annotate texts/archimedesOldCVSRepository/archimedes/raw/boyle_exper_01_en_1660.raw @ 6:22d6a63640c6

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author casties
date Fri, 07 Dec 2012 17:05:22 +0100
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1 <pb>
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2 <C>NEW
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3 <I>EXPERIMENTS
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4 Phy$ico-Mechanicall
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5 Touching the Air.</I></C>
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6 <pb>
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7 <C>NEW
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8 EXPERIMENTS
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9 <I>Phy$ico-Mechanicall,</I>
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10 Touching</C>
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11 <C>The SPRING of the AIR,
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12 and its EFFECTS,
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13 (Made, for the mo$t part, in a New
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14 <I>PNEuMATICAL ENGINE</I>)</C>
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15 <C>Written by way of LETTER</C>
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16 <C>To the Right Honorable <I>Charles</I>
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17 Lord Vicount of <I>Dungarvan,</I>
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18 Elde$t Son to the EARL of <I>CORKE.</I></C>
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19 <C>By the Honorable <I>Robert Boyle</I> E$q;</C>
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20 <FIG>
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21 <C><I>OXFORD:</I>
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22 Printed by <I>H: Hall,</I> Printer to the Univer$ity,
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23 for <I>The: Robin$on.</I> 1660.</C>
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24 <pb>
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25 <FIG>
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26 <C>To the Reader.</C>
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27 <p><I>ALthough the following Trea-
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28 ti$e being far more prolix
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29 then becomes a Letter, and
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30 then I at fir$t intended it; I
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31 am very unwilling to en-
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32 crea$e the already exce$sive bulk of the
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33 Book by a Preface, yet there are $ome par-
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34 ticulars that I think my $elf oblig'd to take
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35 notice of to the Reader, as things, that will
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36 either concern him to know, or me to have
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37 known.</I>
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38 <p><I>In the fir$t place then: If it be demand-
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39 ed why I publi$h to the World a Letter, which
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40 by its Stile and diver$e Pa$$ages, appears
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41 to have been written as well For, as To a
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42 particular Per$on; I have chiefly the$e two
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43 things to an$wer: The one, That the Ex-
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44 periments therein related, having been ma-
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45 ny of them try'd in the pre$ence of Ingeni-
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46 ous Men; and by that means having made</I>
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47 <pb>
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48 <I>$ome noi$e among the</I> Virtuo$i (<I>in$omuch
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49 that $ome of them have been $ent into Fo-
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50 reign Countries, where they have had the
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51 luck not to be de$pi$'d) I could not without
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52 quite tyring more then one</I> Amanuen$is, <I>give
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53 out half as many Copies of them as were $o
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54 earne$tly de$ired, that I could not civilly
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55 refu$e them. The other, That intelligent
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56 Per$ons in matters of this kinde per$waded
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57 me, that the publication of what I had ob-
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58 $erv'd touching the Nature of the Air,
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59 would not be u$ele$s to the World; and that
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60 in an Age $o taken with Novelties as is ours,
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61 the$e n<*>w Experiments would be grateful to
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62 the Lovers of free and real Learning: So
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63 that I might at once comply with my grand
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64 De$ign of promoting Experimental and
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65 U$eful Philo$ophy, and obtain the great $a-
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66 tisfaction of giving $ome to ingenious Men;
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67 the hope of which, is, I confe$s, a tempta-
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68 tion that I cannot ca$ily re$i$t.</I>
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69 <p><I>Of my being $omewhat prolix in many
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70 of my Experiments, I have the$e Rea$ons
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71 to render, That $ome of them being altoge-
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72 ther new, $eem'd to need the being circum-
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73 $tantially related, to keep the Reader from
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74 di$tru$ting them: That divers Circum-
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75 $tances I did here and there $et down for fear
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76 of forgetting them, when I may hereafter</I>
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77 <pb>
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78 <I>have occa$ion to make u$e of them in my o-
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79 ther Writings: That in divers ca$es I
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80 thought it nece$$ary to deliver things cir-
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81 cum$tantially, that the Per$on I addre$$ed
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82 them to, might without mi$take, and with
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83 as little trouble as is po$sible, be able to re-
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84 peat $uch unu$ual Experiments: and that
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85 after I con$ented to let my Ob$ervations be
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86 made publick, the mo$t ordinary Rea$on of
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87 my prolixity was, That fore$eeing that $uch
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88 a trouble as I met with in making tho$e try-
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89 als carefully, and the great expence of time
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90 that they nece$$arily require, (not to mention
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91 the charges of making the Engine, and im-
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92 ploying a man to manage it) will probably
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93 keep mo$t men from trying again the$e Ex-
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94 periments; I thought I might doe the gene-
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95 rality of my Readers no unacceptable pe<*>ce
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96 of $ervice, by $o punctually relating what
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97 I carefully ob$erv'd, that they may look up-
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98 on the$e Narratives as $tanding Records in
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99 our new Pneumaticks, and need not reite-
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100 rate them$elves an Experiment to have as
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101 di$tinct an Idea of it, as may $uffice them
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102 to ground their Reflections and Speculations
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103 upon.</I>
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104 <p><I>And becau$e $ometimes 'tis the Di$cour$e
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105 made upon the Experiment that makes it
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106 appear prolix, I have commonly left a con-</I>
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107 <pb>
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108 <I>$picuous interval betwixt $uch Di$cour$es,
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109 and the Experiments whereunto they belong,
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110 or are annexed; that they who de$ire onely
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111 the Hi$torical part of the account we give
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112 of our Engine, may read the Narra-
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113 tives, without being put to the trouble
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114 of reading the Reflections too: Which I
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115 here take notice of, for the $ake of tho$e
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116 that are well ver$'d in the New Philo$ophy,
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117 and in the Mathematicks; that $uch
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118 may skip what was de$ign'd, but for $uch
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119 Per$ons as may be le$s acquainted even then
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120 I, with matters of this nature ($carce $o
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121 much as mention'd by any Writer in our
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122 Language) and not for them from whom
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123 I $hall be much more forward to learn, then
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124 to pretend to teach them. Of my being
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125 wont to $peak rather doubtfully, or he$itant-
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126 ly, then re$olvedly, concerning matters
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127 wherein I apprehend $ome difficulty, I have
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128 in another Treati$e (which may, through
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129 Gods A$si$tance, come abroad ere long)
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130 given a particular, and I hope a $atisfacto-
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131 ry account: Wherefore I $hall now defend
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132 my Practice but by the Ob$ervation of</I> Ari-
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133 $totle, <I>who $omewhere notes, That to $eem
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134 to know all things certainly, and to $peak
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135 po$itively of them, is a trick of bold and
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136 yong Fellows: Whereas tho$e that are in-</I>
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137 <pb>
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138 <I>deed intelligent and con$iderate, are wont to
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139 imploy more wary and diffident Expre$si-
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140 ons, or (as he $peaks)</I> <G><*>sife/ad<*> a)ei\ to\ <*>s,
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141 <*> to\ ta\xa</G>.
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142 <p><I>There are divers Reflections, and other
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143 Pa$$ages in the following Epi$tle, and even
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144 $ome Experiments (occa$ionally mention'd)
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145 which may $eem either impertinent or $u-
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146 perfluous, but are not $o: Being purpo$ely
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147 written, either to evince $ome truth oppo$'d,
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148 or di$prove $ome erroneous conceit main-
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149 tain'd, by $ome eminent New Philo$opher,
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150 or by $ome other Ingenious Men, who, I
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151 pre$um'd, would ea$ily forgive me the ha-
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152 ving on $uch occa$ions purpo$ely omitted
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153 their Names; though an inqui$itive Per$on
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154 will probably di$cover divers of them, by
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155 the mention of the Opinions di$prov'd in
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156 the Experiments I am excu$ing.</I>
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157 <p><I>Ever $ince I di$cern'd the u$efulne$s
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158 of $peculative Geometry to Natural Phi-
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159 lo$ophy, the unhappy Di$tempers of my Eyes,
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160 have $o far kept me from being much con-
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161 ver$ant in it, that I fear I $hall need the par-
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162 do<*> of my Mathematical Readers, for $ome
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163 Pa$$ages, which if I had been deeply skill'd
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164 in Geometry, I $hould have treated more ac-
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165 curately.</I>
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166 <pb>
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167 <p><I>And indeed, having, for Rea$ons el$e-
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168 where deduc'd, purpo$ely kept my $elf a
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169 $tranger to mo$t of the new</I> Hypothe$es <I>in
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170 Philo$ophy, I am $en$ible enough that the
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171 Engine I treat of has prevail'd with me to
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172 write of $ome $ubjects which are $ufficient-
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173 ly remote from tho$e I have been mo$t con-
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174 ver$ant in. And having been reduc'd to
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175 write the greate$t part of the en$uing Letter
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176 at a di$tance, not onely from my Library,
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177 but from my own Manu$cripts, I cannot
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178 but fear that my Di$cour$es do not onely
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179 want many choice things wherewith the
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180 Learned Writings of others might have en-
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181 riched or imbelli$hed them: But that partly
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182 for this Rea$on, and partly for that touch'd
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183 upon a little before, It is po$sible I may
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184 have mention'd $ome Notions already pub-
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185 li$h'd by others, without taking notice of the
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186 Authors, not out of any de$ign to defraud
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187 de$erving Men, but for want of knowing
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188 $uch particulars to have been already pub-
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189 li$h'd by them: E$pecially the Experiments
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190 of our Engine being them$elves $ufficient
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191 to hint $uch Notions as we build upon
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192 them.</I>
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193 <p><I>The order of the Experiments every
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194 Reader may alter, as $uits be$t with his own
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195 De$ign in peru$ing them; For not onely all</I>
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196 <pb>
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197 <I>tho$e betwixt whom there is an Affinity in
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198 Nature (by belonging to one $ubject) are not
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199 always plac'd one by another, but they are
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200 not $till $et down $o much as in the order
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201 wherein they were made; but mo$t common-
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202 ly in that ca$ual one wherein my occa$ions in-
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203 duc'd me to di$patch them to the Pre$s. And,
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204 which is wor$e, I did u$ually $end quite a-
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205 way the former Experiments, before the
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206 later were written, or perhaps $o much as
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207 made: Whereby I lo$t the advantage of cor-
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208 recting and $upplying the Imperfections of
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209 what I had formerly written, by the light of
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210 my $ub$equent Tryals and Di$coveries.</I>
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211 <p><I>Be$ides all this, the di$temper in my eyes
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212 forbidding me not onely to write my $elf $o
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213 much as one Experiment, but even to read
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214 over my $elf what I dictated to others. I can-
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215 not but fear, that be$ides the Authors mi$takes,
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216 this Edition may be blemi$h'd by many, that
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217 may be properly imputed to a very unskil-
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218 ful Writer (whom I was often times by ha$te
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219 reduc'd again$t my cu$tom to imploy) and
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220 may have e$caped the Diligence of that
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221 Learned Friend, that does me the favor to
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222 over-$ee the Pre$s; e$pecially there being
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223 the di$tance of two days Fourney betwixt it
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224 and me.</I>
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225 <p><I>I need not perhaps repre$ent to the equi-</I>
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226 <pb>
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227 <I>table Reader, how much the $trange Confu-
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228 $ions of this unhappy Nation, in the mid$t
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229 of which I have made and written the$e
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230 Experiments, are apt to di$turb that calm-
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231 ne$s of Minde, and undi$tractednc$s of
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232 Thoughts, that are wont to be requi$ite to
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233 Happy Speculations. But I pre$ume,
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234 that by all the$e things put together, he
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235 will readily perceive, That I have been
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236 $o far from following the Poets prudent
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237 Coun$el touching the $low Publication of
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238 Books de$ign'd to purcha$e credit by,</I>
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239 <p>&mdash;&mdash; Nonumque prematur in Annum
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240 <p><I>that I $uffer this Treati$e to come abroad
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241 into the World with a multitude of Di$ad-
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242 vantages.</I>
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243 <p><I>But if it be demanded, why then I did
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244 not make it f<*>ter for the Pre$s before I $ent
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245 it thither? my An$wer mu$t be, That not
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246 at fir$t imagining that this $ort of Experi-
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247 ments would prove any thing near $o trouble-
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248 $ome, either to make, or to Record, as I
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249 afterwards found them, I did, to engage
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250 the Printer to di$patch, promi$e him to $end
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251 him the whole Epi$tle in a very $hort time:
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252 So that although now and then the occa$ional
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253 vacations of the Pre$s, by rea$on of Fe$ti-</I>
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254 <pb>
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255 <I>vals, or the ab$ence of the Corrector, gave
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256 me the lei$ure to ex$paciate upon $ome $ub-
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257 ject; yet being oftentimes call'd upon to di$-
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258 patch the Papers to the Pre$s, my promi$e,
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259 and many unexpected Avocations, obliged
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260 me to a ha$te, which, though it have detract-
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261 ed nothing from the Faithfulne$s of the
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262 Hi$torical part of our Book, has (I fear)
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263 been di$advantageous enough to all the re$t.
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264 And I made the le$s $cruple to let the fol-
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265 lowing Papers pa$s out of my hands, with
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266 all their Imperfections; becau$e, as the
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267 publick Affairs, and my own, were then
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268 circum$tanc'd, I knew not when (if at all)
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269 I $hould be again in a condition to pro$ecute
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270 Experiments of this kinde; e$pecially,
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271 $ince (to omit my being almo$t weary of be-
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272 ing, as it were, confin'd to one $ort of Ex-
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273 periments) I am pre-ingag'd (if it plea$e
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274 God to vouch$afe me Life and Health) to
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275 imploy my fir$t lei$ure in the publication of
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276 $ome other Phy$iological Papers, which I
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277 thought 'twould make me much the $itter to
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278 take in hand, if I fir$t di$patch'd all that
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279 I had at this time to write touching our
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280 Engine.</I>
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281 <p><I>I have this further to adde, by way
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282 of Excu$e, That as it has been my de$ign
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283 in publi$hing the$e Experiments to gratifie</I>
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284 <pb>
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285 <I>Ingenious men; $o, if I have not been
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286 much flattered, I may hope that the vari-
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287 ous hints to be met with in the following
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288 Letter, will (at lea$t) $omewhat awaken
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289 mens thoughts, &amp; excite them to new $pecula-
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290 tions ($uch as perhaps even inqui$itive men
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291 would $carce el$e light upon) and I need not
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292 de$pair, that even the examination of $uch
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293 new Su$picions and Enquiries will hence al-
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294 $o, at lea$t Occa$ionally be facilitated: I
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295 $aid Occa$ionally, becau$e it being, as 'tis
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296 proverbially $aid,</I> Facile Inventis addere.
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297 <I>It $eems not irrational to expect, that our
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298 Engine it $elf, and divers of our Experi-
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299 ments, will be much promoted by the Indu-
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300 $try of Inventive and Mathematical Wits,
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301 who$e contrivances may ea$ily either correct
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302 or $upply, and con$equently $urpa$s many of
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303 tho$e we have made u$e of. And, particu-
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304 larly, if Men by skill and patience can ar-
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305 rive both to evacuate $uch Receivers as
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306 ours, till there be no more Air left in them,
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307 then there $eems to have remain'd in the
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308 Gla$$es made u$e of about the Magdebur-
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309 gick Experiment (hereafter to be mention-
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310 ed) and to keep out the Air for a competent
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311 while, the U$efulne$s and Di$coveries of our
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312 Engine, will not be a little advanc'd. And
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313 perhaps that may belong to it, which I re-</I>
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314 <pb>
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315 <I>member</I> Seneca <I>$peaks of Nature,</I> Initia-
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316 tos (<I>$ays be</I>) nos credimus, in Ve$tibulo
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317 ejus h&aelig;remus: <I>For being now in a place
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318 where we are not quite de$titute of moderate-
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319 ly skilful Artificers, we have, $ince the
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320 Conclu$ion of the following Letter, made
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321 $ome Additions to our Engine, by who$e help
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322 we finde (upon $ome new tryals) that we
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323 may be able, without much of new trouble,
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324 to keep the ambient Air out of the exhau-
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325 $ted Receiver for a whole day; and perhaps
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326 we $hould be able to keep it out much longer,
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327 if before we $hall have di$patch'd $ome ur-
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328 gent Affairs, and publi$h'd $ome Papers for
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329 which a kinde of Promi$e is thought to make
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330 us Debtors to the Pre$s, we could be at lei-
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331 $ure to pro$ecute $uch Experiments, as may
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332 po$sibly afford a Supplement to the follow-
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333 ing Treati$e, from which I $hall now no lon-
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334 ger detain the Reader.</I>
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335 <p><I>I know</I>
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336 <pb>
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337 <FIG>
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338 <p>Friendly Reader,
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339 <p><I>I Know all Per$ons
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340 that have a publick
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341 Spirit for the Ad-
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342 vancement of Lear-
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343 ning, will think much that this
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344 piece came not out in a Lan-
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345 guage of more general U$e,
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346 then this you $ee it now attir'd
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347 in; e$pecially $ince the Excel-
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348 lent Noble Per$on, who is the
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349 Author, is known to be well a-
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350 ble him$elf (being almo$t uni-
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351 ver$ally a Lingui$t) to have gi-
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352 ven it either the Old Latin, or</I>
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353 <pb>
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354 <I>the newer French Dre$s.</I>
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355 <p><I>But if it be an Honor to a
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356 Language to be preferr'd, and
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357 this Honor breeds $ometimes an
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358 Emulation, as anciently it did
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359 between the</I> Greeks <I>and</I> Ro-
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360 mans, <I>it cannot be thought
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361 unhand$ome for an Engli$h
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362 Nobleman to have preferr'd
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363 his own: And it may be a $uf-
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364 ficient Rea$on for the Gentry
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365 of Forein Parts to learn our
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366 Speech, or keep Interpreters,
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367 that they are $ure to have for
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368 their requital, from many of
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369 our Engli$h Writers (as here
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370 from this piece) much curiou$ly
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371 ingenious, and profitable Lear-
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372 ning.</I>
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373 <pb>
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374 <p><I>But as to this particular (give
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375 me leave to u$e Words from a
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376 Story)</I> Since the Mountain
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377 cannot come to <I>Mahomet,
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378 Mahomet</I> will go to the
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379 Mountain<I>: I mean thus;
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380 Becau$e many witty Men, Per-
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381 $ons of Honor and E$tate e$pe-
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382 cially, may be $uppo$'d to be a-
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383 ble to make a better account, by
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384 employing their Studies and
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385 Time on Matter then Words,
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386 and $o are ju$tly impeded from
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387 learning Languages; And be-
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388 cau$e (as I may judge) the no-
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389 ble Author is willing to oblige all
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390 Men, He has already provi-
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391 ded, that this piece $hall $hort-
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392 ly be done into Latine, that $o</I>
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393 <pb>
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394 <I>it may come home to divers wor-
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395 thy Per$ons in its Stream, who
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396 cannot travel to finde it out in
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397 its fir$t Origine.</I>
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398 <p><I>Having therefore leave $o
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399 to do, I cannot forbear to give
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400 the World the Adverti$ement
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401 of this Latine Edition, le$t
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402 $ome skilful Arti$t $hould take
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403 needle$s pains about a Work,
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404 which will, ere long (by Gods
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405 furtherance) be done to his
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406 Hands; For $uch unprofitable
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407 expences of Study have too fre-
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408 quently happened, and too much
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409 to the di$advantage of Learn-
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410 ing, for want of a $ufficient
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411 Corre$pondence and Intercour$e
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412 between $uch as are exerci$ed</I>
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413 <pb>
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414 <I>in the Mines of Wi$dome.</I>
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415 <p><I>This is all the trouble I $hall
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416 at pre$ent give you: Nor $hall I
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417 need minde thee, if you have a
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418 true gu$t for the Book you read,
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419 to have an honor and thankful
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420 regard to the Per$on that has
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421 favor'd us with the Communi-
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422 cation of the$e his Tryals, &amp; is
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423 manife$tly $o great a Patron
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424 and Friend to Experimental
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425 Learning, and all true Wi$dom;
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426 for $hould you fail in this, you
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427 might de$ervedly be depriv'd of
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428 $ome other Ob$ervations on the
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429 $ame $ubject, which the Au-
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430 thor, I heare, has made $ince the
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431 fini$hing of this Treati$e.</I>
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432 <p><I>I de$ire to be excu$ed that I</I>
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433 <pb>
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434 <I>not make Excu$es for the $low-
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435 ne$s of the Publication, hoping
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436 that the long expectation you
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437 have had of it, will enhance, and
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438 not dimini$h your delight in the
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439 enjoyment of a piece like to be,
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440 among$t the $tudents in accurate
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441 Philo$ophy, of $o generall accep-
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442 tance. Farewel.</I>
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443 <p>R: Sh.
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444 <FIG>
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445 <pb>
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446 <FIG>
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447 <C>A Summary of the chief Matters treated
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448 of in this Epi$tolical Di$cour$e.</C>
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449 <p><I>THe</I> Pro&aelig;mium, <I>wherein is $et down the
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450 occa$ion of this Di$cour$e,</I> 1. <I>The mo-
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451 tives that induc'd the Author thereunto,</I> 2 &amp;c.
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452 <I>The hints he received,</I> 5. <I>The things where-
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453 in this Engine excels any that have yet been
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454 made u$e of,</I> 6 &amp;c. <I>The de$cription of the
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455 Engine and its parts,</I> 8 &amp;c. <I>The way of pre-
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456 paring and u$ing it,</I> 15 &amp;c. <I>The divi$ion of
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457 the Experiments tryable thereby into two
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458 $orts, and the difficulty of excluding the
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459 Air.</I> 18 &amp;c.
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460 <p><I>The fir$t Experiment, touching the man-
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461 ner of pumping out the Air, and by what de-
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462 grees the Receiver is emptyed,</I> 20, &amp;c. <I>A di-
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463 gre$sion touching the Spring or Ela$tical
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464 power of the Air, with an attempt for a Me-
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465 chanical Explication thereof, nece$$ary to be
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466 premi$'d for the explanation of the</I> Ph&aelig;no-
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467 mena, <I>exhibited in this and the $ub$equent
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468 Experiments.</I> 22 &amp;c.
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469 <p><I>The $econd Experiment, touching the pre$-
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470 $ure of the Air again$t the $ides of the Bodies
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471 it invirons,</I> 37 &amp;c. <I>with a digre$sive Ex-
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472 plication of the pre$$ure of the Air included
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473 within an ambient Body.</I> 39 &amp;c.
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474 <pb>
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475 <p><I>The third Experiment, touching the
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476 force requi$ite to draw down the Sucker,</I> 42
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477 &amp;c. <I>The Opinion of an eminent Modern
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478 Naturali$t examin'd.</I> 44 &amp;c.
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479 <p><I>The fourth Experiment, touching the
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480 $welling of a Bladder; with the degrees by
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481 which it increa$es,</I> 45 &amp;c. <I>Another Opini-
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482 on of a Learned Author examin'd.</I> 48 &amp;c.
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483 <p><I>The fifth Experiment, touching the break-
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484 ing of a Bladder in the Receiver,</I> 49 &amp;c.
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485 <I>And of another by heat.</I> 52
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486 <p><I>The $ixth Experiment, of divers ways by
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487 which the ela$tical expan$ion of the Air
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488 was mea$ur'd.</I> 52 &amp;c
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489 <p><I>The $eventh Experiment, touching what
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490 Figure does be$t re$i$t the pre$$ure of the Air.</I> 62 &amp;c.
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491 <p><I>The eighth Experiment, tending to a fur-
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492 ther Demon$tration of the former, from the
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493 breaking of gla$s a Helmet inward.</I> 64 &amp;c.
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494 <p><I>The ninth Experiment, contains a fur-
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495 ther confirmation from the breaking of a
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496 Gla$s outward,</I> 66 &amp;c. <I>with an Experiment to
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497 prove, that the$e</I> Ph&aelig;nomena <I>proceed not
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498 from an invincible</I> Fuga vacui 69. <I>A de-
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499 $cription of other $mall Receivers, and their
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500 Conveniencies,</I> 70 &amp;c. <I>A Receipt for the
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501 making of a Compo$ition to Cement crackt
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502 Gla$$es.</I> 73
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503 <pb>
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504 <p><I>The tenth Experiment, touching the fla-
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505 ming of Candles inclo$ed in the Receiver.</I> 74 &amp;c.
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506 <p><I>The eleventh Expertment, touching the
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507 burning of Coals,</I> 78. <I>And the la$ting of
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508 the excande$cence of an included piece of I-
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509 ron.</I> 80.
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510 <p><I>The twelfth Experiment concerning the
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511 burning of Match.</I> 82
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512 <p><I>The thirteenth Experiment, concerning
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513 the further pro$ecution of the preceding,
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514 tending to prove the extinction of the Fire
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515 in the former Experiments, not to have
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516 proceeded from the pre$$ure of the Fire by the
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517 Fumes,</I> 84. <I>Some remarkable Circum$tan-
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518 ces of it,</I> 86. <I>The Experiment of Match
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519 try'd in a $mall Receiver.</I> 87
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520 <p><I>The fourteenth Experiment, touching the
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521 $triking Fire, and kindling of Powder with
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522 the Lock of a Pi$tol in the evacuated Recei-
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523 ver.</I> 88 &amp;c.
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524 <p><I>The fifteenth Experiment, touching the
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525 un$ucce$sfulne$s of kindling included Bo-
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526 dies with a burning Gla$s, and the Au-
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527 thors intention to pro$ecute it further.</I> 102
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528 <p><I>The $ixteenth Experiment, concerning the
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529 operation of the Load$tone.</I> 105, &amp;c.
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530 <pb>
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531 <p><I>The $eventeenth Experiment, touching the
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532 gradual de$cent of the Quick-$ilver in the
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533 Torricellian Experiment,</I> 106 &amp;c. <I>Some
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534 ob$ervable Circum$tances concerning it,</I>
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535 112 &amp;c. <I>The $ame Experiment try'd in
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536 one of the $mall Receivers,</I> 115. <I>How
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537 this Experiment may be made u$e of to know
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538 the $trength of the pre$$ure of the Air for
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539 every degree of Rarefaction,</I> 116 &amp;c. <I>The
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540 tryal of the $ame Experiment in a Tube not
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541 two foot long,</I> 118. <I>The rai$ing of the Mer-
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542 curial Cylinder, by the forcing of more Air
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543 into the Receiver,</I> 119. <I>Some Allegations
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544 for and again$t a</I> Vacuum <I>con$ider'd,</I> 120
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545 &amp;c. <I>Some Adverti$ements concerning the
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546 inconveniencies that may ari$e from the di-
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547 ver$ity of mea$ures made u$e of for the defi-
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548 ning the Altitute of the Mercurial Cylinder;
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549 and from the neglect of little parcels of Air
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550 apt to remain between the Mercury and the
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551 concave $urface of the Tube,</I> 123 &amp;c. <I>Some
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552 Expedients for the more exact filling the
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553 Tube,</I> 127. <I>The height the Author once found
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554 of the Mercurial Cylinder, according to En-
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555 gli$h mea$ure.</I> 128.
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556 <p><I>The eighteenth Experiment, containing
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557 a new Ob$ervation touching the variation
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558 of the height of the Mercurial Cylinder in
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559 the $ame Tube, with an o$$er at the rea$on</I>
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560 <pb>
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561 <I>thereof.</I> 129 &amp;c.
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562 <p><I>The</I> 19<SUP>th</SUP> <I>Experiment, touching the $ub-
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563 $iding of a Cylinder of Water,</I> 140 &amp;c. <I>The
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564 $ame try'd in a $mall Receiver.</I> 143
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565 <p><I>The</I> 20<SUP>th</SUP> <I>Experiment, touching the</I> Ela-
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566 ter <I>of Water, with a digre$sive Experiment
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567 to the $ame purpo$e</I> 144 &amp;c.
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568 <p><I>The</I> 21 <I>Experiment, being a pro$ecution
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569 of the former Enquiry, by Experimenting
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570 the Generation of Bubbles under Water, a
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571 recital of $ome notable Circum$tances, with
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572 $ome ob$ervable Corollary's deduc'd there-
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573 from.</I> 147 &amp;c.
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574 <p><I>The</I> 22<SUP>d</SUP> <I>Experiment, tending to a deter-
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575 mination of the Enquiry propo$'d in the for-
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576 mer Experiment, by proving the matter of
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577 the$e Bubbles from their permanency to be
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578 Air: The Experiments try'd in the great
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579 and $mall Receivers, evincing the $ame
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580 thing,</I> 155 &amp;c. <I>An Experiment wherein
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581 there appear'd Bubbles in Quick-$ilver,</I>
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582 160. <I>The Authors Inference,</I> 162. <I>A di-
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583 gre$sive Enquiry, whether or no Air may be
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584 generated anew; with $everal Hi$tories and
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585 Experiments, tending to the re$olving and
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586 clearing thereof.</I> 162 &amp;c <I>The Authors ex-
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587 cu$e for $o long a Digre$sion.</I> 181
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588 <p><I>The</I> 23<SUP>d</SUP> <I>Experiment, containing a fur-
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589 ther Enquiry touching Bubbles mad with</I>
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590 <pb>
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591 <I>common and di$till'd Water.</I> 182
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592 <p><I>The</I> 24<SUP>th</SUP> <I>Experiment, wherein the inqui-
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593 ry is pro$ecuted with other Liquors, as with
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594 Sallet Oyl, Oyl of Turpentine, a Solution of
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595 Tartar, Spirit of Vinegar, Red-wine, Milk,
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596 Hen's Eggs, Spirit of Urine, Spirit of
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597 Wine and Water, Spirit of Wine.</I> 187 &amp;c.
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598 <I>The wonderful expan$ion of the Spirit of
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599 Wine.</I> 194
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600 <p><I>The</I> 25<SUP>th</SUP> <I>Experiment, touching the ex-
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601 pan$ion and gravity of the Air under wa-
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602 ter.</I> 195 &amp;c.
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603 <p><I>The</I> 26<SUP>th</SUP> <I>Experiment, touching the Vi-
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604 brations of a</I> Pendulum. 202 &amp;c.
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605 <p><I>The</I> 27<SUP>th</SUP> <I>Experiment, touching the pro-
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606 pagation of $ound: And the Authors inten-
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607 tion of trying $ome other Experiments, for
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608 the further elucidation thereof.</I> 210 &amp;c.
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609 <p><I>The</I> 28 <I>Experiment, touching the $udden
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610 cruption of Bubbles from the water, when
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611 the airs pre$$ure was $peedily remov'd.</I> 214
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612 <p><I>The</I> 29 <I>Experiment, touching the cau$e
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613 of the a$cent of Fumes and Vapors, wherein
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614 'tis prov'd (from the $everal motions, which
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615 the Fumes of a $trange $moaking Liquor, of
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616 the Authors, were ob$erv'd to have in the Re-
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617 ceiver, upon the ex$uction of the Air) that
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618 the rea$on of their a$cent proceeds from the
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619 gravity of the ambient air, and not from any
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620 po$itive levity of their own.</I> 217 &amp;c.
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621 <pb>
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622 <p><I>The</I> 30 <I>Experiment, concerning the na-
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623 ture of a fluid Body, illu$trated by the exam-
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624 ple of $moak which in $everal circum$tances
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625 $eems very much to re$emble the property of a
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626 fluid Body,</I> 224 &amp;c. <I>A conjecture of the
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627 cau$e of the Suns undulation.</I> 228
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628 <p><I>The</I> 31 <I>Experiment, concerning the</I> Ph&aelig;-
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629 nomena <I>of two flat Marbles exactly plain'd
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630 and wrought together, and the true rea$on
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631 thereof,</I> 229. <I>The Authors intention for the
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632 further pro$ecution thereof, &amp; what hindred
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633 him; the rea$on why the under Marble did
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634 not fal from the upper (being onely conjoynd
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635 with Spirit of Wine) when the Receiver was
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636 evacuated. And a notable relation concern-
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637 ing the cohe$ion of flat Bodies.</I> 231 &amp;c.
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638 <p><I>The</I> 32 <I>Experiment, touching the forcible
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639 pre$$ure of the Air again$t the outward $u-
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640 perficies of a Valve, fa$ten'd upon the $top-
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641 cock of the Receiver. The Diameter of it,
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642 and the weight it $u$tain'd.</I> 233 &amp;c.
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643 <p><I>The</I> 33 <I>experiment, touching the great pre$-
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644 $ure of the Air again$t the under $uperficies
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645 of the Sucker,</I> 236 &amp;c. <I>what weight was re-
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646 qui$ite to depre$s it, &amp; what weight it would
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647 lift and carry up with it,</I> 239 &amp;c. <I>what im-
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648 provement &amp; u$e there may be made of this
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649 experiment,</I> 242. <I>A Di$cour$e touching the
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650 nature of Suction, proving that</I> fuga vacui
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651 <I>is not the adequate cau$e thereof.</I> 243 &amp;c.
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652 <pb>
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653 <p><I>The</I> 34<SUP>th</SUP> <I>Experiment, containing $everal
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654 attempts for the weighing of light Bodies in
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655 the exhau$ted Receiver.</I> 258 &amp;c.
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656 <p><I>The</I> 35<SUP>th</SUP> <I>Experiment, touching the cau$e
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657 of Filtration, and the ri$ing of Water in</I>
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658 Siphons, 262 &amp;c. <I>A relation of a new
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659 kinde of</I> Siphon, <I>of the Authors, upon
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660 the occa$ion of trying the Experiment
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661 lately ob$erv'd by $ome French-men, and fur-
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662 ther improv'd by him$elf; and $ome conje-
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663 ctures touching the cau$e of the exhibited</I>
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664 Ph&aelig;nomena. 267 &amp;c.
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665 <p><I>The</I> 36<SUP>th</SUP> <I>Experiment, touching the weigh-
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666 ing of a parcel of Air in the exhau$ted Ve$-
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667 $el; and $ome other Ob$ervations for the ex-
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668 plication thereof,</I> 272 &amp;c. <I>An accidental
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669 Experiment, tending to the further confir-
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670 mation of the Authors Reflections upon the
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671 fir$t Experiment; with a digre$sive Ob$er-
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672 vation, noting the $ubtil penetrancy of $ome
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673 Spirits, to exceed by far that of the Air,</I> 275
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674 &amp;c. <I>And $ome other Experiments to $hew the
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675 difficulty of the ingre$s of the Air into the
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676 pores or holes of $ome bodies into which Wa-
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677 ter will readily in$inuate it $elf,</I> 279 &amp;c. <I>with
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678 a conjecture at the cau$e thereof,</I> 282. <I>The
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679 Author returns to the pro$ecution if the in-
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680 quiry after the gravity of the Air: But fir$t,
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681 (upon the occa$ion of the tenacity of a thin</I>
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682 <pb>
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683 <I>Bubble of Gla$s) $ets down his thoughts con-
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684 cerning the $trange exuperancy of $trength
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685 in Air, agitated by heat, above what the
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686 $ame has unagitated,</I> 283 &amp;c. <I>And then pro-
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687 ceeds to the examination of the weight of the
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688 Air by an</I> &AElig;olipile, <I>and compares the re$ult
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689 thereof, with that of</I> Mer$ennus, 286. <I>The
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690 Opinions and Experiments of divers Au-
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691 thors, and $ome of his own, touching the
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692 proportion of weight betwixt Water and Air,
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693 are compar'd and examin'd by the Author,</I>
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694 288. <I>The re$ult thereof,</I> 290. Mer$ennus
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695 <I>his ob$ervation reconcil'd, with that of the
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696 Author; and the proportion between the gra-
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697 vity of Water and Air about</I> London, 291
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698 &amp;c. <I>After the recital of the Opinions of $e-
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699 veral Writers, touching the proportion of
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700 gravity between Water and Quick-$ilver,
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701 the Author $ets down his own tryals, made
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702 $everal ways, together with his conclu$ion
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703 therefrom,</I> 293 &amp;c. <I>The u$e he makes of this
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704 inquiry for the ghe$sing at the height of the
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705 Atmo$phere,</I> 297. <I>What other Experiments
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706 are requi$ite to the determination thereof.</I>
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707 299 &amp;c.
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708 <p><I>The</I> 37<SUP>th</SUP> E<I>xperiment, touching the $trange
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709 and odde</I> Ph&aelig;nomenon, <I>of the $udden fla$h-
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710 es of light in the cavity of the Receiver; the
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711 $everal circum$tances and difficulties of it,</I>
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712 <pb>
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713 <I>with $ome attempts towards the rendering at rea$on
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714 thereof,</I> 301, &amp;c. <I>The Difficulty of $o doing fnr-
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715 ther $hewn from the con$ideration of the various
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716 changes of Air which doe not immediatly fall un-
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717 der our $en$es,</I> 315. <I>this la$t propo$ition prou'd
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718 by $everall ob$ervations.</I> 316.
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719 <p><I>The</I> 38. <I>Experiment, touching the freezing of
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720 water,</I> 319. &amp;c. <I>Aproblem, (concerning the great
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721 force wherewith a freezing Liquor extends its $<*>lfe,)
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722 propo$'d upon the Con$ideration of divers admirable
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723 effects wrought thereby.</I> 320 &amp;c.
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724 <p><I>The</I> 39. <I>Experiment, containing an inqui$ition
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725 after the temperature of the $ub$tance that remain'd
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726 in the cavity of the Receiver, after the Air was well
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727 exhau$ted. The relation of a</I> Ph&aelig;nomenon, <I>$eeming
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728 to proceed from the $welling of the Gla$s. With an
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729 adverti$ement concerning the pliablene$s of Gla$s in
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730 $mall peices.</I> 322. &amp;c.
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731 <p><I>The</I> 40. <I>Experiment, touching the difficulty that
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732 occur'd in making tryall whether rarified Air
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733 were able to $u$taine flying in$ects.</I> 326. &amp;c
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734 <p><I>The</I> 41. <I>Experiment, Exhibiting $everall try-
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735 alls touching the re$piration of divers $orts of ani-
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736 malls included in the Receiver,</I> 328, &amp;c. <I>With a
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737 digre$$ion containing $ome doubts touching re$pira-
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738 tion wherein are delivered $everall Experiments re-
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739 lating thereunto.</I> 335 &amp;c.
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740 <p><I>The</I> 42. <I>Experiment, touching the differing o-
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741 peration of corro$ive Liquors in the emptied Receiver
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742 and in the open Air.</I> 384
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743 <p><I>The</I> 43. <I>Experiment, touching the $pontaneous E-
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744 bullition of warm Liquors in the exhau$ted Receiver.</I> 388
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745 <p><I>The Conclu$ion.</I> 394
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746 <pb>
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747 <FIG>
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748 <pb>
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749 <FIG>
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750 <pb>
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751 <FIG>
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752 <pb>
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753 <FIG>
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754 <pb n=1>
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755 <FIG>
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756 <C>TO THE
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757 LORD
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758 OF
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759 <I>DUNGARVAN,</I>
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760 My Honoured and Dear
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761 NEPHEW.</C>
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762 <p><I>My Dear Lord,</I>
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763 <p>REceiving in your la$t from
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764 <I>Paris,</I> a de$ire that I would
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765 adde $ome more Experi-
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766 ments to tho$e I formerly
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767 $ent You over: I could not
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768 be $o much your Servant as I am, without
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769 looking upon that De$ire as a Com-
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770 mand; and con$equently, without think-
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771 ing my $elf obliged to con$ider by what
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772 $ort of Experiments it might the mo$t ac-
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773 ceptably be obey'd. And at the $ame
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774 <pb n=2>
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775 time, perceiving by Letters from $ome
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776 other Ingenious Per$ons at <I>Paris,</I> that $e-
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777 veral of the <I>Virtuo$i</I> there, were very
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778 intent upon the examination of the Inte-
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779 re$t of the Ayr, in hindring the de$cent
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780 of the Quick-$ilver, in the famous Expe-
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781 riment touching a <I>Vacuum:</I> I thought I
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782 could not comply with your De$ires in a
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783 more fit and $ea$onable manner, then by
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784 pro$ecuting and endeavoring to promote
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785 that noble Experiment of <I>Torricell<*>s:</I>
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786 and by pre$enting your Lord$hip an ac-
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787 count of my attempts to illu$trate a $ub-
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788 ject, about which, it's being $o much di$-
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789 cour$'d of where you are, together with
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790 your inbred Curio$ity, and love of Ex-
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791 perimental Learning, made me $uppo$e
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792 you $ufficiently inqui$itive.
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793 <p>And though I pretend not to acquaint
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794 you, on this occa$ion, with any $tore of
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795 new Di$coveries yet po$$ibly I $hall be $o
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796 happy, as to a$$i$t you to <I>know</I> $omethings
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797 which you did formerly but <I>$uppo$e;</I> and
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798 $hall pre$ent you, if not with new Theo-
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799 ries, at lea$t with new <I>Proofs</I> of $uch as
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800 are not yet become unque$tionable. And
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801 if what I $hall deliver, have the good for-
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802 tune to encourage and a$$i$t you to pro$e-
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803 cute the Hints it will afford, I $hall ac-
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804 <pb n=3>
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805 count my $elf, in paying of a duty to
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806 you, to have done a piece of Service to
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807 the Commonwealth of Learning. Since
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808 it may highly conduce to the advance-
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809 ment of that Experimental Philo$ophy,
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810 the effectual pur$uit of which, requires
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811 as well a Pur$e as a <*>in, to endeere it
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812 to <I>hopeful</I> Per$ons of your Quality: who
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813 may accompli$h many things which o-
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814 thers can but <I>wi$h</I> or, at mo$t, but <I>de$ign,</I>
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815 by being able to imploy the Pre$ents of
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816 Fortune in the $earch of the My$teries of
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817 Nature.
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818 <p>And I am not faintly induc'd to make
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819 choice of this Subject, rather then any
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820 of the expected Chymical ones, to enter-
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821 tain your Lord$hip upon, by the$e two
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822 Con$iderations: The one, That the Ayr
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823 being $o nece$$ary to humane Life, that
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824 not onely the generality of Men, but
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825 mo$t other Creatures that breath, can-
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826 not live many <I>minutes</I> without it; any
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827 con$iderable di$covery of its Nature,
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828 $eems likely to prove of moment to
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829 Man-kinde. And the other is, That the
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830 Ambient Ayr, being that whereto both
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831 our own Bodies, and mo$t of the others
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832 we deal with here below, are almo$t per-
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833 petually contiguous; not onely its alte-
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834 <pb n=4>
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835 rations have a notable and manife$t $hare
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836 in tho$e obvious effects, that men have
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837 already been invited to a$cribe thereunto
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838 $uch as are the various di$tempers inci-
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839 dent to humane Bodies, e$pecially if cra-
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840 zy, in the Spring, the Autumn, and al$o
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841 on mo$t of the great and $udden changes
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842 of Weather) but likewi$e, that the fur-
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843 ther di$covery of the nature of the Ayr,
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844 will probably di$cover to us, that it con-
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845 curs more or le$s to the exhibiting of ma-
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846 ny <I>Ph&aelig;nomena,</I> in which it hath hither-
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847 to $carce been $u$pected to have any inte-
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848 re$t. So that a True Account of any
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849 Experiment that is New concerning a
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850 thing, wherewith we have $uch con$tant
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851 and nece$$ary intercour$e, may not one-
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852 ly prove of $ome advantage to humane
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853 Life, but gratifie Philo$ophers, by pro-
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854 moting their Speculations on a Subject
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855 which hath $o much opportunity to $olli-
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856 cite their Curio$ity.
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857 <p>And I $hould immediately proceed to
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858 the mention of my Experiments, but that
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859 I like too well that worthy $aying of the
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860 Naturali$t <I>Pliny, Benignum e$t</I>
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861 <MARG><I>In <*>.
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862 lib.</I> 1.</MARG>
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863 <I>&amp; plenum ingenui pudor is, fateri
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864 per quos profeceris,</I> not to con-
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865 form to it, by acquainting your Lord-
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866 <pb n=5>
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867 $hip, in the fir$t place, with the Hint I
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868 had of the Engine I am to entertain you
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869 of. You may be plea$'d to remember,
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870 that a while before our $eparation in <I>Eng-
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871 land,</I> I told you of a Book that I had
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872 heard of, but not peru$'d, publi$h'd by
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873 the indu$trious Je$uit <I>Schottus,</I> wherein
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874 'twas $aid, He related how that ingenious
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875 Gentleman <I>Otto Gericke,</I> Con$ul of <I>Mag-
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876 deburg,</I> had lately practiced in <I>Germany</I> a
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877 way of emptying Gla$s Ve$$els, by $uck-
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878 ing out the Ayr at the mouth of the Ve$-
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879 $el, plung'd under water: And you may
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880 al$o perhaps remember, that I expre$$'d
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881 my $elf much delighted with this Expe-
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882 riment, $ince thereby the great force of
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883 the external Air (either ru$hing in at the
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884 open'd Orifice of the empty'd Ve$$el, or
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885 violently forcing up the Water into it)
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886 was rendred more obvious and con$picu-
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887 ous, than in any Experiment that I had
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888 formerly $een. And though it may appear
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889 by $ome of tho$e Writings I $ometimes
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890 fhew'd your Lord$hip, that I had been $ol-
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891 licitous to try things upon the $ame
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892 ground; yet in regard this Gentleman
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893 was before-hand with me in producing
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894 $uch con$iderable effects, by means of the
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895 ex$uction of Air, I think my $elf oblig'd
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896 <pb n=6>
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897 to acknowledge the A$$i$tance, and En-
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898 couragement the Report of his perfor-
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899 mances hath afforded me.
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900 <p>But as few inventions happen to be at
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901 fir$t $o compleat, as not to be either ble-
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902 mi$hd with $ome deficiencies needful to be
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903 remedy'd, or otherwi$e capable of im-
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904 provement: $o when the Engine we
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905 have been $peaking of, comes to be more
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906 attentively con$ider'd, there will appear
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907 two very con$iderable things to be de-
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908 $ir'd in it. For fir$t, the <I>Wind-Pump</I> (as
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909 $ome body not improperly calls it) is $o
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910 contriv'd, that to evacuate the Ve$$el
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911 there is requir'd the continual labor of
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912 two $trong men for divers hours. And
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913 next (which is an imperfection of much
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914 greater moment) the Receiver, or Gla$s
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915 to be empty'd, con$i$ting of one entire
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916 and uninterrupted Globe and Neck of
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917 Gla$s; the whole Engine is $o made, that
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918 things cannot be convey'd into it, where-
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919 on to try Experiments: So that there
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920 $eems but little (if any thing) more to be
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921 expected from it, then tho$e very few
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922 <I>Ph&aelig;nomena</I> that have been already ob-
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923 $erv'd by the Author, and Recorded by
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924 <I>Schottus.</I> Wherefore to remedy the$e
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925 Inconveniences, I put both Mr. <I>G.</I>
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926 <pb n=7>
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927 and <I>R. Hook</I> (who hath al$o the Honor to
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928 be known to your Lord$hip, and was with
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929 me when I had the$e things under con$i-
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930 deration) to contrive $ome Air Pump,
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931 that might not, like the other, need to
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932 be kept under water (which on divers oc-
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933 ca$ions is inconvenient) &amp; might be more
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934 ea$ily manag'd: And after an un$ucce$sful
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935 try all or two of ways propo$'d by o-
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936 thers, the la$t nam'd Per$on fitted me
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937 with a Pump, anon to be de$crib'd. And
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938 thus the fir$t Imperfection of the <I>German</I>
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939 Engine, was in good mea$ure, though
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940 not perfectly, remedy'd: And to $upply
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941 the $econd de$ect, it was con$idered that
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942 it would not perhaps prove impo$$ible to
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943 leave in the Gla$s to be empty'd, a hole
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944 large enough to put in a Mans Arm
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945 cloath'd; and con$equently other Bodies,
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946 not bigger then it, or longer then the in-
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947 $ide of the Ve$$el. And this De$ign
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948 $eem'd the more hopefull, becau$e I re-
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949 membred, that having $everal years be-
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950 fore often made the Experiment <I>De Va-
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951 cuo</I> with my own hands; I had, to exa-
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952 mine $ome conjectures that occurr'd to
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953 me about it, cau$ed Gla$$es to be made
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954 with a hole at that end, which u$es to be
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955 $eal'd up, and had neverthele$s been able
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956 <pb n=8>
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957 as occa$ion requir'd, to make u$e of $uch
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958 Tubes, as if no $uch holes had been left
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959 in them; by devi$ing $topples for them,
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960 made of the common Plai$ter call'd <I>Dia-
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961 chylon:</I> which I rightly enough ghe$$'d,
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962 would, by rea$on of the exqui$ite com-
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963 mixtion of its $mall parts, and clo$ene$s
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964 of its texture, deny all acce$s to the ex-
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965 ternal Air. Wherefore, $uppo$ing that
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966 by the help of $uch Plai$ters, carefully
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967 laid upon the commi$$ures of the $topple
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968 and hole to be made in the Receiver, the
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969 external Air might be hindred from in$i-
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970 nuating it $elf between them into the Ve$-
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971 $el, we cau$'d $everal $uch Gla$$es, as
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972 you will finde de$crib'd a little lower, to
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973 be blown at the Gla$s-hou$e; and though
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974 we could not get the Work-men to blow
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975 any of them $o large, or of $o conveni-
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976 ent a $hape as we would fain have had; yet
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977 finding one to be tolerably fit, and le$s
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978 unfit then any of the re$t, we were con-
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979 tent to make u$e of it in that En-
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980 gine: Of which, I $uppo$e, you by this
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981 time expect the De$cription, in order to
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982 the Recital of the <I>Ph&aelig;nomena</I> exhibited
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983 by it.
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984 <p>To give your Lord$hip then, in the
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985 fir$t place, $ome account of the Engine it
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986 <pb n=9>
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987 $elf: It con$i$ts of two principal parts; a
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988 gla$s Ve$$el, and a Pump to draw the Air
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989 out of it.
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990 <p>The former of the$e (which we, with
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991 the Gla$s men, $hall often call a Receiver,
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992 for its affinity to the large Ve$$els of that
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993 name, u$ed by Chymi$ts) con$i$ts of a
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994 Gla$s with a wide hole at the top, of a
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995 cover to that hole, and of a $top-cock
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996 fa$tned to the end of the neck, at the
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997 bottom.
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998 <p>The $hape of the Gla$s, you will find
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999 expre$$'d in the fir$t Figure of the annex-
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1000 ed Scheme. And for the $ize of it, it
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1001 contain'd about 30 Wine Quarts, each of
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1002 them containing near two pound (of 16
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1003 Ounces to the pound) of water: We
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1004 $hould have been better plea$'d with a
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1005 more capacious Ve$$el, but the Gla$s-men
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1006 profe$$ed them$elves unable to blow a
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1007 larger, of $uch a thickne$s and $hape as
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1008 was requi$ite to our purpo$e.
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1009 <p>At the very top of the Ve$$el, (A) you
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1010 may ob$erve a round hole, who$e Dia-
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1011 meter (B C) is of about four inches; and
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1012 whereof, the Orifice is incircled with a
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1013 lip of Gla$s, almo$t an inch high: For
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1014 the making of which lip, it was requi$ite
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1015 (to mention that upon the by, in ca$e
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1016 <pb n=10>
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1017 your Lord$hip $hould have $uch another
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1018 Engine made for you) to have a hollow
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1019 and tapering Pipe of Gla$s drawn out,
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1020 whereof the Orifice above mentioned
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1021 was the Ba$is, and then to have the cone
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1022 cut off with a hot Iron, within about an
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1023 Inch of the Points (B C.)
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1024 <p>The u$e of the lip, is to $u$tain the
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1025 cover delineated in the $econd Figure;
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1026 where (D E) points out a bra$s Ring, $o
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1027 ca$t, as that it doth within and without
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1028 cover the lip (B C) of the fir$t Figure,
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1029 and is cemented on upon it with a $trong
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1030 and clo$e Cement. To the inward taper-
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1031 ing Orifice of this Ring (which is about
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1032 three Inches over) are exqui$itely ground
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1033 the $ides of the Bra$s $topple (F G;) $o
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1034 that the concave $uperficies of the one,
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1035 and the convex of the other, may touch
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1036 one another in $o many places, as may
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1037 leave as little acce$s, as po$$ible, to the ex-
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1038 ternal Air: And in the mid$t of this cover
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1039 is left a hole (H I) of about half an inch
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1040 over, invironed al$o with a ring or $ocket
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1041 of the $ame mettal, and fitted likewi$e
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1042 with a bra$s $topple (K) made in the form
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1043 of the Key of a $top-cock, and exactly
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1044 ground into the hole (H I) it is to fill; $o
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1045 as that though it be turn'd round in the
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1046 <pb n=11>
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1047 cavity it po$$e$$es, it will not let in the
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1048 Air, and yet may be put in or taken out
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1049 at plea$ure, for u$es to be hereafter men-
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1050 tioned. In order to $ome of which, it is
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1051 perforated with a little hole, (8) traver$ing
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1052 the whole thickne$s of it at the lower
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1053 end; through which, and a little bra$s
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1054 Ring (L) fa$tned to one $ide, (no matter
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1055 which) of the bottom of the $topple
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1056 (FG) a $tring (8, 9, 10) might pa$s, to
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1057 be imploy'd to move $ome things in the
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1058 capacity of the empty'd Ve$$el; without
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1059 any where un$topping it.
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1060 <p>The la$t thing belonging to our Recei-
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1061 ver, is the $top-cock de$igned in the fir$t
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1062 Figure by (N.) for the better fa$tening
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1063 of which to the neck, and exacter exclu$i-
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1064 on of the Air, there was $oder'd on to
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1065 the $hank of the Cock (X) a Plate of
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1066 Tin, (MTUW) long enough to cover
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1067 the neck of the Receiver. But becau$e
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1068 the cementing of this was a matter of
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1069 $ome difficulty, it will not be ami$s to
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1070 mention here the manner of it, which
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1071 was, That the cavity of the tin Plate was
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1072 fill'd with a melted Cement, made of
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1073 Pitch, Ro$in, and Wood-a$hes, well in-
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1074 corporated; and to hinder this liquid
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1075 Mixture from getting into the Orifice (Z)
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1076 <pb n=12>
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1077 of the $hank, (X) that hole was $topt
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1078 with a Cork, to which was fa$tned a $tring,
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1079 whereby it might be pull'd out of the up-
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1080 per Orifice of the Receiver; and then,
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1081 the gla$s neck of the Receiver being well
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1082 warm'd, was thru$t into this Cement, and
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1083 over the $hank whereby it was effected,
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1084 that all the $pace betwixt the tin Plate and
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parents:
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1085 the Receiver, and betwixt the internal
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parents:
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1086 $uperficies of the Receiver, and the
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parents:
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1087 $hanck of the Cock, was filld with the
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parents:
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1088 Cement; and $o we have di$pach'd the
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1089 fir$t and upper part of the Engine.
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parents:
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1090 <p>The undermo$t remaining part con$i$ts
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1091 of a Frame, and of a $ucking Pump, or
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parents:
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1092 as we formerly call'd it, an Air Pump, $up-
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1093 ported by it: The Frame is of Wood,
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1094 $mall, but very $trong, con$i$ting of three
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1095 legs, (111) $o plac'd, that one $ide of
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1096 it may $tand perpendicular, that the free
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1097 motion of the hand may not be hindered.
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1098 In the mid$t of which frame, is tran$ver$ly
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1099 nail'd a board, (222) which may not im-
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1100 properly be call'd a Midriff, upon which
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1101 re$ts, and to which is $trongly fa$tned, the
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1102 main part of the Pump it $elf, which is
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1103 the onely thing remaining to be de$cri-
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1104 bed.
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1105 <p>The Pump con$i$ts of four parts, a
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1106 <pb n=13>
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1107 hollow Cylindre, a Sucker, a handle to
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1108 move that Sucker, and a Valve.
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1109 <p>The Cylindre was (by a pattern) ca$t
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1110 of bra$s; it is in length about 14 inches,
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1111 thick enough to be very $trong, notwith-
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1112 $tanding the Cylindrical cavity left with-
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1113 in it; this cavity is about three inches
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1114 Diameter, and makes as exact a Cylin-
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1115 dre as the Artificer was able to bore.
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1116 This hollow Cylindre is fitted with a $uck-
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1117 er, (4455) con$i$ting of two parts, the
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1118 one (44) $omewhat le$s in Diameter then
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1119 the cavity of the Cylindre, upon which
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1120 is nail'd a good thick piece of tan'd $hoe
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1121 Leather, which will go $o clo$e to the
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1122 Cylindre, that it will need to be very
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1123 forcibly knock'd and ram'd in, if at any
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1124 time it be taken out, which is therefore
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1125 done, that it may the more exactly hin-
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1126 der the Air from in$inuating it $elf be-
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1127 twixt it and the $ides of the Cylindre
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1128 whereon it is to move.
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1129 <p>To the mid$t of this former part of the
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1130 Sucker is $trongly fa$tned the other,
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1131 namely a thick and narrow plate of Iron,
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1132 (55) $omewhat longer then the Cylindre,
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1133 one of who$e edges is $mooth, but at the
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1134 other edge it is indented (as I may $o
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1135 $peak) with a row of teeth delineated in
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1136 <pb n=14>
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1137 the Scheme, into who$e intervals are to
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1138 be fitted, the teeth of a $mall Iron nut;
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1139 (<*>) (as Trade$-men call it) which is fa$t-
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1140 ned by two $taples (22) to the under $ide
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1141 of the formerly mention'd tran$ver$e
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1142 board (222) on which the Cylindre re$ts,
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1143 and is turn'd to and fro by the third piece
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1144 of this Pump, namely, the handle or
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1145 <I>manubrium,</I> (7) of which the Figure gives
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1146 a $ufficient de$cription.
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1147 <p>The fourth and la$t part of this Cylin-
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1148 dre, is the Valve, (R) con$i$ting of a
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1149 hole bored through at the top of the Cy-
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1150 lindre, a little tapering towards the cavi-
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1151 ty; into which hole is ground a tapering
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1152 Peg of bra$s, to be thru$t in, and taken
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1153 out at plea$ure.
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1154 <p>The Engine being thus de$crib'd, it
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1155 will be requi$ite to adde, that $omething
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1156 is wont to be done before it be $et on
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1157 work, for the more ea$ie moving of the
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1158 Sucker, and for the better exclu$ion of
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1159 the outward Air: which when the Ve$$el
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1160 begins to be exhau$ted, is much more dif-
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1161 ficult to be kept out then one would ea$i-
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1162 ly imagine.
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1163 <p>There mu$t then be fir$t powr'd in at
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1164 the top of the Receiver a little $allad oyl,
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1165 partly to fill up any $mall intervalls that
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1166 <pb n=15>
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1167 may happen to be betwixt the contigu-
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1168 ous $urfaces of the internal parts of the
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1169 Stop-cock: And partly that it may be
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1170 the more ea$ie to turn the Key (S) back-
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1171 wards and forwards. Pretty $tore of oyl
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1172 mu$t al$o be pour'd into the Cylindre,
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1173 both that the Sucker may $lip up and
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1174 down in it the more $moothly and freely,
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1175 and that the Air might be the better
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1176 hindred from getting in between them:
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1177 And for the like rea$ons, a little oyl is to
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1178 be u$ed al$o about the Valve. Upon
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1179 which occa$ion, it would not be omitted
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1180 (for it is $trange) that oftentimes, when
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1181 neither the pouring in of water, nor even
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1182 of oyl alone, prov'd capable to make the
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1183 Sucker move ea$ily enough in the Cylin-
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1184 der; a mixture of both tho$e Liquors
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1185 would readily ($ometimes even to admi-
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1186 ration) perform the de$ired effect. And
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1187 la$tly, the bra$s cover of the Receiver,
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1188 being put into the bra$s ring formerly de-
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1189 $crib'd, that no Air may get between
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1190 them, it will be very requi$ite to plai$ter
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1191 over very carefully the upper edges of
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1192 both, with the plai$ter formerly mention-
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1193 ed, or $ome other as clo$e, which is to be
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1194 $pread upon the edges with a hot Iron;
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1195 that being melted, it may run into and
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1196 <pb n=16>
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1197 fill up all the crannies, or other little ca-
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1198 vities, at which the Air might otherwi$e
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1199 get entrance.
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1200 <p>All things being thus fitted, and the
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1201 lower $hank (O) of the $top-cock being
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1202 put into the upper Orifice of the Cylin-
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1203 der (&amp;), into which it was exactly ground;
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1204 the Experimenter is fir$t, by turning the
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1205 handle, to force the Sucker to the top of
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1206 the Cylinder, that there may be no Air
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1207 left in the upper part of it: Then $hut-
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1208 ting the Valve with the Plug, and turning
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1209 the other way, he is to draw down the
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1210 Sucker to the bottom of the Cylinder;
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1211 by which motion of the Sucker, the Air
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1212 that was formerly in the Cylinder being
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1213 thru$t out, and none being permitted to
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1214 $ucceed in its room, 'tis manife$t that the
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1215 cavity of the Cylinder mu$t be empty,
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1216 in reference to the Air: So that if there-
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1217 upon the Key of the Stop-cock be $o
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1218 turn'd, as that through the perforation of
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1219 it, a free pa$$age be opened betwixt the
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1220 Cylinder and the Receiver, part of the
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1221 Air formerly contain'd in the Receiver,
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1222 will nimbly de$cend into the Cylinder.
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1223 And this Air, being by the turning back
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1224 of the Key hinder'd from the returning
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1225 into the Receiver, may, by the opening
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1226 <pb n=17>
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1227 of the Valve, and forcing up of the Suck-
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1228 er to the top of the Cylinder again, be
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1229 driven out into the open Air. And thus
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1230 by the repetition of the motion of the
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1231 Sucker upward and downward, and by op-
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1232 portunely turning the Key, and $topping
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1233 the Valve, as occa$ion requires, more or
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1234 le$s Air may be $uck'd out of the Recei-
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1235 ver, according to the exigency of the Ex-
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1236 periment, and the intention of him that
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1237 makes it.
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1238 <p>Your Lord$hip will, perhaps, think that
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1239 I have been unnece$$arily prolix in this
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1240 fir$t part of my Di$cour$e: But if you
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1241 had $een how many unexpected difficul-
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1242 ties we found to keep out the externall
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1243 Air, even for a little while, when $ome
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1244 con$iderable part of the internal had been
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1245 $uckt out; You would peradventure al-
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1246 low, that I might have $et down more
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1247 circum$tances then I have, without $et-
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1248 ting down any, who$e knowledge, he that
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1249 $hall try the Experiment may not have
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1250 need of. Which is $o true, that, before we
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1251 proceed any further, I cannot think it un-
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1252 $ea$onable to adverti$e Your Lord$hip,
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1253 that there are two chief $orts of Experi-
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1254 ments, which we de$ign'd in our Engine
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1255 to make tryal of: The one, $uch as may
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1256 <pb n=18>
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1257 be quickly di$patcht, and therefore may
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1258 be try'd in our Engine, though it leak a
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1259 little; becau$e the Air may be fa$ter drawn
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1260 out, by nimbly plying the Pump, then
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1261 it can get in at undi$cern'd leaks; I $ay at
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1262 undi$cern'd leaks, becau$e $uch as are big
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1263 enough to be di$cover'd can $carce be un-
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1264 ea$ie to be $topt. The other $ort of Ex-
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1265 periments con$i$ts of tho$e that require
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1266 not onely that the internal Air be drawn
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1267 out of the Receiver, but that it be like-
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1268 wi$e for a long time kept out of it. Such
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1269 are the pre$ervation of Animal and o-
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1270 ther Bodies therein, the germination and
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1271 growth of Vegetables, and other tryals
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1272 of $everal $orts, which it is apparent can-
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1273 not be well made unle$s the external Air
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1274 can, for a competent while, be excluded:
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1275 Since even at a very $mall leak there may
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1276 enough get in, to make the <I>Vacuum</I> $oon
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1277 loo$e that name; by which I here declare
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1278 once for all, that I under$tand not a $pace
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1279 wherein there is no body at all, but $uch
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1280 as is either altogether, or almo$t totally
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1281 void of Air.
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1282 <p>Now this di$tinction of Experiments
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1283 I thought fit to premi$e to the en$uing
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1284 Narratives, becau$e upon tryal, we found
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1285 it $o exceeding (and $carce imaginable) dif-
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1286 <pb n=19>
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1287 ficult a matter, to keep out the Air from
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1288 getting at all in at any imperceptible hole
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1289 or flaw what$oever, in a Ve$$el immedi-
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1290 ately $urrounded with the compre$$ed At-
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1291 mo$phere, that in $pight of all our care
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1292 and diligence, we never were able totally
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1293 to exhau$t the Receiver, or keep it when
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1294 it was almo$t empty, any con$iderable
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1295 time, from leaking more or le$s: although
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1296 (as we have lately intimated) by unwearyed
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1297 quickne$s in plying the Pump, the inter-
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1298 nall Air can be much fa$ter drawn out
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1299 then the external can get in, till the Re-
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1300 ceiver come to be almo$t quite empty.
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1301 And that's enough to enable men to di$-
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1302 cover hitherto unob$erved <I>Ph&aelig;nomena</I> of
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1303 Nature.
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1304 <p>The Experiments therefore of the fir$t
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1305 $ort, will, I fear, prove the onely ones
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1306 wherewith my Avocations will allow me
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1307 to entertain Your Lord$hip in this Letter.
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1308 For till your further Commands $hall en-
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1309 gage me to undertake, by Gods permi$-
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1310 $ion, $uch an Employment, and more lea-
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1311 $ure $hall better fit me for it, I know not
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1312 whether I $hall be in a condition to try
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1313 what may be done, to enable me to give
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1314 you $ome account of the other $ort of
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1315 Experiments al$o.
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1316 <pb n=20>
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1317 <p>TO proceed now to the <I>Ph&aelig;nomena,</I>
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1318 <MARG><I>Experi-
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1319 ment</I> 1.</MARG>
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1320 exhibited to us by the Engine above
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1321 de$cribed; I hold it not unfit to begin
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1322 with what does con$tantly and regularly
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1323 offer it $elf to our ob$ervation, as depend-
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1324 ing upon the Fabrick of the Engine it $elf,
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1325 and not upon the nature of this or that
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1326 particular Experiment which 'tis employ-
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1327 ed to try.
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1328 <p>Fir$t, Then upon the drawing down
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1329 of the Sucker, (the Valve being $hut) the
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1330 Cylindrical $pace, de$erted by the Sucker,
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1331 is left de void of Air; and therefore, up-
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1332 on the turning of the Key, the Air con-
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1333 tained in the Receiver ru$hes into the em-
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1334 ptyed Cylinder, till the Air in both tho$e
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1335 Ve$$els be brought to about an equal
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1336 mea$ure of dilatation. And therefore,
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1337 upon $hutting the Receiver by returning
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1338 the Key, if you open the Valve, and force
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1339 up the Sucker again, you will finde, that
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1340 after this fir$t ex$uction you will drive
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1341 out almo$t a whole Cylinder full of Air:
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1342 But at the following ex$uctions, you will
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1343 draw le$s and le$s of Air out of the Recei-
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1344 ver into the Cylinder, becau$e that there
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1345 will $till remain le$s and le$s Air in the
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1346 <pb n=21>
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1347 Receiver it $elf; and con$equently, the
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1348 Particles of the remaining Air, having
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1349 more room to extend them$elves in, will
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1350 le$s pre$s out one another. This you will
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1351 ea$ily perceive, by finding, that you $till
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1352 force le$s and le$s Air out of the Cylin-
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1353 der; $o that when the Receiver is almo$t
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1354 exhau$ted, you may force up the Sucker
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1355 almo$t to the top of the Cylinder, be-
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1356 fore you will need to un$top the Valve to
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1357 let out any Air: And if at $uch time, the
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1358 Valve being $hut, you let go the handle of
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1359 the Pump, you will finde the Sucker for-
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1360 cibly carryed up to the top of the Cylin-
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1361 der, by the protru$ion of the external Air;
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1362 which, being much le$s rarified then that
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1363 within the Cylinder, mu$t have a more
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1364 forcible pre$$ure upon the Sucker, then
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1365 the internal is able to re$i$t: And by this
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1366 means you may know how far you have
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1367 emptyed the Receiver. And to this we
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1368 may adde, on this occa$ion, that con$tant-
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1369 ly upon the turning of the Key to let out
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1370 the Air from the Receiver, into the em-
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1371 ptied Cylinder, there is immediately pro-
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1372 duced a con$iderably brisk noi$e, e$peci-
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1373 ally whil'$t there is any plenty of Air in
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1374 the Receiver.
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1375 <pb n=22>
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1376 <p>For the more ea$ie under$tanding of the
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1377 Experiments tryable by our Engine, I
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1378 thought it not $uperfluous, nor un$ea$on-
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1379 able in the recital of this fir$t of them, to
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1380 in$inuate that notion by which it $eems
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1381 likely that mo$t, if not all, of them will
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1382 prove explicable. Your Lord$hip will
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1383 ea$ily $uppo$e, that the Notion I $peak
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1384 of is, That there is a Spring, or Ela$ti-
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1385 cal power in the Air we live in. By which
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1386 <G>e)latg\r</G> or Spring of the Air, that which
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1387 I mean is this: That our Air either con-
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1388 $i$ts of, or at lea$t abounds with, parts of
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1389 $uch a nature, that in ca$e they be bent or
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1390 compre$$'d by the weight of the incum-
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1391 bent part of the Atmo$phere, or by any o-
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1392 ther Body, they do endeavor, as much as
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1393 in them lies, to free them$elves from that
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1394 pre$$ure, by bearing again$t the contigu-
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1395 ous Bodies that keep them bent; and,
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1396 a$$oon as tho$e Bodies are remov'd or
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1397 reduced to give them way, by pre$ently
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1398 unbending and $tretching out them$elves,
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1399 either quite, or $o far forth as the con-
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1400 tiguous Bodies that re$i$t them will per-
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1401 mit, and thereby expanding the whole
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1402 parcel of Air, the$e ela$tical Bodies com-
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1403 po$e.
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1404 <pb n=23>
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1405 <p>This Notion may perhaps be $ome-
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1406 what further explain'd, by conceiving the
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1407 Air near the Earth to be $uch a heap of
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1408 little Bodies, lying one upon another, as
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1409 may be re$embled to a Fleece of Wooll.
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1410 For this (to omit other likene$$es betwixt
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1411 them) con$i$ts of many $lender and flexi-
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1412 ble Hairs; each of which, may indeed,
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1413 like a little Spring, be ea$ily bent or roul-
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1414 ed up; but will al$o, like a Spring, be
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1415 $till endeavouring to $tretch it $elf out
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1416 again. For though both the$e Haires,
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1417 and the Aerial Corpu$cles to which we
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1418 liken them, do ea$ily yield to externall
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1419 pre$$ures; yet each of them (by vertue of
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1420 its $tructure) is endow'd with a Power or
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1421 Principle of $elf-Dilatation; by vertue
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1422 whereof, though the hairs may by a Mans
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1423 hand be bent and crouded clo$er together,
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1424 and into a narrower room then $uits be$t
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1425 with the nature of the Body: Yet whil'$t
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1426 the compre$$ion la$ts, there is in the fleece
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1427 they compo$e an endeavour outwards,
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1428 whereby it continually thru$ts again$t the
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1429 hand that oppo$es its Expan$ion. And
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1430 upon the removall of the external pre$-
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1431 $ure, by opening the hand more or le$s, the
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1432 compre$$ed Wooll does, as it were, $pon-
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1433 taneou$ly expand or di$play it $elf towards
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1434 <pb n=24>
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1435 the recovery of its former more loo$e and
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1436 free condition, till the Fleece have ei-
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1437 ther regain'd its former Dimen$ions, or
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1438 at lea$t, approach'd them as near as the
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1439 compre$$ing hand (perchance not quite
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1440 open'd) will permit. This Power of
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1441 $elf-Dilatation, is $omewhat more con$pi-
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1442 cuous in a dry Spunge compre$$'d, then
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1443 in a Fleece of Wooll. But yet we ra-
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1444 ther cho$e to imploy the latter, on this
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1445 occa$ion, becau$e it is not like a Spunge,
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1446 an entire Body, but a number of $len-
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1447 der and flexible Bodies, loo$ely com-
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1448 plicated, as the Air it $elf $eems to
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1449 be.
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1450 <p>There is yet another way to explicate
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1451 the Spring of the Air, namely, by $uppo-
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1452 $ing with that mo$t ingenious Gentleman,
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1453 Mon$ieur <I>Des Cartes,</I> That the Air is no-
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1454 thing but a Congeries or heap of $mall
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1455 and (for the mo$t part) of flexible Parti-
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1456 cles; of $everal $izes, and of all kinde of Fi-
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1457 gures which are rai$'d by heat (e$pecially
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1458 that of the Sun) into that fluid and
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1459 $ubtle Etheriall Body that $urrounds
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1460 the Earth; and by the re$tle$$e agi-
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1461 tation of that Cele$tial Matter where-
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1462 in tho$e Particles $wim, are $o whirl'd
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1463 <pb n=25>
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1464 round, that each Corpu$cle endeavours
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1465 to beat off all others from coming within
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1466 the little Sphear requi$ite to its motion
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1467 about its own Center; and (in ca$e any,
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1468 by intruding into that Sphear $hall op-
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1469 po$e its free Rotation) to expell or drive
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1470 it away: So that according to this Do-
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1471 ctrine, it imports very little, whether the
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1472 particles of the Air have the $tructure re-
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1473 qui$ite to Springs, or be of any other
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1474 form (how irregular $oever) $ince their
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1475 Ela$tical power is not made to depend
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1476 upon their $hape or $tructure, but upon
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1477 the vehement agitation, and (as it were)
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1478 brandi$hing motion, which they receive
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1479 from the fluid <I>Ether</I> that $wiftly flows
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1480 between them, and whirling about each
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1481 of them (independently from the re$t)
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1482 not onely keeps tho$e $lender A&euml;rial
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1483 Bodies $eparated and $tretcht out (at lea$t,
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1484 as far as the Neighbouring ones will per-
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1485 mit) which otherwi$e, by rea$on of
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1486 their flexiblene$s and weight, would
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1487 flag or curl; but al$o makes them hit
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1488 again$t, and knock away each other, and
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1489 con$equently require more room, then
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1490 that which if they were compre$$'d, they
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1491 would take up.
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1492 <pb n=26>
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1493 <p>By the$e two differing ways, my Lord,
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1494 may the Spring of the Air be explicated.
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1495 But though the former of them be that,
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1496 which by rea$on of its $eeming $omewhat
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1497 more ea$ie, I $hall for the mo$t part make
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1498 u$e of in the following Di$cour$e: yet
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1499 am I not willing to declare peremptorily
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1500 for either of them, again$t the other. And
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1501 indeed, though I have in another Treati$e
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1502 endeavoured to make it probable, that the
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1503 returning of Ela$tical Bodies (if I may $o
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1504 call them) forcibly bent, to their former
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1505 po$ition, may be Mechanically explica-
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1506 ted: Yet I mu$t confe$s, that to deter-
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1507 mine whether the motion of Re$titution
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1508 in Bodies, proceed from this, That the
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1509 parts of a Body of a peculiar Structure
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1510 are put into motion by the bending of the
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1511 $pring, or from the endeavor of $ome $ub-
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1512 tle ambient Body, who$e pa$$age may be
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1513 oppo$'d or ob$tructed, or el$e it's pre$$ure
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1514 unequally re$i$ted by rea$on of the new
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1515 $hape or magnitude, which the bending of
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1516 a Spring may give the Pores of it: To
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1517 determine this, I $ay, $eems to me a mat-
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1518 ter of more difficulty, then at fir$t $ight
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1519 one would ea$ily imagine it. Wherefore
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1520 I $hall decline medling with a $ubject,
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1521 which is much more hard to be explica-
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1522 <pb n=27>
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1523 ted, then nece$$ary to be $o, by him,
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1524 who$e bu$ine$s it is not, in this Letter, to
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1525 a$$ign the adequate cau$e of the Spring of
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1526 the Air, but onely to manife$t, That the
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1527 Air has a Spring, and to relate $ome of
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1528 its effects.
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1529 <p>I know not whether I need annex that,
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1530 though either of the above-mention'd
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1531 Hypothe$es, and perhaps $ome others,
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1532 may afford us an account plau$ible enough
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1533 of the Air-$pring; yet I doubt, whether
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1534 any of them gives us a $ufficient account
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1535 of its Nature. And of this doubt, I
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1536 might here mention $ome Rea$ons, but
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1537 that, peradventure, I may (God permit-
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1538 ting) have a fitter occa$ion to $ay $ome-
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1539 thing of it el$ewhere. And therefore I
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1540 $hould now proceed to the next Experi-
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1541 ment, but that I think it requi$ite, fir$t,
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1542 to $ugge$t to your Lord$hip what comes
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1543 into my thoughts, by way of An$wer to
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1544 a plau$ible Objection, which I fore$ee you
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1545 may make again$t our propo$'d Doctrine,
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1546 touching the Spring of the Air. For it
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1547 may be alleadged, that though the Air
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1548 were granted to con$i$t of Springy Par-
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1549 ticles (if I may $o $peak) yet thereby
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1550 we could onely give an account of the
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1551 Dilatation of the Air in Wine-Guns and
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1552 <pb n=28>
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1553 other pneumatical Engines wherein the
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1554 Air has been compre$$'d, and its Springs
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1555 violently bent by an apparent externall
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1556 force; upon the removall of which, 'tis
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1557 no wonder that the Air $hould, by the
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1558 motion of re$titution, expand it $elf till
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1559 it have recovered its more natural dimen-
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1560 $ions: whereas in our above-mentioned
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1561 fir$t Experiment, and in almo$t all others
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1562 tryable in our Engine, it appears not
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1563 that any compre$$ion of the Air prece-
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1564 ded its $pontaneous Dilatation or Expan-
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1565 $ion of it $elf. To remove this difficul-
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1566 ty, I mu$t de$ire Your Lord$hip to take
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1567 notice, that of whatever nature the Air,
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1568 very remote from the Earth, may be, and
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1569 whatever the Schools may confidently
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1570 teach to the contrary, yet we have divers
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1571 Experiments to evince, that the Atmo$-
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1572 phere we live in is not (otherwi$e then
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1573 comparatively to more ponderous Bodies)
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1574 light, but heavy: And did not their
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1575 gravity hinder them, it appears not why
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1576 the $teams of the Terraqueous Globe, of
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1577 which our Air in great part con$i$ts,
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1578 $hould not ri$e much higher then the Re-
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1579 fraction of the Sun, and other Stars
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1580 give men ground to think, that the At-
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1581 mo$phere, even in the judgement of tho$e
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1582 <pb n=29>
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1583 Recent A$tronomers, who $eem willing
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1584 to enlarge its bounds as much as they dare,
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1585 does reach.
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1586 <p>But le$t you $hould expect my $econding
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1587 this Rea$on by Experience; and le$t you
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1588 $hould object, That mo$t of the Experi-
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1589 m&etilde;ts that have been propo$'d to prove the
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1590 gravity of the Air, have been either barely
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1591 propo$'d, or perhaps not accuratly try'd; I
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1592 am content, before I pa$s further, to menti-
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1593 on here, That I found a dry lambs-bladder
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1594 containing near about two thirds of a pint,
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1595 and compre$$'d by a packthred tyed about
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1596 it, to loo$e a grain and the eighth part of
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1597 a grain of its former weight, by the rece$s
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1598 of the Air upon my having prickt it: And
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1599 this with a pair of Scales, which when the
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1600 full Bladder and the corre$pondent weight
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1601 were in it, would manife$tly turn either
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1602 way with the 32 part of a grain. And if
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1603 it be further objected, That the Air in
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1604 the Bladder was violently compre$$'d by
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1605 the Pack-thred and the $ides of the
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1606 Bladder, we might probably (to wave
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1607 prolix an$wers) be furni$h'd with a Re-
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1608 ply, by $etting down the differing weight
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1609 of our Receiver, when empty'd and when
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1610 full of uncompre$$'d Air, if we could here
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1611 procure $cales fit for $o nice an experiment;
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1612 <pb n=30>
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1613 $ince we are informed, that in the <I>German</I>
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1614 Experiment, commended at the begin-
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1615 ning of this Letter, the Ingenious Tryers
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1616 of it found, That their Gla$s Ve$$el, of
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1617 the capacity of 32 mea$ures, was lighter
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1618 when the Air had been drawn out of it,
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1619 then before, by no le$s then one ounce
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1620 and (3/10) that is, an ounce and very near a
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1621 third: But of the gravity of the Air, we
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1622 may el$ewhere have occa$ion to make fur-
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1623 ther mention.
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1624 <p>Taking it then for granted that the Air
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1625 is not deyoid of weight, it will not be
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1626 unea$ie to conceive, that that part of the
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1627 Atmo$phere wherein we live, being the
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1628 lower part of it, the Corpu$cles that com-
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1629 po$e it, are very much compre$$'d by the
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1630 weight of all tho$e of the like nature that
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1631 are directly over them, that is, of all the
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1632 Particles of Air, that being pil'd up up-
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1633 on them, reach to the top of the Atmo$-
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1634 phere. And though the height of this
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1635 Atmo$phere, according to the famous
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1636 <I>Kepler,</I> and $ome others, $carce exceeds
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1637 eight common miles; yet other eminent
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1638 and later A$tronomers, would promote
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1639 the confines of the Atmo$phere, to ex-
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1640 ceed $ix or $even times t<*> number of
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1641 miles. And the diligent and learned
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1642 <pb n=31>
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1643 <I>Riviolo</I> makes it probable, that the At-
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1644 mo$phere may, at lea$t in divers places, be
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1645 at lea$t 50 miles high. So that according to
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1646 a moderate e$timate of the thickne$s of
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1647 the Atmo$phere, we may well $uppo$e,
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1648 that a Column of Air, of many miles in
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1649 height, leaning upon $ome $pringy Cor-
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1650 pu$cles of Air here below, may have
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1651 weight enough to bend their little $prings,
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1652 and keep them bent: As, to re$ume our
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1653 former compari$on, if there were fleeces of
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1654 Wooll pil'd up to a mountainous height
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1655 upon one another, the Hairs that com-
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1656 po$e the lowermo$t locks which $upport
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1657 the re$t, would, by the weight of all the
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1658 Wool above them, be as well $trongly
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1659 compre$$ed, as if a man $hould $queeze
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1660 them together in his hands, or imploy any
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1661 $uch other moderate force to compre$s
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1662 them. So that we need not wonder, that
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1663 upon the taking off the incumbent Air
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1664 from any parcel of the Atmo$phere here
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1665 below, the Corpu$cles, whereof that un-
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1666 dermo$t Air con$i$ts, $hould di$play them-
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1667 $elves, and take up more room then be-
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1668 fore.
