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annotate texts/archimedesOldCVSRepository/archimedes/raw/manuz_eleme_01_it_1557.raw @ 23:5690c4247e05

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author Klaus Thoden <kthoden@mpiwg-berlin.mpg.de>
date Tue, 14 May 2013 12:45:18 +0200
parents 22d6a63640c6
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1 <pb>
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2 <C>DE GLI ELEMENTI,
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3 E DI MOLTI LORO
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4 NOTABILI EFFETTI.</C>
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5 <FIG>
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6 <C>IN. VENETIA, M. D. LVII.
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7 Con priuilegio per anni X.</C>
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8 <pb>
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9 <C>ALL' HONORATISS. S.
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10 IL S. PAOLO GIVSTINIANO,
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11 Abbate di S. Andrea di Bu$co,
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12 PAOLO MANVTIO.</C>
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13 <p>PERCHE potrebbe cader in
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14 pen$iero a V. S. che quel-
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15 la $eruit&ugrave;, la quale gi&agrave; pre-
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16 $i con e$$olei, merc&egrave; della
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17 $ua humanit&agrave;, $e ne anda$-
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18 $e mancando col tempo, ma$$imamen-
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19 te non e$$endomi lecito di ui$itarla, per
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20 que$ta mia piu to$to mole$ta, che pe-
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21 riglio$a indi$po$itione de gli occhi: ho
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22 uoluto, per mezzo di qualche $egno
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23 dell' animo mio, confermarmi nella
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24 po$$e$$ione della $ua gratia, facendomi
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25 ricono$cere per quell' affettionato $er-
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26 uitore, ch io le fui in$ino dal primo gior
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27 no, che la mia felice fortuna mi diede
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28 occa$ione di cono$cerla. nel qual tem-
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29 <pb>
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30 po co$i humanamente mi accol$e, che
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31 ne porter&ograve; $empre $colpita la memo-
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32 ria. et hora, perche l' affetto mio in-
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33 terno d' alcuno e$trin$eco effetto $i co
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34 no$ca, mando in luce $otto il $uo hono
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35 rato nome que$to trattato de gli ele-
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36 menti: il quale douer&agrave; e$$er grato a
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37 qualunque il legger&agrave;, e per la breuit&agrave;,
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38 e per la chiarezza. a V. S. rendomi
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39 certo che $ar&agrave; cari$$imo, come a quel-
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40 la, cui diletta oltra modo lo $tudio del-
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41 le belle $cienze, e, per impiegarui la
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42 maggior parte del tempo, $i &egrave; ritirata
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43 in luogo ameno, e $olitario, e uiue fe-
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44 lice uita, accompagnata $empre da'
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45 $uoi $anti pen$ieri, lontana dall' ambi-
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46 tione, e da molte altre pa$$ioni, che
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47 tormentano gli animi di chi nelle fal$e
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48 apparenze del mondo giudica e$$er ri-
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49 po$to il $ommo bene. Que$to libret-
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50 to adunque le mando, per ui$itarla in
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51 quel modo, che mi &egrave; conce$$o, non po
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52 <pb n=III>
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53 tendo io uenire per$onalmente: pre-
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54 gandola a non mi$urare l' animo mio
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55 con co$i picciolo effetto, ma tenere per
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56 fermo, che il de$iderio, ch' io ho di ho-
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57 norarla, $ia di gran lunga $uperiore al-
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58 le forze. e for$e un giorno miglior oc-
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59 ca$ione mi $i offerir&agrave;, &amp; aprira$$i piu lar
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60 go campo, doue io po$$a tra$correre
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61 per le $ue lodi, e della $ua nobili$$ima
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62 ca$a, onde tanti ualoro$i heroi $ono u-
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63 $citi, &amp; e$cono tuttauia, degni di $em-
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64 piterna lode. Tra tanto accetti beni-
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65 gnamente quel ch' io le porgo; e, quan
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66 to a' miei meriti manca, $oppli$ca ella
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67 con l' humanit&agrave; $ua. e co$i e$$a $te$$a in
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68 un mede$imo tempo mi obligher&agrave;, e
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69 far&agrave; degno di $eruirla, aiutando la mia
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70 imperfettione con quelle parti, che in
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71 lei $ono perfette.
