_iving Spirit_ is perpetually generated and extingui$hed,
as _Flame_ is, and abideth not any notable time: for even _Flame_ it $elf is not thus out of
its own proper nature, but becau$e it liveth amongst enemies, for _Flame_ within _Flame_
endureth. Now the L_iving Spirit_ liveth among$t friends, and all due ob$equiou$ne$s. So
then, as _Flame_ {is} a momentany $ub$tance, _Air_ is a $ixed $ub$tance, the L_iving Spirit_ is
betwixt both.
Touching the _extingui$hing_ of the _Spirit_ by the _de$truction_ of the _Organs_ (which is
cau$ed by Di$ea$es and Violence) we enquire not now, as we foretold in the beginning, al-
though that al$o endeth in the $ame three _Porches_. And touching the _Form_ of _Death_ it
$elf thus much.
There are two great _forerunners_ of Death, the one $ent from the _Head_, the other
29.
from the _Heart_; _Convul$ion_, and the extreme labour of the _Pul$e_; for, as for the deadly
_Hiccough_, it is a kind of _Convul$ion_. But the deadly labour of the _Pul$e_ hath that
unu$ual $wiftne$s, becau$e the _Heart_ at the point of death doth $o tremble, that
the _Sy$tole_ and _Dia$tole_ thereof are almo$t confounded. There is al$o conjoyned
in the _Pul$e_ a weakne$s and lowne$s, and oftentimes a great intermi$$ion, becau$e
the motion of the _Heart_ faileth, and is not able to ri$e again$t the a$$ault $toutly or
con$tantly.
The immediate proceeding $igns of _Death_ are, great unquietne$s and to$$ing in the
30.
bed, fumbling with the hands, catching and gra$ping hard, gna$hing with the teeth;
$peaking hollow, trembling of the neather lip, palene$s of the face, the memory con-
fu$ed, $peechle$s, cold $weats, the body $hooting in length, lifting up the white of
the eye, changing of the whole vi$age, (as the no$e $harp, eyes hollow, cheeks fallen)
contraction and doubling of the coldne$s in the _extreme parts_ of the body; in $ome,
$hedding of bloud or $perm, $hrieking, breathing thick and $hort, falling of the nea-
ther chap, and $uch like.
There follow Death a privation of all $en$e and motion, as well of the Heart and
31.
Arteries as of the Nerves and Joynts, an inability of the body to $upport it $elf upright,
$tiffne$s of the Nerves and parts, extream coldne$s of the whole body; after a little
while, putrefaction and $tinking.
_Eeles, serpents_ and the _In$ecta_ will move a long time in every part after they are cut
32.
a$under, in$omuch that Country people think that the parts $trive to joyn together
again. Al$o _Birds_ will flutter a great wh<007>le after their heads are pulled off; and the
hearts of living creatures will pant a long time after they are plucked out. I remem-
ber I have $een the heart of one that was bowelled, as $uf$ering for High Trea$on, that
being ca$t into the fire, leaped at the fir$t at lea$t a foot and half in height, and after
by degrees lower and lower, for the $pace, as I remember, of $even or eight minutes.
There is al$o an ancient and credible Tradition of an _Ox_ lowing a$ter his bowels were
plucked out. But there is a more certain tradition of a man, who being under the
[0333]_The Hi$tory of Life and Death._
Executioner’s hand for high Trea$on, after his _Heart_ was plucked out and in the Exe-
cutioner’s hand, was heard to utter three or four words of prayer: which therefore
we $aid to be more credible than that of the _Ox_ in _sacrifice_, becau$e the friends of the
party $uffering do u$ually give a reward to the Executioner to di$patch his office with
the more $peed, that they may the $ooner be rid of their pain; but in _Sacrifices_ we
$ee no cau$e why the Prie$t $hould be $o $peedy in his office.
For _reviving_ tho$e again which fall into $udden _Swooning_ and _Catalep$es_ of _a$toni$h-_
33.
_ments_, (in which Fits many, without pre$ent help, would utterly expire) the$e things
are u$ed; Putting into their mouths Water di$tilled of Wine, which they call _Hot-_
_waters_, and _Cordial-Waters_, bending the body forwards, $topping the mouth and no$tr<007>ls
hard, bending or wringing the fingers, pulling the hairs of the beard or head, rubbing
of the parts, e$pecially the face and legs, $udden ca$ting of cold water upon the face,
$hrieking out aloud and $uddenly; putting _Ro$e-water_ to the no$trills with _Vinegar_ in
faintings; burning of Feathers or Cloth in the $uffocation of the _Mother_: but e$pe-
cially a _Frying-pan_ heated red hot is good in _Apoplexies_; al$o a clo$e embracing of the
body hath helped $ome.
There have been many examples of men in $hew dead, either laid out upon the
34.
cold floor, or carried forth to burial; nay, of $ome buried in the earth, which not-
with$tanding have lived again, which hath been found in tho$e that were buried (the
earth being afterwards opened) by the brui$ing and wounding of their head, through
the $trugling of the body within the Coffin; whereof the mo$t recent and memo-
rable example was that of _Foannes scotus_, called the _Subtil_, and a _School-man_, who
being digged up again by his Servant, (unfortunately ab$ent at his burial, and who
knew his Ma$ters manner in $uch fits) was found in that $tate: And the like happened
in our days in the per$on of a Player, buried at _Cambridge_. I remember to have heard
of a certain _Gentleman_, that would needs make trial in curio$ity what men did feel that
were hanged; $o he fa$tened the Cord about his neck, rai$ing him$elf upon a $tool, and
then letting him$elf fall, thinking it $hould be in his power to recover the $tool at
his plea$ure, which he failed in, but was helped by a friend then pre$ent. He was
asked a$terward what he felt. He $aid he felt no pain, but fir$t he thought he $aw before
his eyes a great fire and burning; then he thought he $aw all black and dark; la$tly
it turned to a pale blew, or Sea-water green; which colour is al$o often $een by them
which fall into _Swoonings_. I have heard al$o of a Phy$ician, yet living, who reco-
vered a man to life which had hanged him$elf, and had hanged half an hour, by _Fri-_
_cations_ and hot _Baths:_ And the $ame Phy$ician did profe$s, that he made no doubt to
recover any man that had hanged $o long, $o his Neck were not broken with the fir$t
$wing.
_The Differences of Youth and Old Age._
THe Ladder of Man’s Body is this, To be conceived, to be quickned in the womb,
_To the 16_
_Article._
to be born, to $uck, to be weaned, to feed upon Pap, to put forth Teeth the
fir$t time about the $econd year of age, to begin to go, to begin to $peak, to
1.
put forth Teeth the $econd time about $even years of age, to come to _Puberty_ about
twelve or fourteen years of age, to be able for generation and the flowing of the _Men-_
_$trua_, to have hairs about the legs and arm-holes, to put forth a Beard; and thus long,
and $ometimes later, to grow in $tature, to come to full years of $trength and agility, to
grow gray and bald; the _Men$trua_ cea$ing, and ability to generation, to grow decrepit
and a mon$ter with three legs, to die. Mean-while the Mind al$o hath certain periods,
but they cannot be de$cribed by years, as to decay in the _Memory_, and the like; of
which hereafter.
The differences of _Youth_ and _old Age_ are the$e: A young man’s skin is $mooth
2.
and plain, an old man’s dry and wrinkled, e$pecially about the forehead and eyes; a
young man’s fle$h is tender and $oft, an old man’s hard; a young man hath $trength
and agility, an old man feels decay in his $trength and is $low of motion; a young man
[0334]_The Hi$tory of Life and Death._
hath good dige$tion, an old man bad; a young man’s bowels are $oft and $ucculent, an
old man’s $alt and parched; a young man’s body is erect and $treight, an old man’s
bowing and crooked; a young man’s limbs are $teady, an old man’s weak and trem-
bl<007>ng; the humours in a young man are cholerick, and his bloud inclined to heat, in an
old man phlegmatick and melancholick, and his bloud inclined to coldne$s; a young
man ready for the act of _Venus_, an old man $low unto it: in a young man the juices
of his body are more ro$cid, in an old man more crude and wateri$h; the $pirit in a
young man plentiful and boiling, in an old man $carce and jejune_:_ a young man’s $pi-
rit is den$e and vigorous, an old man’s eager and rare; a young man hath his $en$es
quick and intire, an old man dull and decayed; a young man’s teeth are $trong and
entire, an old man’s weak, worn, and faln out; a young man’s hair is coloured, an
old man’s (of what colour $oever it were) gray; a young man hath hair, an old man
baldne$s; a young man’s pul$e is $tronger and quicker, an old man’s more confu$ed
and $lower; the di$ea$es of young men are more acute and curable, of old men longer
and hard to cure; a young man’s wounds $oon clo$e, an old man’s later; a young man’s
cheeks are of a fre$h colour, an old man’s pale, or with a black bloud; a young man
is le$s troubled with rheums, an old man more. Neither do we know in what things
old men do improve as touching their body, $ave onely $ometime in fatne$s; whereof
the rea$on is $oon given, Becau$e old men’s bodies do neither per$pire well, nor a$$imi-
late well: now Fatne$s is nothing el$e but an exuberance of nouri$hment above that
which is voided by excrement, or which is perfectly a$$imilated. Al$o $ome old men
improve in the appetite of feeding by rea$on of the _acid humors_, though old men dige$t
wor$t. And all the$e things which we have $aid, _Phy$icians_ negligently enough will
refer to the _diminution_ of the _Natural heat_ and _Radical moi$ture_, which are things of no
worth for u$e. This is certain, _Drine$s_ in the coming on of years doth forego _Cold_
_ne$s_; and bodies when they come to the top and $trength of heat do decline in _Drine$s_,
and after that follows _Coldne$s_.
Now we are to con$<007>der the _Affections_ of the _Mind_. I remember when I was a
3.
young man, at _Poictiers_ in _France_ I conver$ed familiarly with a certain _French man_, a
witty young man, but $omething talkative, who afterwards grew to be a very eminent
man: he was wont to inveigh again$t the manners of _old men_, and would $ay, That if
their Minds could be $een as their Bodies are, they would appear no le$s deformed. Be-
$ides, being in love with his own wit, he would maintain, That the vices of old men’s
Minds have $ome corre$pondence and were parallel to the putrefactions of their Bo-
dies_:_ For the drine$s of their skin he would bring in _Impudence_; for the hardne$s of
their bowels, _unmercifulne$s_: for the _lippitude_ of their eyes, an _evil Eye_ and _Envy:_
for the ca$ting down of their eyes, and bowing their body towards the earth,
_Athei$m_; _(_for, $aith he, _they look no more up to Heaven as they are mont_) for the
trembling of their members, _Irre$olution_ of their _decrees_ and _light incon$tancy_; for the
bending of their fingers, as it were to catch, _Rapacity_ and _covetou$ne$s_; for the buck-
ling of their knees, _Fearfulne$s_; for their wrinkles, _Craftine$s_ and _Obliquity_: and other
things which I have forgotten. But to be $erious, a young man is mode$t and $hame-
fac’d, an old man’s fore-head is hardned; a young man is full of bounty and mercy, an
old man’s heart is brawny; a young man is affected with a laudable emulation, an old
man with a malignant envy; a young man is inclined to Religion and Devotion, by
rea$on of his fervency and inexperience of evil, an old man cooleth in piety
through the coldne$s of his charity, and long conver$ation in evil, and likewi$e
through the difficulty of his belief; a young man’s de$ires are vehement, an old man’s
moderate; a young man is light and moveable, an old man more grave and con$tant;
a young man is given to liberality, and beneficence, and humanity, an old man to co-
vetou$ne$s, wi$dom for his own $elf, and $eeking his own ends; a young man is
confident and full of hope, an old man diffident and given to $u$pect mo$t things; a
young man is gentle and ob$equious, an old man froward and di$dainful; a young man
is $incere and open-hearted, an old man cautelous and clo$e; a young man is given
to de$ire great things, an old man to regard things nece$$ary; a young man thinks
well of the pre$ent t<007>mes, an old man preferreth times pa$t before them; a young man
reverenceth his Superiours, an old man is more forward to tax them: And many other
things, which pertain rather to Manners than to the pre$ent Inqui$ition. Notwith$tand-
ing old men, as in $ome things they improve in their Bodies, $o al$o in their Minds,
unle$s they be altogether out of date: namely, that as they are le$s apt for inven-
[0335]_The Hi$tory of Life and Death._
tion, $o they excel in judgment, and prefer $afe things and $ound things before $pe-
cious; al$o they improve in Garrulity and O$tentation, for they $eek the fruit of $peech,
while they are le$s able for action: So as it was not ab$urd that the _Poets_ feigned old
_Tithon_ to be turned into a _Gra$hopper_.
_Moveable Canons of the Duration of Life and Form of Death._
Canon I.
COn$umption _{is} not cau$ed, unle$s that which {is} departed with by one body pa$$eth into_
_another._
_The Explication._
THere is in Nature no _Annihilating_, or _Reducing_ to _Nothing:_ therefore that which
is con$umed is either re$olved into Air, or turned into $ome Body adjacent. So
we $ee a _spider_, or _Fly_, or _Ant_ in Amber, entombed in a more $tately Monument than
_Kings_ are, to be laid up for Eternity, although they be but tender things, and $oon
di$$ipated: But the matter is this, that there is no air by, into wh<007>ch they $hould be
re$olved; and the _$ub$tance_ of the _Amber_ is $o _heterogeneous_, that it receives nothing
of them. The like we conceive would be if a Stick, or Root, or $ome $uch thing were
buried in _Quick-$ilver:_ al$o _Wax_, and _Honey_, and _Gums_ have the $ame _Operation_, but in
part onely.
Canon II.
THere {is} in every _Tangible body_ a _Spirit_, covered and encompa$$ed with the gro$$er
parts of the body, and from it all _Con$umption_ and _Di$$olution_ hath the begin-
ning.
_The Explication._
NO Body known unto us here in the upper part of the Earth is without a Spirit,
either by _Attenuation_ and _Concoction_ from the heat of the Heavenly Bodies, or
by $ome other way: for the _Concavities_ of _Tangible things_ receive not _Vacuum_, but
either Air, or the proper _Spirit_ of the thing. And this _spirit_ where of we $peak is not
$ome _Virtue_, or _Energie_, or _Act_, or a _Tr<007>fle_, but plainly a _Body_, rare and invi$ible;
notwith$tanding circum$cribed by Place, Quantitative, Real. Neither again is that
Spirit Air, (no more than Wine is Water) but a body rarefied, of kin to Air, though
much different from it. Now the gro$$er parts of bodies (being dull things, and not
apt for motion) would la$t a long time; but the Spirit is that which troubleth, and
plucketh, and undermineth them, and converteth the moi$ture of the body, and what-
$oever it is able to dige$t, into new Spirit; and then as well the pre-exi$ting Spirit of the
body as that newly made flie away together by degrees. This is be$t $een by the _Di-_
_minution_ of the _weight_ in bodies dried through _Perspiration:_ for neither all that which
is i$$ued forth was Spirit when the body was ponderous, neither was it not Spirit when
it i$$ued forth.
Canon III.
_THe_ Spirit i$$uing forth Drieth; Detained _and working within either_ Melteth, _or_ Pu-
trefieth, _or_ Vivifieth.
_The Explication._
THere are four Proce$$es of the Spirit, to _Arefaction_, to _Colliquation, Putre-_
_faction_, to _Generation_ of bodies. _Arefaction_ is not the proper work of the Spirit,
but of the gro$$er parts after the Spirit i$$ued forth_:_ for then they contract them-
$elves partly by their flight of _Vacuum_, partly by the _union_ of the _Homogeneals_: as
appears in all things which are arefied by age, and in the drier $ort of bodies which
have pa$$ed the fire, as _Bricks, Char-coal, Bread. colliquation_ is the mere work of the
Spirit_:_ neither is it done but when they are excited by heat: for when the Spirits
dilating them$elves, yet not getting forth, do in$inuate and di$per$e them$elves
among the gro$$er parts, and $o make them $oft and apt to run, as it is in _Metalls_ and
_wax_: for _Metalls_ and all tenacious things are apt to inhibit the Spirit, that being
[0336]The Hi$tory of Life and Death.
excited it i$$ueth not forth. _Putrefaction_ is a mixed work of the _Spirits_ and of the
gro$$er parts: for the Spirit (which before re$trained and bridled the parts of the
thing) being partly i$$ued forth and partly infeebled, all things in the body do di$$olve
and return to the<007>r _Homogeneities_, or (if you will) to their Elements: that which was
_Spirit_ in it is congregated to it $elf, whereby things putrefied begin to have an ill $a-
vour: the _Oily_ parts to them$elves, whereby things putrefied have that $lipperine$s
and unctuo$ity; the _watry_ parts al$o to them$elves: the _Dregs_ to them$elyes: whence
followeth that _confu$ion_ in _bodies putrefied._ But _Generation_ or _Vivification_ is a work
al$o mixed of the Spirit and gro$$er parts, but in a far different manner: for the Spirit
is totally detained, but it $welleth and moveth locally: and the gro$$er parts are not
di$$olved, but follow the motion of the $pirit, and are, as it were, blown out by it,
and extruded into divers figures, from whence cometh that _Generation_ and _Organiza-_
_tion:_ and therefore _Vivification_ is always done in a matter tenacious and clammy, and
again, yielding and $oft, that there may be both a detention of the $pirit, and al$o a
gentle ce$$ion of the parts, according as the $pirit forms them. And this is $een in the
matter as well of all Vegetables as of living Creatures, whether they be engendred of
Putrefaction or of Sperm; for in all the$e things there is manife$tly $een a matter
hard to break through, ea$ie to yield.
Canon IV.
_IN all_ living Creatures _there are two kinds of_ Spirits: Livele$s Spirits, _$uch as are in bo-_
_dies_ Inanimate; _and a_ Vital Spirit _$uperadded_.
The Explication.