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1669 <p>And if it be objected, That in Water,
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1670 the weight of the upper and of the lower
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1671 part is the $ame: I an$wer, That be$ides
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1672 <pb n=32>
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1673 that it may be well doubted whether the
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1674 ob$ervation, by rea$on of the great diffi-
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1675 culty have been exactly made, there is a
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1676 manife$t di$parity betwixt the Air and
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1677 Water: For I have not found, that upon
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1678 an Experiment purpo$ely made, (and in
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1679 another Treati$e Recorded) that Water
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1680 will $uffer any con$iderable compre$$ion;
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1681 whereas we may ob$erve in Wind-Guns
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1682 (to mention now no other Engines) that
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1683 the Air will $uffer it $elf to be crouded in-
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1684 to a comparatively very little room; in
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1685 $o much, that a very diligent Examiner
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1686 of the <I>Ph&aelig;nomena</I> of Wind-Guns would
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1687 have us believe, that in one of them, by
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1688 conden$ation, he reduc'd the Air into a
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1689 $pace at lea$t eight times narrower then it
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1690 before po$$e$t. And to this, if we adde
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1691 a noble <I>Ph&aelig;nomenon</I> of the Experiment
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1692 <I>De Vacuo;</I> the$e things put together, may
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1693 for the pre$ent $uffice to countenance our
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1694 Doctrine. For that noble Experimenter,
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1695 Mon$ieur <I>Pa$cal</I> (the Son) had the com-
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1696 mendable Curio$ity to cau$e the <I>Torri-
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1697 cellian</I> Experiment to be try'd at the foot,
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1698 about the middle, and at the top of that
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1699 high Mountain (in <I>Auvergne,</I> if I mi$take
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1700 not) commonly call'd <I>Le Puy de Domme;</I>
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1701 whereby it was found, That the <I>Mercury</I>
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1702 <pb n=33>
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1703 in the Tube fell down lower, about three
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1704 inches, at the top of the Mountain then
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1705 at the bottom. And a Learned Man a
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1706 while $ince inform'd me, That a great
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1707 <I>Virtuo$o,</I> friend to us both, has, with not
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1708 unlike $ucce$s, tryed the $ame Experi-
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1709 ment in the lower and upper parts of a
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1710 Mountain in the We$t of <I>England:</I> Of
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1711 which, the rea$on $eems manife$tly enough
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1712 to be this, That upon the tops of high
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1713 Mountains, the Air which bears again$t
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1714 the re$tagnant Quick-$ilver, is le$s pre$$'d
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1715 by the le$s ponderous incumbent Air; and
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1716 con$equently is not able totally to hinder
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1717 the de$cent of $o tall and heavy a Cylin-
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1718 der of Quick-$ilver, as at the bottom of
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1719 $uch Mountains did but maintain an <I>&AElig;qui-
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1720 librium</I> with the incumbent Atmo$phere.
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1721 <p>And if it be yet further Objected a-
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1722 gain$t what hath been propo$'d touching
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1723 the compactne$s and pre$$ure of the Infe-
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1724 rior Air; That we finde this very Air to
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1725 yield readily to the motion of little Flies,
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1726 and even to that of Feathers, and $uch o-
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1727 ther light and weak Bodies; which $eems
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1728 to argue, that the particles of our Air are
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1729 not $o compre$$'d as we have repre$ented
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1730 them, e$pecially, $ince by our former
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1731 Experiment it appears, that the Air rea-
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1732 <pb n=34>
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1733 dily dilated it $elf downward, from the
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1734 Receiver into the Pump, when 'tis plain,
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1735 that it is not the incumbent Atmo$phere,
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1736 but onely the $ubjacent Air in the bra$s
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1737 Cylinder that has been remov'd: If this,
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1738 I $ay, be objected, we may reply, That
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1739 when a man $queezes a Fleece of Wool in
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1740 his hand, he may feel that the Wool in-
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1741 ce$$antly bears again$t his hand, as that
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1742 which hinders the hairs it con$i$ts of, to
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1743 recover their former and more natural ex-
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1744 tent. So each parcel of the Air about the
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1745 Earth, does con$tantly endeavour to thru$t
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1746 away all tho$e contiguous Bodies, whe-
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1747 ther A&euml;rial or more gro$s, that keep
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1748 them bent, and hinder the expan$ion of
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1749 its parts, which will dilate them$elves or
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1750 flie abroad towards that part, whether up-
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1751 wards or downwards, where they finde
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1752 their attempted Dilatation of them$elves
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1753 le$s re$i$ted by the neihgboring Bodies.
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1754 Thus the Corpu$cles of that Air we have
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1755 been all this while $peaking of, being un-
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1756 able, by rea$on of their weight, to a$cend
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1757 above the Convexity of the Atmo$phere,
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1758 and by rea$on of the re$i$tance of the $ur-
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1759 face of the Earth and Water, to fall down
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1760 lower, they are forced, by their own gra-
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1761 vity and this re$i$tance, to expand and
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1762 <pb n=35>
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1763 diffu$e them$elves about the Terre$tial
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1764 Globe; whereby it comes to pa$s, that
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1765 they mu$t as well pre$s the contiguous
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1766 Corpu$cles of Air that on either $ide op-
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1767 po$e their Dilatation, as they mu$t pre$s
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1768 upon the $urface of the Earth, and, as it
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1769 were recoyling thence, endeavor to thru$t
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1770 away tho$e upper particles of Air that
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1771 lean upon them.
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1772 <p>And as for the ea$ie yielding of the Air
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1773 to the Bodies that move in it, if we con-
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1774 $ider that the Corpu$cles whereof it con-
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1775 $i$ts, though of a $pringy nature, are yet
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1776 $o very $mall, as to make up (which 'tis
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1777 manife$t they doe) a fluid Body, it will
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1778 not be difficult to conceive, that in the
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1779 Air, as in other Bodies that are fluid, the
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1780 little Bodies it con$i$ts of are in an almo$t
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1781 re$tle$s motion, whereby they become
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1782 (as we have more fully di$cour$ed in ano-
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1783 <MARG><I>In a Di$-
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1784 cour$e
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1785 touching
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1786 $luidity
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1787 and firm-
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1788 ne$s.</I></MARG>
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1789 ther Treati$e) very much di$po$ed to
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1790 yield to other Bodies, or ea$ie to be di$-
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1791 plac'd by them, and that the $ame Cor-
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1792 pu$cles are likewi$e $o variou$ly mov'd, as
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1793 they are intire Corpu$cles, that if $ome
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1794 $trive to pu$h a Body plac'd among them
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1795 towards the right hand (for in$tance)
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1796 others, who$e motion has an oppo$ite de-
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1797 termination, as $trongly thru$t the $ame
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1798 <pb n=36>
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1799 Body towards the left; whereby neither
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1800 of them proves able to move it out of
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1801 its place, the pre$$ure on all hands being
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1802 reduced as it were to an <I>&AElig;quilibrium:</I> $o
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1803 that the Corpu$cles of the Air mu$t be as
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1804 well $ometimes con$idered under the no-
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1805 tion of little Springs, which remaining
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1806 bent, are in their entire bulk tran$ported
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1807 from place to place; as under the notion
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1808 of Springs di$playing them$elves, who$e
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1809 parts flie abroad whil$t as to their entire
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1810 bulk they $carce change place: As the
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1811 two ends of a Bow, $hot off, fly from one
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1812 another, whereas the Bow it $elf may be
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1813 held fa$t in the Archers hand; and that it
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1814 is the equal pre$$ure of the Air on all $ides
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1815 upon the Bodies that are in it, which cau-
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1816 $es the ea$ie Ce$$ion of its parts, may be
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1817 argu'd from hence: That if by the help
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1818 of our Engine the Air be but in great
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1819 part, though not totally drawn away
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1820 from one $ide of a Body without being
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1821 drawn away from the other; he that $hall
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1822 think to move that Body too and fro, as
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1823 ea$ily as before, will finde him$elf much
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1824 mi$taken.
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1825 <p>In verification of which we will, to di-
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1826 vert your Lord$hip a little, mention here
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1827 a <I>Ph&aelig;nomenon</I> of our Engine, which even
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1828 <pb n=37>
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1829 to divers ingenious per$ons has at fir$t
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1830 $ight $eem'd very wonderful.
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1831 <p>THe thing that is wont to be admired,
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1832 <MARG><I>Experi-
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1833 ment</I> 2.</MARG>
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1834 and which may pa$s for our $econd
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1835 Experiment is this, That if, when the
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1836 Receiver is almo$t empty, a By-$tander
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1837 be de$ired to lift up the bra$s Key (former-
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1838 ly de$cribed as a $topple in the bra$s Co-
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1839 ver) he will finde it a very difficult thing
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1840 to do $o, if the Ve$$el be well exhau$ted;
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1841 and even when but a moderate quantity of
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1842 Air has been drawn out, he will, when he
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1843 has lifted it up a little, $o that it is $ome-
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1844 what loo$e from the $ides of the lip or
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1845 $ocket, which (with the help of a little
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1846 oyl) it exactly filled before, he will (I $ay)
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1847 finde it $o difficult to be lifted up, that
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1848 he will imagine there is $ome great weight
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1849 fa$tned to the bottom of it. And if (as
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1850 $ometimes has been done for merriment)
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1851 onely a Bladder be tyed to it, it is plea-
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1852 $ant to $ee how men will marvail that $o
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1853 light a Body, filled at mo$t but with Air,
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1854 $hould $o forcibly draw down their hand
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1855 as if it were fill'd with $ome very ponder-
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1856 ous thing: whereas the cau$e of this pret-
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1857 ty <I>Ph&aelig;nomenon</I> $eems plainly enough to
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1858 <pb n=38>
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1859 be onely this, That the Air in the Recei-
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1860 ver, being very much dilated, its Spring
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1861 mu$t be very much weakn'd, and con$e-
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1862 quently it can but faintly pre$s up the
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1863 lower end of the $topple, whereas the
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1864 Spring of the external Air being no way
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1865 debilitated, he that a little lifts up the
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1866 $topple mu$t with his hand $upport a pre$-
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1867 $ure equal to the di$proportion betwixt
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1868 the force of the internal expanded Air, and
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1869 that of the Atmo$phere incumbent upon
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1870 the upper part of the $ame key or $topple:
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1871 And $o men being unu$'d to finde any re-
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1872 $i$tance, in lifting things up, from the
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1873 free Air above them, they are forward to
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1874 conclude that that which depre$$es their
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1875 hands mu$t needs be $ome weight, though
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1876 they know not where plac'd, drawing be-
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1877 neath it.
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1878 <p>And that we have not mi$-a$$ign'd the
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1879 cau$e of this <I>Ph&aelig;nomenon</I> $eems evident
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1880 enough by this; That as Air is $uffer-
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1881 ed by little and little to get into the Re-
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1882 ceiver, the weight that a man fancies his
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1883 hand $upports is manife$tly felt to decrea$e
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1884 more and more, the internal Air by this
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1885 recruit approaching more to an <I>&AElig;quili-
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1886 brium</I> with the external, till at length the
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1887 Receiver growing again full of Air, the
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1888 <pb n=39>
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1889 $topple may be lifted up without any dif-
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1890 ficulty at all.
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1891 <p>By $everal other of the Experiments
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1892 afforded us by our Engine, the $ame no-
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1893 tion of the great and equal pre$$ure of the
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1894 free Air upon the Bodies it environs,
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1895 might be here manife$ted, but that we
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1896 think it not $o fit to anticipate $uch Ex-
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1897 periments: And therefore $hall rather
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1898 employ a few lines to clear up a difficulty
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1899 touching this matter, which we have ob-
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1900 $erv'd to have troubled $ome even of the
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1901 Philo$ophical and Mathematical Specta-
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1902 tors of our Engine, who have wonder'd
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1903 that we $hould talk of the Air exqui$itely
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1904 $hut up in our Receiver, as if it were all
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1905 one with the pre$$ure of the Atmo$phere;
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1906 whereas the thick and clo$e body of the
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1907 Gla$s, wholly impervious to the Air, does
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1908 manife$tly keep the incumbent Pillar of
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1909 the Atmo$phere from pre$$ing in the lea$t
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1910 upon the Air within the Gla$s, which it
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1911 can no where come to touch. To eluci-
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1912 date a little this matter, let us con$ider,
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1913 That if a man $hould take a fleece of
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1914 Wool, and having fir$t by compre$$ing it
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1915 in his hand reduc'd it into a narrower com-
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1916 pa$s, $hould nimbly convey and $hut it
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1917 clo$e up into a Box ju$t fit for it, though
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1918 <pb n=40>
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1919 the force of his hand would then no lon-
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1920 ger bend tho$e numerous $pringy Body's
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1921 that compo$e the Fleece, yet they would
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1922 continue as $trongly bent as before, be-
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1923 cau$e the Box they are inclo$'d in would
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1924 as much re$i$t their re-expanding of
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1925 them$elves, as did the hand that put them
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1926 in. For thus we may conceive, that the
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1927 Air being $hut up, when its parts are bent
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1928 by the whole weight of the incumbent
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1929 Atmo$phere, though that weight can no
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1930 longer lean upon it, by rea$on it is kept
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1931 off by the Gla$s, yet the Corpu$cles of
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1932 the Air within that Gla$s continue as
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1933 forcibly bent as they were before their in-
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1934 clu$ion, becau$e the $ides of the Gla$s
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1935 hinder them from di$playing or $tretch-
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1936 ing out them$elves. And if it be ob-
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1937 jected that this is unlikely, becau$e ev'n
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1938 Gla$s bubles, $uch as are wont to be
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1939 blown at the flame of a Lamp, exceeding
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1940 thin and Hermetically $eal'd will not
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1941 break; whereas it cannot be imagin'd
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1942 that $o thin a Pri$on of Gla$s could re-
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1943 $i$t the Ela$tical force of all the included
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1944 Air, if that Air were $o compre$$'d as we
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diff changeset
1945 $uppo$e. It may be ea$ily reply'd, That
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1946 the pre$$ure of the inward Air again$t the
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1947 Gla$s, is countervail'd by the equal pre$-
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1948 <pb n=41>
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1949 $ure of the outward again$t the $ame Gla$s.
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1950 And we $ee in bubles, that by rea$on of
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1951 this an exceeding thin film of Water is
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1952 often able, for a good while, to hinder the
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1953 eruption of a pretty quantity of Air. And
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1954 this may be al$o more con$picuous in
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1955 tho$e great Spherical bubles that boyes
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1956 $ometimes blow with Water, to which
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1957 Sope has given a Tenacity. But that, if the
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1958 pre$$ure of the ambient Air were remov'd,
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1959 the internal Air may be able to break
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1960 thicker Gla$$es then tho$e lately men-
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1961 tion'd, will appear by $ome of the follow-
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1962 ing Experiments; to which we $hall there-
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1963 fore now ha$ten, having, I fear, been but
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1964 too prolix in this Excur$ion, though we
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1965 thought it not ami$s to annex to our fir$t
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1966 Experiments $ome general Con$iderati-
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1967 ons touching the Spring of the Air, be-
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1968 cau$e (this Doctrine being yet a $tranger
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1969 to the Schools) not onely we finde not
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1970 the thing it $elf to be much taken notice
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1971 of; but of tho$e few that have heard of it,
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1972 the greater part have been forward to re-
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parents:
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1973 ject it, upon a mi$taken Per$wa$ion, that
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1974 tho$e <I>Ph&aelig;nomena</I> are the effects of natures
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1975 abhorrency of a <I>Vacuum,</I> which $eem to
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1976 be more fitly a$cribeable to the weight
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1977 and Spring of the Air.
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1978 <pb n=42>
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1979 <p>WE will now proceed to ob$erve that
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1980 <MARG><I>Experi-
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1981 ment</I> 3.</MARG>
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parents:
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1982 though, by the help of the handle,
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parents:
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1983 the Sucker be ea$ily drawn down to the
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1984 bottom of the Cylinder; yet, without
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parents:
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1985 the help of that Leaver, there would be
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parents:
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1986 required to the $ame effect, a force or
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parents:
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1987 weight great enough to $urmount the
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1988 pre$$ure of the whole Atmo$phere: Since
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1989 otherwi$e the Air would not be driven out
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1990 of its place, when none is permitted to
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1991 $ucceed into the place de$erted by the
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1992 Sucker. This $eems evident, from the
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1993 known <I>Torricellian</I> Experiment, in which,
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1994 if the inverted Tube of <I>Mercury</I> be but
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parents:
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1995 25 Digits high, or $omewhat more, the
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1996 Quick-$ilver will not fall but remain $u$-
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1997 pended in the Tube; becau$e it cannot
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1998 pre$s the $ubjacent <I>Mercury</I> with $o great
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1999 a force, as does the incumbent Cylinder
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parents:
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2000 of the Air reaching thence to the top of
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parents:
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2001 the Atmo$phere: Whereas, if the Cy-
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parents:
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2002 linder of <I>Mercury</I> were three or four digits
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parents:
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2003 longer, it would over-power that of the
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parents:
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2004 external Air, and run out into the Ve$$el'd
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parents:
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2005 <I>Mercury,</I> till the two Cylinders came to
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2006 an <I>&AElig;quilibrium,</I> and no further. Hence
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parents:
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2007 we need not wonder, that though the
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2008 <pb n=43>
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parents:
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2009 Sucker move ea$ily enough up and down
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parents:
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2010 in the Cylinder by the help of the <I>Manu-
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2011 brium;</I> yet if the <I>Manubrium</I> be taken off,
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2012 it will require &amp; con$iderable $trength to
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2013 move it either way. Nor will it $eem
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2014 $trange, that if, when the Valve and
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2015 Stop-cock are well $hut, you draw down
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parents:
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2016 the Sucker, and then let go the <I>Manubri-
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2017 um;</I> the Sucker will, as it were of it $elf,
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parents:
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2018 re-a$cend to the top of the Cylinder, $ince
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parents:
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2019 the $pring of the external Air findes no-
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2020 thing to re$i$t its pre$$ing up the Sucker.
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2021 And for the $ame rea$on, when the Re-
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2022 ceiver is almo$t evacuated, though, ha-
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2023 ving drawn down the Sucker, you open
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2024 the way from the Receiver to the Cylin-
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2025 der, and then intercept that way again by
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2026 returning the Key; the Sucker will, up-
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2027 on the letting go the <I>Manubrium,</I> be
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2028 forcibly carried up almo$t to the top of
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2029 the Cylinder: Becau$e the Air within the
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diff changeset
2030 Cylinder, being equally dilated and weak-
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2031 ned with that of the Gla$s, is unable to
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2032 with$tand the pre$$ure of the external Air,
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2033 till it be driven into $o little $pace, that
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2034 there is an <I>&AElig;quilibrium</I> betwixt its force
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2035 and that of the Air without. And con-
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2036 gruou$ly hereunto we finde, that in this
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2037 ca$e, the Sucker is drawn down with little
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2038 <pb n=44>
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2039 le$s difficulty, then if the Cylinder, be-
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2040 ing devoid of Air, the Stop-cock were
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2041 exactly $hut: We might take notice of
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2042 $ome other things, that depend upon the
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2043 Fabrick of our Engine it $elf; but to $hun
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2044 prolixity, we will, in this place, content
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2045 our $elves to mention one of them, which
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2046 $eems to be of greater moment then the
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2047 re$t, and it is this; that when the Sucker
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2048 has been impell'd to the top of the Cylin-
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2049 der, and the Valve is $o carefully $topp'd,
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2050 that there is no Air left in the Cylinder a-
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2051 bove the Sucker: If then the Sucker be
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2052 drawn to the lower part of the Cylinder,
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2053 he that manages the Pump findes not any
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2054 $en$ibly greater difficulty to depre$s the
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2055 Sucker, when it is nearer the bottom of the
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2056 Cylinder, then when it is much further off.
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2057 Which circum$tance we therefore think fit
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2058 to take notice of, becau$e an eminent Mo-
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2059 dern Naturali$t hath taught, that, when the
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2060 Air is $ucked out of a Body, the violence
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2061 wherewith it is wont to ru$h into it again,
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2062 as $oon as it is allow'd to re-enter, pro-
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2063 ceeds mainly from this; That the pre$$ure
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2064 of the ambient Air is $trengthned upon
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2065 the acce$$ion of the Air $uck'd out; which,
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2066 to make it $elf room, forces the neighbor-
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2067 ing Air to a violent-$ubingre$$ion o$ its
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2068 parts: which, i$ it were true, he that draws
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2069 <pb n=45>
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2070 down the Sucker, would finde the re$i$t-
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2071 ance of the external Air increa$'d as he
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2072 draws it lower, more of the di$placed Air
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2073 being thru$t into it to compre$s it. But, by
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2074 what has been di$cour$'d upon the fir$t
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2075 Experiment, it $eems more probable, that
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2076 without any $uch $trengthning of the pre$-
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2077 $ure of the outward Air, the taking quite
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2078 away or the debilitating of the re$i$tance
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2079 from within, may $uffice to produce the
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2080 effects under con$ideration. But this will
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2081 perhaps be illu$trated by $ome or other of
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2082 our future Experiments, and therefore
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2083 $hall be no longer in$i$ted on here.
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2084 <p>HAving thus taken notice of $ome of
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parents:
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2085 <MARG><I>Experi-
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parents:
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2086 ment</I> 4.</MARG>
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2087 the con$tant <I>Ph&aelig;nomena</I> of our En-
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2088 gine it $elf, let us now proceed to the Ex-
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parents:
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2089 periments tryable in it.
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parents:
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2090 <p>We took then a Lambs Bladder large,
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2091 well dry'd, and very limber, and leaving in
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2092 it about half as much Air as it could con-
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2093 tain, we cau$'d the neck of it to be $trong-
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2094 ly ty'd, $o that none of the included Air,
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2095 though by pre$$ure, could get out. This
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2096 Bladder being convey'd into the Receiver,
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parents:
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2097 and the Cover luted on, the Pump
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2098 was $et awork, and after two or three
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2099 ex$uctions of the ambient Air (where-
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2100 by the Spring of that which remain'd in
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2101 <pb n=46>
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2102 the Gla$s was weaken'd) the Impri$on'd
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2103 Air began to $well in the Bladder, and as
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2104 more and more of the Air in the Recei-
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2105 ver was, from time to time, drawn out; $o
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2106 did that in the Bladder more and more ex-
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2107 pand it $elf, and di$play the folds of the
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2108 formerly flaccid Bladder: $o that before we
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2109 had exhau$ted the Receiver near $o much
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2110 as we could, the Bladder appear'd as full
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2111 and $tretched, as if it had been blown up
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2112 with a Quill.
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2113 <p>And that it may appear that this plump-
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2114 ne$s of the Bladder proceeded from the
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2115 $urmounting of the debilitated Spring of
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2116 the ambient Air remaining in the Ve$$el,
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2117 by the $tronger Spring of the Air remain-
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2118 ing in the Bladder; we Return'd the Key
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2119 of the Stop-cock, and by degrees allow'd
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2120 the external Air to return into the Recei-
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2121 ver: Whereupon it happen'd, as was ex-
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2122 pected, that as the Air came in from with-
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diff changeset
2123 out, the di$turb'd Air in the Bladder, was
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2124 proportionably compre$$'d into a narrow-
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2125 er room, and the $ides of the Bladder
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2126 grew flaccid, till the Receiver having re-
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2127 admitted its wonted quantity of Air, the
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2128 Bladder appear'd as full of wrinkles and
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2129 cavities as before.
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2130 <pb n=47>
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2131 <p>This Experiment is much of the $ame
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diff changeset
2132 nature with that which was $ome years
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2133 agoe $aid to be made by that eminent Ge-
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diff changeset
2134 ometrician Mon$ieur <I>Roberval,</I> with a
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diff changeset
2135 Carps Bladder empty'd and convey'd into
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2136 a Tube, wherein the Experiment <I>De Va-
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2137 cuo</I> was afterwards try'd, which ingeni-
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2138 ous Experiment of his ju$tly de$erves the
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2139 thanks of tho$e that have been, or $hall be
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2140 $olicitous to di$cover the nature of the
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2141 Air.
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parents:
diff changeset
2142 <p>But to return to our Experiment, we
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2143 may take notice of this Circum$tance in
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2144 it, That after the Receiver has been in
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2145 $ome mea$ure empty'd, the Bladder do's,
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2146 at each ex$uction, $well much more con-
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2147 $picuou$ly then it did at any of the fir$t
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2148 Ex$uctions; in$omuch that towards the
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2149 end of the pumping, not onely a great
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2150 fold or cavity in the $urface of the Blad-
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2151 der may be made, even by the $tretching
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2152 of the inward $elf-expanding Air: But
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2153 we have $ometimes $een, upon the turn-
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2154 ing of the Key to let the ambient Air
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2155 pa$s out of the Receiver into the Cylin-
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2156 der, we have $een (I $ay) the Air in the
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2157 Bladder $uddenly expand it $elf $o much
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2158 and $o briskly, that it manife$tly lifted up
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2159 $ome light Bodies that lean'd upon it,
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2160 <pb n=48>
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2161 and $eem'd to lift up the Bladder it
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2162 $elf.
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2163 <p>Now becau$e it has by very Learned
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2164 Men been doubted whether the $welling
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2165 of the Bladder may not have proceeded
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2166 from the Dilatation of the included Air,
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2167 but from the Texture of the Fibres,
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2168 which, being wont to keep the Bladder
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2169 extended when the Animal to whom it
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2170 belong'd was alive, may be $uppo$'d in
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2171 our Experiment to have return'd, like $o
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2172 many Springs to their wonted extent, up-
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2173 on the removal of the Ambient Air that
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2174 compre$$'d and bent them: becau$e this,
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2175 I $ay, has been doubted, we thought fit
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2176 to make this further tryall.
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parents:
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2177 <p>We let down into the Receiver with
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2178 the fore-mentioned Bladder two other
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2179 much $maller, and of the $ame kinde of
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2180 Animal; the one of the$e was not ty'd
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2181 up at the neck that there might be liberty
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2182 left to the Air that was not $queez'd out
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2183 (which might amount to about a fifth
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2184 part of what the Bladder held before) to
22d6a63640c6 moved texts from SVN https://it-dev.mpiwg-berlin.mpg.de/svn/mpdl-project-content/trunk/texts/eXist/
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parents:
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2185 pa$s out into the Receiver: The other had
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parents:
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2186 the $ides of it $tretch'd out and pre$$'d to-
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2187 gether, almo$t into the form of a Cup,
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2188 that they might intercept the le$s Air be-
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parents:
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2189 twixt them, and then was $trongly ty'd
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2190 <pb n=49>
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parents:
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2191 up at the neck: This done, and the Air
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parents:
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2192 being in $ome mea$ure $uck'd out of the
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parents:
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2193 Pneumatical Gla$s (if I may $o call it)
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parents:
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2194 the Bladder, mention'd at the beginning
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parents:
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2195 of our Experiment, appear'd extended e-
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parents:
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2196 very way to its full Dimen$ions; whereas
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parents:
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2197 neither of the two others did remarkably
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parents:
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2198 $well, and that who$e neck was not ty'd
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2199 $eem'd very little, if at all le$s wrinkl'd
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2200 then when it was put in.
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parents:
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2201 <p>We made likewi$e a $trong Ligature a-
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2202 bout the middle of a long Bladder part-
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2203 ly empty'd, and upon the drawing the
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parents:
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2204 Air out of the Receiver, could ob$erve
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2205 no $uch $welling betwixt the Ligature and
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2206 the Neck of the Bladder, which had been
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2207 purpo$ely left open, as betwixt the $ame
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2208 Ligature and the bottom of the Bladder,
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2209 whence the included Air could no way
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2210 get out.
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2211 <p>But a further and $ufficient manife$tati-
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2212 on whence the intume$$ence of the Blad-
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2213 der proceeds, may be deduc'd from the
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2214 following Experiment.
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2215 <p>TO try then at once both what it was
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2216 <MARG><I>Experi-
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2217 ment</I> 5.</MARG>
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2218 that expanded the Bladder, and what
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2219 a powerful Spring there is ev'n in the Air
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2220 <pb n=50>
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2221 we are wont to think uncompre$$'d, we
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2222 cau$'d a Bladder dry, well ty'd and blown
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2223 moderately full, to be hung in the Recei-
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2224 ver by one end of a $tring, who$e other
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2225 end was fa$tned to the in$ide of the Co-
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2226 ver: and upon drawing out the ambient
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2227 Air, that pre$$'d on the Bladder; the in-
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2228 ternal Air not finding the wonted re$i$t-
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2229 ance, fir$t $well'd and di$tended the Blad-
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2230 der, and then broke it, with $o wide and
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2231 crooked a rent, as if it had been forcibly
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2232 torn a$$under with hands. After which a
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2233 $econd Bladder being convey'd in, the Ex-
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2234 periment was repeated with like $ucce$s:
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2235 And I $uppo$e it will not be imagin'd that
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2236 in this ca$e the Bladder was broken by its
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2237 own Fibres, rather then by the Impri-
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2238 $on'd Air.
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2239 <p>And of this Experiment the$e two <I>Ph&aelig;-
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2240 nomena</I> may be taken notice of: The one,
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2241 that the Bladder at its breaking gave a
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2242 great report, almo$t like a Craker: And
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2243 the other, That the Air contain'd in the
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2244 Bladder, had the power to break it with
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2245 the mention'd Impetuo$ity, long before
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2246 the ambient Air was, all or near all, drawn
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2247 out of the Receiver.
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2248 <p>But, to verifie what we $ay in another
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2249 Di$cour$e, where we $how, That even
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2250 <pb n=51>
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2251 true Experiments may, by rea$on of
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2252 the ea$ie mi$take of $ome unheeded
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2253 Circum$tance, be un$ucce$sfully try'd;
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2254 we will Adverti$e, on this occa$ion,
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2255 that we did oftentimes in vain try the
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2256 breaking of Bladders, after the manner
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2257 above-mention'd: Of which the cau$e
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2258 appear'd to be this, That the Bladders we
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2259 could not break, having been brought us
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2260 ready blown from tho$e that $old them,
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2261 were grown dry before they came to our
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2262 hands: whence it came to pa$s, that, if
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2263 we afterwards ty'd them very hard, they
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2264 were apt to fret and $o become un$ervice-
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2265 able; and if we ty'd them but moderate-
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2266 ly hard, their $tiffne$s kept them from be-
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2267 ing clo$'d $o exactly, but that when the
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2268 included Air had in the exhau$ted Recei-
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2269 ver di$tended them as much as ea$ily it
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2270 could, it would in part get out between
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2271 the little wrinkles of the Sphincter of the
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2272 Neck: Whence al$o it u$ually happen'd,
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2273 that, upon the letting in the Air from
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2274 without, the Bladders appear'd more flac-
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2275 cid and empty then before they were put
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2276 in; whereas when the Bladders were
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2277 brought us moi$t from the Butchers, we
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2278 could, without injuring them, tye their
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2279 necks $o clo$e, that none of the Air once
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2280 <pb n=52>
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2281 blown in, could get out of them, but by
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2282 violently breaking them.
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2283 <p>It will not be ami$s on this occa$ion to
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2284 point at $omething which may de$erve a
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2285 more deliberate Speculation then we can
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2286 now afford it; namely that the Ela$tical
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2287 Power of the $ame Quantity of Air may
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2288 be as well Encrea$'d by the Agitation of
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2289 the A&euml;rial Particles (whether onely mo-
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2290 ving them more $wiftly and $cattering
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2291 them, or al$o extending or $tretching
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2292 them out, I determine not) within an
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2293 every way inclo$ing and yet yielding Bo-
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2294 dy; as Di$play'd by the withdrawing of
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2295 the Air that pre$$'d it without. For we
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2296 found that a Bladder, but moderately
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2297 fill'd with Air and $trongly ty'd, being
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2298 a while held near the Fire, not onely grew
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2299 exceeding turgid and hard, but after-
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2300 wards, being approach'd nearer to the
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2301 Fire, $uddenly broke with $o loud and ve-
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2302 hement a noi$e, as $tony'd tho$e that were
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2303 by, and made us, for a while after, almo$t
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2304 deaf.
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2305 <p>HAving thus $een that the Air has an
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2306 <MARG><I>Experi-
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2307 ment</I> 6.</MARG>
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2308 Ela$tical Power, we were next de$i-
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2309 rous to know in $ome mea$ure how far a
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2310 <pb n=53>
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2311 parcel of Air might by this its own Spring
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2312 be dilated. And though we were not pro-
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2313 vided of In$truments fit to mea$ure the
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2314 dilatation of the Air any thing accurately,
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2315 yet becau$e an imperfect mea$ure of it was
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2316 more de$ireable then none at all, we de-
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2317 vi$'d the following Method as very ea$ily
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2318 practicable.
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2319 <p>We took a limber Lambs Bladder
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2320 which was thorowly wetted in fair Water,
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2321 that the $ides of it being $queez'd roge-
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2322 ther, there might be no Air left in its
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2323 folds: (as indeed we could not afterwards
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2324 upon tryal di$cern any) The neck of this
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2325 Bladder was $trongly tyed about that of
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2326 a $mall Gla$s, (capable of holding five
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2327 full drachmes of Water) the Bladder be-
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2328 ing fir$t $o compre$$'d, that all the inclu-
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2329 ded Air was onely in the Gla$s, without
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2330 being pre$$'d there; then the Pump be-
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2331 ing $et awork after a few ex$uctions, the
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2332 Air in the little Viol began to dilate it
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2333 $elf and produce a $mall Tumor in the
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2334 Neck of the Bladder; and as the ambi-
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2335 ent Air was more and more drawn away,
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2336 $o the included Air penetrated further and
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2337 further into the Bladder, and by degrees
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2338 lifted up the $ides and di$play'd its folds,
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2339 till at length it $eem'd to have blown it
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2340 <pb n=54>
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2341 up to its full extent: whereupon the ex-
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2342 ternal Air, being permitted to flow back
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2343 into the Reciver, repul$'d the Air that
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2344 had fill'd the Bladder into its former nar-
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2345 row receptacle, and brought the Bladder
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2346 to be again flaccid and wrinkled as before:
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2347 Then taking out the Bladder, but with-
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2348 out $evering it from the Gla$s, we did by
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2349 a hole made at the top of the Bladder fill
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2350 the Ve$$el they both made up with Wa-
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2351 ter, who$e weight was five Ounces five
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2352 Drachmes and an half: Five Drachmes
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2353 whereof were above-mention'd to be the
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2354 contents of the Bottle. So that in this Ex-
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2355 periment, when the Air had mo$t extend-
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2356 ed the Bladder, it po$$e$$'d in all above
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2357 nine times as much room as it did when it
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2358 was put into the Receiver. And it would
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2359 probably have much inlarg'd its bounds,
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2360 but that the Bladder by its weight and the
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2361 $ticking together of its $ides did $ome-
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2362 what re$i$t its expan$ion: And which was
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2363 more con$iderable, the Bladder appear'd
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2364 tumid enough, whil$t yet a pretty deal of
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2365 Air was left in the Receiver, who$e ex-
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2366 $uction would, according to our former
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2367 Ob$ervation, probably have given way
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2368 to a further expan$ion of the Air, e$peci-
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2369 <pb n=55>
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2370 ally $uppo$ing the dilatation not to be re-
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2371 $train'd by the Bladder.
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2372 <p>SInce we wrote the other day the former
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2373 Experiment, we have met with $ome
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2374 Gla$$es not very unfit for our purpo$e;
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2375 by means of which we are now able, with
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2376 a little more trouble, to mea$ure the ex-
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2377 pan$ion of the Air a great deal more ac-
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2378 curately then we could by the help of the
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2379 above-mention'd Bladder, which was
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2380 much to narrow to allow the Air its ut-
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2381 mo$t di$tention.
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2382 <p>We took then fir$t a Cylindrical Pipe
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2383 of Gla$s, who$e bore was about a quarter
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2384 of an Inch in Diameter: this Pipe was $o
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2385 bent and doubled, that, notwith$tanding
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2386 its being about two foot in length, it
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2387 might have been $hut up into a $mall Re-
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2388 ceiver, not a Foot high: But by mi$-
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2389 fortune it crack'd in the cooling, whereby
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2390 we were reduced to make u$e of one part
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2391 which was $traight and intire, but exceed-
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2392 ed not $ix or $even Inches. This little
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2393 Tube was open at one end; and at the
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2394 other, where it was Hermetically $eal'd,
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2395 had a $mall Gla$s bubble to receive the
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2396 Air who$e dilatation was to be mea$ur'd.
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2397 <pb n=56>
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2398 <p>Along the $ide of this Tube was pa$t-
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2399 ed a $traight narrow piece of Parchment,
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2400 divided into twenty $ix equal parts, mark-
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2401 ed with black Lines and Figures, that by
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2402 them might be mea$ur'd both the inclu-
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2403 ded Air and its dilatation. Afterwards
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2404 we fill'd the Tube with Water almo$t to
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2405 the top, and $topping the open end with
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2406 a Finger, and inverting the Tube, the
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2407 Air was permitted to a$cend to the above-
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2408 mention'd Gla$s bubble. And by rea-
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2409 $on this a$cent was very $low, it gave us
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2410 the opportunity to mark how much more
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2411 or le$s then one of the twenty $ix divi$i-
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2412 ons this Air took up. By this means, af-
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2413 ter a tryal or two, we were inabled to con-
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2414 vey to the top of the Gla$s a bubble of
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2415 Air equal enough, as to $ight, to one
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2416 of tho$e Divi$ions: Then the open end
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2417 of the Tube being put into a $mall Viol,
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2418 who$e bottom was cover'd with Water
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2419 about half an Inch high; we included
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2420 both Gla$$es into a $mall and $lender Re-
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2421 ceiver, and cau$ed the Pump to be $et a-
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2422 work. The event was, That at the fir$t
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2423 ex$uction of the Air there appear'd not
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2424 any expan$ion of the bubble, comparable
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2425 to what appear'd at the $econd, and that
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diff changeset
2426 upon a very few ex$uctions the bubble
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2427 <pb n=57>
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parents:
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2428 reaching as low as the $urface of the $ub-
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diff changeset
2429 jacent Water, gave us cau$e to think
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diff changeset
2430 that if our Pipe had not been broken it
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2431 would have expanded it $elf much fur-
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diff changeset
2432 ther: Wherefore we took out the little
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2433 Tube, and found that be$ides the twenty
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2434 $ix divi$ions formerly mention'd, the
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2435 Gla$s bubble and $ome part of the Pipe
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2436 to which the divided Parchment did not
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2437 reach, amounted to $ix divi$ions more.
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2438 Whereby it appears that the air had taken
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2439 up one and thirty times as much room as
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parents:
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2440 before, and yet $eem'd capable of a much
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2441 greater expan$ion, if the Gla$s would
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2442 have permitted it. Wherefore, after the
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2443 former manner, we let in another bubble,
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2444 that by our gue$s was but half as big as
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2445 the former, and found, that upon the ex-
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2446 $uction of the Air from the Receiver, this
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2447 little bubble did not onely fill up the
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2448 whole Tube, but (in part) break through
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2449 the $ubjacent Water in the Viol, and
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2450 thereby manife$t it $elf to have po$$e$$ed
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2451 $ixty and odde times its former room.
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2452 <p>The$e two Experiments are mention'd
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2453 to make way for the more ea$ie belief of
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2454 that which is now to follow. Finding
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2455 then that our Tube was too $hort to $erve
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2456 our turn, we took a $lender Quill of Gla$s
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2457 <pb n=58>
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2458 which happen'd to be at hand, though it
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2459 were not $o fit for our purpo$e as we
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2460 could have wi$hed, in regard it was three
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2461 or four times as big at one end as the o-
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2462 ther. This Pipe which was thirty Inches
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2463 long, being Hermetically $eal'd at the
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2464 $lender end, was almo$t filled with Wa-
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2465 ter; and after the above-related manner
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2466 a bubble was convey'd to the top of it,
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2467 and the open extream was put into a Viol
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2468 that had a little fair Water at the bottom:
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2469 Then the Cover, by means of a $mall hole
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2470 purpo$ely made in it for the Gla$s Pipe to
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2471 $tand out at, was cemented on to the Re-
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2472 ceiver, and the Pump being $et awork,
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2473 after $ome ex$uctions, not onely the Air
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2474 manife$tly appear'd extended below the
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2475 $urface of the $ubjacent Water; but one
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2476 of the By-$tanders affirms, that he $aw
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2477 $ome bubbles come out at the bottom of
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2478 the Pipe and break through the Water
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2479 This done, we left off Pumping, and ob-
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2480 $erv'd how at the unperceiv'd leaks of the
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2481 Receiver the Air got in $o fa$t, thatit
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2482 very quickly impell'd up the Water to
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2483 the top of the Tube, excepting a little
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2484 $pace whereinto that bubble was repul$'d,
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2485 which had $o lately po$$e$$'d the whole
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2486 Tube; this Air at the $lender end ap-
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2487 <pb n=59>
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2488 pear'd to be a Cylinder of 5/6 parts of an
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2489 Inch in length; but when the Pipe was
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parents:
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2490 taken out and turn'd up$ide down, it ap-
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2491 pear'd at the other end inferior in bulk to a
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2492 Pea.
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parents:
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2493 <p>The$e things being thus done we took
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2494 (to make the Experiment the more ex-
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parents:
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2495 actly) a $mall pair of Scales, $uch as Gold-
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2496 Smiths u$e to weigh Gold Coyn in; and
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parents:
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2497 weighing the Tube and Water in it, we
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2498 found them to amount to one Ounce thir-
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parents:
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2499 ty Grains and an half: Then we pour'd in
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2500 as much Water as $erv'd to fill up the
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2501 Tube, wherein before we had left as much
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2502 $pace unfill'd up as was po$$e$$'d by the
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2503 bubble; and weighing again the Pipe and
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2504 Water, we found the weight increa$'d
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2505 onely by one Grain. La$tly, pouring out
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2506 the Water, and carefully freeing the Pipe
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2507 from it (which yet we could not perfectly
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2508 doe) we weighed the Gla$s alone, and
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2509 found it to want two Drachmes and thirty
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2510 two Grains of its former weight: So
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2511 that the bubble of Air taking up the room
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2512 but of one Grain in weight of Water, it
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2513 appear'd that the Air by its own <G>e)lith\r</G>
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2514 was $o rarified, as to take up one hundred
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2515 fifty two times as much room as it did be-
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2516 fore: though it were then compre$$'d by
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2517 <pb n=60>
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2518 nothing but the ordinary pre$$ure of the
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2519 contiguous Air. I know not whether it
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2520 be requi$ite to take notice, that this Ex-
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2521 periment was made indeed in a moi$t
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2522 Night, but in a Room, in who$e Chim-
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2523 ney there was burning a good Fire, which
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2524 did perhaps $omewhat rarifie the Air of
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2525 which the bubble con$i$ted.
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2526 <p>It has $eem'd almo$t incredible which is
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2527 related by the Indu$trious <I>Mer$ennus,</I> That
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2528 the Air by the violence of heat, though
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2529 as great as our Ve$$els can $upport with-
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2530 out fu$ion, can be $o dilated as to take up
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2531 $eventy times as much room as before:
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2532 Wherefore becau$e we were willing to
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2533 have a confirmation of $o $trange a <I>Ph&aelig;no-
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2534 menon;</I> we once more convey'd into the
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2535 Tube a bubble of the bigne$s of the for-
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2536 mer, and pro$ecuting the Experiment as
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2537 before with the $ame Water, we ob$erved
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2538 that the Air did manife$tly $tretch it $elf
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2539 $o far, as to appear $everal times a good
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2540 way below the $urface of the Water in the
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2541 Viol, and that too with a $urface very
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2542 convex toward the bottom of the Pipe.
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2543 Nay, the Pump being ply'd a little lon-
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2544 ger, the Air did manife$tly reach to that
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2545 place where the bottom of the Tube
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2546 lean'd upon the bottom of the Viol, and
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2547 <pb n=61>
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2548 $eem'd to knock upon it and rebound
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2549 from it: Which Circum$tances we adde,
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2550 partly that the <I>Ph&aelig;nomenon</I> we have been
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2551 relating may not be imputed to the
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2552 bare $ub$iding of the Water that fill'd
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2553 the Tube, upon the taking off the pre$-
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2554 $ure of the ambient Air. And partly al-
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2555 $o that it may appear that if our Expe-
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2556 riments have not been as accurately made
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2557 as with fitter In$truments might perhaps
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2558 be po$$ible; yet the expan$ion of the
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2559 Air is likely to be rather greater then
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2560 le$$er then we have made it: Since the
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2561 Air was able to pre$s away the Water at
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2562 the bottom of the Pipe, though that were
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2563 about two Inches below the $urface of the
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2564 Water that was then in the Viol, and
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2565 would have been at lea$t as high in the
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2566 Pipe, if the Water had onely $ub$ided and
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2567 not been depre$$ed: So that it $eems not
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2568 unlikely that if the Experiment could be
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2569 $o made, as that the expan$ion of the Air
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2570 might not be re$i$ted by the Neighboring
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2571 Bodies, it would yet inlarge its bounds,
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2572 and perhaps $tretch it $elf to two hundred
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2573 times its former bulk, if not more. How-
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2574 ever, what we have now try'd will, I hope,
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2575 $uffice to hinder divers of the <I>Ph&aelig;nomena</I>
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2576 of our Engine from being di$tru$ted:
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2577 <pb n=62>
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2578 Since in that part of the Atmo$phere we
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2579 live in, that which we call the free Air (and
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2580 pre$ume to be $o uncompre$$'d) is crouded
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2581 into $o very $mall a part of that $pace,
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2582 which if it were not hindred it would po$-
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2583 $e$s. We would gladly have tryed al$o
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2584 whether the Air at its greate$t expan$ion
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2585 could be further rarified by heat; but do
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2586 what we could, our Receiver leak'd too
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2587 fa$t to let us give our $elves any $atisfacti-
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2588 on in that particular.
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2589 <p>TO di$cover likewi$e by the means of
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2590 <MARG><I>Experi-
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2591 ment</I> 7.</MARG>
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2592 that pre$$ure of the Air, both the
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2593 $trength of Gla$s, and how much inte-
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2594 re$t the Figure of a Body may have in its
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2595 greater or le$$er Re$i$tance to the pre$$ure
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2596 of other Bodys, we made the$e further
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2597 tryals.
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2598 <p>We cau$'d to be blown with a Lamp a
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2599 round Gla$s bubble, capable of contain-
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2600 ing, by gue$s, about five Ounces of Wa-
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2601 ter, with a $lender neck about the bigne$s
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2602 of a Swans Quill, and it was purpo$ely
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2603 blown very thin, as Viols made with
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2604 Lamps are wont to be, that the thinne$s
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2605 of the matter might keep the roundne$s
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2606 of the Figure from making the Ve$$el too
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2607 <pb n=63>
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2608 $trong. Then having moderately empty-
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2609 ed the Receiver, and taken it out of the
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2610 Pump, we $peedily applyed to the Ori-
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2611 fice of the bottom of it the Neck of the
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2612 newly mention'd Gla$s, carefully $topping
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2613 the Crannys with melted Plai$ter, that no
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2614 Air might get in at them: And after
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2615 turning the Key of the Stop-cock, we
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2616 made a free pa$$age for the Air to pa$s out
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2617 of the bubble into the Receiver: which it
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2618 did with great celerity, leaving the bub-
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2619 ble as empty as the Receiver it $elf; as ap-
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2620 pear'd to us by $ome Circum$tances not
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2621 now to be in$i$ted on. Notwith$tanding
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2622 all which, the Ve$$el, continuing as intire
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2623 as before, gave us cau$e to wonder that
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2624 the bare Roundne$s of the Figure $hould
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2625 inable a Gla$s, almo$t as thin as Paper, to
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2626 re$i$t $o great a pre$$ure as that of the
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2627 whole incumbent Atmo$phere. And ha-
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2628 ving reiterated the Experiment, we found
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2629 again that the pre$$ure of the ambient
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2630 Body, thru$ting all the parts inwards,
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2631 made them, by rea$on of their arched Fi-
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2632 gure, $o $upport one another, that the
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2633 Gla$s remain'd as whole as at fir$t.
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2634 <p>Now that the Figure of the Gla$s is
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2635 of great moment in this matter, may be
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2636 evinced by this other Experiment.
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2637 <pb n=64>
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2638 <p>WE took a Gla$s Helmet or Alem-
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2639 <MARG><I>Experi-
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2640 ment</I> 8.</MARG>
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2641 bick (delineated by the $eventh
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2642 Figure) $uch as Chymi$ts u$e in Di$tilla-
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2643 tions, and containing by conjecture be-
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2644 tween two and three Pints: The <I>Ro$trum</I>
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2645 or No$e of it mark'd with <I>(c)</I> was Herme-
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2646 tically clo$ed; and at the top of it was a
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2647 hole, into which was fitted and cemented
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2648 one of the Shanks of a middle-$iz'd Stop-
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2649 cock; $o that the Gla$s being turn'd up-
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2650 $ide-down, the wide Orifice (which in
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2651 common Gla$s-Helmets is the onely one)
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2652 was upwards; and to that wide Orifice
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2653 was fitted a ca$t-Cover of Lead, which
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2654 was carefully cemented on to the Gla$s:
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2655 Then the other Shank of the Stop-cock
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2656 being with Cement likewi$e fa$ten'd into
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2657 the upper part of the Pump, the ex$ucti-
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2658 on of the Air was endeavoured. But it
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2659 was not long before, the remaining Air
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2660 being made much too weak to ballance
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2661 the pre$$ure of the ambient Air, the Gla$s
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2662 was not without a great noi$e crack'd al-
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2663 mo$t half round, along that part of it
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2664 where it began to bend inwards: As if
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2665 in the Figure the crack had been made ac-
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2666 cording to the Line <I>(ab);</I> and upon an
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2667 <pb n=65>
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2668 endeavour to pump out more of the Air,
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2669 the crack once began, appear'd to run on
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2670 further; though the Gla$s where it was
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2671 broken $eem'd to be by conjecture above
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2672 ten, $ome thought above twenty times as
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2673 thick as the bubble mention'd in the fore-
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2674 going Experiment.
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2675 <p>This will perhaps make it $eem $trange,
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2676 that having taken another Gla$s bubble
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2677 blown at the $ame time, and like for
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2678 ought we di$cern'd for $ize, thickne$s
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2679 and Figure to that thin one formerly
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2680 mention'd; and having $eal'd it up Her-
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2681 metically, and $u$pended it in the Recei-
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2682 ver, the ex$uction of the ambient Air did
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2683 not enable the impri$oned Air to break, or
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2684 in the lea$t to crack the bubble; though
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2685 the Experiment were laboriou$ly try'd,
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2686 and that $everal times with bubbles of o-
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2687 ther $izes: But that perhaps the heat of
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2688 the Candle or Lamp wherewith $uch
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2689 Gla$$es are Hermetically $eal'd, (not to
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2690 mention the warmth of his hands that
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2691 $eal'd it) might $o rarifie the contained
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2692 Air, as much to weaken its Spring, may
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2693 $eem probable by the following Expe-
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2694 riments.
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2695 <pb n=66>
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2696 <p>WE took a Gla$s Viol able to hold
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2697 <MARG><I>Experi-
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parents:
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2698 ment</I> 9.</MARG>
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parents:
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2699 three or four Ounces of Water,
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2700 and of the thickne$s u$ual in Gla$$es of
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2701 that $ize; into the Neck of this was put
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parents:
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2702 a moderately $lender Pipe of Gla$s, which
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parents:
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2703 was carefully fa$ten'd with a mixture of e-
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parents:
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2704 qual parts of Pitch and Ro$in to the Neck
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2705 of the Viol, and which reach'd almo$t to
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2706 the bottom of it, as the $ixth Figure de-
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parents:
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2707 clares.
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parents:
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2708 <p>This Viol being upon a particular de-
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2709 $ign fill'd with Water, till that came up in
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parents:
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2710 it a pretty deal higher then the lower end
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parents:
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2711 of the Pipe, was put into one of our $mall
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parents:
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2712 Receivers, (containing between a Pint
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parents:
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2713 and a Quart) in $uch manner as that the
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parents:
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2714 Gla$s Pipe, pa$$ing through a hole made
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parents:
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2715 purpo$ely for it in the Leaden-Cover of
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parents:
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2716 the Receiver, was for the mo$t part of it
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2717 without the Ve$$el, which being exactly
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parents:
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2718 clo$ed, the Pump was $et awork: But at
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2719 the very fir$t ex$uction, and before the
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2720 Sucker was drawn to the bottom of the
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2721 Cylinder, there flew out of the Viol a
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2722 piece of Gla$s half as broad as the Palm
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2723 of a Mans Hand, and it was thrown out
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2724 with $uch violence, that hitting again$t
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2725 <pb n=67>
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parents:
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2726 the Neighboring $ide of the Receiver, it
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2727 not onely dafh'd it $elf to pieces, but
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2728 crack'd the very Receiver in many places,
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2729 with a great noi$e that much $urpri$ed all
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2730 that were in the Room. But it $eem'd
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2731 that in $o little a Receiver, the Air about
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2732 the Viol being $uddenly drawn out, the
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2733 Air Impri$on'd in the Ve$$el, having on
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2734 it the whole pre$$ure of the Atmo$phere
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2735 (to which by the Pipe open at both ends,
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2736 It and the Water were expo$'d) and not
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2737 having on the other $ide the wonted pre$-
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2738 $ure of the Ambient Air to ballance that
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2739 other pre$$ure, the re$i$tance of the Gla$s
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2740 was finally $urmounted, and the Viol once
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2741 beginning to break where it was weake$t,
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2742 the external Air might ru$h in with vio-
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2743 lence enough to throw the crack'd parcel
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2744 $o forcibly again$t the Neighboring $ide
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2745 of the Receiver, as to break that too.
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2746 <p>And this may be pre$umed $ufficient to
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2747 verifie what we delivered in that part of
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2748 our Appendix to the fir$t Experiment,
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2749 where we mention'd the almo$t equal
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2750 pre$$ure of the Air on either $ide of a
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2751 thin Gla$s Ve$$el, as the cau$e of its not
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2752 being broken by the forcible Spring of
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2753 the contain'd Air. But yet that it be not
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2754 $u$pected that chance had an intere$t in $o
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2755 <pb n=68>
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2756 odde an Experiment as we have been Re-
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2757 lating, we will adde that for farther $ati$-
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2758 faction we reiterated it in a round Gla$$e
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2759 containing by gue$$e about $ix ounces
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2760 of water: this violl we put into $uch a
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2761 $mall Receiver as was lately mention'd,
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2762 in $uch manner as that the bottome of
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2763 it re$ted upon the lower part of the Pneu-
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2764 maticall Gla$$e, and the Neck came out
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2765 through the Leaden-Cover of the $ame
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2766 at a hole made purpo$ely for it. But be-
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2767 ing made circum$pect by the foregoing
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2768 mi$chance, we had put the violl into a
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2769 Bladder, before we put it into the Re-
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2770 ceiver to hinder this la$t named Gla$$e
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2771 from being endanger'd by the breaking
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2772 of the other. Then the Pneumaticall
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2773 ve$$ell being clos'd $o that no way was
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2774 left for the outward Air to get into it,
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2775 but by breaking through the Viol, into
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2776 who$e cavity it had free acce$$e by the
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2777 mouth of it, (which was purpo$ely left
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2778 open,) the Sucker being nimbly drawn
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2779 down, the external Air immediatly pre$$'d
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2780 forcibly as well upon the Leaden-Co-
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2781 ver as the Violl; and the Cover hap-
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parents:
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2782 pening to be in one place a little narrow-
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parents:
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2783 er then the edge of the Pneumatical Gla$s,
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2784 was depre$$'d, and thru$t into it $o vio-
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parents:
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2785 <pb n=69>
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2786 lently by the incumbent Air, that get-
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parents:
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2787 ting a little within the tapering Lip of the
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parents:
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2788 Gla$s, it did like a kinde of Wedge, thru$t
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parents:
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2789 out that $ide where it was depre$$'d, $o as,
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parents:
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2790 though the Receiver was new, to $plit it.
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parents:
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2791 This accident being thus mention'd upon
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parents:
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2792 the by to confirm what we formerly $aid
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2793 touching the fitne$s or unfitne$s of Gla$$es
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2794 of $ome Figures to re$i$t the pre$$ure of
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2795 the Atmo$phere; We will proceed to
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parents:
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2796 relate the remaining part of the Experi-
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parents:
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2797 ment, namely, That having fitted on a
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parents:
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2798 wider Cover to the $ame Receiver, and
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parents:
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2799 clo$ed both that and the crack with Ce-
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parents:
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2800 ment, we pro$ecuted the Experiment in
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parents:
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2801 the manner above related, with this $uc-
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parents:
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2802 ce$s: That upon the quick depre$$ing of
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parents:
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2803 the Sucker, the external Air bur$t the
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2804 Body of the Viol in above a hundred pie-
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parents:
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2805 ces, many of them exceeding $mall, and
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parents:
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2806 that with $uch violence that we found a
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parents:
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2807 wide rent, be$ides many holes, made in
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parents:
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2808 the Bladder it $elf.
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parents:
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2809 <p>And to evince that the$e <I>Ph&aelig;nomena</I>
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2810 were the effects of a limited and even
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parents:
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2811 moderate force, and not of $uch an ab-
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2812 horrency of a <I>Vacuum</I> as that to avoid it,
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2813 many have been plea$ed to think that Na-
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2814 ture mu$t, upon occa$ion, exerci$e an al-
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parents:
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2815 <pb n=70>
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parents:
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2816 mo$t boundle$s power; we afterwards pur-
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2817 po$ely try'd this Experiment with $everal
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parents:
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2818 Gla$$es $omewhat thicker then tho$e Vi-
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2819 ols, and found the event to verifie our con-
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2820 jecture, that it would not $ucceed: for
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parents:
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2821 the Gla$$es were taken out as intire as they
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2822 were put in.
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parents:
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2823 <p>And here, My Lord, I hold it not un-
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2824 fit, upon occa$ion of the mention that
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parents:
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2825 has been made of our having employ'd
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2826 $mall Receivers, and one of them, not-
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parents:
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2827 with$tanding its being crack'd, to annex
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parents:
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2828 the$e two Adverti$ements.
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2829 <p>Fir$t then, be$ides the great Pneuma-
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diff changeset
2830 tical Gla$s $o often mention'd, and the
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diff changeset
2831 proportionate Stop-cock, we thought fit
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diff changeset
2832 to provide our $elves of $ome $mall Recei-
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diff changeset
2833 vers blown of Cry$talline Gla$s, of $eve-
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2834 rall Shapes, and furni$hed with $maller
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2835 Stop-cocks purpo$ely made; and this we
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diff changeset
2836 did upon hopes that when we had $ur-
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2837 mounted the difficulties to be met with in
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parents:
diff changeset
2838 Cementing the Gla$$es to the Stop-
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diff changeset
2839 cocks, and the Pneumatical Ve$$els to the
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diff changeset
2840 Pump $o exqui$itely as is requi$ite for our
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2841 purpo$e, we $hould from the $malne$s of
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2842 our Receivers receive a four-fold Advan-
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2843 tage. The fir$t, that by rea$on of the
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2844 $lenderne$s of the Ve$$els, and their be-
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2845 <pb n=71>
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2846 ing made of much purer and clearer me-
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2847 tall, as the Gla$s-men $peak, then the
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2848 great Receiver, we might have a more
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2849 perfect view of every thing happening
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2850 within them. The next, that $uch $mall
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2851 Ve$$els might be empty'd with le$s la-
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2852 bour and in much le$$e time. The third,
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2853 that this nimble ex$uction of the ambient
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2854 Air would make many changes in the
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2855 Bodies $hut up in the$e gla$$es more $ud-
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2856 den and con$picuous then otherwi$e they
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2857 would prove. And the la$t, that we $hould
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2858 be able to draw and keep out the Air much
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2859 more perfectly from $uch $mall Ve$$els
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diff changeset
2860 then from our large Receiver. But though
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2861 we were not much di$-appointed in the
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2862 expectation of the three fir$t advantages,
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2863 yet we were in our hopes of the fourth.
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2864 For be$ides the great difficulty we found
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parents:
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2865 in fitting together the Gla$$es, the Stop-
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2866 cocks and the Covers; be$ides this I $ay,
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parents:
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2867 we found our $elves $eldom able to draw,
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2868 and keep out the Air $o far as to make the
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2869 remaining Air in the$e Receivers weaker
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parents:
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2870 then the remaining Air in our great Recei-
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parents:
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2871 ver. For though $ometimes the Leaks
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parents:
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2872 of $ome of the$e little Receivers may be
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2873 much either fewer or $maller then tho$e
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2874 of the larger Ve$$el; yet a little Air get-
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parents:
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2875 <pb n=72>
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parents:
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2876 ting into one of the$e, wherein it had but
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parents:
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2877 little room to expand and di$play it $elf,
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parents:
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2878 might pre$s as much upon all parts of the
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parents:
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2879 internal $urface of the Ve$$el, and upon
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parents:
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2880 the included Bodies, as a greater quan-
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parents:
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2881 tity of Air in a Ve$$el in who$e capacity
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parents:
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2882 it might finde more room to expand it
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2883 $elf.
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parents:
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2884 <p>The other thing that we were to ad-
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parents:
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2885 verti$e, is, That 'tis not every $mall crack
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2886 that can make $uch a Receiver as is of a
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parents:
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2887 roundi$h Figure altogether u$ele$s to our
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parents:
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2888 Experiment, in regard that upon the ex-
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parents:
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2889 $uction of the internal Air, the ambient
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parents:
diff changeset
2890 Air on all $ides pre$$ing the Gla$s inwards
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parents:
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2891 or towards the middle, does con$equent-
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parents:
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2892 ly thru$t the Lips of the crack clo$er, and
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parents:
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2893 $o rather clo$e then increa$e it.
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parents:
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2894 <p>This I mention partly becau$e Recei-
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parents:
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2895 vers fit for our turn are more ea$ily
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parents:
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2896 crack'd then procur'd, and therefore ought
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parents:
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2897 not to be unnece$$arily thrown away as
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parents:
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2898 un$erviceable: And partly becau$e I think
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parents:
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2899 it becomes one that profe$$es him$elf a
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parents:
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2900 faithful Relator of Experiments, not to
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parents:
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2901 conceal from Your Lord$hip, that after a
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parents:
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2902 few of the foregoing Experiments were
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parents:
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2903 made, there happen'd in the great Recei-
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parents:
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2904 ver a crack of about a Span long, begin-
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parents:
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2905 <pb n=73>
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parents:
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2906 ning at the upper Orifice, and occa$ion'd,
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parents:
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2907 as it $eem'd, by the exce$$ive heat of too
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parents:
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2908 large an Iron that was employ'd to melt
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parents:
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2909 the Cement about that Orifice. But ha-
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parents:
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2910 ving laid upon this crack a broad Plai$ter,
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parents:
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2911 which in one of our E$$ays written $ome
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parents:
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2912 years $ince to your ingenious and hopeful
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parents:
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2913 Cou$in <I>Fones,</I> we extoll for the mending
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parents:
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2914 of crack'd Receivers, and other Chymi-
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parents:
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2915 cal Gla$$es; and having afterwards thick-
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parents:
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2916 ly over-laid this Plai$ter with Diachylon,
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parents:
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2917 we neither could then, nor can yet per-
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parents:
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2918 ceive that the Ve$$el leaks $en$ibly at that
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parents:
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2919 crack.
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parents:
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2920 <p>The Plai$ter was made of good quick
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parents:
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2921 Lime finely poudred, and nimbly ground
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parents:
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2922 with a Pe$tle in a Morter, with a quantity
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parents:
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2923 (I know not how much preci$ely, not ha-
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parents:
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2924 ving tho$e E$$ays in this place) of $cra-
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parents:
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2925 pings of Chee$e and a little fair Water,
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parents:
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2926 no more then is ju$t nece$$ary to bring the
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parents:
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2927 mixture to a $omewhat $oft Pa$te, which
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parents:
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2928 when the Ingredients are exqui$itely in-
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parents:
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2929 corporated, will have a $trong and
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parents:
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2930 $tincking $mell: Then it mu$t be im-
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parents:
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2931 mediately $pread upon a Linnen Cloath
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diff changeset
2932 three or four fingers breadth, and pre$ently
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2933 apply'd, le$t it begin to harden. But if
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2934 Your Lord$hip had $een how we mended
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2935 <pb n=74>
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2936 with it Receivers even for the mo$t $ub-
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diff changeset
2937 tle Chymical Spirits, You would $carce
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diff changeset
2938 wonder at the $ervice it has done in our
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2939 Pneumatical Gla$s.
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diff changeset
2940 <p>WE took a Tallow-Candle of $uch
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2941 <MARG><I>Experi-
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diff changeset
2942 ment</I> 10.</MARG>
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2943 a $ize that eight of them make
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2944 about a pound, and having in a very com-
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2945 modious Candle$tick let it down into the
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2946 Receiver, and $o $u$pended it that the
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2947 Flame burnt almo$t in the middle of the
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2948 Ve$$el, we did in $ome two minutes ex-
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2949 actly clo$e it up: and, upon Pumping ve-
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2950 ry nimbly, we found that within little
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2951 more then half a minute after the Flame
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2952 went out, though the Snuff had been
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2953 purpo$ely left of that length we judged
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2954 the mo$t convenient for the la$ting of
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2955 the Flame.
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parents:
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2956 <p>But the $econd time having put in the
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2957 $ame Candle into the Receiver, (after it
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2958 had by the bla$ts of a pair of Bellows
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2959 been freed from Fumes) the Flame la$ted
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2960 about two minutes from the time the
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2961 Pumper began to draw out the Air; up-
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2962 on the fir$t ex$uction whereof, the Flame
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2963 $eem'd to contract it $elf in all its Dimen-
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2964 $ions. And the$e things were further ob-
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2965 <pb n=75>
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2966 $ervable, that after the two or three fir$t
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2967 ex$uctions of the Air, the Flame (except
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2968 at the very top) appear'd exceeding blew,
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parents:
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2969 and that the Flame $till receded more and
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2970 more from the Tallow, till at length it
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parents:
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2971 appear'd to po$$e$s onely the very top of
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parents:
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2972 the Week, and there it went out.
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parents:
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2973 <p>The $ame Candle being lighted again
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parents:
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2974 was $hut into the Receiver, to try how it
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parents:
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2975 would la$t there without drawing forth
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parents:
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2976 the Air, and we found that it la$ted much
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parents:
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2977 longer then formerly; and before it went
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parents:
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2978 out receded from the Tallow towards the
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parents:
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2979 the top of the Week, but not near $o
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parents:
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2980 much as in the former Experiment.
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parents:
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2981 <p>And having an intention to ob$erve par-
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parents:
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2982 ticularly what the motion of the $moak
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parents:
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2983 would be in the$e Experiments: We
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parents:
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2984 took notice that when the Air was not
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parents:
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2985 drawn out, there did upon the extinction
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parents:
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2986 of the Flame a con$iderable part of the
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parents:
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2987 Week remain kindled, which (probably
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parents:
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2988 by rea$on of the Circulation of the Air
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parents:
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2989 in the Ve$$el, occa$ion'd by the heat) e-
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parents:
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2990 mitted a Steam, which a$cended $wiftly
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parents:
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2991 and directly upwards in a $lender and unin-
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parents:
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2992 terrupted Cylinder of $moke, till it came
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parents:
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2993 to the top, whence it manife$tly recoyl'd
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parents:
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2994 by the $ides to the lower part of the Ve$-
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2995 <pb n=76>
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parents:
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2996 $el. Whereas when the Flame went out
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parents:
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2997 upon the ex$uction of the Air one time
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parents:
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2998 (when the Flame retir'd very lea$urely
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parents:
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2999 to the top) we perceived it not to be fol-
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parents:
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3000 low'd by any $moke at all. And at an
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parents:
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3001 other time the upper part of the Week
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parents:
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3002 remaining kindled after the extinction
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parents:
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3003 of the Flame, the $lender $team of Fumes
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parents:
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3004 that did ari$e a$cended but a very little
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parents:
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3005 way, and then after $ome uncertain mo-
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parents:
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3006 tions this and that way, did, for the mo$t
22d6a63640c6 moved texts from SVN https://it-dev.mpiwg-berlin.mpg.de/svn/mpdl-project-content/trunk/texts/eXist/
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parents:
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3007 part, $oon fall downwards.
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3008 <p>Being de$irous al$o to try whether
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parents:
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3009 there would be any difference as well in
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parents:
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3010 our Receiver as there is wont to be el$e-
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parents:
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3011 where betwixt Candles made of Wax and
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parents:
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3012 tho$e made of Tallow, as to their dura-
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parents:
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3013 tion; we took $lender Tapers of white
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parents:
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3014 Wax, (commonly called Virgins Wax)
22d6a63640c6 moved texts from SVN https://it-dev.mpiwg-berlin.mpg.de/svn/mpdl-project-content/trunk/texts/eXist/
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parents:
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3015 that being found to burn with much le$s
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parents:
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3016 $moke then common yellow Wax: Six
22d6a63640c6 moved texts from SVN https://it-dev.mpiwg-berlin.mpg.de/svn/mpdl-project-content/trunk/texts/eXist/
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parents:
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3017 of the$e of like bigne$s, and each of them
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parents:
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3018 of about the thickne$s of a Swans Quill,
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parents:
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3019 we pre$$'d together into one Candle: And
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parents:
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3020 having lighted all the Weeks, we let in
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parents:
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3021 the above-mention'd Wax into the Re-
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parents:
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3022 ceiver, and made what ha$te we could to
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parents:
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3023 clo$e it up with Cement. But though in
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casties
parents:
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3024 the mean while we left open the Valve
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casties
parents:
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3025 <pb n=77>
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parents:
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3026 of the Cylinder, the hole of the Stop-
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casties
parents:
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3027 cock and that in the Cover of the Re-
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parents:
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3028 ceiver, that $ome Air might get in to
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casties
parents:
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3029 cheri$h the Flame and the $moke might
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parents:
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3030 have a vent; Yet for $o great a Flame
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casties
parents:
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3031 the Air $ufficed not $o much as till the
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parents:
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3032 Cover could be perfectly luted on: So
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parents:
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3033 that before we were quite ready to imploy
22d6a63640c6 moved texts from SVN https://it-dev.mpiwg-berlin.mpg.de/svn/mpdl-project-content/trunk/texts/eXist/
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parents:
diff changeset
3034 the Pump, the Candle was extingui$hed.
22d6a63640c6 moved texts from SVN https://it-dev.mpiwg-berlin.mpg.de/svn/mpdl-project-content/trunk/texts/eXist/
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parents:
diff changeset
3035 Wherefore we took but one of the a-
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parents:
diff changeset
3036 bove mention'd Tapers, and having
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parents:
diff changeset
3037 lighted it, clo$'d it up in the Receiver, to
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parents:
diff changeset
3038 try how long a $mall Flame with a pro-
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parents:
diff changeset
3039 portionable $moke would continue in
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parents:
diff changeset
3040 $uch a quantity of Air: But we found
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parents:
diff changeset
3041 upon two $everal tryals, that from the
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parents:
diff changeset
3042 beginning of pumping, the Flame went
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parents:
diff changeset
3043 out in about a minute of an hour. It
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parents:
diff changeset
3044 appear'd indeed to us that the $winging
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parents:
diff changeset
3045 of the Wier to and fro (in the Engine
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parents:
diff changeset
3046 $haken by pumping) ha$ten'd the vani$h-
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parents:
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3047 ing of the Flame, which $eem'd by that
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parents:
diff changeset
3048 motion to be ca$t $ometimes on one $ide
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parents:
diff changeset
3049 of the Week and $ometimes on the o-
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parents:
diff changeset
3050 ther; But though once we purpo$ely
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parents:
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3051 refrain'd pumping after a very few ex-
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parents:
diff changeset
3052 $uctions of the Air, that the Flame might
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parents:
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3053 not be agitated, yet it la$ted not much
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parents:
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3054 longer then the newly mention'd time.
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parents:
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3055 <pb n=78>
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parents:
diff changeset
3056 And la$tly, clo$ing up the $ame Taper,
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parents:
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3057 lighted again, to di$cover how long it
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parents:
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3058 would la$t without drawing out of the
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parents:
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3059 Air, we found that it burn'd for a while
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parents:
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3060 vividly enough, but afterwards began to
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parents:
diff changeset
3061 be le$$en'd more and more in all its Di-
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parents:
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3062 men$ions. And we ob$erv'd that the
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parents:
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3063 Flame did not, as before, retire it $elf by
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parents:
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3064 little and little towards the top, but to-
22d6a63640c6 moved texts from SVN https://it-dev.mpiwg-berlin.mpg.de/svn/mpdl-project-content/trunk/texts/eXist/
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parents:
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3065 wards the bottom of the Week (from
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parents:
diff changeset
3066 which yet it did a little withdraw upwards
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parents:
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3067 ju$t before it went out) $o that the upper
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parents:
diff changeset
3068 part of the Week appear'd for a pretty
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parents:
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3069 while manife$tly above the top of the
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parents:
diff changeset
3070 Flame, which having la$ted about five
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parents:
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3071 minutes, was $ucceeded by a directly a$-
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parents:
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3072 cending $tream of Smoak.
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parents:
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3073 <p>THere was taken a Wier, which being
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parents:
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3074 <MARG><I>Experi-
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parents:
diff changeset
3075 ment</I> 11.</MARG>
22d6a63640c6 moved texts from SVN https://it-dev.mpiwg-berlin.mpg.de/svn/mpdl-project-content/trunk/texts/eXist/
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parents:
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3076 bent almo$t in the form of a Screw,
22d6a63640c6 moved texts from SVN https://it-dev.mpiwg-berlin.mpg.de/svn/mpdl-project-content/trunk/texts/eXist/
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parents:
diff changeset
3077 con$tituted $uch an In$trument to contein
22d6a63640c6 moved texts from SVN https://it-dev.mpiwg-berlin.mpg.de/svn/mpdl-project-content/trunk/texts/eXist/
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parents:
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3078 Coals and leave them every way acce$$i-
22d6a63640c6 moved texts from SVN https://it-dev.mpiwg-berlin.mpg.de/svn/mpdl-project-content/trunk/texts/eXist/
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parents:
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3079 ble to the Air, as the tenth Figure de-
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parents:
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3080 clares; the breadth of this Ve$$el was no
22d6a63640c6 moved texts from SVN https://it-dev.mpiwg-berlin.mpg.de/svn/mpdl-project-content/trunk/texts/eXist/
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parents:
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3081 le$s then that it might with ea$e be con-
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parents:
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3082 vey'd into the Receiver: And having filld
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parents:
diff changeset
3083 it to the height of about five Inches with
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parents:
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3084 throughly kindled Wood-coals, we let
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parents:
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3085 <pb n=79>
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parents:
diff changeset
3086 it down into the Gla$s; and $peedily clo-
22d6a63640c6 moved texts from SVN https://it-dev.mpiwg-berlin.mpg.de/svn/mpdl-project-content/trunk/texts/eXist/
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parents:
diff changeset
3087 $ing it, we cau$'d the Pumper to ply
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parents:
diff changeset
3088 his work, and ob$erv'd that upon the ve-
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parents:
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3089 ry fir$t ex$uction of the Air (though per-
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parents:
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3090 haps not becau$e of that onely) the Fire
22d6a63640c6 moved texts from SVN https://it-dev.mpiwg-berlin.mpg.de/svn/mpdl-project-content/trunk/texts/eXist/
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parents:
diff changeset
3091 in the Coals began to grow very dim, and
22d6a63640c6 moved texts from SVN https://it-dev.mpiwg-berlin.mpg.de/svn/mpdl-project-content/trunk/texts/eXist/
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parents:
diff changeset
3092 though the agitation of the Ve$$el did
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parents:
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3093 make them $wing up and down (which in
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parents:
diff changeset
3094 the free Air would have retarded the ex-
22d6a63640c6 moved texts from SVN https://it-dev.mpiwg-berlin.mpg.de/svn/mpdl-project-content/trunk/texts/eXist/
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parents:
diff changeset
3095 tinction of the Fire) yet when we could
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parents:
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3096 no longer di$cern any redne$s at all in any
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parents:
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3097 of them; ca$ting our eyes upon a Minute-
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parents:
diff changeset
3098 Watch we kept by us on this occa$ion, we
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parents:
diff changeset
3099 found that from the beginning of the
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parents:
diff changeset
3100 Pumping (which might be about two mi-
22d6a63640c6 moved texts from SVN https://it-dev.mpiwg-berlin.mpg.de/svn/mpdl-project-content/trunk/texts/eXist/
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parents:
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3101 nutes after the Coals had been put in
22d6a63640c6 moved texts from SVN https://it-dev.mpiwg-berlin.mpg.de/svn/mpdl-project-content/trunk/texts/eXist/
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parents:
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3102 glowing) to the total di$-appearing of
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parents:
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3103 the Fire, there had pa$$ed but three mi-
22d6a63640c6 moved texts from SVN https://it-dev.mpiwg-berlin.mpg.de/svn/mpdl-project-content/trunk/texts/eXist/
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parents:
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3104 nutes.
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parents:
diff changeset
3105 <p>Whereupon, to try the Experiment a
22d6a63640c6 moved texts from SVN https://it-dev.mpiwg-berlin.mpg.de/svn/mpdl-project-content/trunk/texts/eXist/
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parents:
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3106 little further, we pre$ently took out the
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parents:
diff changeset
3107 Coals, in which it $eems there had re-
22d6a63640c6 moved texts from SVN https://it-dev.mpiwg-berlin.mpg.de/svn/mpdl-project-content/trunk/texts/eXist/
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parents:
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3108 mained $ome little parcels of Fire, rather
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parents:
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3109 cover'd then totally quench'd: For in the
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parents:
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3110 open Air the Coals began to be re-kind-
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parents:
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3111 led in $everal places, wherefore having by
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parents:
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3112 $winging them about in the Wier,
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parents:
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3113 throughly lighted them the $econd time,
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parents:
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3114 welet them down again into the Receiver,
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parents:
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3115 <pb n=80>
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parents:
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3116 and clo$'d it $peedily as before; and then
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parents:
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3117 waiting till the Fire $eem'd totally ex-
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parents:
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3118 tinct without medling with the Pump, we
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parents:
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3119 found that from the time the Ve$$el was
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parents:
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3120 clo$'d till that no Fire at all could be per-
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parents:
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3121 ceiv'd there had pa$$ed about four mi-
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parents:
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3122 nutes: Whereby it $eem'd to appear that
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parents:
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3123 the drawing away of the ambient Air
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casties
parents:
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3124 made the Fire go out $ooner then other-
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parents:
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3125 wi$e it would have done; though that part
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parents:
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3126 of the Air that we drew out left the more
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parents:
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3127 room for the $tifling $teams of the Coals
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parents:
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3128 to be received into.
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casties
parents:
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3129 <p>La$tly, Having taken out the Wier
22d6a63640c6 moved texts from SVN https://it-dev.mpiwg-berlin.mpg.de/svn/mpdl-project-content/trunk/texts/eXist/
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parents:
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3130 and put other Coals into it, we did, in the
22d6a63640c6 moved texts from SVN https://it-dev.mpiwg-berlin.mpg.de/svn/mpdl-project-content/trunk/texts/eXist/
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parents:
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3131 $ame Room where the Engine $tood, let it
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parents:
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3132 hang quietly by a $tring in the open Air,
22d6a63640c6 moved texts from SVN https://it-dev.mpiwg-berlin.mpg.de/svn/mpdl-project-content/trunk/texts/eXist/
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parents:
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3133 to try how long the Fire would la$t with-
22d6a63640c6 moved texts from SVN https://it-dev.mpiwg-berlin.mpg.de/svn/mpdl-project-content/trunk/texts/eXist/
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parents:
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3134 out agitation when no Air was kept from
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casties
parents:
diff changeset
3135 it. And we found that the Fire began to
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diff changeset
3136 go out fir$t at the top and out-$ides of the
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diff changeset
3137 Coals; but inwards and near the bottom
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diff changeset
3138 the Fire continu'd vi$ible for above half
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diff changeset
3139 an hour, a great part of the Coals, e$pe-
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diff changeset
3140 cially tho$e next the bottom, being burnt
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3141 to a$hes before the Fire went out.
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parents:
diff changeset
3142 <p>We cau$'d likewi$e a piece of Iron to
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3143 be forg'd, of the bigne$s of a middle $iz'd
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diff changeset
3144 Char-coal, and having made it red hot
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3145 <pb n=81>
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3146 throughout; we cau$'d it in the lately
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3147 mention'd Wier, to be $peedily convey'd
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parents:
diff changeset
3148 and $hut up into the Receiver, being de-
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diff changeset
3149 $irous to try what would become of a
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parents:
diff changeset
3150 glowing Body, by rea$on of its texture
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parents:
diff changeset
3151 more vehemently hot then a burning
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parents:
diff changeset
3152 Coal of the $ame bigne$s, &amp; yet unlike to
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diff changeset
3153 $end forth $uch copious &amp; $tifling Fumes:
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parents:
diff changeset
3154 But we could not ob$erve any manife$t
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3155 change upon the ex$uction of the Air.
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parents:
diff changeset
3156 The Iron began indeed to lo$e its Fiery
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3157 redne$s at the top, but that $eem'd to be
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3158 becau$e it was it the upper end $omewhat
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parents:
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3159 more $lender then at the lower: The red-
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3160 ne$s, though it were in the day time, con-
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parents:
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3161 tinued vi$ible about four minutes; and
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parents:
diff changeset
3162 then, before it did quite di$-appear, we
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3163 turn'd the Key of the Stop-cock but
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parents:
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3164 could not di$cern any change of the Iron
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parents:
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3165 upon the ru$hing in of the Air. Yet $ome
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parents:
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3166 little remainders of Wax that $tuck to
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parents:
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3167 the Wier, and were turn'd into Fumes by
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parents:
diff changeset
3168 the heat of the neighboring Iron, $eem'd
22d6a63640c6 moved texts from SVN https://it-dev.mpiwg-berlin.mpg.de/svn/mpdl-project-content/trunk/texts/eXist/
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diff changeset
3169 to afford a more plentiful, or at lea$t a
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parents:
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3170 much more free expanded $moke when
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parents:
diff changeset
3171 the Air was $uck'd out, then afterwards;
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parents:
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3172 though allowance was made for the de-
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parents:
diff changeset
3173 crea$ing heat of the Iron. And la$tly,
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3174 notwith$tanding a con$iderable ex$uction
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parents:
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3175 <pb n=82>
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parents:
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3176 of the ambient Air, though not by far $o
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parents:
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3177 great a one as might have been made by
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parents:
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3178 the Engine; and notwith$tanding the in-
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parents:
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3179 con$iderable di$$ipation of the parts of the
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parents:
diff changeset
3180 Iron, the $urrounding $ides of the Recei-
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parents:
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3181 ver were $en$ibly, and almo$t offen$ively
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parents:
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3182 heated by it; in$omuch that a pretty while
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parents:
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3183 after the Iron was taken out, the $ides of
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parents:
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3184 the Gla$s manife$tly retain'd a warmth:
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parents:
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3185 which would not be unfit to be con$ider'd
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parents:
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3186 by a Per$on at more lea$ure then I am
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parents:
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3187 now.