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72 <pb n=IIII>
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73 <C>DE GLI ELEMENTI.</C>
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74 <p>SCRIVONO GLI antichi
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75 philo$ophi, che l' huomo
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76 &egrave; compo$to de' quatro ele-
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77 menti. e pare ueramente,
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78 che la no$tra comple$$ione il confermi,
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79 e$$endo in noi i quatro humori, che
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80 rappre$entano i quatro elementi, la co
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81 lera il fuoco, il $angue l' aria, il fleg-
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82 ma l' acqua, la melancolia la terra. la
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83 onde &egrave; brutta co$a all' huomo, e trop-
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84 po indegna di lui, il non $aper ragio-
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85 nare di quelle parti, ond' egli &egrave; com-
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86 po$to. il che mi ha mo$$o a raccorre, e
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87 diuolgare, a notitia commune, in lin-
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88 gua uolgare Italiana quel che da' dot-
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89 ti$$imi philo$ophi intorno a cotale ma-
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90 teria &egrave; $tato di$putato in diuer$i libri,
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91 la$ciando da canto le co$e $ouerchie, e
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92 $ciegliendo le piu degne di e$$er inte$e,
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93 con quella breuit&agrave;, e chiarezza, che
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94 <pb>
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95 ho $aputo maggiore. Venendo adun-
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96 que al $oggetto, che ci habbiamo pro-
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97 po$to, comincieremo, a u$o de gli an-
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98 tichi, dalla definitione, con la quale il
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99 tutto $i comprende. poi uerremo alle
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100 parti, e cia$cuna con tutto quello, che
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101 da cia$cuna dipende, &amp; intorno a cia-
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102 $cuna $i con$idera, tratteremo ordina-
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103 tamente, in $tile rime$$o, e piano, $en-
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104 za ornamenti di parole, de' quali la ma
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105 teria, per $e $te$$a nobile, &amp; alta, non
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106 ha bi$ogno. Elemento &egrave; quello, onde
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107 alcuna co$a $i fa, nella quale rimanga:
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108 &amp; &egrave; indiui$ibile $econdo $pecie. Que$ta
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109 &egrave; la uera definitione dello elemento: e
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110 proua$i di parte in parte con que$te ra-
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111 gioni. Se dell' elemento niuna co$a $i
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112 face$$e; di niuna co$a potrebbe e$$er e-
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113 lemento. percioche, e$$endo quatro
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114 $orti di cau$e, la cau$a efficiente, la fi-
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115 nale, la materiale, la formale; l' ele-
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116 mento $i appartiene alla materiale. Et
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117 <pb n=V>
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118 ogni materia &egrave; nella co$a, della quale &egrave;
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119 materia: onde nel primo della phi$ica
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120 $i uede, che l' elemento &egrave; differente
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121 dalla priuatione in que$to, che l' ele-
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122 mento rimane dopo che la co$a &egrave; fatta,
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123 e la priuatione non rimane. &egrave; dunque
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124 l' elemento, come cau$a materiale, nel-
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125 la co$a, della quale egli &egrave; elemento. et
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126 &egrave; indiui$ibile $econdo $pecie: perche
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127 non $i pu&ograve; diuidere in co$a, la quale
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128 habbi forma; e$$endo, che $i diuide im-
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129 mediate nella materia prima, la quale
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130 di $ua natura &egrave; informe; e nella forma,
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131 la quale non ha corpo, e per $e non ha
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132 forma. onde l' una e l' altra $ono prin-
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133 cipio de gli elementi $emplici, ma non
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134 $ono gi&agrave; elemento. E$$endo adunque
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135 gli elementi compo$ti immediate di ma
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136 teria prima, e di forma; ragioneuol-
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137 mente $i po$$ono chiamare corpi $em-
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138 plici, o corpi primi: perche non $ono
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139 compo$ti di altri corpi. Volle Platone,
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140 <pb>
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141 come $i uede nel Timeo, ($e per&ograve; fu
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142 opinione di lui, e non di Pithagora)
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143 che gli ementi fo$$ero compo$ti di $u-
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144 perficie, e, per e$$ere primi corpi, di
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145 $uperficie prime. e perche le prime $u
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146 perficie, ouero figure piane, $ono i tri-
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147 angoli, &amp; il circolo: $egue di nece$sit&agrave;,
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148 che fo$$ero compo$ti o di triangoli in-
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149 $ieme col circolo, o di triangoli $oli. il
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150 circolo non $i pu&ograve; dire che habbi parte
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151 nella compo$itione de gli elementi; i
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152 quali $ono corpi retti; &amp; egli a' corpi
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153 retti non pu&ograve; conuenir$i. re$ta adun-
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154 que, che $iano compo$ti di triangoli. e
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155 $e di triangoli, di quelle $pecie, che fra
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156 i triangoli $ono prime. e le prime $ono
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157 quelle, c' hanno l' angolo retto: il qua
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158 le precede all' acuto, &amp; all' ottu$o.