IT was $aid before, that to procure long life the Body of man mu$t be con$idered,
fir$t, as _Inan<007>mate_, and not repaired by nouri$hment: $econdly, as _Animate_, and
repaired by nouri$hment: for the former con$ideration gives Laws touching _(Con$ump-_
_tion_, the latter touching _Reparation_. Therefore we mu$t know that there are in hu-
mane fle$h bones, Membranes, Organs: finally, in all the parts $uch $pirits diffu$ed
in the $ub$tance of them while they are alive, as there are in the $ame things (Fle$h,
Bones, Membranes, and the re$t) $eparated and dead: $uch as al$o remain in a _Car-_
_ka$s:_ but the _Vital Spirit_, although it ruleth them, and hath $ome con$ent with them,
yet it is far differing from them, being integral, and $ub$i$ting by it $elf. Now there
are two $pecial differences betwixt the _Livele$s Spirits_ and the _Vital Spirits_. The one,
that the _Livele$s spirits_ are not continued to them$elves, but are, as it were, cut off,
and encompa$$ed with a gro$s body which intercepts them; as _Air_ is mixed with
_Snow_ or _Froth:_ but the _Vital Spirit_ is all continued to it $elf by certain Conduit-pipes
through which it pa$$eth, and is not totally intercepted. And this Spirit is two-fold
al$o: the one branched, onely pa$$ing through $inall pipes, and, as it were, $trings:
the other hath a _Cell_ al$o, $o as it is not onely continued to it $elf, but al$o congre-
gated in an hollow $pace in rea$onable good quantity, according to the Analogy of
the body, and in that _Cell_ is the fountain of the Rivulets which branch from thence.
That _Cell_ is chiefly in the Ventricles of the Brain, which in the ignobler $ort of crea-
tures are but narrow, in$omuch that the $pirits in them $eem $cattered over their whole
body rather than Celled; as may be $een in _Serpents, Eels_ and _Flies,_ whereo$ every of
their parts move long after they are cut a$$under. _Birds_ al$o leap a good while after
their heads are pulled off, becau$e they have little heads and little Cells. But the nobler
$ort of creatures have tho$e Ventricles larger, and Man the large$t of all. The other
difference betwixt the Spirits is, that the Vital Spirit hath a kind of enkindling, and
is like a Wind or Breath compounded of Flame and Air, as the Juices of living
creatures have both _Oil_ and _water_. And this enkindling mini$treth peculiar motions
and faculties: for the $moke which is inflamable, even before the flame conceived, is
hot, thin and movable, and yet it is quite another thing after it is become flame:
but the enkindling of the vital $pirits is by many degrees gentler than the $ofte$t flame,
as of _Spirit_ of _Wine_, or otherwi$e; and be$ides, it is in great part mixed with an _Aerial_
$ub$tance, that it $hould be a _My$tery_ or _Miracle_, both of a _Flammeons_ and _Aere-_
_ous_ nature.
Canon V.
_THe_ Natural A _Etions are proper to the_ $everal Parts, _but it is the_ Vital Spirit _that excites_
_and $harpens them._
[0337]The Hi$tory of Life and Death.
The Explication.
THe _Actions_ or _Functions_ which are in the $everal _Members_ follow the nature of
the _Members_ them$elves, (_Attraction, Retention, Dige$tion, A$$imilation, Separation,_
_Excretion, Perspiration,_ even Sen$e it $elf) according to the propriety of the $everal
_Organs_, (the _Stomach, Liver, Heart, Spleen, Gall, Brain, Eye, Ear,_ and the re$t:)
yet none of the$e Actions would ever have been actuated but by the vigour and pre-
$ence of the _Vital spirit_ and heat thereof: as one _Iron_ would not have drawn another
_Iron_, unle$s it had been excited by the _Load $tone,_ nor an _Egge_ would ever have brought
forth a _Bird_, unle$s the $ub$tance of the _Hen_ had been actuated by the treading of the
Cock.
Canon VI.
_THe_ livele$s Spirits _are next Con$ab$tantial to_ Air; _the_ vital Spirits _approach more to the_
_$ub$tance of_ Flame.
The Explication.
THe Explication of the precedent fourth _Canon_ is al$o a declaration of this pre$ent
_Canon_: but yet further, from hence it is that all fat and oily things continue
long in their Being; For neither doth the _Air_ much pluck them, neither do they
much de$ire to joyn them$elves with _Air_. As for that conceit it is altogether vain,
That Flame $hould be Air $et on fire, $eeing _Flame_ and _Air_ are no le$s _heterogeneal_
than _Oil_ and _Water_. But whereas it is $aid in the _Canon_, that the _vital $pirits_ approach
more to the $ub$tance of _Flame_; it mu$t be under$tood, that they do this more than
the _livele$s spirits_, not that they are more _Flamy_ than _Airy_.
Canon VII.
_THe_ Spirit _bath two_ De$ires; _one of_ multiplying _it $elf, the other of_ flying forth _and_
_congregating it $elf with the_ Connaturals.
The Explication.
THe _Canon_ is under$tood of the _livele$s spirits_; for as for the _$econd De$ire_, the
_vital spirit_ doth mo$t of all abhor flying forth of the body, for it finds no _Con-_
_natural_ here below to joyn withal: Perhaps it may $ometimes flie to the outward
parts of the body, to meet that which it loveth; but the flying forth, as I $aid, it ab-
horreth. But in the _livele$s $pirits_ each of the$e two _De$ires_ holdeth. For to the for-
mer this belongeth, _Every $pirit $eated among $t the gro$$er parts dwelleth unhappily;_ and
therefore when it finds not a _like_ unto it $elf, it doth $o much the more labour to cre-
ate and make a like, as being in a great $olitude, and endeavour earne$tly to multiply it
$elf, and to prey upon the _volatile_ of the _gro{$s}er parts,_ that it may be encrea$ed in quan-
tity. As for the _$econd De$ire_ of flying forth, and betaking it $elf to the _Air_, it is cer-
tain that all light things (which are ever movable) do willingly go unto their _likes_ near
unto them, as a _Dröp_ of water is carried to a _Drop, Flame_ to _Flame_: but much more
this is done in the flying forth of _$p<007>rit_ into the _Air_ ambient, becau$e it is not carried
to a particle like unto it $elf, but al$o as unto the _Globe_ of the _Cannaturals_. Mean-while
this is to be noted, That the _going forth_ and _flight_ of the _$pirit_ into _air_ is a redoubled
action, partly out of the _appetite_ of the _$pirit_, partly out of the _appetite_ of the _air_; for
the _common air_ is a needy thing, and receiveth all things $peedily, as _Spirits, Odours, Beams,_
_Sounds,_ and the like.
Canon VIII.
SPirit detained, _if is have no po$$ibility of begetting new_ $pirits, itenerateth _the gro$$er_
_parts._
The Explicætion.
GEneration of new Spirit is not accompli$hed but upon tho$e things which are in
$ome degree near to $pirit, $uch as are humid bodies. And therefore if the gro$$er
parts (among$t which the Spirit conver$eth) be in a remote degree, although the $pirit
cannot convert them, yet (as much as it can) it weakneth, and $oftneth, and $ubdueth
them, that $eeing it cannot increa$e in quantity, yet it will d well more at large, and live
among$t good neighbours and friends. Now this _Apheri$m_ is mo$t u$eful to our
End, becau$e it tendeth to the Inteneration of the ob$tinate parts by the detention of the
$pirit.
Canon IX.
_THe_ Inteneration _of the_ harder parts _cometh to good effect, when the_ Spirit _neither_ fly-
eth forth, _nor_ begetteth new Spirit.
[0338]The Hi$tory of Life and Death.
The Explication.
THis _Canon_ $olveth the knot and difficulty in the Operation of Intenerating by the
Detention of the _Spirit_: for if the _Spirit_ not flying forth wa$teth all within, there
is nothing gotten to the _Inteneration_ of the parts in their $ub$i$tence, but rather they are
di$$olved and corrupted. Therefore together with the _Detention_ the _Spirits_ ought to
be cooled and re$trained, that they may not be too active.
Canon X.
_THe_ heat _of the_ Spirit _to keep the body fre$h and green, ought to be_ Robu$t, _not_
Eager.
The Explication.
AL$o this _Canon_ pertaineth to the $olving of the knot afore$aid, but it is of a
much larger extent, for it $etteth down of what _temperament_ the _heat_ in the
body ought to be for the obtaining of Long life. Now this is u$eful, whether the
_spirits_ be detained, or whether they be not. For how$oever the _heat_ of the _spirits_
mu$t be $uch, as it may rather turn it $elf upon the hard parts than wa$te the $oft;
for the one De$iccateth, the other Intenerateth. Be$ides, the fame thing is available
to the well perfecting of _A$$imilation_; for $uch an heat doth excellently excite the _fa-_
_culty_ of _A$$imilation_, and withall doth excellently prepare the matter to be _A$$imi-_
_lated._ Now the properties of this kind of _heat_ ought to be the$e. Fir$t, that it be
_$low_, and heat not $uddenly: Secondly, that it be not very _inten$e_, but _moderate_:
Thirdly, that it be _equal_, not _incompo$ed_, namely, intending and remitting it $elf:
Fourthly, that if this heat meet any thing to re$i$t it, it be not ea$ily $uffocated or lan-
gui$h. This _Operation_ is exceeding $ubtil, but $eeing it is one of the mo$t u$eful, it is not
to be de$erted. Now in tho$e _Remedies_ which we propounded to inve$t the $pirits with
a _Robust heat_, or that which we call _Operative_, not _Predatory_, we have in $ome $ort $ati$-
fied this matter.
Canon XI.
_The_ Conden$ing _of the Spirits in their_ Sub$tance _{is} available to Long life_.
The Explication.
THis _Canon_ is $ubordinate to the next precedent: for the _Spirit conden$ed_ receiveth
all tho$e four properties of heat whereof we $peak; but the ways of _Conden$ing_
them are $et down in the fir$t of the Ten _Operations._
Canon XII.
_THe_ Spirit _in_ great quantity _ha$tneth more to flying forth, and preyeth upon the body_
_more, than in_ $mall quantity.
The Explication.
THis _Canon_ is clear of it $elf, $eeing mere Quantity doth regularly increa$e virtue.
Andit is to be $een in flames, that the bigger they are, the $tronger they break forth,
and the more $peedily they con$ume. And therefore over-great _plenty_ or _exuber ance_
of the $pirits is altogether hurtful to Long life; neither need one wi$h a greater $tore
of $pirits than what is $ufficient for the function of life, and the office of a good Re-
paration.
Canon XIII.
_THe_ Spirit equally _di$per$ed maketh le$s ha$te to flie forth, and preyeth le$s upon the body,_
_than_ unequally _placed_.
The Explication.
NOt onely abundance of $pirits in re$pect of the whole is hurtful to the Duration
of things, but al$o the $ame abundance unevenly placed is in like manner hurtful;
and therefore the more the $pirit is $hred and in$erted by $mall portions, the le$s it prey-
eth for Di$$olution ever beginneth at that part where the $pirit is loo$er. And there-
fore both Exerci$e and Frications conduce much to long life, for Agitation doth fine-
lie$t diffu$e and commix things by $mall portions.
Canon XIV.
_THe_ inordinate _and_ $ub$ultory motion _of the_ $pirits _doth more ha$ten to going forth, and_
_doth prey upon the body more, than the_ con$tant _and_ equal.
The Explication.
IN _Inanimates_ this _Canon_ holds for certain; for Inequality is the Mother of Di$$o-
lution: but in _Animates_ (becau$e not onely the Con$umption is con$idered, but the
[0339]The Hi$tory of Life and Death.
Reparation, and Reparation proceedeth by the Appetites of things, and Appetite is
$harpned by variety) it holdeth not rigorou$ly; but it is $o far forth to be received, that
this variety be rather an alternation or enterchange than a confu$ion, and as it were con-
$tant in incon$tancy.
Canon XV.
_The_ Spirit _in a_ Body _of a_ $olid compo$ure _is detained, though unwillingly._
The Explication.
ALl things do abhor a _Solution_ of their _Continuity_, but yet in proportion to their
_Den$ity_ or _Rarity:_ for the more _rare_ the _bodies_ be, the more do they $uffer
them$elves to be thru$t into $mall and narrow pa$$ages; for _water_ will go into a pa$$age
which _du$t_ will not go into, and _air_ which water will not go into, nay, _flame_ and
_spirit_ which _air_ will not go into. Notwith$tanding of this thing there are $ome
bounds: for the _spirit_ is not $o much tran$ported with the de$ire of going forth, that
it will $uffer it $elf to be too much di$continued, or be driven into over-$treight pores
and pa$$ages; and therefore if the $pirit be encompa$$ed with an _hard_ body, or el$e
with an _unctuous_ and _tenæcious_, (which is not ea$ily divided) it is plainly bound, and,
as I may $ay, impri$oned, and layeth down the appetite of going out: wherefore we
$ee that _Metalls_ and _Stones_ require a long time for their $pirit to go forth, unle$s either
the $pirit be excited by the fire, or the gro$$er parts be di$$evered with corroding and
$trong waters. The like rea$on is there of _tenacious bodies_, $uch as are _Gums_, $ave onely
that they are melted by a more gentle heat: and therefore the _juices_ of the body _hard_,
a _clo$e_ and _compact skin_, and the like, (which are procured by the _drine$s_ of the _Aliment_,
and by _Exerci$e_, and by the _coldne$s_ of the _air_) are good for long life, becau$e they
detain the $pirit in clo$e pri$on that it goeth not forth.
Canon XVI.
_In_ Oily _and_ Fat _things the_ Spirit _is detained willingly, though they be not_ tenacious,
The Explication.
THe $pirit, if it be not irritated by the _antipatby_ of the body enclo$ing it, nor fed by
the over-much _likene$s_ of that body, nor $ollicited nor invited by the _external body,_
it makes no great $tir to get out: all which are wanting to _Oily bodies_; for they are
neither $o pre$$ing upon the $pirits as _hard bodies,_ nor $o _near_ as _watry bodies,_ neither
have they any good _agreement_ with the _air ambient._
Canon XVII.
_THe_ $peedy flying forth _of the_ Watry humor _con$erves the_ Oily _the longer in h{is}_
_being._
The Explication.
WE $aid before that the _Watry humors,_ as being con$ub$tantial to the _Air_, flie
forth $oone$t; the _Oily_ later, as having $mall agreement with the _Air_. Now
whereas the$e two _humors_ are in mo$t bodies, it comes to pa$s that the _Watry_ doth in a
$ort betray the _Oily_, for thati$$uing forth in$en$ibly carrieth this together with it. There-
fore there is nothing more furthereth the con$ervation of bodies than a _gentle drying_ of
them, which cau$eth the _watry humour_ to expire, and inviteth not the _Oily_; for then
the _Oily_ enjoyeth the proper nature. And this tendeth not onely to the inhibiting of
_Putrefaction_, (though that al$o followeth) but to the con$ervation of _Greenne$s._
Hence it is, that _gentle Frications_ and _moderate Exerci$es,_ cau$ing rather _Per$piration_ than
_Sweating,_ conduce much to long life.
Canon XVIII.
Air excluded _conferreth to Long life, if other_ inconveniences _be avoided_.
The Explication.
WE $aid a little before, that the _fly<007>ng forth_ of the _spirit_ is a redoubled action,
from the _appetite_ of the _$pirit_ and of the _air_, and therefore if either of the$e be
taken out of the way, there is not a little gained. Notwith$tanding divers _Inconve-_
_niences_ follow hereupon, which how they may be prevented we have $hewed in the
$econd of our _Operations._
Canon XIX.
YOuthful spirits _in$erted into an_ old Body _might $oon turn_ Nature’s cour$e _back_
_again._
[0340]The Hi$tory of Life and Death.
The Explication.
THe _nature_ of the _spirits_ is as the uppermo$t _wheel_, which turneth about the other
_wheels_ in the body of man, and therefore in the _Intention_ of Long life, that ought
to be fir$t placed. Hereunto may be added, that there is an ea$ier and more expedite
way to alter the _$pirits_, than to other _Operations_. For the _Operation_ upon the _spirits_ is
two-fold: the one by _Aliments_, which is $low, and, as it were, about; the other, (and
that two fold) which is $udden, and goeth directly to the $pirits, namely, by _Vapours_,
or by the _Affections_.
Canon XX.
Juices _of the_ Body hard _and_ ro$cid _are good for Long life._
The Explication.
THe rea$on i@ plain, $eeing we $he wed before, that _hard_ things, and _oily_ or _ro$cid_ are
hardly di$$ipated: notwith$tanding there is difference, (as we al$o noted in the
tenth _operation_) That _juice_ $ome what _hard_ is indeed le$s _di$$ipable_, but then it is withal
le$s _reparable_; therefore a _Convenience_ is interlaced with an _Inconvenience_, and for this
cau$e no wonderful matter will be atchieved by this. But _ro$cid juice_ will admit both
_Operations_; therefore this would be principally endeavoured.
Canon XXI.
_VVHat$oever {is} of_ thin parts _to penetr ate, and yet hath no_ Acrimony _to_ bite, _begetteth_
Ro$cid Juices.
The Explication.
THis _Canon_ is more hard to practi$e than to under$tand. For it is manife$t, what-
$oever _penetrateth_ well, but yet with a _$ting_ or _tooth_, (as do all $harp and $our
things) it leaveth behind it where$oever it goeth $ome mark or print of _drine$s_ and
_cleaving_, $o that it hardneth the _juices_, and chappeth the _parts:_ contrarily, what$oever
things _penetrate_ through their _thinne$s_ merely, as it were by $tealth, and by way of in-
$inuation, without violence, they _bedew_ and _water_ in their pa$$age. Of which $ort we
have recounted many in the fourth and $eventh _Operations_.
Canon XXII.
A$$imilation _{is} be$t done when all_ Local Motion _{is} expended._
The Explication.
THis _Canon_ we have $ufficiently explained in our Di$cour$e upon the eighth _Ope-_
_ration_.
Canon XXIII.
ALimentation from without, _at lea$t $ome other way than by the_ Stomach, _{is} most pro-_
_fitable for Long life, if it can be done._
The Explication.
WE $ee that all things which are done by _Nutrition_, ask a long time, but tho$e which
are done by _embracing_ of the _like_ (as it is in _Infu$ions_) require no long time. And
therefore _Alimentation_ from without would be of principal u$e, and $o much the more,
becau$e the _Faculties_ of _Concoction_ decay in old age: $o that if there could be $ome auxi-
liary _Nutritions_, by _Bathings, Vnctions_, or el$e by _Cly$ters_, the$e things in conjunction
might do much, which $ingle are le$s available.
Canon XXIV.
_WHere the_ Concoction _{is} weak to_ thru$t _forth the_ Aliment, _there the_ Outward parts
_$hould be strengthned to_ call _forth the_ Aliment.
The Explication.
THat which is propounded in this _Canon_ is not the $ame thing with the former; for
it is one thing for the _outward Aliment_ to be _attracted inward_, another for the _in_-
_ward Aliment_ to be _attracted outward_: yet herein they concur, that they both help
the weakne$s of the _inward Concoctions_, though by divers ways.
Canon XXV.
_ALL $udden_ Renovation _of the Body {is} wrought either by the_ Spirit, _or by_ Malaci$$a-
tions.
The Explication.