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parents:
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3188 <p>BEing willing to try after this $ome-
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parents:
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3189 <MARG><I>Experi-
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parents:
diff changeset
3190 ment</I> 12.</MARG>
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parents:
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3191 thing that would not cheri$h much
22d6a63640c6 moved texts from SVN https://it-dev.mpiwg-berlin.mpg.de/svn/mpdl-project-content/trunk/texts/eXist/
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parents:
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3192 Fire at once, and would keep Fire much
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parents:
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3193 longer then a Coal. We took a piece of
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parents:
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3194 Match, $uch as Souldiers u$e, of the thick-
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parents:
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3195 ne$s of a Mans little Finger, or $omewhat
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parents:
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3196 thicker; and this being well lighted at
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parents:
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3197 one end, was by a $tring $u$pended with
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parents:
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3198 that end downwards in the cavity of the
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parents:
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3199 Receiver which was immediately clo$'d:
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parents:
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3200 And yet by that time it could well be $o,
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parents:
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3201 the copious Fumes of the Match had neer
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parents:
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3202 fill'd and darken'd the Receiver. Where-
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parents:
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3203 fore, le$t the Ve$$el $hould be endanger'd,
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parents:
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3204 the Pump was nimbly ply'd, and a great
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parents:
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3205 <pb n=83>
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parents:
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3206 deal of Air and Smoke mixt together was
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parents:
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3207 drawn out, whereby the Receiver grow-
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parents:
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3208 ing more clear, we could di$cern the Fire
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parents:
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3209 in the Match to burn more and more lan-
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parents:
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3210 guidly: And notwith$tanding that by the
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parents:
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3211 diligence u$'d in Pumping, it $eem'd to
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parents:
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3212 have room enough allow'd it to throw
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parents:
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3213 out Fumes; yet after no long time it
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3214 cea$'d from being di$cernable either by its
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parents:
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3215 Light or its Smoke. And though by
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parents:
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3216 that we were invited to $uppo$e it quite
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parents:
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3217 extingui$hed, yet we continu'd pumping
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parents:
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3218 a while, in pro$ecution of another Expe-
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parents:
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3219 riment we were trying at the $ame time:
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3220 And this we did the more willingly be-
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3221 cau$e of a $u$picion the Experiment a-
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3222 bout the Coals might ea$ily $ugge$t, and
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3223 which the event declar'd not to have been
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3224 altogether groundle$s. For upon the
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parents:
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3225 Admi$$ion of the external Air, the Fire,
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parents:
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3226 that $eem'd to have gone out a pretty
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parents:
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3227 while before, did pre$ently revive; and
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parents:
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3228 being as it were refre$h d by the new Air,
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parents:
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3229 and blown by the Wind made by that
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3230 Air in ru$hing in, it began again to $hine
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3231 and di$$ipate the neighboring Fuel into
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3232 Smoke as formerly.
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3233 <pb n=84>
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3234 <p>A While after we let down into
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3235 <MARG><I>Experi-
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3236 ment</I> 13.</MARG>
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3237 the Receiver together with a ligh-
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3238 ted piece of Match, a great Bladder well
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3239 tyed at the Neck, but very lank, as not
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3240 containing actually much (if any thing) a-
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3241 bove a Pint of Air, but being capable of
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3242 containing ten or twelve times as much.
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3243 <p>Our $cope in this Experiment was
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3244 partly to try whether or no the $moke of
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3245 the Match, repleni$hing the Receiver,
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3246 would be able to hinder the Dilatation of
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3247 the inward Air, upon the ex$uction of the
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3248 Ambient. And partly to di$cover whe-
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3249 ther the extinction of the Fire in the
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3250 Match did proceed from want of Air, or
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3251 barely from the pre$$ure of its own
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3252 Fumes, which for want of room to ex-
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3253 pand them$elves in, might be $uppo$'d
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3254 to Recoyl upon the Fire, and $o to
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3255 $tifle it.
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3256 <p>The event of our tryal was, That
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3257 at the beginning of our Pumping the
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3258 Match appear'd well lighted, though
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3259 it had almo$t fill'd the Receiver with
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3260 its plentiful Fumes: But by degrees it
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3261 burnt more and more dimly, notwith-
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3262 $tanding that by the nimble drawing
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3263 <pb n=85>
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3264 out the Air and Smoke, the Ve$$el
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3265 were made le$s opacous, and le$s full of
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3266 compre$$ing matter; as appeard by this,
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3267 That the longer we pump'd, the le$$er
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3268 Air and Smoke came out of the Cylin-
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3269 der at the opening the Valve, and con$e-
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3270 quently the le$s came into it before; yet
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3271 the Fire in the Match went but $lowly
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3272 out. And when afterwards, to $atisfie
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3273 our $elves of its expiration, we had dar-
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3274 ken'd the Room, and in vain endeavored
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3275 to di$cover any $park of Fire, as we could
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3276 not for $ome time before by the help of
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3277 Candles di$cern the lea$t ri$ing of Smoke,
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3278 we yet continued pumping $ix or $even
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3279 times; and after all that letting in the
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3280 Air, the $eemingly dead Fire quickly
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3281 revived, and manife$ted its recovery by
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3282 Light and $tore of Smoke, with the
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3283 latter of which it quickly began to re-
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3284 pleni$h the Receiver. Then we fell
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3285 to pumping afre$h, and continued that
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3286 labour $o long till the re-kindled
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3287 Match went out again: and thinking
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3288 it then fit not to cea$e from Pum-
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3289 ping $o $oon as before, we found that
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3290 in le$s then half a quarter of an hour the
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3291 Fire was got out for good and all,
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3292 <pb n=86>
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3293 and pa$t the po$$ibility of being recover'd
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3294 by the re-admitted Air.
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3295 <p>Some Circum$tances, be$ides tho$e al-
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3296 ready mention'd, occurr'd in the making
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3297 of the Experiment, of which the$e are
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3298 the principal.
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parents:
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3299 <p>Fir$t, when the Receiver was full of
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3300 Smoke, if the Cylinder were emptied,
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parents:
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3301 immediately upon the turning of the
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parents:
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3302 Stop-cock, the Receiver would appear
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parents:
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3303 manife$tly darken'd to his eye that look'd
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3304 upon the light through it: and this dark-
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3305 ne$s was much le$s when the Receiver was
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parents:
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3306 much le$s fill'd with Fumes: It was al$o
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3307 in$tantaneous, and $eem'd to proceed from
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parents:
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3308 a $udden change of place and $cituation
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parents:
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3309 in the exhalations, upon the vent $ud-
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parents:
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3310 denly afforded them and the Air they
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parents:
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3311 were mixt with, out of the Receiver into
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parents:
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3312 the Cylinder.
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parents:
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3313 <p>The next thing we ob$erv'd was, a kinde
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3314 of <I>Halo</I> that appear'd a good while about
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parents:
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3315 the Fire, and $eem'd to be produced by
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parents:
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3316 the $urrounding Exhalations.
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3317 <p>And la$tly, it is remarkable, That even
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3318 when the Fumes $eemed mo$t to reple-
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parents:
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3319 ni$h the Receiver, they did not $en$ibly
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parents:
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3320 hinder the Air included in the Bladder
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parents:
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3321 from dilating it $elf after the $ame manner
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3322 <pb n=87>
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parents:
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3323 (for ought we could di$cern) as it would
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parents:
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3324 have otherwi$e done: So that before the
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parents:
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3325 Fire or the Match was quite extinct, the
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parents:
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3326 Bladder appear'd $well'd at lea$t to $ix or
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parents:
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3327 $even times its former capacity.
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parents:
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3328 <p>Since the writing of the$e la$t Lines,
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parents:
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3329 we took a $mall Receiver, capable of
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parents:
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3330 containing (by gue$s) about a pound and
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parents:
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3331 a half of Water; and in the mid$t of it
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parents:
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3332 we $u$pended a lighted Match, but though
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3333 within one minute of an hour (or there-
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3334 abouts) from the putting in of the Match,
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parents:
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3335 we had cemented on the Cover, yet we
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parents:
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3336 could not make $uch ha$te, but that before
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parents:
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3337 we began to pump, the Smoke had $o
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parents:
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3338 fill'd that $mall Receiver, as for ought we
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3339 di$cern'd, to choke the Fire. And having
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3340 again and again reiterated the Experi-
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3341 ment, it $eem'd $till as at fir$t, that we
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3342 could not clo$e up the Ve$$el and pump
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3343 out all the Fumes time enough to re$cue
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3344 the Fire from Extinction; whereupon we
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3345 made u$e of this Expedient. A$$oon as
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3346 we had pump'd once or twice, we $udden-
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3347 ly turn'd the Key, and thereby gave acce$s
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3348 to the excluded Air, which ru$hing vio-
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3349 lently in, as if it had been forced thorow
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3350 a pair of Bellows, did both drive away
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3351 the a$hes, fill the Gla$s with fre$h Air, and
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3352 <pb n=88>
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3353 by blowing the almo$t extingui$h'd Fire,
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3354 re-kindl'd it, as appear'd by the Matches
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parents:
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3355 beginning again to $moke, which before it
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parents:
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3356 had cea$'d to do; we having by this
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3357 means obtain'd a lighted Match in the
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3358 Receiver, without being reduc'd to $pend
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parents:
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3359 time to clo$e it up, commanded the Air
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parents:
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3360 to be immediatly pump'd out, and found
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parents:
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3361 that upon the ex$uction of it, the Match
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parents:
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3362 quickly left $mokeing, as it $eem'd, by
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3363 rea$on of the ab$ence of the Air; and
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3364 yet if $ome urgent occa$ions had not hin-
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3365 der'd us, we would for greater $ecurity
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parents:
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3366 have try'd, whether or no the Match re-
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parents:
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3367 kindled as formerly, would $moke much
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3368 longer, in ca$e of no ex$uction of the am-
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3369 bient Air.
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parents:
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3370 <p>TO try diver$e things at once,
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3371 <MARG><I>Experi-
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3372 ment</I> 14.</MARG>
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3373 and particularly whether Fire,
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3374 though we found it would not long la$t,
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3375 might not yet be produced in our eva-
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parents:
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3376 cuated Receiver: We took a Pi$tol of
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parents:
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3377 about a Foot in length, and having
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parents:
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3378 firmly tyed it to a $tick almo$t as long as
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parents:
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3379 the Cavity of the Receiver, we very
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parents:
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3380 carefully prim'd it with well dry'd Gun-
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parents:
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3381 powder, and then cocking it, we ty'd to
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parents:
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3382 <pb n=89>
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parents:
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3383 the Tricker one end of a $tring, who$e
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parents:
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3384 other end was fa$ten'd to the Key former-
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3385 ly mention'd to belong to the Cover of
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3386 our Receiver. This done, we convey'd
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parents:
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3387 the Pi$tol, together with the annexed
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parents:
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3388 Staff, into the Ve$$el: which being clo$'d
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parents:
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3389 up, and empty'd after the u$ual man-
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parents:
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3390 ner, we began to turn the Key in the
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3391 Cover; and thereby $hortning the $tring
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parents:
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3392 that reach'd from it to the Pi$tol, we
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parents:
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3393 pull'd a$ide the Tricker, and ob$erv'd,
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parents:
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3394 that according to our expectation the
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parents:
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3395 force of the Spring of the Lock was
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parents:
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3396 not $en$ibly abated by the ab$ence of
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3397 the Air. (from who$e <I>impetus</I> yet $ome
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parents:
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3398 Modern Naturali$ts would derive the
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3399 cau$e of the motion of Re$titution in
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3400 $olid Bodies) For the Cock falling
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3401 with its wonted violence upon the Steel,
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parents:
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3402 $truck out of it as many and as con$pi-
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3403 cuous parts of Fire, as, for ought we
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parents:
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3404 could perceive, it would have done in
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3405 the open Air. Repeating this Experi-
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parents:
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3406 ment divers times, we al$o ob$erved
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parents:
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3407 whether or no there would appear
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3408 any con$iderable Diver$ity in the
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parents:
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3409 Motion of the $hining Sparks in a
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3410 place where the remaining Aire was
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3411 $o much rarified, but could not perceive
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parents:
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3412 <pb n=100>
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parents:
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3413 but that they moved $ome of them up-
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parents:
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3414 wards, as well as $ome of them down-
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parents:
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3415 wards, and $ome of them $ide-ways, as
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parents:
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3416 they are wont to do, when upon $uch col-
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parents:
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3417 li$ions they fly out in the open Air.
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parents:
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3418 <p>We likewi$e cau$'d a piece of Steel to
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3419 be made of the form and bigne$s of the
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parents:
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3420 Flint, in who$e place we put it, and then
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parents:
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3421 the Pi$tol being cock'd and conveyed in-
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parents:
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3422 to the Receiver, the Trigger was pull'd
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parents:
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3423 after the Air was drawn out: And though
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parents:
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3424 the place were purpo$ely $omewhat dar-
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parents:
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3425 ken'd, yet there appear'd not upon the
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parents:
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3426 $triking of the two Steels again$t each o-
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3427 ther the lea$t $park of Fire: Nor did we
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3428 expect any (having before in vain attem-
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parents:
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3429 pted to $trike Fire this way in the open
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3430 Air) though we thought fit to make the
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parents:
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3431 Experiment to undeceive tho$e who fan-
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parents:
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3432 cy in rarified Air, I know not what $trange
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parents:
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3433 di$po$ition, to take Fire upon a much
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parents:
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3434 $lighter occa$ion then this Experiment
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parents:
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3435 afforded. We have indeed found, that
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parents:
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3436 by the dextrous Colli$ion of two har-
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parents:
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3437 den'd pieces of Steel, $tore of $parks
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parents:
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3438 may be $truck out: But that was done with
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3439 $uch vehement percu$$ion of the edges of
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parents:
diff changeset
3440 the two Steels, as could not well be com-
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diff changeset
3441 pa$$'d in our Receiver.
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diff changeset
3442 <pb n=101>
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diff changeset
3443 <p>But the chief thing we de$ign'd to do
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diff changeset
3444 with our Pi$tol, was, To ob$erve whe-
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diff changeset
3445 ther Gun-powder would take Fire in our
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parents:
diff changeset
3446 empty'd and clo$ely $top'd Gla$s? Whe-
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parents:
diff changeset
3447 ther the expan$ion of the Flame would be
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parents:
diff changeset
3448 con$iderably varied by the ab$ence of $o
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diff changeset
3449 much of the ambient Air as was drawn
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diff changeset
3450 out of the Receiver? and whether the
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diff changeset
3451 Flame would diffu$e it $elf upward, as it is
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3452 wont, notwith$tanding its not having a-
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3453 bout it the u$ual proportion of Air to
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diff changeset
3454 force it up? And though mo$t of our at-
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diff changeset
3455 tempts to fire the Gun-powder in the
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diff changeset
3456 Pan of the Pi$tol $ucceeded not, becau$e
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3457 we were fain to let it hang almo$t perpen-
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3458 dicular in the Receiver; whereby the
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parents:
diff changeset
3459 Powder was $haken down before the
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diff changeset
3460 $parks could reach it: yet once the Ex-
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3461 periment $ucceeded, and the kindled
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parents:
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3462 Powder $eem'd to make a more expanded
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3463 Flame then it would have done in the
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3464 open Air, but mounted upwards accord-
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3465 ing to its wont, whether by rea$on of that
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3466 little portion of Air, which in $pight of
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3467 our pumping remained in the Receiver, or
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3468 for any other cau$e, we have not now the
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3469 lei$ure to con$ider. But we mu$t not for-
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3470 get, that upon the extinction of the Flame
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3471 the Receiver appear'd darken'd with
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3472 <pb n=102>
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3473 $moke, which $eem'd to move freely up
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3474 and down, and upon the letting in the Air
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3475 at the Stop-cock began to circulate much
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3476 fa$ter then before. We wonld have made
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3477 more ob$ervations concerning this Flame,
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3478 but that of two or three attempts we
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3479 afterwards made to repeat the kindling of
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3480 Powder, not any one $ucceeded; and
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3481 we have not the lea$ure to dwell long up-
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3482 on one kinde of Tryals.
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3483 <p>TO the$e Experiments concerning Fire
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3484 <MARG><I>Experi-
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3485 ment</I> 15.</MARG>
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parents:
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3486 we added another, which, though it $uc-
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3487 ceded not, may perhaps without imper-
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3488 tinency be recorded: partly becau$e that
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3489 (as we have in another Treati$e amply de-
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3490 clar'd) it is u$efull to recite what Experi-
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3491 ments mi$carry as well as what $ucceed.
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3492 And partly al$o becau$e it is very po$$ible
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3493 that what we endeavored in vaine, may be
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3494 performed by Your Lord$hip, or $ome
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3495 other <I>Virtuo$o</I> that $hall have $lancker
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3496 Ve$$ells then we had, and more Sunny
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3497 dayes then the pre$ent Winter allows
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3498 us.
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3499 <p>We convey'd then into one of our $mall
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3500 Receivers a piece of matter combu$tible,
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3501 dry and black (experience declaring things
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3502 <pb n=103>
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3503 of that colour to be mo$t ea$ily kindled)
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3504 &amp; carefully clo$ing the Ve$$el we brought
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3505 it to a Window at which the Sun, not very
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3506 faire from the Meridian, $hone in very free-
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3507 ly: then drawing out the Aire with $peed
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3508 united the Sun-beames with a burning
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3509 Gla$s upon the combu$tible matter which
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parents:
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3510 began immediatly to $end forth a Smoke
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parents:
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3511 that quickly darkned the Receiver, but
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3512 notwith$tanding all our care and diligence
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parents:
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3513 the externall Aire got in $o fa$t that after
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parents:
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3514 diver$e tryals we were fayne to leave off
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parents:
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3515 the Experiment in that Gla$$e and induc'd
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parents:
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3516 to make tryall of it in our great Re-
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parents:
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3517 ceiver.
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parents:
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3518 <p>Haveing then after $ome difficulty
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parents:
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3519 lodg'd the combu$tible matter in the ca-
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3520 vity of this Ve$$ell in $uch manner as that
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parents:
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3521 it was almo$t contiguous to that $ide
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parents:
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3522 thereof that was next the Sun, we did en-
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parents:
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3523 deavor with a pretty large burning Gla$s
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parents:
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3524 to kindle it, but found, as we fear'd,
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parents:
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3525 That by rea$on of the thickne$s of the
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parents:
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3526 Gla$s, (which was al$o of a le$s pure and
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parents:
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3527 le$s Diaphanous matter then the o-
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3528 ther) the Sun-beams thrown in by the
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parents:
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3529 burning Gla$s, were in their pa$$age
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parents:
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3530 $o Di$located and Scattered (not now to
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parents:
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3531 mention tho$e many that being reflected,
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parents:
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3532 <pb n=104>
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parents:
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3533 I could not pierce into the cavity of the
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parents:
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3534 Receiver) that we could not po$$ibly u-
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parents:
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3535 nite enough of them to kindle the matter,
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parents:
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3536 nor $o much as to make it $en$ibly $moke.
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parents:
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3537 Yet we hope that the $eeing whether Bo-
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parents:
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3538 dies (other then Gun-powder) may be
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parents:
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3539 kindled, and what would happen to them
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parents:
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3540 when $et on fire, in a place in great mea-
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parents:
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3541 $ure devoid of Air, may prove $o Lucife-
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diff changeset
3542 rous an Experiment, that when the Sea-
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3543 $on is more favorable we $hall, God per-
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diff changeset
3544 mitting, make further tryal of it, and ac-
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diff changeset
3545 quaint Your Lord$hip with the Event, if
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3546 it prove pro$perous. In the mean time
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3547 we $hall pa$s on to other Experiments,
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diff changeset
3548 a$$oon as we have adverti$'d Your Lord-
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diff changeset
3549 $hip that we have forborn to make $uch
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diff changeset
3550 Reflections upon the $everal Experiments
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parents:
diff changeset
3551 we have $et down concerning Fire, as the
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3552 matter would have ea$ily enough afford-
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3553 ed, and Your Lord$hip may perhaps have
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3554 expected. But I made the le$s $cruple to
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3555 forbear the annexing of Speculations to
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3556 the$e Recitals, becau$e <I>Carneades</I> &amp; <I>Eleu-
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diff changeset
3557 therius</I> have in $ome Dialogues concern-
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3558 ing Heat and Flame, which were la$t year
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3559 $een by $ome Friends, and may be, when
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3560 you plea$e, commanded by You, men-
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3561 <pb n=105>
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3562 tion'd divers of my Thoughts and Expe-
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diff changeset
3563 riments concerning Fire.
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3564 <p>WE de$igned to try whether or no
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3565 <MARG><I>Experi-
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3566 ment</I> 16</MARG>
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3567 divers Magnetical Experiments
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3568 would exhibit any unu$ual <I>Ph&aelig;nomena,</I>
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3569 being made in our Evacuated Receiver
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3570 in$tead of the open Air: But for want of
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3571 lei$ure and conveniency to pro$ecute $uch
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3572 Tryals, we were induced to re$erve the
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3573 re$t for an other time, and to content our
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diff changeset
3574 $elves with making that which follows.
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3575 We convey'd into the Receiver a little
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3576 Pede$tal of Wood, in the mid$t of which
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3577 was perpendicularly erected a $lender
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3578 Iron, upon who$e $harp point an excited
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3579 Needle of Steel purpo$ely made, and of
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parents:
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3580 about five Inches long, was $o placed
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parents:
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3581 that hanging in an <I>&AElig;quilibrium</I> it could
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3582 move freely towards either hand. Then
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parents:
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3583 the Air being after the u$ual manner
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parents:
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3584 pumped out, we apply'd a Load-$tone
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parents:
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3585 moderately vigorous to the out-$ide of
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parents:
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3586 of the Gla$s, and found that it Attracted
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parents:
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3587 or Repell'd the ends of the Needle, accor-
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parents:
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3588 ding to the Laws Magnetical, without
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3589 any remarkable difference from what the
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parents:
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3590 $ame Load-$tone would have done had
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parents:
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3591 <pb n=106>
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parents:
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3592 none of the Air been drawn away from a-
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parents:
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3593 bout the Needle, which when the Load-
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parents:
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3594 $tone was removed, after $ome tremu-
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parents:
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3595 lous Vibrations to and fro, re$ted in a po-
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parents:
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3596 $ition wherein it look'd North and
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parents:
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3597 South.
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parents:
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3598 <p>PRoceed we now to the mention of
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3599 <MARG><I>Experi-
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parents:
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3600 ment</I> 17.</MARG>
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parents:
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3601 that Experiment, whereof the $ati$-
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parents:
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3602 factory tryal was the principal Fruit I
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parents:
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3603 promi$'d my $elf from our Engine. It
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parents:
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3604 being then $ufficiently known, that, in
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3605 the Experiment <I>De Vacuo,</I> the Quick-
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3606 $ilver in the Tube is wont to remain ele-
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3607 vated, above the $urface of that whereon
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parents:
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3608 it leans, about 27 digits: I con$idered,
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parents:
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3609 that, if the true and onely rea$on why the
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parents:
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3610 Quick-$ilver falls no lower, be, that at
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parents:
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3611 that Altitude, the Mercurial Cylinder in
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3612 the Tube, is an <I>&AElig;quilibrium</I> with the
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parents:
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3613 Cylinder of Air, $uppo$'d to reach from
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parents:
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3614 the adjacent Mercury to the top of the
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parents:
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3615 Atmo$phere: If this Experiment could
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parents:
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3616 be try'd out of the Atmo$phere, the
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parents:
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3617 Quick-$ilver in the Tube would fall
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parents:
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3618 down to a levell with that in the Ve$$el,
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parents:
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3619 $ince then there would be no pre$$ure up-
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parents:
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3620 on the Subjacent, to re$i$t the weight of
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parents:
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3621 <pb n=107>
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parents:
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3622 the Incumbent Mercury. Whence I in-
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parents:
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3623 ferr'd (as ea$ily I might) that, if the Ex-
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parents:
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3624 periment could be try'd in our Engine, the
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parents:
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3625 Quick-$ilver would $ub$ide below 27 Di-
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parents:
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3626 gits, in proportion to the ex$uction of
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parents:
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3627 Air, that $hould be made out of the Re-
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parents:
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3628 ceiver. For, as when the Air is $hut in-
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parents:
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3629 to the Receiver, it does (according to
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parents:
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3630 what hath above been taught) continue
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parents:
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3631 there as $trongly compre$$'d, as it did
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parents:
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3632 whil'$t all the incumbent Cylinder of the
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3633 Atmo$phere lean'd immediatly upon it;
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parents:
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3634 becau$e the Gla$s, wherein it is pent up,
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parents:
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3635 hinders it to deliver it $elf, by an expan$i-
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3636 on of its parts, from the pre$$ure where-
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parents:
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3637 with it was $hut up. So, if we could per-
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3638 fectly draw the Air out of the Receiver,
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parents:
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3639 it would conduce as well to our purpo$e,
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3640 as if we were allow'd to try the Experi-
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3641 ment beyond the Atmo$phere.
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3642 <p>Wherefore (after having $urmounted
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3643 $ome little difficulties which occurr'd at
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3644 the beginning) the Experiment was made
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3645 after this manner. We took a $lender and
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3646 very curiou$ly blown Cylinder of Gla$s,
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3647 of near three Foot in length, and who$e
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3648 bore had in Diameter a quarter of an Inch,
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3649 wanting a hairs breadth: This Pipe being
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parents:
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3650 Hermetically $eal'd at one end, was, at
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3651 <pb n=108>
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3652 the other, fill'd with Quick-$ilver, care
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3653 being taken in the filling, that as few
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3654 bubles as was po$$ible $hould be left in the
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diff changeset
3655 Mercury: Then the Tube being $topt
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parents:
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3656 with the Finger and inverted, was open'd,
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parents:
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3657 according to the manner of the Experi-
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parents:
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3658 ment, into a $omewhat long and $lender
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parents:
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3659 Cylindrical Box (in$tead of which we now
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3660 are wont to u$e a Gla$s of the $ame form)
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3661 half fill'd with Quick-$ilver: And $o, the
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3662 liquid metal being $uffered to $ub$ide, and
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3663 a piece of Paper being pa$ted on levell
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parents:
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3664 with its upper $urface, the Box and Tube
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3665 and all were by $trings carefully let down
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3666 into the Receiver, and then, by means of
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3667 the hole formerly mention'd to be left in
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3668 the Cover, the $aid Cover was $lip't along
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3669 as much of the Tube as reach'd above the
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3670 top of the Receiver; And the Interval,
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parents:
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3671 left betwixt the $ides of the Hole and
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parents:
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3672 tho$e of the Tube, was very exqui$itely
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parents:
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3673 fill'd up with melted (but not over hot)
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3674 Diachylon; and the round chink, betwixt
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3675 the Cover and the Receiver, was likewi$e
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parents:
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3676 very carefully clo$'d up: Upon which clo-
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3677 $ure there appear'd not any change in the
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3678 height of the Mercurial Cylinder; no
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parents:
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3679 more, then if the interpo$'d Gla$s Recei-
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parents:
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3680 ver did not hinder the immediate pre$$ure
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3681 <pb n=109>
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parents:
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3682 of the ambient Atmo$phere upon the
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3683 inclo$ed Air; which hereby appears to
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parents:
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3684 bear up on the Mercury, rather by virtue
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parents:
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3685 of its $pring, then of its weight: $ince its
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parents:
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3686 weight cannot be $uppo$'d to amount to
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parents:
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3687 above two or three Ounces, which is in-
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parents:
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3688 con$iderable in compari$on of $uch a Cy-
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parents:
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3689 linder of Mercury as it would keep from
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parents:
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3690 $ub$iding.
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parents:
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3691 <p>All things being thus in a readine$s, the
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3692 Sucker was drawn down; and, immedi-
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parents:
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3693 ately upon the egre$s of a Cylinder of
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parents:
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3694 Air out of the Receiver; the Quick-$ilver
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parents:
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3695 in the Tube did, according to expectati-
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parents:
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3696 on, $ub$ide: and notice being carefully
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parents:
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3697 taken (by a mark fa$ten'd to the out$ide)
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parents:
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3698 of the place where it $topt, we cau$'d him
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parents:
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3699 that manag'd the Pump to pump again,
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parents:
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3700 and mark'd how low the Quick-$ilver fell
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parents:
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3701 at the $econd ex$uction; but continuing
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parents:
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3702 this work, we were quickly hindred from
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parents:
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3703 accurately marking the Stages made by
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parents:
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3704 the Mercury in its de$cent, becau$e it $oon
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parents:
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3705 $unk below the top of the Receiver; $o
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parents:
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3706 that we could thenceforward mark it no
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parents:
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3707 other ways then by the eye. And thus,
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parents:
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3708 continuing the labor of pumping for a-
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parents:
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3709 bout a quarter of an hour, we found our
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parents:
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3710 $elves unable to bring the Quick-$ilver in
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parents:
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3711 <pb n=110>
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parents:
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3712 the Tube totally to $ub$ide; becau$e,
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parents:
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3713 when the Receiver was con$iderably em-
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parents:
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3714 pty'd of its Air, and con$equently that
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parents:
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3715 little that remain'd grown unable to re$i$t
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parents:
diff changeset
3716 the Irruption of the external, that Air
22d6a63640c6 moved texts from SVN https://it-dev.mpiwg-berlin.mpg.de/svn/mpdl-project-content/trunk/texts/eXist/
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parents:
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3717 would (in $pight of whatever we could
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parents:
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3718 do) pre$s in at $ome little Avenue or
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parents:
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3719 other; and though much could not there-
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parents:
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3720 at get in, yet a little was $ufficient to coun-
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parents:
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3721 terballance the pre$$ure of $o $mall a Cy-
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parents:
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3722 linder of Quick-$ilver, as then remain'd
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parents:
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3723 in the Tube.
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parents:
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3724 <p>Now (to $atisfie our $elves further, that
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parents:
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3725 the failing of the Quick-$ilver in the
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parents:
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3726 Tube to a determinate height, proceeds
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parents:
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3727 from the <I>&AElig;quilibrium,</I> wherein it is at
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parents:
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3728 that height with the external Air, the one
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parents:
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3729 gravitating, the other pre$$ing with equal
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parents:
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3730 force upon the $ubjacent Mercury) we Re-
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parents:
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3731 turned the Key and let in $ome new Air;
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parents:
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3732 upon which the Mercury immediatly be-
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parents:
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3733 gan to a$cend (or rather to be impell'd up-
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parents:
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3734 wards) in the Tube, and continu'd a$cend-
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casties
parents:
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3735 ing, till having Return'd the Key it im-
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casties
parents:
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3736 mediatly re$ted at the height which it had
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parents:
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3737 then attain'd: And $o, by Turning and
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casties
parents:
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3738 Returning the Key, we did $everal times
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parents:
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3739 at plea$ure impel it upwards, and check its
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parents:
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3740 a$cent. And la$tly, having given a free
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parents:
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3741 <pb n=111>
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casties
parents:
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3742 egre$s at the Stop-cock to as much of the
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parents:
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3743 external Air as would come in, the Quick-
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casties
parents:
diff changeset
3744 $ilver was impell'd up almo$t to its fir$t
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diff changeset
3745 height: I $ay almo$t, becau$e it $topt
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diff changeset
3746 near a quarter of an Inch beneath the Pa-
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parents:
diff changeset
3747 per mark formerly mention'd; which we
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parents:
diff changeset
3748 a$crib'd to this, That there was (as is u-
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parents:
diff changeset
3749 $ual in this Experiment) $ome little Parti-
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parents:
diff changeset
3750 cles of Air engag'd among tho$e of the
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parents:
diff changeset
3751 Quick-$ilver; which Particles, upon the
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parents:
diff changeset
3752 de$cent of the Quick-$ilver, did manife$t-
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parents:
diff changeset
3753 ly ri$e up in Bubbles towards the top of
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parents:
diff changeset
3754 the Tube, and by their pre$$ure, as well
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diff changeset
3755 as by le$$ening the Cylinder by as much
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parents:
diff changeset
3756 room as they formerly took up in it, hin-
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parents:
diff changeset
3757 der'd the Quick-$ilver from regaining its
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parents:
diff changeset
3758 fir$t height.
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parents:
diff changeset
3759 <p>This Experiment was a few days after
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parents:
diff changeset
3760 repeated in the pre$ence of tho$e excellent
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parents:
diff changeset
3761 and de$ervedly Famous Mathematick
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diff changeset
3762 Profe$$ors, Dr. <I>Wallis,</I> Dr. <I>Ward,</I> and Mr.
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diff changeset
3763 <I>Wren,</I> who were plea$ed to Honor it with
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diff changeset
3764 their Pre$ence: And whom I name, both
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diff changeset
3765 as ju$tly counting it an Honor to be
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parents:
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3766 known to them, and as being glad of $uch
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diff changeset
3767 Judicious and illu$trious Witne$$es of our
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3768 Experiment; and 'twas by their gue$s that
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3769 the top of the Quick-$ilver in the Tube
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3770 was defin'd to be brought within an Inch
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parents:
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3771 <pb n=112>
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parents:
diff changeset
3772 of the $urface of that in the Ve$$el.
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parents:
diff changeset
3773 <p>And here, for the Illu$tration of the
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3774 foregoing Experiment, it will not be a-
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3775 mi$s to mention $ome other particulars
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3776 relating to it.
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3777 <p>Fir$t then, When we endeavor'd to
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parents:
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3778 make the Experiment with the Tube
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3779 clo$'d at one end with <I>Diachylon</I> in$tead
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diff changeset
3780 of an Hermetical Seal; we perceiv'd, that
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3781 upon the drawing of $ome of the Air out
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3782 of the Receiver, the Mercury did indeed
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3783 begin to fall, but continu'd afterwards to
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parents:
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3784 $ub$ide, though we did not continue pum-
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parents:
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3785 ping. Whence it appear'd, that though
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parents:
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3786 the <I>Diachylon</I> that $topt the end of the
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3787 Tube were $o thick and $trong, that the
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parents:
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3788 external Air could not pre$s it in (as expe-
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3789 rience taught us that it would have done,
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parents:
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3790 if there had been but little of it) yet the
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parents:
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3791 $ubt'ler parts of it were able (though
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parents:
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3792 $lowly) to in$inuate them$elves through
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3793 the very body of the Plai$ter, which it
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3794 $eems was of $o clo$e a Texture, as that
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3795 which we mention'd our $elves to have
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3796 $ucce$sfully made u$e of in the Experi-
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3797 ment <I>De Vacuo</I> $ome years ago. So that
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parents:
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3798 now we begin to $u$pect, that perhaps one
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parents:
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3799 Rea$on, why we cannot perfectly pump
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parents:
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3800 out the Air, may be, that when the Ve$$el
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parents:
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3801 <pb n=113>
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parents:
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3802 is almo$t empty, $ome of the $ubtler
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3803 parts of the external Air may, by the
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parents:
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3804 pre$$ure of the Atmo$phere, be $train'd
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parents:
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3805 through the very body of the <I>Diachylon</I>
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parents:
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3806 into the Receiver. But this is onely con-
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parents:
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3807 jecture:
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parents:
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3808 <p>Another Circum$tance of our Expe-
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parents:
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3809 riment was this, That, if (when the
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parents:
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3810 Quick-$ilver in the Tube was fallen low)
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parents:
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3811 too much ingre$s were, at the hole of the
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parents:
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3812 Stop-cock, $uddenly permitted to the ex-
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parents:
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3813 ternal Air; it would ru$h in with that vio-
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parents:
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3814 lence, and bear $o forcibly upon the $ur-
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parents:
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3815 face of the $ubjacent Quick-$ilver, that
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parents:
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3816 it would impel it up into the Tube rudely
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3817 enough to endanger the breaking of the
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parents:
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3818 Gla$s.
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casties
parents:
diff changeset
3819 <p>We formerly mention'd, that the
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parents:
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3820 Quick-$ilver did not in its de$cent fall as
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parents:
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3821 much at a time after the two or three fir$t
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parents:
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3822 ex$uctions of the Air, as at the beginning:
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parents:
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3823 For, having mark'd its $everal Stages up-
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parents:
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3824 on the Tube, we found, that at the fir$t
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parents:
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3825 $uck it de$cended an Inch and 3/8, and at the
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parents:
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3826 $econd an Inch and 1/8; and when the Ve$-
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parents:
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3827 $el was almo$t empty'd, it would $carce at
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parents:
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3828 one ex$uction be drawn down above the
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parents:
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3829 breadth of a Barly-corn. And indeed we
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parents:
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3830 found it very difficult to mea$ure in what
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parents:
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3831 <pb n=114>
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parents:
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3832 proportion the$e decrements of the Mer-
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parents:
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3833 curial Cylinder did proceed: partly be-
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parents:
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3834 cau$e (as we have already intimated) the
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parents:
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3835 Quick $ilver was $oon drawn below the
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casties
parents:
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3836 top of the Receiver: and partly becau$e,
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parents:
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3837 upon its de$cent at each ex$uction, it
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parents:
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3838 would immediatly rea$cend a little up-
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3839 wards; either by rea$on of the leaking of
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parents:
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3840 the Ve$$el at $ome imperceptible hole or
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parents:
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3841 other, or by rea$on of the motion of
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parents:
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3842 Re$titution in the Air, which, b<*>ng $ome-
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parents:
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3843 what compre$t by the fall as well as weight
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parents:
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3844 of the Quick $ilver, would repell it a lit-
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diff changeset
3845 tle upwards, and make it vibrate a little up
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diff changeset
3846 and down, before they could reduce each
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parents:
diff changeset
3847 other to $uch an <I>&AElig;quilibrium</I> as both
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parents:
diff changeset
3848 might re$t in. But though we could not
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parents:
diff changeset
3849 hitherto make ob$ervations accurate e-
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parents:
diff changeset
3850 nough concerning the mea$ures of the
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parents:
diff changeset
3851 Quick-$ilver's de$cent, to reduce them in-
22d6a63640c6 moved texts from SVN https://it-dev.mpiwg-berlin.mpg.de/svn/mpdl-project-content/trunk/texts/eXist/
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parents:
diff changeset
3852 to any <I>Hypothe$is,</I> yet would we not di$-
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parents:
diff changeset
3853 courage any from attempting it: $ince, if it
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parents:
diff changeset
3854 could be reduc'd to a certainty, tis proba-
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parents:
diff changeset
3855 ble that the di$covery would not be un-
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parents:
diff changeset
3856 u$eful.
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parents:
diff changeset
3857 <p>And, to illu$trate this matter a little
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parents:
diff changeset
3858 more, we will adde, That we made a $hift
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parents:
diff changeset
3859 to try the Experiment in one of our above
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parents:
diff changeset
3860 mention'd $mall Receivers, not containing
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parents:
diff changeset
3861 <pb n=115>
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parents:
diff changeset
3862 a Quart; but that (agreeably to what we
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parents:
diff changeset
3863 formerly ob$erved) we found it as difficult
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parents:
diff changeset
3864 to bring this to be quite empty as to eva-
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parents:
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3865 cuate the greater; the lea$t external Air
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3866 that could get in (and we could not po$$i-
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parents:
diff changeset
3867 bly keep it all perfectly out) $ufficing in $o
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diff changeset
3868 $mall a Ve$$el to di$play a con$iderable
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parents:
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3869 pre$$ure upon the $urface of the Mercury,
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parents:
diff changeset
3870 and thereby hinder that in the Tube from
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parents:
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3871 falling to a level with it. But this is remark-
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parents:
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3872 able, that having two or three times try'd
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parents:
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3873 the Experiment in that $mall Ve$$el, upon
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3874 the very fir$t Cylinder of Air that was
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parents:
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3875 drawn out of the Receiver, the Mercury
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parents:
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3876 fell in the Tube 18 Inches and a half, and
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parents:
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3877 at another 19 Inches and a half.
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parents:
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3878 <p>But, on this occa$ion, I hold it not un-
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parents:
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3879 fit to give Your Lord$hip notice that I
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parents:
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3880 hop'd, from the de$cent of the Quick-
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parents:
diff changeset
3881 $ilver in the Tube upon the fir$t $uck, to
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parents:
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3882 derive this advantage: that I $hould thence
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3883 be enabled to give a near gue$s at the pro-
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parents:
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3884 portion of force betwixt the pre$$ure of
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parents:
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3885 the Air (according to its various $tates, as
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parents:
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3886 to Den$ity and Rarefaction) and the gra-
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parents:
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3887 vity of Quick-$ilver, then hitherto has
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parents:
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3888 been done. For in our Experiment there
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parents:
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3889 are diver$e things given, that may be
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parents:
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3890 made u$e of towards $uch a di$covery.
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parents:
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3891 <pb n=116>
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3892 For fir$t we may know the capacity of the
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parents:
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3893 Receiver wherein the Experiment is
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parents:
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3894 made, $ince, by filling it with water, we
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parents:
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3895 may ea$ily compute how many Quarts, or
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parents:
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3896 Mea$ures of any other denomination, it
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parents:
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3897 contains of Air; which Air, when $hut
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parents:
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3898 up in the Ve$$el, may be $uppo$'d to have
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parents:
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3899 a pre$$ure equal to that of the Atmo-
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parents:
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3900 $phere; $ince it is able to keep the Quick-
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parents:
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3901 $ilver in the Tube from falling any lower
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parents:
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3902 then it did in the free and open Air. Next
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3903 here is given us the capacity of the bra$s
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parents:
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3904 Cylinder empty'd by the drawing down
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parents:
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3905 of the Sucker (its bore and height being
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3906 mention'd in the de$cription of our Pump)
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parents:
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3907 whereby we may come to know how
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3908 much of the Air contain'd in the Recei-
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3909 ver is drawn out at the fir$t $uck. And
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parents:
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3910 we may al$o ea$ily define, either in weight
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3911 or cubick mea$ures the Cylinder of
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3912 Quick-$ilver that an$wers to the Cy-
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parents:
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3913 linder of Air lately mention'd (that
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parents:
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3914 Mercuriall Cylinder being in our En-
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parents:
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3915 gine computable by deducting from
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parents:
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3916 the entire altitude or that Cylinder of
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parents:
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3917 Quick-$ilver, the altitude at which it re$ts
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parents:
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3918 upon the fir$t ex$uction.) But though, if
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parents:
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3919 this Experiment were very watchfully
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parents:
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3920 try'd in Ve$$els of $everal $izes, and the
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parents:
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3921 <pb n=117>
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parents:
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3922 various de$cents of the Quick-$ilver com-
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parents:
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3923 par'd among them$elves, 'tis not impro-
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parents:
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3924 bable that $ome $uch thing as we hop'd for
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parents:
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3925 may thereby be di$cover'd. Yet becau$e
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parents:
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3926 not onely the $olid contents of as much
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parents:
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3927 of the Gla$s-tube as remains within the
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parents:
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3928 concave $urface of the Receiver, and
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parents:
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3929 (which is more difficult) the varying con-
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parents:
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3930 tents of the Ve$$el containing the Mer-
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parents:
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3931 cury, and of as much of the Mercury it
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parents:
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3932 $elf as is not in the Tube, mu$t be dedu-
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parents:
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3933 cted out of the capacity of the Receiver;
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parents:
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3934 but there mu$t al$o an allowance be made
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parents:
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3935 for this, that the Cylinder that is empty'd
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parents:
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3936 by the drawing down of the Sucker, and
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parents:
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3937 comes to be fill'd upon the letting of the
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casties
parents:
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3938 Air out of the Receiver into it, is not $o
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parents:
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3939 repleni$h'd with Air as the Receiver it $elf
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3940 at fir$t was: becau$e there pa$$es no more
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parents:
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3941 Air out of the Receiver into the Cylin-
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parents:
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3942 der, then is requi$ite to reduce the Air in
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parents:
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3943 the cavity of the Cylinder, and in that of
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parents:
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3944 the Receiver to the $ame mea$ure of dila-
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parents:
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3945 tation: Becau$e of the$e (I $ay) and $ome
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3946 other difficulties that require more skill in
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3947 Mathematicks then I pretend to, and much
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3948 more lea$ure then my pre$ent occa$ions
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3949 would allow me, I was willing to refer the
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3950 nicer con$ideration of this matter to $ome
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3951 <pb n=118>
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3952 of our Learned and Acurate Mathema-
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3953 ticians, thinking it enough for me to have
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3954 given the Hint already $ugge$ted.
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3955 <p>For further confirmation of what hath
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3956 been delivered, we likewi$e tryed the Ex-
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3957 periment in a Tube of le$s then two foot
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3958 long: and, when there was $o much Air
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3959 drawn out of the Ve$$el, that the remain-
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3960 ing Air was not able to counterballance
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3961 the Mercurial Cylinder, the Quick-$ilver
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3962 in the Tube $ub$ided $o vi$ibly, that (the
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3963 Experiment being try'd in the little Ve$-
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3964 $el lately mention'd) at the fir$t $uck it
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3965 fell above a $pan, and was afterwards
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3966 drawn lower and lower for a little while;
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3967 and the external Air being let in upon it,
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3968 impell'd it up again almo$t to the top of
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3969 the Tube: So little matters it how heavy
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3970 or light the Cylinder of Quick $ilver to
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3971 $ub$ide is, provided its gravity over-
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3972 power the pre$$ure of as much external
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3973 Air as bears upon the $urface of that Mer-
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3974 cury into which it is to fall.
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3975 <p>La$tly we al$o ob$erv'd, That if (when
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3976 the Mercury in the Tube had been drawn
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3977 down, and by an Ingre$s permitted to the
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3978 external Air, impell'd up again to its for-
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3979 mer height) there were $ome more Air
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3980 thru$t up by the help of the Pump into
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3981 <pb n=119>
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3982 the Receiver, the Quick-$ilver in the Tube
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3983 would a$cend much above the wonted
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3984 height of 27 digits, and immediatly up-
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3985 on the letting out of that Air would fall a-
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3986 gain to the height it re$ted at before.
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3987 <p>Your Lord$hip will here perhaps expect,
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3988 that as tho$e who have treated of the <I>Tor-
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3989 ricellian</I> Experiment, have for the mo$t
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3990 part maintaind the Affirmative, or the Ne-
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3991 gative of that famous Que$tion, Whether
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3992 or no that Noble Experiment infer a <I>Va-
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3993 cuum?</I> $o I $hould on this occa$ion inter-
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3994 po$e my Opinion touching that Contro-
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3995 ver$ie, or at lea$t declare whether or no, in
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3996 our Engine, the ex$uction of the Air do
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3997 prove the place de$erted by the Air $uck'd
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3998 out, to be truly empty, that is, devoid of
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3999 all Corporeal Sub$tance. But be$ides that,
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4000 I have neither the lei$ure, nor the ability,
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4001 to enter into a $olemn Debate of $o nice a
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4002 Que$tion; Your Lord$hip may, if you
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4003 think it worth the trouble, in the Dia-
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4004 logues not long $ince referr'd to, finde the
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4005 Difficulties on both $ides repre$ented;
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4006 which then made me yield but a very wa-
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4007 vering a$$ent to either of the parties con-
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4008 tending about the Que$tion: Nor dare I
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4009 yet take upon me to determine $o difficult
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4010 a Controver$ie.
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4011 <pb n=120>
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4012 <p>For on the one $ide it appears, that not-
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4013 with$tanding the ex$uction of the Air, our
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4014 Receiver may not be de$titute of all Bo-
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4015 dies, $ince any thing placed in it, may be
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4016 $een there; which would not be, if it
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4017 were not pervious to tho$e Beams of
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4018 Light which rebounding from the $een
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4019 Object to our eyes, affect us with the $en$e
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4020 of it: And that either the$e Beams are
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4021 Corporeal Emanations from $ome lucid
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4022 body, or el$e at lea$t the light they convey
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4023 doth re$ult from the brisk Motion of $ome
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4024 $ubtle Matter, I could, if I mi$take not,
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4025 $ufficiently manife$t out of the Dialogues
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4026 above-mention'd, if I thought your Lord-
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4027 $hip could $eriou$ly imagine that Light
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4028 could be convey'd without, at lea$t, having
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4029 (if I may $o $peak) a Body for its Ve-
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4030 hicle.
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4031 <p>By the $ixteenth Experiment, it al$o
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4032 appears that the clo$ene$s of our Receiver
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4033 hinders it not from admitting the Efflu-
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4034 via of the Load-$tone; which makes it
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4035 very probable that it al$o freely admits
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4036 the Magnetical $teams of the Earth; con-
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4037 cerning which, we have in another Trea-
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4038 ti$e endeavour'd to manife$t that numbers
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4039 of them do always permeate our Air.
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4040 <p>But on the other $ide it may be $aid,
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4041 <pb n=121>
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4042 That as for the $ubtle Matter which makes
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4043 the Objects enclo$ed in our evacuated Re-
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4044 ceiver, vi$ible, and the Magnetical Efflu-
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4045 via of the Earth that may be pre$um'd to
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4046 pa$s thorow it, though we $hould grant
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4047 our Ve$$el not to be quite devoyd of
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4048 them, yet we cannot $o rea$onably affirm
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4049 it to be repleni$h'd with them, as we may
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4050 $uppo$e, that if they were gather'd toge-
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4051 ther into one place without Intervals be-
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4052 tween them, they would fill but a $mall
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4053 part of the whole Receiver. As in the
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4054 thirteenth Experiment, a piece of Match
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4055 was incon$iderable for its bulk, while$t its
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4056 parts lay clo$e together, that afterwards
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4057 (when the Fire had $catter'd them into
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4058 $moke) $eem'd to repleni$h all the Ve$$el.
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4059 For (as el$ewhere our Experiments have
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4060 demon$trated) both Light and the Efflu-
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4061 via of the Load-$tone, may be readily ad-
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4062 mitted into a Gla$s, Hermetically $eal'd,
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4063 though before their Admi$$ion, as full of
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4064 Air as hollow Bodies here below are wont
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4065 to be, $o that upon the ex$uction of the
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4066 Air, the large $pace de$erted by it, may
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4067 remain empty, notwith$tanding the pre-
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4068 tence of tho$e $ubtle Corpu$cles, by
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4069 which Lucid and Magnetical Bodies pro-
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4070 duce their effects.
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4071 <pb n=122>
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4072 <p>And as for the Allegations above
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4073 mention'd, they $eem to prove but that
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4074 the Receiver devoy'd of Air, <I>May</I> be re-
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4075 pleni$h'd with $ome $uch Etherial Matter,
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4076 as $ome Modern Naturali$ts write of; but
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4077 not that it really <I>is</I> $o. And indeed to me
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4078 it yet $eems, that as to tho$e $paces which
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4079 the <I>Vacui$ts</I> would have to be empty, be-
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4080 cau$e they are manife$tly devoid of Air;
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4081 and all gro$$er Bodies, the <I>Pleni$ts</I> (if I
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4082 may $o call them) do not prove that $uch
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4083 $paces are repleni$h'd with $uch a $ubtle
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4084 Matter as they $peak of, by any $en$ible
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4085 effects, or operations of it (of which di-
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4086 vers new Tryals purpo$ely made, have not
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4087 yet $hown me any) but onely conclude
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4088 that there mu$t be $uch a Body, becau$e
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4089 there cannot be a Void. And the rea$on
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4090 why there cannot be a Void, being by
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4091 them taken, not from any Experiments,
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4092 or <I>Ph&aelig;nomena</I> of Nature, that clearly and
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4093 particularly prove their <I>Hypothe$is,</I> but
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4094 from their notion of a Body, who$e Na-
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4095 ture, according to them, con$i$ting one-
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4096 ly in exten$ion (which indeed $eems the
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4097 property mo$t e$$ential to, becau$e in$epa-
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4098 rable from a Body) to $ay a $pace devoid
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4099 of Body, is to $peak in the School-mens
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4100 Phra$e, a Contradiction <I>in Adjecto:</I> This
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4101 <pb n=123>
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4102 rea$on, I $ay, being thus de$um'd, $eems
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4103 to make the Controver$ie about a <I>Vacu-
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4104 um,</I> rather a Metaphy$ical, then a Phy$io-
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4105 logical Que$tion; which therefore we $hall
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4106 here no longer debate, finding it very dif-
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4107 ficult either to $atisfie Naturali$ts with
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4108 this Carte$ian Notion of a Body, or to
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4109 manife$t wherein it is erroneous, and $ub-
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4110 $titute a better in its $tead.
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4111 <p>But though we are unwilling to exa-
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4112 mine any further the Inferences wont to
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4113 be made from the <I>Torricellian</I> Experi-
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4114 ment, yet we think it not impertinent to
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4115 pre$ent Your Lord$hip with a couple of
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4116 Adverti$ements concerning it.
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4117 <p>Fir$t, then if in trying the Experiment
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4118 here or el$ewhere, you make u$e of the
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4119 Engli$h mea$ures that Mathematicians
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4120 and Trade$men are here wont to imploy,
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4121 You will, unle$s you be forewarn'd of it,
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4122 be apt to $u$pect that tho$e that have writ-
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4123 ten of the Experiment have been mi$ta-
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4124 ken. For whereas men are wont gene-
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4125 rally to talk of the Quick-$ilver's remain-
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4126 ing $u$pended at the heighth of between
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4127 $ix or $even and twenty Inches; we com-
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4128 monly ob$erv'd, when divers years $ince
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4129 we fir$t were $ollicitous about this Expe-
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4130 riment, that the Quick-$ilver in the Tube
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4131 <pb n=124>
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4132 re$ted at about 29 Inches &amp; an half above
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4133 the $urface of the Re$tagnant Quick-$ilver
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4134 in the Ve$$el, which did at fir$t both amaze
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4135 and perplex us, becau$e though we held it
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4136 not improbable that the difference of the
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4137 gro$$er Engli$h Air, and that of <I>Italy</I> and
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4138 <I>France,</I> might keep the Quick-$ilver from
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4139 falling quite as low in this colder, as in
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4140 tho$e warmer Climates; yet we could
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4141 not believe that that difference in the Air
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4142 $hould alone be able to make $o great a one
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4143 in the heights of the Mercurial Cylinders;
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4144 and accordingly upon enquiry we found,
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4145 that though the various den$ity of the
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parents:
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4146 Air be not to be over-look'd in this Ex-
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diff changeset
4147 periment, yet the main Rea$on why we
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diff changeset
4148 found the Cylinder of Mercury to con$i$t
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diff changeset
4149 of $o many Inches, was this, That our
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parents:
diff changeset
4150 Engli$h Inches are $omewhat inferior in
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parents:
diff changeset
4151 length to the digits made u$e of in Fo-
22d6a63640c6 moved texts from SVN https://it-dev.mpiwg-berlin.mpg.de/svn/mpdl-project-content/trunk/texts/eXist/
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parents:
diff changeset
4152 rein Parts, by the Writers of the Expe-
22d6a63640c6 moved texts from SVN https://it-dev.mpiwg-berlin.mpg.de/svn/mpdl-project-content/trunk/texts/eXist/
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parents:
diff changeset
4153 riment.
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parents:
diff changeset
4154 <p>The next thing I de$ire Your Lord$hip to
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diff changeset
4155 take notice of, is, That the heigth of the
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diff changeset
4156 Mercurial Cylinder is not wont to be fo&utilde;d
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diff changeset
4157 altogether $o great as really it might
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4158 prove, by rea$on of the negligence or in-
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diff changeset
4159 cogitancy of mo$t that make the Experi-
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diff changeset
4160 ment. For often times upon the opening
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4161 <pb n=125>
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4162 of the inverted Tube into the Ve$$ell'd
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4163 Mercury, you may ob$erve a bubble of
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4164 Air to a$cend from the bottom of the
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4165 Tube through the $ub$iding Quick-$ilver
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4166 to the top; and almo$t always you may,
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4167 if you look narrowly, take notice of a
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4168 multitude of $mall bubbles all along the
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4169 in$ide of the Tube betwixt the Quick-
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4170 $ilver &amp; the gla$s: (not now to mention the
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4171 Particles of Air that lye conceal'd in the
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4172 very Body of the Mercury) Many of
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4173 which, upon the Quick-$ilvers for$aking
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4174 the upper part of the Tube, do break in-
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4175 to that de$erted $pace where they finde
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4176 little or no re$i$tance to their expanding
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4177 of them$elves. Whether this be the rea-
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4178 $on that upon the Application of warm
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4179 Bodies to the emptyed part of the Tube,
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4180 the $ubjacent Mercury would be depre$$'d
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4181 $omewhat lower, we $hall not determine;
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4182 though it $eem very probable, e$pecially
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4183 $ince we found that upon the application
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4184 of Linnen cloaths dipped in Water, to
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4185 the $ame part of the Tube, the Quick-
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4186 $ilver would $omewhat a$cend, as if the
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4187 cold had conden$'d the Impri$on'd Air,
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4188 that pre$$'d upon it, into a le$$er room.
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4189 But that the de$erted $pace is not wont to
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4190 be totally devoid of Air, we were induc'd
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4191 <pb n=126>
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4192 to think by $everal Circum$tances. For
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4193 when an eminent Mathematician, and ex-
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4194 cellent Experimenter, had taken great
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4195 pains and $pent much time in accuratly fil-
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parents:
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4196 ling up a Tube of Mercury, we found
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parents:
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4197 that yet there remain'd $tore of incon$pi-
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4198 cuous bubbles, by inverting the Tube,
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4199 letting the Quick-$ilver fall to its wonted
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parents:
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4200 heighth; and by approaching (by de-
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parents:
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4201 grees) a red hot Iron to the out-$ide of the
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4202 Tube, over again$t the upper part of the
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4203 Mercurial Cylinder, for hereby the little
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4204 unheeded bubbles, being mightily expan-
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parents:
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4205 ded, a$cended in $uch numbers, and $o fa$t
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parents:
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4206 to the de$erted $pace, that the upper part
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parents:
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4207 of the Quick-$ilver $eem'd, to our wonder,
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4208 to boyl. We further ob$erv'd, That in
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4209 the tryals of the <I>Torricellian</I> Experiment
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parents:
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4210 we have $een made by others, and (one
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4211 excepted) all our own, we never found that
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parents:
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4212 upon the inclining of the Tube the Quick-
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4213 $ilver would fully reach to the very top of
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parents:
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4214 the $eal'd end: which argued, that there
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4215 was $ome Air retreated thither that kept
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4216 the Mercury out of the unrepleni$h'd
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4217 $pace.
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parents:
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4218 <p>If Your Lord$hip $hould now demand
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4219 what are the be$t expedients to hinder the
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4220 intru$ion of the Air in this Experiment;
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4221 <pb n=127>
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4222 we mu$t an$wer, That of tho$e which are
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4223 ea$ily intelligible without ocular demon-
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4224 $tration, we can at pre$ent $ugge$t upon
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4225 our own tryals no better then the$e. Fir$t,
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4226 at the open end of the Tube the Gla$s
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4227 mu$t not onely be made as even at the ed-
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4228 ges as you can, but it is very conveni-
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4229 ent (e$pecially if the Tube be large) that
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4230 the bottom be every way bent inwards,
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4231 that $o the Orifice, not much exceeding a
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4232 quarter of an Inch in Diameter, may be
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4233 the more ea$ily and exactly $topp'd by the
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4234 Experimenter's finger; between which
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4235 and the Quick-$ilver, that there may be
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4236 no Air intercepted (as very often it hap-
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4237 pens that there is) it is requi$ite that the
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4238 Tube be fill'd as full as po$$ibly it can be,
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4239 that the finger which is to $top it, pre$$ing
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4240 upon the accumulated and protuberant
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4241 Mercury, may rather throw down $ome,
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4242 then not finde enough exactly to keep out
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4243 the Air. It is al$o an u$eful and compen-
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4244 dious way not to fill the Tube at fir$t
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4245 quite ful of Mercury, but to leave near the
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4246 top about a qnarter of an Inch empty; for
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4247 if you then $top the open end with your
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4248 finger, and invert the Tube that quarter
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4249 of an Inch of Air will a$cend in a great
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4250 bubble to the top, and in its pa$$age thi-
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4251 <pb n=128>
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4252 ther, will gather up all the little bubbles,
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4253 and unite them with it$elf into one great
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diff changeset
4254 one, $o that if by reinverting the Tube
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parents:
diff changeset
4255 you let that bubble return to the open
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parents:
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4256 end of it, you will have a much clo$er Mer-
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parents:
diff changeset
4257 curial Cylinder then before, and need but
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4258 to adde a very little Quick-$ilver more to
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parents:
diff changeset
4259 fill up the Tube exactly. And la$tly, as for
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4260 tho$e le$$er and incon$picuous parcels of
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diff changeset
4261 Air which cannot this way be gleaned up,
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parents:
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4262 You may endeavor before you invert the
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parents:
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4263 Tube, to free the Quick-$ilver from them
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parents:
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4264 by $haking the Tube, and gently knock-
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4265 ing on the out-$ide of it, after every little
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parents:
diff changeset
4266 parcel of Quick-$ilver which you pour in;
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4267 and afterwards, by forcing the $mall la-
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parents:
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4268 titant bubbles of Air to di$clo$e them-
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parents:
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4269 $elves and break, by imploying a hot Iron
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4270 in $uch manner as we lately mention'd. I
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parents:
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4271 remember that by carefully filling the
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parents:
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4272 Tube, though yet it were not quite free
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4273 from Air, we have made the Mercurial
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parents:
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4274 Cylinder reach to 30 Inches and above an
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parents:
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4275 eighth, and this in a very $hort Tube:
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4276 which we therefore mention, becau$e we
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parents:
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4277 have found, by experience, that in $hort
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4278 Tubes a little Air is more prejudicial to
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4279 the Experiment then in long ones, where
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4280 the Air having more room to expand it
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4281 <pb n=129>
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diff changeset
4282 $elf, does le$s potently pre$s upon the $ub-
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4283 jacent Mercury.
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parents:
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4284 <p>And $ince we are fallen upon the con$i-
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4285 deration of the Altitude of the Mercurial
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4286 Cylinder, I mu$t not conceal from Your
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parents:
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4287 Lord$hip an Experiment relating thereun-
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4288 to, which perhaps will $et both You and
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4289 many of your Friends the <I>Virtuo$i</I> a think-
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4290 ing; and, by di$clo$ing $ome things a-
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4291 bout the Air or Atmo$phere that have
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parents:
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4292 $carce hitherto been taken notice of, may
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parents:
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4293 afford you $ome hints conducive to a fur-
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4294 ther di$covery of the $ubject of this E-
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4295 pi$tle.
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parents:
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4296 <p>WE took a Gla$s Tube, which,
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4297 <MARG><I>Experi-
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4298 ment</I> 18.</MARG>
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4299 though it were not much above
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4300 three Foot long, we made choice of be-
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4301 cau$e it was of a more then ordinarily
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4302 even thickne$s. This we fill'd with Mer-
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parents:
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4303 cury, though not with as much care as we
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4304 could, yet with $omewhat more then is
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4305 wont to be u$ed in making the <I>Torricellian</I>
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4306 Experiment. Then, having according to
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parents:
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4307 the manner inverted the Tube, and open'd
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parents:
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4308 the mouth of it beneath the $urface of
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parents:
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4309 $ome other Quick-$ilver, that in the Tube
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parents:
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4310 fell down to the wonted heigth, leaving,
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parents:
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4311 <pb n=130>
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parents:
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4312 as is u$ual, $ome little Particles of Air in
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4313 the $pace it de$erted, as we ghe$t by ob-
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parents:
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4314 $erving, that upon the Application of hot
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parents:
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4315 Bodies to the upper part of the Tube, the
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parents:
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4316 Quick-$ilver would be a little depre$$'d.
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4317 La$tly, having put both the Tube and the
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4318 Ve$$el it lean'd on into a convenient
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4319 Wooden Frame, to keep them from mi$-
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parents:
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4320 chances: we plac'd that Frame in a Win-
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4321 dow within my Bed-chamber, that I might
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parents:
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4322 both keep the Mercury from being $tirr'd,
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parents:
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4323 and have opportunity to watch from time
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parents:
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4324 to time the <I>Ph&aelig;nomena</I> it was to exhibit.
22d6a63640c6 moved texts from SVN https://it-dev.mpiwg-berlin.mpg.de/svn/mpdl-project-content/trunk/texts/eXist/
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parents:
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4325 For the better di$covery of which, when
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parents:
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4326 the Quick-$ilver both in the Tube and
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parents:
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4327 $ubjacent Ve$$el was perfectly at re$t, we
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parents:
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4328 took notice, by a mark made on the out-
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parents:
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4329 $ide of the Gla$s, how high the included
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parents:
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4330 Liquor then reach'd.
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parents:
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4331 <p>During $everal Weeks that the Tube
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parents:
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4332 was kept in that Window (which was very
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parents:
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4333 rarely open'd) I had the opportunity to
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parents:
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4334 ob$erve, that the Quick-$ilver did $ome-
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parents:
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4335 times faintly imitate the Liquor of a
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parents:
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4336 Weather-gla$s, $ub$iding a little in warm,
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parents:
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4337 and ri$ing a little in cold Weather, which
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parents:
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4338 we a$cribed to the greater or le$$er pre$$ure
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parents:
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4339 of that little Air that remain'd at the top
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parents:
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4340 of the Tube, expanded or conden$'d by
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parents:
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4341 <pb n=131>
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parents:
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4342 the heat or cold that affected the ambient
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casties
parents:
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4343 Air. But that which I was chiefly careful
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parents:
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4344 to ob$erve, was this, That oftentimes the
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casties
parents:
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4345 Quick-$ilver did ri$e and fall in the Tube,
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parents:
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4346 and that very notably, without conforming
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casties
parents:
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4347 it $elf to what is u$ual in Weather-gla$$es,
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casties
parents:
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4348 who$e Air is at the top, nay quite contrary
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parents:
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4349 thereunto: for $ometimes I ob$erv'd it in
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diff changeset
4350 very cold weather ($uch as this Winter has
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diff changeset
4351 already afforded us good $tore of) to fall
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4352 down much lower then at other times,
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diff changeset
4353 when by rea$on of the ab$ence of both
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diff changeset
4354 Fro$t, Snow, and $harp Winds, the Air was
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diff changeset
4355 comparatively much warmer. And I fur-
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parents:
diff changeset
4356 ther ob$erv'd, That $ometimes the Quick-
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diff changeset
4357 $ilver would for $ome days together re$t
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diff changeset
4358 almo$t at the $ame height; and at other
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diff changeset
4359 times again it would in the compa$s of the
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diff changeset
4360 $ame day con$iderably vary its altitude,
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diff changeset
4361 though there appear'd no change either in
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diff changeset
4362 the Air abroad, or in the temper of the Air
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parents:
diff changeset
4363 within the Room (wherein was con$tantly
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diff changeset
4364 kept a good Fire) nor in any thing el$e, to
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diff changeset
4365 which either I, or $ome eminently Learned
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diff changeset
4366 Men whom I then acquainted with the
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diff changeset
4367 Experiment, could rea$onably impute
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diff changeset
4368 $uch a change: E$pecially con$idering that
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4369 the $pace wherein the Mercury wandred up
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diff changeset
4370 and down, within about five Weeks, a-
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4371 mounted to full two Inches, of which we
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parents:
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4372 <pb n=132>
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4373 found by our $everal marks whereby we
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parents:
diff changeset
4374 had taken notice of its $everal removes, that
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parents:
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4375 it had de$c&etilde;ded about (9/16) of an Inch from the
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diff changeset
4376 place where it fir$t $etled, &amp; the other Inch
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4377 and (7/16) it had a$cended. And it $eems pro-
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4378 bable that the height of the Mercurial Cy-
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parents:
diff changeset
4379 linder would have varied yet more, if the
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parents:
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4380 Experiment had been made in the open
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parents:
diff changeset
4381 Air and in a long Tube, where the Parti-
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4382 cles of the Impri$on'd Air, by having
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parents:
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4383 more room to di$play them$elves in,
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parents:
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4384 might not have had $o $trong a Spring to
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parents:
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4385 work upon the Quick-$ilver with. But for
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parents:
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4386 want both of time and of a competent
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4387 quantity of Mercury (which was not to be
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parents:
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4388 procur'd where we then happen'd to be)
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4389 we were unable to make any further try-
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parents:
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4390 als: which therefore chiefly troubled us,
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4391 becau$e we would gladly have try'd an in-
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parents:
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4392 genious Experiment which was $ugge$ted
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4393 unto us by that excellent Mathematician
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4394 Mr. <I>Wren,</I> who being invited to name any
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parents:
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4395 thing he would have us try touching the
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parents:
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4396 pre$$ure of the Air, de$ired us to ob$erve
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parents:
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4397 whether or no the Quick-$ilver in a long
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parents:
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4398 Tube would not a little vary its height ac-
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parents:
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4399 cording to the Tides, e$pecially about the
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parents:
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4400 New and Full Moon, about which times
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parents:
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4401 Mariners ob$erve tho$e great Flowings
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parents:
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4402 and Ebbs of the Sea, that they call the
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parents:
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4403 <pb n=133>
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parents:
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4404 Spring-Tides. For he $agaciou$ly and
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parents:
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4405 plau$ibly conjectur'd that $uch ob$ervati-
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parents:
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4406 ons accurately made, would di$cover the
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parents:
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4407 truth or erroneou$ne$s of the <I>Carte$ian
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parents:
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4408 Hypothe$is</I> concerning the Ebbing and
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parents:
diff changeset
4409 Flowing of the Sea: which <I>Des Cartes</I>
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parents:
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4410 a$cribes to the greater pre$$ure made upon
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parents:
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4411 the Air by the Moon, and the Intercur-
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parents:
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4412 rent Ethereal Sub$tance at certain times
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parents:
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4413 (of the Day, and of the Lunary Moneth)
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parents:
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4414 then at others. But in regard we found
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parents:
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4415 the Quick-$ilver in the Tube to move up
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parents:
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4416 and down $o uncertainly, by rea$on, as it
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parents:
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4417 $eems, of accidental mutation in the Air;
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parents:
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4418 I $omewhat doubt whether we $hall finde
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parents:
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4419 the Altitude of the Quick-$ilver to vary
22d6a63640c6 moved texts from SVN https://it-dev.mpiwg-berlin.mpg.de/svn/mpdl-project-content/trunk/texts/eXist/
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parents:
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4420 as regularly as the Experiment is ingeni-
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parents:
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4421 ou$ly propo$'d. The $ucce$s we $hall (God
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4422 permitting us to make tryal of it) acquaint
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4423 Your Lord$hip with; and in the mean
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parents:
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4424 time take notice, that when we had occa-
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parents:
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4425 $ion to take the Tube out of the Frame
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parents:
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4426 (after it had $taid there part of <I>November</I>
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parents:
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4427 and part of <I>December</I>) a good Fire being
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parents:
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4428 then in the room, becau$e it was a Snowy
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parents:
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4429 day, we found the Quick-$ilver in the
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parents:
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4430 Tube to be above the upper $urface of
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parents:
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4431 the $ubjacent Mercury 29 Inches three
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parents:
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4432 quarters.
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parents:
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4433 <pb n=134>
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parents:
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4434 <p>If Your Lord$hip $hould now ask me
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4435 what are the true cau$es of this varying al-
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4436 titude of the Mercurial Cylinder; I $hould
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parents:
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4437 not undertake to an$wer $o difficult a que-
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parents:
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4438 $tion, and $hould venter to $ay no more,
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parents:
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4439 then that among divers po$$ible cau$es to
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parents:
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4440 which it may be a$cribed, it would not be,
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parents:
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4441 perhaps, ab$urd to reckon the$e that fol-
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parents:
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4442 low.
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casties
parents:
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4443 <p>Fir$t then we may con$ider, that the Air
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parents:
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4444 in the upper part of the Tube is much
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parents:
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4445 more rarified, and therefore more weak
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parents:
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4446 then the external Air, as may appear by
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parents:
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4447 this among other things, That upon the in-
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parents:
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4448 clining of the Tube the Quick-$ilver will
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casties
parents:
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4449 readily a$cend almo$t to the very top of
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casties
parents:
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4450 it, and $o take up eight or nine tenth parts,
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4451 and perhaps more of that $pace which it
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4452 de$erted before: which would not happen
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4453 if that whole $pace had been full of unra-
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4454 rified Air, $ince that (as tryal may ea$ily
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4455 $atisfie you) would not have $uffer'd it
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4456 $elf to be thru$t into $o narrow a room by
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4457 $o weak a pre$$ure. So that although in
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4458 our Tube when the included Air was
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4459 heated, the Quick-$ilver was $omewhat
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4460 depre$$'d: Yet there is this difference be-
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4461 twixt $uch a Tube and common Weather-
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4462 Gla$$es, that in the$e the included and the
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4463 <pb n=135>
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4464 ambient Air are in an <I>&AElig;quilibrium</I> as to
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4465 pre$$ure, and the weight of the Water
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4466 that keeps them $eparate is $carce con$i-
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4467 derable. Whereas in $uch a Tube as we
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4468 are $peaking of, the Air within is very
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4469 much more dilated then that without; and
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4470 'tis not $o much the $pring or re$i$tance
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4471 of the included Air, as the weight of the
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4472 Mercurial Cylinder it $elf that hinders the
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4473 Quick-$ilver from a$cending higher; for
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4474 if we $hould $uppo$e that de$erted part of
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4475 the Tube perfectly devoid of Air, yet
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4476 would the Quick-$ilver ri$e but a little
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4477 higher in it, and be far from filling it, in
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4478 regard the outward Air would not be
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4479 able to impel up $uch a weight much
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4480 higher: whereas it may, by our former
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4481 Experiments appear, that if all the Air in
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4482 the upper part of a Weather-Gla$s were
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4483 away, the Water would be impell'd up to
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4484 the very top of it, though the Pipe were
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4485 above thirty Foot long.
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4486 <p>We may next con$ider, that this ra-
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4487 rified Air at the upper part of our Tube
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4488 being exactly $hut up betwixt the Gla$s
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4489 and the Quick-$ilver, it was $carce $ubject
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4490 to any di$cernable alterations, $ave tho$e
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4491 it receiv'd from heat and cold.
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4492 <pb n=136>
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4493 <p>And we may further con$ider that yet
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4494 the external Air or Atmo$phere is $ubject
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4495 to many alterations, be$ides them that
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4496 proceed from either of tho$e Quali-
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4497 ties.
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4498 <p>For the Experiment that occa$ion'd
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4499 this Di$cour$e, $eems to make it proba-
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4500 ble enough that there may be $trange
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4501 Ebbings and Flowings, as it were, in the
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4502 Atmo$phere; or at lea$t, that it may ad-
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4503 mit great and $udden Mutations, either as
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4504 to its Altitude or its Den$ity, from cau$es,
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4505 as well unknown to us, as the effects are
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4506 unheeded by us. And that You may not
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4507 think that there is nothing in Nature but
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4508 our Experiment that agrees with this our
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4509 conjecture, we might put Your Lord$hip
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4510 in minde of the Pains and Aches that are
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4511 often complain'd of by tho$e that have
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4512 had great Wounds or Brui$es, and that
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4513 doe pre$age great Mutations in the Air
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4514 oftentimes, whil$t to $trong and healthy
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4515 Per$ons no $ign of any $uch thing appears.
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4516 And that is al$o very memorable to this
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4517 purpo$e, which I remember I have $ome-
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4518 where read in a Book of the Ingenious
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4519 <I>Kircherus,</I> who giving a pertinent admoni-
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4520 tion concerning the various refractions
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4521 that may happen in the Air, relates, That
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4522 <pb n=137>
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4523 during his $tay in <I>Malta,</I> he often $aw
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4524 Mount <I>&AElig;tna,</I> though the next day, not-
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4525 with$tanding its being extreamly clear, he
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4526 could not $ee it; adding, that <I>Vintemillius,</I>
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4527 a very Learned Per$on, did oftentimes,
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4528 from a Hill he names, behold the whole
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4529 I$land he calls <I>Luprica</I> protuberant above
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4530 the Sea, though at other times, notwith-
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4531 $tanding a clear Sky, he could not $ee it.
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4532 And though perhaps this may be in part a-
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4533 $cribed to the various light &amp; po$ition of
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4534 the $un, or to the various di$po$ition of the
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4535 Spectators eye, or peradventure to $ome
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4536 other cau$e; yet the mo$t probable cau$e
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4537 $eems to be the differing Den$ity of the
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4538 Air, occa$ion'd by Exhalations capable to
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4539 increa$e the refraction, and con$equently
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4540 bring Beams to the Eye, which otherwi$e
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4541 would not fall on it. We have likewi$e
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4542 in another Treati$e mention'd our having
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4543 often ob$erv'd with Tele$copes a plenty
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4544 of Steams in the Air, which without $uch
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4545 a help would not be taken notice of, and
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4546 which as they were not at all times to be
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4547 $een even through a Tele$cope, $o they
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4548 did $ometimes, e$pecially after a $hower of
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4549 Rain, ha$tily di$appear: and when we
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4550 have vi$ited tho$e places that abound with
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diff changeset
4551 Mines, we have $everal times been told
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diff changeset
4552 <pb n=138>
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4553 by the Diggers, that even when the Sky
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diff changeset
4554 $eem'd clear, there would not $eldom $ud-
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diff changeset
4555 denly ari$e, and $ometimes long continue,
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diff changeset
4556 a certain Steam (which they u$ually call a
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4557 damp) $o gro$s and thick, that it would
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diff changeset
4558 oftentimes put out their very Candles, if
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4559 they did not $ea$onably prevent it. And
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diff changeset
4560 I think it will ea$ily be granted, that the
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4561 a$cen$ion of $uch Steams into this or that
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4562 part of the Air, and their mixing with it,
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4563 are very like to thicken it; as on the o-
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4564 ther $ide either heat or the $udden conden-
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4565 $ation of the Air in another part of the At-
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4566 mo$phere (to mention now no other cau-
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4567 $es) are capable of rarifying it.
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4568 <p>Nor will it very much import the main
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4569 $cope of our Di$cour$e, whether it be
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4570 $uppo$'d that the copious Steams the
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4571 earth $ends into the air, thicken that part
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4572 of the Atmo$phere that receives them,
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4573 and make it more heavy: Or that $ome-
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4574 times the Fumes may a$cend with $uch ce-
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4575 lerity, that though the Air be thicken'd
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4576 yet they rather dimini$h then en<*>ea$e its
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4577 gravitation, in regard that the quickne$s
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4578 of their a$cent, not onely keeps them
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4579 from gravitating them$elves, but may
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diff changeset
4580 hinder the pre$$ing downwards of many
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4581 A&euml;rial Corpu$cles that they meet with in
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diff changeset
4582 <pb n=139>
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4583 their way upwards. This, I $ay, is of
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4584 no great importance to our pre$ent Di$-
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4585 cour$e, $ince either way the Terre$trial
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4586 Steam may here and there con$iderably
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4587 alter the gravity or pre$$ure of the At-
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4588 mo$phere.
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4589 <p>Your Lord$hip may al$o be plea$ed to
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4590 remember, That by our $eventeenth Ex-
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4591 periment it appear'd that as when the Air
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parents:
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4592 in the Receiver was expanded more then
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4593 ordinarily, the Quick-$ilver in the Tube
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4594 did proportionably $ub$ide; $o when the
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parents:
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4595 Air in the $ame Receiver was a little more
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4596 then ordinarily compre$$'d, it did impell
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4597 up the Quick-$ilver in the Tube above
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4598 the wonted height of betwixt $ix and $e-
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4599 ven and twenty digits.
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4600 <p>And if to the$e things we annex, that
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4601 for ought we can finde by tryals purpo$e-
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4602 ly made, the degree of rarity or den$ity
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4603 of the Air, $hut up into our Receiver, does
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4604 not $en$ibly alter its temperature as to
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4605 cold or heat. It will not, I hope, appear
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4606 ab$urd to conceive, That $ince the Air,
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4607 included in the Tube, could but very faint-
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4608 ly hinder the a$cent of the Quick-$ilver,
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4609 or pre$s it downwards, $ince too that inclu-
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4610 ded Air could $carce immediately receive
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4611 any $en$ible alteration, $ave either by heat
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4612 <pb n=140>
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4613 or cold. And $ince al$o that according to
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4614 the bare den$ity or rarity of the Air in-
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4615 cumbent on the $ubjacent Quick-$ilver in
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4616 the Ve$$el, that in the Tube was impell'd
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4617 more or le$s high; $uch changes happen-
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4618 ing in the neighboring part of the out-
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4619 ward Air, either by the a$cen$ion of gro$s
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4620 or copious exhalations, or by any other
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4621 cau$e (of which there may be divers) as
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4622 were capable to make con$iderable altera-
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4623 tions in the con$i$tence of the Air, as to
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4624 rarity and den$ity, <I>may</I> be able propor-
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4625 tionably to alter the heighth of the
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4626 Quick-$ilver: I rather $ay, that $uch alte-
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4627 rations <I>may</I> be, then that they <I>are</I> the
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4628 cau$es of our <I>Ph&aelig;nomenon,</I> becau$e I think
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4629 it $ufficient, if I have propo$'d conje-
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4630 ctures not altogether irrational about a
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4631 new My$tery of Nature, touching which,
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4632 the chief thing I pretend to, is to give oc-
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4633 ca$ion to the Curious to inquire further
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4634 into it then I have been yet able to do.
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4635 <p>THe $ame Rea$on that mov'd us to
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4636 <MARG><I>Experi-
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4637 ment</I> 19.</MARG>
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4638 conclude, that by the drawing of the
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4639 Air out of the Receiver, the Mercury
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4640 would de$cend in a Tube $horter then $ix
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4641 and twenty digits, induc'd us al$o to ex-
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4642 <pb n=141>
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4643 pect, that by the $ame means Water
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parents:
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4644 might be brought to $ub$ide in Gla$s
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4645 Tubes of a moderate length, though by
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4646 the noble Experiment, $aid to have been
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4647 accurately made in <I>France</I> by <I>Mon$ieur
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4648 Pa$chal,</I> we are informed that a Tube of
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4649 no le$s then about two and thirty Foot,
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parents:
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4650 was found requi$ite to make the Experi-
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4651 ment <I>De Vacuo</I> $ucceed with Water in-
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parents:
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4652 $tead of Quick-$ilver: $o tall a Cylinder
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4653 of that lighter Liquor, being, it $eems,
22d6a63640c6 moved texts from SVN https://it-dev.mpiwg-berlin.mpg.de/svn/mpdl-project-content/trunk/texts/eXist/
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diff changeset
4654 requi$ite to equal the weight of a Mercu-
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diff changeset
4655 rial Cylinder of $ix or $even and twenty
22d6a63640c6 moved texts from SVN https://it-dev.mpiwg-berlin.mpg.de/svn/mpdl-project-content/trunk/texts/eXist/
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diff changeset
4656 digits, and $urmount the pre$$ure of the
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diff changeset
4657 Atmo$phere.
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diff changeset
4658 <p>We took then a Tube of Gla$s, Her-
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4659 metically $eal'd at one end, of about four
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4660 foot in length, and not very $lender: This
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4661 at the open end we fill'd with common
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parents:
diff changeset
4662 Water, and then $topt that end till we
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parents:
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4663 had inverted the Tube, and open'd it be-
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diff changeset
4664 neath the $urface of a quantity of the like
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parents:
diff changeset
4665 Water, contain'd in a $omewhat deep and
22d6a63640c6 moved texts from SVN https://it-dev.mpiwg-berlin.mpg.de/svn/mpdl-project-content/trunk/texts/eXist/
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diff changeset
4666 $lender Ve$$el. This Ve$$el, with the
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diff changeset
4667 Tube in it, was let down into the Recei-
22d6a63640c6 moved texts from SVN https://it-dev.mpiwg-berlin.mpg.de/svn/mpdl-project-content/trunk/texts/eXist/
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4668 ver, and the Receiver being clo$'d up af-
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diff changeset
4669 ter the accu$tom'd manner, the Pump was
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diff changeset
4670 $et awork.