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159 perche il retto ha natura di unit&agrave;, non
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160 potendo mai e$$er uariato, uedendo$i
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161 che tutti gli angoli retti $ono eguali fra
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162 loro: ma l'acuto e l' ottu$o po$$ono
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163 <pb n=VI>
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164 e$$ere piu e meno acuto &amp; ottu$o, ne $o-
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165 no tutti eguali fra loro. ele$$e adunque
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166 Platone alla compo$itione de gli ele-
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167 menti i triangoli rettangoli, cio&egrave; l' I$o-
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168 $cele, e lo Scaleno. la quale opinione
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169 &egrave; confutata da Ari$totele in molti luo-
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170 ghi, e $opra tutto nel terzo del cielo,
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171 &amp; ancora da Galeno nel libro de gli ele
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172 menti. Ana$agora credendo chei cor-
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173 pi delle parti $imilari fo$$ero la materia
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174 di tutte le co$e; e uedendo tutte le co-
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175 $e e$$er generate da gli elementi; giudi-
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176 c&ograve;, che in e$$i elementi fo$$ero le parti
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177 $imilari e qua$i i $emi di tutte le co$e,
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178 onde elle $i genera$$ero, e na$ce$$ero. la
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179 quale opinione &egrave; confutata da Ari$to-
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180 tele nel primo della phi$ica. Democri-
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181 to, al cui parere dipoi $i acco$t&ograve; Epicu
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182 ro, di$$e che la materia di tutte le co$e
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183 erano corpi indiui$ibili, i quali egli chia
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184 m&ograve; atomi. e di que$ti atomi uolle che
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185 fo$$ero compo$ti gli elementi. il che $e
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186 <pb>
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187 co$i fo$$e; non potrebbono e$$er detti
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188 elementi; e$$endo, che $i ri$oluereb-
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189 bono in altri corpi, cio&egrave; ne gli atomi; e
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190 co$i non $arebbono, come dice la diffi-
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191 nitione di Ari$totele, indiui$ibili $econ
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192 do $pecie. ma ancor que$ta opinione di
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193 Democrito &egrave; confutata da Ari$totele
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194 con molte ragioni &amp; euidenti argomen
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195 ti nel terzo libro del cielo, &amp; altroue.
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196 Poi che adunque gli elementi non $ono
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197 compo$ti ne di triangoli, ne di parti $i-
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198 milari, ne di atomi: re$ta, che $iano
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199 compo$ti di materia e forma. e proua-
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200 $i co$i. Qualunque co$a &egrave; in atto; oue-
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201 ro &egrave; atto per $e e$i$tente; ouero ha l'at-
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202 to, per il quale ella &egrave;. niuno corpo pu&ograve;
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203 e$$er atto per $e e$i$tente: (perche l' at-
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204 to per $e e$i$tente &egrave; forma a$tratta, e $e-
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205 parata da materia) nece$$ario &egrave; dunque
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206 che gli elementi, i quali $ono corpi in
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207 atto, habbino l' atto, per cau$a del qua
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208 le $iano elementi. et e$$endo co$i; $e-
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209 <pb n=VII>
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210 gue, che $iano compo$ti di materia, e
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211 di atto, cio&egrave; forma $o$tantiale, per cau
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212 $a della quale $iano. Veggiamo hora,
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213 $e $ono immortali, o generabili e cor-
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214 rottibili. Muouon$i di moto retto na-
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215 turalmente. i moti retti $ono contrarii
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216 l' uno a l'altro. $ono adunque gli ele-
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217 menti fra loro contrarii. e perche ogni
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218 $o$tanza, che ha contrario, &egrave; corrotti-
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219 bile; $egue, che gli elementi per la lo-
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220 ro contrariet&agrave; $iano corpi corrottibili.
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221 non dico gi&agrave;, che la $o$tanza habbi al-
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222 cuno contrario per $e, e $econdo la $o-
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223 $tanza. ma dico, che gli elementi $o-
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224 no contrarii quanto alle loro proprie
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225 qualit&agrave;, $enza le quali non po$$ono e$-
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226 $ere. Oltre a ci&ograve;, $e gli elementi fo$$e-
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227 ro incorrottibili; non $i potrebbe di lo
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228 ro fare un corpo mi$to, il quale haue$-
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229 $e un' altra natura, oltre a quelle, che
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230 $ono in atto ne gli elementi. e nondi-
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231 meno uede$i, che tutti i corpi mi$ti han
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232 <pb>
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233 no una natura diuer$a dalle nature de
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234 gli elementi. perche qual &egrave; quel corpo,
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235 il quale habbi in atto le nature di tutti
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236 gli elementi, cio&egrave; $ia freddo e caldo, hu
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237 mido e $ecco? il che $arebbe, $e i cor-
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238 pi mi$ti fo$$ero generati de gli elementi
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239 incorrotti. ma perche non &egrave;; re$ta, che
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240 $iano generati de gli elementi corrotti,
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241 cio&egrave; quando una qualit&agrave; di$trugge l' al
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242 tra: perche la materia rimane la mede
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243 $ima. Sono adunque gli elementi la ma
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244 teria di tutti i corpi mi$ti: onde &egrave; nece$-
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245 $ario, che le loro forme $iano le piu im
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246 perfette di tutte le forme $o$tantiali.