THere are two things in the body, _Spirits_ and _Parts:_ to both the$e the way by Nu-
trition is long and about; but it is a $hort way to the _Spirits_ by _Vapours_ and by
the _Affections_, and to the _Parts_ by _Malaci$$ations_. But this is diligently to be noted,
that by no means we confound _Alimentation from without_ with _Malaci$$ation;_ for the
intention of _Malaci$$ation_ is not to nouri$h the parts, but onely to make them more fit
to be nouri$hed.
[0341]_The Hi$tory of Life and Death._
Canon XXVI.
MAlaci$$ation _{is} wrought by_ Con$ub$tantials, _by_ Imprinters, _and by_ Clo$ers
up.
The Explication.
THe rea$on is manife$t, for that _Con$ub$tantials_ do properly $upple the body, _Im-_
_printers_ do carry in, _Clo$ers up_ do retain and bridle the _Persp<007>ration_, which is a
motion oppo$ite to _Malaci$$ation_. And therefore (as we de$cribed in the ninth _Ope-_
_ration) Malaci$$ation_ cannot well be done at once, but in a cour$e or order. Fir$t, by
_exclud<007>ng_ the _Liquor_ by _Thickners_: for an out ward and gro$s Infu$ion doth not well
compact the body: that which entreth mu$t be $ubtil, and a kind of vapour. Second-
ly, by _Intenerating_ by the con$ent of _Con$ubstantials_: for bodies upon the touch of
tho$e things which have good agreement with them, open them$elves, and relax their
pores. Thirdly, _Imprinters_ are _Convoys_, and in$inuate into the parts the _Con$ub$tan-_
_tials_, and the mixture of gentle _A$tringents_ doth $omewhat re$train the _Perspiration_. But
then, in the fourth place, follows that great _A$triction_ and _Clo$ure_ up of the body by
_Emplai$tration_, and then afterward by _Inunction_, until the _supple_ be turned into _Solid_,
as we $aid in the proper place.
Canon XxVII.
_FRequent_ Renovation _of the_ Parts Repairable _watereth and reneweth the le$s_ Reparable
_al$o_.
The Explication.
WE $aid in the Preface to this Hi$tory, that the _way_ of _Death_ was this, That the
_Parts Reparable_ died in the fellow$hip of the _Parts le$s Reparable:_ $o that in the
_Reparation_ of the$e $ame _le$s Reparable Parts_ all our forces would be employed. And
therefore being admoni$hed by _Ari$totle_’s ob$ervation touching _Plants_, namely, _That_
_the putting forth of new $hoots and branches refre$heth the body of the Tree in the pa$$age_;
we conceive the like rea$on might be, if the _fle$h_ and _bloud_ in the body of man were
often renewed, that thereby the _bones_ them$elves, and _membranes_, and other parts
which in their own nature are _le$s Reparable_, partly by the chearful pa$$age of the
_juices_, partly by that new cloathing of the young _fle$h_ and _bloud_, might be _watered_ and
_renewed_.
Canon XXVIII.
REfrigeration _or_ Cooling _of the body, which pa$$eth $ome other ways than by the_ Sto-
mach, _{is} u$eful for Long l<007>fe_.
The Explication.
THe rea$on is at hand: for $eeing a _Refrigeration_ not temperate, but powerful, (e$pe-
cially of the _bloud_) is above all things nece$$ary to Long life: this can by no means
be effected from within as much as is requi$ite, without the de$truction of the _sto-_
_mach_ and _Bowels_.
Canon XXIX.
_THat_ Intermixing _or_ Intangling, _that as well_ Con$umption _as_ Reparation _are the works_
_of Heat, {is} the greate$t ob$tacle to Long l<007>fe_.
The Explication.
ALmo$t all great works are de$troyed by the _Natures_ of things _Intermixed_, whenas
that which helpeth in one re$pect hurteth in another: therefore men mu$t proceed
herein by a $ound judgement, and a di$creet practice. For our part, we have done $o
as far as the matter will bear, and our memory $erveth us, by $eparating _benign heats_
from _hurtful_, and the _Remedies_ which tend to both.
Canon XXX.
CUring _of Di$ea$es {is} effected by_ Temporary Medicines; _but_ Lengthning _of_ Life _re-_
_quireth_ Ob$ervation _of_ Diets.
The Explication.
THo$e things which come by accident, as $oon as the cau$es are removed cea$e
again; but the continued cour$e of nature, like a running River, requires a con-
tinual rowing and $ailing again$t the $tream: therefore we mu$t work regularly by Di-
ets. Now Diets are of two kinds: _Set Diets_, which are to be ob$erved at certain times;
and _Familiar Diet_, which is to be admitted into our daily repa$t, But the _set Diets_ are
the more potent, that is, a cour$e of _Medicines_ for a time: for tho$e things which are
of $o great virtue that they are able to turn Nature back again, are, for the mo$t part,
more $trong, and more $peedily altering, than tho$e which may without danger be re-
ceived into a continual u$e. Now in the Remedies $et down in our _Intentions_ you
[0342]_The Hi$tory of Life and Death._
$hall find onely three _Set Diets_, the _Opiate Diet_, the _Diet Malaci$$ant_ or _Suppling_, and
the _Diet Emaciant_ and _Renewing_. But among$t tho$e which we pre$cribed for _Familiar_
_Diet_, and to be u$ed daily, the mo$t efficacious are the$e that follow, which al$o come
not far $hort of the vertue of _Set Diets: Nitre_ and the _$ubordinates_ to _Nitre_; the _Re-_
_giment_ of the _Affections_ and _Cour$e_ of our _Life; Refrigeratours_ which pa$s not by the
Stomach; _Drinks Ro$cidating_, or _ingendring Oily Juices_; be$prinkling of the bloud with
$ome _firmer Matter_, as _Pearls_, certain _Woods_, competent _Unctions_ to keep out the Air,
and to keep in the Spirit; Heaters from without, during the A$$imilation after $leep;
avoiding of tho$e things which inflame the Spirit, and put it into an _eager heat_, as _wine_
and _Spices_; la$tly, a moderate and $ea$onable u$e of tho$e things which endue the Spi-
rits with a _robust Heat_, as _Saffron, Cro$$es, Garlick, Elecampane_, and _compound Opiates_.
Canon XXXI.
THe _Living Spirit_ {is} instantly extingui$hed if it be deprived either of _Motion, or_ of _Re-_
_frigeration_, or of _Aliment_.
The Explication.
NAmely, the$e are tho$e three which before we called the _Porshes_ of _Death_, and
they are the proper and immediate pa$$ions of the Spirit. For all the _Organs_ of
the principal parts $erve hereunto, that the$e three _Offices_ be performed; and again,
all de$truction of the _Organs_ which is deadly brings the matter to this point, that one or
more of the$e three fail. Therefore all other things are the divers ways to _Death_, but
they end in the$e three. Now the _whole Fabrick_ of the _Parts_ is the _Organ_ of the _Spirit_,
as the _Spirit_ is the _Organ_ of the _Rea$onable Soul_, which is _Incorporeous_ and _Divine_.
Canon XXXII.
FLame _{is} a_ Momentany Sub$tance, Air _a_ Fixed; _the_ Living Spirit _in Creatures {is} of_
_a_ middle Nature.
The Explication.
THis matter $tands in need both of an higher Indagation and of a longer Explica-
tion than is pertinent to the pre$ent Inqui$ition. Mean-while we mu$t know
this, that _Flame_ is almo$t every moment generated and extingui$hed; $o that it is con-
tinued only by $ucce$$ion: but _Air_ is a _fixed body_, and is not di$$olved; for though Air
begets new Air out of watery moi$ture, yet notwith$tanding the old Air $till remains;
whence cometh that Super-oneration of the Air whereof we have $poken in the Title
_De Vent{is}_. But _Spirit_ is participant of both Natures, both of _Flame_ and _Air_, even as
the nouri$hments thereof are, as well _Oil_, which is homogeneous to _Flame_, as
_Water_, which is homogeneous to _Air_: for the Spirit is not nouri$hed either of _Oily_
alone, or of _watry_ alone, but of both together; and though _Air_ doth not agree well
with _Flame_, nor _Oil_ with _water_, yet in a _mix’d body_ they agree well enough. Al$o
the _Spirit_ hath from the _Air_ his ea$ie and delicate impre$$ions and yieldings, and from
the _Flame_ his noble and potent motions and activities. In like manner the _Duration_
of _Spirit_ is a _mixed thing_, being neither $o _momentany_ as that of _Flame_, nor $o _fixed_ as
that of _Air_: And $o much the rather it followeth not the condition of _Flame_, for
that _Flame_ it $elf is extingui$hed by accident, namely, by Contraries and Enemies envi-
roning it; but _Spirit_ is not $ubject to the like conditions and nece$$ities. Now the
_Spirit_ is repaired from the lively and florid bloud of the $mall _Arteries_ which are in-
$erted into the _Brain_; but this Reparation is done by a peculiar manner, of which we
$peak not now.
FINIS.
[0343]
ARTICLES
OF
ENQUIRY,
TOUCHING
METALS & MINERALS.
Written by the Right Honorable,
FRANCIS BACON,
BARON of _VERULAM_,
Vi$count St. _Alban_.
Thought fit to be added, to this WORK
OF HIS
_NATURAL HISTORY_.
Nevvly put forth in the Year, 1661.
By the former Publisher.
LONDON,
Printed for _VVilliam Lee_ at the Turks-head
in _Fleet$treet_. 1669.
[0344]
[0345]
ARTICLES
OF
ENQUIRY,
TOUCHING
METALS & MINERALS.
THe fir$t Letter of the Alphabet is, the Compounding,
Incorporating, or Union, of Metals or Minerals.
With what Metals, Gold will incorporate, by Sim-
ple Collique$actions, and with what not? And in what
quantity it will incorporate? and what kinde of Body
the Compound makes?
Gold with Silver, which was the ancient _Electrum_.
# # Gold with Quick-$ilver.
# # Gold with Lead.
# # Gold with Copper.
# # Gold with Bra$s.
# # Gold with Iron.
# # Gold with Tin.
# _So likewi$e of Silver._
# # Silver with Quick-$ilver.
# # Silver with Lead.
# # Silver with Copper.
# # Silver with Bra$s.
# # Siver with Iron.
# # Silver with Tin.
[0346]_Articles of Enquiry_,
# _So likewi$e of Quick-$ilver_.
# # Quick-$ilver with Lead.
# # Quick-$ilver with Copper.
# # Quick-$ilver with Bra$s.
# # Quick-$ilver with Iron.
# # Quick-$ilver with Tin.
# _So of Lead_.
# # Lead with Copper.
# # Lead with Bra$s.
# # Lead with Iron.
# # Lead with Tin.
# _So of Copper_.
# # Copper with Bra$s.
# # Copper with Iron.
# # Copper with Tin.
# _So of Bra{$s}_.
# # Bra$s with Iron.
# # Bra$s with Tin.
# _So of Iron_.
# # Iron with Tin.
What are the Compound Metals, which are common, and known?
And what are the Proportions of the<007>r mixtures? As
Lattin of Bra$s, and the Calaminar-$tone.
Bell-metal of, &c.
The counterfeit Plate, which they call Alchumy.
The Decompo$ites of three Metals, or more, are too long to enquire,
except there be $ome Compo$itions of them already ob$erved.
It is al$o to be ob$erved, Whether any two Metals which will not
mingle of them$elves, will mingle with the help of another; and
what?
What Compounds will be made of Metal, with Stone, and other
Fo$$iles? As Lattin is made with Bra$s, and the Calaminar-$tone. As
all the Mettals with Vitriol: All with Iron poudered. All with Flint,
&c.
_Some few of the$e would be enquired of, to di$clo$e the Nature_
_of the re$t_.
WHether Metals, or other Fo$$iles, will incorporate with Molten
Gla$s? And what Body it makes?
The quantity in the mixture would we well con$idered: For $ome
$mall quantity, perhaps, would incorporate; as in the Allays of Gold,
and Silver Coyn.
Upon the Compound Body, three things are chiefly to be ob$erved.
The Colour, the Fragility or Pliantne$s, the Volatility or Faxation, com-
pared with the Simple Bodies.
For pre$ent u$e or profit, this is the Rule. Con$ider the price of the
two Simple`Bodies; con$ider again the Dignity of the one above the
[0347]_Touching Metals and Minerals_.
other, in u$e. Then $ee, if you can make a compound that will $ave more
in the price, then it will lo$e in the dignity of the u$e. As for example,
Con$ider the price of Bra$s Ordnance; con$ider again the price of Iron
Ordnance; and con$ider, wherein the Bra$s Ordnance doth excel the Iron
Ordnance in u$e. Then if you can make a Compound of Bra$s and Iron
Ordnance, that will be near as good in u$e, and much cheaper in price,
there is profit both to the private and to the Commonwealth.
So of Gold and Silver, the price is double of Twelve. The dignity
of Gold above Silver is not much; the $plendor is alike, and more plea-
$ing to $ome eye, As in Cloth of Silver, Silver Lace, $ilvered Rapiers,
&c. The main dignity is, that Gold bears the Fire, which Silver doth not;
but that is an excellency in Nature, but it is nothing at all in u$e. For any
dignity in u$e, I know none, but that Silvering will $ully and canker more
then Gilding; which, if it may be corrected, with a little mixture of Gold,
there is profit: And I do $ome what marvel, that the later ages have loft
the ancient _Electrum_, which was a mixture of Silver with Gold; whereof,
I conceive, there may be much u$e both in Coyn, Plate, and Gilding.
It is to be noted, that there is in the Ver$ion of Metals, impo$$ibility,
or at lea$t great difficulty; as in making of Gold, Silver, Copper: On the
other $ide, in the adulterating or counterfeiting of Metals there is de-
ceit and villainy; but it $hould $eem there is a middle way, and that is,
by new compounds, if the ways of incorporating were well known.
What Incorporation or Imbibition, Metals will receive from Veget-
ables, without being di$$olved mightbe inquired. As when the Armorers
make their Steel more tough and plyant, by the a$per$ion of Water, or
Juyce of Herbs: When Gold being grown $ome what churli$h by recover-
ing, is made more plyant by throwing in $hreds of Tanned Leather, or
by Leather oyled.
Note, that in the$e, and the like $hews of Imbibition, it were good to
try by the weight, whether the weight be increa$ed, or no? For if it be not,
it is to be doubted, that there is no Imbibition of Sub$tance; but onely,
that the Application of the other Body, doth di$po$e and invite the Metal
to another po$ture of parts then of it $elf, it would have taken.
After the Incorporation of Metals, by $imple Colliquefaction, for the
better di$covery of the Nature: And Con$ents and Di$$ents of Metals by
incorporating o$ their Di$$olutions, it would be enquired.
What Metals being di$$olved by Strong-waters, will incorporate well
together, and what not? which is to be inquired particularly, as it was in
Colliquefactions.
There is to be ob$erved in tho$e Di$$olutions, which will not incor-
porate what the effects are: As the Ebullition, the Precipitation to the
bottom, the Ejaculation towards the top, the Su$pen$ion in the mid$t, and
the like.
Note, that the Di$$ents of the Men$trua, or Strong-waters, may
hinder the Incorporation, as well as the D<007>$$ents of the Metals them$elves:
Therefore where the Men$trua are the $ame, and yet the Incorporation
followeth not, you may conclude, the Di$$ent is in the Metals, but where
the Men$trua are $everal, not $o certain.
[0348]_Articles of Enquiry_,
THe Second Letter of the Cro$s Row, is the Separation of Metals,
and Minerals. Separation is of three $orts; the fir$t is, The $eparating
of the pure Metal from the Ure or Dro$s, which we call Refining. The
$econd is, The drawing one Metal or Mineral out of another, which we
may call Extracting. The third, The $eparating of any Metal into his
Original or Elements, or call them what you will) which work we call
Precipitation.
For Refining, we are to enquire of it according to the $everal Metals;
As Gold, Silver, &c. Incidently, we are to enquire of the fir$t Stone, or
Ure, or Spar, or Marca$ite of Metals $everally; and what kinde of
Bodies they are; and of the degrees of Richne$s.
Al$o, we are to enquire of the Means of $eparating, whether by Fire,
parting Waters, or otherwi$e.
Al$o, for the manner of Refining, you are to $ee how you can mult<007>-
ply the Heat, or ha$ten the Opening; and to $ave charge, in the
Refining.
The means of this is in three manners; that is to $ay, In the Bla$t
of the Fire: In the manner of the Furnace to multiply Heat, by Union and
Reflexion: And by $ome Additament or Medicines, which will help the
Bodies to open them the $ooner:
Note, the quickning of the Bla$t, and the multiplying of the Heat in
the Furnace, may be the $ame for all Metals; but the Additaments mu$t be
$everal accerding to the natures of the Metals.
Note again, That if you think the multiplying of the Additament in
the $ame Proportion that you multiply the Ure, the work will follow,
you may be deceived: For quantity in the Pa$$ive will add more re$i$tance,
then the $ame quantity in the Active will add force.
For Extracting, you are to enquire what Metals contain others, and
like wi$e what not? As Lead Silver, Copper Silver, &c.
Note, although the charge of Extraction $hould exceed the worth,
yet that is not the matter; For, atlea$t, it will di$cover Nature and Po$$i-
bility, the other may be thought on afterwards.
We are likewi$e to enquire, what the differences are of tho$e Metals,
which contain more or le$s, other Metals; and how that agrees with the
poorne$s or richne$s of the Metals, or Ure, in them$elves: As the Lead,
that contains mo$t Silver, is accounted to be more brittle; and yet other-
wi$e poorer in it $elf.
For Principiation, I cannot affirm, whether there be any $uch thing,
or no. And, I think, the Chymi$ts make too much ado about it. But how-
$oever it be, whether Solution or Extraction, or a kinde of Conver$ion
by the Fire, it is diligently to be enquired, What Salts, Sulphur, Vitriol,
Mercury, or the like Simple Bodies are to be found in the $everal Metals;
and in what quantity.
[0349]_Touching Metals and Minerals_.
THe third Letter of the Cro$s-Row, is the variation of Metals into
$everal Shapes, Bodies, or Natures; the particulars whereof $ol-
low.
Tincture.
Turning to Ru$t.
Calcination.
Sublimation.
Precipitation.
Amalgamàtizing, or turning into a$oft Body.
Vitrification.
Opening or Di$$olving into Liquor.
Sprouting, or Branching, or Arbore$cence.
Induration and Mollification.
Making tough or brittle.
Volatility and Fixation.
Tran$mutation or Ver$ion.
For Tincture, it is to be enquired how Metals may be tincted, through
and through; and with what, and into what colours: As Tincting-Silver
yellow, Tincting-Copper white, and Tincting red, green, blew, e$pecial-
ly with keeping the lu$tre.