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parents:
diff changeset
4671 <pb n=142>
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4672 <p>As much of the event as concerns our
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4673 pre$ent purpo$e, was this, That till a con-
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diff changeset
4674 $iderable part of the Air was drawn out
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4675 of the Receiver, the Tube continu'd top-
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parents:
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4676 full of Water as when it was put in, it be-
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parents:
diff changeset
4677 ing requi$ite that a great part of the Air
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4678 formerly contain'd in the Receiver, $hould
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4679 be drawn out, to bring the remaining
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4680 Air to an <I>&AElig;quilibrium</I> with $o $hort and
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4681 light a Cylinder of Water. But when
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4682 once the Water began to fall in the Tube,
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4683 then each ex$uction of Air made it de-
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4684 $cend a little lower, though nothing near
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diff changeset
4685 $o much as the Quick-$ilver at the begin-
22d6a63640c6 moved texts from SVN https://it-dev.mpiwg-berlin.mpg.de/svn/mpdl-project-content/trunk/texts/eXist/
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4686 ning did in the Experiment formerly men-
22d6a63640c6 moved texts from SVN https://it-dev.mpiwg-berlin.mpg.de/svn/mpdl-project-content/trunk/texts/eXist/
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4687 tion'd. Nor did there appear $o much
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parents:
diff changeset
4688 inequality in the $paces tran$mitted by
22d6a63640c6 moved texts from SVN https://it-dev.mpiwg-berlin.mpg.de/svn/mpdl-project-content/trunk/texts/eXist/
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4689 the Water in its de$cent, as there did in
22d6a63640c6 moved texts from SVN https://it-dev.mpiwg-berlin.mpg.de/svn/mpdl-project-content/trunk/texts/eXist/
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parents:
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4690 tho$e ob$erv'd in the fall of the Quick-
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4691 $ilver, of which the cau$e will $carce $eem
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parents:
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4692 ab$tru$e to him that $hall duly reflect up-
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parents:
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4693 on what has been already deliver'd. And
22d6a63640c6 moved texts from SVN https://it-dev.mpiwg-berlin.mpg.de/svn/mpdl-project-content/trunk/texts/eXist/
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parents:
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4694 whereas we drew down the Quick-$ilver
22d6a63640c6 moved texts from SVN https://it-dev.mpiwg-berlin.mpg.de/svn/mpdl-project-content/trunk/texts/eXist/
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4695 in the Tube $o far as to bring it within an
22d6a63640c6 moved texts from SVN https://it-dev.mpiwg-berlin.mpg.de/svn/mpdl-project-content/trunk/texts/eXist/
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4696 Inch of the $urface of the other Quick-
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4697 $ilver into which it was to fall; the lowe$t
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parents:
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4698 we were able to draw down the Water
22d6a63640c6 moved texts from SVN https://it-dev.mpiwg-berlin.mpg.de/svn/mpdl-project-content/trunk/texts/eXist/
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parents:
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4699 was, by our conjecture, to about a Foot
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parents:
diff changeset
4700 <pb n=143>
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4701 or more above the $urface of that in the
22d6a63640c6 moved texts from SVN https://it-dev.mpiwg-berlin.mpg.de/svn/mpdl-project-content/trunk/texts/eXist/
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4702 Ve$$el; of which I know not whether it
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4703 will be needful to a$$ign $o obvious a cau$e
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4704 as that, though the little Air remaining
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4705 in the Receiver could not hinder a Cylin-
22d6a63640c6 moved texts from SVN https://it-dev.mpiwg-berlin.mpg.de/svn/mpdl-project-content/trunk/texts/eXist/
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4706 der of above an Inch high of Quick-$ilver
22d6a63640c6 moved texts from SVN https://it-dev.mpiwg-berlin.mpg.de/svn/mpdl-project-content/trunk/texts/eXist/
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4707 from $ub$iding; yet it might very well
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4708 be able, by its pre$$ure, to countervail the
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4709 weight of a Cylinder of a Foot long or
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parents:
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4710 more, of a Liquor $o much le$s ponderous
22d6a63640c6 moved texts from SVN https://it-dev.mpiwg-berlin.mpg.de/svn/mpdl-project-content/trunk/texts/eXist/
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4711 then Quick-$ilver, as Water is. And in
22d6a63640c6 moved texts from SVN https://it-dev.mpiwg-berlin.mpg.de/svn/mpdl-project-content/trunk/texts/eXist/
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4712 fine, to conclude our Experiment, when
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4713 the Water was drawn down thus low, we
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4714 found, that by letting in the outward Air,
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parents:
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4715 it might be immediately impell'd up a-
22d6a63640c6 moved texts from SVN https://it-dev.mpiwg-berlin.mpg.de/svn/mpdl-project-content/trunk/texts/eXist/
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parents:
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4716 gain to the higher parts of the Tube.
22d6a63640c6 moved texts from SVN https://it-dev.mpiwg-berlin.mpg.de/svn/mpdl-project-content/trunk/texts/eXist/
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4717 <p>We will adde no more concerning this
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4718 Experiment, $ave that having try'd it in
22d6a63640c6 moved texts from SVN https://it-dev.mpiwg-berlin.mpg.de/svn/mpdl-project-content/trunk/texts/eXist/
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4719 one of our $mall Receivers, we ob$erv'd,
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4720 That upon the fir$t ex$uction of the Air
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4721 the Water did u$ually $ub$ide divers In-
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4722 ches, and at the $econd (ex$uction) fall
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4723 down much lower, $ub$iding $ometimes
22d6a63640c6 moved texts from SVN https://it-dev.mpiwg-berlin.mpg.de/svn/mpdl-project-content/trunk/texts/eXist/
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4724 near two Foot; as al$o that upon the let-
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4725 ting in of the Air from without, the Wa-
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4726 ter was impell'd up with very great ce-
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4727 lerity.
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parents:
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4728 <pb n=144>
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parents:
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4729 <p>THat the Air has a notable Ela$tical
22d6a63640c6 moved texts from SVN https://it-dev.mpiwg-berlin.mpg.de/svn/mpdl-project-content/trunk/texts/eXist/
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4730 <MARG><I>Experi-
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parents:
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4731 ment</I> 20.</MARG>
22d6a63640c6 moved texts from SVN https://it-dev.mpiwg-berlin.mpg.de/svn/mpdl-project-content/trunk/texts/eXist/
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4732 power (whence$oever that proceeds)
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4733 we have, I $uppo$e, abundantly evinc'd,
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4734 and it begins to be acknowledg'd by the
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4735 eminente$t Modern Naturali$ts. But whe-
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4736 ther or no there be in Water $o much as
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4737 a languid one, $eems hitherto to have been
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parents:
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4738 $carce con$ider'd, nor has been yet, for
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4739 ought I know, determin'd either way by
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4740 any Writer, which invited us to make the
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4741 following Experiment.
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parents:
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4742 <p>There was taken a great Gla$s-bubble,
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4743 with a long neck; ($uch as Chymi$ts are
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4744 wont to call a Philo$ophical Egg) which
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4745 being fill'd with common Water till the
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4746 Liquor reach'd about a $pan above the
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parents:
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4747 bubble, and a piece of Paper being there
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4748 pa$ted on, was put un$top'd into the Re-
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4749 ceiver, and then the Air was $uck'd out
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4750 after the wonted manner. The event was
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4751 this, That a con$iderable part of the Air,
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4752 pent up in the Receiver, was drawn out
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4753 before we di$cern'd any expan$ion of the
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4754 Water; but, continuing the labor of
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4755 pumping, the Water manife$tly began to
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4756 a$cend in the $tem of the Gla$s, and di-
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4757 vers bubbles loo$ening them$elves from
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4758 <pb n=145>
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4759 the lower parts of the Ve$$el, made their
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4760 way through the Body of the Water, to
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4761 the top of it, and there brake into the
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4762 Receiver: And after the Water once ap-
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4763 pear'd to $well, then at each time the Stop-
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4764 cock was turn'd to let out the air from the
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4765 Receiver into the Pump, the Water in the
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4766 Neck of the Gla$s did $uddenly ri$e a-
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4767 bout the breadth of a Barly-corn in the
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4768 Neck of the Gla$s, and $o attain'd, by
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4769 degrees, to a con$iderable height above
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4770 the mark formerly mention'd. And at
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4771 length (to make the expan$ion of the Wa-
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4772 ter more evident) the outward Air was
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4773 $uddenly let in, and the Water immedi-
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4774 ately $ub$ided and de$erted all the $pace it
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4775 had newly gain'd in the Gla$s.
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4776 <p>And, on this occa$ion, it will not per-
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4777 haps be ami$s to acquaint Your Lord$hip
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4778 here (though we have already mention'd
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4779 it in another Paper, to another purpo$e)
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4780 with another Expedient that we made u$e
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4781 of two or three years ago, to try whether
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4782 or no Water had a Spring in it. About
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4783 that time then, That Great and Learned
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4784 Promoter of Experimental Philo$ophy
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4785 Dr. <I>Wilkins,</I> doing me the Honor to
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4786 come him$elf, and bring $ome of his in-
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4787 qui$itive Friends to my Lodging, we
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4788 <pb n=146>
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4789 there had in readine$s a round and hollow
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4790 Ve$$el of Pewter, great enough to con-
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4791 tain two pounds of Water, and exactly
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4792 clo$e every where, but at one little hole
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4793 where it was to be fill'd; then partly by
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4794 $ucking out the Air, and partly by inject-
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4795 ing Water with a Syringe, it was (not
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4796 without $ome difficulty) fill'd up to the
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4797 top; and that hole being plac'd directly
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4798 upwards, there was a little more Water
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4799 lei$urely forc'd in by the Syringe. Upon
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4800 which, though the Ve$$el were permitted
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4801 to re$t, and the hole kept in its former po-
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4802 $ture, yet the compre$$'d Water lei$urely
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4803 $well'd above the Orifice of the hole, and
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4804 divers drops ran over along the $ides of the
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4805 Ve$$el. After this, we cau$'d a skilful Pew-
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4806 terer (who had made the Globe) to clo$e
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4807 it up in our pre$ence with Soder $o exqui-
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4808 $itely, that none $u$pected there was any
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4809 thing left in it be$ides Water. And la$t-
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4810 ly, the Ve$$el thus $oder'd up, was wari-
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4811 ly and often $truck in divers places with a
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4812 Wooden Mallet, and thereby was mani-
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4813 fe$tly compre$$ d, whereby the inclo$ed
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4814 Water was crouded into le$s room then it
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4815 had before: And thereupon when we took
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4816 a Needle, and with it and the Mallet per-
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4817 forated the Ve$$el, and drew out the
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4818 <pb n=147>
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4819 Needle again; the Water (but in a very
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4820 $lender Stream) was $uddenly thrown af-
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4821 ter it into the Air, to the height of two
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4822 or three Feet. As for the other <I>Ph&aelig;nome-
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4823 na</I> of this Experiment, $ince they belong
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4824 not to our pre$ent purpo$e, and are partly
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4825 mention'd in another of our Papers, we
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4826 $hall, in$tead of recording them here, give
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4827 this Adverti$ement: That as evidently
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parents:
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4828 as this Experiment, and that made in our
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4829 Receiver, $eem to prove a power in the
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4830 Water to expand and re$tore it $elf after
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4831 compre$$ion; yet for a rea$on to be met
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4832 with ere long, I judged it not $afe to in-
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4833 fer that Conclu$ion from the$e Premi$es,
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4834 till I had made $ome of the following try-
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4835 als, to the mention of which I will there-
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4836 fore ha$ten.
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4837 <p>TO di$cover whether the Expan$ion
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4838 <MARG><I>Experi-
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4839 ment</I> 21.</MARG>
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4840 of the Water really proceeded
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4841 from an Ela$tical power in the parts of
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4842 the Water it $elf, we thought it requi$ite
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4843 to try two things: The one, Whether or no
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4844 the Atmo$phere gravitates upon Bodies
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4845 under Water; and the other, Whether
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4846 in ca$e it do gravitate, the Intume$cence
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4847 of the Water may not be a$cribed to $ome
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4848 <pb n=148>
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4849 $ub$tance $ubtler then it $elf, re$iding m-
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4850 it. In order to the $atisfying my $elf about
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4851 the fir$t of the$e, I intended to let down
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4852 into the Receiver a Ve$$el of Water,
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4853 wherein $hould be immer$'d a very $mall
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4854 oyl'd Bladder, almo$t devoid of Air, but
22d6a63640c6 moved texts from SVN https://it-dev.mpiwg-berlin.mpg.de/svn/mpdl-project-content/trunk/texts/eXist/
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parents:
diff changeset
4855 $trongly <*>'d up at the Neck with a $tring,
22d6a63640c6 moved texts from SVN https://it-dev.mpiwg-berlin.mpg.de/svn/mpdl-project-content/trunk/texts/eXist/
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parents:
diff changeset
4856 and detain'd a little under Water by $uch
22d6a63640c6 moved texts from SVN https://it-dev.mpiwg-berlin.mpg.de/svn/mpdl-project-content/trunk/texts/eXist/
casties
parents:
diff changeset
4857 a weight fa$ten'd to that $tring, as $hould
22d6a63640c6 moved texts from SVN https://it-dev.mpiwg-berlin.mpg.de/svn/mpdl-project-content/trunk/texts/eXist/
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parents:
diff changeset
4858 ju$t be able to keep the Bladder from
22d6a63640c6 moved texts from SVN https://it-dev.mpiwg-berlin.mpg.de/svn/mpdl-project-content/trunk/texts/eXist/
casties
parents:
diff changeset
4859 $wimming, and no more. For I $uppo$'d,
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diff changeset
4860 that if when all things were thus order'd,
22d6a63640c6 moved texts from SVN https://it-dev.mpiwg-berlin.mpg.de/svn/mpdl-project-content/trunk/texts/eXist/
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parents:
diff changeset
4861 the Receiver were empty'd, in ca$e there
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parents:
diff changeset
4862 were any $uch pre$$ure of the Atmo$phere
22d6a63640c6 moved texts from SVN https://it-dev.mpiwg-berlin.mpg.de/svn/mpdl-project-content/trunk/texts/eXist/
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parents:
diff changeset
4863 upon Water, as I was inclin'd to believe,
22d6a63640c6 moved texts from SVN https://it-dev.mpiwg-berlin.mpg.de/svn/mpdl-project-content/trunk/texts/eXist/
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parents:
diff changeset
4864 the Air within the Bladder, being upon the
22d6a63640c6 moved texts from SVN https://it-dev.mpiwg-berlin.mpg.de/svn/mpdl-project-content/trunk/texts/eXist/
casties
parents:
diff changeset
4865 ex$uction of the Air within the Receiver,
22d6a63640c6 moved texts from SVN https://it-dev.mpiwg-berlin.mpg.de/svn/mpdl-project-content/trunk/texts/eXist/
casties
parents:
diff changeset
4866 freed from that pre$$ure, and being pre$$'d
22d6a63640c6 moved texts from SVN https://it-dev.mpiwg-berlin.mpg.de/svn/mpdl-project-content/trunk/texts/eXist/
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parents:
diff changeset
4867 onely by the $mall weight of the in-
22d6a63640c6 moved texts from SVN https://it-dev.mpiwg-berlin.mpg.de/svn/mpdl-project-content/trunk/texts/eXist/
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parents:
diff changeset
4868 cumbent Water, would con$iderably ex-
22d6a63640c6 moved texts from SVN https://it-dev.mpiwg-berlin.mpg.de/svn/mpdl-project-content/trunk/texts/eXist/
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parents:
diff changeset
4869 pand it $elf; but whil'$t we were prepa-
22d6a63640c6 moved texts from SVN https://it-dev.mpiwg-berlin.mpg.de/svn/mpdl-project-content/trunk/texts/eXist/
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parents:
diff changeset
4870 ring Bladders for this Experiment, there
22d6a63640c6 moved texts from SVN https://it-dev.mpiwg-berlin.mpg.de/svn/mpdl-project-content/trunk/texts/eXist/
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parents:
diff changeset
4871 occurr'd an ea$ie way for the making at
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parents:
diff changeset
4872 once both the Di$coveries I de$ir'd.
22d6a63640c6 moved texts from SVN https://it-dev.mpiwg-berlin.mpg.de/svn/mpdl-project-content/trunk/texts/eXist/
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parents:
diff changeset
4873 <p>We took then a Gla$s Viol, containing
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parents:
diff changeset
4874 by ghe$s a pound and $ome ounces of
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parents:
diff changeset
4875 Water, this we fill'd top full, and then
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parents:
diff changeset
4876 we put into the Neck of it a Gla$s Pipe
22d6a63640c6 moved texts from SVN https://it-dev.mpiwg-berlin.mpg.de/svn/mpdl-project-content/trunk/texts/eXist/
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parents:
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4877 a pretty deal bigger then a Goo$e Quill,
22d6a63640c6 moved texts from SVN https://it-dev.mpiwg-berlin.mpg.de/svn/mpdl-project-content/trunk/texts/eXist/
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parents:
diff changeset
4878 <pb n=149>
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casties
parents:
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4879 open at both ends, and of divers Inches
22d6a63640c6 moved texts from SVN https://it-dev.mpiwg-berlin.mpg.de/svn/mpdl-project-content/trunk/texts/eXist/
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parents:
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4880 in length: One end of this Pipe was $o
22d6a63640c6 moved texts from SVN https://it-dev.mpiwg-berlin.mpg.de/svn/mpdl-project-content/trunk/texts/eXist/
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parents:
diff changeset
4881 put into the Neck of the Viol, as to reach
22d6a63640c6 moved texts from SVN https://it-dev.mpiwg-berlin.mpg.de/svn/mpdl-project-content/trunk/texts/eXist/
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parents:
diff changeset
4882 a little below it, and then was carefully
22d6a63640c6 moved texts from SVN https://it-dev.mpiwg-berlin.mpg.de/svn/mpdl-project-content/trunk/texts/eXist/
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parents:
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4883 cemented thereto that no Air might get
22d6a63640c6 moved texts from SVN https://it-dev.mpiwg-berlin.mpg.de/svn/mpdl-project-content/trunk/texts/eXist/
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parents:
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4884 into the Viol, nor no Water get out of
22d6a63640c6 moved texts from SVN https://it-dev.mpiwg-berlin.mpg.de/svn/mpdl-project-content/trunk/texts/eXist/
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parents:
diff changeset
4885 it, otherwi$e then through the Pipe; and
22d6a63640c6 moved texts from SVN https://it-dev.mpiwg-berlin.mpg.de/svn/mpdl-project-content/trunk/texts/eXist/
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parents:
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4886 then the Pipe being warily fill'd, about
22d6a63640c6 moved texts from SVN https://it-dev.mpiwg-berlin.mpg.de/svn/mpdl-project-content/trunk/texts/eXist/
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parents:
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4887 half way up to the top, with more Wa-
22d6a63640c6 moved texts from SVN https://it-dev.mpiwg-berlin.mpg.de/svn/mpdl-project-content/trunk/texts/eXist/
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parents:
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4888 ter, and a mark being pa$ted over again$t
22d6a63640c6 moved texts from SVN https://it-dev.mpiwg-berlin.mpg.de/svn/mpdl-project-content/trunk/texts/eXist/
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parents:
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4889 the upper $urface of the Liquor; the Viol
22d6a63640c6 moved texts from SVN https://it-dev.mpiwg-berlin.mpg.de/svn/mpdl-project-content/trunk/texts/eXist/
casties
parents:
diff changeset
4890 thus fitted with the Pipe, was, by $trings
22d6a63640c6 moved texts from SVN https://it-dev.mpiwg-berlin.mpg.de/svn/mpdl-project-content/trunk/texts/eXist/
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parents:
diff changeset
4891 let down into the Receiver, and according
22d6a63640c6 moved texts from SVN https://it-dev.mpiwg-berlin.mpg.de/svn/mpdl-project-content/trunk/texts/eXist/
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parents:
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4892 to the wonted manner exqui$itely clo$'d
22d6a63640c6 moved texts from SVN https://it-dev.mpiwg-berlin.mpg.de/svn/mpdl-project-content/trunk/texts/eXist/
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parents:
diff changeset
4893 up in it.
22d6a63640c6 moved texts from SVN https://it-dev.mpiwg-berlin.mpg.de/svn/mpdl-project-content/trunk/texts/eXist/
casties
parents:
diff changeset
4894 <p>This done, we began to Pump out the
22d6a63640c6 moved texts from SVN https://it-dev.mpiwg-berlin.mpg.de/svn/mpdl-project-content/trunk/texts/eXist/
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parents:
diff changeset
4895 Air, and when a pretty quantity of it had
22d6a63640c6 moved texts from SVN https://it-dev.mpiwg-berlin.mpg.de/svn/mpdl-project-content/trunk/texts/eXist/
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parents:
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4896 been drawn away, the Water in the Pipe
22d6a63640c6 moved texts from SVN https://it-dev.mpiwg-berlin.mpg.de/svn/mpdl-project-content/trunk/texts/eXist/
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parents:
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4897 began to ri$e higher in the Pipe, at the
22d6a63640c6 moved texts from SVN https://it-dev.mpiwg-berlin.mpg.de/svn/mpdl-project-content/trunk/texts/eXist/
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parents:
diff changeset
4898 $ides of which $ome little bubbles di$co-
22d6a63640c6 moved texts from SVN https://it-dev.mpiwg-berlin.mpg.de/svn/mpdl-project-content/trunk/texts/eXist/
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parents:
diff changeset
4899 ver'd them$elves. After a little while
22d6a63640c6 moved texts from SVN https://it-dev.mpiwg-berlin.mpg.de/svn/mpdl-project-content/trunk/texts/eXist/
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parents:
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4900 longer, the Water $till $welling, there
22d6a63640c6 moved texts from SVN https://it-dev.mpiwg-berlin.mpg.de/svn/mpdl-project-content/trunk/texts/eXist/
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parents:
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4901 appear'd at the bottom of the Pipe a bub-
22d6a63640c6 moved texts from SVN https://it-dev.mpiwg-berlin.mpg.de/svn/mpdl-project-content/trunk/texts/eXist/
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parents:
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4902 ble about the bigne$s of a $mall Pea,
22d6a63640c6 moved texts from SVN https://it-dev.mpiwg-berlin.mpg.de/svn/mpdl-project-content/trunk/texts/eXist/
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parents:
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4903 which a$cending through the Pipe to the
22d6a63640c6 moved texts from SVN https://it-dev.mpiwg-berlin.mpg.de/svn/mpdl-project-content/trunk/texts/eXist/
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parents:
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4904 top of the Water, $taid there awhile and
22d6a63640c6 moved texts from SVN https://it-dev.mpiwg-berlin.mpg.de/svn/mpdl-project-content/trunk/texts/eXist/
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parents:
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4905 then broke; but the Pump being nimbly
22d6a63640c6 moved texts from SVN https://it-dev.mpiwg-berlin.mpg.de/svn/mpdl-project-content/trunk/texts/eXist/
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parents:
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4906 ply'd, the expan$ion of the Water $o en-
22d6a63640c6 moved texts from SVN https://it-dev.mpiwg-berlin.mpg.de/svn/mpdl-project-content/trunk/texts/eXist/
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parents:
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4907 crea$'d, that quickly, getting up to the
22d6a63640c6 moved texts from SVN https://it-dev.mpiwg-berlin.mpg.de/svn/mpdl-project-content/trunk/texts/eXist/
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parents:
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4908 <pb n=150>
22d6a63640c6 moved texts from SVN https://it-dev.mpiwg-berlin.mpg.de/svn/mpdl-project-content/trunk/texts/eXist/
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parents:
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4909 top of the Pipe $ome drops of it be-
22d6a63640c6 moved texts from SVN https://it-dev.mpiwg-berlin.mpg.de/svn/mpdl-project-content/trunk/texts/eXist/
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parents:
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4910 gan to run down along the out-$ide of it,
22d6a63640c6 moved texts from SVN https://it-dev.mpiwg-berlin.mpg.de/svn/mpdl-project-content/trunk/texts/eXist/
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parents:
diff changeset
4911 which oblig'd us to forbear pumping a-
22d6a63640c6 moved texts from SVN https://it-dev.mpiwg-berlin.mpg.de/svn/mpdl-project-content/trunk/texts/eXist/
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parents:
diff changeset
4912 while, and give the Water leave to $ub-
22d6a63640c6 moved texts from SVN https://it-dev.mpiwg-berlin.mpg.de/svn/mpdl-project-content/trunk/texts/eXist/
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parents:
diff changeset
4913 $ide within le$s then two Inches of the
22d6a63640c6 moved texts from SVN https://it-dev.mpiwg-berlin.mpg.de/svn/mpdl-project-content/trunk/texts/eXist/
casties
parents:
diff changeset
4914 bottom of the Pipe. After this the
22d6a63640c6 moved texts from SVN https://it-dev.mpiwg-berlin.mpg.de/svn/mpdl-project-content/trunk/texts/eXist/
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parents:
diff changeset
4915 Pump being again $et at work, the bub-
22d6a63640c6 moved texts from SVN https://it-dev.mpiwg-berlin.mpg.de/svn/mpdl-project-content/trunk/texts/eXist/
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parents:
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4916 bles began to a$cend from the bottom
22d6a63640c6 moved texts from SVN https://it-dev.mpiwg-berlin.mpg.de/svn/mpdl-project-content/trunk/texts/eXist/
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parents:
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4917 of the Pipe, being not all of a $ize, but yet
22d6a63640c6 moved texts from SVN https://it-dev.mpiwg-berlin.mpg.de/svn/mpdl-project-content/trunk/texts/eXist/
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parents:
diff changeset
4918 $o big, that e$timating one with another,
22d6a63640c6 moved texts from SVN https://it-dev.mpiwg-berlin.mpg.de/svn/mpdl-project-content/trunk/texts/eXist/
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parents:
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4919 they appear'd to be of the $ize of the $mal-
22d6a63640c6 moved texts from SVN https://it-dev.mpiwg-berlin.mpg.de/svn/mpdl-project-content/trunk/texts/eXist/
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parents:
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4920 ler $ort of Peas; and of the$e we reckon'd
22d6a63640c6 moved texts from SVN https://it-dev.mpiwg-berlin.mpg.de/svn/mpdl-project-content/trunk/texts/eXist/
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parents:
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4921 about $ixty which came up one after ano-
22d6a63640c6 moved texts from SVN https://it-dev.mpiwg-berlin.mpg.de/svn/mpdl-project-content/trunk/texts/eXist/
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parents:
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4922 ther, be$ides $tore of $maller ones, of which
22d6a63640c6 moved texts from SVN https://it-dev.mpiwg-berlin.mpg.de/svn/mpdl-project-content/trunk/texts/eXist/
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parents:
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4923 we made no reckoning: And at length,
22d6a63640c6 moved texts from SVN https://it-dev.mpiwg-berlin.mpg.de/svn/mpdl-project-content/trunk/texts/eXist/
casties
parents:
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4924 growing weary of reckoning and pumping
22d6a63640c6 moved texts from SVN https://it-dev.mpiwg-berlin.mpg.de/svn/mpdl-project-content/trunk/texts/eXist/
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parents:
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4925 too (becau$e we found, that in $pight
22d6a63640c6 moved texts from SVN https://it-dev.mpiwg-berlin.mpg.de/svn/mpdl-project-content/trunk/texts/eXist/
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parents:
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4926 of all our pains and indu$try, $ome un-
22d6a63640c6 moved texts from SVN https://it-dev.mpiwg-berlin.mpg.de/svn/mpdl-project-content/trunk/texts/eXist/
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parents:
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4927 di$cern'd Leak or other in the Recei-
22d6a63640c6 moved texts from SVN https://it-dev.mpiwg-berlin.mpg.de/svn/mpdl-project-content/trunk/texts/eXist/
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parents:
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4928 ver hinder'd us from being able to empty
22d6a63640c6 moved texts from SVN https://it-dev.mpiwg-berlin.mpg.de/svn/mpdl-project-content/trunk/texts/eXist/
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parents:
diff changeset
4929 it altogether) we thought fit to de$i$t for
22d6a63640c6 moved texts from SVN https://it-dev.mpiwg-berlin.mpg.de/svn/mpdl-project-content/trunk/texts/eXist/
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parents:
diff changeset
4930 that time. After tryal made of what o-
22d6a63640c6 moved texts from SVN https://it-dev.mpiwg-berlin.mpg.de/svn/mpdl-project-content/trunk/texts/eXist/
casties
parents:
diff changeset
4931 peration the external Air, being let in
22d6a63640c6 moved texts from SVN https://it-dev.mpiwg-berlin.mpg.de/svn/mpdl-project-content/trunk/texts/eXist/
casties
parents:
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4932 upon the expanded Water, would have;
22d6a63640c6 moved texts from SVN https://it-dev.mpiwg-berlin.mpg.de/svn/mpdl-project-content/trunk/texts/eXist/
casties
parents:
diff changeset
4933 and accordingly turning the Key to let in
22d6a63640c6 moved texts from SVN https://it-dev.mpiwg-berlin.mpg.de/svn/mpdl-project-content/trunk/texts/eXist/
casties
parents:
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4934 the Air, we $aw, as we expected, that
22d6a63640c6 moved texts from SVN https://it-dev.mpiwg-berlin.mpg.de/svn/mpdl-project-content/trunk/texts/eXist/
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parents:
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4935 the Water in the Pipe in a moment fell
22d6a63640c6 moved texts from SVN https://it-dev.mpiwg-berlin.mpg.de/svn/mpdl-project-content/trunk/texts/eXist/
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parents:
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4936 down almo$t to the bottom of it.
22d6a63640c6 moved texts from SVN https://it-dev.mpiwg-berlin.mpg.de/svn/mpdl-project-content/trunk/texts/eXist/
casties
parents:
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4937 <pb n=151>
22d6a63640c6 moved texts from SVN https://it-dev.mpiwg-berlin.mpg.de/svn/mpdl-project-content/trunk/texts/eXist/
casties
parents:
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4938 <p>Now of this Experiment there are two
22d6a63640c6 moved texts from SVN https://it-dev.mpiwg-berlin.mpg.de/svn/mpdl-project-content/trunk/texts/eXist/
casties
parents:
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4939 or three Circum$tances yet to be men-
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parents:
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4940 tion'd, which are no le$s then tho$e alrea-
22d6a63640c6 moved texts from SVN https://it-dev.mpiwg-berlin.mpg.de/svn/mpdl-project-content/trunk/texts/eXist/
casties
parents:
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4941 dy recited, pertinent to our pre$ent pur-
22d6a63640c6 moved texts from SVN https://it-dev.mpiwg-berlin.mpg.de/svn/mpdl-project-content/trunk/texts/eXist/
casties
parents:
diff changeset
4942 po$e.
22d6a63640c6 moved texts from SVN https://it-dev.mpiwg-berlin.mpg.de/svn/mpdl-project-content/trunk/texts/eXist/
casties
parents:
diff changeset
4943 <p>In the fir$t place then, when the great-
22d6a63640c6 moved texts from SVN https://it-dev.mpiwg-berlin.mpg.de/svn/mpdl-project-content/trunk/texts/eXist/
casties
parents:
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4944 er part of the Air had been pump'd out of
22d6a63640c6 moved texts from SVN https://it-dev.mpiwg-berlin.mpg.de/svn/mpdl-project-content/trunk/texts/eXist/
casties
parents:
diff changeset
4945 the Receiver, the ri$ing bubbles a$cend-
22d6a63640c6 moved texts from SVN https://it-dev.mpiwg-berlin.mpg.de/svn/mpdl-project-content/trunk/texts/eXist/
casties
parents:
diff changeset
4946 ed $o very $lowly in the Pipe, that their
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casties
parents:
diff changeset
4947 Progre$s was $carce di$cernable; which
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casties
parents:
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4948 $eem'd to proceed from this, That their
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casties
parents:
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4949 bigne$s was $uch, That they could not
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casties
parents:
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4950 $ufficiently extend them$elves in the
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casties
parents:
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4951 cavity of the Gla$s, without pre$$ing
22d6a63640c6 moved texts from SVN https://it-dev.mpiwg-berlin.mpg.de/svn/mpdl-project-content/trunk/texts/eXist/
casties
parents:
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4952 on both hands again$t the $ides of it,
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casties
parents:
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4953 whereby they became of more difficult
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casties
parents:
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4954 extru$ion to the Water. And though it
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casties
parents:
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4955 may $eem $trange the$e bubbles $hould
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4956 be of any con$iderable bulk, $ince 'tis
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4957 like they con$i$ted of le$$er parcels of
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4958 the Air lurking in the Water, then tho$e
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4959 that were vigorous enough to make their
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4960 way through long before them: yet they
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4961 were commonly much larger then before,
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4962 $ome of them being equal in quantity to
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4963 four or five Peas: Whether this their in-
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4964 crea$e of bulk proceeded from the greater
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4965 decrement of the pre$$ure of the Air,
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4966 <pb n=152>
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4967 or from the Union of two or three of
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4968 tho$e numerous bubbles which were then
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4969 generated below the bottom of the Pipe,
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4970 where we could not $ee what was done a-
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4971 mong them.
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diff changeset
4972 <p>Another thing we noted in our bubbles
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4973 was, That whereas in ordinary ones the
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4974 Air, together with the thin film of Water
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4975 that inve$ts and detains, is wont to $well
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4976 above the $urface of the Water it $wims
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4977 on, and commonly to con$titute Hemi$-
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4978 pherical Bodies with it, the little parcels
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4979 of Air that came up after the Receiver
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4980 was pretty well empty'd, did not make
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4981 protuberant bubbles, but $uch who$e up-
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4982 per $urface was either level with or be-
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4983 neath that of the Water, $o that the up-
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4984 per $urface being u$ually $omewhat con-
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4985 vex, the le$s protuberant parts of it had
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4986 a pretty quantity of Water remaining a-
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4987 bove them.
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4988 <p>We al$o further ob$erv'd, That where-
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4989 as in the bubbles that fir$t appear'd in
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4990 the Pipe, the a$cending Air did, as in o-
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4991 ther common bubbles, make its way up-
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4992 wards, by dividing the Water through
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4993 which it pa$$'d, in tho$e bubbles that ap-
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4994 pear'd at the latter end of our Experi-
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4995 ment, when the pre$$ure of the little ex-
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4996 <pb n=153>
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4997 ternal Air, remaining in the Receiver,
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4998 was grown incon$iderable, the a$cending
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4999 parcels of Air having now little more
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5000 then the weight of the incumbent Water
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5001 to $urmount, were able both $o to expand
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parents:
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5002 them$elves as to fill up that part of the
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5003 Pipe which they pervaded, &amp; by pre$$ing
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5004 every way again$t the $ides of it, to lift
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parents:
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5005 upwards with them what Water they
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5006 found above them, without letting any
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5007 con$iderable quantity glide down along
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5008 the $ides of the Gla$s: So that $ometimes
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5009 we could $ee a bubble thru$t on before it
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5010 a whole Cylinder of Water of perhaps
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parents:
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5011 an Inch high, and carry it up to the top
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parents:
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5012 of the Pipe; though as we formerly no-
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parents:
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5013 ted, upon the letting in the external Air,
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parents:
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5014 the$e tumid bubbles $uddenly relap$'d to
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parents:
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5015 their former incon$picuou$ne$s.
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parents:
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5016 <p>All the$e things laid together $eem'd
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parents:
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5017 $ufficiently to confirm that, which the
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parents:
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5018 con$ideration of the thing it $elf would
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parents:
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5019 ea$ily enough per$wade, namely, That
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parents:
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5020 the Air, and $uch like Bodies being under
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parents:
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5021 Water, may be pre$$'d upon as well by
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parents:
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5022 the Atmo$phere, as by the weight of the
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parents:
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5023 incumbent Water it $elf.
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parents:
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5024 <p>Hence likewi$e we may verifie what we
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parents:
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5025 ob$erv'd at the clo$e of the foregoing
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5026 <pb n=154>
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parents:
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5027 Experiment, namely, That from the $ole
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parents:
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5028 $welling of Water there recorded, it can-
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parents:
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5029 not be $o $afely concluded that Water,
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parents:
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5030 when freed from compre$$ion, is endowd
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parents:
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5031 with an Ela$tical power of expanding it
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parents:
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5032 $elf, $ince thereby it appears that the In-
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parents:
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5033 tume$cence produc'd by that Experiment,
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parents:
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5034 may (at lea$t in great part) be a$crib'd to
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5035 the numerous little bubbles which are
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parents:
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5036 wont to be produc'd in Water, from
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parents:
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5037 which the pre$$ure of the Atmo$phere is
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5038 in great mea$ure taken off. So apt are we
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5039 to be mi$-led, even by Experiments them-
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parents:
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5040 $elves, into Mi$takes, when either we con-
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5041 $ider not that mo$t Effects may proceed
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5042 from various Cau$es, or minde onely tho$e
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parents:
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5043 Circum$tances of our Experiment, which
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parents:
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5044 $eem to comply with our preconceiv'd
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5045 <I>Hypothe$is</I> or Conjectures.
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5046 <p>And hence it $eems al$o probable, that
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5047 in the Pores or invi$ible little rece$$es of
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5048 Water it $elf there lie commonly inter-
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5049 $per$'d many parcels of either Air, or at
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5050 lea$t $omething Analogous thereunto, al-
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5051 though $o very $mall that they have not
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5052 been hitherto $o much as $u$pected to
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5053 lurk there. But if it be demanded how it
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5054 appears that there is inter$per$'d through
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5055 the Body of Water any $ub$tance thinner
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5056 <pb n=155>
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diff changeset
5057 then it $elf, and why that which produc'd
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diff changeset
5058 the bubbles above mention'd $hould not
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diff changeset
5059 be re$olutely $aid to be nothing el$e then
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diff changeset
5060 a more active and $pirituous part of the
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diff changeset
5061 Water, we $hall, in order to the Elucida-
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parents:
diff changeset
5062 tion of this matter, $ubjoyn to what
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parents:
diff changeset
5063 was formerly deliver'd the following Ex-
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diff changeset
5064 periment.
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parents:
diff changeset
5065 <p>WE recited in our nineteenth Ex-
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parents:
diff changeset
5066 periment, how by drawing mo$t
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parents:
diff changeset
5067 <MARG><I>Experi-
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parents:
diff changeset
5068 ment</I> 22.</MARG>
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diff changeset
5069 of the Air out of the Receiver, we made
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diff changeset
5070 the Water $ub$ide by degrees in a Gla$s
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5071 not four Foot long: We $hall now adde,
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parents:
diff changeset
5072 that in the like Experiment made in $uch
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diff changeset
5073 a Tube, or a greater, it may be ob$erv'd,
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parents:
diff changeset
5074 That when the Water begins to fall, there
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5075 will appear $tore of bubbles fa$ten'd all a-
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5076 long to the $ides of the Gla$s; of which
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diff changeset
5077 bubbles, by the agitation of the Ve$$el
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parents:
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5078 con$equent upon pumping, there will ari$e
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parents:
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5079 good numbers to the top of the Water,
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parents:
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5080 and there break; and as the Cylinder of
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parents:
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5081 Water is brought to be lower and lower,
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diff changeset
5082 $o the bubbles will appear more numerous
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parents:
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5083 in that part of the Tube which the Water
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5084 yet fills; and the nearer the $urface of the
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parents:
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5085 Water, in its de$cent, approaches to the$e
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parents:
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5086 <pb n=156>
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5087 bubbles, the greater they will grow, be-
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5088 cau$e having the le$s weight and pre$$ure
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5089 upon them, the Expan$ion of that Air
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5090 which makes them, can be the le$s re$i$ted
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5091 by the pre$$ure of the incumbent Water
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parents:
diff changeset
5092 and Air; as $eems probable from hence,
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parents:
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5093 that upon the letting in a little external
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parents:
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5094 Air, tho$e bubbles immediately $hrink.
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parents:
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5095 <p>It may indeed, as we lately intimated,
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parents:
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5096 be conjectur'd, that the$e bubbles pro-
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parents:
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5097 ceed not $o much from any Air pre-exi-
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parents:
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5098 $tent in the Water, and lurking in the
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parents:
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5099 Pores of it, as from the more $ubtle parts
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parents:
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5100 of the Water it $elf; which by the expan-
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parents:
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5101 $ion allow'd them upon the dimini$h'd
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5102 pre$$ure of the ambient Bodies may gene-
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5103 rate $uch bubbles. And indeed, I am not
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parents:
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5104 yet $o well $atisfied that bubbles may not
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parents:
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5105 (at lea$t $ometimes) have $uch an Origina-
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parents:
diff changeset
5106 tion: but that which makes me $u$pect
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parents:
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5107 that tho$e in our tryals contain'd real Air
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5108 formerly latitant in the Pores of the Wa-
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parents:
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5109 ter, is this, That upon the inletting of
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parents:
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5110 the external Air, the Water was not
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parents:
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5111 again impell'd to the very top of the
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parents:
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5112 Tube whence it began to fall, but was
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parents:
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5113 $topt in its a$cent near an Inch beneath
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5114 the top. And $ince, if the upper part of
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5115 the Tube had been devoyd of any other
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5116 <pb n=157>
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parents:
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5117 then $uch Ethereal matter as was $ubtle
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5118 enough freely to penetrate the pores of
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parents:
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5119 the Gla$s, the external Air would have
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parents:
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5120 been able to impel the Water to the top
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parents:
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5121 of a Tube $even or eight times as long as
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parents:
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5122 ours was; The <I>Ph&aelig;nomenon</I> under con$i-
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5123 deration $eem'd manife$tly to argue that
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5124 the many bubbles that broke at the top
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parents:
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5125 of the Water did contain a real Air,
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parents:
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5126 which, being collected into one place and
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parents:
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5127 hinder'd by the top of the Gla$s from re-
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parents:
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5128 ceding, was able to with$tand the pre$$ure
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parents:
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5129 of the outward Air. As we $ee that if
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5130 never $o little Air remain in the Tube up-
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5131 on the making the Experiment <I>De Vacuo</I>
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5132 with Quick-$ilver, no inclining of the
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parents:
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5133 Tube, though a long one, will enable a
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parents:
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5134 Man to impel the Mercury up to the very
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parents:
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5135 top, by rea$on (as we formerly noted)
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parents:
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5136 of the re$i$tance of the included Air, which
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5137 will not be compre$$'d beyond a certain
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5138 degree.
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parents:
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5139 <p>But in order to a further Di$covery what
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parents:
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5140 our bubbles were, we will, on this occa-
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parents:
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5141 $ion, inform Your Lord$hip that we try'd
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parents:
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5142 the XIX<SUP>th</SUP> <I>Experiment</I> in one of our $mall
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5143 Receivers, and $ound, that upon the draw-
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5144 ing down of the Water, $o many bubbles
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parents:
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5145 di$clo$'d them$elves and broke into the
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parents:
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5146 <pb n=158>
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parents:
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5147 upper part of the Tube, that having after-
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parents:
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5148 wards let in the external Air, the Water
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parents:
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5149 was not thereby impell'd to the top of the
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parents:
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5150 Tube (three Foot in length) within a lit-
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parents:
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5151 tle more then half an Inch. And whe-
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parents:
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5152 ther or no it were Air that po$$e$$'d that
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parents:
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5153 $pace at the top of the Tube which was
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parents:
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5154 not fill'd with Water, we took this cour$e
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parents:
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5155 to examine. We drew the $econd time
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parents:
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5156 the Air out of the Receiver, and found,
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parents:
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5157 that by rea$on of the body that po$$e$$'d
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5158 the top of the Tube, we were able not
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diff changeset
5159 onely to make the Water in the Tube fall
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5160 to a level with the $urface of the Water
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5161 in the Ve$$el: But al$o (by plying the
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diff changeset
5162 Pump a little longer) a great way beneath
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diff changeset
5163 it: which $ince it could not well be a$crib'd
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diff changeset
5164 to the bare $ub$iding of the Water by rea-
22d6a63640c6 moved texts from SVN https://it-dev.mpiwg-berlin.mpg.de/svn/mpdl-project-content/trunk/texts/eXist/
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parents:
diff changeset
5165 $on of its own weight, argued that the Wa-
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parents:
diff changeset
5166 ter was depre$$'d by the Air: which was
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parents:
diff changeset
5167 confirm'd by the Figure of the $urface of
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parents:
diff changeset
5168 the Water in the Tube, which was much
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parents:
diff changeset
5169 more concave then that of Water in
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parents:
diff changeset
5170 Tubes of that bigne$s u$es to be. And
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parents:
diff changeset
5171 this further tryal (to adde that upon
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parents:
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5172 the by) we made at the $ame time, That
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parents:
diff changeset
5173 when the Water in the Pipe was drawn
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parents:
diff changeset
5174 down almo$t as low as the Water without
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parents:
diff changeset
5175 it, we ob$erv'd, that (though we de$i$ted
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parents:
diff changeset
5176 <pb n=159>
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parents:
diff changeset
5177 from pumping) by the bare application
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parents:
diff changeset
5178 of a hand moderately warm to the de$ert-
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parents:
diff changeset
5179 ed part of the Tube, the remaining Wa-
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parents:
diff changeset
5180 ter would be $peedily and notably de-
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parents:
diff changeset
5181 pre$$'d. And having for a while held a
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parents:
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5182 kindled Coal to the out$ide of the Tube,
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parents:
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5183 (the Pump being $till unimploy'd, becau$e
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parents:
diff changeset
5184 the Ve$$el chanced to hold extraordinarily
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5185 well) the Air was by the heat $o far ex-
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5186 panded, that it quickly drave the Water
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5187 to the bottom of the Tube, which was
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parents:
diff changeset
5188 divers Inches beneath the $urface of the
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parents:
diff changeset
5189 ambient Water. Whereby it appears (by
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parents:
diff changeset
5190 the $ame way by which we formerly mea-
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parents:
diff changeset
5191 $ur'd the dilatation of the Air) that the
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5192 Air, even when it is expanded to between
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parents:
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5193 90 and 100 times, its extent will yet rea-
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parents:
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5194 dily admit of a much further rarifaction
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5195 by heat.
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parents:
diff changeset
5196 <p>I con$ider'd al$o that in ca$e the Bub-
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diff changeset
5197 bles we have been $peaking of, were pro-
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5198 duc'd by the parcels of Air latitant in the
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5199 Water, that Air being now got together
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parents:
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5200 to the top of the Tube, though the Air
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parents:
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5201 were again drawn out of the Receiver,
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parents:
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5202 the taking off its pre$$ure would not di$-
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5203 clo$e bubbles as before; and accordingly,
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5204 the Air being again pump'd out, the Wa-
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parents:
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5205 ter in the Tube de$cended as formerly:
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5206 <pb n=160>
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parents:
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5207 but for a great while we $carce $aw one
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parents:
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5208 bubble appear, onely when the Receiver
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parents:
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5209 had been very much exhau$ted, and the
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parents:
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5210 Water was fallen very low, there appear'd
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5211 near the bottom of the Tube, certain
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parents:
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5212 little bubbles, which $eem'd to con$i$t of
22d6a63640c6 moved texts from SVN https://it-dev.mpiwg-berlin.mpg.de/svn/mpdl-project-content/trunk/texts/eXist/
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parents:
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5213 $uch parcels of Air as had not, by rea$on
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parents:
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5214 of their $malne$s, got up to the top of
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parents:
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5215 the Water, with the more bulkie and vi-
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5216 gorous ones. And that which is not in-
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parents:
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5217 con$iderable, is, That having, by letting
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5218 in the Air, forc'd up the Water into the
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parents:
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5219 Tube, we could not perceive that it a$-
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parents:
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5220 cended nearer the top, though we per-
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parents:
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5221 mitted the Engine to remain unimploy'd
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parents:
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5222 for two or three Nights together, and
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parents:
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5223 watch'd whether the Water would $well
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parents:
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5224 up and fill the Tube. And on this occa-
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parents:
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5225 $ion I remember, that having try'd $uch an
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parents:
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5226 Experiment as this with Quick-$ilver in-
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parents:
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5227 $tead of Water, in a Tube of about a Foot
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parents:
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5228 and a half long, wherein it might $eem
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parents:
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5229 more hopeful to e$cape bubbles; yet up-
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parents:
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5230 on the drawing down the Quick-$ilver as
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parents:
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5231 low as we could, and letting in the exter-
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parents:
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5232 nal Air upon it, we found that $ome lurk-
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parents:
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5233 ing particles of Air were got up to the top
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parents:
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5234 of the Tube, and hinder'd the Quick-
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parents:
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5235 $ilver from being forc'd up again $o high.
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5236 <pb n=161>
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parents:
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5237 And though the Quick-$ilver were by
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parents:
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5238 this means brought to appear a very clo$e
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parents:
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5239 and lovely Metalline Cylinder, not inter-
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parents:
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5240 rupted by inter$per$'d bubbles as before;
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parents:
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5241 yet having cau$'d the Air to be again
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parents:
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5242 drawn out of the Receiver, I could per-
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parents:
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5243 ceive $everal little bubbles to di$clo$e
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parents:
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5244 them$elves, fa$ten'd to the in$ide of the
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casties
parents:
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5245 Tube, near the bottom of it; and having
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parents:
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5246 purpo$ely watch'd one or two of the chief-
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parents:
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5247 e$t, I had the plea$ure to ob$erve, that
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parents:
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5248 though they grew bigger and bigger as
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parents:
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5249 the $urface of the Mercurial Cylinder fell
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parents:
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5250 nearer and nearer to them, $o as that at
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parents:
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5251 length they $well'd into a con$picuous
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parents:
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5252 bulk; yet upon the wary letting in the
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casties
parents:
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5253 Air upon them, they did not break, but
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parents:
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5254 pre$ently $hrunk up into a littlene$s that
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parents:
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5255 render'd them incon$picuous.
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parents:
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5256 <p>Whence it $eems very probable, if not
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casties
parents:
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5257 certain, that even in the clo$e$t and mo$t
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parents:
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5258 ponderous Liquors, and therefore much
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casties
parents:
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5259 more in Water, there may lurk undi$cern-
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5260 able parcels of Air, capable, upon the
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5261 removal of the pre$$ure of the ambient
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5262 Air (though but in part) and that of the
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5263 Liquor wherein it lurks, to produce con-
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5264 $picuous bubbles. And con$equently, if
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5265 it $eem inconvenient to admit an Ela$tical
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5266 <pb n=162>
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5267 power in the Water, it may be $aid that
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5268 the $welling of the compre$$'d Water in
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5269 the Pewter Ve$$el lately mention'd, and
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5270 the $pringing up of the Water at the hole
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5271 made by the Needle, were not the effects
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5272 of any internal <I>Elater</I> of the Water, but
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5273 of the $pring of the many little particles
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5274 of Air di$per$'d through that Water, and
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5275 acting upon it in their $udden recovering
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5276 them$elves to a greater extent, then that
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5277 to which a violent compre$$ion had re-
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5278 duc'd them.
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5279 <p>But though, from all the$e particulars,
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5280 it $eems manife$t that the bubbles we have
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5281 been all this while treating of, were pro-
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5282 duc'd by $uch a $ub$tance as may be pro-
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5283 perly enough call'd Air; yet till we $hall
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5284 have had the opportunity of making
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5285 $ome further tryals concerning the nature
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5286 of the Air, we $hall not re$olutely deter-
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5287 mine whether or no Air be a Primogenial
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5288 Body (if I may $o $peak) that cannot
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5289 now be generated or turn'd either into
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5290 Water or any other Body. Yet in the
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5291 mean while (becau$e it is an important
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5292 Que$tion, and if rightly determin'd, may
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5293 much conduce to the knowledge of the
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5294 <pb n=163>
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5295 nature of the Air) We think it not unfit
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5296 to make a brief mention of $ome of the
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5297 particulars which at pre$ent occur to our
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5298 thoughts in favor of either part of the
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5299 Que$tion.
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5300 <p>Fir$t then, divers Naturali$ts e$teem the
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5301 Air (as well as other Elements) to be in-
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5302 generable and incorruptible. And rea$ons
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5303 plau$ible enough may be drawn to coun-
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5304 tenance this Opinion from the con$idera-
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5305 tion of that permanency that ought to
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5306 belong to the corporeal Principles of o-
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5307 ther Bodies.
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5308 <p>Next, Experience may be pleaded to
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5309 the $ame purpo$e, for I have read of $ome
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5310 who have in vain attempted to turn Air
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5311 into Water, or VVater into Air.
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5312 <p>The diligent <I>Schottus</I> tells us, That a-
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5313 <MARG><I>Schottus
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5314 <*></I>
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5315 Part 3.
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5316 Cla$$. 1.</MARG>
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5317 mong$t the other rarities to be met with
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5318 in that great Repo$itory of them, the
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5319 <I>Mu$&aelig;um Kercherianum,</I> there is a round
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5320 Gla$s with a tapering Neck near half full
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5321 (as one may gue$s by the Scheme he an-
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5322 nexes) of ordinary Spring-water, which
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5323 having been Hermetically $hut up there
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5324 by <I>Clavius</I> the famous Geometrician,
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5325 The included water is to this day pre-
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5326 $erv'd, not onely clear and pure, as if
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parents:
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5327 it were but newly put in: But (as it $eems)
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5328 <pb n=164>
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5329 without (in the lea$t) turning into Air,
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5330 notwith$tanding its having been kept
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5331 there the$e fifty years: For he tells us,
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5332 That the Water hath continued there all
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5333 this while without any diminution.
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5334 <p>Nor does it appear in tho$e Gla$$es,
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5335 which for Chymical Experiments we u$u-
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5336 ally clo$e with <I>Hermes</I> his Seal (as they
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5337 call it) that the included Air does, during
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parents:
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5338 its long Impri$onment, notwith$tanding
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5339 the alteration it receives from various de-
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5340 grees of heat, di$cernably alter its nature.
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5341 Whereas we plainly perceive in our Dige-
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parents:
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5342 $tions and Di$tillations, that though it
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5343 may be rarified into invi$ible Vapors, yet
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5344 it is not really chang'd into Air, but onely
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5345 divided by heat, and $catter'd into very
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5346 minute parts, which meeting together in
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5347 the Alembick or in the Receiver, do pre-
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5348 $ently return into $uch Water as they con-
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5349 $tituted before. And we al$o $ee, that
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5350 ev'n Spirit of Wine, and other $ubtle and
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5351 fugitive Spirits, though they ea$ily fly in-
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5352 to the Air, and mingle with it, do yet in
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5353 the Gla$$es of Chymi$ts ea$ily lay a$ide
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5354 the di$gui$e of Air, and re$ume the deve-
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5355 $ted form of Liquors. And $o volatile
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parents:
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5356 Salts, as of Urine, Harts-horn, <I>&amp;c.</I> though
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5357 they will readily di$per$e them$elves
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5358 <pb n=165>
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parents:
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5359 through the Air, and play up and down in
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5360 the capacity of an Alembick or a Recei-
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5361 ver: yet will they, after a while, fa$ten
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5362 them$elves to the in$ides of $uch Gla$$es
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diff changeset
5363 in the form of Salts.
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diff changeset
5364 <p>Be$ides, $ince Air is confe$$edly en-
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parents:
diff changeset
5365 dow'd with an Ela$tical power that proba-
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diff changeset
5366 bly proceeds from its Texture, it appears
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diff changeset
5367 not what it is that in $uch light alterations
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5368 of Water, as are by many pre$um'd ca-
22d6a63640c6 moved texts from SVN https://it-dev.mpiwg-berlin.mpg.de/svn/mpdl-project-content/trunk/texts/eXist/
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parents:
diff changeset
5369 pable of turning it into Air, can be rea-
22d6a63640c6 moved texts from SVN https://it-dev.mpiwg-berlin.mpg.de/svn/mpdl-project-content/trunk/texts/eXist/
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parents:
diff changeset
5370 $onably $uppo$'d $o to contrive the Parti-
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parents:
diff changeset
5371 cles of Water, as to give them, and that
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parents:
diff changeset
5372 permanently, the $tructure requi$ite to a
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parents:
diff changeset
5373 Spring. I adde the word, Permanently,
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parents:
diff changeset
5374 becau$e the newly mention'd ob$ervations
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parents:
diff changeset
5375 $eem to argue the Corpu$cles of Air to
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parents:
diff changeset
5376 be irreducible into Water, whereas the
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parents:
diff changeset
5377 Aqueous Particles may perhaps for a
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parents:
diff changeset
5378 while be $o vehemently agitated, as to
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parents:
diff changeset
5379 pre$s almo$t like Springs upon other Bo-
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5380 dies; yet upon the cea$ing of the agitati-
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5381 on, they quickly, by relap$ing into Wa-
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parents:
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5382 ter, di$clo$e them$elves to have been no-
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parents:
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5383 thing el$e whil'$t they counterfeited the
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parents:
diff changeset
5384 Air.
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parents:
diff changeset
5385 <p>La$tly, The Experiment formerly made
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parents:
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5386 in our Engine with a piece of Match,
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parents:
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5387 $eems to evince, that even tho$e light and
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parents:
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5388 <pb n=166>
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parents:
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5389 $ubtle Fumes (for the mo$t part not aque-
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5390 ous neither) into which the Fire it $elf
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diff changeset
5391 $hatters dry Bodies, have no $uch Spring
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parents:
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5392 in them as the Air, $ince they were unable
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5393 to hinder or repre$s the expan$ion of the
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5394 Air included in the Bladder they $urroun-
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parents:
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5395 ded.
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parents:
diff changeset
5396 <p>I remember indeed that the Learned
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parents:
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5397 <MARG><I>Natural &amp;
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parents:
diff changeset
5398 <*> Hi$t.
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5399 <*> In-
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parents:
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5400 <*>,</I> Lib. 3.
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5401 <*> 9.</MARG>
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5402 <I>Fo$ephus Aco$ta,</I> in his Hi$tory of the
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5403 <I>We$t Indies,</I> tells us, That he $aw in tho$e
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5404 parts $ome Grates of Iron $o ru$ted and
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5405 con$um'd by the Air, that the Metal be-
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5406 ing pre$$'d between the Fingers, di$$olv'd
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5407 (to u$e his words) to powder, as if it had
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5408 been Hay or parched Straw. And I re-
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parents:
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5409 <MARG><I>Geogr. Ge-
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parents:
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5410 <*>ral.</I> Lib.
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5411 <*> 19.</MARG>
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5412 member too, that the accurate <I>Varenius</I>
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5413 tells us, That in the I$lands commonly
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5414 called <I>Azores,</I> the Air (and Wind) is $o
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5415 $harp, that in a $hort time it frets not only
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5416 Iron Plates, but the very Tiles upon the
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parents:
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5417 Roofs of Hou$es, and reduces them to
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5418 du$t. And I have el$ewhere mention'd
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5419 $ome recent Ob$ervations of this kinde.
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5420 But it may be $aid, That the above-men-
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5421 tion'd Authors a$cribe the recited effects
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5422 chiefly to the Winds, and that however
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5423 the corro$ion of the Iron and the Tiles
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5424 may proceed not from the Air it $elf, or
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5425 any of its genuine parts, but from $ome
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5426 <pb n=167>
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parents:
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5427 $aline Corpu$cles di$per$'d through the
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5428 Air, and driven by the Winds again$t the
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5429 Bodies it is pre$um'd to fret. And that
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5430 $uch volatile Salts may copiou$ly a$cend
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5431 into the Air, and yet retain their Nature,
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5432 as doth the more fixt Salt in the Sea Wa-
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5433 ter, the $ublimations of <I>Sal-Armoniack</I>
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5434 may $ufficiently evince. Not to mention
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5435 that I have $hown $ome Friends a $ecret
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5436 kinde of $aline Sub$tance incomparably
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5437 $ubtler then <I>Sal-Armoniack,</I> which did
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5438 not onely ea$ily enough a$cend it $elf, but
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5439 carried up with it (and that in a very great
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5440 proportion) the $olid and ponderous Bo-
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5441 dy ev'n of uncalcin'd Gold in the form of
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5442 $ubtle exhalations, which did afterwards
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parents:
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5443 fa$ten them$elves to the upper parts of
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5444 the Ve$$els, and yet manife$t them$elves
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5445 to continue Gold. We remember al$o,
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parents:
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5446 that to try whether Water could be turn'd
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5447 into Air, we once took an <I>&AElig;olipile,</I> into
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5448 which we had before convey'd $ome Wa-
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parents:
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5449 ter, and placing it upon kindled Coals
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5450 when the heat forc'd out a vehement
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5451 $tream of aqueous Vapors; we ty'd about
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5452 the neck of it, that of a Bladder, which
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5453 we had before empty'd of Air; and find-
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5454 ing the <I>&AElig;olipile</I> after a while to blow up
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5455 the Bladder, we carefully ty'd it again
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5456 <pb n=168>
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5457 that the included $ub$tance might not get
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5458 away. Then $lipping it off from the <I>&AElig;o-
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5459 lipile</I> we convey'd it into our Receiver, to
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parents:
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5460 try whether or no that which in part di-
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parents:
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5461 $tended the Bladder would appear by its
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parents:
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5462 Spring to be true Air: whereby we found
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5463 that upon the ex$uction of the ambient
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5464 Air, the included $ub$tance expanded it
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5465 $elf and the Bladder to a very much great-
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5466 er bulk then it was of before. And for
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5467 further $atisfaction, having again taken
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5468 out the Bladder, we $uffer'd it to remain
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5469 ty'd up till next morning, to try whether
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5470 time, and the coldne$s of the night, would
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5471 make the contain'd $ub$tance relap$e in-
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5472 to Water: But the next Morning we
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5473 found it little le$s tumid then before. I
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5474 remember, I $ay, that I once made this
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5475 Experiment; but I might $ay in an$wer
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5476 to it, that the chief rea$on of my men-
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5477 tioning it, is, To let Your Lord$hip $ee
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5478 how requi$ite it is to be circum$pect and
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5479 con$iderate, when we are to make and to
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5480 build upon nice Experiments. For though
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5481 I may $eem to have u$ed $ufficient cauti-
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5482 on, yet afterward con$idering with my
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5483 $elf that the <I>&AElig;olipile</I> I had imploy'd was
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5484 a very large one, and that it required much
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5485 more care then one that has not try'd it
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5486 <pb n=169>
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5487 would imagine, to drive out all the Air
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5488 from a large <I>&AElig;olipile,</I> I ea$ily $u$pected
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5489 that the di$ten$ion of the Bladder in our
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5490 pneumatical Ve$$el, might proceed not
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5491 from the Watery $teams that came out at
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5492 the narrow mouth of the <I>&AElig;olipile,</I> and
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5493 had very much wetted the Bladder, but
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5494 from the rarified Air which in that $ort of
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5495 Ve$$els is wont for a good while together
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5496 to come out with the rarified Water: and
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5497 accordingly having reiterated the Experi-
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5498 ment I found it very difficult (by rea-
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5499 $on of the $hrinking of the Bladders (up-
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5500 on their being heated) and of other impe-
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5501 diments) to make it $o accurately as to de-
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5502 duce from it, that Water may be rarified
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5503 into true Air.
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5504 <p>Again$t the four other above-mention'd
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5505 Con$iderations, we cannot $pend time to
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5506 frame Objections, but mu$t forth with
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5507 proceed to the mention of tho$e things
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5508 that $eem to argue that Air (at lea$t $uch
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5509 as produc'd our bubbles) maybe gene-
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5510 rated of Water and other Bodies.
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5511 <p>Fir$t then we have found by Experi-
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5512 ence that a vapid Air, or Water rarified
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5513 into vapor, may at lea$t for a while emu-
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5514 late the ela$tical power of that which is
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5515 generally acknowledg'd to be true Air.
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5516 <pb n=170>
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5517 For if you take a good <I>&AElig;olipile,</I> with a
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5518 moderately $trong and $lender Neck, and
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5519 filling it with Water, lay it upon quick
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5520 Coals, you may after a while ob$erve $o
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5521 great a pre$$ure by $ome of the parts con-
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5522 tain'd in the <I>&AElig;olipile</I> upon others, that
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5523 the Water will $ometimes be thrown up
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5524 into the Air above three or four Foot
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5525 high; and if you then take the <I>&AElig;olipile</I>
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5526 almo$t red hot from off the Fire, you may
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5527 perceive that the Water will for a longer
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5528 time then one would ea$ily imagine con-
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5529 tinue to be $pouted out in a violent
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5530 Stream. And if there remains but little
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5531 Water in the <I>&AElig;olipile</I> when tis taken ve-
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5532 ry hot from the Fire, immerfing the
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5533 Neck of it into cold Water, you will
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5534 finde, that after it begins to $uck in $ome
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5535 Water, there will be made from time to
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5536 time $tore of large bubbles in that Water
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5537 where into the neck was plunged. Which
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5538 bubbles $eem manife$tly to proceed from
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5539 hence, that for a while the heat in the <I>&AElig;-
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5540 olipile</I> continues $trong enough to rarifie
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5541 part of the Water that is $uck'd in, and
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5542 expel it in the form of Vapors through
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5543 the Water incumbent on the Pipe. If al-
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5544 $o when the <I>&AElig;olipile</I> is almo$t full of wa-
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5545 ter, and therefore can contain but little
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5546 <pb n=171>
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5547 Air; you hold a Coal or Brand in that
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5548 $tream of Vapors that i$$ues out of the
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5549 narrow mouth of it, you will finde this
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5550 vapid or rorid Air, (if I may $o call it)
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5551 to blow the Fire very $trongly and with a
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5552 roaring noi$e. And that it be not $aid
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5553 that 'tis by the external Air which the a-
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5554 queous $teams drive before them, and
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5555 not by the Steams them$elves, that the
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5556 Bla$t is made and the Flame excited; it
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5557 has been ob$erv'd, that by approaching
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5558 the Coal or Brand almo$t to the mouth
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5559 of the <I>&AElig;olipile,</I> the winde appear'd more
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5560 vehement then if the Body to be kindled
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5561 were held $ome Inches off.
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5562 <p>But in regard the ela$tical power of the
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5563 Stream, i$$uing out of an <I>&AElig;olipile,</I> $eems
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diff changeset
5564 manife$tly due to the heat that expands
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diff changeset
5565 and agitates the aqueous Particles where-
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5566 of that Stream con$i$ts, and that $uch
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5567 rapid winds $eem to be but water $catter'd
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5568 into little parts and $et a moving; $ince
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5569 we finde, that holding a Knife, or any
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5570 $olid, $mooth and clo$e Body again$t the
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5571 $tream that i$$ues out of the &AElig;olipile, the
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5572 vapors conden$ing upon it, will pre$ently
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diff changeset
5573 cover it with water: It will be very per-
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diff changeset
5574 tinent to $ubjoyn a notable Experiment
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5575 that I remember I have met with in the
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diff changeset
5576 <pb n=172>
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diff changeset
5577 de$cription given us by the Indu$trious
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5578 <I>Kircher,</I> of $everal Mu$ical Engines. And
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5579 (though it may $eem $omewhat prolix)
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diff changeset
5580 we will recite what he delivers in his own
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diff changeset
5581 words, which are the$e.
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parents:
diff changeset
5582 <p><I>Cum codem tempore quo h&aelig;c $crip$i</I>
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diff changeset
5583 <MARG><I><*>: Art:
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parents:
diff changeset
5584 Mag: Cun:
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diff changeset
5585 &amp; Di$$on:
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diff changeset
5586 <*>.</I> 9.
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diff changeset
5587 <*> 309.</MARG>
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5588 <I>$ummi Pont: Innocentii</I> X<SUP>mi</SUP> <I>mandato or-
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5589 gani hydraulici in horto Quirinali con$ti-
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5590 tuendi cur a mihi commendata e$$et; &AElig;oliam
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5591 camer am in$igni $ane $ucce$$u con$trui ju$si-
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5592 mus, e&aacute; qu&aelig; $equitur ratione.</I>
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diff changeset
5593 <p><I>Erat longitudo $ive altitudo camer&aelig;</I> AH
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diff changeset
5594 5 <I>Pedum, Latitudine</I> 3 <I>fere ex lateribus</I>
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diff changeset
5595 <MARG><I>See the fif-
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5596 <*> Fi-
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diff changeset
5597 gure,</I></MARG>
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5598 <I>con$tructa; in medio duo tenebat Diaphrag-
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5599 mata</I> CD <I>&amp;</I> EJ <I>in modum cribri pluri-
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5600 bus for aminibus pertu$a. Paulo infra ca-
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diff changeset
5601 nalis</I> G <I>aquam advehens in$erebatur in</I> H
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5602 <I>eidem epi$tomium par ab at exitum. Aqua
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diff changeset
5603 it &aacute;que per canalem</I> G <I>maximo impetu ruens
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5604 vehementi$simum ventum mox intus exci-
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5605 t ab at; qui ventus nimia humiditate imbu-
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5606 tus, ut purior exiret $iccior&queacute;, Diaphrag-
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5607 mata ill a in cribri modum pertu$a, or dinata
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5608 $unt. Intra h&aelig;c enim aqu&aelig; vehemens agi-
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5609 tatio rupta fracta&queacute; aerem puriorem per</I> A
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diff changeset
5610 <I>canalem $ubtilioremque emittebat: Verum
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5611 cum po$tea invent&utilde; $it aer&etilde; plus &aelig;quo humi-
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5612 d&utilde; interioribus Organi meatibus maxim&utilde;
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5613 detrimentum inferre: Hinc ut aer aquo$us</I>
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5614 <pb n=173>
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5615 <I>$icci$simam c&otilde;$i$tentiam acquireret, ordina-
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5616 vimus canalem plumbeum</I> QR <I>in helicem
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5617 contortum va$i</I> S <I>aliquantulum capaciori in
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5618 modum Urn&aelig; efformato, in$ertum. Intra
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5619 urnam enim plumbeam &amp; canalem tortuo-
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5620 $um illi$us aer humidus, it a ab omni aquo$i-
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5621 tate def&aelig;cabatur, ut ex furno in Organum
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5622 derivatus dici potuerit. Urna</I> S <I>canalis
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5623 tortuo$us</I> QR <I>ultimum orificium</I> Q <I>in$e-
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5624 ritur anemothec&aelig; organi. Et hunc modum
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5625 organis hydraulicis omni&utilde; apti$sim&utilde; reperi.</I>
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5626 <p><I>Debet autem camer&aelig; illa $ituari in loco
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5627 quantum fieri pote$t $icciori it a ut longo ca-
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5628 nali aqua intr a eam derivetur ne locus hu-
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5629 miditate $ua Organis officiat.</I>
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parents:
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5630 <p>Thus far the Ingenious <I>Kircherus,</I> whom
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5631 I the rather cite, becau$e although I have
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5632 been informed of divers Ventiducts (as
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5633 they call them) by very knowing Tra-
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5634 vellers that have ob$erv'd them: Yet this
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5635 relation of our Author being very pun-
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5636 ctual, and deliver'd upon his own particu-
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5637 lar Experience, has, I confe$s, made me
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5638 wi$h I had had the good fortune when I
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5639 was at <I>Rome,</I> to take notice of the$e Or-
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5640 gans; or that I had now the opportunity
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5641 of examining of $uch an Experiment.
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5642 For if upon a $trict inquiry I $hould find
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5643 that the breath that blows the Organs
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5644 <pb n=174>
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5645 does not really upon the cea$ing of its un-
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5646 u$ual agitation by little and little relap$e
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5647 into water, I $hould $trongly $u$pect that
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5648 'tis po$$ible for Water to be ea$ily turn'd
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5649 into Air. I remember indeed, that we
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5650 have formerly taught that there lurks an
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5651 inter$per$ed Air in the pores of ordinary
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5652 Water, which may po$$ibly be $truck out
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5653 by the breaking of the Water in its fall
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5654 into the &AElig;olian Chamber, (as he calls it.)
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5655 But in regard the Scheme $eems to repre-
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5656 $ent that Chamber as clo$ely $hut, and
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5657 thereby forbids us to $uppo$e that any Air
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5658 is carried into it but what is latitant in the
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5659 Water, it will $carce $eem probable to
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5660 him who remembers how $mall a propor-
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5661 tion of Air, that appear'd to be when its
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5662 rarification $ea$ed, which was conceal'd in
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5663 the Water we freed from bubbles in our
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5664 Receiver, that $o little Air as is common-
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5665 ly di$per$'d through Water, $hould be a-
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5666 ble, in $o little Water as was requi$ite for
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5667 $o $mall a room, to make $o vehement a
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5668 Wind as our Author here tells us of. I
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5669 have $ometime therefore $u$pected, that
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5670 in this ca$e the Wind may be produc'd by
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5671 $mall particles of the water it $elf, forci-
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5672 bly expell'd out of the Chamber into the
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5673 Organs. And to the Objection to which
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5674 <pb n=175>
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5675 I fore$aw this ghe$s to be liable, namely,
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5676 That, no heat intervening, there appear'd
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5677 nothing that $hould rai$e the Water into
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5678 exhalations and give them an impul$e. I
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5679 thought it might be $aid that motion a-
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5680 lone, if vehement enough, may, with-
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5681 out $en$ible heat, $uffice to break Water
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5682 into very minute parts, and make them a$-
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5683 cend upwards, if they can no where el$e
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5684 more ea$ily continue their agitation. For
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5685 Iremember, that Travelling betwixt <I>Ly-
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5686 ons</I> and <I>Geneva,</I> I $aw, not very far out of
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5687 the Way, a place where the River of
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5688 <I>Rhone</I> coming $uddenly to be $treighten'd
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5689 betwixt two Rocks, $o near each other,
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5690 that a Man may (if my Memory fail me
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5691 not) $tand a$tride upon both at once: that
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5692 rapid Stream da$hing with great impetuo-
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5693 $ity again$t its Rocky Boundaries, does
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5694 break part of its Water into $uch minute
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5695 Corpu$cles, and put them into $uch a mo-
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5696 tion, that Pa$$engers ob$erve at a good di-
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5697 $tance off, as it were a Mi$t ari$ing from
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5698 that place, and a$cending a good way up
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5699 into the Air. Such, I $ay, was my $u$-
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5700 picion touching the Wind we have been
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5701 con$idering, but it $eems $omething odde
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5702 that aqueous Vapors $hould, like a dry
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5703 Wind, pa$s through $o long and tortu-
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5704 <pb n=176>
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5705 ous a Pipe of Lead, as that de$crib'd by
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5706 our Author, $ince we $ee in the Heads of
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5707 Stills, and the Necks of <I>&AElig;olipiles,</I> how
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5708 quickly $uch vapors are even by a very lit-
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5709 tle cold reconden$ed into Water. But
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5710 to this al$o $omething may be $peciou$ly
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5711 reply'd; wherefore contenting my $elf to
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5712 have mention'd our Authors Experiment
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5713 as a plau$ible, though not demon$trative
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5714 proof, that Water may be tran$muted in-
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5715 to Air. We will pa$s on to mention in
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5716 the third place another Experiment, which
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5717 we try'd in order to the $ame enquiry.
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5718 <p>We took a clear Gla$s bubble (capable
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5719 of containing by ghe$s about three Oun-
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5720 ces of Water) with a Neck $omewhat
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5721 long and wide, of a Cylindrical form;
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5722 this we fill'd with Oyl of Vitriol and fair
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5723 water, of each almo$t a like quantity, and
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5724 ca$ting in half a dozen $mall Iron Nails,
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5725 we $topt the mouth of the Gla$s (which
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5726 was top-full of Liquor) with a flat piece
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5727 of <I>Diapalma</I> provided for the purpo$e,
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5728 that accommodating it $elf to the $urface
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5729 of the water, the Air might be exqui-
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5730 $itely excluded: and $peedily inverting
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5731 the Viol, we put the Neck of it into a
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5732 $mall wide-mouth'd Gla$s that $tood rea-
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5733 dy with more of the $ame Liquor in it, to
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5734 <pb n=177>
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5735 receive it. As $oon as the neck had reach'd
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5736 the bottom of the Liquor it was dipp'd
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5737 into, there appear'd at the upper part
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5738 (which was before the bottom) of the
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parents:
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5739 Viol a bubble, of about the bigne$s of
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5740 a Pea, which $eem'd rather to con$i$t of
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5741 $mall and recent bubbles, produc'd by the
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5742 action of the di$$olving Liquor upon the
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parents:
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5743 Iron, then any parcel of the external Air
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5744 that might be $u$pected to have got in
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5745 upon the inver$ion of the Gla$s, e$peci-
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5746 ally $ince we gave time to tho$e little
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5747 Particles of Air which were carried down
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parents:
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5748 with the Nails into the Liquor to fly up
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5749 again. But whence this fir$t bubble was
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parents:
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5750 produced, is not $o material to our Expe-
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parents:
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5751 riment, in regard it was $o $mall: For
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parents:
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5752 $oon after we perceiv'd the bubbles
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parents:
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5753 produced by the action of the <I>Men-
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5754 $truum,</I> upon the Metal a$cending co-
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parents:
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5755 piou$ly to the bubble already named, and
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parents:
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5756 breaking into it, did $oon exceedingly in-
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parents:
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5757 crea$e it, and by degrees depre$s the wa-
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5758 ter lower and lower, till at length the $ub-
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parents:
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5759 $tance contain'd in the$e bubbles po$$e$$ed
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casties
parents:
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5760 the whole cavity of the Gla$s Viol, and
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5761 almo$t of its Neck too, reaching much
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5762 lower in the Neck then the $urface of the
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5763 ambient Liquor, wherewith the open-
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5764 mouth'd Gla$s was by this means almo$t
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5765 <pb n=178>
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5766 repleni$hed. And becau$e it might be
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5767 $u$pected that the depre$$ion of the Li-
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5768 quor might proceed from the agitation
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5769 whereinto the exhaling and impri$on'd
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5770 $teams were put, by that heat which is
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5771 wont to re$ult from that action of corro-
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5772 $ive $alts upon Metals, we $uffered both
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5773 the Viol and the open-mouthed Gla$s to
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5774 remain as they were, in a Window, for
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5775 three or four days and nights together; but
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5776 looking upou them $everal times during
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5777 that while, as well as at the expiration of
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5778 it, the whole cavity of the Gla$s bubble,
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5779 and mo$t of its Neck, $eem'd to be po$-
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5780 $e$$'d by Air, $ince by its $pring it was a-
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5781 ble for $o long to hinder the expell'd and
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5782 ambient Liquor from regaining its former
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5783 place. And it was remarkable, that ju$t
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5784 before we took the Gla$s bubble out of
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5785 the other Gla$s, upon the application
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5786 of a warm hand to the convex part of the
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5787 bubble; the Impri$on'd $ub$tance readily
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5788 dilated it $elf like Air, and broke through
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5789 the Liquor in divers bubbles, $ucceeding
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5790 one another.
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5791 <p>Having al$o another time try'd the like
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5792 Experiment with a $mall Viol, and with
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5793 Nails di$$olv'd in <I>Aquafortis,</I> we found
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5794 nothing incongruous to what we have
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5795 now deliver'd. And this Circum$tance
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5796 <pb n=179>
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5797 we ob$erv'd, that the newly generated
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5798 $teams did not onely po$$e$s almo$t all the
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5799 whole cavity of the Gla$s, but divers
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5800 times without the a$$i$tance of the heat of
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5801 my hand, broke away in large bubbles
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5802 through the ambient Liquor into the o-
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5803 pen Air: So that the$e Experiments
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5804 with corro$ive Liquors, $eem'd manife$t-
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5805 ly enough to prove, though not that Air
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5806 may be generated out of the Water, yet
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5807 that in general air may be generated anew.
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5808 <p>La$tly, to the foregoing Arguments
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5809 from Experience we might ea$ily $ubjoyn
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5810 the Authority of <I>Ari$totle,</I> and of (his
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5811 followers) the Schools who are known to
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5812 have taught, that Air and Water being
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5813 Symbolizing Elements (in the quality of
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5814 moi$ture) are ea$ily tran$mutable into one
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5815 another. But we $hall rather to the fore-
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5816 going Argument adde this, drawn from
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5817 Rea$on, That if, as <I>Leucippus, Democri-
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5818 tus, Epieurus</I> and others, follow'd by
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5819 divers modern Naturali$ts, have taught,
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5820 the difference of Bodies proceeds but
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5821 from the various Magnitudes, Figures,
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5822 Motions, and Textures of the $mall
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5823 parts they con$i$t of, (all the quali-
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5824 ties that make them differ, being de-
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5825 ducible from thence) there appeares
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5826 <pb n=180>
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5827 no rea$on why the minute parts of Wa-
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5828 ter, and other Bodies, may not be $o agi-
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5829 tated or connected as to de$erve the name
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5830 of Air. For if we allow the <I>Carte$ian
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5831 Hypothe$is,</I> according to which, as we no-
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5832 ted at the beginning of this Letter, the
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5833 Air may con$i$t of any terrene or aqueous
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5834 Corpu$cles, provided they be kept $wim-
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5835 ming in the interfluent Cele$tial Matter;
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5836 it is obvious that Air may be as often ge-
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5837 nerated, as Terre$trial Particles minute
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5838 enough to be carried up and down, by the
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5839 Cele$tial Matter a$cend into the Atmo-
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5840 $phere. And if we will have the Air to
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5841 be a <I>congeries</I> of little $lender Springs, it
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5842 $eems not impo$$ible, though it be diffi-
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5843 cult, that the $mall parts of divers Bo-
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5844 dies may by a lucky concour$e of cau$es
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5845 be $o connected as to con$titute $uch
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5846 little Springs, $ince (as we note in another
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5847 Treati$e) Water in the Plants it nouri$hes
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5848 is u$ually contriv'd into Springy Bodies,
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5849 and even the bare alter'd po$ition and con-
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5850 nexion of the parts of a Body may $uf-
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5851 fice to give it a Spring that it had not be-
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5852 fore, as may be $een in a thin and fiexible
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5853 Plate of Silver; unto which, by $ome
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5854 $troaks of a Hammer, you may give a
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5855 Spring, and by onely heating it red hot
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5856 <pb n=181>
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parents:
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5857 you may make it again flexible as be-
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5858 fore.
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parents:
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5859 <p>The$e, My Lord, are $ome of the
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5860 Con$iderations at pre$ent occurring to
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5861 my thoughts, by which it may be made
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5862 probable that Air may be generated a-
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5863 new. And though it be not impo$$ible
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5864 to propo$e Objections again$t the$e, as
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5865 well as again$t what has been repre$ented
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5866 in favor of the contrary Doctrine; yet
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5867 having already almo$t tyr'd my $elf, and
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5868 I fear more then almo$t tyr'd Your Lord-
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diff changeset
5869 $hip with $o trouble$ome an Enquiry af-
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5870 ter the Nature of bubbles, I $hall wil-
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5871 lingly leave Your Lord$hip to judge of
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5872 the Arguments alledged on either $ide,
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5873 and I $hould $carce have ventur'd to enter-
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5874 tain You $o long concerning $uch empty
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5875 things as the Bubbles, which have occa-
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5876 $ion'd all this Di$cour$e, but that I am
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5877 willing to invite You to take notice with
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diff changeset
5878 me of the ob$curity of things, or the dim-
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5879 ne$s of our created Intellects (which yet
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5880 of late too many $o far pre$ume upon, as
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5881 either to Deny or Cen$ure the Almighty
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5882 and Omni$cient Creator him$elf) and to
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5883 learn hence this Le$$on, That there are
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5884 very many Things in Nature that we di$-
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5885 dainfully over-look as obvious or de$pi-
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5886 <pb n=182>
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5887 cable, each of which would exerci$e our
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5888 Under$tandings, if not po$e them too, if
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5889 we would but attentively enough con$ider
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diff changeset
5890 it, and not $uperficially contemplate, but
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5891 attempt $atisfactorily to explicate the na-
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diff changeset
5892 ture of it.