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247 perche di$truggendo$i per riceuere al-
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248 tre forme; ne $egue, che $iano piu im-
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249 perfette; e$$endo, che al piu nobile ce
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250 de il manco nobile. Et &egrave; da $apere, co
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251 me $i uede nella metaphi$ica, e ne' pri
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252 mi trattati della phi$ica, che gli elemen
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253 ti, e que$to mondo inferiore, per la im
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254 perfettione che hanno per e$$ere lonta-
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255 <pb n=VIII>
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256 ni$$imi dal primo principio, $ono $otto-
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257 po$ti ad ogni mutatione: e mede$ima-
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258 mente, perche $ono molto lontani dal-
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259 l' uno, il quale &egrave; principio &amp; origine di
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260 ogni $tato &amp; ordine, hanno in $e gran-
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261 de moltitudine, e di$ordine. onde na-
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262 $ce, che in molte mi$tioni de gli ele-
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263 menti molte co$e auuengono $econdo
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264 il ca$o, e non $econdo l' ordine natu-
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265 rale, come quando na$ce un mo$tro, o
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266 quando $i fanno gli aborti. Dice ancora
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267 Ari$totele nelle metheore, che gli ele-
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268 menti e que$to mondo inferiore $ono
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269 come materia, &amp; i corpi cele$ti e le men
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270 ti loro $ono cau$a efficiente. perilche
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271 non &egrave; marauiglia, $e ne gli elementi $i
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272 fanno molte co$e, la cui cagione non $i
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273 pu&ograve; riferire alle proprie nature e for-
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274 me de gli elementi, ma &egrave; nece$$ario che
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275 $i riferi$ca a' corpi cele$ti, la uirt&ugrave; &amp; at-
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276 tione de' quali riceuono gli elementi,
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277 hauendo hauuto dal fattore uniuer$ale
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278 <pb>
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279 que$ta legge, che ubbidi$cano a' cieli.
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280 Sono gli elementi corpi $emplici: &amp; al
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281 corpo $emplice $i conuiene il moto $em
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282 plice: &amp; i moti $emplici, come mo$tra
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283 Ari$totele nel primo del cielo, $i trag-
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284 gono dalle figure $emplici; le quali $o-
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285 no due, la retta, e la circolare: e per
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286 con$equenza due $ono i moti, il retto,
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287 &amp; il circolare. il circolare naturalmen
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288 te $i conuiene a' corpi cele$ti; i quali
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289 non $ono ne graui, ne lieui, e non $ono
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290 ad alcuna generatione o pa$$ione $ot-
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291 topo$ti, e di $ua natura $i girano attor-
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292 no $enza alcuna fatica. il moto circola-
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293 re adunque non $i conuiene a gli ele-
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294 menti; i quali hanno grauit&agrave;, e leggie-
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295 rezza. &egrave; dunque nece$$ario, che $i con
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296 uenga loro il moto retto: il quale &egrave; di
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297 due $orti, dal mezzo, &amp; al mezzo. e
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298 per&ograve; cia$cheduno elemento natural-
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299 mente $i muoue o al mezzo; al quale
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300 quando egli &egrave; peruenuto, $i ferma;
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301 <pb n=IX>
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302 ouero dal mezzo, &amp; a$cende uer$o il
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303 cielo. Aggionge una ragione Ari$tote
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304 le nel primo libro del cielo, per proua-
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305 re il moto retto ne gli elementi: che tra
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306 due punti po$$ono e$$er piu linee a con-
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307 giugner l' uno con l' altro: ma la piu
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308 breue &egrave; la retta. onde alcuni, nel defi-
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309 nire la linea retta, dicono ch' ella &egrave; una
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310 piccioli$$ima lunghezza tra duo punti.