_Item_, Tincture of Gla$s.
_Item_, Tincture of Marble, Flint, or other Stone.
For turning to Ru$t, two things are chiefly to be enquired: By what
Corro$ives it is done, and into what colours it turns: As Lead into white,
which they call _Serus_; Iron into yellow, which they call _Crocus Mart{is}:_
Quick-$ilver into Vermilion, Bra$s into green, which they call _Verdegra{$s},_
&c.
For Calcination, to enquire how every Metal is calcined? And
into what kinde of Body? And what is the exqui$ite$t way of Calcina-
tion?
For Sublimation, to enquire the manner of Subliming; and what
Metals endure Subliming; and what Body the Sublimate makes?
For Precipitation likewi$e, By what $trong Waters every Metal will
precipitate? or with what Additaments? and in what time? and into what
Body?
So for Amalgama, what Metals will endure it? What are the means
to do it? And what is the manner of the Body?
For Vitrification like wi$e, what Metals will endure it? what are
the means to do it? into what colour it turns? and further, where the whole
[0350]_Articles of Enquiry_,
Metal is turned into Gla$s? and when the Metal doth but hang in the Gla$-
$ie part? al$o what weight the vitrified Body bears, compared with the
crude Body? Al$o becau$e Vitrification is accounted, a kinde of death of
Metals, what Vitrification will admit, of turning back again, and what
not?
For Di$$olution into Liquor, we are to enquire, what is the proper
_Men$truum_ to di$$olve any Metal? And in the Negative, what will touch
upon the one, and not upon the other? And what $everal _Men$trua_ will
di$$olve any Metal? And which mo$t exactly? _Item_, the proce$s or motion
of the Di$$olution? The manner of Ri$ing, Boiling, Vaporing? More
violent or more gentle? Cau$ing much heat, or le$s? _Item_, the quan-
tity or charge the Strong-Water will bear, and then give over? _Item_,
the colour into which the Liquor will turn? Above all, it is to be enquired,
whether there be any _Men$truum_, to di$$olve any Metal that is not fretting and
corroding; but openeth the Body by $ympathy, and not by mordacity or
violent penetration?
For Sprouting or Branching, though it be a thing but tran$itory, and
a kinde of toy or plea$ure; yet there is a more $erious u$e o$ it: For that it
di$covers the delicate motions of $pirits, when they put forth, and cannot
get forth, like unto that which is in vegetables.
For Induration or Mollification, it is to be enquired, what will make
Metals harder and harder, and what will make them $ofter and $ofter? And
this Enqu<007>ry tendeth to two ends;
Fir$t, for U$e: As to make Iron $oft by the Fire, makes it malle-
able.
Secondly, Becau$e Induration is a degree towards Fixation; and
Mollification towards Volatility: And therefore the Inquiry of them, will
give light towards the other.
For tough and brittle, they are much of the $ame kinde with the
two former, but yet worthy of an Inquiry apart_:_ E$pecially to joyn
Hardne$s to Toughne$s; as making Gla$s malleable, &c. And
making Blades, $trong to re$i$t, and pierce, and yet not ea$ie to
break.
For Volatility and Fixation, it is a principal Branch to be en-
quired. The utmo$t degree of Fixation is, That whereupon no Fire
will work, nor Strong-water joyned with Fire, if there be any $uch
Fixation po$$ible: The next is, when Fire $imply will not work with-
out Strong-waters: The next is, when it will endure Fire not blown,
or $uch a $trength o$ Fire_:_ The next is, when it will not endure Fire,
but yet is malleable: The next is, when it is not malleable, but yet it
is not fluent, but $tupified. So of Volatility, the utmo$t degree is,
when it will flee away without returning_:_ The next is, when it will
flee up, but with ea$ie return: The next, when it will flee upwards,
over the Helm, by a kinde of Exufflation, without Vaporing:
[0351]_Articles of Enquiry, &c_.
The nekt is, when it will melt, though not ri$e; And the next, when it will
$often, though not melt. Of all the$e, diligent inquiry is to be made, in
$everal _Metals_; e$pecially of the more extream degrees.
For Tran$mutation or Ver$ion, if it be real and true, it is the furthe$t
point of Art; and would be well di$ting u<007>$hed from Extraction, from Re-
$titution, and from Adulteration. I hear much of turning Iron into Cop-
per; I hear al$o of the growth of Lead in weight, which cannot be with-
out a Conver$ion of $ome Body into Lead: But what$oever is of this kinde,
and well approved, is diligently to be inquired, and $et down.
THe fourth Letter of the Cro$s Row, is Re$titution. Fir$t therefore,
it is to be enquired in the Negative; what Bodies will never return,
either by rea$on of their extream fixing, as in $ome Vitrifications, or by
extream Volatility.
It is al$o to be enquired of the two Means of Reduction; and fir$t by
the Fire, which is but by Congregation of Homogeneal parts.
The $econd is, by drawing them down, by $ome Body, that hath con-
$ent with them: As Iron draweth down Copper in Water; Gold draweth
Quick-$ilver in vapor; what$oever is of this kinde, is very diligently to be
enquired.
Al$o it is to be enquired, what Time or Age will reduce without the
help of Fire or Body?
Al$o it is to be enquired, what gives Impediment to Union or Re$ti-
tution, which is $ometimes called Mortification; as when Quick-$ilver is
mortified with Turpentine, Spittle, or Butter.
La$tly, it is to be enquired how the Metal re$tored, differeth in any
thing from the Metal raw or crude? As whether it becometh not more chur-
li$h, altered in colour, or the like?
[0352]
THE
BOOK-SELLER
UNTO THE
READER.
_I_Received $ome Moneths $ince the$e _Articles of Enquiry, touching_
_Metals and Minerals_, from the hands of the Reverend Dr. _Rawley_,
who hath published $everal of the Lord _Verulams_ Works $ince his
Death (he having been his Lordships Chaplain) and who hath been careful to
Correct at the Pre{$s} this little Piece (an Addition to the _Natural Hi$tory_)
according to the Original Copy, remaining among$t his Lordships Manu$cripts:
Among$t which there is nothing more of that $ubject to be found, $o as no more
Additions can be expected.
W. Lee.
FINIS.
[0353]
[0354]
[0355]
NEW
ATLANTIS.
A VVork unfinished.
Written by the Right Honorable,
FRANCIS
Lord _Verulam_, Vi$count _St. Albans_.
[0356]
[0357]
TO THE
READER
THis _Fable_ my Lord devi$ed, to the
end that hemight exhibit therein
a _Model_ or _De$cription_ of a _College,_
in$tituted for the Interpreting of
_Nature,_ and the producing of
great and marvellous _Works_ for the benefit of
_Men,_ under the name of _Solomons_ Hou$e, or, _The_
_College of the Six days Works_. And even $o far his
Lordship hath proceeded as to finish that Part.
Certainly, the Model is more va$t and high,
than can po$$ibly be imitated in all things, not-
with$tanding mo$t things therein are within
Mens power to effect. His Lordship thought
al$o in this pre$ent Fable to have compo$ed a
Frame of Laws, or of the be$t State or Mould
of a _Commonwealth;_ but fore-$eeing it would be a
long Work, his de$ire of Collecting the _Natural_
_Hi$tory_ diverted him, which he preferred many
degrees before it.
This Work of the _New Atlant{is}_ (as much as
concerneth the _English Edition_) his Lordship de-
$igned for this place, in regard it hath $o near
affinity (in one part of it) with the preceding
_Natural Hi$tory._
_W. Rawley._
[0358]
[0359]
NEW ATLANTIS.
WE $ailed from _Peru_ (where we had continued by the
$pace of one whole year) for _China_ and _Japan_ by the
South Sea, taking with us V<007>ctuals for Twelve Moneths,
and had good Winds from the Ea$t, though $oft and
weak, for Five Moneths $pace and more; but then the
Wind came about, and $etled in the We$t for many
days; $o as we could make little or no way, and were
$ometimes in purpo$e to turn back: But then again,
there aro$e $trong and great Winds from the South, with a Point Ea$t,
which carried us up (for all that we could do) to wards the North; by which
time our V<007>ctuals failed us, though we had made good $pare of them: So
that finding our $elves in the mid$t of the greate$t Wilderne$s of Waters in
the World, without Victual, we gave our $elves for lo$t men, and prepared
for death. Yet we did lift up our hearts and voices to God above, _Who_
_$heweth his wonders in the deep_; be$eeching him of his mercy, That as in the
_Beginning_ he di$covered the _Face of the deep_, and brought forth _dry-land;_ $o he
would now di$cover Land to us, that we might not peri$h. And it came to
pa$s, that the next day about Evening, we $aw within a Kenning before us,
towards the North, as it were thicker Clouds, which did put us in $ome
hope of Land; knowing how that part of the South-Sea was utterly un-
known, and might have l$lands or Continents that hitherto were not come
to light. Wherefore we bent our cour$e thither, where we $aw the ap-
pearance of Land all that night; and in the dawning of the next day, we
might plainly di$cern that it was a Land flat to our $ight, and full of Bo$cage,
which made it $hew the more dark; and after an hour and a halfs $ailing,
we entred into a good Haven, being the Port of a fair City, not great in-
deed, but well built, and that gave a pleafant view from the Sea: And we
thinking every minute long, till we were on Land, came clo$e to the Shore
and offered to land; but $traight-ways we $aw divers of the people with
Ba$tons in their hands, (as it were) forbidding us to land, yet without any
cries or fiercene$s, but onely as warning us off by $igns that they made.
Whereupon being not a little di$comforted, we were advi$ing with our
$elves, what we $hould do. During which time, there made forth to us a
$mall Boat with about eight per$ons in it, where of one of them had in his
hand a T<007>p-$taff of a Yellow Cane, tipped at both ends with Blew, who
made aboard our Ship without any $hew of di$tru$t at all: And when he
$aw one of our number pre$ent him$elf $ome what afore the re$t, he drew
forth a little Scroul of Parchment ($omewhat yellower then our Parchment,
[0360]_New Atlant{is}._
and $hining like the Leaves of Writing-Tables, but other wi$e $oft and flexi-
ble) and delivered it to our foremo$t man. In which Scroul were written
in ancient _Hebrew,_ and in ancient _Greek,_ and in good _Latine_ of the School,
and in _Spani$h,_ the$e words, “Land ye not, none of you, and provide to be
“gone from this Coa$t within $ixteen days, except you have fur ther time
“given you: Mean while, if you want Fre$h-water or V<007>ctual, or help for
“your Sick, or that your Ship needeth repair, write down your wants, and
“you $hall have that which belongeth to Mercy. This Scroul was $igned
with a $tamp of _Cherubims VVings,_ not $pred, but hanging down wards, and
by them a _Cro{$s}._ This being delivered, the Officer returned, and left onely
a Servant with us to receive our an$wer. Con$ulting hereupon among$t our
$elves, we were much perplexed. The denial of Landing, and ha$ty warn-
ing us away, troubled us much. On the other $ide, to finde that the peo-
ple had Languages, and were $o full of Humanity, did comfort us not a
little; and above all, the Sign of the _Cro{$s}_ to that In$trument, was to us a
great rejoycing, and, as it were, a certain pre$age of good. Our an$wer was
in the _Spani$h_ Tongue, “That for our Ship it was well, for we had rather
“met with Calms and contrary Winds then any Tempe$ts. For our Sick,
“they were many, and in very ill ca$e; $o that if they were not permitted to
“land, they ran in danger of their lives. Our other wants we $et down in
particular, adding, “That we had $ome little $tore of Merchandize, which
“if it plea$ed them to deal for, it might $upply our wants without being
“chargeable unto them. We offered $ome re ward in Pi$tolets unto the
Servant, and a piece of Crim$on Velvet to be pre$ented to the Officer;
but the Servant took them not, nor would $carce look upon them, and
$o le$t us, and went back in another little Boat which was $ent $or
him.
About three hours after we had di$patched our An$wer, there came to-
wards us a per$on (as it $eemed) of place: He had on him a Gown with
wide Sleeves of a kinde of Water-Chamolet, of an excellent Azure colour,
far more glo$$ie then ours; his under apparel was green, and $o was his Hat,
being in the form of a Turbant, daintily made, and not $o huge as the
_Turki$h_ Turbants; and the Locks of his Hair came down below the brims
of it: A Reverend Man was he to behold. He came in a Boat gilt in $ome
part of it, with four per$ons more onely in that Boat, and was followed by
another Boat wherein were $ome twenty. When he was come within a
flight-$hot of our Ship, $igns were made to us, that we $hould $end forth
$ome to meet him upon the Water; which we pre$ently did in our Ship-
boat, $ending the principal Man among$t us $ave one, and four of our num-
ber with him. When we were come within $ix yards of their Boat, they
called to us to $tay, and not to approach further; which we did: And there-
upon the Man whom I before de$cribed $tood up, and with a loud voice in
_Spani$h,_ asked, _Are ye Chri$tians?_ We an$wered, _VVe were_; fearing the le$s,
becau$e of the _Cro{$s}_ we had $een in the Sub$cription. At which an$vver, the
$aid per$on lift up his right hand tovvards Heaven, and drevvit $oftly to his
mouth, (vvhich is the ge$ture they u$e vvhen they thank _God_) and then $aid,
“If you vvill $vvear (all of you) by the Merits of the _Saviour_ that ye are no
“Pirates, nor have $hed blood, lavvfully nor unlavvfully, vvithin forty
“days pa$t, you may have Licen$e to come on Land. _VVe $aid_, “VVe vvere
“all ready to take that Oath. VVhere upon one of tho$e that vvere vvith
him, being (as it $eemed) a _Notary,_ made an Entry of this Act. VVhich
done, another of the attendants of the Great Per$on, vvhich vvas vvith
[0361]New Atlantis.
him in the $ame Boat, a$ter his Lord had $poken a little to him, $aid aloud,
“My Lord, would have you know, that it is not of Pride or Greatne$s that
“he cometh not aboard your Ship; but for that, in your An$wer, you de-
“clare, That you have many $ick among$t you, he was warned by the _Con-_
“_$ervator of Health_ of the City, that he $hould keep a di$tance. VVe bowed
our $elves towards him, and an$wered, “VVe were his humble Servants,
“and accounted for great Honor and $ingular Humanity to wards us, that
“which was already done; but hoped well, that the nature of the $ickne$s
“of our Men was not infectious. So he returned, and a while after came
the _Notary_ to us aboard our Ship, holding in his hand a Fruit of that Coun-
trey like an _Orenge_, but of colour between _Orenge-tawny_ and _Scarlet_, which ca$t
a mo$t excellent Odor: He u$ed it (as it $eemeth) for a Pre$ervative again$t
Infection. He gave us our Oath, _By the Name of Je$us, and h{is} Merits_; and
after told us, that the next day by $ix of the clock in the morning we $hould
be $ent to, and brought to the _Strangers Hou$e_, ($o he called it) vvhere vve
$hould be accommodated of things both for our vvhole and for our $ick.
So he left us; and vvhen vve offered him $ome Pi$tolets, he $miling, $aid,
_He mu$t not be twice paid for one labor_, meaning (as I take it) that he had $alary
$ufficient of the State for his $ervice; for (as I after learned) they call an
Officer that taketh revvards, _Twice paid_.
The next morning early, there came to us the $ame Officer that came to
us at fir$t vvith his Cane, and told us, “He came to conduct us to the _Strangers_
“_Hou$e_, and that he had prevented the hour becau$e we might have the whole
“day before us for our bu$ine$s: For _($aid he)_ if you vvill follovv my ad-
“vice, there $hall fir$t go vvith me $ome fevv of you, and $ee the place, and
“hovv it may be made convenient for you; and then you may $end for your
“$ick, and the re$t of your number which ye will bring on Land. _VVethanked_
_him, and $aid,_ “That this care vvhich he took of de$olate Strangers, _Ged_
“vvould revvard. And $o $ix of us vvent on Land vvith him; and vvhen
vve vvere on Land, he vvent before us, and turned to us, and $aid, _He was_
_but our Servant, and our Guide._ He led us through three fair streets, and all
the way we went there were gathered $ome people on both $ides, $tanding
in a row, but in $o civil a fa$hion, as if it had been not to wonder at us,
but to welcome us; and divers of them, as we pa$$ed by them, put their
arms a little abroad, which is their ge$ture when they bid any welcome.
The _Strangers Hou$e_ is a fair and $pacious Hou$e, built of Brick, of $ome-
what a bluer colour then our Brick, and with hand$ome Windows, $ome
of Gla$s, $ome of a kinde of Cambrick oiled. He brought us fir$t into a
fair Parlor above-$tairs, and then asked us, “What number of per$ons
“we were, and how many $ick. _VVe an$wered_, “We were in all ($ick and
“whole) One and fi$ty per$ons, whereof our $ick were $eventeen. He
de$ired us to have patience a little, and to $tay till he came back to us,
which was about an hour after; and then he led us to $ee the Chambers
which were provided for us, being in number Nineteen. They having ca$t
it (as it $eemeth) that four of tho$e Chambers, vvhich vvere better then
the re$t, might receive four of the principal men of our company, and
lodge them alone by them$elves; and the other fifteen Chambers vvere to
lodge us, tvvo and tvvo together; the Chambers vvere hand$ome and
chearful Chambers, and furni$hed civilly. Then heled us to a long Gal-
lery, like a Dorture, vvhere he $hevved us all along the one $ide (for the
other $ide vvas but Wall and Windovv) $eventeen Cells, very neatones,
having Partitions of Cedar-vvood. VVhich Gallery and Cells, being in
[0362]New Atlantis.
all forty, (many more then we needed) were in$tituted as an Infirmary for
$ick per$ons. And he told us withal, that as any of our $ick waxed well,
he might be removed from his Cell to a Chamber; for which purpo$e,
there were $et forth ten $pare Chambers, be$ides the number we $pake of
before. This done, he brought us back to the Parlor, and lifting up his
Cane a little (as they do when they give any charge or command) $aid to
us, “Ye are to know, that the Cu$tom of the Land requireth, that after this
“day and to morrow (which we give you for removing your People $rom
“your Ship) you are to keep within doors for three days: But let it not
“trouble you, nor do not think your $elves re$trained, but rather left to
“your Re$t and Ea$e. You $hall want nothing, and there are $ix of our
“people appointed to attend you for any bu$ine$s you may have abroad.