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5893 <p>SInce the writing of the twenty one and
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5894 <MARG><I>Experi-
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diff changeset
5895 ment</I> 23.</MARG>
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5896 twenty $econd Experiments (and not-
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5897 with$tanding all that hath been on their
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5898 occa$ion deliver'd concerning bubbles) we
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5899 made $ome further tryals in pro$ecution
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5900 of the $ame inquiry whereto they were
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5901 de$igned.
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parents:
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5902 <p>We cho$e then, among$t tho$e Gla$$es
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5903 which Chymi$ts are wont to call Philo$o-
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5904 phical Eggs, one that containing about
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5905 nine Ounces of Water, had a Neck of
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5906 half an Inch in Diameter at the top, and
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5907 as we ghe$t, almo$t an Inch at the bot-
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5908 tom; which breadth we pitch'd upon for
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5909 a rea$on that will by and by appear: then
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5910 filling it with common Water to the
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5911 height of about a Foot and a half, $o
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5912 that the upper part remain'd empty, we
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5913 $hut it into the Receiver, and watch'd what
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5914 would follow upon pumping, which pro-
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5915 <pb n=183>
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5916 ved that a great part of the Air being
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5917 drawn out, the bubbles began to di$cover
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5918 them$elves at the bottom and $ides of the
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5919 Gla$s; and increa$ing, as the Air was
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parents:
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5920 more and more drawn away, they did
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parents:
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5921 from time to time a$cend copiou$ly e-
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5922 nough to the top of the Water, and there
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parents:
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5923 quickly break: but by rea$on that the
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parents:
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5924 widene$s of the Gla$s allow'd them free
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parents:
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5925 pa$$age through the Water, they did not
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parents:
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5926 appear as in the former Experiments to
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parents:
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5927 make it $well: The Water $carce ever ri-
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parents:
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5928 $ing at all above the mark affixt to its up-
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parents:
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5929 per $urface when it was put in, and upon
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parents:
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5930 the return permitted to the outward Air,
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5931 and con$equently the $hrinking in of the
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parents:
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5932 remaining bubbles, the Water $eem'd to
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5933 have lo$t of its fir$t extent, by the avo-
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parents:
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5934 lation of the formerly inter$per$'d Air.
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parents:
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5935 <p>Being willing likewi$e to try whether
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parents:
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5936 di$tilled Water were by having been di-
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parents:
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5937 vided into minute parts, and then re-uni-
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5938 ted, more or le$s di$po$'d to expand it
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5939 $elf then Water not di$till'd: We took
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5940 out of our Laboratory $ome careful-
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parents:
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5941 ly di$till'd Rain-water, and put about
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parents:
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5942 two Ounces of it into a round Gla$s
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5943 <pb n=184>
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parents:
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5944 bubble with a very $mall Neck (not ex-
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5945 ceeding the $ixth part of an Inch in Dia-
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5946 meter) which we fill'd half way to the
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parents:
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5947 top, and then convey'd it into the Recei-
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parents:
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5948 ver; the i$$ue was, That though we drew
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parents:
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5949 out more then ordinary, yet there ap-
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5950 pear'd not the lea$t intume$cence of the
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5951 Water, nor any a$cending bubbles.
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5952 <p>But $u$pecting that either the $mall
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5953 quantity of the water or the Figure of the
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parents:
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5954 Ve$$el might have an intere$t in this odde
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5955 <I>Ph&aelig;nomenon,</I> we took the lately mention'd
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parents:
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5956 Philo$ophical Egge, and another not
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5957 much differing from it; the former we
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parents:
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5958 fill'd up with di$till'd Rain-water to the
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parents:
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5959 old mark, and into the latter we put a
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parents:
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5960 long Cylinder or Rod of $olid Gla$s to
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parents:
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5961 $treighten the cavity of the Neck by al-
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5962 mo$t filling it up; and then pouring $ome
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5963 di$tilled Water into that al$o, till it
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5964 reach'd within $ome Fingers breadth of
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5965 the top, the Eggs were let down into the
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5966 Receiver. In this Experiment the Air
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5967 was $o far drawn forth before there ap-
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5968 pear'd any bubble in either of the Gla$$es,
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5969 that the di$parity betwixt this and com-
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5970 mon water was manife$t enough. But at
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5971 length, when the Air was almo$t quite
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5972 pump'd out, the bubbles began to di$-
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5973 <pb n=185>
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5974 clo$e them$elves, and to increa$e as the
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5975 pre$$ure of the Air in the Receiver de-
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5976 crea$'d. But whereas in the fir$t men-
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diff changeset
5977 tion'd Philo$ophical Egge the bubbles
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5978 were very $mall, and never able to $well
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5979 the Water, that we took notice of, at all
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5980 above the mark: In the other, who$e
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5981 Neck, as we lately $aid, was $traightned,
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5982 and their pa$$age ob$tructed, great num-
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5983 bers of them, and bigger, fa$tned them-
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5984 $elves to the lower end of the Gla$s ram-
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5985 mer (if we may $o call it) and gather'd in
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5986 $uch numbers between that and the $ides
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5987 of the Neck, that the Water $well'd a-
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5988 bout a Fingers breadth above the mark,
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5989 though upon the admitting of the exter-
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5990 nal Air it relap$'d to the former mark, or
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5991 rather fell $omewhat below it. And al-
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5992 though thereupon in the fir$t nam'd Ve$-
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5993 $el all the bubbles pre$ently di$-appear'd,
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5994 yet in the other we ob$erv'd, that divers
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5995 remained fa$tned to the lower part of the
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5996 Gla$s rammer, and continued there $ome-
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5997 what to our wonder, for above an hour
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5998 after, but contracted in their Dimen-
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5999 $ions.
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parents:
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6000 <p>Moreover, having $uffered the Gla$$es
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6001 to remain above twenty four hours in the
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6002 <pb n=186>
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parents:
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6003 Receiver, we afterwards repeated the Ex-
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parents:
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6004 periment, to try what change the ex$ucti-
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parents:
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6005 on of the external Air would produce in
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parents:
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6006 the Water, after the internal and latitant
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6007 Air had (as is above recited) in great mea-
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6008 $ure got away in bubbles, and whether or
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parents:
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6009 no the Water would by $tanding re-admit
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6010 any new particles of Air in the room of
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parents:
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6011 tho$e that had for$aken it. But though
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6012 we exhau$ted the Receiver very diligent-
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parents:
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6013 ly, yet we $carce $aw a bubble in either
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6014 of the Gla$$es; notwith$tanding which,
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parents:
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6015 we perceiv'd the Water to ri$e about the
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6016 breadth of a Barly-corn, or more, in the
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6017 Neck of that Gla$s wherein the $olid Cy-
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parents:
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6018 linder had been put; The Liquor in the
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parents:
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6019 other Gla$s not $en$ibly $welling.
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parents:
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6020 <p>And la$tly, upon the letting in of the
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parents:
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6021 Air, the Water in the $traightned Neck
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parents:
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6022 $oon $ub$ided to the mark above which
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parents:
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6023 it had $wollen, which whether it ought
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parents:
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6024 to be a$crib'd to the $ame $mall expan$ion
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parents:
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6025 of the parts of the Water it $elf, or to
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parents:
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6026 the rarifaction of $ome yet latitant Air
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parents:
diff changeset
6027 broken into $uch $mall particles, as to e-
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parents:
diff changeset
6028 $cape our ob$ervation, $eems not ea$ily
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parents:
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6029 determinable, without $uch further tryals,
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parents:
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6030 as would perhaps prove tedious to be re-
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parents:
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6031 cited as well as to be made; though I was
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parents:
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6032 <pb n=187>
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casties
parents:
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6033 content to $et down tho$e already men-
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parents:
diff changeset
6034 tion'd, that it might appear how requi-
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parents:
diff changeset
6035 $ite it is in nice Experiments to con$ider
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casties
parents:
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6036 variety of Circum$tances.
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parents:
diff changeset
6037 <p>AFter having thus di$cover'd what ope-
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parents:
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6038 <MARG><I>Experi-
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parents:
diff changeset
6039 ment</I> 24.</MARG>
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parents:
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6040 ration the ex$uction of the ambient
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casties
parents:
diff changeset
6041 Air had upon Water, we thought good
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parents:
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6042 to try al$o what changes would happen in
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parents:
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6043 other Liquors upon the like taking off the
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parents:
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6044 pre$$ure of the external Air. We took
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parents:
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6045 then a Gla$s Egge, $omewhat bigger then
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parents:
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6046 a Turkey Egge, which had a long Neck
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casties
parents:
diff changeset
6047 or Stem of about a 1/3 part of an Inch in
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parents:
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6048 Diameter; and filling it up with Sallet
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casties
parents:
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6049 Oyl until it reach'd above half way to the
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casties
parents:
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6050 top of the Neck, we inclo$'d it in the Re-
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parents:
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6051 ceiver together with common Water in
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parents:
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6052 a re$embling Ve$$el, that we might the
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parents:
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6053 better compare together the operation of
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casties
parents:
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6054 the ex$uction of the Air upon tho$e two
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parents:
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6055 Liquors. The Pump being $et a work there
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casties
parents:
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6056 began to appear bubbles in the Oyl much
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casties
parents:
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6057 $ooner then in the Water, and afterwards
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casties
parents:
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6058 they al$o a$cended much more copiou$ly
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casties
parents:
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6059 in the former Liquor then the latter: Nay,
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casties
parents:
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6060 and when by having quite tired the Pum-
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parents:
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6061 per, and almo$t our own patience, we
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parents:
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6062 <pb n=188>
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casties
parents:
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6063 gave over, the bubbles ri$e almo$t (if
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6064 not altogether) in as great numbers
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6065 as ever, in$omuch as none of the various
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parents:
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6066 Liquors we tryed either before or $ince,
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parents:
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6067 $eem'd to abound more with Aerial Parti-
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6068 cles then did this Oyl. In which it was
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parents:
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6069 further remarkable, that between the time
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parents:
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6070 it was $et into the Receiver, and that at
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parents:
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6071 which we could get ready to Pump, it $ub-
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parents:
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6072 $ided notably (by ghe$s about half an
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parents:
diff changeset
6073 Inch) below the mark it reach'd before it
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parents:
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6074 was put in.
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parents:
diff changeset
6075 <p>After this expre$$'d Oyl, we made tryal
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parents:
diff changeset
6076 of a di$till'd one, and for that purpo$e
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parents:
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6077 made choice of the common Oyl or Spi-
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parents:
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6078 rit (for in the Shops where it is $old, the
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parents:
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6079 $ame Liquor is promi$cuou$ly call'd by ei-
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parents:
diff changeset
6080 ther name) of Turpentine; becau$e 'twas
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parents:
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6081 onely of that Chymical Oyl, we had a
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parents:
diff changeset
6082 $ufficient quantity: which, being put in-
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parents:
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6083 to a $mall Gla$s bubble with a $lender
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parents:
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6084 Neck, $o as to fill it to about two Inches
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parents:
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6085 from the top, did, upon the evacuating
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parents:
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6086 of the Receiver, pre$ent us with great
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parents:
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6087 $tore of bubbles; mo$t of which ri$ing
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parents:
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6088 from the bottom, expanded them$elves
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parents:
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6089 exceedingly in their a$cent, and made the
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parents:
diff changeset
6090 Liquor in the Neck to $well $o much by
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parents:
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6091 degrees, that at length it divers times ran
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parents:
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6092 <pb n=189>
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parents:
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6093 over at the top: by which means, we
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parents:
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6094 were hindred from being able to di$cern
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parents:
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6095 upon the letting in of the Air, how much
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parents:
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6096 the $ub$idence of the Oyl below the fir$t
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parents:
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6097 mark was due to the rece$s of the bub-
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parents:
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6098 bles.
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parents:
diff changeset
6099 <p>Having likewi$e a minde to try whe-
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parents:
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6100 ther as $trong a $olution of Salt of Tartar
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parents:
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6101 in fair Water as could be made (we ha-
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parents:
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6102 ving then no Oyl of Tartar <I>per deliqui-
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parents:
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6103 um</I> at hand) though it be accounted,
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parents:
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6104 Quick-$ilver excepted, the heavie$t of
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6105 Liquors would afford us any bubbles; we
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parents:
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6106 put in a Gla$s Egge full of it at the $ame
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6107 time, with other Liquors, and found that
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6108 they did long yield $tore of bubbles be-
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6109 fore any di$covered them$elves in the
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parents:
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6110 Liquor of Tartar; and having pur$ued
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6111 the Experiment, it appear'd, That of all
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parents:
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6112 the Liquors we made tryal of, this afford-
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parents:
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6113 ed the fewe$t and the $malle$t Bubbles.
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parents:
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6114 <p>Spirit of Vinager being try'd after the
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6115 $ame manner, exhibited a moderate num-
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parents:
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6116 ber of bubbles, but $carce any thing el$e
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6117 worth the mentioning.
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parents:
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6118 <p>Nor could we in red Wine, try'd in a
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parents:
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6119 Gla$s Egge, take notice of any thing ve-
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6120 ry ob$ervable. For though upon the ex-
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parents:
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6121 $uction of the Air the bubbles a$cended
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parents:
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6122 <pb n=190>
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parents:
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6123 in this Liquor, as it were in $holes,
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parents:
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6124 and $hifted places among them$elves in
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parents:
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6125 their a$cent; yet the Intume$cence of the
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parents:
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6126 whole bulk of the Liquor was $carce at all
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parents:
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6127 $en$ible, the bubbles mo$t commonly
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parents:
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6128 breaking very $oon after their arrival at
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parents:
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6129 the top, where during their $tay, they
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parents:
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6130 compo$'d a kinde of $hallow froth, which
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6131 alone appear'd higher in the Neck of the
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parents:
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6132 Gla$s, then was the Wine when it was
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parents:
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6133 fir$t let down. Neither yet did Milk, con-
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parents:
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6134 vey'd into our Pneumatical Ve$$el, pre-
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parents:
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6135 $ent us with any thing memorable, $ave
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parents:
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6136 that (as it $eem'd by rea$on of $ome un-
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parents:
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6137 ctuou$ne$s of the Liquor) the bubbles
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parents:
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6138 not ea$ily breaking at the top, and thru$t-
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parents:
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6139 ing up one another made the intume$cence
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parents:
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6140 appear much greater then that of common
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parents:
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6141 Water.
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parents:
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6142 <p>We likewi$e convey'd Hens Eggs into
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parents:
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6143 the Receiver, but, after the ex$uction of
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parents:
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6144 the Air, took them out whole again. That
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parents:
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6145 which invited us to put them in, was, That
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parents:
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6146 (as perhaps we mention in other Papers)
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parents:
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6147 we had among other Experiments of
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parents:
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6148 cold, made Eggs bur$t, by freezing them
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parents:
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6149 within doors with Snow and Salt: The
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casties
parents:
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6150 Ice, into which the aqueous parts of the
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casties
parents:
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6151 Egge were turned by the cold, $o di$tend-
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parents:
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6152 <pb n=191>
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parents:
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6153 ing (probably by rea$on of the numerous
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casties
parents:
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6154 bubbles wont to be ob$ervable in Ice) the
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casties
parents:
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6155 outward parts of the Egge, that it u$ually
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parents:
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6156 crack'd the $hell, though the inner Mem-
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casties
parents:
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6157 brane that involv'd the $everal Liquors
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casties
parents:
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6158 of the Egge, becau$e it would $tretch
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parents:
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6159 and yield, remain d unbroken, And here-
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parents:
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6160 upon we imagin'd that in our Engine it
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parents:
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6161 might appear whether or no there were
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casties
parents:
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6162 any con$iderable Spring, either in any of
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casties
parents:
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6163 the Liquors, or in any other more $piri-
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casties
parents:
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6164 tuous $ub$tance included in the Egge.
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casties
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6165 <p>We took al$o $ome Spirit of Urine,
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6166 carele$ly enough deflegmed, and put it in-
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6167 to the $ame Gla$s (fir$t carefully $cowr'd
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6168 and clean$'d) wherein we had put the Oyl-
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6169 olive above mention'd: We took al$o an-
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6170 other Gla$s, differing from a Gla$s Egge,
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6171 onely in that its bottom was $lat, and fill'd
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6172 it up to about 2/3 of the Neck (which was
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6173 wider then that of the Egge) with rectifi-
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6174 ed Spirit of Wine.
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6175 <p>We took al$o another Gla$s Egge, and
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6176 having fill'd it with common Water till it
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6177 reach'd to the middle of the Neck, we
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6178 pour'd to it of the $ame Spirit of Wine,
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6179 till it reach'd about an Inch higher.
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6180 <p>The$e three Gla$$es having marks $et
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6181 on them, over again$t the edges of the
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6182 <pb n=192>
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6183 contain'd Liquors were put into the Re-
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6184 ceiver, and that beginning to be evacua-
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6185 ted, the bubbles in all the three Liquors
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6186 began to appear. The mixture of the
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6187 Spirit of Wine and Water di$clo$'d a
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6188 great $tore of bubbles, e$pecially towards
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6189 the top; but $carce afforded us any thing
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6190 worth remem bring. The Spirit of Urine
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6191 appear'd to $well near an Inch and an half
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6192 above the mark; and be$ides that, $ent
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6193 forth $tore of bubbles, which made a
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6194 kinde of froth at the upper part of it. And
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6195 above that $pume there appear'd eight or
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6196 ten great bubbles one above another, in a
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6197 very decent order, each of them con$titu-
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6198 ting, as it were, a Cylinder of about half
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6199 an Inch high, and as broad as the internal
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6200 cavity of the Neck: So that all the upper
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6201 part of the Neck (for the$e bubbles reach'd
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6202 to the top) $eem'd to be divided into al-
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6203 mo$t equal parts, by certain Diaphrag-
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6204 mes, con$i$ting of the coats of the bub-
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6205 bles, who$e edges appear'd like $o many
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6206 Rings $u$pended one above another.
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6207 <p>In the Spirit of Wine there did ari$e a
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6208 great multitude of bubbles, even till
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6209 wearine$s did make us give over the Ex-
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6210 periment. And in the$e bubbles two or
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6211 three things were remarkable; as fir$t,
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6212 <pb n=193>
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6213 That they a$cended with a very notable
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6214 celerity: Next, That being arriv'd at the
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6215 top, they made no $tay there, and yet,
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6216 notwith$tanding the great thinne$s and
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6217 $pitituou$ne$s of the Liquor, did, before
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6218 they broke, lift up the upper $urface of
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6219 it, and for a moment or two form thereof
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6220 a thin film or skin which appear'd protu-
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6221 berant above the re$t of the $uperficies
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6222 like a $mall Hemi$phere. Thirdly, That
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6223 they a$cended $traight up, whereas tho$e
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6224 produc'd at the lower part of the Ve$$el,
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6225 containing the mixture of the Water and
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6226 Spirit of Wine, a$cended with a waver-
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6227 ing or wrigling motion, whereby they
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6228 de$crib'd an indented Line. La$tly, It
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6229 was ob$ervable in the Spirit of Wine (and
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6230 we took notice of the like in the Oyl of
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6231 Turpentine lately mention'd) that not
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6232 onely the bubbles $eem'd to ri$e from cer-
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6233 tain determinate places at the bottom of
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6234 the Gla$s, but that in their a$cen$ion they
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6235 kept an almo$t equal di$tance from each
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6236 other, and follow'd one another in a cer-
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6237 tain order, whereby they $eem'd part of
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6238 $mall Bracelets, con$i$ting of equally lit-
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6239 tle incontiguous Beads: the lower end of
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6240 each Bracelet, being as it were, fa$ten'd to
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6241 a certain point at the bottom of the Gla$s.
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6242 <pb n=194>
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6243 <p>The Air being $paringly let into the
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6244 Receiver, the great bubbles formerly
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6245 mention'd as incumbent upon one ano-
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6246 ther, in that Gla$s that contain'd the Spi-
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6247 rit of Urine, were by orderly degrees
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6248 le$$en'd, till at length they wholly $ub$i-
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6249 ded, notwith$tanding the rece$s of $o ma-
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6250 ny bubbles as broke on the top of the
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6251 Spirit of Urine, during all the time of the
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6252 Experiment; yet it $carcely appear'd at all
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6253 to be $unk below the mark: Nor did the
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6254 mixture of Spirit of Wine and Water
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6255 con$iderably $ub$ide. But that is no-
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6256 thing to what we ob$erv'd in the Spirit
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6257 of Wine, for not onely it con$picuou$ly
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6258 expanded it $elf in the Neck of the
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6259 Ve$$el that contain'd it, notwith$tand-
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6260 ing the largene$s of it; and that the
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6261 bubbles were about to break at the
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6262 top of it almo$t a$$oon as they arriv'd
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6263 there: but upon the re-admi$$ion of
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6264 the external Air, the Spirit of Wine
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6265 retain'd its newly acquired expan$ion.
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6266 And though we let it alone for near
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6267 an hour together, in expectation that it
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6268 might $ub$ide; yet when we took it
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6269 out, we found it $till $well'd between a
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6270 quarter and half an Inch above the
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6271 mark; and although it was not ea$ily
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6272 <pb n=195>
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6273 imaginable how this <I>Ph&aelig;nomenon</I> could
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6274 proceed from any mi$take in trying
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6275 the Experiment, yet the $trangene$$e
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6276 of it invited me to repeat it with fre$h
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6277 Spirit of Wine; which, $welling in the
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6278 Neck as formerly, I left all Night in
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6279 the Receiver, allowing free acce$s to the
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6280 external Air at the Stop-cock, and the
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6281 next day found it $till expanded as be-
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6282 fore, $ave that it $eem'd a little lower:
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6283 which decrement perhaps proceeded from
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6284 the avolation of $ome of the fugitive
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6285 parts of $o volatile a Liquor. And for
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6286 better $atisfaction having taken out the
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6287 Gla$s, and con$ider'd it in the open Air,
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6288 and at a Window, I could not finde that
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6289 there was any remaining Bubbles that
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6290 could occa$ion the per$evering and ad-
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6291 mir'd expan$ion.
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6292 <p>BEing de$irous to di$cover what diffe-
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6293 <MARG><I>Experi-
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6294 ment</I> 25.</MARG>
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6295 rence there might be as to gravity and
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6296 levity, between Air expanded under Wa-
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6297 ter, and it $elfe before $uch expan$ion; we
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6298 took two very $mall Viols, $uch as Chy-
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6299 mical E$$ences (as they call them) are wont
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6300 to be kept in, and of the $ize and $hape ex-
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6301 pre$$ed by the 8<SUP>th</SUP> Figure: into one of the$e
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6302 <pb n=196>
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6303 we put $o much of a certain ponderous
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6304 Mercurial mixture (hapning to be then at
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6305 hand) that the mouth being $topt with a
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6306 little $oft Wax, the Gla$s would ju$t $ink
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6307 in Water and no more; this we let fall to
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6308 the bottom of a wide-mouth'd Cry$tal
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6309 Jar, fill'd with about half a pint of com-
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6310 mon Water, and into the $ame Ve$$el we
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6311 $unk the other E$$ence Gla$s un$topp'd,
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6312 with as much Water in it as was more
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6313 then $ufficient to make it $ub$ide. Both
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6314 the$e $unk with their mouthes downward,
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6315 the former being about three quarters full
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6316 of Air, the latter containing in it a bub-
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6317 ble of Air that was ghe$$'d to be of the
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6318 bigne$s of half a Pea: This done, the
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6319 wide-mouth'd Gla$s was let down into
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6320 the Receiver, and the way of imploy-
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6321 ing the Engine was carefully made u$e
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6322 of.
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6323 <p>The $ucce$s was, That having drawn
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6324 out a pretty quantity of Air, the bubbles
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6325 began to di$clo$e them$elves in the Wa-
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6326 ter, as in the former Experiments; and
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6327 though for a good while after the bubbles
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6328 a$cended in $warms from the lower parts
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6329 of the Water, and ha$tily broke at the
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6330 top; yet we pro$ecuted the Experiment
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6331 $o long without $eeing any effect wrought
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6332 <pb n=197>
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6333 upon the E$$ence: Bottles, that we began
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6334 to di$pair of $eeing either of them ri$e, but
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6335 continuing to ply the Pump, that little
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6336 Gla$s, who$e mouth was open'd, came to
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6337 the top of the Water, being, as it were,
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6338 boy'd up thither by a great number of
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6339 bubbles that had fa$tned them$elves to
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6340 the $ides of it; $wimming thus with the
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6341 mouth downward, we could ea$ily per-
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6342 ceive that the internal Air above men-
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6343 tion'd had much delated it $elf, and there-
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6344 by $eem'd to have contributed to the e-
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6345 merging of the Gla$s, which remain'd
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6346 floating, notwith$tanding the breaking
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6347 and vani$hing of mo$t of the contiguous
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6348 bubbles: being hereby incouraged to per-
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6349 $i$t in pumping, we ob$erved with $ome
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6350 plea$ure, that at each time we turn'd the
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6351 Key, the Air in the little Gla$s did mani-
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6352 fe$tly expand it $elf and thru$t out the wa-
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6353 ter, generally retaining a very protuberant
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6354 $urface where it was contiguous to the re-
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6355 maining Water. And when after divers
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6356 ex$uctions of the Air in the Receiver,
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6357 that in the little Viol $o dilated it $elf as
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6358 to expel almo$t all the Water, it turn'd
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6359 up its mouth towards the $urface of the
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6360 Water in the Jar, and there deliver'd a
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6361 large bubble, and then relap$ed into its
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6362 <pb n=198>
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6363 form&eacute;r floating po$ture: And this Expe-
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6364 riment taught us, among other things,
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6365 that it was a work of more time and la-
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6366 bor then we imagin'd, to exhau$t our En-
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6367 gine as much as it may be exhau$ted: for
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6368 although before the emerging of the $mall
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6369 Viol, we did (as has been touch'd alrea-
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6370 dy) think we had very con$iderably em-
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6371 ptyed the Receiver, becau$e there $eem'd
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6372 to come out but very little or almo$t
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6373 no $en$ible Air at each ex$uction into
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6374 and out of the Cylinder; yet after-
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6375 wards, at each drawing down the Suc-
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6376 ker, the Air included in the Viol did
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6377 manife$tly dilate it $elf, $o long, that
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6378 it did no le$s then nine times turn its
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6379 mouth upwards, and di$charge a bub-
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6380 ble by conjecture about the bigne$s of
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6381 a Pea, after the manner newly recited.
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6382 But as for that Violl which had the
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6383 weight in it, it ro$e not at all. So
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6384 that being not able by quick pumping
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6385 to gain another bubble from the Air
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6386 in the $wimming Gla$s, which proceed-
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6387 ed from $ome $mall leak in the Ve$$el,
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6388 though it held in this Experiment more
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6389 $tanch then was u$ual, we thought fit
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6390 to let in lea$urely the Air from with-
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6391 out, upon who$e admi$$ion that with-
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6392 <pb n=199>
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6393 in the Viol $hrinking into a very nar-
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6394 row compa$s, the Gla$s did, as we expe-
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6395 cted, fall down to the bottom of the
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6396 Jar.
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parents:
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6397 <p>But being de$irous before we proceed-
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6398 ed to any new. Experiment, to try once
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6399 more whether the little Gla$s that had
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6400 the weight in it might not al$o be rai$'d.
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6401 After we had $uffer'd the Engine to re-
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6402 main clo$'d as it was, for five or $ix
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6403 hours, the Pump was again ply'd with
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6404 $o much ob$tinacy, that not onely a-
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6405 bout the upper part of the Jar there ap-
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6406 pear'd a good number of bubbles (but
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6407 very much $maller then tho$e we $aw
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6408 the fir$t time) but afterwards there
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6409 came from the bottom of the Jar, bub-
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6410 bles about the bigne$s of $mal Peas: which
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6411 the Pump being $till kept going, fol-
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6412 low'd one another, to the number of forty,
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6413 coming from the $topp'd Violl; who$e
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6414 mouth, it $eems, had not been $hut $o
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6415 $trongly and clo$ely, but that the included
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6416 Air, dilating it $elf by its own $pring, made
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6417 it$elf $ome little pa$$age betwixt the Wall
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6418 and the Gla$s, and got away in the$e bub-
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6419 bles; after which, the un$topp'd Gla$s be-
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6420 gan to float again, the Air $hut up in it
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6421 <pb n=200>
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6422 being manife$tly $o dilated as to expel a
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6423 good part of the Water, but not $o much
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parents:
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6424 as to break quite thorow. And at length,
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parents:
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6425 when our expectation of it was almo$t ti-
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6426 red out, the heavier of the two Viols be-
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parents:
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6427 gan to come aloft, and immediately to
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parents:
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6428 $ub$ide again, which appear'd to be oc-
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6429 ca$ion'd by the Air within it, who$e bulk
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6430 and $pring being weaken'd by the rece$s
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6431 of the forty bubbles before-mention'd, it
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parents:
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6432 was no longer able, as formerly, to break
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parents:
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6433 forcibly through the incumbent Water;
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parents:
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6434 but forming a bubble at the mouth of the
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parents:
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6435 Gla$s, boyed it up towards the top, and
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parents:
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6436 there getting away, left it to $ink again
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6437 till the pre$$ure of the Air in the Recei-
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6438 ver being further taken off, the Air in the
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parents:
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6439 Viol was permitted to expand it $elf fur-
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parents:
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6440 ther, and to create another bubble, by
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parents:
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6441 which it was again for a while carried up.
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parents:
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6442 And it was remarkable, that though after
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6443 having emptyed the Receiver as far as
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6444 well we could, we cea$'d from pumping;
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6445 yet the Ve$$el continuing more $tanch
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parents:
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6446 then it was wont, this a$cent and fall of
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6447 the Viol was repeated to the ninth time;
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parents:
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6448 the included Air, by rea$on of the $mal-
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6449 ne$s of the vent at which it mu$t pa$s out,
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6450 being not able to get away otherwi$e then
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6451 <pb n=201>
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parents:
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6452 little by little; and con$equently, in divers
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parents:
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6453 $uch parcels as were able to con$titute
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6454 bubbles, each of them big enough to
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parents:
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6455 rai$e the Viol and keep it aloft until the
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parents:
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6456 avolation of that bubble. Whereby it
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parents:
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6457 may appear, that the grand rule in <I>Hy-
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6458 dro$taticks,</I> That a Body will $wim in the
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6459 Water, in ca$e it be lighter then as much
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6460 of that Water that equals it in bulk, will
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6461 hold likewi$e when the pre$$ure of the At-
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6462 mo$phere is in very great mea$ure, if not
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6463 when it is totally taken off from the Li-
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6464 quor and the Body: though it were worth
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6465 inquiring what it is that $o plentifully
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6466 concurs to fill the bubbles made in our
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6467 Experiment by the $o much expanded
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6468 Air, for to $ay with the old Peripatetick
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6469 Schools, That the Air, in Rarefaction,
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6470 may acquire a new extent, without the
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6471 admi$$ion of any new $ub$tance, would
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6472 be an account of the <I>Ph&aelig;nomenon</I> very
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6473 much out of date, and which, I $uppo$e,
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6474 our Modern Naturali$ts would neither
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6475 give, nor acquie$s in.
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6476 <p>I know not whether it may be requi$ite
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6477 to adde, that in this Experiment, as in
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6478 the former, the outward Air being let in
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6479 did $oon precipitate the floating Viol. But
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6480 I think it will not be ami$s to note, that
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6481 <pb n=202>
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6482 (congruou$ly to what hath been above
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6483 recorded of the va$t expan$ion of the Air)
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6484 the Water which in the heavier Viol $uc-
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6485 ceeded in the room of tho$e forty odde, if
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6486 not fifty great bubbles of Air, which at
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6487 $everal times got out of it, amounted but
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6488 to a very incon$iderable bigne$s.
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6489 <p>IT having been ob$erv'd by tho$e that
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6490 <MARG><I>Experi-
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6491 ment</I> 26.</MARG>
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6492 have con$ider'd what belongs to <I>Pendu-
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6493 lums</I> (a Speculation that may, in my
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6494 poor judgement, be highly u$eful to the
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6495 Naturali$ts) that their Vibrations are
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6496 more $lowly made, and that their moti-
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6497 on la$ts le$s in a thicker, then in a thinner
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6498 Medium: We thought it not ami$s to
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6499 try if a <I>Pendulum</I> would $wing fa$ter, or
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6500 continue $winging longer in our Receiver,
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6501 in ca$e of the ex$uction of the Air, then
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6502 otherwi$e. Wherefore we took a couple
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6503 of round and poli$h'd <I>Pendulums</I> of Iron
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6504 or Steel, of equal bigne$s, as near as we
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6505 could get the Artificer to make them, and
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6506 weighing each of them twenty Dragmes,
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6507 wanting as many Grains. One of the$e
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6508 we $u$pended in the cavity of the Recei-
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6509 ver by a very $lender $ilken $tring, of a-
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6510 bout $even Inches and a half in length
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6511 <pb n=203>
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6512 from the cover of the Receiver to which
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6513 it was fa$ten'd. Then (by inclining the
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6514 Engine) we made the <I>Pendulum</I> $wing too
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6515 and fro in it, and de$crib'd as long Arches
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6516 as in the capacity of $o brittle a Ve$$el we
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6517 thought $afe and convenient. And one of
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6518 the A$$i$tants telling the recur$ions of the
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6519 other <I>Pendulum</I> hanging in the free Air,
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6520 by a $tring of about the $ame length, we
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6521 $horten'd and lengthen'd this other <I>Pen-
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6522 dulum,</I> till it appear'd to keep the $ame
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6523 pace in its Vibrations, with that $hut up in
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6524 the Receiver. Then having carefully
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6525 drawn away the Air, we did again $et the
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6526 <I>Pendulum</I> in the Receiver a vibrating;
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6527 and giving the other <I>Pendulum</I> $uch a mo-
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6528 tion as made it de$cribe an Arch, accord-
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6529 ing to ones ghe$s, equal to that of the in-
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6530 cluded <I>Pendulum;</I> we reckon'd, one of
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6531 us, the Recur$ions of that <I>Pendulum</I> which
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6532 was $winging within the Receiver; and
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6533 another of us that which was moving in
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6534 (that which one would think a much more
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6535 re$i$ting <I>medinm</I>) the Air. But once, one
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6536 of us reckon'd near two and twenty Re-
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6537 cur$ions of the included <I>Pendulum,</I> whil$t
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6538 the other reckon'd but twenty of the <I>Pen-
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6539 dulum</I> that vibrated without. And an-
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6540 other time al$o, the former of the$e <I>Pen-</I>
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6541 <pb n=204>
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6542 <I>dula</I> was reckon'd to have made one and
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6543 twenty Recur$ions, wherein the other
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6544 made but twenty: Yet this Experiment
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6545 $eem'd to teach us little, $ave that the dif-
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6546 ference betwixt the motion of $uch a <I>Pen-
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6547 dulum</I> in the common Air, and in one ex-
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6548 ceedingly rarified, is $carce $en$ible in
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6549 Ve$$els no bigger then our Receiver; e-
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6550 $pecially $ince though during this Expe-
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6551 riment it held very well, yet we could
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6552 not $uppo$e it to be altogether devoid of
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6553 Air. We ob$erv'd al$o, that when the
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6554 Receiver was full of Air, the included
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6555 <I>Pendulum</I> continu'd its Recur$ions about
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6556 fifteen minutes (or a quarter of an hour)
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6557 before it left off $winging; and that after
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6558 the ex$uction of the Air, the Vibration
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6559 of the $ame <I>Pendulum</I> (being fre$h put in-
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6560 to motion) appear'd not (by a minutes
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6561 Watch) to la$t $en$ibly longer. So that
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6562 the event of this Experiment being other
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6563 then we expected, $carce afforded us any
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6564 other $atisfaction, then that of our not
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6565 having omitted to try it. And whether
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6566 in ca$e the tryal be made with a <I>Pendulum</I>
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6567 much le$s di$proportionate to the Air then
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6568 Steel is, the event will much better an-
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6569 $wer expectation, experience may be con-
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6570 $ulted.
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6571 <pb n=205>
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6572 <p>THat the Air is the medium whereby
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6573 $ounds are convey'd to the Ear, has
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6574 <MARG><I>Experi-
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6575 ment</I> 27.</MARG>
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6576 been for many Ages, and is yet the com-
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6577 mon Doctrine of the Schools. But this
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6578 Received Opinion has been of late op-
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6579 po$'d by $ome Philo$ophers upon the ac-
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6580 count of an Experiment made by the
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6581 Indu$trious <I>Kircher,</I> and other Learned
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6582 Men, who have (as they a$$ure us) ob-
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6583 $erv'd, That if a Bell, with a Steel Clap-
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6584 per, be $o fa$ten'd to the in$ide of a Tube,
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6585 that upon the making the Experiment <I>De
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6586 Vacuo</I> with that Tube, the Bell remain'd
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6587 $u$pended in the de$erted $pace at the up-
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6588 per end of the Tube: And if al$o a vi-
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6589 gorous Load-$tone be apply'd on the out-
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6590 $ide of the Tube to the Bell, it will at-
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6591 tract the Clapper, which upon the Remo-
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6592 val of the Load-$tone falling back, will
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6593 $trike again$t the oppo$ite $ide of the
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6594 Bell, and thereby produce a very audible
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6595 $ound, whence divers have concluded,
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6596 That 'tis not the Air, but $ome more $ub-
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6597 tle Body that is the medium of $ounds.
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6598 But becau$e we conceiv'd that, to invali-
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6599 date $uch a con$equence from this ingeni-
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6600 ous Experiment (though the mo$t lucife-
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6601 <pb n=206>
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6602 rous, that could well be made without
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6603 $ome $uch Engine as ours) $ome things
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6604 might be $peciou$ly enough alleadg'd; we
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6605 thought fit to make a tryal or two, in or-
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6606 der to the Di$covery of what the Air does
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6607 in conveying of $ounds, re$erving divers
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6608 other Experiments tryable in our Engine
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6609 concerning $ounds, till we can obtain more
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6610 lea$ure to pro$ecute them. Conceiving it
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6611 then the be$t way to make our tryal with
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6612 $uch a noi$e as might not be loud enough
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6613 to make it difficult to di$cern $lighter va-
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6614 riations in it, but rather might be, both
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6615 la$ting, that we might take notice by what
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6616 degrees it decrea$'d; and $o $mall, that
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6617 it could not grow much weaker with-
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6618 out becoming imperceptible. We took
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6619 a Watch, who$e Ca$e we open'd, that
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6620 the contain'd Air might have free egre$s
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6621 into that of the Receiver. And this Watch
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6622 was $u$pended in the cavity of the Ve$$el
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6623 onely by a Pack-thred, as the unlikelie$t
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6624 thing to convey a $ound to the top of the
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6625 Receiver: And then clo$ing up the Ve$-
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6626 $el with melted Plai$ter, we li$ten'd near
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6627 the $ides of it, and plainly enough heard
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6628 the noi$e made by the ballance. Tho$e al-
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6629 $o of us, that watch'd for that Circum-
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6630 $tance, ob$erv'd, that the noi$e $eem'd to
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6631 <pb n=207>
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6632 come directly in a $traight Line from the
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6633 Watch unto the Ear. And it was ob$erva-
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6634 ble to this purpo$e, that we found a mani-
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6635 fe$t di$parity of noi$e, by holding our Ears
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6636 near the $ides of the Receiver, and near the
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6637 Cover of it: which difference $eem'd to
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6638 proceed from that of the Texture of the
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6639 Gla$s, from the $tructure of the cover (and
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6640 of the Cement) through which the $ound
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6641 was propagated from the Watch to the
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6642 Ear. But let us pro$ecute our Experiment.
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6643 The Pump after this being imployd, it
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6644 $eemd that from time to time the $ound
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6645 grew fainter and fainter; $o that when the
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6646 Rec iver was empty'd as much as it u$'d
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6647 to be for the foregoing Experiments, nei-
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6648 ther we, nor $ome $trangers that chanc'd
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6649 to be then in the room, could, by applying
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6650 our Ears to the very $ides, hear any noi$e
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6651 from within; though we could ea$ily per-
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6652 ceive that by the moving of the hand
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6653 which mark'd the $econd minutes, and by
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6654 that of the ballance, that the Watch nei-
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6655 ther $tood $til, nor remarkably varied from
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6656 its wonted motion. And to $atisfie our
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6657 $elvs further that it was indeed the ab$ence
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6658 of the Air about the Watch that hinder'd
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6659 us from hearing it, we let in the external
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6660 Air at the Stop-cock, and then though we
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6661 <pb n=208>
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6662 turn'd the Key and $topt the Valve, yet we
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6663 could plainly hear the noi$e made by the
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6664 ballance, though we held our Ears $ome-
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6665 times at two Foot di$tance from the out-
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6666 $ide of the Receiver. And this Experi-
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6667 ment being reiterated in another place,
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6668 $ucceded after the like manner. Which
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6669 $eems to prove, that whether or no the
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6670 Air be the onely, it is at lea$t, the princi-
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6671 pal medium of Sounds. And by the way
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6672 it is very well worth noting, that in a Ve$-
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6673 $el $o well clo$'d as our Receiver, $o weak
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6674 a pul$e as that of the ballance of a Watch
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6675 $hould propagate a motion to the Ear in a
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6676 Phi$ically $traight Line, notwith$tanding
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6677 the interpo$ition of $o clo$e a Body as
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6678 Gla$s, e$pecially Gla$s of $uch thickne$s
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6679 as that of our Receiver; $ince by this it
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6680 $eems that the air impri$on'd in the Gla$s,
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6681 mu$t, by the motion of the ballance, be
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6682 made to beat again$t the concave part of
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6683 the Receiver, $trongly enough to make
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6684 its convex part beat upon the contiguous
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6685 Air, and $o propagate the motion to the
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6686 Li$tners ears. I know this cannot but
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6687 $eem $trange to tho$e, who, with an emi-
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6688 nent Modern Philo$opher, will not allow
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6689 that a Sound, made in the cavity of a
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6690 Room, or other place $o clo$'d, that there
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6691 <pb n=209>
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6692 is no intercour$e betwixt the external and
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6693 internal Air, can be heard by tho$e with-
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6694 out, unle$s the $ounding Body do imme-
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6695 diately $trike again$t $ome part of the in-
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6696 clo$ing Body. But not having now time
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6697 to handle Controver$ies, we $hall onely
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6698 annex, That after the foregoing Experi-
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6699 ment, we took a Bell of about two Inches
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6700 in Diameter at the bottom, which was
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6701 $upported in the mid$t of the cavity of
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6702 the Receiver by a bent $tick, which by
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6703 rea$on of its Spring pre$$'d with its two
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6704 ends again$t the oppo$ite parts of the in-
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6705 $ide of the Ve$$el: in which, when it was
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6706 clo$'d up, we ob$erv'd that the Bell $eem'd
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6707 to $ound more dead then it did when ju$t
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6708 before it $ounded in the open Air. And
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6709 yet, when afterwards we had as formerly
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6710 emptyed the Receiver, we could not di$-
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6711 cern any con$iderable change (for $ome
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6712 $aid they ob$erv'd a $mall one) in the loud-
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6713 ne$s of the $ound, whereby it $eem'd that
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6714 though the Air be the principal medium
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6715 of $ound, yet either a more $ubtle mat-
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6716 ter may be al$o a medium of it, or el$e an
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6717 ambient Body that contains but very
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6718 few particles of Air, in compari$on of
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6719 tho$e it is ea$ily capable of, is $ufficient
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6720 for that purpo$e. And this, among o-
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6721 <pb n=210>
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6722 ther things, invited us to con$ider, whether
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6723 in the above-mention'd Experiment made
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6724 with the Bell and the Load-$tone, there
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6725 might not in the de$erted part of the Tube
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6726 remain Air enough to produce a $ound:
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6727 $ince the Tubes for the Experiment <I>De
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6728 Vacuo</I> (not to mention the u$ual thin-
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6729 ne$s of the Gla$s) being $eldom made
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6730 greater then is requi$ite, a little Air might
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6731 bear a not incon$iderable proportion to
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6732 the de$erted $pace. And that al$o, in the
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6733 Experiment <I>De Vacuo,</I> as it is wont to be
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6734 made, there is generally $ome little Air
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6735 that gets in from without, or at lea$t $tore
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6736 of bubbles that ari$e from the Body of
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6737 the Quick-$ilver, or other Liquor it $elf,
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6738 Ob$ervations heedfully made have fre-
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6739 quently informed us: And it may al$o
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6740 appear, by what has been formerly deli-
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6741 vered concerning the <I>Torricellian</I> Experi-
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6742 ment.
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6743 <p>On the occa$ion of this Experiment
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6744 concerning $ounds, we may adde in this
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6745 place, That when we try'd the Experiment
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6746 formerly mention'd, of firing Gun-pow-
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6747 der with a Pi$tol in our evacuated Recei-
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6748 ver, the noi$e made by the $triking of the
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6749 Flint again$t the Steel, was exceeding
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6750 languid in compari$on of what it would
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6751 <pb n=211>
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6752 have been in the open Air. And on di-
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6753 vers other occa$ions it appear'd that the
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6754 $ounds created within our exhau$ted
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6755 Gla$s, if they were not lo$t before they
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6756 reach'd the Ear, $eem'd at lea$t to arrive
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6757 there very much weaken'd. We intended
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6758 to try whether or no the Wire-$tring of an
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6759 In$trument $hut up into our Receiver,
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6760 would, when the ambient Air was $uck'd
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6761 out, at all tremble, if in another In$trument
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6762 held clo$e to it, but without the Receiver
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6763 a $tring tun'd (as Mu$icians $peak, how
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6764 properly I now examine not) to an Uni$on
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6765 with it, were briskly toucht, and $et a Vi-
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6766 brating. This, I $ay, we purpo$'d to try
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6767 to $ee how the motion made in the Air
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6768 without, would be propagated through the
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6769 cavity of our evacuated Receiver. But
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6770 when the In$trument wherewith the tryal
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6771 was to be made came to be imploy'd, it
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6772 prov'd too big to go into the Pneumatical
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6773 Ve$$el, and we have not now the conveni-
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6774 ency to have a fitter made.
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6775 <p>We thought likewi$e to convey into
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6776 the Receiver a long and $lender pair of
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6777 Bellows, made after the fa$hion of tho$e
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6778 u$ually employ'd to blow Organs, and fur-
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6779 ni$h'd with a $mall Mu$ical in$tead of an
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6780 <pb n=212>
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6781 ordinary Pipe. For we hop'd, that by
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6782 means of a $tring fa$tned to the upper
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6783 part of the Bellows, and to the moveable
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6784 $topple that makes a part of the Cover
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6785 of our Receiver, we $hould, by frequent-
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6786 ly turning round that $topple, and the an-
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parents:
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6787 nexed $tring, after the manner already
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parents:
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6788 often recited, be able to lift up and di$tend
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6789 the Bellows; and by the help of a com-
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6790 petent weight fa$ten'd to the $ame upper
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6791 part of the Bellows, we $hould likewi$e
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6792 be able, at plea$ure, to compre$s them:
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6793 and by con$equence, try whether that
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6794 $ubtler matter then Air (which, accord-
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6795 ing to tho$e that deny a <I>Vacuum,</I> mu$t be
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diff changeset
6796 $uppo$'d to fill the exhau$ted Receiver)
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6797 would be able to produce a $ound in the
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6798 Mu$ical Pipe; or in a Pipe like that of or-
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6799 dinary Bellows, to beget a Wind capable
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6800 to turn or $et a moving $ome very light
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6801 matter, either $hap'd like the Sails of a
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6802 Wind-Mill, or of $ome other conveni-
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6803 ent form, and expo$'d to its Orifice. This
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6804 Experiment, I $ay, we thought to make,
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6805 but have not yet actually made it for want
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6806 of an Artificer to make us $uch a pair of
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6807 Bellows as it requires.
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6808 <p>We had thoughts al$o of trying whe-
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6809 ther or no, as Sounds made by Bodies in
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6810 <pb n=213>
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6811 our Receiver become much more languid
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6812 then ordinary, by rea$on of the want of
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6813 Air, $o they would grow $tronger, in ca$e
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6814 there were an unu$ual quantity of Air
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6815 crouded and $hut up in the $ame Ve$$el,
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6816 which may be done (though not without
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6817 $ome difficulty) by the help of the Pump,
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parents:
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6818 provided the Cover and Stopple be $o
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6819 firmly fa$ten'd (by binding and Cement,
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6820 or otherwi$e) to the Gla$s; and to each
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6821 other, that there be no danger of the
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parents:
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6822 conden$'d Airs blowing of either of them
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6823 away, or its breaking through the jun-
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6824 ctures. The$e thoughts, My Lord, as I
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6825 was $aying, we entertain'd; but for want
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parents:
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6826 of lea$ure, as, of as good Receivers as
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6827 ours, to $ub$titute in its place, in ca$e we
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parents:
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6828 $hould break it before we learn'd the skill
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parents:
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6829 of condencing the Air in it, we dur$t not
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parents:
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6830 put them in practice: Yet, on this occa-
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parents:
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6831 $ion, give me leave to adverti$e Your
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parents:
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6832 Lord$hip once for all, That though for
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parents:
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6833 the rea$ons newly intimated, we have,
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parents:
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6834 Onely in the $eventeenth Experiment,
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parents:
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6835 taken notice, that by the help of our En-
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parents:
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6836 gine the Air may be conden$'d as well as
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parents:
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6837 rarified; yet there are divers other of our
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parents:
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6838 Experiments, who$e <I>Ph&aelig;nomena</I> it were
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parents:
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6839 <pb n=214>
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parents:
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6840 worth while to try to vary, by means of
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parents:
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6841 the compre$$ion of the Air.
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parents:
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6842 <p>WE taught, among divers other
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parents:
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6843 <MARG><I>Experi-
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parents:
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6844 ment</I> 28.</MARG>
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parents:
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6845 things, when we di$cour$'d of our
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parents:
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6846 fir$t Experiment, That the Air $hut up in
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parents:
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6847 our Receiver, pre$$eth as $trongly upon
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parents:
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6848 the Bodies $hut up with it, as if they
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parents:
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6849 were expo$'d to the pre$$ure of the whole
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parents:
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6850 Atmo$phere. That this was not incon-
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parents:
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6851 $iderately propounded, we hope Your
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parents:
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6852 Lord$hip has gather'd from divers of the
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parents:
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6853 things already recited: But yet perhaps it
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parents:
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6854 will not be ami$s to $ubjoyn, by way of
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parents:
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6855 further confirmation of the $ame truth, the
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parents:
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6856 following Experiment, which $hould have
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parents:
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6857 accompanied the 20<SUP>th</SUP>, but the Paper where
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parents:
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6858 in the one was written chanc'd not to beat
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parents:
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6859 hand, when the other was $ent away.
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parents:
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6860 <p>We convey'd into the Receiver a new
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parents:
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6861 Gla$s Viol, capable of holding about 6 or
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parents:
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6862 7 ounces of Water, into which we had
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parents:
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6863 before put 2 or 3 Spoon-fulls of that Li-
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parents:
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6864 quor, and $topt it clo$e with a fit Cork.
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parents:
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6865 The Pneumatical Ve$$el being empty'd,
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parents:
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6866 there appear'd not any change in the in-
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parents:
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6867 clo$'d Water, the Air impri$on'd with it,
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6868 not having the force to blow out the $top-
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parents:
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6869 <pb n=215>
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parents:
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6870 ple, which event, though it were no other
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parents:
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6871 then we expected, was differing from what
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6872 we de$ir'd. For we would gladly have $een
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6873 what change would have appear'd in the
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6874 Water upon the Bottles being $uddenly
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6875 un$topp'd, in a place where the ambient
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6876 Body was $o differing from our common
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6877 Air. Wherefore we did again put in the
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6878 Viol, but le$s $trongly clo$'d then for-
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6879 merly, though as $trongly $topt as $eem'd
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6880 requi$ite on ordinary occa$ions: But when
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6881 the Air was pump'd out of the Receiver,
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6882 that within the Viol did quickly, as we
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6883 expected, find or make it $elf little pa$$a-
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6884 ges to get out at: as we argu'd, from this,
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6885 That whereas when the Viol was put in
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6886 the time before, the Water remain'd all
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6887 the while perfectly free from bubbles; at
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6888 this time the bottom of the Gla$s ap-
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6889 pear'd all cover'd with them, and they,
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6890 upon the regre$s of the excluded Air into
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6891 the Receiver, did pre$ently flag and $hrink
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6892 up.
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6893 <p>From the$e tryals it $eem'd deducible
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6894 enough, that whil'$t the Viol continu'd
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6895 to be well $topt, the included Water
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6896 did, from the Air, $hut up with it,
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6897 $u$tain a pre$$ure equal to that of the
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6898 Atmo$phere; $ince till the Air could get
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6899 <pb n=216>
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6900 out of the Gla$s, there appear'd no bub-
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6901 bles in the Water, notwith$tanding the
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6902 want of pre$$ure in the ambient Body.
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6903 <p>But to be $ure to reach the chief end of
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6904 our Experiment, we made u$e of this o-
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6905 ther expedient: We cau$'d a convenient
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6906 quantity of Water to be put, and Her-
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6907 metically $hut up into a Gla$s Egge, to
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6908 who$e long Neck (which was purpo$ely
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6909 made of an unequal thickne$s) was fa-
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6910 $ten'd to one end of a $tring, who$e o-
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6911 ther end was ty'd to the Cover of our
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6912 Receiver, after the manner el$ewhere men-
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6913 tion'd already: Then the Egge being
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6914 convey'd into the Pneumatical Ve$$el,
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6915 and that being evacuated, we did, by
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6916 turning the bra$s Stopple formerly de-
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6917 $crib'd among$t the parts of our En-
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6918 gine, $o $horten the $tring as to break the
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6919 Gla$s; whereby liberty being given to
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6920 the Air impri$on'd in the Egge, to pa$s
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6921 into the capacity of the Receiver, the $ud-
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6922 den rece$s of the Air made the bubbles in
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6923 a trice appear $o numerous, and a$cend
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6924 $o $wiftly in the Water, that their motion
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6925 look'd like that of a violent $hower of
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6926 Rain; $ave that the bubbles did not, like
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6927 the drops of Rain, tend downwards, but
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6928 upwards, which made me re$emble this
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6929 <pb n=217>
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6930 <I>Ph&aelig;nomenon</I> to what I have $een happen
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6931 in the di$$olution of Seed-Pearl in $ome
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6932 acid <I>Men$truum,</I> in which, if a good quan-
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6933 tity of the little Pearls be ca$t whole, they
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6934 will at fir$t, if the <I>Men$truum</I> be $harp e-
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parents:
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6935 nough, be carryed in $warms from the
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6936 bottom to the top of the Liquor. We
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parents:
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6937 will adde, that without $ealing up the
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parents:
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6938 Gla$s, this Experiment may be try'd in
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parents:
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6939 one of our $malle$t Receivers, for there
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parents:
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6940 the ex$uction of the ambient Air may be
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parents:
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6941 perform'd $o nimbly, that immediately
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parents:
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6942 the bubbles lurking in the Water are al-
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parents:
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6943 low'd to di$play them$elves, and a$cend
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6944 in throngs; in$omuch, as having in $uch
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6945 a Receiver try'd the Experiment with
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parents:
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6946 Wine (as a more $pirituous Liquor) in-
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parents:
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6947 $tead of Water, the Red-Wine appear'd
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6948 all cover'd, with a copious, but vani$hing
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6949 white Froth, almo$t as if a Ve$$el full of
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parents:
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6950 bottl'd drink had been unwarily open'd.
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parents:
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6951 <p>IT may not a little conduce to the clear-
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parents:
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6952 <MARG><I>Experi-
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6953 ment</I> 29</MARG>
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6954 er explication of divers Points in the
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parents:
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6955 Doctrine of Meteors, and perhaps of
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parents:
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6956 $ome other Phy$iological difficulties, to
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parents:
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6957 di$cover what the Air does to the motion
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6958 of tho$e Steams or Exhalations that a$-
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6959 <pb n=218>
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6960 cend into it, namely, Whether they mount
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parents:
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6961 upwards by vertue of any $uch <I>po$itive le-
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parents:
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6962 vity</I> (as $ome Peripateticks $peak) ac-
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6963 quir'd together with their A&euml;rial nature,
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parents:
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6964 as inables them to pierce through part of
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parents:
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6965 the Atmo$phere, and over-come its re-
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6966 $i$tance. Or el$e, whether the$e $teams
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6967 being once rai$'d above the Earth by their
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6968 agitation, have their a$cent and $u$tenta-
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6969 tion aloft, rather promoted then hindred
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6970 by the Air: as the inferior parts of that,
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6971 being thicker and heavier then the $upe-
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6972 rior, the $teams can more ea$ily continue
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6973 for a while their agitation upwards then
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6974 downwards; And afterwards are by the
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diff changeset
6975 $ame fluidity and thickne$s of the Air,
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diff changeset
6976 carried to and fro in it, and kept from re-
22d6a63640c6 moved texts from SVN https://it-dev.mpiwg-berlin.mpg.de/svn/mpdl-project-content/trunk/texts/eXist/
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diff changeset
6977 lap$ing to the Earth, as in the Sea water
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6978 the $aline parts are kept from $ub$iding by
22d6a63640c6 moved texts from SVN https://it-dev.mpiwg-berlin.mpg.de/svn/mpdl-project-content/trunk/texts/eXist/
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6979 tho$e aqueous ones wherewith they are
22d6a63640c6 moved texts from SVN https://it-dev.mpiwg-berlin.mpg.de/svn/mpdl-project-content/trunk/texts/eXist/
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diff changeset
6980 a$$ociated.
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diff changeset
6981 <p>We hop'd to illu$trate this matter, by
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diff changeset
6982 ob$erving the motion of the $moke, pro-
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diff changeset
6983 ceeding from kindled or flaming Bodies in
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diff changeset
6984 our exhau$ted Receiver. But as we for-
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6985 merly noted, upon the ex$uction of the
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parents:
diff changeset
6986 Air, the $moking of tho$e Bodies pre-
22d6a63640c6 moved texts from SVN https://it-dev.mpiwg-berlin.mpg.de/svn/mpdl-project-content/trunk/texts/eXist/
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parents:
diff changeset
6987 $ently cea$'d. We had thoughts al$o of
22d6a63640c6 moved texts from SVN https://it-dev.mpiwg-berlin.mpg.de/svn/mpdl-project-content/trunk/texts/eXist/
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parents:
diff changeset
6988 conveying into our Pneumatical Gla$s a
22d6a63640c6 moved texts from SVN https://it-dev.mpiwg-berlin.mpg.de/svn/mpdl-project-content/trunk/texts/eXist/
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diff changeset
6989 <pb n=219>
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diff changeset
6990 hot Iron, with $ome Body ea$ie to be
22d6a63640c6 moved texts from SVN https://it-dev.mpiwg-berlin.mpg.de/svn/mpdl-project-content/trunk/texts/eXist/
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parents:
diff changeset
6991 di$$ipated into $moke $et upon it, but con-
22d6a63640c6 moved texts from SVN https://it-dev.mpiwg-berlin.mpg.de/svn/mpdl-project-content/trunk/texts/eXist/
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parents:
diff changeset
6992 $ider'd, that neither was that way free
22d6a63640c6 moved texts from SVN https://it-dev.mpiwg-berlin.mpg.de/svn/mpdl-project-content/trunk/texts/eXist/
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6993 from inconveniencies; e$pecially this, that
22d6a63640c6 moved texts from SVN https://it-dev.mpiwg-berlin.mpg.de/svn/mpdl-project-content/trunk/texts/eXist/
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parents:
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6994 the hot Body would make the Impri$on'd
22d6a63640c6 moved texts from SVN https://it-dev.mpiwg-berlin.mpg.de/svn/mpdl-project-content/trunk/texts/eXist/
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parents:
diff changeset
6995 Air circulate within the Receiver, and
22d6a63640c6 moved texts from SVN https://it-dev.mpiwg-berlin.mpg.de/svn/mpdl-project-content/trunk/texts/eXist/
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parents:
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6996 con$equently make it que$tionable whe-
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6997 ther the a$cent of the $teams would not
22d6a63640c6 moved texts from SVN https://it-dev.mpiwg-berlin.mpg.de/svn/mpdl-project-content/trunk/texts/eXist/
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6998 be due to the new and acquired motion of
22d6a63640c6 moved texts from SVN https://it-dev.mpiwg-berlin.mpg.de/svn/mpdl-project-content/trunk/texts/eXist/
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6999 the Air.
22d6a63640c6 moved texts from SVN https://it-dev.mpiwg-berlin.mpg.de/svn/mpdl-project-content/trunk/texts/eXist/
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parents:
diff changeset
7000 <p>Wherefore I bethought my $elf of an-
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parents:
diff changeset
7001 other way to $atisfie in $ome mea$ure my
22d6a63640c6 moved texts from SVN https://it-dev.mpiwg-berlin.mpg.de/svn/mpdl-project-content/trunk/texts/eXist/
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parents:
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7002 curio$ity, to wit, by means of a certain
22d6a63640c6 moved texts from SVN https://it-dev.mpiwg-berlin.mpg.de/svn/mpdl-project-content/trunk/texts/eXist/
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parents:
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7003 Liquor, which I call'd to minde that $ome
22d6a63640c6 moved texts from SVN https://it-dev.mpiwg-berlin.mpg.de/svn/mpdl-project-content/trunk/texts/eXist/
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parents:
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7004 years ago I had (for a de$ign that belongs
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7005 not to our pre$ent purpo$e) prepar'd;
22d6a63640c6 moved texts from SVN https://it-dev.mpiwg-berlin.mpg.de/svn/mpdl-project-content/trunk/texts/eXist/
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parents:
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7006 which, I $uppo$e, I $hew'd Your Lord-
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parents:
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7007 $hip, and which had the luck to be ta-
22d6a63640c6 moved texts from SVN https://it-dev.mpiwg-berlin.mpg.de/svn/mpdl-project-content/trunk/texts/eXist/
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parents:
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7008 ken notice of by divers very Ingenious
22d6a63640c6 moved texts from SVN https://it-dev.mpiwg-berlin.mpg.de/svn/mpdl-project-content/trunk/texts/eXist/
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parents:
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7009 and Famous Men. For this Liquor,
22d6a63640c6 moved texts from SVN https://it-dev.mpiwg-berlin.mpg.de/svn/mpdl-project-content/trunk/texts/eXist/
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parents:
diff changeset
7010 though mo$t of its Ingredients be Metals,
22d6a63640c6 moved texts from SVN https://it-dev.mpiwg-berlin.mpg.de/svn/mpdl-project-content/trunk/texts/eXist/
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parents:
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7011 and all of them ponderous enough, is yet
22d6a63640c6 moved texts from SVN https://it-dev.mpiwg-berlin.mpg.de/svn/mpdl-project-content/trunk/texts/eXist/
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parents:
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7012 of that nature, that whil$t the Viol where-
22d6a63640c6 moved texts from SVN https://it-dev.mpiwg-berlin.mpg.de/svn/mpdl-project-content/trunk/texts/eXist/
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parents:
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7013 in it is kept is $topt (how $light a Cover
22d6a63640c6 moved texts from SVN https://it-dev.mpiwg-berlin.mpg.de/svn/mpdl-project-content/trunk/texts/eXist/
casties
parents:
diff changeset
7014 $oever) both the Liquor and the Gla$s
22d6a63640c6 moved texts from SVN https://it-dev.mpiwg-berlin.mpg.de/svn/mpdl-project-content/trunk/texts/eXist/
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parents:
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7015 are tran$parent; and $o is that upper half
22d6a63640c6 moved texts from SVN https://it-dev.mpiwg-berlin.mpg.de/svn/mpdl-project-content/trunk/texts/eXist/
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parents:
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7016 of the Gla$s to which the Liquor reaches
22d6a63640c6 moved texts from SVN https://it-dev.mpiwg-berlin.mpg.de/svn/mpdl-project-content/trunk/texts/eXist/
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parents:
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7017 not. But a$$oon as ever the $topple is ta-
22d6a63640c6 moved texts from SVN https://it-dev.mpiwg-berlin.mpg.de/svn/mpdl-project-content/trunk/texts/eXist/
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parents:
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7018 ken out, and full acce$s is given to the ex-
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parents:
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7019 <pb n=220>
22d6a63640c6 moved texts from SVN https://it-dev.mpiwg-berlin.mpg.de/svn/mpdl-project-content/trunk/texts/eXist/
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parents:
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7020 ternal Air, both the inward part of the
22d6a63640c6 moved texts from SVN https://it-dev.mpiwg-berlin.mpg.de/svn/mpdl-project-content/trunk/texts/eXist/
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parents:
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7021 Cork, and the Liquor it $elf, do pre$ent-
22d6a63640c6 moved texts from SVN https://it-dev.mpiwg-berlin.mpg.de/svn/mpdl-project-content/trunk/texts/eXist/
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parents:
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7022 ly $end upwards, and $catter abroad a
22d6a63640c6 moved texts from SVN https://it-dev.mpiwg-berlin.mpg.de/svn/mpdl-project-content/trunk/texts/eXist/
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parents:
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7023 fume as thick and white, as if there were
22d6a63640c6 moved texts from SVN https://it-dev.mpiwg-berlin.mpg.de/svn/mpdl-project-content/trunk/texts/eXist/
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parents:
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7024 a quantity of Alabla$ter-du$t thrown up
22d6a63640c6 moved texts from SVN https://it-dev.mpiwg-berlin.mpg.de/svn/mpdl-project-content/trunk/texts/eXist/
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parents:
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7025 into the Air: And this $moking of the
22d6a63640c6 moved texts from SVN https://it-dev.mpiwg-berlin.mpg.de/svn/mpdl-project-content/trunk/texts/eXist/
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parents:
diff changeset
7026 Liquor la$ts till my unwillingne$s to wa$te
22d6a63640c6 moved texts from SVN https://it-dev.mpiwg-berlin.mpg.de/svn/mpdl-project-content/trunk/texts/eXist/
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parents:
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7027 it, invites me $top it again; and then the
22d6a63640c6 moved texts from SVN https://it-dev.mpiwg-berlin.mpg.de/svn/mpdl-project-content/trunk/texts/eXist/
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parents:
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7028 a$cen$ion of the fumes $uddenly cea$es, till
22d6a63640c6 moved texts from SVN https://it-dev.mpiwg-berlin.mpg.de/svn/mpdl-project-content/trunk/texts/eXist/
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parents:
diff changeset
7029 the Viol be again un$top'd.
22d6a63640c6 moved texts from SVN https://it-dev.mpiwg-berlin.mpg.de/svn/mpdl-project-content/trunk/texts/eXist/
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parents:
diff changeset
7030 <p>This fuming Liquor then I thought
22d6a63640c6 moved texts from SVN https://it-dev.mpiwg-berlin.mpg.de/svn/mpdl-project-content/trunk/texts/eXist/
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parents:
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7031 would much conduce to the di$covery I
22d6a63640c6 moved texts from SVN https://it-dev.mpiwg-berlin.mpg.de/svn/mpdl-project-content/trunk/texts/eXist/
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parents:
diff changeset
7032 de$ir'd to make, $ince it $av'd me the need
22d6a63640c6 moved texts from SVN https://it-dev.mpiwg-berlin.mpg.de/svn/mpdl-project-content/trunk/texts/eXist/
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parents:
diff changeset
7033 of conveying any hot Body with it into
22d6a63640c6 moved texts from SVN https://it-dev.mpiwg-berlin.mpg.de/svn/mpdl-project-content/trunk/texts/eXist/
casties
parents:
diff changeset
7034 the Receiver, and would not darken it
22d6a63640c6 moved texts from SVN https://it-dev.mpiwg-berlin.mpg.de/svn/mpdl-project-content/trunk/texts/eXist/
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parents:
diff changeset
7035 with fumes before the time. Wherefore
22d6a63640c6 moved texts from SVN https://it-dev.mpiwg-berlin.mpg.de/svn/mpdl-project-content/trunk/texts/eXist/
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parents:
diff changeset
7036 having ty'd to the Viol a great weight of
22d6a63640c6 moved texts from SVN https://it-dev.mpiwg-berlin.mpg.de/svn/mpdl-project-content/trunk/texts/eXist/
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parents:
diff changeset
7037 Lead, to keep it from being lifted up by
22d6a63640c6 moved texts from SVN https://it-dev.mpiwg-berlin.mpg.de/svn/mpdl-project-content/trunk/texts/eXist/
casties
parents:
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7038 the drawing out of the Cork; and having
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parents:
diff changeset
7039 ty'd to the $topple one end of a $tring, of
22d6a63640c6 moved texts from SVN https://it-dev.mpiwg-berlin.mpg.de/svn/mpdl-project-content/trunk/texts/eXist/
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parents:
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7040 which the other end was made fa$t to the
22d6a63640c6 moved texts from SVN https://it-dev.mpiwg-berlin.mpg.de/svn/mpdl-project-content/trunk/texts/eXist/
casties
parents:
diff changeset
7041 Cover of the Pneumatical Gla$s, the Li-
22d6a63640c6 moved texts from SVN https://it-dev.mpiwg-berlin.mpg.de/svn/mpdl-project-content/trunk/texts/eXist/
casties
parents:
diff changeset
7042 quor was carefully clo$'d up after the
22d6a63640c6 moved texts from SVN https://it-dev.mpiwg-berlin.mpg.de/svn/mpdl-project-content/trunk/texts/eXist/
casties
parents:
diff changeset
7043 wonted manner; then the Air being dili-
22d6a63640c6 moved texts from SVN https://it-dev.mpiwg-berlin.mpg.de/svn/mpdl-project-content/trunk/texts/eXist/
casties
parents:
diff changeset
7044 gently pump'd out, the Viol was un$topt
22d6a63640c6 moved texts from SVN https://it-dev.mpiwg-berlin.mpg.de/svn/mpdl-project-content/trunk/texts/eXist/
casties
parents:
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7045 in the empty'd Receiver: and though
22d6a63640c6 moved texts from SVN https://it-dev.mpiwg-berlin.mpg.de/svn/mpdl-project-content/trunk/texts/eXist/
casties
parents:
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7046 immediately, npon the drawing out of the
22d6a63640c6 moved texts from SVN https://it-dev.mpiwg-berlin.mpg.de/svn/mpdl-project-content/trunk/texts/eXist/
casties
parents:
diff changeset
7047 Cork, there appear'd to be as it were
22d6a63640c6 moved texts from SVN https://it-dev.mpiwg-berlin.mpg.de/svn/mpdl-project-content/trunk/texts/eXist/
casties
parents:
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7048 thrown up $ome white fumes, which
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casties
parents:
diff changeset
7049 <pb n=221>
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casties
parents:
diff changeset
7050 $eem'd to proceed from the Air before
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casties
parents:
diff changeset
7051 impri$on'd in the Viol, and diffu$ing it
22d6a63640c6 moved texts from SVN https://it-dev.mpiwg-berlin.mpg.de/svn/mpdl-project-content/trunk/texts/eXist/
casties
parents:
diff changeset
7052 $elf $uddenly into the capicity of the
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casties
parents:
diff changeset
7053 Receiver. Yet we afterward ob$erv'd,
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casties
parents:
diff changeset
7054 as we expected, That the fumes did not
22d6a63640c6 moved texts from SVN https://it-dev.mpiwg-berlin.mpg.de/svn/mpdl-project-content/trunk/texts/eXist/
casties
parents:
diff changeset
7055 mount and di$per$e them$elves as they
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casties
parents:
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7056 u$e to do in the open Air, but that, when
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casties
parents:
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7057 by rea$on of the agitation of the Cor-
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casties
parents:
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7058 pu$cles of the Liquor, which could not
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casties
parents:
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7059 continue their motion in $o narrow a
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casties
parents:
diff changeset
7060 $pace as the Viol afforded them, and were
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casties
parents:
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7061 therefore reduc'd to thru$t one another
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casties
parents:
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7062 out of it; when, I $ay, by the$e a$$i-
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casties
parents:
diff changeset
7063 $tances the fumes were a$cended to the lip
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casties
parents:
diff changeset
7064 of the Viol, they mounted no higher,
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casties
parents:
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7065 but ran down along the out-$ide of the
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casties
parents:
diff changeset
7066 Viol to the bottom of it; and thence
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casties
parents:
diff changeset
7067 along, a long and inclining piece of Lead,
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casties
parents:
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7068 on which the Viol re$ted, like a little
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casties
parents:
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7069 Stream (not very much bigger then a
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casties
parents:
diff changeset
7070 Swans Quill) who$e nature it $eemd to e-
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casties
parents:
diff changeset
7071 mulate $o well, that it quitted not the Viol
22d6a63640c6 moved texts from SVN https://it-dev.mpiwg-berlin.mpg.de/svn/mpdl-project-content/trunk/texts/eXist/
casties
parents:
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7072 till it was come to the bottom of it, and
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casties
parents:
diff changeset
7073 then for$ook it in $uch a manner as a
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casties
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diff changeset
7074 $tream of Water of the $ame bigne$s
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diff changeset
7075 would have done. And this $tream la$ted
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parents:
diff changeset
7076 a pretty while, and would probably have
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casties
parents:
diff changeset
7077 la$ted longer, but that being loath to wa$te
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diff changeset
7078 my Liquor, I let in at the Stop-cock a
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diff changeset
7079 <pb n=222>
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parents:
diff changeset
7080 pretty deal of the external Air; notwith-
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parents:
diff changeset
7081 $tanding which, finding after a while the
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parents:
diff changeset
7082 $tream did run afre$h; though, as it $eem'd,
22d6a63640c6 moved texts from SVN https://it-dev.mpiwg-berlin.mpg.de/svn/mpdl-project-content/trunk/texts/eXist/
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parents:
diff changeset
7083 not altogether $o copious as before: I let
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casties
parents:
diff changeset
7084 as much more Air, as would, come in, and
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parents:
diff changeset
7085 found ($omewhat to my wonder) that
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parents:
diff changeset
7086 though the $tream formerly mention'd
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casties
parents:
diff changeset
7087 di$-appear'd, yet there appear'd not any
22d6a63640c6 moved texts from SVN https://it-dev.mpiwg-berlin.mpg.de/svn/mpdl-project-content/trunk/texts/eXist/
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parents:
diff changeset
7088 white fumes to ari$e, either from the Cork,
22d6a63640c6 moved texts from SVN https://it-dev.mpiwg-berlin.mpg.de/svn/mpdl-project-content/trunk/texts/eXist/
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parents:
diff changeset
7089 or out of the Viol it $elf, no not when
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parents:
diff changeset
7090 the Cover was remov'd from the Recei-
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parents:
diff changeset
7091 ver; though not onely after a while there
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parents:
diff changeset
7092 a$cended white Fumes from the Receiver:
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parents:
diff changeset
7093 but having forthwith taken out the Viol
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parents:
diff changeset
7094 into the open Air, it emitted white ex-
22d6a63640c6 moved texts from SVN https://it-dev.mpiwg-berlin.mpg.de/svn/mpdl-project-content/trunk/texts/eXist/
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parents:
diff changeset
7095 halations as before; and having pre$ently
22d6a63640c6 moved texts from SVN https://it-dev.mpiwg-berlin.mpg.de/svn/mpdl-project-content/trunk/texts/eXist/
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parents:
diff changeset
7096 after un$top'd it in an open Window, we
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parents:
diff changeset
7097 found both it and the Cork immediatly
22d6a63640c6 moved texts from SVN https://it-dev.mpiwg-berlin.mpg.de/svn/mpdl-project-content/trunk/texts/eXist/
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parents:
diff changeset
7098 to $end forth a yet much more plentiful
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parents:
diff changeset
7099 $moak. Though it be now divers years
22d6a63640c6 moved texts from SVN https://it-dev.mpiwg-berlin.mpg.de/svn/mpdl-project-content/trunk/texts/eXist/
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parents:
diff changeset
7100 $ince this Numerical Liquor was prepa-
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parents:
diff changeset
7101 red, after the manner mention'd either
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parents:
diff changeset
7102 by <I>Carneiades</I> or <I>Eleutherius</I> (for I do not
22d6a63640c6 moved texts from SVN https://it-dev.mpiwg-berlin.mpg.de/svn/mpdl-project-content/trunk/texts/eXist/
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parents:
diff changeset
7103 well remember which) in tho$e Dialogues
22d6a63640c6 moved texts from SVN https://it-dev.mpiwg-berlin.mpg.de/svn/mpdl-project-content/trunk/texts/eXist/
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parents:
diff changeset
7104 concerning Heat and Flame that have a-
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parents:
diff changeset
7105 bove been mention'd.
22d6a63640c6 moved texts from SVN https://it-dev.mpiwg-berlin.mpg.de/svn/mpdl-project-content/trunk/texts/eXist/
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parents:
diff changeset
7106 <p>More Circum$tances concerning the$e
22d6a63640c6 moved texts from SVN https://it-dev.mpiwg-berlin.mpg.de/svn/mpdl-project-content/trunk/texts/eXist/
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parents:
diff changeset
7107 Fumes we might have ob$erv'd, had we
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parents:
diff changeset
7108 not been deterr'd by an Indi$po$ition in
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parents:
diff changeset
7109 <pb n=223>
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parents:
diff changeset
7110 point of health, from having much to do
22d6a63640c6 moved texts from SVN https://it-dev.mpiwg-berlin.mpg.de/svn/mpdl-project-content/trunk/texts/eXist/
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parents:
diff changeset
7111 with $teams of $o dangerous a nature, as by
22d6a63640c6 moved texts from SVN https://it-dev.mpiwg-berlin.mpg.de/svn/mpdl-project-content/trunk/texts/eXist/
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parents:
diff changeset
7112 that of the Ingredients of this Liquor
22d6a63640c6 moved texts from SVN https://it-dev.mpiwg-berlin.mpg.de/svn/mpdl-project-content/trunk/texts/eXist/
casties
parents:
diff changeset
7113 the$e $eem likely to be of.
22d6a63640c6 moved texts from SVN https://it-dev.mpiwg-berlin.mpg.de/svn/mpdl-project-content/trunk/texts/eXist/
casties
parents:
diff changeset
7114 <p>The Reflections that may be made up-
22d6a63640c6 moved texts from SVN https://it-dev.mpiwg-berlin.mpg.de/svn/mpdl-project-content/trunk/texts/eXist/
casties
parents:
diff changeset
7115 on this Experiment, we have not now the
22d6a63640c6 moved texts from SVN https://it-dev.mpiwg-berlin.mpg.de/svn/mpdl-project-content/trunk/texts/eXist/
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parents:
diff changeset
7116 lea$ure to pro$ecute, and therefore $hall
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parents:
diff changeset
7117 content our $elves to recommend the $e-
22d6a63640c6 moved texts from SVN https://it-dev.mpiwg-berlin.mpg.de/svn/mpdl-project-content/trunk/texts/eXist/
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parents:
diff changeset
7118 veral Circum$tances of it to Your Lord-
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parents:
diff changeset
7119 $hips $erious con$ideration; and to take
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parents:
diff changeset
7120 notice <I>(en pa$$ant)</I> that $teams in an am-
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parents:
diff changeset
7121 bient Body, or a medium thinner then
22d6a63640c6 moved texts from SVN https://it-dev.mpiwg-berlin.mpg.de/svn/mpdl-project-content/trunk/texts/eXist/
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parents:
diff changeset
7122 them$elves, may both tend downwards,
22d6a63640c6 moved texts from SVN https://it-dev.mpiwg-berlin.mpg.de/svn/mpdl-project-content/trunk/texts/eXist/
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parents:
diff changeset
7123 and otherwi$e emulate the nature of a
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parents:
diff changeset
7124 Liquor; which I therefore point at, that
22d6a63640c6 moved texts from SVN https://it-dev.mpiwg-berlin.mpg.de/svn/mpdl-project-content/trunk/texts/eXist/
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parents:
diff changeset
7125 it may appear the le$s $trange, if we $ome-
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parents:
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7126 times $peak of the Atmo$phere as of a
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parents:
diff changeset
7127 kinde of Liquor, in compari$on of that
22d6a63640c6 moved texts from SVN https://it-dev.mpiwg-berlin.mpg.de/svn/mpdl-project-content/trunk/texts/eXist/
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parents:
diff changeset
7128 more thin and $ubtle Cele$tial Matter that
22d6a63640c6 moved texts from SVN https://it-dev.mpiwg-berlin.mpg.de/svn/mpdl-project-content/trunk/texts/eXist/
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parents:
diff changeset
7129 $urrounds it.
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casties
parents:
diff changeset
7130 <p>And though it might perchance $uf-
22d6a63640c6 moved texts from SVN https://it-dev.mpiwg-berlin.mpg.de/svn/mpdl-project-content/trunk/texts/eXist/
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parents:
diff changeset
7131 fice to have on this occa$ion intima-
22d6a63640c6 moved texts from SVN https://it-dev.mpiwg-berlin.mpg.de/svn/mpdl-project-content/trunk/texts/eXist/
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parents:
diff changeset
7132 ted thus much; yet, le$t this way
22d6a63640c6 moved texts from SVN https://it-dev.mpiwg-berlin.mpg.de/svn/mpdl-project-content/trunk/texts/eXist/
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parents:
diff changeset
7133 of $peaking of the Atmo$phere $hould
22d6a63640c6 moved texts from SVN https://it-dev.mpiwg-berlin.mpg.de/svn/mpdl-project-content/trunk/texts/eXist/
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parents:
diff changeset
7134 be thought too bold and extra-
22d6a63640c6 moved texts from SVN https://it-dev.mpiwg-berlin.mpg.de/svn/mpdl-project-content/trunk/texts/eXist/
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parents:
diff changeset
7135 vagant, I am content to borrow an
22d6a63640c6 moved texts from SVN https://it-dev.mpiwg-berlin.mpg.de/svn/mpdl-project-content/trunk/texts/eXist/
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parents:
diff changeset
7136 Experiment of the Di$cour$e former-
22d6a63640c6 moved texts from SVN https://it-dev.mpiwg-berlin.mpg.de/svn/mpdl-project-content/trunk/texts/eXist/
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parents:
diff changeset
7137 <pb n=224>
22d6a63640c6 moved texts from SVN https://it-dev.mpiwg-berlin.mpg.de/svn/mpdl-project-content/trunk/texts/eXist/
casties
parents:
diff changeset
7138 ly mention'd (touching fluidity and firm-
22d6a63640c6 moved texts from SVN https://it-dev.mpiwg-berlin.mpg.de/svn/mpdl-project-content/trunk/texts/eXist/
casties
parents:
diff changeset
7139 ne$s) and $ubjoyn it here with alterations
22d6a63640c6 moved texts from SVN https://it-dev.mpiwg-berlin.mpg.de/svn/mpdl-project-content/trunk/texts/eXist/
casties
parents:
diff changeset
7140 $uitable to the contrivance of our Engine;
22d6a63640c6 moved texts from SVN https://it-dev.mpiwg-berlin.mpg.de/svn/mpdl-project-content/trunk/texts/eXist/
casties
parents:
diff changeset
7141 and this the rather, becau$e I hope it may
22d6a63640c6 moved texts from SVN https://it-dev.mpiwg-berlin.mpg.de/svn/mpdl-project-content/trunk/texts/eXist/
casties
parents:
diff changeset
7142 conduce to the di$covery of the nature of
22d6a63640c6 moved texts from SVN https://it-dev.mpiwg-berlin.mpg.de/svn/mpdl-project-content/trunk/texts/eXist/
casties
parents:
diff changeset
7143 the Atmo$phere: for which rea$on it
22d6a63640c6 moved texts from SVN https://it-dev.mpiwg-berlin.mpg.de/svn/mpdl-project-content/trunk/texts/eXist/
casties
parents:
diff changeset
7144 might have been annext to what has been
22d6a63640c6 moved texts from SVN https://it-dev.mpiwg-berlin.mpg.de/svn/mpdl-project-content/trunk/texts/eXist/
casties
parents:
diff changeset
7145 noted either upon the fir$t, or eighteenth
22d6a63640c6 moved texts from SVN https://it-dev.mpiwg-berlin.mpg.de/svn/mpdl-project-content/trunk/texts/eXist/
casties
parents:
diff changeset
7146 Experiment, but that when they were
22d6a63640c6 moved texts from SVN https://it-dev.mpiwg-berlin.mpg.de/svn/mpdl-project-content/trunk/texts/eXist/
casties
parents:
diff changeset
7147 written and $ent away, it came not into
22d6a63640c6 moved texts from SVN https://it-dev.mpiwg-berlin.mpg.de/svn/mpdl-project-content/trunk/texts/eXist/
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parents:
diff changeset
7148 my minde. The Experiment then as we
22d6a63640c6 moved texts from SVN https://it-dev.mpiwg-berlin.mpg.de/svn/mpdl-project-content/trunk/texts/eXist/
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parents:
diff changeset
7149 try'd in our Engine, was as follows.