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311 gli elementi adunque, come $ono fuo-
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312 ri del proprio luogo, cercano di ritor-
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313 narui piu to$to, che $i po$$a; e per&ograve; $i
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314 muouono di moto retto. Il principio
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315 di que$to moto retto, $i dubita, s' egli
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316 &egrave; intrin$eco nell' elemento, o e$trin$e-
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317 co. Ari$totele nell' ottauo della phi$i-
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318 ca pare che connumeri gli elementi fra
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319 quelle co$e, che non $i muouono per
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320 lor mede$ime, ma $ono mo$$e da altri:
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321 e$$endo, che l' e$$er mo$$o da $e $te$$o,
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322 pare che $olo &agrave; gli animali $i po$$a attri
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323 buire, i quali po$$ono ancora ripo$are
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324 <pb>
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325 per loro mede$imi. oltre a ci&ograve;, quelle
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326 co$e, che $i muouono per lor mede$i-
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327 me, $i diuidono in una parte, la quale
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328 per $e, cio&egrave; immediate, muoue; &amp; in
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329 una, la quale per $e, cio&egrave; immediate,
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330 &egrave; mo$$a. il che non pu&ograve; conuenir$i &agrave;
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331 gli elementi: i quali ne per lor mede$i-
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332 mi $i fermano, quando uogliono, anzi
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333 $i muouono di moto continuo, $e non
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334 hanno alcuno impedimento, infin che
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335 al proprio loro e naturale luogo non
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336 $ono peruenuti; ne $i diuidono, come
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337 gli animali, in una parte per $e mouen
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338 te, &amp; in una per $e mo$$a, cio&egrave; nella for
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339 ma immediate mouente, e nel corpo
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340 immediate mo$$o: perche $ono compo
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341 $ti di forma imperfetti$$ima, e di mate
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342 ria prima; la quale &egrave; ente in pura po-
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343 tenza. onde pare, che gli elementi non
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344 per lor mede$imi, ma per cagione e-
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345 $trin$eca $i muouano. Contro &agrave; que$ta
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346 opinione $i pu&ograve; dire, che gli elementi
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347 <pb n=X>
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348 $i muouono di moto naturale: anzi,
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349 che il moto loro &egrave; $emplice: perche la
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350 forma $emplice &egrave; principio di moto $em
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351 plice; e $emplice &egrave; la forma de gli ele-
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352 menti, perche immediate $ono compo
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353 $ti di materia e forma. e quella co$a, la
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354 quale naturalmente &egrave; principio di mo
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355 to, &egrave; principio di quella, nella quale
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356 ella &egrave;, come dice Ari$totele nel $econ-
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357 do della phi$ica. pare adunque, che
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358 gli elementi non per e$trin$eco princi-
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359 pio, ma per intrin$eco $i muouano. ol
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360 tre a ci&ograve;, il mouente pro$simo, &amp; il
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361 mo$$o $ono in$ieme, come dimo$tra
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362 Ari$totele nel $ettimo della phi$ica.
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363 mouendo$i adunque gli elementi gra-
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364 ui di$cendendo, &amp; i lieui a$cendendo;
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365 niuno principio e$trin$eco, che gli muo
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366 ua, ui $i cono$ce. Hora, per e$plicare
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367 que$ta que$tione, bi$ogna con$iderare
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368 quel che dice Ari$totele nell' ottauo
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369 della phi$ica, e nel quarto del cielo.
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370 <pb>
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371 Prima $en$ibilmente $i cono$ce, che gli
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372 elementi non da e$trin$eco principio,
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373 ma dalla propria forma, e propria leg-
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374 gierezza, o grauezza, come da princi
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375 pio di moto, $ono mo$$i. onde per in-
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376 trin$eco principio, ma non per&ograve;, come
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377 gli animali; per lor mede$imi $i muo-
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378 uono. perche la inclinatione motiua
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379 de gli animali l'appetito o rationale, o
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380 $en$itiuo, come dimo$tra Ari$totele nel
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381 terzo dell'anima. et ogni appetito del-
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382 l'animale $egue l'appren$ione o del be
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383 ne, o del male. et ogni appren$ione &egrave;
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384 propria &amp; intrin$eca operatione dell'a-
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385 nimale. e per&ograve; l'animal $i muoue per
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386 $e mede$imo, perche egli mede$imo $t
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387 &egrave; cagione di quella inclinatione, cio&egrave;
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388 dell'appetito, dal quale egli &egrave; mo$$o.