We gave him thanks with all affection and re$pect, and $aid, _God $urely {is}_
_manife$ted in th{is} Land._ We offered him al$o twenty Pi$tolets; but he $miled,
and onely $aid, _VVhat, twice paid?_ and $o he left us. Soon after our Dinner
was $erved in, which was right good Viands, both for Bread and Meat,
better then any Collegiate Diet, that I have known in _Europe._ VVe had
al$o drink of three $orts, all whole$ome and good; VVine of the Grape,
a Drink of Grain, $uch as is with us our Ale, but more clear; and a kinde
of Sider made of a Fruit of that Countrey, a wonderful plea$ing and re-
fre$hing drink. Be$ides, there were brought in to us great$tore of tho$e
Scarlet Orenges for our $ick, which (they $aid) were an a$$ured remedy
for $ickne$s taken at Sea. There was given us al$o a Box of $mall gray or
whiti$h Pills, which they wi$hed our $ick $hould take, one of the Pills
every night before $leep, which (they $aid) would ha$ten their recovery.
The next day, after that our trouble of carriage and removing of our
Men and Goods out of our Ship, was $omewhat $etled and quiet, I thought
good to call our company together, and when they were a$$embled, $aid
unto them, “My dear Friends, let us know our $elves, and how it $tandeth
“with us. VVe are Men ca$t on Land, as _Fonas_ was out of the VVhales
“Belly, when we were as buried in the deep; and now we are on Land,
“we are but between Death and Life, for we are beyond both the Old
“VVorld and the New, and whether ever we $hall $ee _Europe_, God onely
“knoweth: It is a kinde of miracle hath brought us hither, and it mu$t be
“little le$s that $hall bring us hence. Therefore in regard of our deliver-
“ance pa$t, and our danger pre$ent and to come, let us look up to God,
“and every man reform his own ways. Be$ides, we are come here among$t
“a _Chri$tian People_, full of Piety and Humanity; let us not bring that con-
“fu$ion of face upon our $elves, as to $hew our vices or unworthine$s be-
“fore them. Yet there is more; for they have by commandment (though
“in form of courte$ie) cloi$tered us within the$e VValls for three days;
“vvho knovveth vvhether it be not to take $ome ta$te of our manners and
“conditions; and if they finde them bad, to bani$h us $traight-vvays; if
“good, to give us further time? For the$e men that they have given us $or
“attendance, may vvithal have an eye upon us. Therefore for Gods love,
“and as vve love the vveal of our Souls and Bodies, let us $o behave our
“$elves as vve may be at peace vvith God, and may finde grace in the eyes
“of this people. Our Company vvith one voice thanked me for my good
admonition, and promi$ed me to live $oberly and civilly, and vvithout
giving any the lea$t occa$ion of offence. So vve $pent our three days
joyfully and vvithout care, in expectation vvhat vvould be done vvith us
vvhen they vvere expired: During vvhich time, vve had every hour joy
[0363]New Atlantis.
of the amendment of our $ick, who thought them$elves ca$t into $ome di-
vine _Pool of Healing_, they mended $o kindly and $o fa$t.
The morrow after our three days were pa$t, there came to us a new Man
that we had not $een before, cloathed in blew as the $ormer was, $ave that
his Turbant was white with a $mall Red Cro$s on the top; he had al$o a
Tippet of fine Linnen. At his coming in he did bend to us a little, and put
his arms abroad. We of our parts $aluted him in a very lowly and $ubmi$$ive
manner, as looking, that $rom him we $hould receive $entence of Life or
Death. He de$ired to $peak with $ome $ew of us; whereupon $ix of us
onely $taid, and the re$t avoided theroom. He $aid, “I am by office Go-
“vernor of this _Hou$e of Strangers_, and by Vocation I am a _Chri$tian Prie$t_;
“and therefore am come to you to offer you my $ervice, both as Strangers,
“and chiefly as _Chri$tians_. Some things I may tell you, which I think you
“will not be un willing to hear. The State hath given you licence to $tay on
“Land for the $pace of $ix weeks; and let it not trouble you, if your occa-
“$ions ask further time, for the Law in this Point is not preci$e; and I do
“not doubt, but my $elf $hall be able to obtain for you $uch $urther time as
“$hall be convenient. Ye $hall al$o under$tand, that the _Strangers Hou$e_ is at
“this time rich and much aforehand, for it hath laid up Revenue the$e Thir-
“ty $even years; for $o long it is $ince any Stranger arrived in this part: And
“there fore take ye no care, the State will de$ray you all the time you $tay,
“neither $hall you $tay one day le$s for that. As for any Merchandize you
“have brought, ye $hall be well u$ed, and have your Return, either in Mer-
“chandize, or in Gold and Silver; for to us it is all one. And i$ you have
“any other reque$t to make, hide it not, for ye $hall finde we will not make
“your countenance to fall by the an$wer ye $hall receive. Onely this I mu$t
“tell you, that none of you mu$t go above a _Karan_ (_that {is} with them a mile and_
“_an half_) from the Walls of the City without $pecial leave. We an$wered,
after we had looked a while upon one another, admiring this gracious and
parent-like u$age, “That we could not tell what to $ay, for we wanted
“words to expre$s our thanks, and his noble free offers le$t us nothing to
“ask. It $eemed to us, that we had before us a Picture of our _Salvation_ in
“_Heaven_; for we that were a while $ince in the Jaws of Death, were now
“brought into a place where we found nothing but Con$olations. For the
“Commandment laid upon us, we would not fail to obey it, though it
“was impo$$ible but our hearts $hould be inflamed to tread further upon
“this happy and holy Ground. _We added_, “That our Tongues $hould fir$t
“cleave to the Roofs of our Mouths, ere we $hould forget either this Re-
“verend Per$on, or this whole Nation, in our Prayers. We al$o mo$t
humbly be$ought him to accept of us as his true Servants, by as ju$t a right
as ever Men on Earth were bounden, laying and pre$enting both our per-
$ons and all we had at his feet. He $aid, _He was a Prie$t, and looked for a Prie$ts_
_re ward, which was our Brotherly love, and the good of our Souls and Bodies._ So he
went from us, not without tears of tenderne$s in his eyes; and le$t us al$o
confu$ed with joy and kindne$s, $aying among$t our $elves, _That vve vvere_
_come into a Land of Angels, which did appear to us daily, and prevent us with comforts_
_which we thought not of, much le{$s} expected._
The next day about ten of the clock the Governor came to us again,
and after $alutations, $aid familiarly, _That he vvas come to vi$it us_, and called for
a Chair, and $ate him down; and we being $ome ten of us (the re$t were of
the meaner $ort, or el$e gone abroad) $ite down with him: And when we
were $et, he began thus, “We of this I$land of _Ben$alem_ (_for $o they call it in_
[0364]New Atlantis.
“_their Language.)_ have this, That by means of our $olitary $ituatior, and of
“the Laws of Secrecy which we have for our Travellers, and our rare
“admi$$ion of $trangers, we know well mo$t part of the Habitable World,
“and are our $elves unkrown. Therefore, becau$e he that knoweth lea$t,
“is fitte$t to ask Que$tions, it is more rea$on, for the entertainment of the
“time, that ye ask me Que$tions, than that I ask you. _We an$vvered_, That
“we humbly thanked h<007>m, that he would give us leave $o to do, and that
“we conceived by the ta$te we had already, that there was no worldly thing
“on Earth, more worthy to be known, then the $tate of that happy Land.
“But above all (_vve $aid_) $ince that vve vvere met from the $everal Ends of
“the World, and hoped a$$uredly, that vve $hould meet one day in the
“Kingdom of Heaven, (for that vve vvere both parts _Chri$tians_) vve de$ired
“to knovv (in re$pect that Land vvas $o remote, and $o d<007>vided by va$t and
“unknovvn Seas, from the Land vvhere our _Saviour_ vvalked on Earth)
“vvho vvas the Apo$tle of that Nation, and hovv it vvas converted to the
“Faith. _It appeared in h{is} face, that he took great contentment in this our Que$tion. He_
_$aid_, “Ye knit my heart to you by asking this Que$tion in the fir$t place,
“for it $hevveth that you _fir$t $eek the Kingdom of Heaven_; and I $h<007>ll gladly and
“briefly $atisfie your demand.
About tvventy years after the A$cen$ion of our _Saviour_, it came to
pa$s, that there vvas $een by the people of _Renfu$a_ (a City upon the
Ea$tern Coa$t of our l$land) vvithin night (the night vvas cloudy and
calm) as it might be $ome mile in the Sea, a great _Pillar of Light_, not $harp,
but in form of a Column or Cylinder, ri$ing from the Sea a great vvay up
to vvards Heaven, and on the top of it was $een a large _Cro{$s} of Light_, more
bright and re$plendent then the Body of the Pillar: Upon which $o
$trange a $pectacle the people of the City gathered apace to gether upon
the Sands to wonder, and $o after put them$elves into a number of $mall
Boats to go nearer to this marvellous $ight. But when the Boats were
come within (about) $ixty yards of the Pillar, they found them$elves all
bound, and could go no further, yet $o as they might move to go about,
but might not approach nearer; $o as the Boats $tood all as in a Theatre,
beholding this Light as an Heavenly Sign. It $o $ell out, that there was in
one of the Boats, one of the wi$e Men of the Society of _Solomens Hou$e_,
(which _Hou$e_ or _College_ (my good Brethren) is the very Eye of this King-
dom) who having a while attentively and devoutly viewed and contem-
plated this Pillar and Cro$s, fell down upon his face, and then rai$ed him-
$elf upon his knees, and li$ting up his hands to Heaven made his Prayers
in this manner.
_LOrd God_ of Heaven and Earth, thou ha$t vouch-
$afed of thy Grace to tho$e of our _Order_, to know thy
Works of Creation, and true Secrets of them, and to
di$cern (as far as appertaineth to the Generations of Men)
between Divine Miracles, VVorks of Nature, VVorks
of Art, and Impo$tures and Illu$ions of all $orts. I do here
acknowledge and te$tifie before this People, that the Thing
[0365]New Atlantis.
we now $ee before our eyes is thy Finger, and atrue Mi-
_racle_. And fora$much as we learn in our Books, that thou
never worke$t Miracles but to a Divine and excellent End,
(for the Laws of Nature, are thine own Laws, and thou
exceede$t them not but upon good cau$e) we mo$t humbly be-
$eech thee to pro$per this great Sign, and to give us the Inter-
pretation, and u$e of it in mercy, which thou do$t in $ome part
$ecretly promi$e, by $ending it unto us.
When he had made his Prayer, he pre$ently found the Boat he was
in, moveable and unbound, whereas all the re$t remained $till fi$t; and
taking that for an a$$urance of leave to approach, he cau$ed the Boat to be
$oftly, and with $ilence, rowed towards the _Pillar_; but ere he came near it,
the _Pillar_ and _Cro{$s} of Light_ brake up, and ca$t it $elf abroad, as it were, into
a Firmament of many Stars; which al$o vani$hed $oon after, and there was
nothing le$t to be $een but a $mall _Ark_ or _Che$t of Cedar_, dry, and not wet
at all with Water, though it $wam; and in thefore end of it, which was
towards him, grew a $mall green Branch of Palm. And when the Wire-
man had taken it with all reverence into his Boat, it opened of it $elf, and
there was found in it a _Book_ and a _Letter_, both written in fine Parchment,
and wrapped in Sindons of Linnen. The _Book_ contained all the _Canonical_
_Books_ of the _Old_ and _New Te$tament_, according as you have them, (for we
know well what the _Churches_ with you receive;) and the _Apocalyp$e_ it $el,
and $ome other _Books_ of the _New Te$tament_, which were not at that time
written, were neverthele$s in the _Book_. And for the _Letter_, it was in the$e
words.
I_Bartholomew_, a Servant of the Highe$t, and
Apo$tle of _FESVS CHRIST_, was warn-
ed by an Angel that appeared to me in a
Vi$ion of Glory, that I should commit this
_Ark_ to the Flouds of the Sea. Therefore I
do te$tifie and declare unto that People, where
_GOD_ shall ordain this _Ark_ to come to Land,
that in the $ame day is come unto them Salva-
tion, and Peace, and Good Will from the
_FATHER_, and from the _LORD FESVS._
“There was al$o in both the$e Writings, as well the _Book_ as the
“_Letter_, wrought a great Miracle, conform to that of the _Apo$tles_ in the
“Original _Gift of Tengues_. For there being at that time in this Land _Hebrews_,
“_Per$ians_, and _Indians_, be$ides the Natives, every one read upon the _Book_
[0366]_New Atlantis_.
“and _Letter_, as if they had been written in his own Language. And thus
“was this Land $aved from Infidelity (as the Remain of the old World
“was from Water) by an Ark, through the Apo$tolical and Miraculous
“Evangeli$m of S _Bartholomevv_. And here he pau$ed, and a Me$$enger
came and called him forth $rom us. So this was all that pa$$ed in that
Conference.
The next day the $ame Governor came again to us immediately a$ter Din-
ner, and excu$ed him$elf, $aying, “That the day be$ore he was called from us
“$ome what abruptly, but now he would make us amends, and $pend time
“with us, if we held his Company and Conference agreeable. _We an$wered_,
“That we held it $o agreeable and plea$ing to us, as we forgot both dangers
“pa$t and fears to come, for the time we heard him $peak, and that we
“thought an hour $pent with him, was worth years of our former life. _He_
_bo vved him$elf alittle to us, and after vve vvere $et again, he$aid_, “Well, the Que$ti-
“ons are on your part. _One of our number $aid, after a little pau$e_, “That there
“was a matter we were no le$s de$irous to know then fearful to ask, le$t we
“might pre$ume too far; but encouraged by his rare Humanity to wards us,
“(that could $carce think our $elves $trangers, being his vowed and profe$$ed
“Servants) we would take the hardine$s to propound it: Humbly be$eech-
“ing him, if he thought it not fit to be an$wered, that he would pardon it,
“though he rejected it. _VVe $aid_, We well ob$erved tho$e his words
“which he formerly $pake, That this happy I$land where we now $tood
“vvas knovvn to fevv, and yet knevv mo$t of the Nations of the World;
“vvhich vve found to be true, con$idering they had the Languages of
“_Europe_, and knevv much of our $tate and bu$ine$s; and yet vve in _Europe_
“(notvvith$tanding all the remote Di$coveries and Navigations of this la$t
“Age) never heard any of the lea$t inkling or glimp$e of this I$land. This
“vve found vvonderful $trange, for that all Nations have interknovvledge
“one of another, either by Voyage into Forein Parts, or by Strangers
“that come to them: And though the Traveller into a Forein Countrey,
“doth commonly know more by the Eye, then he that $taid at home can
“by relation of the Traveller; yet both ways $uffice to make a mutual
“knowledge in $ome degree on both parts: But for this I$land, we never
“heard tell of any Ship of theirs that had been $een to arrive upon any
“$hore of _Europe_, no nor of either the _Ea$t_ or _VVe$t-Indies_, nor yet of any
“Ship of any other part of the World that had made return for them. And
“yet the marvel re$ted not in this; for the $ituation of it (as his Lord$hip
“$aid) in the $ecret Conclave of $uch a va$t Sea might cau$e it: But then,
“that they $hould have knowledge of the Languages, Books, Affairs of
“tho$e that lie $uch a di$tance from them, it was a thing we could not tell
“what to make of; for that it $eemed to us a condition and propriety of
“Divine Powers and Beings, to be hidden and un$een to others, and yet
“to have others open, and as in a light to them. At this Speech the Go-
vernor gave a gracious $mile, and $aid, “That we did well to ask pardon
“for this Que$tion we now asked, for that it imported as if we thought
“this Land, a Land of Magicians, that $ent forth Spirits of the Air into all
“parts to bring them news, and intelligence of other Countreys. It was
an$wered by us all, in all po$$ible humblene$s, but yet with a countenance
taking knowledge, that we knew, that he $pake it but merrily, “That we
“were apt enough to think, there was $omewhat $upernatural in this
“I$land, but yet rather as Angelical then Magical. But to let his Lord-
“$hip know truly what it was that made us tender and doubtful to ask this
[0367]_New Atlantis_.
“Que$tion; it was not any $uch conceit, but becau$e we remembred he
“had given a touch in his former Speech, that this Land had Laws of Se-
“crecy, touching Strangers. _To this he $aid_, “You remember it right; and
“therefore in that, I $hall $ay to you, I mu$t re$erve $ome particulars which
“it is not lawful for me to reveal, but there will be enough left to give you
“$atisfaction.
You $hall under$tand (that which perhaps you will $carce think cre-
dible) that about Three thou$and years ago or $omewhat more, the Na-
vigation of the VVorld ($pecially for remote Voyages) was greater then
at this day. Do not think with your $elves, that I know not how much
it is increa$ed with you within the$e three$core years, I know it well; and
yet I $ay, greater then then now. VVhether it was, that the example of
the Ark that $aved the remnant of Men from the Univer$al Deluge, gave
men confidence to adventure upon the VVaters, or what it was, but $uch
is the truth. The _Phœniciæns_, and $pecially the _Tyrians_, had great Fleets;
$o had the _Carthaginians_ their Colony, which is yet further VVe$t: To-
ward the Ea$t the Shipping of _Egypt_ and of _Pale$tina_ was likewi$e great;
_China_ al$o, and the _Great Atlantis_ (that you call _America_) which have now
but Junks and Canoaes, abounded then in tall Ships. This I$land (as
appeareth by faithful Regi$ters of tho$e times) had then Fifteen hundred
$trong Ships of great content. Of all this, there is with you $paring memory
or none, but we have large know ledge thereof.
At that time this Land was known, and frequented by the Ships and
Ve$$els of all the Nations beforenamed, and (as it cometh to pa$s) they
had many times Men of other Countreys that were no Sailers, that came
with them, as _Per$ians, Chaldeans, Arabians_; $o as almo$t all Nations of
might and fame re$orted hither, of whom we have $ome Stirps and little
Tribes with us at this day. And for our own Ships, they went $undry
Voyages, as well to your _Streights_, which you call the _Pillars of Hercules_,
as to other parts in the _Atlantick_ and _Meditterranean Seas_; as to _Peguin_ (which
is the $ame with _Cambalu_) and _Quin$ay_ upon the _Oriental Seas_, as far as to
the Borders of the _Ea$t Tartary_.