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parents:
diff changeset
7150 <p>WE took one of the $mall Receivers,
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casties
parents:
diff changeset
7151 <MARG><I>Experi-
22d6a63640c6 moved texts from SVN https://it-dev.mpiwg-berlin.mpg.de/svn/mpdl-project-content/trunk/texts/eXist/
casties
parents:
diff changeset
7152 ment</I> 30.</MARG>
22d6a63640c6 moved texts from SVN https://it-dev.mpiwg-berlin.mpg.de/svn/mpdl-project-content/trunk/texts/eXist/
casties
parents:
diff changeset
7153 often mention'd already, and into it
22d6a63640c6 moved texts from SVN https://it-dev.mpiwg-berlin.mpg.de/svn/mpdl-project-content/trunk/texts/eXist/
casties
parents:
diff changeset
7154 we convey'd a piece of well lighted Match;
22d6a63640c6 moved texts from SVN https://it-dev.mpiwg-berlin.mpg.de/svn/mpdl-project-content/trunk/texts/eXist/
casties
parents:
diff changeset
7155 and letting it remain there till it had fill'd
22d6a63640c6 moved texts from SVN https://it-dev.mpiwg-berlin.mpg.de/svn/mpdl-project-content/trunk/texts/eXist/
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parents:
diff changeset
7156 the Receiver with $moak, we took it out
22d6a63640c6 moved texts from SVN https://it-dev.mpiwg-berlin.mpg.de/svn/mpdl-project-content/trunk/texts/eXist/
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parents:
diff changeset
7157 and ha$tily clo$'d again the Receiver, that
22d6a63640c6 moved texts from SVN https://it-dev.mpiwg-berlin.mpg.de/svn/mpdl-project-content/trunk/texts/eXist/
casties
parents:
diff changeset
7158 the $moak might not get away. Then
22d6a63640c6 moved texts from SVN https://it-dev.mpiwg-berlin.mpg.de/svn/mpdl-project-content/trunk/texts/eXist/
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parents:
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7159 $taying awhile to let the$e fumes lei$urely
22d6a63640c6 moved texts from SVN https://it-dev.mpiwg-berlin.mpg.de/svn/mpdl-project-content/trunk/texts/eXist/
casties
parents:
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7160 $ub$ide, we found, as we expected, that
22d6a63640c6 moved texts from SVN https://it-dev.mpiwg-berlin.mpg.de/svn/mpdl-project-content/trunk/texts/eXist/
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parents:
diff changeset
7161 after $ome time they $etled them$elves in
22d6a63640c6 moved texts from SVN https://it-dev.mpiwg-berlin.mpg.de/svn/mpdl-project-content/trunk/texts/eXist/
casties
parents:
diff changeset
7162 the lower half of the Receiver, in a dark-
22d6a63640c6 moved texts from SVN https://it-dev.mpiwg-berlin.mpg.de/svn/mpdl-project-content/trunk/texts/eXist/
casties
parents:
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7163 i$h Body, leaving the upper half of the
22d6a63640c6 moved texts from SVN https://it-dev.mpiwg-berlin.mpg.de/svn/mpdl-project-content/trunk/texts/eXist/
casties
parents:
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7164 Receiver tran$parent, and as to $ight, full
22d6a63640c6 moved texts from SVN https://it-dev.mpiwg-berlin.mpg.de/svn/mpdl-project-content/trunk/texts/eXist/
casties
parents:
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7165 of nought but clear Air. Now to mani-
22d6a63640c6 moved texts from SVN https://it-dev.mpiwg-berlin.mpg.de/svn/mpdl-project-content/trunk/texts/eXist/
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parents:
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7166 fe$t that this $moak thus $etled emulated
22d6a63640c6 moved texts from SVN https://it-dev.mpiwg-berlin.mpg.de/svn/mpdl-project-content/trunk/texts/eXist/
casties
parents:
diff changeset
7167 <pb n=225>
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casties
parents:
diff changeset
7168 a Liquor, we inclin'd the Engine that con-
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casties
parents:
diff changeset
7169 tain'd it, $ometimes to one $ide, and $ome-
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casties
parents:
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7170 times to the other; and ob$erv'd the
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casties
parents:
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7171 $moak to keep its $urface almo$t Hori-
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casties
parents:
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7172 zontal, notwith$tanding the $tooping of
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casties
parents:
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7173 the Ve$$el that held it, as Water or an-
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casties
parents:
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7174 other Liquor would in the like ca$e have
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casties
parents:
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7175 done. And if by a quicker rocking of the
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parents:
diff changeset
7176 Engine the $moke were more $wiftly $ha-
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parents:
diff changeset
7177 ken, it would, like Water, either Vibrate
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parents:
diff changeset
7178 to and fro from one $ide to the other of
22d6a63640c6 moved texts from SVN https://it-dev.mpiwg-berlin.mpg.de/svn/mpdl-project-content/trunk/texts/eXist/
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parents:
diff changeset
7179 the Gla$s, or el$e have its $urface manife$t-
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parents:
diff changeset
7180 ly curll'd with Waves, but pre$erve its
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parents:
diff changeset
7181 $elf in an intire and di$tinct Body from the
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parents:
diff changeset
7182 incumbent Air; and being permitted to
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parents:
diff changeset
7183 re$t awhile, would $oon recover its for-
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parents:
diff changeset
7184 mer $mooth and level <I>$uperficies:</I> If al$o
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parents:
diff changeset
7185 the Key were turn'd and the Valve un-
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parents:
diff changeset
7186 $topp'd, $o that there was a free, though
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parents:
diff changeset
7187 but a narrow pa$$age open'd betwixt the
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parents:
diff changeset
7188 external Air and the cavity of the Recei-
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parents:
diff changeset
7189 ver, then would $ome of this $moak fall
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parents:
diff changeset
7190 down, as it were, in a $tream into the $ub-
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parents:
diff changeset
7191 jacent Cylinder, and a proportionate
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parents:
diff changeset
7192 quantity of the outward Air, would ma-
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parents:
diff changeset
7193 nife$tly a$cend through it into the incum-
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parents:
diff changeset
7194 bent Air, much after the $ame manner as
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parents:
diff changeset
7195 if you invert a Viol with a long Neck, and
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parents:
diff changeset
7196 well fill'd with Red-Wine, into a Gla$s
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parents:
diff changeset
7197 <pb n=226>
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parents:
diff changeset
7198 full of fair water, you $hall $ee the Water
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parents:
diff changeset
7199 and Wine by degrees mingle with one an-
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parents:
diff changeset
7200 other; the one falling downe as it were in
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parents:
diff changeset
7201 little colour'd $treames, and the other a$-
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parents:
diff changeset
7202 cending into its room in the like curled
22d6a63640c6 moved texts from SVN https://it-dev.mpiwg-berlin.mpg.de/svn/mpdl-project-content/trunk/texts/eXist/
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parents:
diff changeset
7203 $treames, $ometimes preceded by round
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parents:
diff changeset
7204 parcels of water, which, by rea$on of their
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parents:
diff changeset
7205 tran$parency, looke almo$t like bubbles.
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parents:
diff changeset
7206 The other circum$tances of this Experi-
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parents:
diff changeset
7207 ment, belonging not all of them to our
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parents:
diff changeset
7208 pre$ent purpo$e, we $hall content our
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parents:
diff changeset
7209 $elves with taking notice of one which
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parents:
diff changeset
7210 $eemes the mo$t important, and may illu-
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parents:
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7211 $trate and confirme $ome things former-
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parents:
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7212 ly delivered. And it was, That if, when
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parents:
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7213 the <I>$uperficies</I> of our Smoke lay $mooth
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parents:
diff changeset
7214 and horizontal, a hot iron were held near
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parents:
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7215 the our $ide of the Receiver, the Neigh-
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parents:
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7216 bouring part of the included fumes (for
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parents:
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7217 the re$t did not very much alter their for-
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parents:
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7218 mer <I>$uperficies</I>) being rarified by the heat,
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parents:
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7219 would readily a$cend in a large Pillar of
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parents:
diff changeset
7220 $moke to the very top of the Receiver,
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parents:
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7221 yet without $eeming to loo$e a di$tinct
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parents:
diff changeset
7222 <I>$uperficies,</I> or to be confounded with Air;
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parents:
diff changeset
7223 below which, upon the rece$s of the ad-
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parents:
diff changeset
7224 ventitious heat that by agitating it im-
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parents:
diff changeset
7225 pell'd it upward, it would againe $ub-
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parents:
diff changeset
7226 $ide.
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casties
parents:
diff changeset
7227 <pb n=227>
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parents:
diff changeset
7228 <p>All which being added to the late Ex-
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casties
parents:
diff changeset
7229 periment of the $moking Liquor, and
22d6a63640c6 moved texts from SVN https://it-dev.mpiwg-berlin.mpg.de/svn/mpdl-project-content/trunk/texts/eXist/
casties
parents:
diff changeset
7230 to what may be from that which has been
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casties
parents:
diff changeset
7231 el$ewhere $ayd, gather'd to the $ame pur-
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casties
parents:
diff changeset
7232 po$e, will, I hope, keep it at lea$t from ap-
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parents:
diff changeset
7233 pearing ab$ur'd: If $ince we $ee that there
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parents:
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7234 is $o great an inequality in the den$ity and
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casties
parents:
diff changeset
7235 weight of Liquors, that water is neere 14
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casties
parents:
diff changeset
7236 times thinner or lighter than Quick-$ilver
22d6a63640c6 moved texts from SVN https://it-dev.mpiwg-berlin.mpg.de/svn/mpdl-project-content/trunk/texts/eXist/
casties
parents:
diff changeset
7237 of the $ame bulk, and well dephlegm'd;
22d6a63640c6 moved texts from SVN https://it-dev.mpiwg-berlin.mpg.de/svn/mpdl-project-content/trunk/texts/eXist/
casties
parents:
diff changeset
7238 Spirit of Wine yet much lighter than wa-
22d6a63640c6 moved texts from SVN https://it-dev.mpiwg-berlin.mpg.de/svn/mpdl-project-content/trunk/texts/eXist/
casties
parents:
diff changeset
7239 ter; we venter to $peak $ometimes of the
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casties
parents:
diff changeset
7240 Atmo$phere, as if it were a peculiar kind
22d6a63640c6 moved texts from SVN https://it-dev.mpiwg-berlin.mpg.de/svn/mpdl-project-content/trunk/texts/eXist/
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parents:
diff changeset
7241 of thin and halituous Liquor (if I may $o
22d6a63640c6 moved texts from SVN https://it-dev.mpiwg-berlin.mpg.de/svn/mpdl-project-content/trunk/texts/eXist/
casties
parents:
diff changeset
7242 call it) much lighter than Spirit of Wine.
22d6a63640c6 moved texts from SVN https://it-dev.mpiwg-berlin.mpg.de/svn/mpdl-project-content/trunk/texts/eXist/
casties
parents:
diff changeset
7243 <p>To the$e things I know not whether it
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parents:
diff changeset
7244 will be requi$ite to add, that as we late-
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casties
parents:
diff changeset
7245 ly took notice of con$picuous waves that
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parents:
diff changeset
7246 appear'd upon the <I>$uperficies</I> of our agi-
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parents:
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7247 tated $moke. So $ome $uch thing may
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parents:
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7248 not ab$urdly be conjectur'd to happen
22d6a63640c6 moved texts from SVN https://it-dev.mpiwg-berlin.mpg.de/svn/mpdl-project-content/trunk/texts/eXist/
casties
parents:
diff changeset
7249 on the <I>$uperficies</I> of the Atmo$phere,
22d6a63640c6 moved texts from SVN https://it-dev.mpiwg-berlin.mpg.de/svn/mpdl-project-content/trunk/texts/eXist/
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parents:
diff changeset
7250 by tho$e $trange ruggedne$$es that ap-
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casties
parents:
diff changeset
7251 peare (e$pecially in the Spring and Fall,
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casties
parents:
diff changeset
7252 when exhalations and vapours are wont to
22d6a63640c6 moved texts from SVN https://it-dev.mpiwg-berlin.mpg.de/svn/mpdl-project-content/trunk/texts/eXist/
casties
parents:
diff changeset
7253 a$cend mo$t plentifully) upon the Limb
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casties
parents:
diff changeset
7254 or Edge of the Ri$ing and Setting Sun. I
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casties
parents:
diff changeset
7255 $peake thus diffidently upon this occa$ion
22d6a63640c6 moved texts from SVN https://it-dev.mpiwg-berlin.mpg.de/svn/mpdl-project-content/trunk/texts/eXist/
casties
parents:
diff changeset
7256 becau$e I know that by the Fluctuation or
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casties
parents:
diff changeset
7257 <pb n=228>
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casties
parents:
diff changeset
7258 Boyling of the Sun's own <I>$uperficies</I> di-
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casties
parents:
diff changeset
7259 ver$e eminent Mathematicians have plau-
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casties
parents:
diff changeset
7260 $ibly enough (but how truly I leave
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casties
parents:
diff changeset
7261 your Lord$hip to Judge) endeavour'd to
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casties
parents:
diff changeset
7262 give an Account of it. But if we will joine
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casties
parents:
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7263 with tho$e that have a$crib'd of late this
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casties
parents:
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7264 <I>Ph&aelig;nomenon</I> to the Refraction the Sun-
22d6a63640c6 moved texts from SVN https://it-dev.mpiwg-berlin.mpg.de/svn/mpdl-project-content/trunk/texts/eXist/
casties
parents:
diff changeset
7265 Beames fuffer in our vapid Air; we may,
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casties
parents:
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7266 as hath been intimated, promote their Do-
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casties
parents:
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7267 ctrin by deducing from it, that probably
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casties
parents:
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7268 the $urface Atmo$phere is oftentimes (if
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casties
parents:
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7269 not alwayes) exceedingly curl'd or wav'd.
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casties
parents:
diff changeset
7270 And certainly it is $omewhat wonderfull
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casties
parents:
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7271 as well as very plea$ant to behold, how,
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casties
parents:
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7272 to him that looks upon the $etting Sun
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casties
parents:
diff changeset
7273 through a long &amp; excellent Tele$cope,
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casties
parents:
diff changeset
7274 there will not only appeare $trange ine-
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casties
parents:
diff changeset
7275 qualities in the edge of it (in$omuch that
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casties
parents:
diff changeset
7276 I have often $een it more indented than a
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casties
parents:
diff changeset
7277 Saw) but tho$e inequalities will vani$h in
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casties
parents:
diff changeset
7278 one place and pre$ently appeare in ano-
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casties
parents:
diff changeset
7279 ther, and $eem perfectly to move like
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casties
parents:
diff changeset
7280 waves $ucceeding and de$troying one an-
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parents:
diff changeset
7281 other; $ave that their Motion oftentimes
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casties
parents:
diff changeset
7282 $eemes to be quicke$t as if in that va$t $ea
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casties
parents:
diff changeset
7283 they were carried on by a current, or at
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casties
parents:
diff changeset
7284 lea$t by a tide. And this (as we el$e
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casties
parents:
diff changeset
7285 where note) appear's to the eye not on-
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casties
parents:
diff changeset
7286 ly when it looks directly through the te-
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casties
parents:
diff changeset
7287 <pb n=229>
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casties
parents:
diff changeset
7288 le$cope upon the $unne; but al$o when a
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casties
parents:
diff changeset
7289 large and well defin'd image of the $unne
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casties
parents:
diff changeset
7290 is by the $ame tele$cope brought into a
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casties
parents:
diff changeset
7291 roome and ca$t upon a $heet of white pa-
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casties
parents:
diff changeset
7292 per. But to in$i$t on this were to digre$s:
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casties
parents:
diff changeset
7293 and therefore I will proceed to experi-
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casties
parents:
diff changeset
7294 ments of another kind.
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casties
parents:
diff changeset
7295 <p>IT has been admir'd by very ingenious
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casties
parents:
diff changeset
7296 <MARG><I>Experi-
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casties
parents:
diff changeset
7297 ment</I> 31,</MARG>
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casties
parents:
diff changeset
7298 Men, that if the exqui$itly poli$h'd
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parents:
diff changeset
7299 $urfaces of two flat peeces of marble be $o
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casties
parents:
diff changeset
7300 congruous to each other that from their
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parents:
diff changeset
7301 mutuall application there will re$ult an
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parents:
diff changeset
7302 immediate contact, they will $tick $o fa$t
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parents:
diff changeset
7303 together, that he that lifts up the upper-
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casties
parents:
diff changeset
7304 mo$t, $hall, if the undermo$t be not ex-
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casties
parents:
diff changeset
7305 ceeding heavy, lift up that too, and $u$-
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casties
parents:
diff changeset
7306 taine it aloft in the free aire. A proba-
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casties
parents:
diff changeset
7307 ble cau$e of this $o clo$e adhe$ion we have
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parents:
diff changeset
7308 el$ewhere endeavour'd to deduce from the
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parents:
diff changeset
7309 unequall pre$$ure of the Air upon the un-
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parents:
diff changeset
7310 dermo$t $tone; For the lower <I>$uperficies</I>
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parents:
diff changeset
7311 of that $tone being freely expos'd to the
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parents:
diff changeset
7312 Air is pre$$'d upon by it, whereas the up-
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parents:
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7313 permo$t $urface, being contiguous to the
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casties
parents:
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7314 $uperiour $tone, is thereby defended from
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parents:
diff changeset
7315 the pre$$ure of the Air which con$equent-
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parents:
diff changeset
7316 ly pre$$ing the lower $tone again$t the up-
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casties
parents:
diff changeset
7317 <pb n=230>
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parents:
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7318 per, hinders it from falling, as we have
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parents:
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7319 el$ewhere more fully declar'd. Upon
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parents:
diff changeset
7320 the$e grounds we conjectur'd that in ca$e
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casties
parents:
diff changeset
7321 we could procure two marbles exactly
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casties
parents:
diff changeset
7322 ground to one another; and in ca$e we
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parents:
diff changeset
7323 could al$o $ufficiently evacuate our Re-
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casties
parents:
diff changeset
7324 ceiver, the lower $tone would, for want
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parents:
diff changeset
7325 of the wonted and $u$taining pre$$ure of
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parents:
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7326 the Air, fall from the upper. But the
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parents:
diff changeset
7327 further tryal of this Experiment we mu$t,
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parents:
diff changeset
7328 unle$s your Lord$hip think it worth Your
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casties
parents:
diff changeset
7329 making at <I>Paris,</I> put off till a fitter
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casties
parents:
diff changeset
7330 opportunity. For where we now are, we
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parents:
diff changeset
7331 cannot procure marbles $o exactly ground,
22d6a63640c6 moved texts from SVN https://it-dev.mpiwg-berlin.mpg.de/svn/mpdl-project-content/trunk/texts/eXist/
casties
parents:
diff changeset
7332 that they will $u$taine one another in the
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casties
parents:
diff changeset
7333 Air, above a minute or two, which is a
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casties
parents:
diff changeset
7334 much $horter time than the emptying of
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casties
parents:
diff changeset
7335 our Receiver requires. We did indeed
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casties
parents:
diff changeset
7336 try to make our marbles $tick clo$e to-
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casties
parents:
diff changeset
7337 gether by moi$tening their polli$hed $ur-
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casties
parents:
diff changeset
7338 faces with rectifi'd $pirit of Wine, in re-
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casties
parents:
diff changeset
7339 gard that Liquor by its $udden avolation
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casties
parents:
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7340 from marble, if powr'd thereon, without
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casties
parents:
diff changeset
7341 leaving it moi$t or le$s $mooth, $eem'd
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casties
parents:
diff changeset
7342 unable to $u$taine them together after the
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casties
parents:
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7343 manner of a glutinous body, and yet
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casties
parents:
diff changeset
7344 $eem'd $ufficient to exclude and keep out
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casties
parents:
diff changeset
7345 the Air. But this we try'd to little pur-
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casties
parents:
diff changeset
7346 po$e, for having convey'd into the Recei-
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casties
parents:
diff changeset
7347 <pb n=231>
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casties
parents:
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7348 ver two black $quare marbles (the one of
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casties
parents:
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7349 two inches and a third in length or
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casties
parents:
diff changeset
7350 breadth, and $omewhat more than halfe
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casties
parents:
diff changeset
7351 an inch in thickne$s: The other of the $ame
22d6a63640c6 moved texts from SVN https://it-dev.mpiwg-berlin.mpg.de/svn/mpdl-project-content/trunk/texts/eXist/
casties
parents:
diff changeset
7352 extent, but not much above halfe $o
22d6a63640c6 moved texts from SVN https://it-dev.mpiwg-berlin.mpg.de/svn/mpdl-project-content/trunk/texts/eXist/
casties
parents:
diff changeset
7353 thick) fa$ten'd together by the interven-
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casties
parents:
diff changeset
7354 tion of pure Spirit of Wine; and having
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casties
parents:
diff changeset
7355 $u$pended the thicker by a $tring from the
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casties
parents:
diff changeset
7356 cover, we found not that the ex$uction of
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casties
parents:
diff changeset
7357 the ambient Air would $eparate them,
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casties
parents:
diff changeset
7358 though a weight amounting to four oun-
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casties
parents:
diff changeset
7359 ces were fa$ten'd to the lowermo$t mar-
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casties
parents:
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7360 ble to facilitate it's falling off.
22d6a63640c6 moved texts from SVN https://it-dev.mpiwg-berlin.mpg.de/svn/mpdl-project-content/trunk/texts/eXist/
casties
parents:
diff changeset
7361 <p>I would gladly have the Experiment
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casties
parents:
diff changeset
7362 try'd with marble $o well polli$h't as to
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casties
parents:
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7363 need no Liquor what$oever to make them
22d6a63640c6 moved texts from SVN https://it-dev.mpiwg-berlin.mpg.de/svn/mpdl-project-content/trunk/texts/eXist/
casties
parents:
diff changeset
7364 cohere, and in a Ve$$el out of which the
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casties
parents:
diff changeset
7365 Air may be more perfectly drawn than it
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casties
parents:
diff changeset
7366 was out of ours. But in the mean time
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casties
parents:
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7367 though we will not determin whether the
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casties
parents:
diff changeset
7368 Spirit of wine did contribute to the $trong
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casties
parents:
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7369 cohe$ion of the$e $tones, otherwi$e than
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casties
parents:
diff changeset
7370 by keeping ev'n the $ubtl'$t parts of the
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casties
parents:
diff changeset
7371 Air from getting in between them, yet it
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casties
parents:
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7372 $eemed that the not falling downe of the
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casties
parents:
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7373 lowermo$t marble might without impro-
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casties
parents:
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7374 bability be a$crib'd to the pre$$ure of the
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casties
parents:
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7375 Air remaining in the Receiver; which as
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casties
parents:
diff changeset
7376 we formerly noted having been able
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diff changeset
7377 <pb n=232>
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parents:
diff changeset
7378 to keep a Cylinder of water of above
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parents:
diff changeset
7379 a Foot in height from falling to the bot-
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parents:
diff changeset
7380 tom of the Tube, may well enough be
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parents:
diff changeset
7381 $uppo$'d capable of keeping $o broad a flat
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parents:
diff changeset
7382 Marble from de$cending. And though this
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parents:
diff changeset
7383 may $eem a $trange proof of the $trength of
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parents:
diff changeset
7384 the $pring of Air, ev'n when rarified, yet it
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diff changeset
7385 will $carce $eem incredible to him that has
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7386 ob$erv'd how exceeding $trong a cohe$ion
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diff changeset
7387 may be made betwixt broad Bodies, one-
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7388 ly by their immediate touching one ano-
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diff changeset
7389 ther. A notable in$tance of which, I
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diff changeset
7390 have met with in this $hort Narrative of
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diff changeset
7391 <MARG><I>P. Nic.
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parents:
diff changeset
7392 Zucchius
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parents:
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7393 opal Schot:
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parents:
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7394 part</I> 1.
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diff changeset
7395 <*></MARG>
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diff changeset
7396 the Learned <I>Zucchius. Fuveni</I> ($ays he)
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diff changeset
7397 <I>lacertorum $uorum robur: jactanti propo-
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diff changeset
7398 $ita $emel e$t lamina &aelig;rea, per an$am in
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7399 medio extantem apprehen$am elevanda &egrave;
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7400 tabula marmorea, cui optime congruebat:
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7401 qui primo tanquam rem ludicr am puero
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7402 committendam contemp$it: tum in$tanti-
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diff changeset
7403 bus amicis manum utr&aacute;mque admovens,
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7404 cum luctatus diu h&aelig;rentem non removi$$et,
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diff changeset
7405 excu$avit impotentiam, objecta perigrini
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7406 &amp; potenti$simi glutinis interpo$itione, quo
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diff changeset
7407 forti$sime copulante nequiret divelli; do-
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diff changeset
7408 nec vidit ab alio per tabulam facilim&egrave; lami-
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diff changeset
7409 nam deduci, &amp; ad extrema product am, &amp;
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diff changeset
7410 actam in tran$ver$um in&agrave;e deportari.</I> But
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diff changeset
7411 that we may learn from our own Engine,
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diff changeset
7412 <pb n=233>
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parents:
diff changeset
7413 that two Bodies, though they touch each
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diff changeset
7414 other but in a $mall part of their $urfaces,
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parents:
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7415 may be made to cohere very $trongly,
22d6a63640c6 moved texts from SVN https://it-dev.mpiwg-berlin.mpg.de/svn/mpdl-project-content/trunk/texts/eXist/
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parents:
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7416 onely by this, That the Air pre$$es much
22d6a63640c6 moved texts from SVN https://it-dev.mpiwg-berlin.mpg.de/svn/mpdl-project-content/trunk/texts/eXist/
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parents:
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7417 more forcibly upon the inferior $uperfi-
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parents:
diff changeset
7418 cies of the lowermo$t Body, then upon
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diff changeset
7419 the upper $urface of the $ame: We will
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parents:
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7420 hereunto annex the following Experi-
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parents:
diff changeset
7421 ment, though out of the order wherein
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parents:
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7422 they were made.
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parents:
diff changeset
7423 <MARG><I>Experi-
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parents:
diff changeset
7424 ment</I> 32.</MARG>
22d6a63640c6 moved texts from SVN https://it-dev.mpiwg-berlin.mpg.de/svn/mpdl-project-content/trunk/texts/eXist/
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parents:
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7425 <p>I remember I have, in a Di$cour$e con-
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parents:
diff changeset
7426 cerning Fluidity and Firmne$s, made
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parents:
diff changeset
7427 mention of my having, by the ex$uction
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parents:
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7428 of the Air out of a Gla$s Ve$$el, made
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parents:
diff changeset
7429 that Ve$$el take up, or $uck up (to $peak in
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parents:
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7430 the common Language) a Body weighing
22d6a63640c6 moved texts from SVN https://it-dev.mpiwg-berlin.mpg.de/svn/mpdl-project-content/trunk/texts/eXist/
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parents:
diff changeset
7431 divers Ounces; but our Engine affording
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parents:
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7432 us the opportunity of making con$ider-
22d6a63640c6 moved texts from SVN https://it-dev.mpiwg-berlin.mpg.de/svn/mpdl-project-content/trunk/texts/eXist/
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parents:
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7433 abler Experiments of that kinde, We
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parents:
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7434 thought fit to make a further tryal of the
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parents:
diff changeset
7435 force of the Atmo$phere's pre$$ure up-
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parents:
diff changeset
7436 wards, after the following manner.
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casties
parents:
diff changeset
7437 <p>The Receiver having been exqui$itely
22d6a63640c6 moved texts from SVN https://it-dev.mpiwg-berlin.mpg.de/svn/mpdl-project-content/trunk/texts/eXist/
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parents:
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7438 clo$'d, as we have often taught already,
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parents:
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7439 and the Air being in a good mea$ure drawn
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parents:
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7440 out of it, it was remov'd from off the
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parents:
diff changeset
7441 Pump: and to the lower Branch of the
22d6a63640c6 moved texts from SVN https://it-dev.mpiwg-berlin.mpg.de/svn/mpdl-project-content/trunk/texts/eXist/
casties
parents:
diff changeset
7442 <pb n=234>
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casties
parents:
diff changeset
7443 Stop-cock, there was $peedily apply'd a
22d6a63640c6 moved texts from SVN https://it-dev.mpiwg-berlin.mpg.de/svn/mpdl-project-content/trunk/texts/eXist/
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parents:
diff changeset
7444 tapering Valve of bra$s, $uch as is de$crib'd
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parents:
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7445 in the 9<SUP>th</SUP> fig: made fit to go with its nar-
22d6a63640c6 moved texts from SVN https://it-dev.mpiwg-berlin.mpg.de/svn/mpdl-project-content/trunk/texts/eXist/
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parents:
diff changeset
7446 rower end into the cavity of the branch,
22d6a63640c6 moved texts from SVN https://it-dev.mpiwg-berlin.mpg.de/svn/mpdl-project-content/trunk/texts/eXist/
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parents:
diff changeset
7447 and to fill the orifice of that cavity with
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parents:
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7448 its broader part. And that the Air might
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parents:
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7449 not get in at the litle intervals, left here
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parents:
diff changeset
7450 and there between the convex $urface of
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parents:
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7451 the $topple and the internall edge of the
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parents:
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7452 branch, tho$e intervals were $top't with
22d6a63640c6 moved texts from SVN https://it-dev.mpiwg-berlin.mpg.de/svn/mpdl-project-content/trunk/texts/eXist/
casties
parents:
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7453 a little Diachylon. And to the doore,
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parents:
diff changeset
7454 or, (if you plea$e) that part of the Valve
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parents:
diff changeset
7455 which was to move to and fro, and in
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parents:
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7456 this Experiment hung perpendicular to
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parents:
diff changeset
7457 the Horizon, there was, at a button of
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parents:
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7458 bra$s belonging to the Valve fa$ten'd a
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casties
parents:
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7459 broad $cale wherein weights were to be
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casties
parents:
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7460 put. This done the key of the Stop-cock
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parents:
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7461 was turn'd, and the externall Air beating
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casties
parents:
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7462 like a forcible $treame upon the Valve
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casties
parents:
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7463 to get in there, it did $uddenly both $hut
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casties
parents:
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7464 the Valve and keep it $hut $o $trongly,
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parents:
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7465 that we had time to ca$t in diver$e weights
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casties
parents:
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7466 one after another into the Scale; till at
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casties
parents:
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7467 length the weight overpowering the pre$-
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parents:
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7468 $ure of the Atmo$phere, drew downe the
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casties
parents:
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7469 Valve by the $tringes that ty'd the Scale
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casties
parents:
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7470 to it, and gave liberty to the outward Air
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casties
parents:
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7471 to ru$h into the Receiver. Though a-
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casties
parents:
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7472 <pb n=235>
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casties
parents:
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7473 nother time, when the Valve had but lit-
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casties
parents:
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7474 tle weight hanging at it, being, by I know
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casties
parents:
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7475 not what accident, drawn down beneath its
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casties
parents:
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7476 former place, it was by the impetuous
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casties
parents:
diff changeset
7477 current of the outward Air $uddenly im-
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7478 pell'd up into it again, and kept there.
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7479 But in the former Experiment it is re-
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7480 markable, That though the Receiver were
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7481 not well exhau$ted, and though it leak'd
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7482 whil'$t the re$t of the Experiment was in
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parents:
diff changeset
7483 pro$ecution, and though the Valve
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7484 whereon the Cylinder of the Atmo$phere
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7485 could pre$s, were not above an Inch and
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7486 a half in Diameter, yet the weight kept
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7487 up by $uction, or rather $upported by the
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7488 Air, namely the Valve, the Seal and
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7489 what was ca$t into it, being $ent to be
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7490 weigh'd, amounted to about ten of our
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7491 common Pounds, con$i$ting of $ixteen
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7492 Ounces apiece: So that we doubted not
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7493 but that, had the Experiment been made
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7494 with favorable Circum$tances, the Air
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7495 endeavoring to pre$s in at the Orifice of
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7496 the Stop-cock, would have kept a very
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7497 much greater weight from falling out of
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7498 it; I $ay the Air, becau$e we found, by
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7499 tryal purpo$ely made, that neither the
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7500 imperfect contact of the Valve and the
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7501 Stop-cock, nor the Diachylon that was
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7502 <pb n=236>
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7503 employ'd to fill up the little Crannies left
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7504 betwixt them, were con$iderable in this
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7505 Experiment; by which may among other
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7506 things appear, that I did not without
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7507 cau$e in the above-nam'd Di$cour$e touch-
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7508 ing Fluidity and Firmne$s, a$cribe a great
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7509 force, ev'n to $uch Pillars of Air as may
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7510 be $uppo$'d to begin at the top of the
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7511 Atmo$phere, and recoyling from the
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7512 ground to terminate on the Bodies on
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7513 which they pre$s: $ince in the pre$ent Ex-
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7514 periment $uch a weight was $upported by
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7515 $o $lender a Cylinder of Air, rebounding
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7516 from the Earth to the Valve whereon it
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7517 did bear.
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7518 <p>BUt in regard we have not yet been
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7519 <MARG><I>Experi-
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diff changeset
7520 ment</I> 33.</MARG>
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7521 able to empty $o great a Ve$$el as our
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7522 Receiver, $o well as we can the Cylinder
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7523 it $elf; our Pump alone may afford us a
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7524 nobler in$tance of the fotce of the Air we
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7525 live in, in$omuch, that by help of this
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7526 part of our Engine, we may give a pretty
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7527 near ghe$s at the $trength of the Atmo-
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7528 $phere, computed as a weight. And the
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7529 way may be this; Fir$t, the Sucker be-
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7530 ing brought to move ea$ily up and down
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7531 the Cylinder, is to be impell'd to the top
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7532 <pb n=237>
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parents:
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7533 of it: Then the Receiver mu$t be taken
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7534 off from the Pump, that the upper Ori-
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parents:
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7535 fice of the Cylinder remaining open, the
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parents:
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7536 Air may freely $ucceed the Sucker, and
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7537 therefore readily yield to its motion
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7538 downward. This done, there mu$t be
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7539 fa$ten'd to one of the Iron Teeth of the
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parents:
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7540 Sucker, $uch a weight as may ju$t $uffice
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parents:
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7541 to draw it to the bottom of the Cylinder.
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7542 And having thus examin'd what weight is
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parents:
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7543 nece$$ary to draw down the Sucker, when
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7544 the Atmo$phere makes no other then the
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7545 ordinary re$i$tance of the Air again$t its
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7546 de$cent; the Sucker mu$t be again forc'd
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7547 to the top of the Cylinder, who$e upper
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parents:
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7548 Orifice mu$t now be exactly clo$ed; and
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parents:
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7549 then (the fir$t weight remaining) we ea$i-
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7550 ly may, by hanging a Scale to the above-
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parents:
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7551 mention'd Iron (that makes part of the
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parents:
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7552 Sucker) ca$t in known weights $o long,
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parents:
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7553 till in $pight of the reluctancy of the At-
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7554 mo$phere the Sucker be drawn down. For
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parents:
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7555 to the$e weights in the Scale, that of the
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parents:
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7556 Scale it $elf being added, the $um will give
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parents:
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7557 us the weight of a Column of Air, equal
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parents:
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7558 in Diameter to the Sucker, or to the ca-
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parents:
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7559 vity of the Cylinder; and in length to
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parents:
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7560 the heighth of the Atmo$phere.
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parents:
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7561 <p>According to this method we did, $ince
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parents:
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7562 <pb n=238>
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parents:
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7563 the writing of the la$t Experiment, at-
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parents:
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7564 tempt to mea$ure the pre$$ure of the At-
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parents:
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7565 mo$phere, but found it more difficult then
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parents:
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7566 we expected, to perform it with any ac-
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parents:
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7567 curatene$s; for though by the help of the
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parents:
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7568 <I>Manubrium</I> the Sucker moved up and
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parents:
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7569 down with $o much ea$e, that one would
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7570 have thought that both its convex $urface,
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7571 and the concave one of the Cylinder were
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7572 exqui$itely $mooth, &amp; as it were $lippery;
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parents:
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7573 yet when the Sucker came to be moved
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7574 onely with a dead weight or pre$$ure (that
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7575 was not (like the force of him that
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7576 pump'd) intended as occa$ion required)
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parents:
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7577 we found that the little rufne$$es, or other
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parents:
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7578 inequalities, and perhaps too, the unequal
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diff changeset
7579 pre$$ure of the Leather again$t the cavity
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diff changeset
7580 of the Cylinder, were able now and then
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diff changeset
7581 to put a $top to the de$cent or a$cent of
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parents:
diff changeset
7582 the Sucker, though a very little external
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parents:
diff changeset
7583 help would ea$ily $urmount that impedi-
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parents:
diff changeset
7584 ment; and then the Sucker would, for a
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parents:
diff changeset
7585 while, continue its formerly interrupted
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parents:
diff changeset
7586 motion, though that a$$i$tance were with-
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parents:
diff changeset
7587 drawn. But this di$couragement did not
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parents:
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7588 deterre us from pro$ecuting our Experi-
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parents:
diff changeset
7589 ment, and endeavoring, by a careful trial,
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parents:
diff changeset
7590 to make it as in$tructive as we could.
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parents:
diff changeset
7591 We found then that a Leaden Weight,
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casties
parents:
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7592 <pb n=239>
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parents:
diff changeset
7593 of 28 pounds (each con$i$ting of $ixteen
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parents:
diff changeset
7594 Ounces) being fa$tned to one of the teeth
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parents:
diff changeset
7595 of the Sucker, drew it down $lowly e-
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parents:
diff changeset
7596 nough; when the upper Orifice of the
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parents:
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7597 Cylinder was left open, though by the
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parents:
diff changeset
7598 help of Oyl and Water, and by the fre-
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parents:
diff changeset
7599 quent moving the Sucker up and down
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parents:
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7600 with the <I>Manubrium,</I> its motion in the
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parents:
diff changeset
7601 Cylinder had been before purpo$ely faci-
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parents:
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7602 litated. This done, the upper Orifice of
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parents:
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7603 the Cylinder was very carefully and clo$e-
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parents:
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7604 ly $topp'd, the Valve being likewi$e $hut
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7605 with its wonted Stopple well oyl'd, af-
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parents:
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7606 ter the Sucker had been again impell'd
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7607 up to the top of the Cylinder. Then to
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parents:
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7608 the precedent twenty eight pound, we
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parents:
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7609 added a hundred and twelve pounds more,
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parents:
diff changeset
7610 which forcing down the Sucker, though
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parents:
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7611 but lei$urely, we took off the twenty
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parents:
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7612 eight pound weight; and being unable to
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parents:
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7613 procure ju$t $uch weights as we would
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7614 have had, we hung on, in$tead of it, one
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7615 of fourteen pound, but found that, with
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7616 the re$t, unable to carry down the Sucker.
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7617 And to $atisfie our $elves, and the Spe-
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7618 ctators, that it was the re$i$tance of the
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7619 ambient Air that hinder'd the de$cent of
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7620 $o great a weight, after that we had try'd
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parents:
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7621 that upon un$topping the Valve, and
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parents:
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7622 <pb n=240>
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parents:
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7623 thereby opening an acce$s to the external
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parents:
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7624 Air, the Sucker would be immediately
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parents:
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7625 drawn down: After this, I $ay, we made
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parents:
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7626 this further Experiment, That having by
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parents:
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7627 a Man's $trength forcibly depre$$'d the
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parents:
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7628 Sucker to the bottom of the Cylinder,
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parents:
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7629 and then fa$tned weights to the above-
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parents:
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7630 named Iron that makes part of that Suc-
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parents:
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7631 ker, the pre$$ure of the external Air find-
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parents:
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7632 ing little or nothing in the cavity of the
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parents:
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7633 evacuated Cylinder to re$i$t it, did pre-
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parents:
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7634 $ently begin to impell the Sucker, with
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parents:
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7635 the weights that clogg'd it, towards the
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parents:
diff changeset
7636 upper part of the Cylinder, till $ome
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parents:
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7637 $uch accidental Impediment as we former-
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parents:
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7638 ly mention'd, check'd its cour$e; and
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parents:
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7639 when that rub, which ea$ily might be, was
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parents:
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7640 taken out of the way, it would continue
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parents:
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7641 its a$cent to the top, to the no $mall won-
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parents:
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7642 der of tho$e By $tanders, that could not
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parents:
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7643 comprehend how $uch a weight could a$-
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parents:
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7644 cend, as it were, of it $elf; that is, with-
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parents:
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7645 out any vi$ible force, or $o much as Su-
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parents:
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7646 ction to lift it up. And indeed it is very
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parents:
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7647 con$iderable, that though po$$ibly there
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parents:
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7648 might remain $ome particles of Air in the
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parents:
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7649 Cylinder, after the drawing down of the
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parents:
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7650 Sucker; yet the pre$$ure of a Cylinder of
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parents:
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7651 the Atmo$phere, $omewhat le$s then
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parents:
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7652 <pb n=241>
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parents:
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7653 three Inches in Diameter (for, as it was
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parents:
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7654 $aid in the de$cription of our Engine, the
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parents:
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7655 cavity of the Cylinder was no broader)
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parents:
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7656 was able, uncompre$$'d, not only to $u$tain,
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parents:
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7657 but even to drive up a weight of an hun-
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parents:
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7658 dred and odde pounds: for be$ides the
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parents:
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7659 weight of the whole Sucker it $elf, which
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casties
parents:
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7660 amounts to $ome pounds, the weights an-
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parents:
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7661 nexed to it made up a hundred and three
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parents:
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7662 pounds, be$ides an Iron Bar, that by con-
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parents:
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7663 jecture weighed two pounds more; and
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parents:
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7664 yet all the$e together fall $omewhat $hort
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parents:
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7665 of the weight which we lately mention'd,
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parents:
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7666 the re$i$tance of the Air to have held $u-
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parents:
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7667 $pended in the cavity of the Cylinder.
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parents:
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7668 <p>And though (as hath been already ac-
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parents:
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7669 knowledg'd) we cannot, peradventure,
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casties
parents:
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7670 obtain by the recited means $o exact an
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casties
parents:
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7671 account as were to be wi$h'd, of what we
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parents:
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7672 would di$cover: Yet, if it $erve us to
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casties
parents:
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7673 ground Conjectures more approaching to
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casties
parents:
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7674 the Truth, then we have hitherto met
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casties
parents:
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7675 with, I hope it will be con$ider'd (which
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parents:
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7676 a famous Poet judiciou$ly $ays)
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casties
parents:
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7677 <C><I>E$t quoddam prodire tenus, $i non da-
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casties
parents:
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7678 tur ultra.</I></C>
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casties
parents:
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7679 <p>Peradventure it will not be imperti-
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7680 <pb n=242>
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diff changeset
7681 nent to annex to the other Circum$tances
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diff changeset
7682 that have been already $ee down concern-
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diff changeset
7683 ing this Experiment, That it was made in
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diff changeset
7684 Winter, in Weather neither Fro$ty nor
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diff changeset
7685 Rainy, about the change of the Moon,
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diff changeset
7686 and at a place who$e latitude is near about
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7687 51<SUP>d</SUP> and a half: For perhaps the force or
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diff changeset
7688 pre$$ure of the Air may vary, according
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diff changeset
7689 to the Sea$ons of the Year, the tempera-
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diff changeset
7690 ture of the Weather, the elevation of the
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diff changeset
7691 Pole, or the pha$es of the Moon; all, or
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7692 even any of them $eeming capable to al-
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diff changeset
7693 ter either the heighth or con$i$tence of the
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7694 incumbent Atmo$phere: And therefore
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7695 it would not be ami$s if this Experiment
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7696 were carefully tryd at $everal times and
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parents:
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7697 places, with variety of Circum$tances. It
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7698 might al$o be try'd with Cylinders of $e-
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7699 veral Diameters, exqui$itely fitted with
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7700 Suckers, that we might know what pro-
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7701 portion $everal Pillars of the Atmo$phere
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7702 bear, to the Weights they are able to $u-
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diff changeset
7703 $tain or lift up; and con$equently, whe-
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7704 ther the increa$e or decrement of the re-
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7705 $i$tance of the ambient Air, can be re-
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7706 duc'd to any regular proportion to the
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parents:
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7707 Diameters of the Suckers: The$e, and
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7708 divers other $uch things which may be
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parents:
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7709 try'd with this Cylinder, might mo$t of
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parents:
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7710 <pb n=243>
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7711 them bemore exactly try'd by the To<*>-
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7712 cellian Experiment, if we could get Tubes
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7713 $o accurately blown and drawn, that the
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7714 Cavity were perfectly Cylindrical.
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7715 <p>To dwell upon all the $everal Refle-
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7716 ctions, that a $peculative Wit might
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7717 make upon this and the foregoing Expe-
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7718 riment: (I mean the thirty third and thir-
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7719 ty $econd, would require almo$t a Vo-
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7720 lume, whereas our occa$ions will $carce
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7721 allow us time to touch upon three or
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parents:
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7722 four of the chief Inferences that $eem de-
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7723 ducible from them, and therefore we $hall
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7724 content our $elves to point at tho$e
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parents:
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7725 few.
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parents:
diff changeset
7726 <p>And fir$t, as many other <I>Ph&aelig;nomena</I>
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7727 of our Engine, $o e$pecially, the two
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parents:
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7728 lately mention'd Experiments, $eem ve-
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parents:
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7729 ry much to call in que$tion the receiv'd
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parents:
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7730 Opinion of the Nature or Cau$e of Su-
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parents:
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7731 ction. For 'tis true indeed, that when men
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parents:
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7732 $uck, they commonly u$e $ome manife$t
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parents:
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7733 endeavour by a peculiar motion of their
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parents:
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7734 Mouthes, Che$ts, and $ome other con$pi-
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parents:
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7735 ring parts, to convey to them the body
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parents:
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7736 to be $uckt in. And hence perhaps they
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parents:
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7737 have taken occa$ion, to think that in all
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parents:
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7738 <pb n=244>
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parents:
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7739 Suction there mu$t be $ome Endeavour
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parents:
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7740 or motion in the $ucking to attract the
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parents:
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7741 $ucked Body. But in our la$t Experi-
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parents:
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7742 ment it appeares not at all how the up-
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parents:
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7743 per part of the empty'd Cylinder that re-
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parents:
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7744 maines movele$s all the while, or any
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parents:
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7745 part of it, does at all endeavour to draw
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parents:
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7746 to it the depre$$ed Sucker and the an-
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parents:
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7747 nex'd weights. And yet tho$e that be-
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parents:
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7748 hold the a$cention of the Sucker, without
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parents:
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7749 $eriou$ly con$idering the cau$e of it, doe
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parents:
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7750 readily conclude it to be ray$'d by $ome-
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parents:
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7751 thing that powerfully Sucks or attracts
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casties
parents:
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7752 it, though they $ee not what that may
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parents:
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7753 be or where it lurks. So that it $eemes
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parents:
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7754 not ab$olutely nece$$ary to Suction, that
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parents:
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7755 there be in the Body, which is $aid to $uck,
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parents:
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7756 an endeavor or motion in order thereun-
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parents:
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7757 to, but rather that Suction may be at lea$t
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parents:
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7758 for the mo$t part reduc'd to Pul$ion, and
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parents:
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7759 its effects a$crib'd to $uch a pre$$ure of
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parents:
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7760 the neighboring air upon tho$e Bodies
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casties
parents:
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7761 (whther a&euml;rial, or of other Natures) that
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parents:
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7762 are contiguous to the Body that is $ayd to
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parents:
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7763 attract them, as is $tronger than that Sub-
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casties
parents:
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7764 $tance which po$$e$$es the cavity of that
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casties
parents:
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7765 $ucking Body is able to re$i$t. To ob-
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casties
parents:
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7766 ject here, that it was $ome particles of
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casties
parents:
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7767 Air remaining in the empty'd Cylin-
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casties
parents:
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7768 <pb n=245>
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casties
parents:
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7769 der that attracted this weight to obviate
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casties
parents:
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7770 a <I>Vacuum,</I> will $carce be $atisfactory; un-
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casties
parents:
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7771 le$s it can be cleerly made out by what li-
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casties
parents:
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7772 tle hooks, or other grappling In$truments,
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casties
parents:
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7773 the internal Air could take hold of the
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casties
parents:
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7774 Sucker; how $o litle of it obtain'd the
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casties
parents:
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7775 force to lift up $o great a weight; and why
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casties
parents:
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7776 al$o, upon the letting in of a litle more
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casties
parents:
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7777 Air into one of our evacuated Ve$-
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casties
parents:
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7778 $els, the attraction is, in$tead of being
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casties
parents:
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7779 $trengthen'd, much weaken'd, though,
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casties
parents:
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7780 if there were danger of a <I>Vacuum</I> be-
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7781 fore, it would remain, notwith$tanding
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7782 this ingre$s of a little Air. For that $till
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7783 there remain'd in the capacity of the ex-
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7784 hau$ted Cylinder $tore of little rooms,
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7785 or $paces empty or devoid of Air, may
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7786 appear by the great violence wherewith
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7787 the air ru$hes in, if any way be open'd to it.
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7788 And that 'tis not $o much the decrement
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7789 of the <I>Vacuum</I> within the cavity of the
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7790 ve$$el that debilitates the attraction, as the
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7791 $pring of the included air (who$e pre$ence
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7792 makes the decrement) that does it by
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7793 re$i$ting the pre$$ure of the external Air,
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7794 $eems probable, partly from the Di$abi-
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7795 lity of vacuities, whether greater or le$$er,
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7796 to re$i$t the pre$$ure of the Air; and part-
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7797 ly by $ome of the <I>Ph&aelig;nomena</I> of our Ex-
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7798 <pb n=246>
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7799 periments, and particularly by this Cir-
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7800 cum$tance of the three and Thirtieth,
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7801 that the Sucker was by the pre$$ure of the
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7802 Ambient Air impell'd upwards, with its
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7803 weight hanging at it, not only when it
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7804 was at the bottome of the Cylinder, and
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7805 con$equently left a great <I>Vacuum</I> in the
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7806 cavity of it; but when the Sucker had
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7807 been already impel'd almo$t to the top of
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7808 the Cylinder, and con$equently, when the
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7809 <I>Vacuum</I> that remain'd was become very
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7810 litle in compari$on of that which preceded
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7811 the beginning of the Sucker's a$cention.
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parents:
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7812 <p>In the next place, the$e Experiments
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7813 may teach us, what to judge of the vul-
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7814 gar Axiom receiv'd for $o many Ages
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7815 as an undoubted Truth in the Peripate-
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7816 tick Schools; That Nature abhorres
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7817 and flys a <I>Vacuum,</I> and that to $uch a de-
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7818 gree, that no humane power (to go no
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7819 higher) is able to make one in the Uni-
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parents:
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7820 ver$e; wherein Heaven and Earth would
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7821 change places, and all its other Bodyes
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7822 rather act contrary to their own Nature,
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7823 than $uffer it. For, if by a <I>Vacuum</I> we
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7824 will under$tand a place perfectly devoid
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7825 of all corporeal Sub$tance, it may be in-
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parents:
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7826 deed then, as we formerly noted be plau-
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parents:
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7827 $ibly enough maintain'd, that there is
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parents:
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7828 <pb n=247>
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parents:
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7829 no $uch thing in the world; but that the
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parents:
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7830 generality of the Pleni$ts, (e$pecially till
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parents:
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7831 of late yeares $ome of them grew more
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parents:
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7832 wary) did not take a <I>Vacuum</I> in $o $trict
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parents:
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7833 a Sen$e, may appear by the Experiments
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parents:
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7834 formerly, and ev'n to this Day imploy'd
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parents:
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7835 by the Deniers of a Vacuum, to prove it
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parents:
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7836 impo$$ible that there can be any made.
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parents:
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7837 For when they alleadge (for In$tance)
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parents:
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7838 that when a man $ucks Water through a
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parents:
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7839 long Pipe, that heavy Liquor, contrary
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parents:
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7840 to its Nature, a$cends into the Sucker's
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parents:
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7841 mouth, only, to fill up that room made
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parents:
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7842 by the Dilatation of his Bre$t and
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parents:
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7843 Lungs, which otherwi$e will in part be
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parents:
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7844 empty. And when they tell us, that the
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parents:
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7845 rea$on why if a long Pipe exactly
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parents:
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7846 clos'd at one end be fill'd top-ful
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parents:
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7847 of Water, and then inverted, no Liquor
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parents:
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7848 will fall out of the open Orifice; Or, to
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parents:
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7849 u$e a more familiar Example, when they
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parents:
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7850 teach, that the cau$e why in a Gardiner's
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parents:
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7851 watering Pot $hap'd conically, or like a
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parents:
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7852 Sugar-Loaf fill'd with Water, no Liquor
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parents:
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7853 fals down through the numerous holes
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parents:
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7854 at the bottome, whil$t the Gardiner keeps
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parents:
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7855 his Thumb upon the Orifice of the litle
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parents:
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7856 hole at the top, and no longer, mu$t be
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parents:
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7857 that it in the ca$e propo$ed the Water
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parents:
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7858 <pb n=248>
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parents:
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7859 $hould de$cend, the Air being unable to
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parents:
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7860 $ucceed it, there would be left at the up-
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parents:
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7861 per and de$erted part of the Ve$$el a <I>Va-
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casties
parents:
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7862 cuum,</I> that would be avoided if the hole
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parents:
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7863 at the top were open'd. When (I $ay)
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casties
parents:
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7864 they alleadge $uch Experiments, the
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casties
parents:
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7865 Tendency of them $eems plainly to im-
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casties
parents:
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7866 port, that they mean, by a <I>Vacuum,</I> any
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parents:
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7867 $pace here below that is not fill'd with a
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casties
parents:
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7868 vi$ible body, or at lea$t with Air; though
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casties
parents:
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7869 it be not quite devoy'd of all Body what-
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casties
parents:
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7870 $oever. For why $hould Nature, out of
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casties
parents:
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7871 her dete$tation of a <I>Vacuum,</I> make Bo-
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parents:
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7872 dies act contrary to their own Tendency,
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parents:
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7873 that a place may be fill'd with Air, if its
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parents:
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7874 being $o were not nece$$ary to the avoi-
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casties
parents:
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7875 ding of a <I>Vacuum.</I>
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casties
parents:
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7876 <p>Taking then a <I>Vacuum</I> in this vulgar
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casties
parents:
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7877 and obvious $ence, the common opinion
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casties
parents:
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7878 about it $eems lyable to $everal Exce-
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casties
parents:
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7879 ptions, whereof $ome of the chief are
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parents:
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7880 $ugge$ted to us by our Engine.
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7881 <p>It will not ea$ily then be intelligibly
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7882 made out, how hatred or aver$ation,
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7883 which is a pa$$ion of the Soule, can either
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7884 for a <I>Vacuum,</I> or any other object, be $up-
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7885 pos'd to be in Water, or $uch like inani-
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7886 mate Body, which cannot be pre$um'd
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7887 to know when a <I>Vacuum</I> would en$ue; if
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7888 <pb n=249>
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7889 they did not be$tirre them$elves to pre-
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7890 vent it, nor to be $o generous as to act
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7891 contrary to what is mo$t conducive to
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7892 their own particular pre$ervation for the
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7893 publique good of the Univer$e. As much
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7894 then of intelligible and probable Truth,
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7895 as is contain'd in this Metaphoricall Ex-
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7896 pre$$ion, $eems to amount but to this;
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7897 That by the Wi$e Author of Nature
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7898 (who is ju$tly $ayd to have made all
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7899 things in number, weight, and mea$ure,)
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7900 the Univer$e, and the parts of it, are $o
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7901 contriv'd, that it is as hard to make a <I>Va-
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7902 cuum</I> in it, as if they $tudiou$ly con$pir'd
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7903 to prevent it. And how far this it $elfe
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7904 may be granted, de$erves to be further
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7905 con$ider'd.
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parents:
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7906 <p>For in the next place, our Experiments
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parents:
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7907 $eem to teach, that the $uppo$ed Aver$a-
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parents:
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7908 tion of Nature to a <I>Vacuum</I> is but acci-
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parents:
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7909 dental, or in con$equence partly of the
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7910 Weight and Fluidity, or, at lea$t, Fluxi-
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7911 lity of the Bodies here below; and partly,
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7912 and perhaps principally, of the Spring of
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parents:
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7913 the air, who$e re$tle$s endeavor to expand
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parents:
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7914 it $elfe every way, makes it either ru<*>h
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7915 in it $elfe, or compel the interpos'd bo-
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7916 dys into all $paces, where it finds no grea-
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7917 ter re$i$tance than it can $urmount. And
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7918 <pb n=250>
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parents:
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7919 that in tho$e motions which are made <I>ob-
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parents:
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7920 fugamVacui</I> (as the common phra$e is) Bo-
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parents:
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7921 dys act without $uch genero$ity &amp; Con-
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parents:
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7922 $ideration, as is wont to be a$crib'd to
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7923 them, is apparent enough in our 32<SUP>d</SUP> Ex-
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parents:
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7924 periment, where the torrent of Air, that
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parents:
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7925 $eem'd to $trive to get into the Empty'd
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parents:
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7926 Receiver, did plainly prevent its own
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parents:
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7927 De$igne, by $o impelling the Value, as
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parents:
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7928 to make it $hut the only Orifice the Air
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parents:
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7929 was to get in at. And if afterwards ei-
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parents:
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7930 ther Nature, or the internal Air, had a de-
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parents:
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7931 $igne the external Air $hould be attra-
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parents:
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7932 cted, they $eem'd to pro$ecute very un-
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parents:
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7933 wi$ely by continuing to $uck the Valve
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parents:
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7934 $o $trongly, when they found that by
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parents:
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7935 that Sucction the Valve it $elfe could not
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parents:
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7936 be drawn in: Whereas by forbearing to
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parents:
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7937 $uck, the Valve would by it's own weight
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parents:
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7938 have fall'n down, and $uffer'd the exclu-
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parents:
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7939 ded Air to returne freely, and to fill
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parents:
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7940 again the exhau$ted Ve$$el.
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parents:
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7941 <p>And this minds me to take notice of
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parents:
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7942 another deficiency, pointed at by our Ex-
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parents:
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7943 periments in the common Doctrine of
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parents:
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7944 tho$e Pleni$ts we rea$on with; for many
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parents:
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7945 of tho$e unu$ual motions in Bodies, that
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parents:
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7946 are $ayd to be made to e$cape a <I>Vacuum,</I>
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parents:
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7947 $eem rather made to fill it. For why,
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parents:
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7948 <pb n=251>
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parents:
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7949 to in$tance in our newly mention'd Ex-
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parents:
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7950 periment, a$$oon as the Valve was de-
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parents:
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7951 pre$s'd by the weight we hung at it,
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parents:
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7952 $hould the Air $o impetuou$ly and copi-
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parents:
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7953 ou$ly ru$h into the cavity of the Receiver;
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parents:
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7954 if there were before no vacant room there
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parents:
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7955 to receive it? and if there were, then all the
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parents:
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7956 while the Valve kept out the Air, tho$e
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parents:
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7957 litle $paces in the Receiver, which the
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parents:
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7958 corpu$cles of that Air afterwards fill'd,
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parents:
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7959 may be concluded to have remain'd em-
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parents:
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7960 pty. So that the $eeming violence,
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parents:
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7961 imploy'd by Nature on the occa$ion of
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casties
parents:
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7962 the evacuating of the Ve$$el, $eems to
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parents:
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7963 have come too late to hinder the making
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casties
parents:
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7964 of Vacuities in the Receiver, and only
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casties
parents:
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7965 to have, a$$oon as we permitted, fill'd
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casties
parents:
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7966 up with Air tho$e that were already
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casties
parents:
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7967 made.
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casties
parents:
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7968 <p>And as for the Care of the Publique
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casties
parents:
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7969 Good of the Univer$e a$crib'd to dead
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casties
parents:
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7970 and $tupid Bodies, wee $hall only de-
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casties
parents:
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7971 mand, why in our 19<SUP>th</SUP> Experiment, upon
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casties
parents:
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7972 the Ex$uction of the ambient Air, the
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casties
parents:
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7973 Water de$erted the upper half of the
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casties
parents:
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7974 Gla$s-Tube; and did not a$cend to fill
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casties
parents:
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7975 it up, till the external Air was let in upon
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casties
parents:
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7976 it: whereas by its ea$y and $udden regai-
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casties
parents:
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7977 ning that upper part of the Tube, it
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casties
parents:
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7978 <pb n=252>
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casties
parents:
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7979 appear'd both that there was there much
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casties
parents:
diff changeset
7980 $pace devoid of Air, and that the Water
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7981 might with $mall or no re$i$tance have
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7982 a$cended into it, if it could have done $o
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7983 without the impul$ion of the readmitted
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7984 Air; which, it $eems, was nece$$ary to
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7985 mind the Water of its formerly neglected
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7986 Duty to the Univer$e.
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7987 <p>Nay, for ought appeares, ev'n when
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7988 the excluded Air, a$$oon as 'twas per-
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7989 mitted, ru$ht violently into our exhau-
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7990 $ted Receiver, that flowing in of the
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7991 Air proceeded rather from the deter-
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7992 minate Force of the Spring of the
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7993 neighbouring Air, then from any endea-
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7994 vour to fill up, much le$s to prevent va-
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7995 cuity's. For though when as much Air as
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7996 will, is gotten into our Receiver our pre-
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7997 $ent Opponents take it for granted that
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7998 it is full of Air; yet if it be remembred
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7999 that when we made our 17<SUP>th</SUP> Experiment
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8000 we crouded in more Air to our Receiver
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8001 than it u$ually holds; and if we al$o con-
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8002 $ider (which is much more) the Air of
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8003 the $ame con$i$tence with that in our
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8004 Receiver may in wind guns, as is known,
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8005 and as we have try'd, be compre$$ed at
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8006 lea$t into halfe its wonted room (I $ay at
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8007 lea$t, becau$e $ome affirme, that the Air
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8008 <pb n=253>
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8009 may be thru$t into an 8<SUP>th</SUP>, or a yet $maller
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8010 part of its ordinary extent) it $eems ne-
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8011 ce$$ary to admit either a notion of conden-
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diff changeset
8012 $ation &amp; rarefaction that is not intelligi-
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8013 ble, or that in the capacity of our Recei-
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8014 ver when pre$um'd to be full of Air, there
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8015 yet remain'd as much of $pace as was ta-
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8016 ken up by all the a&euml;rial corpu$cles unpo$-
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8017 $e$$ed by the Air. Which $eemes plainly,
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8018 to infer that the Air that ru$h'd into our
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8019 empty'd ve$$el did not doe it preci$ely
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8020 to fill up the Vacuities of it, $ince it left $o
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8021 many unfill'd, but rather was thru$t in by
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8022 the pre$$ure of the contiguous Air; which
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8023 as it could not, but be always ready to ex-
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8024 pand it $elfe, where it found lea$t re$i-
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parents:
diff changeset
8025 $tance, $o was it unable to fill the Recei-
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parents:
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8026 ver any more, then until the Air within
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parents:
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8027 was reduc'd to the $ame mea$ure of Com-
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parents:
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8028 pactne$s with that without.
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parents:
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8029 <p>We may al$o from our two already of-
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8030 ten mention'd Experiments further de-
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parents:
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8031 duce, that, ($ince Natures hatred of a
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8032 <I>Vacuum</I> is but Metaphorical and Ac-
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parents:
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8033 cidental, being but a con$equence or re-
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parents:
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8034 $ult of the pre$$ure of the Air and of the
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parents:
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8035 Gravity, and partly al$o of the Fluxility
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parents:
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8036 of $ome other bodies) The power $hee
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parents:
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8037 makes u$e of to hinder a Vacuum, is not
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parents:
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8038 <pb n=254>
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parents:
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8039 (as we have el$e-where al$o noted) any
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parents:
diff changeset
8040 $uch boundle$s thing as men have been
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parents:
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8041 pleas'd to imagine. And the rea$on, why
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parents:
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8042 in the former Experiments, mentioned
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parents:
diff changeset
8043 in favour of the Pleni$ts, Bodies $eem to
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parents:
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8044 forget their own Natures to $hun a <I>Va-
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parents:
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8045 cuum,</I> $eems to be but this; That in the
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parents:
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8046 alleadged ca$es the weight of that Wa-
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parents:
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8047 ter that was either kept from falling or
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parents:
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8048 impell'd up, was not great enough to
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parents:
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8049 $urmount the pre$$ure of the contiguous
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parents:
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8050 Air; which, if it had been, the Water
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parents:
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8051 would have $ub$ided, though no Air could
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parents:
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8052 have $ucceeded. For not to repeat that
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casties
parents:
diff changeset
8053 Experiment of Mon$ieur <I>Pa$chal</I> (for-
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parents:
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8054 merly mention'd to have been try'd in a
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parents:
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8055 Gla$s exceeding 32 Foot) wherein the
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parents:
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8056 inverted Pipe being long enough to con-
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parents:
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8057 tain a competent weight of Water, that
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parents:
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8058 Liquor freely ran out at the lower Orifice:
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casties
parents:
diff changeset
8059 Not to mention this (I $ay) we $aw in
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parents:
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8060 our nineteenth Experiment, that when
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casties
parents:
diff changeset
8061 the pre$$ure of the ambient Air was $uffi-
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parents:
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8062 ciently weaken'd, the Water would fall
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casties
parents:
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8063 out apace at the Orifice even of a $hort
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casties
parents:
diff changeset
8064 Pipe, though the Air could not $ucceed
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casties
parents:
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8065 into the room de$erted by it. And it were
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casties
parents:
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8066 not ami$s if tryal were made on the tops
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casties
parents:
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8067 of very high Mountains, to di$cover with
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casties
parents:
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8068 <pb n=255>
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casties
parents:
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8069 what ea$e a <I>Vacuum</I> could be made near
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casties
parents:
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8070 the confines of the Atmo$phere, where
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casties
parents:
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8071 the Air is probably but light in compari-
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casties
parents:
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8072 $on of what it is here below. But our
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casties
parents:
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8073 pre$ent (three and thirtieth) Experiment
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casties
parents:
diff changeset
8074 $eems to manife$t, not onely that the
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casties
parents:
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8075 power, exerci$'d by Nature, to $hun or re-
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casties
parents:
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8076 pleni$h a <I>Vacuum,</I> is limited, but that it
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casties
parents:
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8077 may be determin'd even to Pounds and
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casties
parents:
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8078 Ounces: In$omuch that we might $ay,
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casties
parents:
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8079 $uch a weight Nature will $u$tain or will
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casties
parents:
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8080 lift up to re$i$t a <I>Vacuum</I> in our Engine;
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8081 but if an Ounce more be added to that
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8082 weight, it will $urmount Her $o much
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8083 magnifi'd dete$tation of Vacuities. And
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8084 thus, My Lord, our Experiments may
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8085 not onely an$wer tho$e of the Pleni$ts,
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8086 but enable us to retort their Arguments
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8087 again$t them$elves: $ince, if that be true
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8088 which they alleadge, that, when Water
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8089 falls not down according to its nature, in
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8090 a Body wherein no Air can $ucceed to fill
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8091 up the place it mu$t leave, the $u$pen$i-
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8092 on of the Liquor is made <I>Ne detur Vacu-
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8093 um,</I> (as they $peak) it will follow, that
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8094 if the Water can be brought to $ub$ide
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8095 in $uch a ca$e, that de$erted $pace may be
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8096 deem'd empty, according to their own
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8097 Doctrine; e$pecially, $ince Nature (as
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8098 <pb n=256>
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8099 they would per$wade us) be$tirs her $elf
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8100 $o mightily to keep it from being de-
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8101 $erted.
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8102 <p>I hope I $hall not need to reminde Your
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8103 Lord$hip, that I have all this while been
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8104 $peaking of a <I>Vacuum,</I> not in the $trict
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8105 and Philo$ophical $en$e, but in that more
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8106 obvious and familiar one that has been
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8107 formerly declar'd.
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8108 <p>And therefore I $hall now proceed to
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8109 ob$erve in the la$t place, that our 33<SUP>d</SUP> Ex-
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8110 periment affords us a notable proof of the
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8111 unheeded $trength of that pre$$ure which
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8112 is $u$tain'd by the Corpu$cles of what we
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8113 call the free Air, and pre$ume to be un-
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8114 compre$$'d. For, as fluid and yielding a
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8115 Body as it is, our Experiment teaches us,
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8116 That ev'n in our Climate, and without
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8117 any other compre$$ion then what is (at
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8118 lea$t here below) Natural, or (to $peak
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8119 more properly) ordinary to it, it bears $o
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8120 $trongly upon the Bodies whereunto it is
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8121 contiguous, that a Cylinder of this free
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8122 Air, not exceeding three Inches in Dia-
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8123 meter is able to rai$e and carry up a
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8124 weight, amounting to between $ixteen
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8125 and $eventeen hundred Ounces. I $aid,
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8126 <pb n=257>
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8127 even in our Climate, becau$e that is tem-
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8128 <MARG><I>Aere $rig<*>-
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8129 do exi$tcate
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8130 tardius mo-
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8131 <*>entur Au-
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8132 tomat a qu&atilde;
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8133 acre ca<*>ida,
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8134 adco qui-
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8135 dem ut Au-
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8136 tomaton
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8137 quod Delg&aelig;
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8138 in Nova
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8139 Zembla a-
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8140 gentes in &aelig;-
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8141 dibus $u<*>s
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8142 collocave-
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8143 runt, omal-
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8144 no &agrave; motis
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8145 ce$$ave<*>it
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8146 <*>t$i m<*>
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8147 malus toa-
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8148 dus ei addidi$$ent quam antea ferre $olebat.</I> Varenius Geo: Genevat <*>.
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8149 111. Propo: 7. pag. 648.</MARG>
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8150 perate enough; and as far as my ob$er-
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8151 vations a$$i$t me to conjecture, the Air in
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8152 many other more Northern Countries
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8153 may be much thicker, and able to $upport
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8154 a greater weight: which is not to be
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8155 doubted of, if there be no mi$take in
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8156 what is Recorded concerning the <I>Hollan-
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8157 ders,</I> that were forc'd by the Ice to Win-
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8158 ter in <I>Nova Zembla,</I> namely, That
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8159 they found there $o conden$'d an Air, that
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8160 they could not make their Clock goe,
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8161 ev'n by a very great addition to the
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8162 weights that were wont to move it.
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8163 <p>I $uppo$e Your Lord$hip will readily
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8164 take notice, that I might very ea$ily have
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8165 di$cour$ed much more fully and accuratly
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8166 then I have done, again$t the common o-
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8167 pinion touching Suction, and touching na-
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8168 tures hatred of a <I>Vacuum.</I> But I was willing
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8169 to keep my $elf to tho$e con$iderations
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8170 touching the$e matters, that might be ve-
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8171 rifi'd by our Engine it $elf, e$pecially, $ince,
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8172 as I $aid at fir$t, it would take up too much
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8173 time to in$i$t particularly upon all the Re-
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8174 flections that may be made even upon our
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8175 two la$t Experiments. And therefore,
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8176 <pb n=258>
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8177 pa$$ing to the next, I $hall leave it to your
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8178 Lord$hip to con$ider how far the$e tryals
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8179 of ours will either confirm or disfavor
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8180 the new Doctrine of $everal eminent Na-
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8181 turali$ts, who teach, That in all motion
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8182 there is nece$$arily a Circle of Bodies, as
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8183 they $peak, moving together; and whe-
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8184 ther the Circles in $uch motion be an Ac-
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diff changeset
8185 cidental or Con$equential thing or no.
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8186 <p>TIs a known thing to tho$e that are con-
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8187 <MARG><I>Experi-
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8188 ment</I> 34.</MARG>
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8189 ver$ant in the Hydro$taticks, That
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8190 two Bodies which in the Air are of equal
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8191 weight, but of unequal bulk, as Gold,
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8192 for in$tance and Iron, being afterwards
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8193 weighed in Water, will lo$e their <I>&AElig;qui-
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diff changeset
8194 librium</I> upon the change of the ambient
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8195 Body, $o that the Gold will $ink lower
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8196 then the Iron; which, by rea$on of its
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8197 greater bulk, has more Water to lift
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8198 or di$place, that it may $ink. By Analogy
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8199 to this Experiment, it $eem'd probable,
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8200 that if two weights did in our Engine
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8201 ballance each other, when the Gla$s was
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8202 full of Air; upon the ex$uction of a
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8203 great part of that Air, $o notable a change
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8204 in the con$i$tence of the ambient Body,
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8205 <pb n=259>
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8206 would make them lo$e their <I>&AElig;quili-
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diff changeset
8207 brium.</I>
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8208 <p>But being de$irous at the $ame time to
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8209 make a tryal, for a certain De$ign that
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8210 needs not here be mention'd, we took
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8211 for one of our weights a dry Bladder,
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8212 $trongly tyed at the Neck, and about
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8213 half fill'd with Air (that being a weight
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8214 both $light, and that would expand it
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8215 $elf in the evacuated Gla$s) and fa$tning
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8216 that to one part of our formerly menti-
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8217 on'd exact ballance (which turns with the
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8218 32<SUP>d</SUP> part of a Grain) we put a Metalline
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8219 counterpoi$e into the oppo$ite Scale; and
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8220 $o the two weights being brought to an
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8221 <I>&AElig;quilibrium,</I> the ballance was convey'd
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8222 into the Receiver, and $u$pended from the
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8223 Cover of it.
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parents:
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8224 <p>But before we proceed further, we mu$t
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8225 note, That pre$ently after the laying on
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8226 of the Cover, the Bladder appear'd to
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8227 preponderate, whereupon the Scales being
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8228 taken out, and reduc'd very near to an <I>&AElig;-
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8229 quilibrium,</I> yet $o, that a little advantage
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8230 remain'd on that $ide to which the Metal-
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8231 line weight belong'd; they were again let
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8232 down into the Receiver, which was pre-
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8233 $ently made fa$t with Plai$ter, and a hot
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8234 Iron: Soon after which, before the Pump
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8235 <pb n=260>
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8236 was employ'd, the Bladder $eem'd again
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8237 a little to preponderate. Afterwards
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8238 the Air in the Gla$s being begun to be
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parents:
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8239 drawn out, the Biadder began (according
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8240 to the formerly mention'd Ob$ervations)
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8241 to expand it $elf, and manife$tly to out-
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8242 weigh the oppo$ite weight, drawing
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8243 down the Scale to which it was fa$tned
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8244 very much beneath the other, e$pecially
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8245 when the Air had $well'd it to its full ex-
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8246 tent.
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parents:
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8247 <p>This done, we very lei$urely let in the
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8248 external Air; and ob$erv'd, that upon
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parents:
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8249 the flagging of the Bladder, the Scale
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parents:
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8250 whereto it was fa$tned, not onely by de-
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parents:
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8251 grees return'd to an <I>&AElig;quilibrium</I> with the
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parents:
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8252 other, but at length was a little out-
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parents:
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8253 weighed by it.
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parents:
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8254 <p>But becau$e we $u$pected there
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parents:
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8255 might have interven'd $ome unheeded
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parents:
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8256 Circum$tance in this la$t part of the Ex-
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parents:
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8257 periment, we would not pre$ently take
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parents:
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8258 out the Scales, nor meddle with the Co-
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parents:
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8259 ver, but leaving things as they were, we
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parents:
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8260 perceiv'd, that after a little while the
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parents:
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8261 Bladder began again to preponderate, and
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parents:
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8262 by degrees to $ink lower and lower for
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parents:
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8263 divers hours; wherefore, leaving the
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parents:
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8264 Ve$$el clo$'d up all night, we repair'd to it
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parents:
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8265 <pb n=261>
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parents:
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8266 next Morning, and found the Bladder
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parents:
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8267 fallen yet lower. As if the very $ub$tance
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parents:
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8268 of it, had imbibed $ome of the moi$ture
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parents:
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8269 wherewith the Air (the Sea$on being ve-
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parents:
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8270 ry rainy) did then abound: As Lute-
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parents:
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8271 $trings, which are made likewi$e of the
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parents:
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8272 Membranous parts of Guts, $trongly
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parents:
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8273 wreath'd, are known to $well $o much,
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parents:
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8274 oftentimes as to break in rainy and wet
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parents:
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8275 weather. Which conjecture is the more to
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parents:
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8276 beregarded, becau$e congruou$ly unto it
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parents:
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8277 one of the company having a little warm'd
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parents:
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8278 the Bladder, found it then lighter then
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parents:
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8279 the oppo$ite weight. But this mu$t be
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parents:
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8280 look'd upon as a bare conjecture, till we
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parents:
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8281 can gain time to make further tryals about
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parents:
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8282 it. In the mean while we $hall adde, that
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parents:
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8283 without removing the Scales or the Co-
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parents:
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8284 ver of the Receiver, we again cau$'d the
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diff changeset
8285 Air to be drawn out (the weather conti-
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parents:
diff changeset
8286 ing very moi$t) but found not any manife$t
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diff changeset
8287 alteration in the ballance; whether be-
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parents:
diff changeset
8288 cau$e the <I>&AElig;quilibrium</I> was too far lo$t to
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parents:
diff changeset
8289 let a $mall change appear, we determine
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parents:
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8290 not.
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parents:
diff changeset
8291 <p>But to make the Experiment with a
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parents:
diff changeset
8292 Body le$s apt to be altered by the tempe-
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parents:
diff changeset
8293 rature of the Air, then was the Bladder;
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parents:
diff changeset
8294 we brought the Scales again to an <I>&AElig;qui-</I>
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parents:
diff changeset
8295 <pb n=262>
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parents:
diff changeset
8296 <I>librium</I> with two weights, whereof the
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parents:
diff changeset
8297 one was of Lead, the other of Cork. And
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parents:
diff changeset
8298 having evacuated the Receiver, we ob$er-
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parents:
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8299 ved, that both upon the ex$uction, and
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parents:
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8300 after the return of the Air, the Cork did
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parents:
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8301 manife$tly preponderate, and much more
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parents:
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8302 a while after the Air had been let in again,
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parents:
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8303 then whil$t it was kept out. Wherefore,
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parents:
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8304 in the room of the Cork, we $ub$tituted
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8305 a piece of Char-coal, as le$s likely to im-
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parents:
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8306 bibe any moi$ture from the Air, but the
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parents:
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8307 event proved much the $ame with that
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parents:
diff changeset
8308 newly related: So that this Experiment
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parents:
diff changeset
8309 $eems more liable to Ca$ualties then any,
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parents:
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8310 excepting one we have made in our En-
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parents:
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8311 gine. And as it is difficult to prevent
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parents:
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8312 them, $o it $eems not very ea$ie to di$-
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8313 cover the cau$es of them, whereof we
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8314 $hall therefore at pre$ent forbear mention-
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8315 ing our Conjectures.
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parents:
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8316 <p>SOme Learned Mathematicians have of
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parents:
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8317 <MARG><I>Experi-
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parents:
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8318 ment</I> 35.</MARG>
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parents:
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8319 late ingenio&ugrave;$ly endeavored to reduce
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8320 Filters to <I>Siphons;</I> but $till the true cau$e
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8321 of the a$cen$ion of Water, and other Li-
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parents:
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8322 quors, both in <I>Siphons</I> and in Filtration,
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8323 needing (for ought we have yet found) a
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parents:
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8324 clearer Di$covery and Explication, we
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parents:
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8325 <pb n=263>
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parents:
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8326 were de$irous to try whether or no the
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parents:
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8327 pre$$ure of the Air might rea$onably be
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parents:
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8328 $uppo$'d to have either the principal, or at
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parents:
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8329 lea$t a con$iderable Intere$t in the rai$ing
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parents:
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8330 of tho$e Liquors. But becau$e we found
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parents:
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8331 that we could not yet $o evacuate our Re-
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parents:
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8332 ceiver, but that the remaining Air,
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parents:
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8333 though but little in compari$on of the
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parents:
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8334 exhau$ted, would be able to impell the
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parents:
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8335 the Water to a greater height then is
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parents:
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8336 u$ual in ordinary Filtrations: we re$olved,
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parents:
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8337 in$tead of a Li$t of Cotton, or the like
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parents:
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8338 Filtre, to make u$e of a <I>Siphon</I> of Gla$s,
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parents:
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8339 delineated in the third Figure, con$i$t-
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8340 ing of three pieces, two $traight, and
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parents:
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8341 the third crooked to joyn them toge-
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parents:
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8342 ther; who$e Junctures were diligently
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parents:
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8343 clo$'d, that no Air might finde entrance
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parents:
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8344 at them. One of the Legs of this <I>Si-
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parents:
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8345 phon</I> was (as it $hould be) $omewhat
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parents:
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8346 longer then the other, and was pervious
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parents:
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8347 at the bottom of it onely, by a hole al-
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parents:
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8348 mo$t as $lender as a hair, that the
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parents:
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8349 Water might but very lea$urely drop
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parents:
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8350 out of it, le$t it $hould all run out
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parents:
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8351 before the Experiment were compleat-
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parents:
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8352 ed. The other and $horter Leg of
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parents:
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8353 the <I>Siphon</I> was quite open at the end,
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parents:
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8354 and of the $ame widene$$e with the
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parents:
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8355 <pb n=264>
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parents:
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8356 re$t of the Pipe, who$e bore was about <*>/4
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parents:
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8357 of an Inch. The whole Siphon made
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parents:
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8358 up of the$e $everal pieces put together,
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parents:
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8359 was de$ign'd to be about a Foot and a
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parents:
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8360 half long; that the remaining Air, when
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parents:
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8361 the Ve$$el was exhau$ted after the wont-
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parents:
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8362 ed manner, might not be able to impell
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parents:
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8363 the Water to the top of the <I>Siphon;</I>
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parents:
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8364 which being inverted, was fill'd with Wa-
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parents:
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8365 ter, and of which the Shorter leg being
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parents:
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8366 let down two or three Inches deep into a
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parents:
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8367 Gla$s Ve$$el full of Water, and the up-
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parents:
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8368 per parts of it being fa$ten'd to the in$ide
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parents:
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8369 of the Cover of the Receiver, we pro-
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parents:
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8370 ceeded to clo$e fir$t, and then to empty
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parents:
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8371 the Ve$$el.