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389 ma ne gli elementi niuna co$a &egrave;, la qua
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390 le po$$a e$$er cagione della leggierez-
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391 za, o grauezza; le quali cau$ano il lor
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392 moto: e$$endo, che il generante l'ele-
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393 <pb n=XI>
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394 mento gli diede in$ieme con la forma
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395 que$ta inclinatione, la quale egli ha al
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396 luogo $uo proprio e naturale. dunque
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397 gli elementi non da lor mede$imi, ma
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398 da un'altra cagione $ono mo$$i, cio&egrave;
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399 dal generante, dal quale hanno l'incli-
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400 natione &agrave; quelluogo, oue naturalmen
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401 te tendono. hanno per&ograve; intrin$ecamen
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402 te il principio pro$$imo del moto, cio&egrave;
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403 quella inclinatione, per la quale cia$-
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404 cheduno al $uo luogo tende: la quale
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405 inclinatione non &egrave; altro, che la loro
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406 propria grauezza, o leggierezza, pro$
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407 $imo principio del lor moto. Dubita$i
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408 ancora, $e que$ta grauezza, o leggie-
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409 rezza, per la quale, come principio in-
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410 trin$eco, gli elementi a$cendono o di-
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411 $cendono, $ono forme $o$tantiali, o pu
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412 re certi accidenti, li quali $eguono le
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413 forme e nature de gli elementi. Alcu-
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414 ni dicono, che Auerroe fu di opinione,
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415 che la grauezza e leggierezza fo$$ero
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416 <pb>
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417 forme $o$tantiali e $pecifice de gli ele-
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418 menti. perche la natura &egrave; principio di
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419 moto a quella co$a, doue ella &egrave;. et e$-
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420 $endo la grauezza e leggierezza prin-
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421 cipii intrin$eci del moto naturale de gli
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422 elementi; $egue, che elle $iano de gli
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423 elementi non materia, ma natura: e$-
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424 $endo che, quanto alla materia, non $o
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425 no differenti, ma $i bene quanto alla
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426 grauezza, e leggierezza. Contro a
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427 que$ti $i ri$ponde, che ni$$una $o$tanza
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428 &egrave; $en$ibile per $e $te$$a, come dice Ari-
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429 $totele nel $econdo dell'anima. perche
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430 i $en$i uer$ano circa le $corze delle $o-
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431 $tanze, cio&egrave; circa gli accidenti: ma alla
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432 midolla, cio&egrave; alla $o$tanza, $olo la men
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433 te penetra. la grauezza e la leggierez-
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434 za da $e $te$$e $ono compre$e dal $en$o,
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435 ne $olamente dall'huomo, ma ancora
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436 da gli animali irrationali, uedendo$i,
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437 che alcuni muli, e qua$i tutti i cameli
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438 mo$trano di$entire il troppo pe$o. $o-
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439 <pb n=XII>
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440 no adunque la grauezza, e la leggierez
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441 za non $o$tanze, ma accidenti. oltre a
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442 ci&ograve;, Ari$totele nel $econdo libro delle
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443 parti de gli animali connumera gli acci
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444 denti de gli elementi, e dopo la calidi-
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445 t&agrave; e la frigidit&agrave; fa mentione della gra-
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446 uezza e leggierezza. ne &egrave; difficil co$a
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447 &agrave; ritrouare la ragione, che in contrario
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448 &egrave; addotta. percioche la natura, oltre al-
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449 l'e$$ere principio &agrave; quella co$a, doue
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450 ella &egrave;, e principio intrin$eco; &egrave; princi-
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451 pio primo, come nella $ua diffinitione
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452 $i dice; al qual principio primo &egrave; con-
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453 giunto l'i$trumento proprio, cio&egrave; l'ac
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454 cidente proprio, col quale la natura
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455 opera. dunque la grauezza e leggie-
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456 rezza, perche non $ono principii pri-
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457 mi, non $ono nature; ma perche $e-
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458 guono la natura, $i pu&ograve; dire che $iano
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459 ne gli elementi $econdo la natura; $i co
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460 me ancora i moti, i quali da e$$i princi-
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461 pii $eguono, $econdo la natura $ono ne
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462 <pb>
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463 gli elementi. percioche il fuoco $econ-
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464 do la natura &egrave; lieue, e $econdo la natu
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465 ra a$cende. e per contrario la terra &egrave;
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466 graue, e tende al centro. ne molto mi
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467 muouono i luoghi di Auerroe, addot-
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468 ti &agrave; que$to propo$ito. percioche molte
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469 uolte, quando non $appiamo le pro-
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470 prie forme, cio&egrave; le ultime differenze,
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471 u$iamo nell' e$plicare le nature delle
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472 co$e, in luogo de'loro proprii nomi, i
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473 uocaboli de gli accidenti, i quali ci $o-
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474 no piu noti, e piu famigliari al $en$o;
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475 onde na$ce la cognitione dell'intellet-
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476 to. Quanto al moto de gli elementi,
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477 mo$tra Ari$totele nel quarto della phi
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478 $ica, ch'egli &egrave; piu e meno ueloce $econ
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479 do la rarit&agrave; e den$it&agrave; del mezzo. onde
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480 alcuni philo$ophi moderni hanno det-
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481 to, che gli elementi $i muouono acci-
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482 dentalmente, perche $i muouono $e-
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483 condo la diui$ione del mezzo. ma la
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484 uerit&agrave; &egrave;, che gli elementi $i muouono
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485 <pb n=XIII>
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486 accidentalmente, non $emplicemente,
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487 ma $emplicemente per $e, &amp; in un cer-
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488 to modo accidentalmente. perche quel
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489 la co$a propriamente e $emplicemente
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490 &egrave; mo$$a accidentalmente, la quale in
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491 quel modo &egrave; mo$$a e portata, come co
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492 lui, il quale da una carretta o da una na
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493 ue uien portato; come $i uede nel quin
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494 to della phi$ica. ilche non $i pu&ograve; attri-
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495 buire a gli elementi; i quali per lor me-
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496 de$imi $i muouono &amp; in $u &amp; in giu; &amp;
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497 il moto loro non dipende d'altra cagio
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498 ne, che dalla grauezza e leggierezza.