At the $ame time, and an Age after or more, the Inhabitants of the
_Great Atlantis_ did flouri$h. For though the Narration and De$cription
which is made by a great Man with you, of the De$cendents of _Neptune_
planted there, and of the magnificent Temple, Palace, City, and Hill,
and the manifold $treams of goodly Navigable Rivers, which (as $o many
Chains) invironed the $ame Site and Temple, and the $everal degrees of
a$cent, whereby men did climb up to the $ame, as if it had been a _Scala_
_Cœli_, be all Poetical and Fabulous; yet $o much is true. That the $aid
Countrey of _Atlantis_, as well that of _Peru_, then called _Coya_, as that of
_Mexico_ then named _Tyrambel_; were mighty and proud Kingdoms in
Arms, Shipping, and Riches; $o mighty, as at one time (or at lea$t with-
in the $pace of ten years) they both made two great expeditions, they of
_Tyrambel_ through the _Atlantick_ to the _Meditarranean Sea_, and they of _Coya_
through the South-$ea upon this our I$land. And for the former of the$e,
which was into _Europe_, the $ame Author among$t you (as it $eemeth) had
$ome relation from the _Egyptian Prie$t_ whom he citeth, for a$$uredly $uch
a thing there was. But whether it were the ancient _Athenians_ that had
the glory of the repul$e and re$i$tince of tho$e Forces, I can $ay nothing;
but certain it is, there never came back either Ship or Man from that Voy-
age. Neither had the other Voyage of tho$e of _Coya_, upon us, had better
[0368]_New Atlantis_.
fortune, if they had not met with enemies of greater clemency. For the
King of this I$land (by name _Altabin_) a wi$e Man, and a great Warrior,
knowing well both his own $trength, and that of his enemies, handled the
matter $o, as he cut off their Land forces from their Ships, and entoiled
both their Navy and their Camp, with a greater power than theirs, both
by Sea and Land, and compelled them to render them$elves without
$triking $troke; and after they were at his mercy, contenting him$elf one-
ly with their Oath, that they $hould no more bear Arms again$t him, di$-
mi$$ed them all in $a$ety. But the Divine revenge overtook not long
after tho$e proud enterpri$es; for within le$s then the $pace of One hun-
dred years the _Great Atlantis_ was utterly lo$t and de$troyed, not by a great
Earthquake, as your _Man_ $aith, (for that whole Tract is little $ubject to
Earthquakes) but by a particular Deluge or Inundation, tho$e Countreys
having at this day far greater Rivers, and far higher Mountains to pour
down Waters, than any part of the Old World. But it is true, that the
$ame Inundation was not deep, not pa$t forty $oot in mo$t places from
the ground; $o that although it de$troyed Man and Bea$t generally,
yet $ome $ew wilde Inhabitants of the Wood e$caped: Birds al$o were
$aved by flying to the high Trees and Woods. For as for Men, although
they had Buildings in many places higher then the depth of the VVater;
yet that Inundation, though it were $hallow, had a long continuance,
whereby they of the Vale, that were not drowned, peri$hed for want of
food, and other things nece$$ary. So as marvel you not at the thin Popu-
lation of _America_, nor at the Rudene$s and Ignorance of the People; for
you mu$t account your Inhabitants of _America_ as a young People,
younger a thou$and years at the lea$t than the re$t of the VVorld, for
that there was $o much time between the Univer$al Flood, and their par-
ticular Inundation. For the poor remnant of Humane Seed which re-
mained in their Mountains peopled the Countrey again $lowly, by little
and little: And being $imple and a $avage people (not like _Noah_ and his
Sons, which was the chief Family of the Earth) they were not able to
leave Letters, Arts, and Civility to their Po$terity. And having like wi$e
in their Mountainous Habitations been u$ed (in re$pect of the extream
Cold of tho$e Regions) to cloath them$elves with the skins of _Tigers_,
_Bears_, and great _Hairy Goats_, that they have in tho$e parts; when after
they came down into the Valley, and found the intolerable Heats which
are there, and knew no means of lighter Apparel, they were $orced to
begin the cu$tom of going naked, which continueth at this day; onely
they take great pride and delight in the Feathers of Birds: And this al$o
they took from tho$e their Ance$tors of the Mountains, who were in-
vited unto it by the infinite flight of Birds that came up to the high
Grounds, while the Waters $tood below. So you $ee by this main
accident of time, we lo$t our Traffick with the _Americans_, with whom,
of all others, in regard they lay neare$t to us, we had mo$t commerce.
As for the other parts of the World, it is mo$t manife$t, that in the
Ages following (whether it were in re$pect of VVars, or by a Natural
revolution of time) Navigation did every where greatly decay, and
e$pecially far voyages (the rather by theu$e of Gallies, and $uch Ve$$els
as could hardly brook the Ocean) were altogether left and omitted.
So then, that part of entercour$e which could be from other Nations
to $ail to us, you $ee how it hath long $ince cea$ed, except it were by
$ome rare accident, as this of yours. But now of the ce$$ation of that
[0369]_New Atlantis_.
other part of enter cour$e, which might be by our $ailing to other Nauons,
I mu$t yield you $ome other cau$e: For I cannot $ay (if I $hould $ay traly)
but our $hipping for number, $trength, Mariners, Pilon, and all things that
appertain to Navigation, is as great as ever; and there$ore why we $hould
$it at home, I $hall now give you an account by it $alf, and it will draw nearer
to give you $atisfaction to your principal Que$tion.
There reigned in this I $land about One thou$and nine liundred years
“ago, a King, who$e memory of all others we mo$t adore, not $uper$titiou$ly,
“but as a Divine In$trument, though a Mortal Man; his name was _Salomona_,
“and we e$teem him as the Law-giver of our Nation. This King had alarge
“heart in$erutable for good, and was wholly bent to make his Kingdom and
“People happy: He therefore taking into con$ideration, how $ufficient and
“$ub$tantive this Land was to maintain it $elf with out any aid (at all) of the
“Foreigner, being Five thou$and $ix hundred miles in circuit, and of rare
“fertility of $oil in the greate$t part thereof; and finding al$o the $hipping of
“this Countrey might be plenti$ully $et on work, both by Fi$hing, and by
“Tran$portations from Port to Port, and likewi$e by $ailing unto $ome $mall
“I$lands that are not far from us, and are under the Crown and Laws of this
“State; and recalling into his memory the happy and flouri$hing e$tate
“wherein this Land then was, $o as it might be a thou$and ways altered to
“the wor$e, but $carce any one way to the better; thought nothing wanted
“to his Noble and Heroical Intentions, but onely (as far as Humane fore-
“$ight might reach) to give perpetuity to that which was in his time $o happily
“e$tabli$hed; therefore among$t his other Fundamental Laws of this King-
“dom, he did ordain the Interdicts and Prohibitions which we have touch-
“ing entrance of $trangers, which at that time (though it was after the cala-
“mity of _America_) was $requent, doubting novelties and commixture of
“manners. It is true, the like Law again$t the admi$$ion of $trangers, with-
“out licence, is an ancient Law in the Kingdom of _China_, and yet continued
“in u$e; but there it is a poor thing, and hath made them a curious, igno-
“rant, fearful, fooli$h Nation. But our Law-giver made his Law of another
“temper. For firft, he hath pre$erved all points of humanity, in taking or-
“der and making provi$ion for the relief of $trangers di$tre$$ed, whereof you
“have ta$ted. _At which Speech (as rea$on was) we all ro$e up and bowed our $elves_.
_He went on_. “That King al$o$till de$iring to joyn Humanity and Policy to-
“gether, and thinking it again$t Humanity to detain Strangers here again$t
“their Wills, and again$t Policy, that they $hould return and di$cover their
“knowledge of this State, he took this cour$e. He did ordain, that of the
“Strangers that $hould be permitred to Land, as many (at all times) might
“depart as would, but as many as would $tay, $hould have very good con-
“ditions and means to live from the State. Wherein he $aw $o far, that
“now in $o many Ages, $ince the Prohibition, we have memory not of one
“Ship that ever returned, and but of thirteen per$ons onely at $everal times
“that cho$e to return in our Bottoms. What tho$e $ew that returned, may
“have reported abroad, I know not; but you mu$t think, what$oever they
“have $aid, could be taken where they came, but $or a dream. Now for
“our travelling from hence into parts abroad, our Law-giver thought fit al-
“together to re$train it. So is it not in _China_, for the _Chine$es_ fail where they
“will, or can; which $heweth, that their Law of keeping our Strangers, is
“a Law of pu$illanimity and fear. But this re$traint of ours hath one onely
“exception, which is admirable, pre$erving the good which cometh by
“communicating with $trangers, and avoiding the hurt; and I will now
[0370]_New Atlantis_.
“open it to you. And here I $hall $eem a little to digre$s, but you will by
“and by finde it pertinent. Ye $hall under$tand (my dear Friends) that
“among$t the excellent acts of that King, one above all hath the preemi-
“nence: It was the erection and in$titution of an Order or Society which
“we call _Solomons_ Hou$e, the noble$t Foundation (as we think) that ever
“was upon the Earth, and the Lanthorn of this Kingdom. It is dedicated
“to the $tudy of the Works and creatures of _God_. Some think it beareth
“the Founders name a little corrupted, as if it $hould be _Solomons_ Hou$e;
“but the Records write it as it is $poken, $o as I take it to be denomi-
“nate of the King of the _Hebrews_, which is famous with you, and no $tranger
“to us; for we have $ome parts of his Works which with you are lo$t,
“namely, that _Natural Hi$tory_ which he wrote of all Plants, from the _Cedar_
“of _Libanus_ to the _Mo{$s} that grovveth out of the Wall_, and of all _things that have_
“_Life and Motion_. This maketh me think that our King finding him$elf to
“$ymbolize in many things with that King of the _Hebrevvs_ (which lived
“many years before him) honored him with the Title of this Foundation.
“And I am the rather induced to be of this opinion, for that I finde in an-
“cient Records this Order or Society is $ometimes called _Solomons_ Hou$e,
“and $ometimes _The Colledge of the Six days VVorks_; whereby I am $atisfied,
“that our Excellent King had learned from the _Hebrevvs_, that _God_ had
“created the World, and all that therein is within Six days; and therefore
“he in$tituting that Hou$e for the finding out of the true Nature of all
“things (whereby God might have the more glory in the workman$hip of
“them, and Men the more Fruit in their u$e of them) did give it al$o that
“$econd name. But now to come to our pre$ent purpo$e.
“When the King had forbidden to all his People Navigation in any
“part that was not under his Crown, he made neverthele$s this Ordinance,
“That every twelve years there $hould be $et forth out of this Kingdom
“two Ships appointed to $everal Voyages; that in either of the$e Ships,
“there $hould be a Mi$$ion of three of the Fellows or Brethren of _Solomons_
“Hou$e, who$e errand was onely to give us knowledge of the affairs and
“$tate of tho$e Countreys, to which they were de$igned, and e$pecially of the
“Sciences, Arts, Manufactures and Inventions of all the World; and withal
“to bring unto us Books, In$truments, and Patterns in every kinde. That
“the Ships after they had landed the Brethren $hould return, and that the
“Brethren $hould $tay abroad till the new Mi$$ion. The Ships are not other-
“wi$e fraught than with $tore of Victuals, and good quantity of Trea$ure,
“to remain with the Brethren for the buying of $uch things, and rewarding
“of $uch perlons as they $hould think fit. Now for me to tell you how the
“vulgar $ort of Mariners are contained from being di$covered at Land,
“and how they that mu$t be put on $hore for any time colour them$elves
“under the names of other Nations, and to what places the$e Voyages have
“been de$igned, and what places of Rendezvous are appointed for the new
“Mi$$ions, and the like circum$tances of the practick, I may not do it, neither
“is it much to your de$ire. But thus you $ee we maintain a Trade, not for
“Gold, Silver, or Jewels, nor for Silks, nor for Spices, nor any other com-
“modity of Matter, but onely for _Gods_ fir$t Creature, which was Light; to
“have Light (I $ay) of the growth of all parts of the World. And when he
had $aid this, he was $ilent, and $o were we all; for indeed, we were all a$toni$h-
ed to hear $o $trange things $o probably told. And he perceiving, that we
were willing to $ay $ome what, but had it not ready, in |great courte$ie,
took us off, and de$cended to ask us Que$tions of our Voyage and Fortunes;
[0371]_New Atlantis._
and in the end concluded, that we might do well to think with our
$elves what time of $tay we would demand of the State; and bad us
not to $cant our $elves, for he would procure $uch time as we de$ired.
Whereupon we all ro$e up and pre$ented our $elves to ski$s the skirt of
his Tippet; but he would not $uffer us, and $o took his leave. But when
it came once among$t our people, that the State u$ed to offer conditions to
$trangers that would $tay, we had work enough to get any of our men to
look to our Ship, and to keep them from going pre$ently to the Governor
to crave conditions; but with much ado, we refrained them till we might
agree what cour$e to take.
We took our $elves now for Freemen, $eeing there was no danger of
our utter perdition, and lived mo$t joyfully, going abroad, and $eeing
what was to be$een in the City and places adjacent within our _Tedder_, and
obtaining acquaintance with many of the City, not of the meane$t qua-
l<007>ty, at who$e hands we found $uch humanity, and $uch a freedom and
de$ire to take $trangers, as it were into their bo$om, as was enough to
make us forget all that was dear to us in our own Countreys, and con-
tinually we met with many things right worthy of ob$ervation and rela-
tion: As indeed, if there be a Mirror in the World, worthy to hold mens
eyes, it is that Countrey. One day there were two of our company
bidden to a Fea$t of the _Family_, as they call it; amo$t natural, pious and
reverend cu$tom it is, $hewing that Nation to be compounded of all good-
ne$s. This is the manner of it. It is granted to any man that $hall live to
$ee thirty per$ons de$cended of his body alivetogether, and all above three
years old, to make this Fea$t, which is done at the co$t of the State.
The _Father_ of the _Family_, whom they call the _Tir$an_, two days before the
Fea$t taketh to him three of $uch Friends as he liketh to chu$e, and is
a$$i$ted al$o by the Governor of the City or place where the Fea$t is cele-
brated; and all the Per$ons of the _Family_ of both Sexes are $ummoned to
attend him. The$e two days the _Tir$an_ $itteth in con$ultation concern-
ing the good e$tate of the Family; there, if there be any Di$cord or Suits
between any of the Family, they are compounded and appea$ed; there,
if any of the Family be di$tre$$ed or decayed, order is taken for their re-
lief and competent means to live; there, if any be $ubject to vice or take
ill cour$es, they are reproved and cen$ured. So likewi$e, direction is
given touching Marriages, and the cour$es of li$e which any of them
$hould take, with divers other the like orders and advices. The Go-
vernor a$$i$teth to the end, to put in execution by his publick Autho-
tity, the Decrees and Orders of the _Tir$an_, if they $hould be di$obeyed,
though that $eldom needeth; $uch reverence and obedience they give
to the order of Nature. The _Tir$an_ doth al$o then ever chu$e one man
from among$t his Sons to live in Hou$e with him, who is called ever
after the _Son of the Vine;_ the rea$on will hereafter appear. On the Fea$t-
day, the _Tather_ or _Tir$an_ cometh forth after Divine Service into a large
Room where the Fea$t is celebrated; which Room hath an Half-
pace at the upper end. Again$t the Wall, in the middle of the Half-
pace, is a Chair placed for him, with a Table and Carpet before it:
Over the Chair is a State made round or oval, and it is of Ivy; an Ivy
$ome what whiter then ours, like the Leaf of a Silver A$p, but more $hi-
ning, for it is Green all Winter. And the State is curiou$ly wrought with
S@lver and Silk of divers colours, broiding or binding in the Ivy; and is
ever of the work of $ome of the Daughters of the Family, and veiled
[0372]_New Atlantis._
over at the top with a fine Net of Silk and Silver: But the $ub$tance of it
is true Ivy, where of, after it is taken down, the Friends of the Family are
de$irous to have $ome Leaf or Sprig to keep. The _Tir$an_ cometh forth with
all his Generation or Lineage, the Males before him, and the Females fol-
lowing him. And if there be a Mother, from who$e body the whole Li-
neage is de$cended, there is a Traver$e placed in a Loft above on the right
hand of the Chair, with a Privy Door, and a carved Window of Gla$s,
leaded with Gold and Blew, where $he $itteth, but is not $een. When
the _Tir$an_ is come forth, he $itteth down in the Chair, and all the Li-
neage place them$elves again$t the Wall, both at his back, and upon the
return of the Half-pace, in order of their years, without difference of
Sex, and $tand upon their Feet. When he is $et, the room being always
full of company, but well kept, and without di$order, after $ome paute
there cometh in from the lower end of the room a _Taratan_, (which is as
much as an _Herauld_) and on either $ide of him two young Lads, where-
of one carrieth a Scroul of their $hining yellow Parchment, and the other
a clu$ter of Grapes of Gold, with a long foot or $talk: The Herauld
and Children are clothed with Mantles of Sea-water-green Sattin, but the
Heraulds Mantle is $treamed with Gold, and hath a Train. Then the
Herauld, with three Courte$ies, or rather Inclinations, cometh up as far
as the Half pace, and there fir$t taketh into his hand the Scroul. This
Scoul is the Kings Charter, containing Gift of Revenue, and many Pri-
viledges, Exemptions, and Points of Honor granted to the Father of
the Family; and it is ever $tiled and directed, _To $uch an one, Our wel-_
_beloved Friend and Creditor_, which is a Title proper onely to this ca$e: For
they $ay, the King is Debtor to no Man, but for propagation of his Sub-
jects. The Seal $et to the Kings Charter, is the Kings Image imbo$$ed or
moulded in Gold. And though $uch Charters be expedited of cour$e,
and as of right, yet they are varied by di$cretion, according to the num-
ber and dignity of the Family. This Charter the Herauld readeth aloud;
and while it is read, the _Father_ or _Tir$an_ $tandeth up, $upported by two
of his Sons, $uch as he chu$eth. Then the Herauld mounteth the Half-
pace, and delivereth the Charter into his hand, and with that there is an ac-
clamation by all that are pre$ent in their Language, which is thus much,
_Happy are the People of_ Ben$alem. Then the Herauld taketh into his hand
from the other Childe the clu$ter of Grapes, which is of Gold, both the
S@alk and the Grapes; but the Grapes are daintily enamelled: And if the
Males of the Family be the greater number, the Grapes are enamelled
Purple, with a little Sun $et on the top; if the Females, then they are
enamelled into a greeni$h yellow, with a Cre$cent on the top. The
Grapes are in number as many as there are De$cendants of the Family.
This Golden Clu$ter the Herauld delivereth al$o to the _Tir$an_, who pre-
$ently delivereth it over to that Son that he had formerly cho$en to be in
hou$e with him; who beareth it before his Father as an En$ign of Honor
when he goeth in publick ever a$ter, and is thereupon called _The Son of_
_the Vine_. After this Ceremony ended, the _Father_ or _Tir$an_ retireth, and
after $ome time cometh $orth again to Dinner, where he $itteth alone
under the State as before; and none of his De$cendants $it with him; of
what degree or dignity $oever, except he hap to be of _Solomons_ Hou$e.