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parents:
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8372 <p>The effect of the tryal was this, that
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parents:
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8373 till a pretty quantity of Air had been
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casties
parents:
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8374 drawn out, the Water dropp'd freely out
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casties
parents:
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8375 at the lower end of the lower leg of the
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parents:
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8376 <I>Siphon,</I> as if the Experiment had been
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parents:
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8377 performed in the free Air. But afterwards,
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parents:
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8378 the Bubbles (as had been apprehended)
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parents:
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8379 began to di$clo$e them$elves in the Wa-
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casties
parents:
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8380 ter, and a$cending to the top of the <I>Si-
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parents:
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8381 phon,</I> imbodyed them$elves there into
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parents:
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8382 one, which was augmented little by little
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casties
parents:
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8383 by the ri$ing of other bubbles that from
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parents:
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8384 time to time broke into it, but much
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parents:
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8385 <pb n=278>
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parents:
diff changeset
8386 fir$t we thought might be $ome $tain up-
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parents:
diff changeset
8387 on the Gla$s; but after, finding it to
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parents:
diff changeset
8388 be in divers Qualities like the Oyl,
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parents:
diff changeset
8389 and Salt of the Concrete we were Di-
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casties
parents:
diff changeset
8390 $tilling, we began to $u$pect that the
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parents:
diff changeset
8391 mo$t $ubtle and fugitive parts of the im-
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parents:
diff changeset
8392 petuou$ly a$cending Steams, had pene-
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parents:
diff changeset
8393 trated the $ub$tance (as they $peak) of
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parents:
diff changeset
8394 the Gla$s, and by the cold of the am-
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parents:
diff changeset
8395 bient Air were conden$'d on the $ur-
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parents:
diff changeset
8396 face of it. And though we were ve-
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parents:
diff changeset
8397 ry backward to credit this $u$pition, and
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parents:
diff changeset
8398 therefore call'd in an Ingenious Per$on
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parents:
diff changeset
8399 or two, both to a$$i$t us in the Ob-
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parents:
diff changeset
8400 $ervation, and have Witne$s of its e-
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parents:
diff changeset
8401 vent, we continued a while longer to
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parents:
diff changeset
8402 watch the e$cape of $uch unctuous Fumes,
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parents:
diff changeset
8403 and upon the whole matter unanimou$ly
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parents:
diff changeset
8404 concluded, That all things con$ider'd,
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parents:
diff changeset
8405 the $ubtle parts of the di$till'd matter
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parents:
diff changeset
8406 being violently agitated, by the exce$-
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parents:
diff changeset
8407 $ive heat had pa$$'d through the Pores
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parents:
diff changeset
8408 of the Gla$s, widen'd by the $ame heat.
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diff changeset
8409 But this having never happen'd but
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parents:
diff changeset
8410 once in any of the Di$tillations we have
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parents:
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8411 either made or $een, though the$e be
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parents:
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8412 not a few, it is much more rea$onable
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parents:
diff changeset
8413 to $uppo$e, that the perviou$ne$s of
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parents:
diff changeset
8414 our Receiver to a Body much more
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parents:
diff changeset
8415 <pb n=279>
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parents:
diff changeset
8416 $ubtle then Air, proceeded partly from
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parents:
diff changeset
8417 the loo$er Texture of that particular
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parents:
diff changeset
8418 parcel of Gla$s the Receiver was made
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parents:
diff changeset
8419 of (for Experience has taught us, that
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parents:
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8420 all Gla$s is not of the $ame compact-
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parents:
diff changeset
8421 ne$s and $olidity) and partly from the
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parents:
diff changeset
8422 enormous heat, which, together with
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parents:
diff changeset
8423 the vehement agitation of the pene-
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parents:
diff changeset
8424 trant Spirits, open'd the Pores of the
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parents:
diff changeset
8425 Gla$s; then to imagine that $uch a
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parents:
diff changeset
8426 $ub$tance as Air, $hould be able to per-
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parents:
diff changeset
8427 meate the Body of Gla$s contrary to
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parents:
diff changeset
8428 the te$timony of a thou$and Chymical
22d6a63640c6 moved texts from SVN https://it-dev.mpiwg-berlin.mpg.de/svn/mpdl-project-content/trunk/texts/eXist/
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parents:
diff changeset
8429 and Mechanical Experiments, and of
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casties
parents:
diff changeset
8430 many of tho$e made in our Engine, e-
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parents:
diff changeset
8431 $pecially that newly recited: Nay, by
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parents:
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8432 our fifth Experiment it appears, that
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parents:
diff changeset
8433 a thin Bladder will not at its Pores
22d6a63640c6 moved texts from SVN https://it-dev.mpiwg-berlin.mpg.de/svn/mpdl-project-content/trunk/texts/eXist/
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parents:
diff changeset
8434 give pa$$age even to rarified Air. And
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parents:
diff changeset
8435 on this occa$ion we will annex an Ex-
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parents:
diff changeset
8436 periment, which has made $ome of
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parents:
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8437 tho$e we have acquainted with it,
22d6a63640c6 moved texts from SVN https://it-dev.mpiwg-berlin.mpg.de/svn/mpdl-project-content/trunk/texts/eXist/
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parents:
diff changeset
8438 doubt, whether the Corpu$cles of the
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parents:
diff changeset
8439 Air be not le$$e $ubtle then tho$e of
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parents:
diff changeset
8440 Water.
22d6a63640c6 moved texts from SVN https://it-dev.mpiwg-berlin.mpg.de/svn/mpdl-project-content/trunk/texts/eXist/
casties
parents:
diff changeset
8441 <p>But without examining here the
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casties
parents:
diff changeset
8442 rea$onablene$$e of that doubt, we will
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parents:
diff changeset
8443 proceed to recite the Experiment it $elf,
22d6a63640c6 moved texts from SVN https://it-dev.mpiwg-berlin.mpg.de/svn/mpdl-project-content/trunk/texts/eXist/
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parents:
diff changeset
8444 which $eems to teach, That though Air,
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casties
parents:
diff changeset
8445 <pb n=280>
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parents:
diff changeset
8446 when $ufficiently compre$$'d, may per-
22d6a63640c6 moved texts from SVN https://it-dev.mpiwg-berlin.mpg.de/svn/mpdl-project-content/trunk/texts/eXist/
casties
parents:
diff changeset
8447 chance get entrance into narrower holes
22d6a63640c6 moved texts from SVN https://it-dev.mpiwg-berlin.mpg.de/svn/mpdl-project-content/trunk/texts/eXist/
casties
parents:
diff changeset
8448 and crannies then Water; yet unle$s the
22d6a63640c6 moved texts from SVN https://it-dev.mpiwg-berlin.mpg.de/svn/mpdl-project-content/trunk/texts/eXist/
casties
parents:
diff changeset
8449 Air be forc'd in at $uch very little holes,
22d6a63640c6 moved texts from SVN https://it-dev.mpiwg-berlin.mpg.de/svn/mpdl-project-content/trunk/texts/eXist/
casties
parents:
diff changeset
8450 it will not get in at them, though they
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casties
parents:
diff changeset
8451 may be big enough to let Water pa$s
22d6a63640c6 moved texts from SVN https://it-dev.mpiwg-berlin.mpg.de/svn/mpdl-project-content/trunk/texts/eXist/
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parents:
diff changeset
8452 through them.
22d6a63640c6 moved texts from SVN https://it-dev.mpiwg-berlin.mpg.de/svn/mpdl-project-content/trunk/texts/eXist/
casties
parents:
diff changeset
8453 <p>The Experiment then was this: I took
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casties
parents:
diff changeset
8454 a fair Gla$s <I>Siphon,</I> the lower end of
22d6a63640c6 moved texts from SVN https://it-dev.mpiwg-berlin.mpg.de/svn/mpdl-project-content/trunk/texts/eXist/
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parents:
diff changeset
8455 who$e longe$t Leg was drawn by degrees
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casties
parents:
diff changeset
8456 to $uch a $lenderne$s, that the Orifice, at
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parents:
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8457 which the Water was to fall out, would
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parents:
diff changeset
8458 hardly admit a very $mall Pin: This <I>Si-
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casties
parents:
diff changeset
8459 phon</I> being inverted, the matter was $o
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casties
parents:
diff changeset
8460 order'd, that a little Bubble of Air was
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casties
parents:
diff changeset
8461 intercepted in the $lendere$t part of the
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casties
parents:
diff changeset
8462 <I>Siphon,</I> betwixt the little hole newly men-
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casties
parents:
diff changeset
8463 tion'd, and the incumbent Water, upon
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casties
parents:
diff changeset
8464 which, it came to pa$s, that the Air be-
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casties
parents:
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8465 ing not to be forc'd through $o narrow a
22d6a63640c6 moved texts from SVN https://it-dev.mpiwg-berlin.mpg.de/svn/mpdl-project-content/trunk/texts/eXist/
casties
parents:
diff changeset
8466 pa$$age, by $o light a Cylinder of Water,
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casties
parents:
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8467 though amounting to the length of divers
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casties
parents:
diff changeset
8468 Inches, as lean'd upon it, hinder'd the
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casties
parents:
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8469 further Efflux of the Water, as long as I
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casties
parents:
diff changeset
8470 plea$'d to let it $tay in that narrow place:
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casties
parents:
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8471 whereas, when by blowing a little at the
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casties
parents:
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8472 wider end of the <I>Siphon,</I> that little par-
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casties
parents:
diff changeset
8473 cel of Air was forc'd out with $ome Wa-
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casties
parents:
diff changeset
8474 ter, the remaining Water, that before
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casties
parents:
diff changeset
8475 <pb n=281>
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casties
parents:
diff changeset
8476 continu'd $u$pended, began freely to drop
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casties
parents:
diff changeset
8477 down again as formerly. And if you
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casties
parents:
diff changeset
8478 take a Gla$s Pipe, whether it be in the
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casties
parents:
diff changeset
8479 form of a <I>Siphon,</I> or no, that being for
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casties
parents:
diff changeset
8480 the mo$t part of the thickne$s of a Mans
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casties
parents:
diff changeset
8481 Finger, is yet towards one end $o $len-
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casties
parents:
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8482 der, as to terminate in a hole almo$t as
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casties
parents:
diff changeset
8483 $mall as a Hor$e-hair; and if you fill this
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casties
parents:
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8484 Pipe with Water, you will finde that Li-
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casties
parents:
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8485 quor to drop down freely enough tho-
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casties
parents:
diff changeset
8486 row the $lender Extream: But if you then
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parents:
diff changeset
8487 invert the Pipe, you will finde that the
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diff changeset
8488 Air will not ea$ily get in at the $ame hole
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8489 through which the Water pa$$'d. For in
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parents:
diff changeset
8490 the $harp end of the Pipe, $ome Inches
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8491 of Water will remain $u$pended, which
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diff changeset
8492 'tis probable would not happen, if the
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diff changeset
8493 Air could get in to $ucceed it, $ince if the
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parents:
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8494 hole were a little wider, the Water would
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parents:
diff changeset
8495 immediatly $ub$ide. And though it be
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8496 true, that if the Pipe be of the length of
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parents:
diff changeset
8497 many Inches, a great part of the Wa-
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parents:
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8498 ter will run down at the wider Orifice, yet
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parents:
diff changeset
8499 that $eems to happen for $ome other rea-
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diff changeset
8500 $on, then becau$e the Air $ucceeds it at
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diff changeset
8501 the upper and narrow Orifice, $ince all the
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8502 $lender part of the Pipe, and perhaps
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parents:
diff changeset
8503 $ome Inches more, will continue full of
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diff changeset
8504 Water.
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parents:
diff changeset
8505 <pb n=282>
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8506 <p>And on this occa$ion I remember, that
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8507 whereas it appears by our fifth Experi-
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8508 ment, That the A&euml;rial Corpu$cles (ex-
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8509 cept perhaps $ome that are extraordinari-
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8510 ly fine) will not pa$$e thorow the Pores
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parents:
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8511 of a Lambs Bladder, yet Particles of Wa-
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8512 ter will, as we have long $ince ob$erv'd,
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8513 and as may be ea$ily try'd, by very clo$e-
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8514 ly tying a little <I>Alcalizate</I> Salt (we u$'d
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8515 the Calx of Tartar, made with Nitre)
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8516 in a fine Bladder, and dipping the lower
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8517 end of the Bladder in Water; for if you
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8518 hold it there for a competent while, you
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8519 will finde that there will $train thorow the
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8520 Pores of the Bladder Water enough to
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parents:
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8521 di$$olve the Salt into a Liquor.
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8522 <p>But I $ee I am $lipt into a Digre$$ion,
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8523 wherefore I will not examine, whether,
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8524 the Experiment I have related, proceed-
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parents:
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8525 ed from hence, That the $pringy Texture
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8526 of the Corpu$cles of the Air, makes
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8527 them le$s apt to yield and accommodate
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parents:
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8528 them$elves ea$ily to the narrow Pores of
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parents:
diff changeset
8529 Bodies, then the more flexible Particles
22d6a63640c6 moved texts from SVN https://it-dev.mpiwg-berlin.mpg.de/svn/mpdl-project-content/trunk/texts/eXist/
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parents:
diff changeset
8530 of Water; or whether it may more pro-
22d6a63640c6 moved texts from SVN https://it-dev.mpiwg-berlin.mpg.de/svn/mpdl-project-content/trunk/texts/eXist/
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parents:
diff changeset
8531 babiy be a$crib'd to $ome other Cau$e.
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diff changeset
8532 Nor will I $tay to con$ider how far we may
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8533 hence be a$$i$ted to ghe$s at the cau$e of
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parents:
diff changeset
8534 the a$cen$ion of Water in the $lender
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parents:
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8535 <pb n=283>
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parents:
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8536 Pipes and <I>Siphons</I> formerly mention'd,
22d6a63640c6 moved texts from SVN https://it-dev.mpiwg-berlin.mpg.de/svn/mpdl-project-content/trunk/texts/eXist/
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parents:
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8537 but will return to our Bubble; and take
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8538 notice, That we thought fit al$o to en-
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parents:
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8539 deavor to mea$ure the capacity of the
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parents:
diff changeset
8540 Bubble we had made u$e of, by filling
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parents:
diff changeset
8541 it with Water, that we might the better
22d6a63640c6 moved texts from SVN https://it-dev.mpiwg-berlin.mpg.de/svn/mpdl-project-content/trunk/texts/eXist/
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parents:
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8542 know how much Water an$wered in
22d6a63640c6 moved texts from SVN https://it-dev.mpiwg-berlin.mpg.de/svn/mpdl-project-content/trunk/texts/eXist/
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parents:
diff changeset
8543 weight to 3/4 of a Grain of Air, but not-
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parents:
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8544 with$tanding all the diligence that was
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parents:
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8545 u$ed to pre$erve $o brittle a Ve$$el, it
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parents:
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8546 broke before we could perfect what we
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parents:
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8547 were about, and we were not then pro-
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parents:
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8548 vided of another Bubble fit for our
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parents:
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8549 turn.
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parents:
diff changeset
8550 <p>The ha$te I was in, My Lord, when I
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parents:
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8551 $ent away the la$t Sheet, made me forget
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parents:
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8552 to take notice to you of a Problem that
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parents:
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8553 occurr'd to my thoughts, upon the oc-
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parents:
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8554 ca$ion of the $low breaking of the Gla$s
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parents:
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8555 Bubble in our evacuated Receiver. For
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parents:
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8556 it may $eem $trange, $ince by our $ixth
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parents:
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8557 Experiment it appears, that the Air, when
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parents:
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8558 permitted, will by its own internal Spring
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parents:
diff changeset
8559 expand it $elfe twice as much as <I>Mer-
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parents:
diff changeset
8560 $ennus</I> was able to expand it, by the
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parents:
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8561 heat even of a candent <I>&AElig;olipile:</I> Yet
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casties
parents:
diff changeset
8562 the <I>Elater</I> of the Air was $carce able to
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parents:
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8563 break a very thin Gla$s Bubble, and ut-
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parents:
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8564 <pb n=284>
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parents:
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8565 terly unable to break one $omewhat thic-
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parents:
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8566 ker, within who$e cavity it was impri-
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parents:
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8567 $on'd; whereas Air pent up and agitated
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parents:
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8568 by heat is able to perform $o much more
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parents:
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8569 con$iderable effects, that (not to mention
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parents:
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8570 tho$e of Rarefaction that are more obvi-
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parents:
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8571 ous) the Learned Je$uit <I>Cab&aelig;us</I> (he that
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parents:
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8572 <MARG><I><*>: Ni<*>:
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parents:
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8573 <*>: lib:</I> 4.
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casties
parents:
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8574 <I><*> A-
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casties
parents:
diff changeset
8575 <*></I></MARG>
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parents:
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8576 writ of the Load-$tone) relates, That he
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parents:
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8577 $aw a Marble Pillar ($o va$t, that three
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casties
parents:
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8578 men together with di$play'd arms could
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parents:
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8579 not imbrace it, and that 1000 Yoke of
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casties
parents:
diff changeset
8580 Oxen drawing it $everal ways with all
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parents:
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8581 their $trength, could not have torn it
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parents:
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8582 a$$under) quite broken off in the mid$t,
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parents:
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8583 by rea$on of $ome Wood, which hap-
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parents:
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8584 pening to be burnt ju$t by the Pillar, the
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parents:
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8585 heat proceeding from the neighboring
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casties
parents:
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8586 Fire, $o rarified $ome Air or Spirituous
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casties
parents:
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8587 Matter which was $hut up in the cavities
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8588 of the Marble, that it broke through the
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8589 $olid Body of the Stone to obtain room
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8590 to expand it $elf.
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8591 <p>I remember I have taken notice that
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8592 probably the rea$on why the included Air
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8593 did not break the hermetically $eal'd Bub-
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8594 bles that remain'd intire in our emptyed
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8595 Receiver, was, That the Air, being $ome-
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8596 what rarefied by the Flame imploy'd to
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8597 clo$e the Gla$s, its Spring, upon the re-
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8598 <pb n=285>
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8599 ce$s of the heat, grew weaker then before.
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8600 But though we reject not that ghe$s, yet
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8601 it will not in the pre$ent ca$e $erve the
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8602 turn, becau$e that much $maller Gla$s
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8603 bubbles exactly clo$'d, will, by the in-
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8604 cluded Air (though agitated but by the
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8605 heat of a very moderate Fire) be made
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8606 to fly in pieces. Whether we may be
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8607 a$$i$ted to $alve this Problem, by con$i-
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8608 dering that the heat does from within ve-
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8609 hemently agitate the Corpu$cles of the
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8610 Air, and adde its a$$i$tance to the Spring
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8611 they had before, I $hall not now examine:
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8612 $ince I here but propo$e a Problem, and
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8613 that chiefly that by this memorable Story
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8614 of <I>Cab&aelig;us,</I> notice may be taken of the
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8615 prodigious power of Rarefaction, which
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8616 hereby appears capable of performing
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8617 $tranger things then any of our Experi-
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8618 ments have hitherto a$crib'd to it.
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8619 <p>We $hould hence, My Lord, imme-
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8620 diatly proceed to the next Experiment,
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8621 but that we think it fit, on this occa$ion,
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8622 to acquaint You with what $ome former
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8623 tryals (though not made in our Engine)
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8624 have taught us, concerning what we
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8625 would have di$cover'd by the newly
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8626 mention'd Bubble that broke. And this
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8627 the rather, becau$e (a great part of this
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8628 <pb n=286>
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8629 letter $uppo$ing the gravity of the Aire)
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8630 it will not be impertinent to determine
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8631 more particularly then hitherto we have
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8632 done, what gravity we a$cribe to it.
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8633 <p>We tooke then an <I>&AElig;olipile</I> made of
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8634 copper, weighing $ix ounces, five drachms,
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8635 and eight and forty graines: this being
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8636 made as hot as we dur$t make it, (for feare
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8637 of melting the mettle, or at lea$t the So-
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8638 dar) was removed from the fire and im-
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8639 mediately $topped with hard wax that no
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8640 Aire at all might get in at the little
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8641 hole wont to be left in <I>&AElig;olipiles</I> for the
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8642 fumes to i$$ue out at: Then the <I>&AElig;olipile</I>
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8643 being $uffer'd lea$urely to coole was again
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8644 weighed together with the wax that $topt
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8645 it, and was found to weigh (by rea$on of
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8646 the additionall weight of the wax) $ix
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8647 ounces, $ixe drachmes, and 39 graines.
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8648 La$tly, the wax being perforated without
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8649 taking any of it out of the Scale, the
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parents:
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8650 externall Aire was $uffered to ru$h in
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parents:
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8651 (which it did with $ome noy$e) and then
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8652 the <I>&AElig;olipile</I> and wax, being againe
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parents:
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8653 weighed amounted to $ix ounces, $ix
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8654 drachmes, and 50. graines. So that the
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8655 <I>&AElig;olipile</I> freed as farre as our fire could
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parents:
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8656 free it, from it's Aire, weighed le$$e then
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8657 <pb n=287>
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8658 it $elfe when repleni$hed with Air, full
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8659 eleven graines. That is, the Air contain-
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parents:
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8660 able within the cavity of the <I>&AElig;olipile</I> a-
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parents:
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8661 mounted to eleven graines and $omewhat
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parents:
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8662 more; I $ay $omewhat more, becau$e of
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parents:
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8663 the particles of the Air, that were not
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parents:
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8664 driven by the fire out of the <I>&AElig;olipile.</I>
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parents:
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8665 And by the way (if there be no mi$take
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parents:
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8666 in the ob$ervations of the diligent <I>Mer-
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parents:
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8667 $ennus</I>) it may $eeme $trange that it $hould
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parents:
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8668 $o much differ from 2. or 3. of ours; in
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parents:
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8669 none of which we could rarifie the Air in
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parents:
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8670 our &AElig;<I>olipile</I> (though made red hot almo$t
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parents:
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8671 all over, and $o immediately plung'd into
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parents:
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8672 cold water) to halfe that degree which he
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parents:
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8673 mentions, namely to 70. times it's natu-
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parents:
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8674 rall extent, unle$$e it were that the <I>&AElig;o-
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parents:
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8675 lipile</I> he imploy'd was able to $u$taine
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casties
parents:
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8676 a more vehement heat then ours (which
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parents:
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8677 yet we kept in $o great an one, that once
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parents:
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8678 the $oder melting, it fell a$under into the
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parents:
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8679 two Hemi$pheres it con$i$ts of.)
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casties
parents:
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8680 <p>The fore-mentioned way of weighing
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parents:
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8681 the Air by the help of an <I>&AElig;olipile,</I> $eems
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casties
parents:
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8682 $omewhat more exact then that which
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8683 <I>Mer$ennus</I> u$ed, In that in ours the <I>&AElig;oli-
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parents:
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8684 pile</I> was not weighed, till it was cold;
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parents:
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8685 whereas in his, being weighed red hot, it
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parents:
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8686 <pb n=288>
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casties
parents:
diff changeset
8687 $ubject to loo$e of it's $nb$tance in the
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8688 cooling, for (as we have el$ewhere noted
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8689 on another occa$ion) Copper heated red
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8690 hot is wont in the cooling to throw off
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8691 little thin $cales in $uch plenty, that having
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8692 purpo$ely watcht a Copper <I>&AElig;olipile</I> du-
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8693 ring its refrigeration, we have $een the
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8694 place round about it almo$t covered with
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8695 tho$e little $cales it had every way $cat-
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8696 ter'd: which, however they amount not
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8697 to much, ought not to be over-looked,
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8698 when 'tis $o light a body as Air, that is
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8699 to be weighed. We will not examine,
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8700 whether the &AElig;<I>olipile</I> in cooling may not
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8701 receive $ome little increment of weight,
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8702 either from the vapid or $aline Steames
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8703 that wander up and downe in the Air: But
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8704 we will rather mention, that (for the grea-
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8705 ter exactne$$e) we imployed to weigh our
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8706 <I>&AElig;olipile,</I> both when fill'd onely with Air
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8707 and when repleni$ht with Water, a paire
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parents:
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8708 of $cales that would turne (as they $peak)
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8709 with the fourth part of a grain.
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8710 <p>As to the proportion of weight be-
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8711 twixt Air and Water, $ome learned men
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8712 have attempted it by wayes $o unaccurate
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8713 that they $eeme to have much mi$taken
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8714 it. For (not to mention the improbable
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8715 accounts of <I>Kepler</I> and others.) The l<*>ar-
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8716 <pb n=289>
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8717 ned and diligent <I>Ricciolus,</I> having pur-
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8718 po$ely endeavoured to inve$tigate this
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8719 proportion by meanes of a thin blad-
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parents:
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8720 der, e$timates the weight of the Air to
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parents:
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8721 that of the Water to be as one to ten
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8722 thou$and, or thereabouts. And indeed I re-
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8723 member that having formerly, on a cer-
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8724 tain occa$ion, weighed a large bladder full
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8725 of Air, and found it when the Air was all
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8726 $quee$ed out, to have contained fourteen
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8727 graines of Air. I found the $ame bladder
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8728 afterwards fill'd with water to containe
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8729 very neer 14. pound of that liquor: accor-
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8730 ding to which account, the proportion of
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8731 Air to Water was almo$t as a graine to a
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8732 pound, that is, as one to above 7600. To
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8733 this we may adde, that on the other $ide,
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8734 <I>Galileo</I> him$elfe u$ing another, but an un-
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8735 accurate way too, defined the Air to be
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8736 in weight to Water, but as one to 4. hun-
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8737 dred. But the way formerly propo$ed of
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8738 weighing the Air by an &AElig;<I>olipile,</I> $eemes
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8739 by great oddes more exact; and (as farre
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8740 as we could ghe$$e) $eemed to agree well
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8741 enough with the experiment made in our
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8742 Receiver. Wherefore it will be be$t to
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8743 tru$t our &AElig;<I>olipile</I> in the enquiry we are a-
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8744 bout, and according to our ob$ervations
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8745 the water it contained amounting to one
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8746 <pb n=290>
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8747 and twenty ounces and an halfe, and as
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8748 much Air as was requi$ite to fill it weigh-
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8749 ing eleven graines, the proportion in gra-
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parents:
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8750 vity of Air to Water of the $ame bulk
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parents:
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8751 will be as one to 938. And though we
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parents:
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8752 could not fill the &AElig;<I>olipile</I> with water, $o
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parents:
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8753 exactly as we would, yet in regard we
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parents:
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8754 could not either as perfectly as we would,
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parents:
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8755 drive the Air out of it by heat; we think
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parents:
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8756 the proportion may well enough hold:
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parents:
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8757 but tho$e that are delighted with round
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parents:
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8758 numbers (as the phra$e is) will not be
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parents:
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8759 much mi$taken if they reckon water to be
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parents:
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8760 neere a thou$and times heavier than Air.
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parents:
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8761 And (for further proof that we have made
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parents:
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8762 the proportion betwixt the$e two bodies
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parents:
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8763 rather greater then le$$er then indeed it is;
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8764 and al$o to confirme our former ob$erva-
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parents:
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8765 tion of the weight of the Air) we will adde,
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parents:
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8766 That, having another time put $ome Wa-
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parents:
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8767 ter into the &AElig;<I>olipile</I> before we $et it on
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parents:
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8768 the fire, that the copious vapours of the
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parents:
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8769 rarefied liquor might the better drive out
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parents:
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8770 the Air, we found, upon try all carefully
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parents:
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8771 made, that when the &AElig;<I>olipile</I> was refrige-
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parents:
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8772 rated, and the included vapours were by
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parents:
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8773 the cold turned againe into water (which
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parents:
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8774 could not have happen'd to the Air, that
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parents:
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8775 the preceeding Steams expell'd) the Air,
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parents:
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8776 <pb n=291>
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parents:
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8777 when it was let in, increa$'d the weight of
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parents:
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8778 the <I>&AElig;olipile</I> as much as before, namely,
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parents:
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8779 Eleven Grains; though there were alrea-
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parents:
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8780 dy in it twelve Drachmes and a half, be-
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parents:
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8781 $ides a couple of Grains of Water, which
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parents:
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8782 remain'd of that we had formerly put in-
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parents:
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8783 to it to drive out the Air.
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8784 <p><I>Mer$ennus</I> indeed tells us, that by his
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parents:
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8785 account Air is in weight to Water, as 1 to
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parents:
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8786 1356. And adds, that we may, without
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parents:
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8787 any danger, believe that the gravity of
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parents:
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8788 Water to that of Air of a like bulk, is
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diff changeset
8789 not le$s then of 1300 to 1. And con$e-
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diff changeset
8790 quently, that the quantity of Air to a
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diff changeset
8791 quantity of Water equiponderant there-
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parents:
diff changeset
8792 to, is as 1300 to 1. But why we $hould
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8793 relinqui$h our own carefully repeated try-
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8794 als, I $ee not. Yet I am unwilling to re-
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diff changeset
8795 ject tho$e of $o accurate and u$eful a Wri-
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parents:
diff changeset
8796 ter: And therefore $hall propo$e a way
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8797 of reconciling our differing Ob$ervations,
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8798 by pre$enting, that the di$crepance be-
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diff changeset
8799 tween them may probably ari$e from the
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8800 differing con$i$tence of the Air at <I>London</I>
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diff changeset
8801 and at <I>Paris:</I> For our Air being more cold
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8802 and moi$t, then that which Your Lord-
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8803 $hip now breaths, may be $uppo$'d al$o
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8804 to be a fourth or fifth part more heavy. I
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8805 leave it to be con$ider'd, whether it be of
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8806 <pb n=292>
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parents:
diff changeset
8807 any moment that our Ob$ervations were
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parents:
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8808 made in the mid$t of Winter, whereas his
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8809 were perhaps made in $ome warmer time
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diff changeset
8810 of the Year. But I think it were not a-
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parents:
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8811 mi$s that, by the method formerly pro-
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parents:
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8812 po$'d, the gravity of the Air were ob-
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parents:
diff changeset
8813 $erv'd both in $everal Countries, and in
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parents:
diff changeset
8814 the $ame Country, in the $everal Sea$ons
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parents:
diff changeset
8815 of the Year and differing Temperatures of
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diff changeset
8816 the Weather. And I would give $ome-
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parents:
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8817 thing of value to know the weight of $uch
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parents:
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8818 an <I>&AElig;olipile</I> as ours full of air in the mid$t
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8819 of Winter in <I>Nova Zembla,</I> if that be
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8820 true which we formerly took notice of,
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8821 namely, That the <I>Hollanders,</I> who Win-
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8822 tered there, found that Air $o thick that
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8823 their Clock would not go.
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parents:
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8824 <p>If Your Lord$hip $hould now ask me,
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parents:
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8825 if I could not by the help of the$e, and
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8826 our other Ob$ervations, decide the Con-
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parents:
diff changeset
8827 trover$ies of our Modern Mathematici-
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parents:
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8828 ans about the height of the Air or Atmo-
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parents:
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8829 $phere, by determining how high it doth
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parents:
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8830 indeed reach: I $hould an$wer, That
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parents:
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8831 though it $eems ea$ie enough to $hew that
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parents:
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8832 divers Famous and Applauded Writers
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parents:
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8833 have been mi$taken in a$$igning the heigth
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casties
parents:
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8834 of the Atmo$phere: Yet it $eems very
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parents:
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8835 difficult preci$ely to define of what height
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parents:
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8836 <pb n=293>
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parents:
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8837 it is. And becau$e we have hitherto but
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parents:
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8838 lightly touch'd upon a matter of $uch im-
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parents:
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8839 portance, we pre$ume it wil not be thought
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parents:
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8840 impertinent, upon this occa$ion, to annex
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parents:
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8841 $omething towards the Elucidation of
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parents:
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8842 it.
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parents:
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8843 <p>What we have already try'd and newly
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parents:
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8844 $et down, allows us to take it for granted,
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parents:
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8845 that (at lea$t about <I>London</I>) the propor-
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parents:
diff changeset
8846 tion of gravity betwixt Water and Air,
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parents:
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8847 of equal bulk, is as of a thou$and to
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casties
parents:
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8848 one.
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parents:
diff changeset
8849 <p>The next thing therefore that we are
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parents:
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8850 to enquire after, in order to our pre$ent
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parents:
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8851 de$ign, is the difference in weight betwixt
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parents:
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8852 Water and Quick-$ilver: And though
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parents:
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8853 this hath been defin'd already by the Il-
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parents:
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8854 lu$trious <I>Verulam,</I> and $ome other inqui-
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parents:
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8855 $itive Per$ons, that have compar'd the
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parents:
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8856 weight of $everal Bodies, and ca$t their
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parents:
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8857 Ob$ervations into Tables, yet we $hall
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parents:
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8858 not $cruple to annex our own tryals about
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parents:
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8859 it: Partly, becau$e we finde Authors
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parents:
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8860 con$iderably to di$-agree; partly, becau$e
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parents:
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8861 we u$'d exacter Scales, and a $omewhat
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parents:
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8862 more wary method then others $eem to
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parents:
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8863 have done: And partly al$o, becau$e ha-
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parents:
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8864 ving pro$ecuted our inquiry by two or
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casties
parents:
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8865 three $everal ways; the $mall difference
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casties
parents:
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8866 <pb n=294>
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parents:
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8867 between the events may a$$ure us that we
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parents:
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8868 were not much mi$taken.
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casties
parents:
diff changeset
8869 <p>We took then a Gla$s Pipe, of the
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casties
parents:
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8870 form of an inverted <I>Siphon,</I> who$e $hape
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casties
parents:
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8871 is delineated in the $ixteenth Figure: And
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casties
parents:
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8872 pouring into it a quantity of Quick $ilver,
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casties
parents:
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8873 we held it $o, that the $uperficies of the
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casties
parents:
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8874 Liquor, both in the longer and $horter
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casties
parents:
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8875 leg, lay in a Horizontal Line, denoted in
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casties
parents:
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8876 the Scheme by the prick'd Line EF; then
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casties
parents:
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8877 pouring Water into the longer Leg of the
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casties
parents:
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8878 <I>Siphon,</I> till that was almo$t fill'd, we ob-
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casties
parents:
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8879 $erv'd the $urface of the Quick-$ilver in
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casties
parents:
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8880 that leg to be, by the weight of the Wa-
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casties
parents:
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8881 ter, depre$$'d, as from E to B; and in
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casties
parents:
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8882 the $horter leg, to be as much impell'd
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casties
parents:
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8883 upward as from F to G: Whereupon ha-
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casties
parents:
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8884 ving formerly $tuck marks, as well at the
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casties
parents:
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8885 point B, as at the oppo$ite point D, we
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casties
parents:
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8886 mealur d both the di$tance DC to have
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casties
parents:
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8887 the height of the Cylinder of Quick-$il-
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casties
parents:
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8888 ver, which was rai$'d above the Point D
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casties
parents:
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8889 (level with the $urface of the Quick-$ilver
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8890 in the other leg) by the weight of the Wa-
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diff changeset
8891 ter, and the di$tance BA which gave us
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8892 the height of the Cylinder of Water. So
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8893 that the di$tance DC amounting to (2 1<*>/54)
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diff changeset
8894 Inches, and the height of the Water a-
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8895 mounting (30 45/51) Inches; and the whole
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8896 <pb n=295>
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8897 numbers on both $ides, which the annex-
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diff changeset
8898 ed Fractions being reduc'd to improper
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diff changeset
8899 Fractions of the $ame denomination, the
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8900 proportion appear'd to be (the denomi-
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8901 nators beng left out as equal on both $ides)
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8902 as 121 to 1665; or by reduction, as one
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8903 to (13 92/121).
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8904 <p>Be$ides this unu$ual way of determi-
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8905 ning the gravity of $ome things, we mea-
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8906 $ur'd the proportion betwixt Quick-$ilver
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8907 and Water, by the help of $o exact a bal-
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8908 lance, as loo$es its <I>&AElig;quilibrium</I> by the
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8909 hundredth part of a Grain. But becau$e
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8910 there is wont to be committed an over-
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8911 $ight in weighing Quick-$ilver and Wa-
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8912 ter, e$pecially if the Orifice of the Ve$$el
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8913 wherein they are put be any thing wide, in
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8914 regard that men heed not that the $urface
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8915 of Water in Ve$$els will be concave,
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8916 but that of Quick-$ilver, notably convex
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8917 or protuberant: To avoid this u$ual over-
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8918 $ight (I $ay) we made u$e of a gla$s bubble,
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8919 blown very thin at the Flame of a Lamp,
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8920 that it might not be too heavy for the
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8921 Ballance, and terminating in a very $lender
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8922 neck, wherein the concavity or convexity
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8923 of a Liquor could not be con$iderable:
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8924 This Gla$s weighing 23 1/2 Grains, we fill'd
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8925 <pb n=296>
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8926 almo$t with Quick-$ilver, and fa$tning a
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8927 mark over again$t the middle of the pro-
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8928 tuberant Superficies as near as our Eyes
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8929 could judge, we found that the Quick-
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8930 $ilver alone weighed 299 <*> Grains: Then
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8931 the Quick-$ilver being pour'd out, and
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8932 the $ame Gla$s being fill'd as full of com-
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8933 mon Water, we found the Liquor to
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8934 weigh 21 7/8 Grains. Whereby it appear'd
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parents:
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8935 that the weight of Water to Quick-
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parents:
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8936 $ilver, is as one to (13 19/28): Though our Il-
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8937 lu$trious <I>Verulam</I> (que$tionle$s not for
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8938 want of Judgement or Care, but of ex-
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8939 act In$truments) makes the proportion
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8940 betwixt tho$e two Liquors to be greater
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parents:
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8941 then of 1 to 17. And to adde, that up-
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parents:
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8942 on the by, $ince Quick-$ilver and well
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parents:
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8943 rectified Spirit of Wine, are (how ju$tly
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8944 I $ay not) accounted, the one the hea-
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8945 vie$t, and the other the lighte$t of Li-
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parents:
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8946 quors; we thought to fill in the $ame
22d6a63640c6 moved texts from SVN https://it-dev.mpiwg-berlin.mpg.de/svn/mpdl-project-content/trunk/texts/eXist/
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parents:
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8947 Gla$s, and with the $ame Scales to ob-
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parents:
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8948 $erve the difference betwixt them, which
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parents:
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8949 we found to be as of 1 to (16 641/1084); where-
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parents:
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8950 by it appear'd, That the difference be-
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parents:
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8951 twixt Spirit of Wine, that may be made
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parents:
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8952 to burn all away, ($uch as was ours) and
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8953 common Water, is as betwixt 1 and (1 44/171)
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parents:
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8954 <pb n=297>
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parents:
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8955 <p>We might here take occa$ion to ad-
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parents:
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8956 mire, that though Water (as appear'd by
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parents:
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8957 the Experiment formerly mention'd of
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parents:
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8958 the Pewter Ve$$el) $eems not capable of
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parents:
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8959 any con$iderable conden$ation, and $eems
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parents:
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8960 not to have inter$per$'d in it any $tore of
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parents:
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8961 Air; yet Quick-$ilver, of no greater bulk
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parents:
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8962 then Water, $hould weigh near fourteen
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parents:
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8963 times as much. But having onely point-
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parents:
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8964 ed at this as a thing worthy of con$idera-
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parents:
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8965 tion, we will proceed in our inquiry after
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parents:
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8966 the heigth of the Atmo$phere: And to
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parents:
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8967 avoid the trouble of Fractions, we will
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parents:
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8968 a$$ume that Quick-$ilver is fourteen times
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parents:
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8969 as heavy as Water, $ince it wants $o little
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parents:
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8970 of being $o.
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parents:
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8971 <p>Wherefore having now given us the
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parents:
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8972 proportion of Air to Water, and Water
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parents:
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8973 to Quick-$ilver, it will be very ea$ie to
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parents:
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8974 finde the proportion betwixt Air and
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parents:
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8975 Quick-$ilver, in ca$e we will $uppo$e the
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parents:
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8976 Atmo$phere to be uniformly of $uch a
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parents:
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8977 con$i$tence as the Air we weighed here
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parents:
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8978 below. For $ince our Engine hath $uffi-
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parents:
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8979 <MARG><*></MARG>
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parents:
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8980 ciently manife$ted that 'tis the <I>&AElig;quili-
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8981 brium</I> with the external Air, that in the
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parents:
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8982 <I>Torricellian</I> Experiment keeps the Quick-
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parents:
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8983 $ilver from $ub$iding; And $ince, by our
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parents:
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8984 accurate Experiment formerly mention'd,
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parents:
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8985 <pb n=298>
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parents:
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8986 it appears that a Cylinder of Mercury,
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parents:
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8987 able to ballance a Cylinder of the whole
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parents:
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8988 Atmo$phere, amounted to near about
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parents:
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8989 thirty Inches; and $ince, con$equently
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8990 we may a$$ume the proportion of Quick-
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8991 $ilver to Air to be as fourteen thou$and to
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8992 one; it will follow, that a Cylinder of
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8993 Air, capable to maintain an <I>&AElig;quilibrium,</I>
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8994 with a Mercurial Cylinder of two Foot
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8995 and an half in height, mu$t amount to
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8996 35000 Feet of our Engli$h Mea$ure;
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8997 and con$equently (reckoning five Foot
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8998 to a Geometrical Pace, and one thou$and
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8999 $uch Paces to a Mile) to $even full
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9000 Miles.
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9001 <p>But this (as we lately intimated) pro-
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9002 ceeds upon the $uppo$ition, that the Air
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9003 is every where of the $ame con$i$tence
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9004 that we found it near the $urface of the
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9005 Earth; but that cannot with any $afety
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9006 be concluded, not onely for the rea$on I
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9007 finde to have been taken notice of by the
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9008 Antients, and thus expre$t in <I>Seneca:
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9009 Omnis A&euml;r</I> ($ays he) <I>quo propior e$t terris</I>
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9010 <MARG><*> 4.
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9011 <*> 10.</MARG>
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9012 <I>hoc cra$sior; quemadmodum in aqua &amp; in
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9013 omni humore f&aelig;x ima e$t, it a in A&euml;re $pi$-
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9014 $i&szlig;ima qu&aelig;&queacute; de$idunt;</I> but much more,
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9015 becau$e the $pringy Texture of the A&euml;rial
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9016 Corpu$cles, makes them capable of a
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9017 <pb n=299>
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9018 very great compre$$ion, which the weight
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9019 of the incumbent part of the Atmo-
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9020 $phere is very $ufficient to give tho$e that
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9021 be undermo$t and near the $urface of the
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9022 Earth. And if we recall to minde tho$e
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9023 former Experiments, whereby we have
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parents:
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9024 manife$ted, That Air, much rarefied with-
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9025 out heat, may ea$ily admit a further ra-
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parents:
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9026 refaction from heat; and that the Air, even
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9027 without being expanded by heat, is capa-
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9028 ble of being rarefied to above one hundred
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9029 and fifty times the extent it u$ually po$-
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9030 $e$$es here below; How can it be demon-
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9031 $trated that the Atmo$phere may not, for
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9032 ought we know, or at lea$t for ought can
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9033 be determin'd by our Statical and Mecha-
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9034 nical Experiments, ri$e to the height of
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parents:
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9035 Five and twenty <I>German</I> Leagues, if not
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9036 of $ome hundred of common Miles?
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9037 <p>And this conjecture it $elf may appear
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9038 very injurious to the height whereunto
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9039 Exhalations may a$cend, if we will allow
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9040 <MARG><*></MARG>
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9041 that there was no mi$take in that $trange
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9042 Ob$ervation made at <I>Tolous</I> in a clear
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9043 Night in <I>Augu$t,</I> by the diligent Ma-
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9044 thematician <I>Emanuel Magnan,</I> and thus
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9045 Recorded by <I>Ricciolus,</I> (for I have not at
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9046 hand the Authors own Book) <I>Vidit</I> ($ays
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9047 he) <I>ab hor a undecima po$t meridiem u$&queacute; ad</I>
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parents:
diff changeset
9048 <pb n=300>
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parents:
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9049 <I>mediam noctem Lun&acirc; infra horizontem
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9050 po$it&acirc;, nubeculam quandam lucidam prope
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9051 Meridianum fere u$que ad Zenith diffu$am
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9052 qu&aelig; con$ider at is omnibus non poter at ni$i &agrave;
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parents:
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9053 $ole illuminari; ideoque altior e$$e debuit
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9054 tota umbr a terr&aelig;. Addit</I> (continues <I>Ricci-
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parents:
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9055 olus) $imile quid eveni$$e Michaeli Angelo
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9056 Riccio apud Sabinos ver$anti nempe viro
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parents:
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9057 in Mathe$i eruditi$simo.</I>
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parents:
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9058 <p>Various Ob$ervations made at the
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parents:
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9059 feet, tops, and interjacent parts of high
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parents:
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9060 Mountains, might perchance $omewhat
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parents:
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9061 a$$i$t us to make an e$timate in what pro-
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parents:
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9062 portion, if in any certain one, the higher
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parents:
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9063 Air is thicker then the lower, and ghe$s
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parents:
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9064 at the di$-form con$i$tence, as to laxity
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parents:
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9065 and compactne$s of the Air at $everal
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parents:
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9066 di$tances from us. And if the difficul-
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parents:
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9067 ties about the refractions of the Cele$tial
22d6a63640c6 moved texts from SVN https://it-dev.mpiwg-berlin.mpg.de/svn/mpdl-project-content/trunk/texts/eXist/
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parents:
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9068 Lights, were $atisfactorily determin'd,
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parents:
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9069 that might al$o much conduce to the pla-
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parents:
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9070 cing due limits to the Atmo$phere (who$e
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parents:
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9071 Dimen$ions tho$e Ob$ervations about
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parents:
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9072 Refractions $eem hitherto much to con-
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parents:
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9073 tract.) But for the pre$ent we dare not
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parents:
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9074 pronounce any thing peremptorily con-
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parents:
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9075 cerning the height of it, but leave it to
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parents:
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9076 further inquiry: contenting our $elves to
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parents:
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9077 have manife$ted the mi$take of divers
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casties
parents:
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9078 <pb n=301>
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parents:
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9079 eminent Modern Writers, who will not
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parents:
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9080 allow the Atmo$phere to exceed above
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parents:
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9081 two or three Miles in height (as the Fa-
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parents:
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9082 mous K<I>epler</I> will not the <I>A&euml;r refractivus</I>)
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parents:
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9083 and to have rendred a rea$on why in the
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parents:
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9084 mention we made in the Notes upon the
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parents:
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9085 fir$t Experiment, touching the height of
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parents:
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9086 the Atmo$phere, we $crupled not to $peak
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parents:
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9087 of it, as if it might be many Miles high.
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parents:
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9088 <p>WE will now proceed to recite a
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parents:
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9089 <MARG><I>Experi-
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9090 ment</I> 37.</MARG>
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9091 <I>Ph&aelig;nomenon,</I> which, though
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9092 made among$t the fir$t, we thought fit
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9093 not to mention till after many others, that
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9094 we might have the opportunity to ob-
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9095 $erve as many Circum$tances of it as we
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9096 could, and $o pre$ent Your Lord$hip at
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9097 once, mo$t of what we at $everal times
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9098 have taken notice of concerning $o odde
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9099 a <I>Ph&aelig;nomenon.</I>
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9100 <p>Our Engine had not been long fini$h'd,
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9101 when, at the fir$t lea$ure we could $teal
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9102 from our occa$ions to make tryal of it,
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9103 we cau$'d the Air to be pump'd out of
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9104 the Receiver; and whil'$t I was bu$ied in
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9105 entertaining a Learned Friend that ju$t
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9106 then came to vi$it me, an Ingenious By-
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9107 <pb n=302>
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9108 $tander, thought he perceiv'd $ome new
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9109 kind of Light in the Receiver, of which
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9110 giving me ha$tily notice, my Friend and
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9111 I pre$ently ob$erv'd, that when the Suc-
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9112 ker was drawn down, immediately upon
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9113 the turning of the Key, there appear'd
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9114 a kinde of Light in the Receiver, almo$t
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9115 like a faint fla$h of Lightening in the
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9116 Day-time, and almo$t as $uddenly did it
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9117 appear and vani$h. Having, not with-
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9118 out $ome amazement, ob$erv'd divers
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9119 of the$e Apparitions of Light, we took
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9120 notice that the Day was clear, the hour
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9121 about ten in the Morning, that the onely
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9122 Window in the Room fac'd the North;
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9123 and al$o, that by interpo$ing a Cloak, or
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9124 any opacous Body between the Receiver
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9125 and the Window, though the re$t of the
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9126 Room were $ufficiently enlightned, yet
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9127 the fla$hes did not appear as before, un-
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9128 le$s the opacous Body were remov'd.
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9129 But not being able on all the$e Circum-
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9130 $tances to ground any firm Conjecture
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9131 at the cau$e of this $urpri$ing <I>Ph&aelig;nome-
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9132 non,</I> as $oon as Night was come, we
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9133 made the Room very dark; and plying
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9134 the Pump, as in the Morning, we could
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9135 not, though we often try'd, find, upon
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9136 the turning of the Key, $o much as the
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9137 <pb n=303>
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9138 lea$t glimmering of Light; whence we
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parents:
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9139 inferr'd, that the fla$h appearing in the
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9140 Receiver, did not proceed from any new
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9141 Light generated there, but from $ome
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9142 reflections of the light of the Sun, or
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9143 other Luminous Bodies plac'd without
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9144 it; though whence that Reflection
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9145 $hould proceed, it po$'d us to conje-
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9146 cture.
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parents:
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9147 <p>Wherefore the next Morning, ho-
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parents:
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9148 ping to inform our $elves better, we
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parents:
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9149 went about to repeat the Experiment,
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parents:
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9150 but though we could as well as former-
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parents:
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9151 ly exhau$t the Receiver, though the
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parents:
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9152 place wherein we made the tryal was the
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parents:
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9153 very $ame; and though other Circum-
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parents:
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9154 $tances were re$embling, yet we could
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parents:
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9155 not di$cover the lea$t appearance of
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parents:
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9156 Light all that Day, nor on divers o-
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parents:
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9157 thers on which tryal was again fruitle$-
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parents:
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9158 ly made; nor can we to this very time
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parents:
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9159 be $ure a Day before hand that the$e
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parents:
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9160 Fla$hes will be to be $een in our great
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parents:
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9161 Receiver. Nay, having once found the
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parents:
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9162 Engine in a good humour (if I may
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parents:
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9163 $o $peak) to $hew this trick, and $ent
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parents:
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9164 notice of it to our Learned Friend
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parents:
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9165 Doctor <I>Wallis,</I> who expre$$'d a great
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parents:
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9166 <pb n=304>
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parents:
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9167 de$ire to $ee this <I>Ph&aelig;nomenon,</I> though he
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parents:
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9168 were not then above a Bow-$hoot off, and
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parents:
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9169 made ha$te to $atisfie his Curio$ity; yet
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parents:
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9170 by that time he was come, the thing he
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parents:
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9171 came for was no longer to be $een; $o
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parents:
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9172 that having vainly endeavored to exhibit
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parents:
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9173 again the <I>Ph&aelig;nomenon</I> in his pre$ence, I
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parents:
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9174 began to apprehend what he might think
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parents:
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9175 of me, when unexpectedly the Engine
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parents:
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9176 pre$ented us a fla$h, and after that a $econd,
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parents:
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9177 and as many more, as $uffic'd to $atisfie
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parents:
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9178 him that we might very well confidently
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parents:
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9179 relate, that we have our $elves $een this
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parents:
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9180 <I>Ph&aelig;nomenon,</I> though not confidently pro-
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parents:
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9181 mi$e to $hew it others.
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parents:
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9182 <p>And this un$ucce$sfulne$s whereto our
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parents:
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9183 Experiment is lyable, being $uch, that by
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parents:
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9184 all our watchfulne$s and tryals, we could
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parents:
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9185 never reduce it to any certain Rules or
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parents:
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9186 Ob$ervations; $ince in all con$titutions
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parents:
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9187 of the Weather, times of the Day, <I>&amp;c.</I>
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parents:
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9188 it will $ometimes an$wer, and $ometimes
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parents:
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9189 di$-appoint our Expectations; We are
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parents:
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9190 much di$courag'd from venturing to frame
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diff changeset
9191 an <I>Hypothe$is</I> to give an account of it:
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diff changeset
9192 which if the Experiment did con$tantly
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diff changeset
9193 $ucceed, might the more hopefully be at-
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diff changeset
9194 tempted; by the help of the following
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9195 <I>Ph&aelig;nomena</I> laid together: $ome of them
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diff changeset
9196 <pb n=305>
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diff changeset
9197 produc'd upon tryals purpo$ely made
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diff changeset
9198 to examine the validity of the conjectures,
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diff changeset
9199 other tryals had $ugge$ted.
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diff changeset
9200 <p>Fir$t then we ob$erv'd, that the Appa-
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diff changeset
9201 rition of Light may be made as well by
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parents:
diff changeset
9202 Candle-light, as by Day-light; and in
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diff changeset
9203 whatever po$ition the Candle be held, in
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parents:
diff changeset
9204 reference to the Receiver, as on this or
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diff changeset
9205 that hand of it, above it, beneath it, or
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parents:
diff changeset
9206 any other way, provided the Beams of
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diff changeset
9207 Light be not hinder'd from falling upon
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diff changeset
9208 the Ve$$el.
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diff changeset
9209 <p>Next, we noted that the fla$h appears
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diff changeset
9210 immediately upon the turning of the
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parents:
diff changeset
9211 Key, to let the Air out of the Receiver
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9212 into the empty'd Cylinder, in $o much
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diff changeset
9213 that I remember not that when at any
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diff changeset
9214 time in our great Receiver, the Stop-cock
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9215 was open'd before the Cylinder was ex-
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9216 hau$ted (whereby it came to pa$s that the
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diff changeset
9217 Air did rather de$cend, then ru$h into the
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diff changeset
9218 Cylinder) the often mention'd fla$h ap-
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diff changeset
9219 pear'd to our eyes.
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diff changeset
9220 <p>Yet, we further ob$erv'd, that when in-
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9221 $tead of the great Receiver we made u$e
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parents:
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9222 of a $mall Gla$s, not containing above a
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diff changeset
9223 pound and a half of Water, the <I>Ph&aelig;no-
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diff changeset
9224 menon</I> might be exhibited though the
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diff changeset
9225 Stop-cock were open, provided the
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diff changeset
9226 <pb n=306>
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parents:
diff changeset
9227 Sucker were drawn nimbly down.
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parents:
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9228 <p>We noted too, that when we began to
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9229 empty the Receiver, the appearances of
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parents:
diff changeset
9230 Light were much more con$picuous
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parents:
diff changeset
9231 then towards the latter end, when little
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parents:
diff changeset
9232 Air at a time could pa$s out of the Re-
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parents:
diff changeset
9233 ceiver.
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parents:
diff changeset
9234 <p>We ob$erv'd al$o, that when the Suc-
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parents:
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9235 ker had not been long before well Oyl'd,
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parents:
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9236 and in$tead of the great Receiver, the
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parents:
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9237 $maller Ve$$el above-mention'd was em-
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parents:
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9238 ploy'd; We ob$erv'd, I $ay, that then,
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parents:
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9239 upon the opening of the Stop-cock, as
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parents:
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9240 the Air de$cended out of the Gla$s in-
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9241 to the empty'd Cylinder, $o at the $ame
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parents:
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9242 time there a$cended out of the Cylinder
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parents:
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9243 into the Ve$$el a certain Steam, which
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parents:
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9244 $eem'd to con$i$t of very little Bubbles,
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parents:
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9245 or other minute Corpu$cles thrown up
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parents:
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9246 from the Oyl, rarefied by the attrition it
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parents:
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9247 $uffered in the Cylinder. For at the
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parents:
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9248 $ame time that the$e Steams a$cended
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parents:
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9249 into the Gla$s, $ome of the $ame kinde
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parents:
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9250 manife$tly i$$ued out like a little Pillar of
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parents:
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9251 Smoke at the Orifice of the Valve, when
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parents:
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9252 that was occa$ionally open'd. And the$e
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parents:
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9253 Steams frequently enough pre$enting
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parents:
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9254 them$elves to our view, we found, by
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parents:
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9255 expo$ing the Gla$s to a clear Light, that
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parents:
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9256 <pb n=307>
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parents:
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9257 they were wont to play up and down
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parents:
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9258 in it, and $o by their whitei$hne$s, to e-
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parents:
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9259 mulate in $ome mea$ure the apparition of
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parents:
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9260 Light.
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parents:
diff changeset
9261 <p>For we likewi$e $ometimes found, by
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parents:
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9262 watchful ob$ervation, that when the
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parents:
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9263 Fla$h was great, not onely at the very
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parents:
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9264 in$tant the Receiver lo$t of its tran$pa-
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parents:
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9265 rency, by appearing full of $ome kinde
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parents:
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9266 of whiti$h $ub$tance; but that for $ome
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parents:
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9267 $hort time after the $ides of the Gla$s
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parents:
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9268 continued $omewhat opacous, and
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parents:
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9269 $eem'd to be darken'd, as if $ome
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parents:
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9270 whiti$h Steam adher'd to the in$ide of
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parents:
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9271 them.
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parents:
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9272 <p>He that would render a Rea$on of
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parents:
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9273 the <I>Ph&aelig;nomenon,</I> whereof all the$e are
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parents:
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9274 not all the Circum$tances, mu$t doe
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parents:
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9275 two things; whereof the one is diffi-
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parents:
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9276 cult, and the other little le$s then im-
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parents:
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9277 po$$ible: For he mu$t give an Ac-
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parents:
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9278 count not onely whence the appearing
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parents:
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9279 whitene$s proceeds, but wherefore that
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parents:
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9280 whitene$s does $ometimes appear and
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parents:
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9281 $ometimes not.
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parents:
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9282 <p>For our part, we freely confe$$e
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parents:
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9283 our $elves at a lo$$e about rendering
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parents:
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9284 <pb n=308>
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parents:
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9285 a Rea$on of the le$s difficult part of the
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parents:
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9286 Problem: And though Your Lord-
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parents:
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9287 $hip $hould ev'n pre$s us to declare what
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parents:
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9288 Conjecture it was, that the above-recited
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parents:
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9289 Circum$tances $ugge$ted to us, we $hould
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parents:
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9290 propo$e the thoughts we then had, no o-
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parents:
diff changeset
9291 therwi$e then as bare Conjectures.
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9292 <p>In ca$e then our <I>Ph&aelig;nomenon</I> had con-
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9293 $tantly and uniformly appear'd, we $hould
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9294 have $u$pected it to have been produc'd
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9295 after $ome $uch manner as follows.
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9296 <p>Fir$t, we ob$erv'd that, though that
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9297 which we $aw in our Receiver $eem'd to
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9298 be $ome kinde of Light, yet it was indeed
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9299 but a whitene$s which did (as hath alrea-
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9300 dy been noted) opacate (as $ome $peak)
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9301 the in$ide of the Gla$s.
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9302 <p>Next we con$ider'd, that our com-
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9303 mon Air abounds with Particles or little
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9304 Bodies, capable to reflect the Beams of
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9305 Light. Of this we might ea$ily give di-
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9306 vers proofs, but we $hall name but two:
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9307 The one, that vulgar ob$ervation of the
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9308 Motes that appear in Multitudes $wim-
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9309 ming up and down in the Air, when the
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9310 Sun-beams $hooting into a Room, or any
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9311 other $hady Place di$cover them, though
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9312 otherwi$e the eye cannot di$tingui$h them
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9313 <pb n=309>
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9314 from the re$t of the Air: The other proof
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9315 we will take from what we (and no doubt
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9316 very many others) have ob$erv'd, touch-
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9317 ing the Illumination of the Air in the
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9318 Night. And we particularly remember,
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9319 that, being at $ome di$tance from <I>London</I>
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9320 one Night, that the People, upon a very
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9321 well-come Occa$ion, te$tified their Joy
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9322 by numerous Bon-fires; though, by rea-
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9323 $on of the Interpo$ition of the Hou$es,
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9324 we could not $ee the Fires them$elves, yet
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9325 we could plainly $ee the Air all enlighten'd
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9326 over and near the City; which argu'd,
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9327 that the lucid Beams $hot upwards from
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9328 the Fires, met in the Air with Corpu$cles
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9329 opacous enough to reflect them to our
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diff changeset
9330 Eyes.
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parents:
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9331 <p>A third thing that we con$idered, was,
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9332 That white may be produc'd (without
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9333 excluding other ways, or denying invi$i-
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9334 ble Pores in the $olide$t Bodies) when
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9335 the continuity of a Diaphanous Body
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9336 happens to be interrupted by a great num-
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9337 ber of Surfaces, which, like $o many
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9338 little Looking-gla$$es, do confu$edly re-
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9339 pre$ent a multitude of little and $eeming-
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9340 ly contiguous Images of the elucid Body.
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9341 We $hall not in$i$t on the explanation of
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9342 this, but refer You for it to what we have
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9343 <pb n=310>
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9344 $aid in another Paper (touching Co-
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parents:
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9345 lours.) But the In$tances that $eem to
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parents:
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9346 prove it are obvious: For Water or whites
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parents:
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9347 of Eggs beaten to froth, do lo$e their
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9348 tran$parency and appear white. And ha-
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parents:
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9349 ving out of one of our le$$er Receivers
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parents:
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9350 carefully drawn out the Air, and $o order'd
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parents:
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9351 it, that the hole by which the Water was
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parents:
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9352 to get in, was exceeding $mall, that the
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parents:
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9353 Liquor might be the more broken in its
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parents:
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9354 pa$$age thorow it, we ob$erv'd with plea-
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parents:
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9355 $ure, That, the Neck being held under
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parents:
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9356 Water, and the little hole newly men-
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parents:
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9357 tion'd being open'd, the Water that ru$h'd
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parents:
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9358 in was $o broken, and acquired $uch a mul-
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parents:
diff changeset
9359 titude of new Surfaces, that the Receiver
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parents:
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9360 $eem'd to be full rather of Milk then Wa-
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parents:
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9361 ter. We have likewi$e found out, That
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parents:
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9362 by heating a lump of Cry$tal to a certain
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parents:
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9363 degree, and quenching it in fair Water, it
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parents:
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9364 would be di$continu'd by $uch a multi-
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parents:
diff changeset
9365 tude of Cracks, (which created new Sur-
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parents:
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9366 faces within it) that though it would not
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parents:
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9367 fall a$under, but retain its former $hape,
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parents:
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9368 yet it would lo$e its tran$parency, and ap-
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parents:
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9369 pear white.
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parents:
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9370 <p>Upon the$e Con$iderations, My Lord,
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parents:
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9371 and $ome others, it $eem'd not ab$ur'd to
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parents:
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9372 imagine, That upon the ru$hing of the Air
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casties
parents:
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9373 <pb n=311>
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parents:
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9374 out of the Receiver into the empty'd Cy-
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parents:
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9375 linder, the Air in the Receiver being $ud-
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parents:
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9376 denly and vehemently expanded, the Tex-
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casties
parents:
diff changeset
9377 ture of it was as $uddenly alter'd, and the
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parents:
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9378 parts made $o to $hift places (and perhaps
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parents:
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9379 $ome of them to change po$tures) as du-
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parents:
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9380 ring their new and vehement Motion and
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casties
parents:
diff changeset
9381 their varied Scituation, to di$turb the
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casties
parents:
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9382 wonted continuity and $o the Diapha-
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parents:
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9383 neity of the Air; which (as we have alrea-
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parents:
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9384 dy noted) upon its cea$ing to be a tran-
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casties
parents:
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9385 $parent Body, without the interpo$ition
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casties
parents:
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9386 of colour'd things, mu$t ea$ily degene-
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parents:
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9387 rate into white.
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casties
parents:
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9388 <p>Several things there were that made
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casties
parents:
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9389 this Conjecture $eem the le$s improba-
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parents:
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9390 ble. As fir$t, That the whitene$s al-
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casties
parents:
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9391 ways appear'd greater when the Ex$ucti-
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parents:
diff changeset
9392 on began to be made, whil'$t there was
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casties
parents:
diff changeset
9393 $tore of Air in the Receiver, then when
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diff changeset
9394 the Air was in great part drawn out. And
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9395 next, That, having exhau$ted the Re-
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diff changeset
9396 ceiver, and apply'd to the hole in the
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diff changeset
9397 Stop-cock a large bubble of clear Gla$s, in
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diff changeset
9398 $uch a manner, that we could at plea$ure let
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parents:
diff changeset
9399 the Air pa$s out at the $mall Gla$s into the
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diff changeset
9400 great one, and ea$ily fill the $mall one with
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diff changeset
9401 Air again, We ob$erv'd with plea$ure,
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parents:
diff changeset
9402 <pb n=312>
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parents:
diff changeset
9403 That upon the opening the pa$$age be-
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parents:
diff changeset
9404 twixt the two Gla$$es, the Air in the
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parents:
diff changeset
9405 $maller having $o much room in the great-
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parents:
diff changeset
9406 er to receive it, the Di$$ilition of that
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parents:
diff changeset
9407 Air was $o great, that the $mall Viol
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parents:
diff changeset
9408 $eem'd to be full of Milk; and this Expe-
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parents:
diff changeset
9409 riment we repeated $everal times. To
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parents:
diff changeset
9410 which we may adde, That, having pro-
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parents:
diff changeset
9411 vided a $mall Receiver, who$e upper Ori-
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parents:
diff changeset
9412 fice was $o narrow that I could $top it with
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parents:
diff changeset
9413 my Thumb, I ob$erv'd, that when upon
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parents:
diff changeset
9414 the Ex$uction of the Air the capacity of
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parents:
diff changeset
9415 the Gla$s appear'd white, if by a $udden
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parents:
diff changeset
9416 removal of my Thumb I let in the out-
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parents:
diff changeset
9417 ward Air, that whitene$s would imme-
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parents:
diff changeset
9418 diately vani$h. And whereas it may be
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parents:
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9419 objected, That in the In$tance formerly
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parents:
diff changeset
9420 mention'd, Water turning from per$pi-
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parents:
diff changeset
9421 cuous to white, there intervenes the Air,
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parents:
diff changeset
9422 which is a Body of a Heterogeneous na-
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parents:
diff changeset
9423 ture, and mu$t turn it into Bubbles to
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parents:
diff changeset
9424 make it lo$e its tran$parency. We may
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parents:
diff changeset
9425 borrow an An$wer from an Experiment
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parents:
diff changeset
9426 we deliver in another Treati$e, where we
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parents:
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9427 teach how to make two very volatile Li-
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parents:
diff changeset
9428 quors, which being gently put together
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9429 are clear as Rock-water, and yet will al-
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parents:
diff changeset
9430 mo$t in a moment, without the $ub-ingre$-
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parents:
diff changeset
9431 $ion of Air to turn them into Bubbles, $o
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9432 <pb n=313>
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parents:
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9433 alter the di$po$ition of their in$en$ible
22d6a63640c6 moved texts from SVN https://it-dev.mpiwg-berlin.mpg.de/svn/mpdl-project-content/trunk/texts/eXist/
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parents:
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9434 parts, as to become a white and con$i$tent
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9435 Body. And this happens not as in the
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parents:
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9436 precipitation of <I>Benjamin,</I> and $ome o-
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parents:
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9437 ther Re$inous Bodies, which being di$-
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parents:
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9438 $olv'd in Spirit of Wine, may, by the effu-
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parents:
diff changeset
9439 $ion of fair Water, be turn'd into a $eem-
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parents:
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9440 ingly Milky $ub$tance. For this white-
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parents:
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9441 ne$s belongs not to the whole Liquor, but
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parents:
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9442 to the Corpu$cles of the di$$olv'd Gum,
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parents:
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9443 which after a while $ub$iding leave the Li-
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parents:
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9444 quor tran$parent, them$elves onely re-
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9445 maining white: Whereas in our ca$e, 'tis
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parents:
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9446 from the vary'd texture of the whole for-
22d6a63640c6 moved texts from SVN https://it-dev.mpiwg-berlin.mpg.de/svn/mpdl-project-content/trunk/texts/eXist/
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parents:
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9447 merly tran$parent fluid Body, and not
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parents:
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9448 from this or that part that this whitene$$e
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parents:
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9449 re$ults: For the Body is white thorowout,
22d6a63640c6 moved texts from SVN https://it-dev.mpiwg-berlin.mpg.de/svn/mpdl-project-content/trunk/texts/eXist/
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parents:
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9450 and will long continue $o; and yet may,
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parents:
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9451 in proce$s of time, without any addition,
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parents:
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9452 be totally reduc'd into a tran$parent Bo-
22d6a63640c6 moved texts from SVN https://it-dev.mpiwg-berlin.mpg.de/svn/mpdl-project-content/trunk/texts/eXist/
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parents:
diff changeset
9453 dy as before.
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parents:
diff changeset
9454 <p>But be$ides the Conjecture in$i$ted on
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parents:
diff changeset
9455 all this while, we grounded another upon
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parents:
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9456 the following Ob$ervation, which was,
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parents:
diff changeset
9457 That having convey'd $ome $moke into
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parents:
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9458 our Receiver plac'd again$t a Window, we
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parents:
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9459 ob$erv'd, that upon the ex$uction of the
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parents:
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9460 Air, the Corpu$cles that were $wimming
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parents:
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9461 in it, did manife$tly enough make the Re-
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parents:
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9462 <pb n=314>
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parents:
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9463 ceiver $eem more opacous at the very
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parents:
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9464 moment of the ru$hing out of the Air:
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casties
parents:
diff changeset
9465 For con$idering that the whitene$s, who$e
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parents:
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9466 cau$e we enquire of, did but $ometimes ap-
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parents:
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9467 pear, it $eem'd not impo$$ible but that at
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parents:
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9468 $uch times the Air in the Receiver might
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parents:
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9469 abound with Particles, capable of re-
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parents:
diff changeset
9470 flecting the Light in the manner requi$ite
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parents:
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9471 to exhibit a white colour, by their being
22d6a63640c6 moved texts from SVN https://it-dev.mpiwg-berlin.mpg.de/svn/mpdl-project-content/trunk/texts/eXist/
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parents:
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9472 put into a certain unu$ual Motion. As
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parents:
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9473 may be in $ome mea$ure illu$trated by
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parents:
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9474 this, That the new motion of the fre$hly
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parents:
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9475 mention'd Fumes, made the in$ide of the
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casties
parents:
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9476 Receiver appear $omewhat darker then
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casties
parents:
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9477 before: And partly by the nature of our
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parents:
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9478 formerly mention'd $moking Liquor,
22d6a63640c6 moved texts from SVN https://it-dev.mpiwg-berlin.mpg.de/svn/mpdl-project-content/trunk/texts/eXist/
casties
parents:
diff changeset
9479 who$e parts though they $eem'd tran$pa-
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casties
parents:
diff changeset
9480 rent whil'$t they compo$'d a Liquor, yet
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casties
parents:
diff changeset
9481 when the $ame Corpu$cles, upon the un-
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casties
parents:
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9482 $topping of the Gla$s, were put into a
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casties
parents:
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9483 new motion, and di$po$'d after a new
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casties
parents:
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9484 manner, they did opacate that part of the
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casties
parents:
diff changeset
9485 Air they mov'd in, and exhibited a great-
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casties
parents:
diff changeset
9486 er whitene$s then that which $ometimes
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parents:
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9487 appears in our Pneumatical Ve$$el. Nor
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parents:
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9488 $hould we content our $elves with this $in-
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casties
parents:
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9489 gle In$tance, to manife$t, That little Bo-
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casties
parents:
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9490 dies, which being rang'd after one manner,
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casties
parents:
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9491 are Diaphanous and Colourle$s, may, by
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casties
parents:
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9492 <pb n=315>
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casties
parents:
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9493 being barely agitated, di$per$'d, and con-
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9494 $equently otherways rang'd, exhibite a
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9495 colour, if we were not unwilling to rob
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diff changeset
9496 our Collection of Experiments concern-
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parents:
diff changeset
9497 ing Colours.
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parents:
diff changeset
9498 <p>But, My Lord, I fore$ee You may
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parents:
diff changeset
9499 make $ome Objections again$t our pro-
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diff changeset
9500 po$ed ghe$s, which perhaps I $hall $carce
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diff changeset
9501 be able to an$wer, e$pecially, if You in-
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diff changeset
9502 $i$t upon having me render a Rea$on why
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diff changeset
9503 our <I>Ph&aelig;nomenon</I> appears not con$tant-
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parents:
diff changeset
9504 ly.
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parents:
diff changeset
9505 <p>I might indeed an$wer, that probably
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parents:
diff changeset
9506 it would do $o, if in$tead of our great
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parents:
diff changeset
9507 Receiver we u$e $uch a $mall Viol as we
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parents:
diff changeset
9508 have lat<I>e</I>ly mention'd, wherein the Di$$i-
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parents:
diff changeset
9509 lition of the Air being much greater, is
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parents:
diff changeset
9510 like to be the more con$picuous: Since I
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9511 remember not that we ever made our try-
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parents:
diff changeset
9512 al with $uch $mall Ve$$els, without find-
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parents:
diff changeset
9513 ing the expected whitene$s to appear. But
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parents:
diff changeset
9514 it would remain to be explicated, why in
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parents:
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9515 our great Receiver the <I>Ph&aelig;nomenon</I> $hould
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9516 $ometimes be $een, and oftentimes not ap-
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9517 pear. And though that Conjecture which
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parents:
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9518 we la$t made $hould not be rejected, yet if
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parents:
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9519 we were further pre$$'d to a$$ign a rea$on
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9520 why the Air $hould abound with $uch Par-
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diff changeset
9521 ticles, as we there $uppo$e, more at one
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parents:
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9522 <pb n=316>
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parents:
diff changeset
9523 time then another, we are not yet pro-
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parents:
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9524 vided of any better An$wer, then this
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parents:
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9525 general one, That the Air about us,
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parents:
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9526 and much more that within the Receiver,
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parents:
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9527 may be much alter'd by $uch cau$es as few
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parents:
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9528 are aware of: For, not to repeat tho$e
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parents:
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9529 probable Arguments of this A$$ertion
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parents:
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9530 which we have occa$ionally mention'd
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parents:
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9531 here and there in the former part of this
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parents:
diff changeset
9532 Epi$tle, we will here $et down two or
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parents:
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9533 three In$tances to verifie the $ame Propo-
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9534 $ition. Fir$t, I finde that the Learned
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parents:
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9535 <I>Fo$ephus Aco$ta,</I> among other Judicious
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9536 <MARG><*></MARG>
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parents:
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9537 Ob$ervations he made in <I>America,</I> hath
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9538 this concerning the Effects of $ome
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parents:
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9539 Winds; <I>There are</I> ($ays he) <I>Winds which
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9540 naturally trouble the Water of the Sea, and
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parents:
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9541 make it green, and black; others, clear as
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9542 Cry$tal.</I> Next, we have ob$erv'd, That
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9543 though we conveyd into the Receiver our
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parents:
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9544 Scales, and the <I>Pendula</I> formerly men-
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parents:
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9545 tion'd, clean and bright; yet after the Re-
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parents:
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9546 ceiver had been empty'd, and the Air let in
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parents:
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9547 again, the glo$s or lu$tre both of the one,
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9548 and of the other, appear'd tarni$h'd by a
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parents:
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9549 beginning ru$t. And in the la$t place, we
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parents:
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9550 will $ubjoyn an Ob$ervation we made
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parents:
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9551 $ome Years ago, which hath been heard
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parents:
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9552 of by divers Ingenious Men, and $een
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parents:
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9553 <pb n=317>
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parents:
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9554 by $ome of them: We had, with pure
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parents:
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9555 Spirit of Wine, drawn a Tincture out of
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parents:
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9556 a certain Concrete which u$es to be rec-
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parents:
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9557 koned among Mineral Bodies; And this
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parents:
diff changeset
9558 Tincture being very pure and tran$parent,
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parents:
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9559 we did, becau$e we put a great value upon
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parents:
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9560 it, put into a Cry$tal Viol which we care-
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parents:
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9561 fully $topp'd, and lock'd up in a Pre$s a-
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parents:
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9562 mong $ome other things that we $pecial-
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parents:
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9563 ly priz'd. This Liquor being a Chy-
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parents:
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9564 mical Rarity, and be$ides, very defecate
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casties
parents:
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9565 and of a plea$ing Golden Colour; we
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parents:
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9566 had often occa$ion to look upon it, and
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parents:
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9567 $o to take notice, that one time it $eem'd
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parents:
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9568 to be very much troubled, and not clear
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parents:
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9569 as it was wont to be: Whereupon we ima-
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casties
parents:
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9570 gined, that though it would be $omething
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parents:
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9571 $trange, yet it was not impo$$ible that
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parents:
diff changeset
9572 $ome Precipitation of the Mineral Cor-
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casties
parents:
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9573 pu$cles was then happening, and that
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parents:
diff changeset
9574 thence the Liquor was opacated; but,
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parents:
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9575 finding after $ome days that though the
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casties
parents:
diff changeset
9576 expected Precipitation had not been
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casties
parents:
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9577 made, yet the Liquor, retaining its for-
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casties
parents:
diff changeset
9578 mer vivid Colour, was grown clear again
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casties
parents:
diff changeset
9579 as before; we $omewhat wondered at it,
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casties
parents:
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9580 and locking it up again in the $ame Pre$s,
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parents:
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9581 we re$olved to ob$erve, both whether
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casties
parents:
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9582 the like changes would again appear in
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casties
parents:
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9583 <pb n=318>
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casties
parents:
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9584 our Tincture; and whether in ca$e they
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casties
parents:
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9585 $hould appear, they would be a$cribable
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parents:
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9586 to the alterations of the Weather. But
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casties
parents:
diff changeset
9587 though, during the greate$t part of a Win-
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casties
parents:
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9588 ter and a Spring, we took plea$ure to ob-
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casties
parents:
diff changeset
9589 $erve, how the Liquor would often grow
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casties
parents:
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9590 turbid, and after a while clear again: Yet
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casties
parents:
diff changeset
9591 we could not finde that the$e Mutations
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casties
parents:
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9592 depended upon any that were manife$t in
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casties
parents:
diff changeset
9593 the Air, whieh would be often dark and
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casties
parents:
diff changeset
9594 clouded, when the Tincture was clear and
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9595 tran$parent; as on the other $ide, in clear
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diff changeset
9596 Weather the Liquor would appear $ome-
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9597 times troubled, and more opacous. So
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9598 that being unable to give an account of
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9599 the$e odde changes in our Tincture (which
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9600 we $uppo$e we have not yet lo$t, though
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9601 we know not whether it have lo$t its fickle
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9602 Nature) either by tho$e of the Air, or
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9603 any thing el$e that occurr'd to our
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9604 thoughts; we could not but $u$pect that
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9605 there may be in divers Bodies, as it were
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9606 Spontaneous Mutations, that is, $uch
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9607 changes as depend not upon manife$t
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9608 Cau$es. But, My Lord, what has been
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9609 all this while $aid concerning our <I>Ph&aelig;no-
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9610 menon,</I> is offer'd to You, not as contain-
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9611 ing a $atisfactory Account of it, but to
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9612 a$$i$t You to give Your$elf one.
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9613 <pb n=319>
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9614 <p>WE took a Gla$s Ve$$el, open
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9615 <MARG><I>Experi-
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9616 ment</I> 38.</MARG>
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9617 at the top, and into it we put
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9618 a mixture of Snow and common Salt
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9619 ($uch a mixture as we have in another
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9620 Treati$e largely di$cour$ed of) and in-
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9621 to the mid$t of this mixture we $et a
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9622 Gla$$e, of a Cylindrical form, clo$ely
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9623 $topp'd at the lower end with Plai$ter,
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9624 and open at the upper, at which we
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9625 fill'd it with common Water. The$e
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9626 things being let down into the Recei-
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9627 ver, and the Pump being $et awork,
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9628 the Snow began to melt $omewhat fa-
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9629 $ter then we expected; whether upon
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9630 the account of the Ex$uction of the
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9631 Air, or becau$e there was but little of
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9632 the Snow, or whether for any other
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9633 Rea$on, it appeared doubtfull. But
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9634 however, by that time the Receiver
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9635 had been con$iderably exhau$ted, which
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9636 was done in le$$e then 1/4 of an hour,
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9637 we perceived the Water near the bot-
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9638 tom of the Gla$s Cylinder to Freeze,
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9639 and the Ice by a little longer $tay, $eem'd
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9640 to encrea$e, and to ri$e $omewhat higher
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9641 <pb n=320>
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9642 then the $urface of the $urrounding Li-
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9643 quor, where into almo$t all the Snow and
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9644 Salt were re$olv'd. The Gla$s being ta-
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9645 ken out, it appear'd that the Ice was as
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9646 thick as the in$ide of the Gla$s it fill'd,
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9647 though into that I could put my Thumb.
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9648 The upper $urface of the Ice was very
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parents:
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9649 concave, which whether it were due to
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parents:
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9650 any unheeded accident, or to the ex$u-
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parents:
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9651 ction of the Air, we leave to be deter-
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parents:
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9652 min'd by further tryal. And la$tly, the
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parents:
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9653 Ice held again$t the Light, appear'd not
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parents:
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9654 de$titute of Bubbles, though $ome By-
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parents:
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9655 $tanders thought they were fewer then
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parents:
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9656 would have been found if the Water had
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9657 been frozen in the open Air. The like
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parents:
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9658 Experiment we try'd al$o another time in
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parents:
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9659 one of our $mall Receivers, with not un-
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parents:
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9660 like $ucce$s.
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parents:
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9661 <p>And on this occa$ion, My Lord, give
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9662 me leave to propo$e a Problem, which
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parents:
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9663 $hall be this: Whence proceeds that
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parents:
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9664 $trange force that we may $ometimes ob-
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parents:
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9665 $erve in frozen Water, to break the Bo-
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parents:
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9666 dies that Impri$on it, though hard and $o-
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parents:
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9667 lid? That there is $uch a force in Wa-
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parents:
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9668 ter expo$'d to Congelation, may be ga-
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parents:
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9669 ther'd not onely from what may be often
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parents:
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9670 ob$erv'd in Winter, of the bur$ting of
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parents:
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9671 <pb n=321>
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parents:
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9672 Gla$$es too clo$e $topp'd, fill'd with Wa-
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parents:
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9673 ter or aqueous Liquors, but by In$tances
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parents:
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9674 as much more con$iderable as le$s obvi-
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parents:
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9675 ous. For I remember, that an Ingenious
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parents:
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9676 Stone-cutter not long $ince complain'd to
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parents:
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9677 me, That $ometimes, through the negli-
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parents:
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9678 gence of Servants, the Rain being $uffer-
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parents:
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9679 ed to $oak into Marble Stones, the $uper-
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parents:
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9680 vening violent Fro$ts would bur$t the
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parents:
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9681 Stones, to the Profe$$ors no $mall dam-
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parents:
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9682 age. And I remember another Trades-
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parents:
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9683 man, in who$e Hou$e I had Lodgings, was
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parents:
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9684 la$t Winter complaining, that even Im-
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parents:
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9685 plements made of Bell-metal, being care-
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parents:
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9686 le$ly expo$'d to the wet, have been broken
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parents:
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9687 and $poil'd by the Water, which, having
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parents:
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9688 gotten into the little Cavities and Cran-
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casties
parents:
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9689 nies of the Metal, was there afterwards
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parents:
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9690 frozen and expanded into Ice. And to
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parents:
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9691 the$e Relations, we can adde one of the
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parents:
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9692 <MARG><I>In <*>.</I> 4.