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499 onde po$$i affermare con uerit&agrave;, che $i
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500 muouono di moto naturale $emplice-
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501 mente, &amp; accidentale in un certo mo-
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502 do. perche $i muouono piu e meno ue-
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503 locemente per la re$i$tenza, che ritro-
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504 uano o maggiore, o minore nel mez-
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505 zo. Quanto al numero de gli elemen
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506 ti, mo$tra Platone nel Timeo, che non
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507 po$$ono e$$ere piu che quatro. ma per-
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508 <pb>
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509 che la ragione, la quale egli u$a a que-
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510 $ta dimo$tratione, non &egrave; tolta da i prin
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511 cipii proprii, i quali per $e conuenga-
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512 no a'corpi naturali, ma &egrave; tolta dalle
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513 qualit&agrave; matematice: (e dicono i logi-
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514 ci, che nelle argumentationi il pa$$are
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515 da genere a genere &egrave; uitio: benche Ari
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516 $totele mede$imo u'incorra nel primo
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517 del cielo; oue, dimo$trando i generi
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518 de i moti $emplici, piglia la $ua ragio-
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519 ne da le figure geometrice) noi a dimo
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520 $trare il numero de gli elementi u$ere-
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521 mo una ragione naturale, tolta dalla na
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522 tura del moto retto. Due $ono i gene-
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523 ri del moto retto, uno al mezzo, l'al-
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524 tro dal mezzo. al mezzo $i muoue
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525 quell'elemento, che &egrave; $emplicemente
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526 graue, cio&egrave; la terra: dal mezzo quel-
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527 lo, che &egrave; $emplicemente lieue, cio&egrave; il
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528 fuoco. hora, perche la natura, quanto
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529 po$$ibile &egrave; $tato, $i &egrave; sforzata ancora ne'
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530 generi diuer$i e contrarii di rappre$en-
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531 <pb n=XIIII>
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532 tare la unit&agrave;; e con marauiglio$o arti$i
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533 cio di maniera ha colligate tutte le co-
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534 $e l'una con l'altra, che l'ultimo del
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535 genere $uperiore &egrave; molto uicino al ge-
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536 nere inferiore; accioche in que$to mo-
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537 do tutte le co$e $o$$ero in un certo mo-
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538 do indiui$e fra $e, e face$$ero una for-
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539 ma dell'uniuer$o. per tal cagione alla
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540 con$titutione dell'uniuer$o era nece$-
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541 $ario che que$ti due e$tremi elementi,
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542 cio&egrave; la terra &amp; il fuoco, fo$$ero legati
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543 in$ieme con un mezzo. il qual mezzo,
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544 impo$$ibile era, che fo$$e un $olo ele-
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545 mento. percioche e$$endo l'elemento
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546 corpo $emplice, bi$ognaua ch'egli ha-
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547 ue$$e moto $emplice e retto. et hauen-
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548 do moto retto, bi$ognaua che $i mo-
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549 ue$$e o al mezzo, o dal mezzo. $e $i mo
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550 ueua al mezzo; $i moueua di moto con
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551 trario al moto del fuoco. $e $i moueua
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552 dal mezzo; bi$ognaua che $i moue$$e
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553 di moto contrario al moto della terra.