He is $erved onely by his own Children, $uch as are Male, who perform
unto him all $ervice of the Table upon the knee; and the Women onely
$tand about him, leaning again$t the Wall. The Room below his Half pace
[0373]_New Atlantis._
hath Tables on the $ides for the Gue$ts that are bidden, who are $erved
with great and comely order; and toward the end of Dinner (which in
the greate$t Fea$ts with them, la$teth never above an hour and a half)
there is an _Hymn_ $ung, varied according to the Invention of him that com-
po$ed it, (for they have excellent Poe$ie;) but the $ubject of it is (always)
the prai$es of _Adam_, and _Noah_, and _Abraham_; where of the former two
peopled the World, and the la$t was the _Father_ of the _Faithful_; concluding
ever with a Thank$giving for the Nativity of our _Saviour_, in who$e Birth
the Births of all are onely Ble$$ed. Dinner being done, the _Tir$an_ retireth
again, and having with drawn him$elf alone into a place, where he maketh
$ome private Prayers, he cometh forth the third time to give the Ble$$ing,
with all his De$cendants, who $tand about him as at the fir$t. Then he
calleth them forth, by one and by one, by name, as he plea$eth, though
$eldom the order of age be inverted. The per$on that is called (the Table
being before removed) kneeleth down before the Chair, and the _Father_ lay
eth his hand upon his head, or her head, and giveth the Ble$$ing in the$e
words; _Son of_ Ben$alem (or Daughter of _Ben$alem_) _thy Father $aith it, the_
_Man by whom thou ha$t breath and life $peaketh the word: The Ble{$s}ing of the Ever-_
_la$ting Father, the Prince of Peace, and the Holy Dove be upon thee, and make the_
_days of thy Pilgrimage good and many._ This he $aith to every of them; and that
done, if there be any o$ his Sons of eminent Merit and Vertue, ($o they
be not above two) he calleth for them again, and $aith, laying his arm over
their $houlders, they $tanding, _Sons, it is well you are born; give God the prai$e,_
_and per$evere to the end._ And withal delivereth to either of them a Jewel,
made in the figure of an Ear of Wheat, which they ever after wear in the
front of their Turbant or Hat. This done, they fall to Mu$ick and Dances
and other Recreations after their manner for there$t of the day. This is the
full order of that Fea$t.
By that time $ix or $even days were $pent, I was faln into $traight ac-
quaintance with a Merchant of that City, who$e name was _Joabin_; he was
a _Jew_, and circum ci$ed: For they have $ome few $tirps of _Jews_ yet re-
maining among them, whom they leave to their own Religion; which
they may the better do, becau$e they are of a far differing di$po$ition from
the _Jews_ in other parts. For whereas they hate the Name of CHRIST,
and have a $ecret inbred rancor again$t the people, among whom they
live: The$e (contrariwi$e) give unto our SAVIOUR many high Attri-
bu@es, and love the Nation of _Ben$alem_ extreamly. Surely this Man, of
whom I $peak, would ever acknowledge that CHRIST was born of a
Virgin, and that he was more then a Man; and he would tell how GOD
made him Ruler of the Seraphims which guard his Throne; and they
call him al$o the _Milken way_, and the _Eliah_ of the _Me{$s}iah_, and many
other high Names; which though they be inferior to his _Divine Maje$ty_,
yet they are far from the Language of other _Jews_. And for the Countrey
of _Ben$alem_, this Man would make no end of commending it, being de-
$irous, by Tradition among the _Jews_ there, to have it believed, that the
people there of were of the Generations of _Abraham_ by another Son,
whom they call _Nachoran_; and that _Mo$es_ by a $ecret _Cabala_ ordained the
Laws of _Ben$alem_, which they now u$e; and that when the _Me{$s}iah_ $hould
come and $it in his Throne at _Jeru$alem_, the King of _Ben$alem_ $hould $it
at his Feet, whereas other Kings $hould keep agreat di$tance. But yet
$etting a$ide the$e Jewi$h Dreams, the Man was a wi$e man and learned,
and of great policy, and excellently $een in the Laws and Cu$toms of that
[0374]_New Atlantis._
Nation. Among$t other di$cour$es, one day I told him, I was much
affected with the Relation I had from $ome of the company, of their
Cu$torm in holding the Fea$t of the Family, for that (me thought) I had
never heard of a Solemnity wherein Nature did $o much pre$ide. And
becau$e Propagation of Families proceedeth from the Nuptial Copulation,
I de$ired to know of him what Laws and Cu$toms they had concerning
Marriage, and whether they kept Marriage well, and whether they were
tied to one Wife. For that where Population is $o much affected and
$uch as with them it $eemed to be, there is commonly permi$$ion of Plu-
rality of Wives. To this he $aid, “You have rea$on for to comm@nd
“that excellent In$titution of the Fea$t of the Family; and indeed we
“have experience, that tho$e Families that are partakers of the Ble$$ings
“of that Fea$t do flouri$h and pro$per ever after in an extraordinary man-
“ner. But hear me now, and I will tell you what I know. You $hall un-
“der$tand, that there is not under the Heavens, $o cha$te a Nation as this
“of _Ben$alem_, nor $o free from all pollution or foulne$s; it is the Virgin
“of the World. I remember I have read in one of your _European Books_
“of an holy Hermit among$t you, that de$ired to $ee the _Spirit of Fornication_,
“and there appeared to him a little foul ugly _Æthiope:_ But if he had
“de$ired to $ee the _Spirit of Cha$tity_ of _Ben$alem_, it would have appeared to
“him in the likene$s of a fair beautiful Cherubin; for there is nothing
“among$t Mortal Men more fair and admirable, then the cha$te Mindes
“of this People. Know therefore, that with them there are no Stews,
“no di$$olute Hou$es, no Courte$ans, nor any thing of that kinde; nay
“they wonder (with dete$tation) at you in _Europe_ which permit $uch
“things. They $ay you have put Marriage out of office; for Marriage
“is ordained a remedy for unlawful concupi$cence, and natural concu-
“pi$cence $eemeth as a $pur to Marriage: But when Men have at hand
“a remedy more agreeable to their corrupt will, Marriage is almo$t ex-
“pul$ed. And therefore, there are with you $een infinite Men that mar-
“ry not, but chufe rather a Libertine, and impure $ingle life, then to be
“yoaked in Marriage; and many that do marry, marry late, when the
“prime and $trength of their years is pa$t; and when they do marry,
“what is Marriage to them, but a very Bargain, wherein is $ought Alli-
“ance, or Portion, or Reputation, with $ome de$ire (almo$t indifferent)
“of i$$ue, and not the faith$ul Nuptial Union of Man and Wife that was
“fir$t in$tituted? Neither is it po$$ible, that tho$e that have ca$t away $o
“ba$ely $o much of their $trength, $hould greatly e$teem Children (be-
“ing of the $ame matter) as cha$t Men do. So likewi$e during Marriage,
“is the ca$e much amended, as it ought to be, if tho$e things were tole-
“rated onely for nece$$ity? No, but they remain $till as a very affront to
“Marriage; the hunting of tho$e di$$olute places, orre$ort to Courte$ans,
“are no more puni$hed in Married men, then in Batchelors: And the de-
“praved cu$tom of change, and the delight in meretricious embrace-
“ments, (where Sin is turned into Art) maketh Marriage a dull thing, and
“a kinde of Impo$ition or Tax. They hear you defend the$e things as
“done to avoid greater evils, as Advowtries, Deflouring of Virgins,
“Unnatural Lu$t, and the like: But they $ay this is a prepo$terous Wi$
“dom; and they call it _Lots_ offer, who to $ave his Gue$ts from abu$ing
“offered his Daughters: Nay, they $ay further, that there is little gained
“in this, for that the $ame Vices and Appetites do $till remain and abound,
“Unlawful Lu$t being like a Furnace, that if you $top the Flames alto-
[0375]_New Atlantis._
“gether, it will quench but if you give it any vent, it will rage. As fo
“Ma$culine Love, they have no touch of it, and yet there are not $o faith-
“ful and inviolate. Friend$h ps in the World again as are there; and to
“$peak generally (as I faid before) I have not read of any $uch Cha$tity in
“any People as theirs. _And their u$ual $aying is_, That who$oever is uncha$te,
“cannot reverence him$elf. _And they $ay_, That the reverence of a Mans $el$
“is, next Religion, the chiefe$t Bricle of all Vices. And when he had $aid
this, the good _Jevv_ pau$ed a little. Whereupon, I far more willing to hear
him $peak on, than to $peak my $elf; yet thinking it decent, that upon his
pau$e of Speech I $hould not be altogether $ilent, $aid onely this. “That I
“would $ay to him, as the Widow of _Sarepta_ $aid to _Elias_, That he was
“come to bring to memory our$ins; and that I confe$s the righteou$ne$s of
“_Ben$alem_ was greater than the righteou$ne$s of _Europe. At vvhich Speech, he_
_bovved his Head, and vvent on in this manner._ “They have al$o many wi$e and
“excellent Lawstouching Marliage; they allow no Polygamy; they have
“ordained, that none do intermarry or contract until a moneth be pa$t from
“their fir$t interview. Marriage without con$ent of Parents, they do not
“make void, but they mulct it in the Inheritors; for the Children of $uch
“Marriages are not admitted to inherit above a third part of their Parents
“Inheritance. I have read in a Book of one of your Men, of a Feigned
“Common wealth, where the married couple are permitted before they
“contract to $ee one another naked. This they di$$ike, for they hink it a
“$corn to give a refu$al after $o familiar knowledge; but becau$e of many
“nidden defects in Men and Womens Bodies, they have a more civil way;
“for they have near every Town, a couple of Pools (which they call
“_Adam_ and _Eves_ Pools) where it is permitted to one of the Friends of the
“Man, and another of the Eriends of the Woman, to $ee them $everally
“bath naked.
And as we were thus in Conference, there came one that $eemed to be
a Me$$enger, in a rich Huke, that $pake with the _Jevv_; whereupon he
turned to me, and $aid, _You vvill pardon me, for I am commanded avvay in ha$te._
The nex@ morning he came to me again, joyful, as it $eemed, and $aid,
“There is word come to the Governor of the City, that one of the Fathers
“of _Solomons_ Hou$e will be here this day $even-night; we have $een none of
“them this dozen years. His coming is in $tate, but the cau$e of his coming
“is $ecret. I will provide you and your Fellows of a good $tanding to $ee
“his entry. I thanked him, and told him, _I was mo$t glad of the nevvs._ The
day being come, he made his entry. He was a Man of middle $tature and
age, comely of per$on, and had an a$pect as if he pitied men: He was
cloathed in a @obe of fine black Cloth, with wide Sleeves, and a Cape;
his under Garment was of excellent white Linnen down to the Foot,
girt with a Girdle of the $ame, and a Sindon or Tippet of the $ame about
his Neck; he had Gloves that were curious, and $et with Stone, and Shooes
of Peach-coloured Velvet; his Neck was bare to the Shoulders; his Hat
was like a Helmet or _Spani$h Montera_, and his Locks curled below it de-
cently, they were of colour brown; his Beard was cut round, and of the
$ame colour with his Hair, $omewhat lighter. He was carried in a rich
Chariot without Wheels, Litter-wife, with two Hor$es at either end,
richly trapped in blew Velvet embroidered, and two Footmen on each
$ide in the like attire. The Chariot was all of Cedar, gilt and adorned
with Cry$tal, $ave that the fore-end had Pannels of Saphires $et in borders
of Gold, and the hinder-end the like of Emeralds of the _Peru_ colour.
[0376]_New Atlantis._
There was alto a Sun of Gold, radiant upon the top in the mid$t; and on
the top before a $mall Cherub of Gold, with Wings di$played. The
Chariot was covered with Cloth of Gold ti$$ued upon blew. He had
be$ore him fifty attendants, young men all, in white Satten loo$e Coats,
up to the mid-leg, and Stockins of white Silk, and Shooes of blew Velvet,
and Hats of blew Velvet, with fine Plumes of divers colours $et round like
Hatbands. Next before the Chariot, went two men bare headed, in
Lichen Garments down to the Foot, girt, and Shooes of blew Velvet,
who carried, the one a Cro$ier, the other a Pa$toral Staff like a Sheep-
hook, neither of them of Metal, but the Cro$ier of Balm-wood, the
Pa$toral Staff of Cedar. Hor$emen he had none, neither before, nor be-
hinde his Chariot, as it $eemeth, to avoid all tumult and trouble. Be-
hinde his Chariot went all the Officers and Principals of the Companies
of the City. He $ate alone upon Cu$hions, of a kinde of excellent Plufh,
blew, and under his Foot curious Carpets of Silk of divers colours; like
the _Per$ian,_ but far finer. He held up his barehand as he went, as ble$s-
ing the People, but in $ilence. The Street was wonderfully well kept,
$o that there was never any Army had their Men $tand in better battel-
array, then the people $tood. The Windows likewi$e were not crouded,
but every one $tood in them, as if they had been placed. When the
$how was pa$t, the _Fevv_ $aid to me, “I $hall not be able to attend you as I
“would, in regard of $ome charge the City hath laid upon me for the en-
“tertaining of this great Per$on. _Three a ays after the_ Jew _came to me again, and $aid,_
“Ye are happy men, for the Father of _Solomons_ Hou$e taketh knowledge of
“your being here, and commanded me to tell you, that he will admit all
“your company to his pre$ence, and have private conference with one of
“you that ye $hall chu$e; and for this, hath appointed the next day after to
“morrow. And becau$e he meaneth to give you his Ble$$ing, he hath
“appointed it in the forenoon. We came at our day and hour, and I
was cho$en by my fellows for the private acce$s. We found him in a fair
Chamber richly hanged, and carpeted under Foot, without any degrees to
the State: He was $et upon alow Throne, richly adorned, and a rich Cloth
of State over his head of blew Sattin embroidered. He was alone, $ave
that he had two Pages of Honor on either hand one, finely attired in
white. His under Garments were the like, that we $aw him wear in the
Chariot; but in$tead of his Gown, he had on him a Mantle with a Cape
of the $ame fine Black, fa$tned about him. When we came in, as we were
taught, we bowed low at our fir$t entrance; and when we were come
near his Chair, he $tood up, holding forth his hand ungloved, and in
po$ture of Ble$$ing; and we every one of us $tooped down and ki$$ed the
hem of his Tippet. That done, the re$t departed, and I remained. Then
he warned the Pages forth of the Room, and cau$ed me to $it down be$ide
him, and $pake to me thus in the _Spani$h_ Tongue.
[0377]_New Atlantis._
GOD Ble$s thee, my Son, I will give thee the greate$t Jewel I
have; for I will impart unto thee, for the love of God and Men,
a Relation of the true $tate of _Solomons_ Hou$e. Son, to make
you know the true $tate of _Solomons_ Hou$e, I will keep this order.
Fir$t, I will $et $orth unto you the End of our Foundation. Secondly,
The Preparations and In$truments we have for our Works. Thirdly,
The $everal Employments and Functions whereto our Fellows are a$$ign-
ed: And fourthly, The Ordinances and Rites which we ob$erve.
The End of our Foundation, is the Knowledge of Cau$es and Secret
Motions of things, and the enlarging of the Bounds of Humane Empire,
to the effecting of all things po$$ible.
The Preparations and In$truments, are the$e. We have large and
deep Caves of $everal depths; the deepe$t are $unk Six hundred fathom,
and $ome of them are digged and made under great Hills and Mountains;
$o that if you reckon together the depth of the Hill, and the depth of the
Cave, they are ($ome of them) above three miles deep: For we finde that
the depth of an Hill, and the depth of a Cave from the Flat, is the $ame
thing, both remote alike from the Sun and Heavens Beams, and from the
open Air. The$e Caves we call the Lower Region, and we u$e them for
all Coagulations, Indurations, Refrigerations, and Con$ervations of
Bodies. We u$e them likewi$e for the Imitation of Natural Mines, and
the producing al$o of new Artificial metals, by Compo$itions and Mate-
rials which we u$e and lay there for many years. We u$e them al$o $ome-
times (which may $eem $trange) for curing of $ome Difea$es, and for pro-
longation of life in $ome Hermits that chu$e to live there, well accommo-
dated of all things nece$$ary, and indeed live very long; by whom al$o we
learn many things.
We have Burials in $everal Earths, where we put divers Cements
as the _Chine$es_ do their Porcellane; but we have them in greater variety
and $ome of them more fine. We al$o have great variety of Compo$ts
and Soils for the making of the Earth fruitful.
We have high Towers, the highe$t about half a mile in height, and
$ome of them likewi$e $et upon high Mountains, $o that the vantage of the
Hill with the Tower, is in the highe$t of them, three miles at lea$t. And
the$e places we call the Upper Region, accounting the Air between the
high places, and the Low as a Middle Region. We u$e the$e Towers,
according to their $everal heights and $ituations, for In$olation, Refrige-
ration, Confervation, and for the view of divers Metcors, as Winds, Rain,
Snow, Hail, and $ome of the Fiery Meteors al$o. And upon them, in $ome
places, are dwellings of Hermits, whom we vi$it $ometimes, and in$truct
what to ob$erve.
We have great Lakes, both $alt and fre$h, whereof we have u$e for
the F@$h and Fowl. Weu$e them al$o for Burials of $ome Natural Bodies;
for we finde a differencein things buried in Earth, or in Air below the Earth,
and things buried in Water. We have al$o Pools, of which $ome do $train
Fre$h Water out of Salt, and others by Art do turn Fre$h Waterinto Salt.
We have al$o $ome Rocks in the mid$t of the Sea, and $ome Bays upon
the Shore for $ome Works, wherein is required the Air and Vapor of the
Sea. We have likewi$e violent $treams and cataracts, which $erve us for
many Motions; and likewi$e Engins for multiplying and enforcing o$
Winds, to $et al$o on going divers Motions.
[0378]_New Atlantis._
We have al$o a number of attificial Wells and Fountains, made in
imitation of the Natural Sources and Baths; as tincted upon V<007>triol, Sul-
phur, Steel, Bra$s, Lead, Nitre, and other Minerals. And again we have
little Wells for Infu$ions of many things, where the Waters take the vir-
tue quicker and better then in Ve$$els or Ba$ins: And among$t them we have
a Water which we call _Water of Paradi$e,_ being by that we do to it, made
very $overeign for health, and Prolongation of Life.
We al$o great and $pacious Hou$es, where we imitate and demon-
$trate Meteors; as Snow, Hail, Rain, $ome Artificial Rains of Bodies, and
not of Water, Thunders, Lightnings; al$o Generations of Bodies in Air,
as Frogs, Flies, and divers others.
We have al$o certain Chambers which we call Chambers of Health,
where we qualifie the Air, as we think good and proper for the cure of di-
vers Di$ea$es, and pre$ervation of Health.