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parents:
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9693 <*></MARG>
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parents:
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9694 formerly mention'd <I>Cab&aelig;us's,</I> whereby
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parents:
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9695 they not onely may be confirm'd, but are
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9696 $urpa$$'d: For he tells us, That he $aw a
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9697 huge Ve$$el of exceeding hard Marble,
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9698 $plit a$under by congel'd Water, who$e
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9699 Rarefaction, $ays our Author, prov'd $o
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9700 vehement, that the hardne$s of the Stone
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9701 yielded to it; and $o a Ve$$el was broken,
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9702 which would not have been $o by 100
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9703 <pb n=322>
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9704 Yoke of Oxen drawing it $everal ways. I
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9705 know, My Lord, that to $olve this Pro-
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diff changeset
9706 blem, it will be $aid, That Congelation
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9707 does not (as is commonly, but erroneou$ly
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9708 pre$um'd) reduce water into le$s room
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9709 then it po$$e$$'d before, but rather makes
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9710 it take up more. And I have el$ewhere
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9711 prov'd by particular Experiments, That
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9712 whether or no Ice may be truly $aid to be
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9713 Water rarefi'd (for that $eems que$tion-
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diff changeset
9714 able) it may be $aid to take up more room
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9715 then the Water did before Glaciation.
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9716 But though we grant that freezing makes
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9717 Water $well, yet, how Cold (which in
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9718 Weather-Gla$$es manife$tly condences
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9719 the Air) $hould expand either the Water,
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9720 or the intercepted Air $o forcibly, as to
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9721 perform $uch things as we have newly re-
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9722 lated, will yet remain a Problem.
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9723 <p>WE took an Oval Gla$s, clear and
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9724 <MARG><I>Experi-
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9725 ment</I> 39.</MARG>
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9726 (lea$t it $hould break) pretty
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9727 $trong, with a $hort Neck at the obtu$er
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9728 end, through this Neck, we thru$t almo$t
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9729 to the bottom, a Pipe of Gla$s, which was
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9730 clo$ely Cemented to the newly mention'd
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9731 Neck, the upper part of which Pipe,
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9732 was drawn in $ome places more $lender
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9733 <pb n=323>
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9734 then a Crows Quill, that the changes of
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9735 the Air in that. Gla$s Egge might be the
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9736 more con$picuous; Then there was con-
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parents:
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9737 vey'd into the Gla$s five or $ix Spoon-
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parents:
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9738 fulls of Water, part of which, by blow-
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parents:
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9739 ing Air into the Egge, was rai$'d into the
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parents:
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9740 above-mention'd $lender part of the Pipe,
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parents:
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9741 $o that the Water was interpo$'d between
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parents:
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9742 the external Air, and that included in the
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parents:
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9743 Egge. This Weather-gla$s (delineated
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9744 in the fourteenth Figure) was $o plac'd,
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9745 and clo$'d up in the cavity of one of our
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9746 $mall Receivers, that onely the $lender
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9747 part of the Pipe, to the heigth of four
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9748 or five Inches, pa$$ing thorow a hole in
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parents:
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9749 the Cover, remain'd expo$'d to the open
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parents:
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9750 Air.
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parents:
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9751 <p>The Pump being $et a work, upon
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parents:
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9752 the Ex$uction of the Air, the Water in
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parents:
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9753 the Pipe de$cended about a quarter of an
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parents:
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9754 Inch, and this upon two or three reitera-
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parents:
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9755 ted tryals; which $eem'd $ufficiently to
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parents:
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9756 argue that there was no heat produc'd in
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parents:
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9757 the Receiver upon the Ex$uction of the
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parents:
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9758 Air: For even a little heat would pro-
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parents:
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9759 bably have been di$cover'd by that Wea-
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parents:
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9760 ther-gla$s, $ince upon the bare applica-
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parents:
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9761 tion of my hand to the out$ide of the
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parents:
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9762 Receiver, the warmth having after $ome
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parents:
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9763 <pb n=324>
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parents:
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9764 time been communicated or propagated
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parents:
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9765 through both the Gla$$es, and the inter-
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parents:
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9766 val betwixt them to the Impri$on'd Air,
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parents:
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9767 did $o rarifie that, as to inable it, by pre$-
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parents:
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9768 $ing upon the $ubjacent Water, to impel
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parents:
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9769 that in the Pipe very many times as far as
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parents:
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9770 it had fallen downwards upon the Ex$ucti-
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parents:
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9771 on of the Air.
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parents:
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9772 <p>Yet $hall not we conclude, that in the
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parents:
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9773 cavity of the Receiver the cold was great-
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parents:
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9774 er after the Ex$uction of the Air then be-
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parents:
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9775 fore.
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parents:
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9776 <p>For if it be demanded what then could
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parents:
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9777 cau$e the fore-mention'd $ub$iding of the
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parents:
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9778 Water? it may be an$wered, That pro-
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parents:
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9779 bably it was the reaching of the Gla$s
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parents:
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9780 Egge, which, upon the Ex$uction of the
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parents:
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9781 ambient Air, was unable to re$i$t alto-
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parents:
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9782 gether as much as formerly the pre$$ure of
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parents:
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9783 the included Air, and of the Atmo$phere,
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parents:
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9784 which by the interven$ion of the Water,
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parents:
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9785 pre$$'d upon its concave $urface: Which
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parents:
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9786 $eem'd probable, as well by what was a-
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parents:
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9787 bove deliver'd, in the Experiment about
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parents:
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9788 the breaking of the Gla$s by the force of
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parents:
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9789 the Atmo$phere; as by this notable Cir-
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parents:
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9790 cum$tance (which we divers times ob-
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parents:
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9791 $erv'd) That when by drawing the Air out
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parents:
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9792 of the Receiver, the Water in the Pipe
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parents:
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9793 <pb n=325>
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parents:
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9794 was $ub$ided, upon the readmi$$ion of the
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parents:
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9795 external Air to pre$s again$t the convex
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parents:
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9796 $urface of the Egge, the Water was pre-
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diff changeset
9797 $ently re-impell'd to its former height:
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diff changeset
9798 Which would perhaps appear le$s $trange
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diff changeset
9799 to Your Lord$hip, if You had yet $een
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diff changeset
9800 what we have heretofore taught in ano-
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diff changeset
9801 ther Treati$e concerning the Spring that
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diff changeset
9802 may be di$cover'd in Gla$s, as rigid and
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diff changeset
9803 inflexible a Body as it is generally e-
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parents:
diff changeset
9804 $teem'd. And in the mean while it may
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diff changeset
9805 $erve the turn to cau$e a Gla$s Egge to be
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diff changeset
9806 blown exceeding thin, and then, having
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parents:
diff changeset
9807 broken it, try how far you can by degrees
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parents:
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9808 bend $ome narrow parts of it; and how
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parents:
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9809 readily, upon the removal of what kept
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parents:
diff changeset
9810 it bent, it will re$tore it $elf to its former
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diff changeset
9811 $tate or po$ture. But to return to our
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diff changeset
9812 Experiment, From thence it $eems pro-
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diff changeset
9813 bable, either that there $ucceeds no Bo-
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diff changeset
9814 dy in the room of the Air drawn out of
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diff changeset
9815 our Receiver, or that it is not every Mat-
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diff changeset
9816 ter that is $ubtle enough readily to pa$s
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diff changeset
9817 through the Pores of Gla$s, that is al-
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diff changeset
9818 ways agitated enough to produce Heat
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diff changeset
9819 where ever it is plentifully found. So that
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diff changeset
9820 if no <I>Vacuum</I> be to be admitted, this Ex-
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diff changeset
9821 periment $eems to invite us to allow a
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9822 great di$parity, either as to bulk, or as to
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9823 <pb n=326>
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parents:
diff changeset
9824 agitation, or as to both, betwixt $ome
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diff changeset
9825 parts of the Etherial Sub$tance, and tho$e
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diff changeset
9826 that are wont here below to produce Heat
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diff changeset
9827 and Fire.
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parents:
diff changeset
9828 <p>We try'd al$o what Operation the
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parents:
diff changeset
9829 drawing out of the Air would have upon
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diff changeset
9830 Camphire, that being a Body, which,
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diff changeset
9831 though not a Liquor, con$i$ts of $uch
22d6a63640c6 moved texts from SVN https://it-dev.mpiwg-berlin.mpg.de/svn/mpdl-project-content/trunk/texts/eXist/
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diff changeset
9832 Volatile or Fugitive parts, that without
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diff changeset
9833 any greater agitation then that of the open
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diff changeset
9834 Air it $elf, they will copiou$ly flie away.
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diff changeset
9835 But we found not that even this loo$e
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diff changeset
9836 Body was $en$ibly alter'd by the Ex$ucti-
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diff changeset
9837 on of the ambient Air.
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diff changeset
9838 <p>IT may $eem well worth trying, whether
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9839 <MARG><I>Experi-
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parents:
diff changeset
9840 ment</I> 40.</MARG>
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9841 or no in our exhau$ted Gla$s the want
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9842 of an ambient Body, of the wonted thic-
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9843 ne$s of Air, would di$able even light and
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diff changeset
9844 little Animals, as Bees, and other winged
22d6a63640c6 moved texts from SVN https://it-dev.mpiwg-berlin.mpg.de/svn/mpdl-project-content/trunk/texts/eXist/
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diff changeset
9845 In$ects, to flie. But though we ea$ily
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parents:
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9846 fore$aw how difficult it would be to make
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diff changeset
9847 $uch an Experiment; yet not to omit our
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9848 endeavors, we procur'd a large Fle$h-fly,
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diff changeset
9849 which we convey'd into a $mall Receiver.
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parents:
diff changeset
9850 We al$o another time $hut into a great
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parents:
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9851 Receiver a Humming Bee, that appear'd
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parents:
diff changeset
9852 $trong and lively, though we had rather
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parents:
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9853 <pb n=327>
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parents:
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9854 have made the tryal with a Butter-fly, if
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parents:
diff changeset
9855 the cold Sea$on would have permitted us
22d6a63640c6 moved texts from SVN https://it-dev.mpiwg-berlin.mpg.de/svn/mpdl-project-content/trunk/texts/eXist/
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parents:
diff changeset
9856 to finde any. <note><I>Since the writing of this
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parents:
diff changeset
9857 XLth Experiment, we pro-
22d6a63640c6 moved texts from SVN https://it-dev.mpiwg-berlin.mpg.de/svn/mpdl-project-content/trunk/texts/eXist/
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parents:
diff changeset
9858 cur'd a wbite Butter-Fly,
22d6a63640c6 moved texts from SVN https://it-dev.mpiwg-berlin.mpg.de/svn/mpdl-project-content/trunk/texts/eXist/
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parents:
diff changeset
9859 and inclo$'d it in one of our
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parents:
diff changeset
9860 $maller Receivers, where,
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parents:
diff changeset
9861 though at fir$t he fluttered
22d6a63640c6 moved texts from SVN https://it-dev.mpiwg-berlin.mpg.de/svn/mpdl-project-content/trunk/texts/eXist/
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parents:
diff changeset
9862 up and down, yet pre$ently,
22d6a63640c6 moved texts from SVN https://it-dev.mpiwg-berlin.mpg.de/svn/mpdl-project-content/trunk/texts/eXist/
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parents:
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9863 upon the ex$uction of the
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parents:
diff changeset
9864 Air, he fell down as <*>
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parents:
diff changeset
9865 $woon, retaining no other
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parents:
diff changeset
9866 motion then $ome little <*>-
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parents:
diff changeset
9867 bling of the wings.</I></note> The Fly, af-
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parents:
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9868 ter $ome Ex$uctions of the
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parents:
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9869 Air, dropp'd down from the
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casties
parents:
diff changeset
9870 $ide of the Gla$s whereon $he
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parents:
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9871 was walking: But, that the
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parents:
diff changeset
9872 Experiment with the Bee
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parents:
diff changeset
9873 might be the more in$tructive,
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parents:
diff changeset
9874 we convey'd in with her a bun-
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parents:
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9875 dle of Flowers, which re-
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parents:
diff changeset
9876 main'd $u$pended by a $tring
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parents:
diff changeset
9877 near the upper part of the Receiver: And
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parents:
diff changeset
9878 having provok'd the Bee, we excited her
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parents:
diff changeset
9879 to flie up and down the capacity of the
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casties
parents:
diff changeset
9880 Ve$$el, till at length, as we de$ir'd, $he
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parents:
diff changeset
9881 lighted upon the Flowers; whereupon
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parents:
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9882 we pre$ently began to draw out the Air,
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parents:
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9883 and ob$erv'd, That though for $ome time
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parents:
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9884 the Bee $eem'd to take no notice of it, yet
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parents:
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9885 within awhile after $he did not flie, but fall
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parents:
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9886 down from rhe Flowers, without appear-
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parents:
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9887 ing to make any u$e of her Wings to help
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parents:
diff changeset
9888 her $elf. But whether this fall of the Bee,
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parents:
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9889 and the other In$ect, proceeded from the
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casties
parents:
diff changeset
9890 mediums being too thin for them to flie in,
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parents:
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9891 or barely from the weakne$s, and as it were
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casties
parents:
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9892 $wooning of the Animals them$elves, you
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parents:
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9893 will ea$ily gather from the following Ex-
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parents:
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9894 periment.
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casties
parents:
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9895 <pb n=328>
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casties
parents:
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9896 <p>TO $atisfie our $elves in $ome mea$ure,
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casties
parents:
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9897 <MARG><I>Experi-
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parents:
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9898 ment</I> 41.</MARG>
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9899 about the account upon which Re$pira-
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9900 tion is $o nece$$ary to the Animals, that
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9901 Nature hath furni$h'd with Lungs, we
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9902 took (being then unable to procure any
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9903 other lively Bird, $mall enough to be put
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9904 into the Receiver) a Lark, one of who$e
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9905 Wings had been broken by a $hot, of a
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9906 Man that we had $ent to provide us $ome
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9907 Birds for our Experiment; but notwith-
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9908 $tanding this hurt, the Lark was very
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9909 lively, and did, being put into the Recei-
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9910 ver, divers times $pring up in it to a good
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9911 height. The Ve$$el being ha$tily, but
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9912 carefully clo$'d, the Pump was diligently
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9913 ply'd, and the Bird for a while appear'd
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9914 lively enough; but upon a greater Ex-
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9915 $uction of the Air, $he began manife$tly
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9916 to droop and appear $ick, and very $oon
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9917 after was taken with as violent and irregu-
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9918 lar Convul$ions, as are wont to be ob-
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9919 $erv'd in Poultry, when their heads are
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9920 wrung off: For the Bird threw her $elf
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9921 over and over two or three times, and dy-
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9922 ed with her Brea$t upward, her Head
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9923 downwards, and her Neck awry. And
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9924 though upon the appearing of the$e Con-
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9925 <pb n=329>
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9926 vul$ions, we turn'd the Stop-cock, and
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9927 let in the Air upon her, yet it came too
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9928 late; whereupon, ca$ting our eyes upon
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9929 one of tho$e accurate Dyals that go with
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9930 a <I>Pendulum,</I> and were of late ingeniou$ly
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9931 invented by the Noble and Learned <I>Hu-
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9932 genius,</I> we found that the whole Tragedy
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9933 had been concluded within ten Minutes of
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9934 an hour, part of which time had been im-
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9935 ploy'd in cementing the Cover to the Re-
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9936 ceiver. Soon after we got a Hen-$par-
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9937 row, which being caught with Bird-lime
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9938 was not at all hurt; when we put her into
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9939 the Receiver, almo$t to the top of which
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9940 $he would briskly rai$e her $elf, the Ex-
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9941 periment being try'd with this Bird, as it
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9942 was with the former, $he $eem'd to be
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9943 dead within $even minutes, one of which
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9944 were imploy'd in cementing on the Co-
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9945 ver: But upon the $peedy turning of the
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9946 Key, the fre$h Air flowing in, began $low-
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9947 ly to revive her, $o that after $ome pant-
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9948 ings $he open'd her eyes, and regain'd her
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9949 feet, and in about a 1/4 of an hour, after
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9950 threatned to make an e$cape at the top of
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9951 the Gla$s, which had been un$topp'd to
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9952 let in the fre$h Air upon her: But the Re-
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9953 ceiver being clo$'d the $econd time, $he
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9954 <pb n=330>
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parents:
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9955 was kill'd with violent Convul$ions,
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parents:
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9956 within five Minutes from the beginning
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parents:
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9957 of the Pumping.
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parents:
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9958 <p>A while after we put in a Mou$e, new-
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parents:
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9959 ly taken, in $uch a Trap as had rather af-
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parents:
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9960 frighted then hurt him; vvhil'$t he vvas
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parents:
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9961 leaping up very high in the Receiver, vve
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parents:
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9962 fa$ten'd the Cover to it, expecting that
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parents:
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9963 an Animal u$ed to live in narrow holes
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9964 vvith very little fre$h Air, vvould endure
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9965 the vvant of it better then the lately men-
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parents:
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9966 tion'd Birds: But though, for a vvhile af-
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parents:
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9967 ter the Pump vvas $et avvork, he conti-
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parents:
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9968 nued leaping up as before; yet 'tvvas not
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parents:
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9969 long ere he began to appear $ick and gid-
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parents:
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9970 dy, and to $tagger, after vvhich he fell
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parents:
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9971 dovvn as dead, but vvithout $uch violent
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parents:
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9972 Convul$ions as the Birds died vvith.
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parents:
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9973 Whereupon, ha$tily turning the Key, we
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parents:
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9974 let in $ome fre$h Air upon him, by vvhich
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parents:
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9975 he recovered, after a vvhile, his $en$es and
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parents:
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9976 his feet, but $eem'd to continue vveak and
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parents:
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9977 $ick: But at length, grovving able to
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parents:
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9978 skip as formerly, the Pump vvas plyed
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parents:
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9979 again for eight minutes, about the mid-
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parents:
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9980 dle of vvhich $pace, if not before, a very
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parents:
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9981 little Air by a mi$chance got in at the
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parents:
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9982 Stop-cock; and about tvvo minutes after
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parents:
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9983 that, the Mou$e divers times leap'd up
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parents:
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9984 <pb n=331>
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parents:
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9985 lively enough, though after about two mi-
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parents:
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9986 nutes more he fell down quite dead, yet
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parents:
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9987 with Convul$ions far milder then tho$e
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parents:
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9988 wherewith the two Birds expired. This
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parents:
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9989 alacrity $o little before his death, and his
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parents:
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9990 not dying $ooner then at the end of the
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parents:
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9991 eighth minute, $eem'd a$cribable to the
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parents:
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9992 Air (how little $oever) that $lipt into the
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parents:
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9993 Receiver. For the fir$t time, tho$e Con-
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9994 vul$ions (that, if they had not been $ud-
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parents:
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9995 denly remedied, had immediately di$-
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parents:
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9996 patch'd him) $ei$'d on him in $ix minutes
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parents:
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9997 after the Pump began to be $et awork.
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parents:
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9998 The$e Experiments $eem'd the more
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parents:
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9999 $trange, in regard, that during a great part of
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10000 tho$e few minutes the Engine could but
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10001 con$iderably rarefie the Air (and that too,
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10002 but by degrees) and at the end of them
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10003 there remain'd in the Receiver no incon-
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10004 $iderable quantity; as may appear by what
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10005 we have formerly $aid of our not being
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10006 able to draw down Water in a Tube, with-
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10007 in much le$s then a Foot of the bottom:
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10008 with which we likewi$e con$ider'd, that by
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10009 the ex$uction of the Air and inter$per-
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10010 $ed Vapors, there was left in the Recei-
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10011 ver a $pace $ome hundreds of times ex-
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10012 ceeding the bigne$s of the Animal, <*>e-
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10013 ceive the fuliginous Steams, from which,
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10014 <pb n=332>
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10015 expiration di$charges the Lungs; and,
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10016 which in the other ca$es hitherto known,
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10017 may be $u$pected, for want of room, to
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10018 $tifle tho$e Animals that are clo$ely pent
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10019 up in too narrow Receptacles.
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10020 <p>I forgot to mention, that having cau$'d
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10021 the$e three Creatures to be open'd, I
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10022 could, in $uch $mall Bodies, di$cover lit-
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10023 tle of what we $ought for, and what we
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10024 might po$$ibly have found in larger Ani-
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10025 mals; for though the Lungs of the Birds
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10026 appear'd very red, and as it were inflam'd,
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10027 yet that colour being u$ual enough in the
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10028 Lungs of $uch winged Creatures, de$erves
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10029 not $o much our notice, as it does, That
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10030 in almo$t all the de$tructive Experiments
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10031 made in our Engine, the Animals appear'd
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10032 to die with violently Convul$ive Moti-
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10033 ons: From which, whether Phy$icians can
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10034 gather any thing towards the Di$covery
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10035 of the Nature of Convul$ive Di$tem-
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10036 pers, I leave to them to con$ider.
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10037 <p>Having proceeded thus far, though (as
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10038 we have partly intimated already) there
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10039 appear'd not much cau$e to doubt, but
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10040 that the death of the fore-mention'd Ani-
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10041 mals proceeded rather from the want of
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10042 Air, then that the Air was over-clogg'd
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10043 by the $teams of their Bodies, exqui$ite-
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10044 <pb n=333>
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10045 ly pent up in the Gla$s; yet I, that love
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10046 not to believe any thing upon Conje-
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10047 ctures, when by a not over-difficult Ex-
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10048 periment I can try whether it be True or
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10049 no, thought it the $afe$t way to obviate
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10050 Objections, and remove Scruples, by $hut-
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10051 ting up another Mou$e as clo$e as I could
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10052 in the Receiver, wherein it liv'd above
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parents:
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10053 three quarters of an hour; and might pro-
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10054 bably have done $o much longer, had not
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10055 a <I>Virtuo$o</I> of quality, who in the mean
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parents:
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10056 while chanc'd to make me a Vi$it, de$ir'd
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parents:
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10057 to $ee whether or no the Mou$e could be
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parents:
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10058 kill'd by the ex$uction of the ambient Air,
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10059 whereupon we thought fit to open, for a
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parents:
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10060 little while, an intercour$e betwixt the
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10061 Air in the Receiver, and that without it,
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parents:
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10062 that the Mou$e might thereby (if it were
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10063 needful for him) be refre$h d, and yet we
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parents:
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10064 did this without uncementing the Cover
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parents:
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10065 at the top, that it might not be objected,
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parents:
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10066 that perhaps the Ve$$el was more clo$ely
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parents:
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10067 $topp'd for the ex$uction of the Air then
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parents:
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10068 before.
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parents:
diff changeset
10069 <p>The Experiment had this event, that
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parents:
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10070 after the Mou$e had liv'd ten Minutes,
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parents:
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10071 (which we a$crib'd to this, that the Pump,
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parents:
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10072 for want of having been lately Oyl'd,
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parents:
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10073 could move but $lowly, and could not by
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parents:
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10074 <pb n=334>
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parents:
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10075 him that manag'd it, be made to work as
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parents:
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10076 nimbly as it was wont) at the end of that
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parents:
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10077 time he dy'd with Convul$ive Fits, where-
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parents:
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10078 in he made two or three bounds into the
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parents:
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10079 Air, before he fell down dead.
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parents:
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10080 <p>Nor was I content with this, but for
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parents:
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10081 Your Lord$hips further $atisfaction, and
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parents:
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10082 my own, I cau$'d a Mou$e, that was very
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parents:
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10083 hungry, to be $hut in all Night, with a
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parents:
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10084 Bed of Paper for him to re$t upon: And
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parents:
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10085 to be $ure that the Receiver was well
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parents:
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10086 clo$'d, I cau$'d $ome Air to be drawn out
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parents:
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10087 of it, whereby, perceiving that there
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parents:
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10088 was no $en$ible leak, I pre$ently re-ad-
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parents:
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10089 mitted the Air at the Stop-cock, le$t the
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parents:
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10090 want of it $hould harm the little Animal;
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casties
parents:
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10091 and then I cau$'d the Engine to be kept
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parents:
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10092 all Night by the Fire $ide, to keep him
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parents:
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10093 from being de$troy'd by the immoderate
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parents:
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10094 cold of the Fro$ty Night. And this care
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casties
parents:
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10095 $ucceeded $o well, that the next Morning
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parents:
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10096 I found that the Mou$e not onely was a-
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parents:
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10097 live, but had devour'd a good part of the
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parents:
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10098 Chee$e that had been put in with him. And
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casties
parents:
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10099 having thus kept him alive full twelve
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parents:
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10100 hours, or better, we did, by $ucking out
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10101 part of the Air, bring him to droop, and
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10102 to appear $well'd; and by letting in the
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10103 Air again, we $oon reduc'd him to his for-
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10104 mer liveline$s.
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10105 <pb n=335>
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10106 <C><I>A Digre$sion containing $ome
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10107 Doubts touching Re$pi-
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10108 ration.</I></C>
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10109 <p>I Fear Your Lord$hip will now expect,
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10110 that to the$e Experiments I $hould add
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10111 my Reflections on them, and attempt,
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10112 by their a$$i$tance, to re$olve the Diffi-
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10113 culties that occur about Re$piration; $ince
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10114 at the beginning I acknowledg'd a further
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10115 Enquiry into the Nature of that, to have
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10116 been my De$ign in the related Tryals.
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10117 But I have yet, becau$e of the inconve-
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10118 nient Sea$on of the Year, made $o few
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10119 Experiments, and have been $o little $a-
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10120 tisfied by tho$e I have been able to make,
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10121 that they have hitherto made Re$piration
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10122 appear to me rather a more, then a le$s
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10123 My$terious thing, then it did before. But
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10124 yet, $ince they have furni$h'd me with
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10125 $ome $uch new Con$iderations, concern-
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10126 ing the u$e of the Air, as confirms me in
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10127 my Diffidence of the Truth of what is
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10128 commonly believ'd touching that matter;
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10129 That I may not appear $ullen or lazy, I
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10130 am content not to decline employing a
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10131 <pb n=336>
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10132 few hours in $etting down my Doubts, in
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10133 pre$enting Your Lord$hip $ome Hints,
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10134 and in con$idering whether the Tryals
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10135 made in our Engine, will at lea$t a$$i$t us
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10136 to di$cover wherein the Deficiency lies
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10137 that needs to be $upply'd.
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10138 <p>And this, My Lord, being all my pre-
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10139 $ent De$ign, I $uppo$e You will not ex-
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10140 pect that (as if You knew not, or had for-
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10141 gotten what Anatomi$ts are wont to
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10142 teach) I $hould entertain You with a need-
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10143 le$s Di$cour$e of the Organs of Re$pira-
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10144 tion, and the variety of their Structure in
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10145 $everal Animals; though if it were ne-
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10146 ce$$ary, and had not been perform'd by o-
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10147 thers, I $hould think, with <I>Galen,</I> that by
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10148 <MARG><I>Galen<*> de
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10149 <*>, Part:
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10150 <*></I> 3.</MARG>
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10151 treating of the Fabricks of living Bodies,
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10152 I might compo$e Hymns to the wi$e Au-
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10153 thor of Nature, who, in the excellent con-
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10154 trivance of the Lungs, and other parts of
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10155 (tho$e admirable Engines) Animals, ma-
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10156 nife$ts him$elf to be indeed what the Elo-
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10157 quent Prophet mo$t ju$tly $peaks him,
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10158 <I>Wonderful in Counsel, and excellent in</I>
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10159 <MARG><*>a.28.29.</MARG>
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10160 <I>working.</I>
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10161 <p>Nor $hall we any further meddle with
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10162 tho$e Controver$ies $o much agitated a-
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10163 mong the Moderns, namely, <I>Whether the
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10164 motion of the Lungs in Re$piration be their</I>
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10165 <pb n=337>
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10166 <I>own, or but con$equent to the motion of the
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10167 Thorax, Diaphragme, and</I> (as $ome Learn-
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10168 ed Men would have it) <I>the Abdomen; And,
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10169 Whence it is that the Air $wells the Lungs
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10170 in In$piration</I> any further then they may
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10171 receive light from our Engine: But that
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10172 it may appear what kinde of $ervice it is
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10173 that may be expected from it on this oc-
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10174 ca$ion, we mu$t premi$e a few Words to
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10175 $hew wherein the $trength of the Obje-
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10176 ction we are to an$wer, lies. In favor then
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10177 of tho$e that would have the Lungs ra-
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10178 ther pa$$ive then active in the bu$ine$s of
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10179 Re$piration, it may again$t the common
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10180 opinion be alledg'd, That as the Lungs be-
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10181 ing de$titute of Mu$cles and of Fibres,
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10182 are unfit to dilate them$elves; $o it ap-
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10183 pears, that without the motion of the
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10184 <I>Thorax</I> they would not be fill'd with Air.
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10185 Since as our Learned Friend Dr. <I>High-
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10186 more</I> has well (and congruou$ly, to what
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10187 our $elves have purpo$ely try'd) ob-
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10188 $erv'd, if a live Dog have a great wound
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parents:
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10189 made in his Che$t, the Lobes of the
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10190 Lungs on that $ide of the <I>Media$ti-
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10191 num</I> will $ub$ide and lie $till; the <I>Tho-
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10192 rax</I> and the Lobes on the other $ide
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10193 of the <I>Media$tinum,</I> continuing their
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10194 former motion. And if $uddenly at once
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10195 <pb n=338>
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10196 the Mu$cles of the Che$t be on both
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10197 $ides di$$ected, upon the Ingre$s of the
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10198 Air, the whole Lungs, though untouch'd,
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10199 will remain movele$s, at lea$t, as to any ex-
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10200 pan$ion or contraction of their $ub$tance.
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10201 <p>To which we may adde the Ob$ervati-
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10202 on of the diligent <I>Bartholinus,</I> who af-
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10203 firms the like of the <I>Diaphragme</I> al-
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10204 $o, namely, That it being wounded, the
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10205 Lungs will fall together, and the Re$pi-
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10206 ration cea$e, which my Experiments op-
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10207 po$e not, provided the Wound be any
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10208 thing great. And indeed the <I>Diaphragme</I>
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10209 $eems the principal In$trument of ordina-
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10210 ry and gentle Re$piration, although to
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10211 re$train'd Re$piration (if I may $o call
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10212 it) the interco$tal Mu$cles, and perhaps
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10213 $ome others may be allowed eminently to
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10214 concur. But the chief of the Contro-
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10215 ver$ies formerly pointed at, is not yet de-
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10216 cided, namely, what it is that conveys the
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10217 Air into the Lungs. For when, to coun-
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10218 terballance all that has been alledg'd, tho$e
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10219 that plead for the Lungs, demand what it
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10220 is that $hould bring the Air into the
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10221 Lungs, if them$elves do not attract it,
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10222 their Antagoni$ts di$agree about the Re-
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10223 ply. For when to this que$tion $ome of
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10224 the be$t Modern Philo$ophers an$wer,
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10225 <pb n=339>
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10226 that by the dilatation of the Che$t the
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10227 contiguous Air is thru$t away, and that
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10228 pre$$ing upon the next Air to it, and $o
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10229 onwards, the Propul$ion is continued till
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10230 the Air be driven into the Lungs, and $o
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10231 dilate them: When this (I $ay) is an-
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10232 $wered, it is Objected even by <I>Bartholine</I>
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10233 him$elf, as a convincing Reply, that, ac-
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10234 cording to this Doctrine, a Man could not
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10235 fetch his Breath from a great Ve$$el full of
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10236 Air, with a $lender Neck, becau$e, that
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10237 when his Mouth covers the Orifice of the
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10238 Neck, the dilatation of his <I>Thorax</I> could
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10239 not propell the Air in the Ve$$el into his
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10240 Lungs, by rea$on of its being $eparated
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10241 by the inclo$ing Ve$$el from the ambient
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10242 Air; and yet, $ay they, Experience wit-
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10243 ne$$es that out of $uch a Ve$$el a Man may
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10244 $uck Air. But of this difficulty our Engine
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10245 furni$hes us with an ea$ie Solution, $ince
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10246 many of the former Experiments have ma-
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10247 nife$ted, That in the ca$e propo$ed, there
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10248 needs not be made any (though 'tis true
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10249 that in ordinary Re$piration there is wont
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10250 to be made $ome) propul$ion of the Air by
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10251 the $welling <I>Thorax</I> or <I>Abdomen</I> into the
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10252 Lungs; $ince upon the bare Dilatation of
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10253 the <I>Thorax,</I> the Spring of that internal
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10254 Air, or halituous $ub$tance that is wont
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10255 <pb n=340>
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10256 to po$$e$s as much of the Cavity of the
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10257 Che$t as the Lungs fill not up, being much
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10258 weaken'd, the external and contiguous
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10259 Air mu$t nece$$arily pre$s in at the open
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10260 Winde-Pipe into the Lungs, as finding
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10261 there le$s re$i$tance then any where el$e a-
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10262 bout it.
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parents:
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10263 <p>And hence (by the way) we may derive
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parents:
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10264 a new a$$i$tance to judge of that famous
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10265 Controver$ie di$puted among Naturali$ts
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10266 and Phy$itians, ever $ince <I>Galens</I> time,
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10267 $ome maintaining that the Che$t, with the
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parents:
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10268 contained Lungs, may be re$embled to a
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parents:
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10269 pair of Bellows, which comes therefore
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10270 to be fill'd becau$e it was dilated: And o-
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parents:
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10271 thers pleading to have the compari$on
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10272 made to a Bladder, which is therefore di-
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10273 lated becau$e it is fill'd. For as to the
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parents:
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10274 <I>Thorax,</I> it $eems evident from what has
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parents:
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10275 been lately $aid, that it, like a pair of Bel-
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10276 lows, happens to be partly fill'd with Air,
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parents:
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10277 but becau$e it was dilated: But as for the
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parents:
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10278 Lungs them$elves, who want Fibres to
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parents:
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10279 di$tend them, they may fitly enough be
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parents:
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10280 compar'd to a Bladder; $ince they are di-
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10281 lated by being fill'd, namely, by that Air
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parents:
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10282 which ru$hes into them upon the dilatation
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parents:
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10283 of the Che$t, in who$e increa$ed Cavity
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10284 it findes (as we fre$hly noted) le$s re$i$t-
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10285 <pb n=341>
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10286 ance to its Spring then el$ewhere. And
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parents:
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10287 this brings into my minde that $trange
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parents:
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10288 Ob$ervation of <I>Nicolaus Fontanus,</I> a Phy-
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parents:
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10289 <MARG><I>Fontan<*>
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casties
parents:
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10290 apud</I> <*>
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casties
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10291 tholin<*>
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parents:
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10292 cap. 9.</MARG>
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10293 $itian at <I>Am$terdam,</I> who te$tifies, That
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10294 in a Boy of the $ame Town, four years
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parents:
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10295 old, there was found, in$tead of Lungs, a
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parents:
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10296 certain Membranous Bladder; which be-
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parents:
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10297 ing fill'd with Wind, and furni$h'd with
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parents:
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10298 little Veins, had its origination from the
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parents:
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10299 Wind-Pipe it $elf; which being $uppo$'d
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parents:
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10300 true, how well it will agree with mo$t of
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10301 the Opinions touching Re$piration, I leave
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10302 to be con$idered.
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10303 <p>And thus may the grand Objection of
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10304 <I>Bartholine,</I> and others, be an$wered: But
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10305 I leave to Anatomi$ts to con$ider what is
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10306 to be $aid to $ome Ob$ervations that $eem
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10307 to contradict tho$e Anatomical Experi-
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diff changeset
10308 ments already mention'd: Such was par-
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diff changeset
10309 ticularly that which I remember I have
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10310 read in <I>Sennertus</I> (from the ob$ervation of
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diff changeset
10311 his Father-in-law <I>Schato</I>) of a Melancho-
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10312 ly Student, who having $tabb'd him$elf,
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diff changeset
10313 and pierced the <I>Diaphragme</I> in the thinner
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diff changeset
10314 or tendonous part (call'd by many the
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diff changeset
10315 Nervous Circle) lived $even Moneths af-
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10316 ter he had $o wounded him$elf, though af-
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diff changeset
10317 ter his death (preceded by violent Vomit-
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10318 <pb n=342>
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10319 ings) the Wound (perchance dilated by
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10320 tho$e $trainings) appear'd $o great, that
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10321 the whole Stomack was found to have got
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10322 in by it into the left $ide of the <I>Thorax.</I>
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diff changeset
10323 And $uch al$o was the accident that hap-
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10324 pen'd to a Noble Man, whom I remem-
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10325 ber I have $een, and who is yet alive, in
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10326 who$e Che$t there has, for the$e many
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10327 years, remain'd a hole $o great, that the
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10328 motion of his Heart may be perceiv'd by
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10329 it. The$e (I $ay) and $ome other Ob$er-
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diff changeset
10330 vations, I $hall now forbear to in$i$t on,
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10331 becau$e I hold it not unfit, before we
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10332 come to con$ider the u$e of Re$piration,
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10333 that we acquaint Your Lord$hip with an
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10334 Ingenious Conjecture, that was made at
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diff changeset
10335 the cau$e of the ha$ty death of the Ani-
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10336 mals our Engine kill'd: namely, That it
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10337 was not the want of Air that de$troy'd
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10338 them, but the Pre$$ure of the innate Air
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10339 in the cavity of the Che$t; as if the
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parents:
diff changeset
10340 Spring of this Air being no longer coun-
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10341 terballanc'd by the ambient Air, was there-
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10342 by become $o $trong, that it kept the
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10343 <I>Thorax</I> forcibly di$tended, and hinder'd its
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parents:
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10344 wonted contraction; and $o compre$$'d
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parents:
diff changeset
10345 the Lungs and their Ve$$els, as to ob$truct
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parents:
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10346 the Circulation of the Blood. And this
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parents:
diff changeset
10347 <pb n=343>
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parents:
diff changeset
10348 Conjecture, as it is $pecious enough, $o I
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parents:
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10349 might have admitted it for true; but that
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parents:
diff changeset
10350 I con$ider'd, that (not to mention that
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parents:
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10351 one, e$pecially of the Animals kill'd in
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parents:
diff changeset
10352 our Engine, $eem'd manife$tly for a pret-
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parents:
diff changeset
10353 ty while, and not long before he dy'd, to
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parents:
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10354 move his <I>Thorax,</I> as if he exerci$'d Re$pi-
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parents:
diff changeset
10355 ration) the diligent <I>Wall&aelig;us</I> relates, That
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parents:
diff changeset
10356 he divers times ob$erv'd, in the Di$$ecti-
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parents:
diff changeset
10357 on of live Bodies, that the Membrane
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parents:
diff changeset
10358 that inve$ts the Lungs, had Pores in it
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parents:
diff changeset
10359 as big as the larger $ort of Peas, which a-
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parents:
diff changeset
10360 grees with the Ob$ervations of Chyrur-
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parents:
diff changeset
10361 gions and Phy$itians, <I>viz.</I> That matter
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parents:
diff changeset
10362 collected in the <I>Thorax,</I> has penetrated in-
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parents:
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10363 to the Lungs, and been di$charged by
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parents:
diff changeset
10364 coughing. And I remember too, that mo$t
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parents:
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10365 of the Animals we kill'd in our Engine
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parents:
diff changeset
10366 were Birds, of who$e Lungs <I>Harvey</I>
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parents:
diff changeset
10367 $omewhere informs us, That he ob-
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parents:
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10368 $erv'd them very manife$tly to open at
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parents:
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10369 their Extremities into the <I>Abdomen.</I>
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parents:
diff changeset
10370 And by $uch Perforations we may well
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parents:
diff changeset
10371 $uppo$e the pa$$age free betwixt the exter-
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parents:
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10372 nal Air and that in the <I>Abdomen:</I> But this
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parents:
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10373 Conjecture may be further con$ider'd.
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parents:
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10374 Be$ides, to $how that the Animals that
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parents:
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10375 died in our Gla$$es, need not be $uppo$'d
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parents:
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10376 <pb n=344>
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parents:
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10377 to have been kill'd by the want of Air, we
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parents:
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10378 fore$ee another Argument that we mu$t
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parents:
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10379 deal $o ingeniou$ly with Your Lord$hip,
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parents:
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10380 as not to conceal. You very well know,
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parents:
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10381 that be$ides the generality of the
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parents:
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10382 Schools, there are many new Philo$ophers
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parents:
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10383 who, though they di$$ent from the old
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parents:
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10384 Peripateticks in other things, do, as they,
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parents:
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10385 deny the po$$ibility of a <I>Vacuum;</I> and
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parents:
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10386 hold, that tho$e $paces which are devoid
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parents:
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10387 of Air, and other gro$$er Bodies, are all
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parents:
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10388 of them exactly repleni$hed with a certain
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parents:
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10389 Etherial Matter, $o thin and $ubtle, that
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parents:
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10390 it can freely permeate the Pores of the
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parents:
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10391 compacted$t and clo$e$t Bodies, and ev'n
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parents:
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10392 of Gla$s it $elf. Now $ome of tho$e Na-
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parents:
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10393 turali$ts that are of this per$wa$ion may
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parents:
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10394 object, That the Animals that died in our
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parents:
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10395 Receivers, did $o, not $o much for lack of
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parents:
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10396 Air, as by rea$on that the Air that was
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parents:
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10397 pump'd out was nece$$arily $ucceeded by
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casties
parents:
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10398 an Etherial Sub$tance; which con$i$ting of
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parents:
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10399 parts vehemently agitated, and $o very
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diff changeset
10400 $mall, as without re$i$tance to pa$s in and
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diff changeset
10401 out through the very Pores of Gla$s; it
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diff changeset
10402 may well be $uppo$'d, that a con$iderable
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diff changeset
10403 quantity of this re$tle$s and $ubtle Mat-
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diff changeset
10404 ter, meeting together in the Receiver,
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diff changeset
10405 <pb n=345>
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10406 with the exce$$ive heat of it, may be
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parents:
diff changeset
10407 quickly able to de$troy a little Animal, or
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diff changeset
10408 at lea$t, make the Air too intemperately
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parents:
diff changeset
10409 hot to be fit for Re$piration.
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parents:
diff changeset
10410 <p>But though this be a Difficulty not $o
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parents:
diff changeset
10411 ea$ily to be re$olv'd without the a$$i$tance
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diff changeset
10412 of our Engine, yet I $uppo$e we have al-
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diff changeset
10413 ready an$wer'd the Objection by our 38<SUP>th</SUP>
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diff changeset
10414 and 39<SUP>th</SUP> Experiments; which though we
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parents:
diff changeset
10415 made partly for other purpo$es, yet we
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parents:
diff changeset
10416 premi$'d them onely to clear up the diffi-
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parents:
diff changeset
10417 culty propo$'d.
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parents:
diff changeset
10418 <p>Another $u$pition we $hould have en-
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parents:
diff changeset
10419 tertain'd concerning the death of our Ani-
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parents:
diff changeset
10420 mals, namely, That upon the $udden re-
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parents:
diff changeset
10421 moval of the wonted pre$$ure of the am-
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parents:
diff changeset
10422 bient Air, the warm Blood of tho$e Ani-
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parents:
diff changeset
10423 mals was brought to an Efferve$cence or
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parents:
diff changeset
10424 Ebullition, or at lea$t $o vehemently ex-
22d6a63640c6 moved texts from SVN https://it-dev.mpiwg-berlin.mpg.de/svn/mpdl-project-content/trunk/texts/eXist/
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parents:
diff changeset
10425 panded, as to di$turb the Circulation of
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parents:
diff changeset
10426 the Blood, and $o di$order the whole Oe-
22d6a63640c6 moved texts from SVN https://it-dev.mpiwg-berlin.mpg.de/svn/mpdl-project-content/trunk/texts/eXist/
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parents:
diff changeset
10427 conomy of the Body. (This (I $ay) I
22d6a63640c6 moved texts from SVN https://it-dev.mpiwg-berlin.mpg.de/svn/mpdl-project-content/trunk/texts/eXist/
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parents:
diff changeset
10428 $hould have had $ome $u$pition of) but
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parents:
diff changeset
10429 that Animals of a hot Con$titution are
22d6a63640c6 moved texts from SVN https://it-dev.mpiwg-berlin.mpg.de/svn/mpdl-project-content/trunk/texts/eXist/
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parents:
diff changeset
10430 not the $ole ones that cannot in our ex-
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parents:
diff changeset
10431 hau$ted Engine exerci$e the Function of
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parents:
diff changeset
10432 Life. But I mu$t not now dwell upon
22d6a63640c6 moved texts from SVN https://it-dev.mpiwg-berlin.mpg.de/svn/mpdl-project-content/trunk/texts/eXist/
casties
parents:
diff changeset
10433 matters of this nature, becau$e I think
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parents:
diff changeset
10434 it high time to proceed to the con$iderati-
22d6a63640c6 moved texts from SVN https://it-dev.mpiwg-berlin.mpg.de/svn/mpdl-project-content/trunk/texts/eXist/
casties
parents:
diff changeset
10435 <pb n=346>
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casties
parents:
diff changeset
10436 on of the principal $ubject of our Engine,
22d6a63640c6 moved texts from SVN https://it-dev.mpiwg-berlin.mpg.de/svn/mpdl-project-content/trunk/texts/eXist/
casties
parents:
diff changeset
10437 namely, The u$e of Re$piration; or ra-
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casties
parents:
diff changeset
10438 ther, The u$e of the Air in Re$piration.
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casties
parents:
diff changeset
10439 For whereas of the divers u$es of it men-
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casties
parents:
diff changeset
10440 tion'd by Anatomi$ts the mo$t, $uch as
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casties
parents:
diff changeset
10441 the Production and Modulation of the
22d6a63640c6 moved texts from SVN https://it-dev.mpiwg-berlin.mpg.de/svn/mpdl-project-content/trunk/texts/eXist/
casties
parents:
diff changeset
10442 Voice by the Eli$ion of the Air, the <I>La-
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casties
parents:
diff changeset
10443 rynx</I> &amp;c. the expul$ion of Excrements
22d6a63640c6 moved texts from SVN https://it-dev.mpiwg-berlin.mpg.de/svn/mpdl-project-content/trunk/texts/eXist/
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parents:
diff changeset
10444 by Coughing, the conveying in of Odours
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parents:
diff changeset
10445 by In$piration, and $ome others, rather
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parents:
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10446 convenient for the well being of an Ani-
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parents:
diff changeset
10447 mal, then ab$olutely nece$$ary to his Life:
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parents:
diff changeset
10448 Whereas (I $ay) the other u$es are $uch as
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parents:
diff changeset
10449 we have $aid, The great <I>Hippocrates</I> him-
22d6a63640c6 moved texts from SVN https://it-dev.mpiwg-berlin.mpg.de/svn/mpdl-project-content/trunk/texts/eXist/
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parents:
diff changeset
10450 $elf gives this notable Te$timony to the
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parents:
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10451 u$e of the Air, as to Animals endow'd
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parents:
diff changeset
10452 with Lungs, <I>Mortalibus</I> ($ays he) <I>hic</I> ($pi-
22d6a63640c6 moved texts from SVN https://it-dev.mpiwg-berlin.mpg.de/svn/mpdl-project-content/trunk/texts/eXist/
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parents:
diff changeset
10453 ritus) <I>tum vit&aelig;, tum morborum &aelig;grotis cau-
22d6a63640c6 moved texts from SVN https://it-dev.mpiwg-berlin.mpg.de/svn/mpdl-project-content/trunk/texts/eXist/
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parents:
diff changeset
10454 $a e$t. Tant&aacute;que corporibus omnibus $pi-
22d6a63640c6 moved texts from SVN https://it-dev.mpiwg-berlin.mpg.de/svn/mpdl-project-content/trunk/texts/eXist/
casties
parents:
diff changeset
10455 rit&ucirc;s ine$t nece&szlig;itas, ut $iquidem aliis om-
22d6a63640c6 moved texts from SVN https://it-dev.mpiwg-berlin.mpg.de/svn/mpdl-project-content/trunk/texts/eXist/
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parents:
diff changeset
10456 nibus &amp; cibis &amp; potionibus, quis <*>b$tineat,
22d6a63640c6 moved texts from SVN https://it-dev.mpiwg-berlin.mpg.de/svn/mpdl-project-content/trunk/texts/eXist/
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parents:
diff changeset
10457 duos tam&etilde; aut tres, vel plures dies po&szlig;it vi-
22d6a63640c6 moved texts from SVN https://it-dev.mpiwg-berlin.mpg.de/svn/mpdl-project-content/trunk/texts/eXist/
casties
parents:
diff changeset
10458 tam ducere: At $i quis $piritus in corpus
22d6a63640c6 moved texts from SVN https://it-dev.mpiwg-berlin.mpg.de/svn/mpdl-project-content/trunk/texts/eXist/
casties
parents:
diff changeset
10459 vias intercipiat, vel exigu&acirc; diei parte, he-
22d6a63640c6 moved texts from SVN https://it-dev.mpiwg-berlin.mpg.de/svn/mpdl-project-content/trunk/texts/eXist/
casties
parents:
diff changeset
10460 mini pereundum $it; Adeo nece$$arius e$t
22d6a63640c6 moved texts from SVN https://it-dev.mpiwg-berlin.mpg.de/svn/mpdl-project-content/trunk/texts/eXist/
casties
parents:
diff changeset
10461 u$us $pirit&ucirc;s in corpore. Ad h&aelig;c quo&queacute;,
22d6a63640c6 moved texts from SVN https://it-dev.mpiwg-berlin.mpg.de/svn/mpdl-project-content/trunk/texts/eXist/
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parents:
diff changeset
10462 quum omnibus aliis actionibus homines qui-
22d6a63640c6 moved texts from SVN https://it-dev.mpiwg-berlin.mpg.de/svn/mpdl-project-content/trunk/texts/eXist/
casties
parents:
diff changeset
10463 e$cant, quod mutationibus innumer is vita
22d6a63640c6 moved texts from SVN https://it-dev.mpiwg-berlin.mpg.de/svn/mpdl-project-content/trunk/texts/eXist/
casties
parents:
diff changeset
10464 $it expo$ita, ab h&acirc;c tamen $ol&acirc; actione nun-</I>
22d6a63640c6 moved texts from SVN https://it-dev.mpiwg-berlin.mpg.de/svn/mpdl-project-content/trunk/texts/eXist/
casties
parents:
diff changeset
10465 <pb n=347>
22d6a63640c6 moved texts from SVN https://it-dev.mpiwg-berlin.mpg.de/svn/mpdl-project-content/trunk/texts/eXist/
casties
parents:
diff changeset
10466 <I>quam de$i$tant animantia, quin aut $piritum
22d6a63640c6 moved texts from SVN https://it-dev.mpiwg-berlin.mpg.de/svn/mpdl-project-content/trunk/texts/eXist/
casties
parents:
diff changeset
10467 adducant, aut reddant.</I>
22d6a63640c6 moved texts from SVN https://it-dev.mpiwg-berlin.mpg.de/svn/mpdl-project-content/trunk/texts/eXist/
casties
parents:
diff changeset
10468 <p>But touching the account upon which
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casties
parents:
diff changeset
10469 the In$piration and Ex$piration of Air
22d6a63640c6 moved texts from SVN https://it-dev.mpiwg-berlin.mpg.de/svn/mpdl-project-content/trunk/texts/eXist/
casties
parents:
diff changeset
10470 (both which are comprehended in <G>a)gapno<*></G>,
22d6a63640c6 moved texts from SVN https://it-dev.mpiwg-berlin.mpg.de/svn/mpdl-project-content/trunk/texts/eXist/
casties
parents:
diff changeset
10471 Re$piration) is $o nece$$ary to Life, both
22d6a63640c6 moved texts from SVN https://it-dev.mpiwg-berlin.mpg.de/svn/mpdl-project-content/trunk/texts/eXist/
casties
parents:
diff changeset
10472 Naturali$ts and Phy$itians do $o di$agree,
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casties
parents:
diff changeset
10473 that it will be very difficult either to re-
22d6a63640c6 moved texts from SVN https://it-dev.mpiwg-berlin.mpg.de/svn/mpdl-project-content/trunk/texts/eXist/
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parents:
diff changeset
10474 concile their Opinions, or determine their
22d6a63640c6 moved texts from SVN https://it-dev.mpiwg-berlin.mpg.de/svn/mpdl-project-content/trunk/texts/eXist/
casties
parents:
diff changeset
10475 Controver$ies.
22d6a63640c6 moved texts from SVN https://it-dev.mpiwg-berlin.mpg.de/svn/mpdl-project-content/trunk/texts/eXist/
casties
parents:
diff changeset
10476 <p>For fir$t, Many there are who think
22d6a63640c6 moved texts from SVN https://it-dev.mpiwg-berlin.mpg.de/svn/mpdl-project-content/trunk/texts/eXist/
casties
parents:
diff changeset
10477 the chief (if not $ole) u$e of Re$piration
22d6a63640c6 moved texts from SVN https://it-dev.mpiwg-berlin.mpg.de/svn/mpdl-project-content/trunk/texts/eXist/
casties
parents:
diff changeset
10478 to be the Cooling and tempering of that
22d6a63640c6 moved texts from SVN https://it-dev.mpiwg-berlin.mpg.de/svn/mpdl-project-content/trunk/texts/eXist/
casties
parents:
diff changeset
10479 Heat in the Heart and Blood, which other-
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casties
parents:
diff changeset
10480 wi$e would be immoderate: And this O-
22d6a63640c6 moved texts from SVN https://it-dev.mpiwg-berlin.mpg.de/svn/mpdl-project-content/trunk/texts/eXist/
casties
parents:
diff changeset
10481 pinion, not onely $eems to be mo$t recei-
22d6a63640c6 moved texts from SVN https://it-dev.mpiwg-berlin.mpg.de/svn/mpdl-project-content/trunk/texts/eXist/
casties
parents:
diff changeset
10482 ved among$t Schola$tick Writers, but di-
22d6a63640c6 moved texts from SVN https://it-dev.mpiwg-berlin.mpg.de/svn/mpdl-project-content/trunk/texts/eXist/
casties
parents:
diff changeset
10483 vers of the new Philo$ophers, Carte$ians,
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casties
parents:
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10484 and others, admitted with $ome variation;
22d6a63640c6 moved texts from SVN https://it-dev.mpiwg-berlin.mpg.de/svn/mpdl-project-content/trunk/texts/eXist/
casties
parents:
diff changeset
10485 teaching, That the Air is nece$$ary, by its
22d6a63640c6 moved texts from SVN https://it-dev.mpiwg-berlin.mpg.de/svn/mpdl-project-content/trunk/texts/eXist/
casties
parents:
diff changeset
10486 coldne$s, to conden$e the Blood that pa$-
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casties
parents:
diff changeset
10487 $es out of the right Ventricle of the
22d6a63640c6 moved texts from SVN https://it-dev.mpiwg-berlin.mpg.de/svn/mpdl-project-content/trunk/texts/eXist/
casties
parents:
diff changeset
10488 Heart into the Lungs, that thereby it may
22d6a63640c6 moved texts from SVN https://it-dev.mpiwg-berlin.mpg.de/svn/mpdl-project-content/trunk/texts/eXist/
casties
parents:
diff changeset
10489 obtain $uch a con$i$tence, as is requi$ite
22d6a63640c6 moved texts from SVN https://it-dev.mpiwg-berlin.mpg.de/svn/mpdl-project-content/trunk/texts/eXist/
casties
parents:
diff changeset
10490 to make it fit Fewel for the vital Fire or
22d6a63640c6 moved texts from SVN https://it-dev.mpiwg-berlin.mpg.de/svn/mpdl-project-content/trunk/texts/eXist/
casties
parents:
diff changeset
10491 Flame, in the left Ventricle of the heart.
22d6a63640c6 moved texts from SVN https://it-dev.mpiwg-berlin.mpg.de/svn/mpdl-project-content/trunk/texts/eXist/
casties
parents:
diff changeset
10492 And this Opinion $eems favor'd by this,
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casties
parents:
diff changeset
10493 That Fi$hes, and other cold Creatures,
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casties
parents:
diff changeset
10494 who$e Hearts have but one cavity, are al-
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casties
parents:
diff changeset
10495 <pb n=348>
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casties
parents:
diff changeset
10496 $o unprovided of Lungs, and by $ome o-
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casties
parents:
diff changeset
10497 ther con$iderations. But though it need
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casties
parents:
diff changeset
10498 not be deny'd, that the in$pir'd Air may
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casties
parents:
diff changeset
10499 $ometimes be of u$e by refrigerating the
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casties
parents:
diff changeset
10500 Heart; yet (again$t the Opinion that makes
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casties
parents:
diff changeset
10501 this Refrigeration, the mo$t genuine and
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casties
parents:
diff changeset
10502 con$tant u$e of the Air) it may be Obje-
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casties
parents:
diff changeset
10503 cted, That divers cold Creatures ($ome
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casties
parents:
diff changeset
10504 of which, as particularly Frogs, live in
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casties
parents:
diff changeset
10505 the Water) have yet need of Re$piration,
22d6a63640c6 moved texts from SVN https://it-dev.mpiwg-berlin.mpg.de/svn/mpdl-project-content/trunk/texts/eXist/
casties
parents:
diff changeset
10506 which $eems not likely to be needed for
22d6a63640c6 moved texts from SVN https://it-dev.mpiwg-berlin.mpg.de/svn/mpdl-project-content/trunk/texts/eXist/
casties
parents:
diff changeset
10507 Refrigeration by them that are de$titute of
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casties
parents:
diff changeset
10508 any $en$ible heat, and be$ides, live in the
22d6a63640c6 moved texts from SVN https://it-dev.mpiwg-berlin.mpg.de/svn/mpdl-project-content/trunk/texts/eXist/
casties
parents:
diff changeset
10509 cold Water: That even decrepid old
22d6a63640c6 moved texts from SVN https://it-dev.mpiwg-berlin.mpg.de/svn/mpdl-project-content/trunk/texts/eXist/
casties
parents:
diff changeset
10510 Men, who$e natural heat is made very
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casties
parents:
diff changeset
10511 languid, and almo$t extingui$h'd by rea-
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casties
parents:
diff changeset
10512 $on of age, have yet a nece$$ity of fre-
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casties
parents:
diff changeset
10513 quent Re$piration: That a temperate Air
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casties
parents:
diff changeset
10514 is fitte$t for the generality of breathing
22d6a63640c6 moved texts from SVN https://it-dev.mpiwg-berlin.mpg.de/svn/mpdl-project-content/trunk/texts/eXist/
casties
parents:
diff changeset
10515 Creatures; and as an Air too hot, $o al-
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casties
parents:
diff changeset
10516 $o an Air too cold, may be inconvenient
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casties
parents:
diff changeset
10517 for them (e$pecially, if they be troubled
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casties
parents:
diff changeset
10518 with an immoderate degree of the $ame
22d6a63640c6 moved texts from SVN https://it-dev.mpiwg-berlin.mpg.de/svn/mpdl-project-content/trunk/texts/eXist/
casties
parents:
diff changeset
10519 Quality which is predominant in the Air:)
22d6a63640c6 moved texts from SVN https://it-dev.mpiwg-berlin.mpg.de/svn/mpdl-project-content/trunk/texts/eXist/
casties
parents:
diff changeset
10520 That in $ome Di$ea$es the natural heat is
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casties
parents:
diff changeset
10521 $o weaken'd, that in ca$e the u$e of Re$pi-
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casties
parents:
diff changeset
10522 ration were to cool, it would be more
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casties
parents:
diff changeset
10523 hurtful then beneficial to breath; and the
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casties
parents:
diff changeset
10524 $u$pending of the Re$piration, may $up-
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casties
parents:
diff changeset
10525 <pb n=349>
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casties
parents:
diff changeset
10526 ply the place of tho$e very hot Medicines
22d6a63640c6 moved texts from SVN https://it-dev.mpiwg-berlin.mpg.de/svn/mpdl-project-content/trunk/texts/eXist/
casties
parents:
diff changeset
10527 that are wont to be employ'd in $uch Di-
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casties
parents:
diff changeset
10528 $tempers: That Nature might much bet-
22d6a63640c6 moved texts from SVN https://it-dev.mpiwg-berlin.mpg.de/svn/mpdl-project-content/trunk/texts/eXist/
casties
parents:
diff changeset
10529 ter have given the Heart but a moderate
22d6a63640c6 moved texts from SVN https://it-dev.mpiwg-berlin.mpg.de/svn/mpdl-project-content/trunk/texts/eXist/
casties
parents:
diff changeset
10530 heat, then $uch an exce$$ive one, as needs
22d6a63640c6 moved texts from SVN https://it-dev.mpiwg-berlin.mpg.de/svn/mpdl-project-content/trunk/texts/eXist/
casties
parents:
diff changeset
10531 to be perpetually cool'd, to keep it from
22d6a63640c6 moved texts from SVN https://it-dev.mpiwg-berlin.mpg.de/svn/mpdl-project-content/trunk/texts/eXist/
casties
parents:
diff changeset
10532 growing de$tructive; which the gentle,
22d6a63640c6 moved texts from SVN https://it-dev.mpiwg-berlin.mpg.de/svn/mpdl-project-content/trunk/texts/eXist/
casties
parents:
diff changeset
10533 and not the burning heat of an Animals
22d6a63640c6 moved texts from SVN https://it-dev.mpiwg-berlin.mpg.de/svn/mpdl-project-content/trunk/texts/eXist/
casties
parents:
diff changeset
10534 Heart, $eems not inten$e enough $o indi-
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casties
parents:
diff changeset
10535 $pen$ably to require. The$e, and other
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casties
parents:
diff changeset
10536 Objections, might be oppo$'d, and pre$$'d
22d6a63640c6 moved texts from SVN https://it-dev.mpiwg-berlin.mpg.de/svn/mpdl-project-content/trunk/texts/eXist/
casties
parents:
diff changeset
10537 again$t the recited Opinion: But we $hall
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casties
parents:
diff changeset
10538 not in$i$t on them, but onely adde to
22d6a63640c6 moved texts from SVN https://it-dev.mpiwg-berlin.mpg.de/svn/mpdl-project-content/trunk/texts/eXist/
casties
parents:
diff changeset
10539 them, That it appears not by our fore-
22d6a63640c6 moved texts from SVN https://it-dev.mpiwg-berlin.mpg.de/svn/mpdl-project-content/trunk/texts/eXist/
casties
parents:
diff changeset
10540 going Experiments (I mean the 38<SUP>th</SUP> and
22d6a63640c6 moved texts from SVN https://it-dev.mpiwg-berlin.mpg.de/svn/mpdl-project-content/trunk/texts/eXist/
casties
parents:
diff changeset
10541 39<SUP>th</SUP>) that in our exhau$ted Receiver,
22d6a63640c6 moved texts from SVN https://it-dev.mpiwg-berlin.mpg.de/svn/mpdl-project-content/trunk/texts/eXist/
casties
parents:
diff changeset
10542 where yet Animals die $o $uddenly for
22d6a63640c6 moved texts from SVN https://it-dev.mpiwg-berlin.mpg.de/svn/mpdl-project-content/trunk/texts/eXist/
casties
parents:
diff changeset
10543 want of Re$piration, the ambient Body is
22d6a63640c6 moved texts from SVN https://it-dev.mpiwg-berlin.mpg.de/svn/mpdl-project-content/trunk/texts/eXist/
casties
parents:
diff changeset
10544 $en$ibly hotter then the common Air.
22d6a63640c6 moved texts from SVN https://it-dev.mpiwg-berlin.mpg.de/svn/mpdl-project-content/trunk/texts/eXist/
casties
parents:
diff changeset
10545 <p>Other Learned Men there are, who will
22d6a63640c6 moved texts from SVN https://it-dev.mpiwg-berlin.mpg.de/svn/mpdl-project-content/trunk/texts/eXist/
casties
parents:
diff changeset
10546 have the very $ub$tance of the Air to get
22d6a63640c6 moved texts from SVN https://it-dev.mpiwg-berlin.mpg.de/svn/mpdl-project-content/trunk/texts/eXist/
casties
parents:
diff changeset
10547 in by the Ve$$els of the Lungs, to the
22d6a63640c6 moved texts from SVN https://it-dev.mpiwg-berlin.mpg.de/svn/mpdl-project-content/trunk/texts/eXist/
casties
parents:
diff changeset
10548 left Ventricle of the Heart, not onely to
22d6a63640c6 moved texts from SVN https://it-dev.mpiwg-berlin.mpg.de/svn/mpdl-project-content/trunk/texts/eXist/
casties
parents:
diff changeset
10549 temper its heat, but to provide for the
22d6a63640c6 moved texts from SVN https://it-dev.mpiwg-berlin.mpg.de/svn/mpdl-project-content/trunk/texts/eXist/
casties
parents:
diff changeset
10550 generation of Spirits. And the$e alledge
22d6a63640c6 moved texts from SVN https://it-dev.mpiwg-berlin.mpg.de/svn/mpdl-project-content/trunk/texts/eXist/
casties
parents:
diff changeset
10551 for them$elves the Authority of the An-
22d6a63640c6 moved texts from SVN https://it-dev.mpiwg-berlin.mpg.de/svn/mpdl-project-content/trunk/texts/eXist/
casties
parents:
diff changeset
10552 tients, among whom <I>Hippocrates</I> $eems
22d6a63640c6 moved texts from SVN https://it-dev.mpiwg-berlin.mpg.de/svn/mpdl-project-content/trunk/texts/eXist/
casties
parents:
diff changeset
10553 manife$tly to favor their Opinion; and
22d6a63640c6 moved texts from SVN https://it-dev.mpiwg-berlin.mpg.de/svn/mpdl-project-content/trunk/texts/eXist/
casties
parents:
diff changeset
10554 both <I>Ari$totle</I> and <I>Galen</I> do $ometimes
22d6a63640c6 moved texts from SVN https://it-dev.mpiwg-berlin.mpg.de/svn/mpdl-project-content/trunk/texts/eXist/
casties
parents:
diff changeset
10555 <pb n=350>
22d6a63640c6 moved texts from SVN https://it-dev.mpiwg-berlin.mpg.de/svn/mpdl-project-content/trunk/texts/eXist/
casties
parents:
diff changeset
10556 (for methinks they $peak doubtfully e-
22d6a63640c6 moved texts from SVN https://it-dev.mpiwg-berlin.mpg.de/svn/mpdl-project-content/trunk/texts/eXist/
casties
parents:
diff changeset
10557 nough) appear inclinable to it. But for
22d6a63640c6 moved texts from SVN https://it-dev.mpiwg-berlin.mpg.de/svn/mpdl-project-content/trunk/texts/eXist/
casties
parents:
diff changeset
10558 ought ever I could $ee in Di$$ections, it is
22d6a63640c6 moved texts from SVN https://it-dev.mpiwg-berlin.mpg.de/svn/mpdl-project-content/trunk/texts/eXist/
casties
parents:
diff changeset
10559 very difficult to make out, how the Air is
22d6a63640c6 moved texts from SVN https://it-dev.mpiwg-berlin.mpg.de/svn/mpdl-project-content/trunk/texts/eXist/
casties
parents:
diff changeset
10560 convey'd into the left Ventricle of the
22d6a63640c6 moved texts from SVN https://it-dev.mpiwg-berlin.mpg.de/svn/mpdl-project-content/trunk/texts/eXist/
casties
parents:
diff changeset
10561 Heart, e$pecially the <I>Sy$tole</I> and <I>Dia$tole</I>
22d6a63640c6 moved texts from SVN https://it-dev.mpiwg-berlin.mpg.de/svn/mpdl-project-content/trunk/texts/eXist/
casties
parents:
diff changeset
10562 of the Heart and Lungs, being very far
22d6a63640c6 moved texts from SVN https://it-dev.mpiwg-berlin.mpg.de/svn/mpdl-project-content/trunk/texts/eXist/
casties
parents:
diff changeset
10563 from being Synchronical: Be$ides, that
22d6a63640c6 moved texts from SVN https://it-dev.mpiwg-berlin.mpg.de/svn/mpdl-project-content/trunk/texts/eXist/
casties
parents:
diff changeset
10564 the Spirits $eeming to be but the mo$t
22d6a63640c6 moved texts from SVN https://it-dev.mpiwg-berlin.mpg.de/svn/mpdl-project-content/trunk/texts/eXist/
casties
parents:
diff changeset
10565 $ubtle and unctuous Particles of the
22d6a63640c6 moved texts from SVN https://it-dev.mpiwg-berlin.mpg.de/svn/mpdl-project-content/trunk/texts/eXist/
casties
parents:
diff changeset
10566 Blood, appear to be of a very differing
22d6a63640c6 moved texts from SVN https://it-dev.mpiwg-berlin.mpg.de/svn/mpdl-project-content/trunk/texts/eXist/
casties
parents:
diff changeset
10567 Nature from that of the lean and incom-
22d6a63640c6 moved texts from SVN https://it-dev.mpiwg-berlin.mpg.de/svn/mpdl-project-content/trunk/texts/eXist/
casties
parents:
diff changeset
10568 bu$tible Corpu$cles of Air. Other Ob-
22d6a63640c6 moved texts from SVN https://it-dev.mpiwg-berlin.mpg.de/svn/mpdl-project-content/trunk/texts/eXist/
casties
parents:
diff changeset
10569 jections again$t this Opinion have been
22d6a63640c6 moved texts from SVN https://it-dev.mpiwg-berlin.mpg.de/svn/mpdl-project-content/trunk/texts/eXist/
casties
parents:
diff changeset
10570 propo$'d, and pre$t by that excellent Ana-
22d6a63640c6 moved texts from SVN https://it-dev.mpiwg-berlin.mpg.de/svn/mpdl-project-content/trunk/texts/eXist/
casties
parents:
diff changeset
10571 tomi$t, and my Indu$trious Friend, Dr.
22d6a63640c6 moved texts from SVN https://it-dev.mpiwg-berlin.mpg.de/svn/mpdl-project-content/trunk/texts/eXist/
casties
parents:
diff changeset
10572 <I>Highmore,</I> to whom I $hall therefore refer
22d6a63640c6 moved texts from SVN https://it-dev.mpiwg-berlin.mpg.de/svn/mpdl-project-content/trunk/texts/eXist/
casties
parents:
diff changeset
10573 you.
22d6a63640c6 moved texts from SVN https://it-dev.mpiwg-berlin.mpg.de/svn/mpdl-project-content/trunk/texts/eXist/
casties
parents:
diff changeset
10574 <p>Another Opinion there is touching Re-
22d6a63640c6 moved texts from SVN https://it-dev.mpiwg-berlin.mpg.de/svn/mpdl-project-content/trunk/texts/eXist/
casties
parents:
diff changeset
10575 $piration, which makes the genuine u$e of
22d6a63640c6 moved texts from SVN https://it-dev.mpiwg-berlin.mpg.de/svn/mpdl-project-content/trunk/texts/eXist/
casties
parents:
diff changeset
10576 it to be Ventilation (not of the Heart,
22d6a63640c6 moved texts from SVN https://it-dev.mpiwg-berlin.mpg.de/svn/mpdl-project-content/trunk/texts/eXist/
casties
parents:
diff changeset
10577 but) of the Blood, in its pa$$age thorow
22d6a63640c6 moved texts from SVN https://it-dev.mpiwg-berlin.mpg.de/svn/mpdl-project-content/trunk/texts/eXist/
casties
parents:
diff changeset
10578 the Lungs; in which pa$$age, it is di$-
22d6a63640c6 moved texts from SVN https://it-dev.mpiwg-berlin.mpg.de/svn/mpdl-project-content/trunk/texts/eXist/
casties
parents:
diff changeset
10579 burthened of tho$e Excrementitious
22d6a63640c6 moved texts from SVN https://it-dev.mpiwg-berlin.mpg.de/svn/mpdl-project-content/trunk/texts/eXist/
casties
parents:
diff changeset
10580 Steams, proceeding, for the mo$t part,
22d6a63640c6 moved texts from SVN https://it-dev.mpiwg-berlin.mpg.de/svn/mpdl-project-content/trunk/texts/eXist/
casties
parents:
diff changeset
10581 from the $uperfluous Sero$ities of the
22d6a63640c6 moved texts from SVN https://it-dev.mpiwg-berlin.mpg.de/svn/mpdl-project-content/trunk/texts/eXist/
casties
parents:
diff changeset
10582 Blood, (we may adde) and of the <I>Chyle</I>
22d6a63640c6 moved texts from SVN https://it-dev.mpiwg-berlin.mpg.de/svn/mpdl-project-content/trunk/texts/eXist/
casties
parents:
diff changeset
10583 too, which (by tho$e new Conduits of
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casties
parents:
diff changeset
10584 late very happily detected by the famous
22d6a63640c6 moved texts from SVN https://it-dev.mpiwg-berlin.mpg.de/svn/mpdl-project-content/trunk/texts/eXist/
casties
parents:
diff changeset
10585 <pb n=351>
22d6a63640c6 moved texts from SVN https://it-dev.mpiwg-berlin.mpg.de/svn/mpdl-project-content/trunk/texts/eXist/
casties
parents:
diff changeset
10586 <I>Pecquet</I>) hath been newly mix'd with it in
22d6a63640c6 moved texts from SVN https://it-dev.mpiwg-berlin.mpg.de/svn/mpdl-project-content/trunk/texts/eXist/
casties
parents:
diff changeset
10587 the Heart.) And this Opinion is that of
22d6a63640c6 moved texts from SVN https://it-dev.mpiwg-berlin.mpg.de/svn/mpdl-project-content/trunk/texts/eXist/
casties
parents:
diff changeset
10588 the Indu$trious <I>M&oelig;bius,</I> and is $aid to
22d6a63640c6 moved texts from SVN https://it-dev.mpiwg-berlin.mpg.de/svn/mpdl-project-content/trunk/texts/eXist/
casties
parents:
diff changeset
10589 have been that of that excellent Philo$o-
22d6a63640c6 moved texts from SVN https://it-dev.mpiwg-berlin.mpg.de/svn/mpdl-project-content/trunk/texts/eXist/
casties
parents:
diff changeset
10590 pher <I>Ga$$endus;</I> and hath been in part an
22d6a63640c6 moved texts from SVN https://it-dev.mpiwg-berlin.mpg.de/svn/mpdl-project-content/trunk/texts/eXist/
casties
parents:
diff changeset
10591 Opinion almo$t vulgar: But this <I>Hypo-
22d6a63640c6 moved texts from SVN https://it-dev.mpiwg-berlin.mpg.de/svn/mpdl-project-content/trunk/texts/eXist/
casties
parents:
diff changeset
10592 the$is</I> may be explicated two ways: For
22d6a63640c6 moved texts from SVN https://it-dev.mpiwg-berlin.mpg.de/svn/mpdl-project-content/trunk/texts/eXist/
casties
parents:
diff changeset
10593 fir$t, The nece$$ity of the Air in Re$pi-
22d6a63640c6 moved texts from SVN https://it-dev.mpiwg-berlin.mpg.de/svn/mpdl-project-content/trunk/texts/eXist/
casties
parents:
diff changeset
10594 ration, may be $uppo$'d to proceed from
22d6a63640c6 moved texts from SVN https://it-dev.mpiwg-berlin.mpg.de/svn/mpdl-project-content/trunk/texts/eXist/
casties
parents:
diff changeset
10595 hence; That as a Flame cannot long burn
22d6a63640c6 moved texts from SVN https://it-dev.mpiwg-berlin.mpg.de/svn/mpdl-project-content/trunk/texts/eXist/
casties
parents:
diff changeset
10596 in a narrow and clo$e place, becau$e the
22d6a63640c6 moved texts from SVN https://it-dev.mpiwg-berlin.mpg.de/svn/mpdl-project-content/trunk/texts/eXist/
casties
parents:
diff changeset
10597 Fuliginous Steams it unce$$antly throws
22d6a63640c6 moved texts from SVN https://it-dev.mpiwg-berlin.mpg.de/svn/mpdl-project-content/trunk/texts/eXist/
casties
parents:
diff changeset
10598 out, cannot be long receiv'd into the am-
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diff changeset
10599 bient Body; which after a while growing
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10600 too full of them, to admit any more, $ti-
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diff changeset
10601 fles the flame, $o that the vital Fire in the
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diff changeset
10602 Heart requires an ambient Body, of a
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casties
parents:
diff changeset
10603 yielding nature, to receive into it the $u-
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parents:
diff changeset
10604 perfluous Sero$ities and other Recrements
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parents:
diff changeset
10605 of the Blood, who$e $ea$onable Expul$i-
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parents:
diff changeset
10606 on is requi$ite to depurate the Ma$s of
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parents:
diff changeset
10607 Blood, and make it fit both to Circulate;
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diff changeset
10608 and to maintain the vital heat re$iding in
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parents:
diff changeset
10609 the Heart. The other way of explicating
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parents:
diff changeset
10610 the above-mention'd <I>Hypothe$is,</I> is, by
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parents:
diff changeset
10611 $uppo$ing, that the Air does not onely, as
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parents:
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10612 a Receptacle, admit into its Pores the Ex-
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parents:
diff changeset
10613 crementitious vapors of the Blood, when
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parents:
diff changeset
10614 they are expell'd through the Wind-Pipe,
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parents:
diff changeset
10615 <pb n=352>
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parents:
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10616 but does al$o convey them out of the
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parents:
diff changeset
10617 Lungs, in regard that the in$pired Air,
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parents:
diff changeset
10618 reaching to all the ends of the <I>A$pera Ar-
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parents:
diff changeset
10619 teria,</I> does there a$$ociate it $elf with the
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parents:
diff changeset
10620 Exhalations of the circulating Blood, and
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parents:
diff changeset
10621 when tis exploded, carrys them away with
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parents:
diff changeset
10622 it $elf, as we $ee that winds $peedily dry up
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parents:
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10623 the $urfaces of wet Bodies, not to $ay any
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parents:
diff changeset
10624 thing of what we formerly ob$ervd touch-
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parents:
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10625 ing our Liquor, who$e fumes were $trange-
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parents:
diff changeset
10626 ly elevated upon the Ingre$s of the Air.
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casties
parents:
diff changeset
10627 <p>Now of the$e two ways of explicating
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parents:
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10628 the u$e of Re$piration, our Engine af-
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parents:
diff changeset
10629 fords us this Objection again$t the fir$t;
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parents:
diff changeset
10630 That upon the Ex$uction of the Air, the
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parents:
diff changeset
10631 Animals die a great deal $ooner then if it
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parents:
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10632 were left in the Ve$$el; though by that
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casties
parents:
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10633 Ex$uction the ambient $pace is left much
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parents:
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10634 more free to receive the $teams that are ei-
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parents:
diff changeset
10635 ther breathed out of the Lungs of the
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parents:
diff changeset
10636 Animal, or di$charg'd by in$en$ible Tran-
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parents:
diff changeset
10637 $piration through the Pores of his
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casties
parents:
diff changeset
10638 Skin.
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casties
parents:
diff changeset
10639 <p>But if the <I>Hypothe$is</I> propo$'d, be taken
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parents:
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10640 in the other $en$e, it $eems congruous e-
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parents:
diff changeset
10641 nough to that grand ob$ervation, which
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parents:
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10642 partly the <I>Ph&aelig;nomena</I> of our Engine, and
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parents:
diff changeset
10643 partly the relations of Travellers, have
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parents:
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10644 $ugge$ted to us, namely, That there is a
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parents:
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10645 <pb n=353>
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parents:
diff changeset
10646 certain con$i$tence of Air requi$ite to Re-
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parents:
diff changeset
10647 $piration; $o that if it be too thick, and
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parents:
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10648 already over-charged with vapors, it will
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parents:
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10649 be unfit to unite with, and carry off tho$e
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parents:
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10650 of the Blood, as Water will di$$olve, and
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parents:
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10651 a$$ociate to it $elf but a certain proportion
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parents:
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10652 of $aline Corpu$cles; and if it be too
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parents:
diff changeset
10653 thin or rarefied, the number or $ize of the
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parents:
diff changeset
10654 A&euml;rial Particles is too $mall to be able to
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parents:
diff changeset
10655 a$$ume and carry off the halituous Excre-
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parents:
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10656 ments of the Blood, in $uch plenty as is
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parents:
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10657 requi$ite.
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casties
parents:
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10658 <p>Now that Air too much thicken'd (and
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parents:
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10659 as it were clogg'd) with Steams, is unfit
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parents:
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10660 for Re$piration, may appear by what is
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parents:
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10661 wont to happen in the Lead-Mines of <I>De-
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parents:
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10662 von$hire,</I> (and, for ought I know, in tho$e
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parents:
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10663 too of other Countrys, though I have
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parents:
diff changeset
10664 $een Mines where no $uch thing was com-
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parents:
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10665 plain'd of) for I have been inform'd by
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parents:
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10666 more then one credible Per$on (and parti-
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parents:
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10667 cularly by an Ingenious Man, that has of-
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casties
parents:
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10668 ten, for curio$ity, digg'd in tho$e Mines,
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parents:
diff changeset
10669 and been imploy'd about them) that there
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parents:
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10670 often ri$es Damps, as retaining the <I>Ger-
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parents:
diff changeset
10671 mane</I> Word by which they call them)
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casties
parents:
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10672 which does $o thicken the Air, that unle$s
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parents:
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10673 the Work-men $peedily make $igns to
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casties
parents:
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10674 them that are above, they would (which
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casties
parents:
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10675 <pb n=354>
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casties
parents:
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10676 al$o $ometimes happens) be pre$ently
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casties
parents:
diff changeset
10677 $tifled for want of Breath; and though
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casties
parents:
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10678 their Companions do make ha$te to draw
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casties
parents:
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10679 them up, yet frequently, by that time
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casties
parents:
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10680 they come to the free Air, they are, as it
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casties
parents:
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10681 were, in a $woon, and are a good while be-
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parents:
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10682 fore they come to them$elves again. And
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casties
parents:
diff changeset
10683 that this $wooning $eems not to proceed
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casties
parents:
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10684 from any Ar$enical or Poy$onous Exhala-
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casties
parents:
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10685 tion contain'd in the Damp, as from its
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casties
parents:
diff changeset
10686 over-much conden$ing the Air, $eems pro-
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casties
parents:
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10687 bable from hence; That the $ame Damps
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casties
parents:
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10688 oftentimes lei$urely extingui$h the flames
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casties
parents:
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10689 of their Candles or Lamps; and from
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casties
parents:
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10690 hence al$o that it appears (by many Rela-
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casties
parents:
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10691 tions of Authentical Authors) that in
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casties
parents:
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10692 tho$e Cellars where great $tore of new
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casties
parents:
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10693 Wine is $et to work, men have been $uffo-
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casties
parents:
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10694 cated by the too great plenty of the $teams
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casties
parents:
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10695 exhaling from the Mu$t, and too much
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casties
parents:
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10696 thickning the Air: as may be gathered
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casties
parents:
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10697 from the cu$tom that is now u$ed in $ome
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casties
parents:
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10698 hot Countrys, where tho$e that have oc-
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10699 ca$ion to go into $uch Cellars, carry with
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10700 them a quantity of well kindled Coals,
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10701 which they hold near their Faces; where-
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10702 by it comes to pa$s, that the Fire di$cu$-
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10703 $ing the Fumes, and rarefying the Air re-
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10704 duces the ambient Body to a con$i$tence fit
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10705 for Re$piration.