We have al$o fair and large Barhs of $everal mixtures, for the cure of
Di$ea$es, and the re$toring of Mans Body from Arefaction; and other, for
the confirming of it in $trength of Sinews, Vital Parts, and the very Juice
and Sub$tance of the Body.
We have al$o large and various Orchards and Gardens, wherein we
do not $o much re$pect Beauty, as variety of ground and $oyl, proper for
diver Treesand Herbs; and $ome very $pacious, where Trees and Berries
are $er, whereof we make divers kindes of Drinks, be$ides the Vineyards.
In the$e we practi$e like wi$e all conclu$ions of Grafting and Inoculating, as
well of Wild-trees as Fruit-trees, which produceth many effects. And we
make (by Art) in the $ame Orchards and Gardens, Trees and Flowers to
come earlier or later then their $ea$ons, and to come up and bear more
$peedily then by their natural cour$e they do We make them al$o (by Art)
much greater then their nature, and their Fruit greater and $weeter, and of
differing ta$te, $mell colcur and fgure from their nature; and many of them
we $o order, that they become of Medicinal u$e.
VVe have al$o means to make divers Plants ri$e, by mixtures of
Earths without Seeds, and likewi$e to make divers new Plants differing
from the Vulgar, and to make one Tree or Plant turn into another.
VVe have al$o Parks and Enclo$ures of all $orts of Bea$ts and Birds;
which we u$e not onely for view or rarene$s, but like wi$e for Di$$ections
and Tryals, that thereby we may take light, what may be wrought upon
the Body of Man, wherein we finde many $trange effects; as continuing
life in them, though divers parts, which you account vital, be peri$hed
and taken forth; Re$u$citating of $ome that $eem dead in appearance,
and the like. VVe try al$o all poy$ons and other medicines upon them,
as well of Chirurgery as Phy$ick. By Art likewi$e we make them greater
or taller then their kind is, and contrariwi$e dwarf them, and $tay their
growth: VVe make them more fruitful and bearing, then their kind
is, and contrariwi$e barren, and not generative. Al$o we make them
differ in colour, $hape, activity, many ways. VVe finde means to make
commixtures and copulations of divers kinds, which have produced
many new kinds, and them not barren, as the general opinion is. VVe
make a number of kindes of Serpents, VVorms, Flies, Fi$hes, of Putre-
faction; whereof $ome are advanced (in effect) to be perfect Creatures,
like Bea$ts or Birds, and have Sexes, and do propagate. Neither do we
this by chance, but we know beforehand of what matter and commixture
what kind of tho$e Creatures will ari$e.
[0379]_New Atlantis._
We have al$o particular Pools where we make tryals upon Fi$hes,
as we have $aid before of Bea$ts and Birds.
We have al$o places for Breed and Generation of tho$e Kinds of
Worms and Flies which are of $pecial u$e, $uch as are with you, your
Silk-worms and Bees.
I will not hold you long with recounting of our Brew-hou$es, Bake-
hou$es and Kitchins, where are made divers Drinks Breads, and Meats,
rare and of $pecial effects. Wines we have of Grapes, and Drinks of
other Juice, of Fruits, of Grains and of Roots; and of mixtures with
Honey, Sugar, Manna, and Fruits dried and decocted; al$o of the Tears
or Woundings of Trees, and of the Pulp of Canes; and the$e Drinks are
of $everal Ages, $ome to the age or la$t of forty years. VVe have Drinks
al$o brewed with $everal Herbs, and Roots, and Spices, yea, with $everal
Fle$hes, and VVhite-meats; whereof $ome of the Drinks are $uch as they
are in effect Meat and Drink both; $o that divers, e$pecially in Age, do
de$ire to live with them with little or no Meat or Bread. And above all, we
$trive to have Drinks of extream thin parts, to in$inuate into the Body,
and yet without all biting, $harpne$s, or fretting; in$omuch, as $ome of
them put upon the back of your hand, will, with a little $tay, pa$s through
to the palm, and yet ta$te milde to the mouth. VVe have al$o VVaters
which we ripen in that fa$hion as they become nouri$hing; $o that they
are indeed excellent Drink, and many will u$e no other. Breads we have
of $everal Grains, Roots and Kernels, yea, and $ome of Fle$h and Fi$h
dried, with divers kinds of Levenings and Sea$onings; $o that $ome do
extreamly move Appetites; $ome do nouri$h $o, as divers do live of them
without any other Meat, who live very long. So for Meats, we have $ome
of them $o beaten, and made tender and mortified, yet without all cor-
rupting, as a weak heat of the Stomach will turn them into good _Chylus,_
as well as a $trong heat would meat otherwi$e prepared. VVe have $ome
Meats al$o, and Breads, and Drinks, which taken by men, enable them to
fa$t long after; and fome other that u$ed, make the very Fle$h of Mens
Bodies $en$ibly more hard and tough, and their $trength far greater then
other wi$e it would be.
VVe have Di$pen$atories or Shops of Medicines, wherein you may
ea$ily think, if we have fuch variety of Plants and Living Creatures, more
then you have in _Europe,_ (for we know what you have) the Simples, Drugs,
and Ingredients of Medicines, mu$t likewi$e be in $o much the geater
variety. VVe have them like wi$e of divers Ages, and long Fermenta-
tions. And for their Preparations, we have not onely all manner of ex-
qui$it Di$tillations and Separations, and e$pecially by gentle Heats, and
Percolations through divers Strainers, yea and Sub$tances; but al$o exact
Forms of Compo$ition, whereby they incorporate almo$t as they were
Natural Simples.
VVe have al$o divers Mechanical Arts, which you have not, and
Stuffs made by them; as Papers, Linnen, Silks, Ti$$ues, dainty works of
Feathers of wonderful lu$tre, excellent Dies, and many others; and Shops
likewi$e as well for $uch as are not brought into vulgat u$e among$t us,
as for tho$e that are. For you mu$t know, that of the things before re-
cited, many are grown into u$e throughout the Kingdom; but yet, if
they did flow from our Invention, we have of them al$o for Patterns and
Principals.
[0380]_New Atlantis._
VVe have al$o Furnaces of great div er$ities, and that keep great di-
ver$ity of heats, fierce and quick, $trong and con$tant, $oft and milde;
blown, quiet, dry, moi$t, and the like. But above all we have heats, in
imitation of the Suns and Heavenly Bodies heats, that pa$s divers Inequa-
lities, and (as it were) Orbs, Progre$$es and Returns, whereby we may
produce admirable effects. Be$ides, we have heats of Dungs, and of Bel-
lies and Maws of Living Creatures, and of their Bloods and Bodies; and
of Hays and Herbs laid up moift; of Lime unquenched, and $uch like.
In$truments al$o which generate heat onely by motion; and $urther, places
for $trong In$olations; and again, places under the Farth, which by Na-
ture or Art yield Heat. The$e divers heats we u$e, as the nature of the ope-
ration which we intend, requireth.
VVe have al$o Per$pective Hou$es where we make Demon$tration
of all Lights and Radiations, and of all Colours; and out of things un-
coloured and tran$parent, we can repre$ent unto you all $everal colours,
not in Rainbows (as it is in Gems and Pri$ms) but of them$elves $ingle.
VVe repre$ent al$o all Multiplications of Light, which we carry to great
di$tance, and make $o $harp as to di$cern $mall Points and Lines; al$o all
colourations of Light, all delu$ions and deceits of the Sight, in Figures,
Magnitudes, Motions, Colours, all demon$trations of Shadows. VVe
finde al$o divers means yet unknown to you of producing of Light origi-
nally from divers Bodies. VVe procure means of $eeing objects afar off,
as in the Heaven, and remote places; and repre$ent things near as afar off,
and things afar off as near, making feigned di$tances. VVe have al$o helps
for the Sight, far above Spectacles and Gla$$es in u$e. VVe have al$o
Gla$$es and Means to $ee $mall and minute Bodies perfectly and di$tinctly,
as the $hapes and colours of $mall Flies and VVorms, grains and flaws in
Gems, which cannot otherwi$e be $een, ob$ervations in Urine and Blood,
not otherwi$e to be $een. VVe make Artificial Rainbows, Halo’s, and
Circles about Light. VVe repre$ent al$o all manner of Reflexions, Re-
fractions, and Multiplication of Vi$ual Beams of Objects.
VVe have al$o Precious Stones of all kindes, many of them of great
beauty, and to you unknown; Cry$tals likewi$e, and Gla$$es of divers
kindes, and among$t them $ome of Metals vitrificated, and other Materi-
als, be$ide tho$e of which you make Gla$s: Al$o a number of Fo$$iles
and imperfect Minerals, which you have not; likewi$e Load$tones of pro-
digious virtue, and other rare Stones, both Natural and Artificial.
VVe have al$o Sound-hou$es, where we practi$e and demon$trate all
Sounds and their Generation. We have harmonies which you have not,
of Quarter-$ounds, and le$$er Slides of Sounds; divers In$truments of
Mu$ick likewi$e to you unknown, $ome $weeter then any you have, with
Bells and Rings that are dainty and $weet. We repre$ent $mall Sounds as
great and deep, like wi$e great Sounds extenuate and $harp. We make
divers tremblings and warblings of Sounds, which in their original are
entire. We repre$ent and imitate all articulate Sounds and Letters, and
the Voices and Notes of Bea$ts and Birds. VVe have certain helps, which
$et to the Ear, do further the hearing greatly. We have al$o divers $trange
and artificial Echo’s reflecting the voice many times, and as it were to$$ing
it; and $ome that give back the voice louder then it came, $ome $hriller,
and $ome deeper, yea, $ome rendring the voice differing in the Letters or
articulate Sound $rom that they receive. We have all means to convey
Sounds in Trunks and Pipes in $trange lines and di$tances.
[0381]_New Atlantis._
We have al$o Perfume-hou$es, where with we joyn al$o practices of
Ta$te; we multiply Smells, which may $eem $trange; we imitate Smells,
making all Smells to breath out of other mixtures then tho$e that g<007>ve them.
We make divers imitations of Ta$te like wi$e, $o that they will deceive any
Mans ta$te. And in this Hou$e we contain al$o a Confiture-hou$e, where
we make all Sweet-meats, dry and moi$t, and divers plea$ant Wines, Milks,
Broths, and Sallets, far in greater variety then you have.
We have al$o Engine-hou$es, where are prepared Engines and In$tru-
ments for all $orts of motions. There we imitate and practi$e to make
$wifter motions then any you have, either out of your Muskets or any En-
gine that you have; and to make them, and multiply them more ea$ily, and
with $mall force, by wheels and other means; and to make them $tronger
and more violent then yours are, exceeding your greate$t Cannons and
Ba$ilisks. We repre$ent al$o Ordnance and In$truments of War, and En-
gines of all kindes; and likewi$e new mixtures and compo$itions of Gun-
powder, Wildefires burning in Water and unquenchable; al$o Fireworks
of all variety, both for plea$ure and u$e. We imitate al$o flights of Birds;
we have $ome degrees of flying in the Air; we have Ships and Boats for
going under Water, and brooking of Seas; al$o Swimming-girdles and
Supporters. We have divers curious Clocks, and other like motions of
Return, and $ome perpetual motions. We imitate al$o motions of Living
Creatures by Images of Men, Bea$ts, Birds, Fi$hes, and Serpents; we have
al$o a great number of other various motions, $trange for quality, finene$s
and $ubtilty.
We have al$o a Mathematical-hou$e, where are repre$ented all In$tru-
ments, as well of Geometry as A$tronomy, exqui$itely made.
We have al$o Hou$es of Deceits of the Sen$es, where we repre$ent
all manner of feats of Jugling, fal$e Apparitions, Impo$tures and Illu$ions,
and their Fallacies. And $urely, you will ea$ily believe that we that have $o
many things truly Natural, which induce admiration, could in a world of
particulars deceive the Sen$es, if we would di$gui$e tho$e things, and labor
to make them more miraculous: But we do hate all Impo$tures and Lies
in$omuch, as we have $everely forbidden it to all our Fellows, under pain
of Ignominy and Fines, that they do not $hew any natural work or thing,
adorned or $welling, but onely pure as it is, and without all affectation of
$trangene$s.
The$e are (my Son) the riches of _Solomons_ Hou$e.
For the $everal employments and offices of our Fellows; we have
twelve that $ail into Foreign Countreys under the names of other Nations,
(for our own we conceal) who bring us the Books, and Ab$tracts, and Pat-
terns of Experiments of all other Parts. The$e we call _Merchants of_
_Light_.
We have three that collect the Experiments, which are in all Books.
The$e we call _Depredators_.
We have three that collect the Experiments of all Mechanical Arts,
and al$o of Liberal Sciences, and al$o of Practices which are not brought
into Arts. The$e we call _My$tery-men_.
We have three that try new Experiments, $uch as them$elves think
good. The$e we call _Pioneers_ or _Miners_.
We have three that draw the Experiments of the former four into
Titles and Tables, to give the better light for the drawing of Ob$ervations
and Axioms out of them. The$e we call _Compilers_.
[0382]_New Atlantis._
We have three that bend them$elves, looking into the Experiments
of their Fellows, and ca$t about how to draw out of them things of u$e
and practice for Mans life and knowledge, as well for Works, as for plain
dem on$tration of Cau$es, means of Natural Divinations, and the ea$ie
and clear di$covery of the Virtues and Parts of Bodies. The$e we call
Dowry men or Benefactors.
Then after divers Meetings and Con$ults of our whole number, to
con$ider of the $ormer Labors and Collections, we have three that take
care out of them to direct new Experiments of a higher Light, more pene-
trating into Nature then the former. The$e we call Lamps.
VVe have three others that do execute the Experiment $o directed,
and report them. The$e we call Inoculators.
La$tly, VVe have three that rai$e the former Di$coveries by Experi-
ments into greater Ob$ervations, Axioms, and Aphori$ms. The$e we call
Interpreters of Nature.
VVe have al$o, as you mu$t think, Novices and Apprentices, that
the $ucce$$ion of the former employed Men do not fail; be$ides a great
number of Servants and Attendants, Men and VVomen. And this we do
al$o, VVe have Con$ultations which of the Inventions and Experiences,
which we have di$covered $hall be publi$hed, and which not; and take all
an Oath of Secrecy for the concealing of tho$e which we think meet to keep
$ecret; though $ome of tho$e we do reveal $ometime to the State, and
$ome not.
For our Ordinances and Rites; we have two very long and fair Gal-
leries. In one of the$e we place Patterns and Samples of all manner of the
more rare and excellent Inventions; in the other we place the Statues of
all principal Inventors. There we have the Statue of your _Columbus_, that
di$covered the _We$t-Indies_, al$o the Inventor of Ships; your Monk that
was the Inventor of Ordnance, and of Gun-powder; the Inventor of
Mu$ick; the Inventor of Letters; the Inventor of Printing; the Inventor
of Ob$ervations of A$tronomy; the Inventor of Works in Metal; the
Inventor of Gla$s; the Inventor of Silk of the Worm; the Inventor of
Wine; the Inventor of Corn and Bread; the Inventor of Sugars: And
all the$e by more certain Tradition, then you have. Then we have divers
Inventors of our own of excellent Works, which $ince you have not $een,
it were too long to make De$criptions of them; and be$ides, in the right
under$tanding of tho$e De$criptïons, you might ea$ily err. For upon every
Invention of value we erect a Statue to the Inventor, and give him a libe-
ral and honorable reward. The$e Statues are $ome of Bra$s, $ome of Marble
and Touch-$tone, $ome of Cedar, and other $pecial Woods gilt and adorn-
ed, $ome of Iron, $ome of Silver, $ome of Gold.
We have certain Hymns and Services which we $ay daily, of _Laud_ and
and _Thanks_ to God $or his marvellous Works; and Forms of Prayers, im-
ploring his aid and ble$$ing for the Illumination of our Labors, and the
turning them into good and holy u$es.
La$tly, We have Circuits or Vi$its of divers principal Cities of the
Kingdom, where, as it cometh to pa$s, we do publi$h $uch new profitable
Inventions, as we think good. And we do al$o declare Natural Divinati-
ons of Di$ea$es, Plagues, Swarms of hurtful Creatures, Scarcity, Tempe$t,
Earch quakes, great Inundations, Comets, Temperature of the Year, and
divers other things; and we give coun$el thereupon, what the People $hall
do $or the prevention and remedy of them.
[0383]_New Atlant{is}._
And when he had $aid this, he $tood up: And I, as I had been taught,
kneeled down, and he laid his right hand upon my head, and $aid, _God_
_ble{$s} thee, my Son, and Ged ble{$s} th{is} Relation which I have made: I give thee leave to_
_publi$h it for the good of other Nations, for we here are in Gods Bo$ome, a Land un-_
_known_. And $o he left me, having a$$igned a value of about Two thou$and
Ducats for a Bounty to me, and my Fellows; for they give great large$$es
where they come upon all occa$ions.
The re$t was not perfected.
[0384]_New Atlant{is}._
Magnalia Naturæ præcipue quoad
u$us Humanos.
# {Prolongation of Life.
# Re$titution of Youth in $ome degree.
_T_He # Retardation of Age.
# Curing of Di$ea$es, counted Incurable.
# Mitigation of Pain.
More ea$ie and le{$s} loath$ome Purgings.
# {increa$ing of Strength and Activity.
# increa$ing of Ability, to $uffer Torture or Pain.
The # altering of Complexions, and Fatne{$s}, and Leanne{$s}.
# altering of Statures.
# altering of Features.
# increa$ing and exalting of the Intellectual Parts.
Ver$ion of Bodies into other Bodies.
Making of new Species.
Tran$planting of one Species into another.
In$truments of De$truction, as of War and Poy$on.
Exhilaration of the Spirits, and putting them in good di$po-
$ition.
Force of the Imagination, either upon another Body, or upon
the Body it $elf.
# {Time in Maturations.
# Time in Clarifications.
Acceleration of # Putrefaction.
# Decoction.
# Germination.
Making rich Compo$ts for the Earth.
[0385]_New Atlant{is}._
Impre{$s}ions of the Air, and rai$ing of Tempe$ts.
Great alteration, as in Induration, Emollition, &c.
Turning Crude and Watry Sub$tances into Oyly and Unctu-
ous Sub$tances.
Drawing of new Foods out of Sub$tances not now in u$e.
Making new Threds for Apparel, and new Stuffs, $uch as
are Paper, Gla{$s}, &c.
Natural Divinations.
Deceptions of the Sen$es.
Greater Plea$ures of the Sen$es.
Artificial Minerals and Cements.
FINIS.
[0386]
[0387]
[0388]