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554 <pb>
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parents:
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555 e co$i douendo e$$ere contrario di ne-
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556 ce$$it&agrave; alla natura di uno de gli e$tremi,
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557 ne $eguiua che non poteua e$$ere mez-
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parents:
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558 zo fra tutti due: e$$endo, che il mez-
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559 zo &egrave; quello, il quale partecipa della na
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560 tura di l'uno el'altro e$tremo. non po
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561 tendo adunque e$$ere mezzo un $olo
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562 elemento; $egue, che $iano due. l'uno
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563 e l'altro de' quali &egrave; graue e lieue, e
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564 muoue$i e dal mezzo, &amp; al mezzo:
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565 nondimeno l'uno &egrave; lieue a$$olutamen-
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566 te, &amp; $ecundum quid graue; (co$i par-
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parents:
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567 lano i philo$ophi) &amp; il mede$imo a$$o-
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568 lutamente $i muoue dal mezzo, &amp; $e-
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parents:
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569 cundum quid tende al mezzo: l'altro
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570 a$$olutamente &egrave; graue, &amp; $ecundum
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571 quid lieue; &amp; il mede$imo a$$olutamen
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parents:
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572 te $i muoue al mezzo, &amp; $ecundum
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parents:
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573 quid al mezzo. ilche di un $olo mezzo
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parents:
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574 fra gli e$tremi non $i pu&ograve; dire. $ono
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parents:
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575 adunque quatro elementi. de' quali, di
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parents:
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576 ce Ari$totele nel quarto del cielo, che
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casties
parents:
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577 <pb n=XV>
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parents:
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578 alla terra, per e$$ere ella totalmente gra
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parents:
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579 ue, in niun luogo $i conuiene la leggie-
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580 rezza; &amp; al fuoco, per e$$er egli total-
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parents:
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581 mente lieue, in niun luogo $i conuiene
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parents:
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582 la grauezza: ma all'aria, &amp; all'acqua
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parents:
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583 dice che l'una e l'altra $i conuiene.
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584 perche $ono in alcun luogo graui, &amp; in
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585 alcuno lieui: e$$endo l'acquagraue nel
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586 luogo del fuoco e dell'aria, lieue nel
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587 luogo della terra; e l'aria lieue nel luo
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588 go dell'acqua e della terra, graue nel
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589 luogo del fuoco. Oltre alla ragione da
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590 noi po$ta a dimo$trare che gli elementi
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591 $iano quatro, Ari$totele ne adduce un'
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592 altra nel primo della meteora, tolta dal
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593 la proportione, che deue e$$ere fra gli
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594 elementi, quanto alla materia. percio-
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595 che, e$$endo gli elementi contrarii, $e
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596 alcuno di loro fo$$e maggiore del do-
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597 uere, con la operatione e forza $ua cor
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598 rumperebbe e $truggerebbe gli ele-
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599 menti a lui contrarii. onde bi$ogna che
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600 <pb>
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601 fra que$ti corpi $ia tale proportione,
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602 che l'uno non auanzi l'altro di mate-
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603 ria. e per&ograve;, oltre all'acqua e la terra,
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604 i quali $ono a'$en$i manife$ti, quel ri-
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605 manente di $patio, che &egrave; di $otto al cie-
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606 lo della Luna, non pu&ograve; e$$ere ripieno
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607 di un $ol corpo; ma bi$ogna, che $iano
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608 due. Hora, per incominciare a ra-
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609 gionare particolarmente intorno a cia-
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610 $cheduno elemento, $i pu&ograve; dire che il
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611 fuoco $ia piu nobile di tutti, come piu
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612 propinquo, e piu $imile al corpo cele-
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613 $te. perche, oltre all'hauere una gran
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614 di$$ima calidit&agrave;, la quale di tutte le qua
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615 tro qualit&agrave; prime &egrave; la piu attiua, e lei
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616 u$a la natura, madre di tutte le co$e, co
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617 me principale i$trumento nella genera-
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618 tione e con$eruatione di tutti i corpi
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619 mi$ti, ma$$ime de gli animati, cio&egrave; de'
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620 piu perfetti; egli ha in $e meno mate-
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621 ria, che tutte le co$e mortali; &egrave; di gran
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622 dezza $uperiore a gli altri elementi;
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623 <pb n=XVI>
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624 ha il moto circolare, come il corpo ce
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625 le$te. benche que$to moto non &egrave; in lui
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626 da natura, ne dalla $ua propria forma:
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627 ne &egrave; ueramente circolare e $emplice,
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628 come tengono alcuni: non potendo
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629 del fuoco, che &egrave; corpo $emplice, e$$e-
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630 re piu che un moto $emplice natural-
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631 mente, cio&egrave; dal mezzo uer$o il cielo.
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632 pare adunque, che, $e que$to $uo mo-
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633 to circolare non $emplice non &egrave; natu-
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634 rale, $ia uiolento. ma non &egrave; co$i. per-
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635 che niuna co$a uiolenta pu&ograve; e$$ere per-
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636 petua: et il moto circolare del fuoco
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637 &egrave; perpetuo: onde non pu&ograve; e$$ere uio-
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638 lento. che moto dunque $ar&agrave;? $ar&agrave; ne
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639 $econdo la natura di e$$o elemento, ne
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640 uiolento, ma e fuori della natura $ua, e
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641 fuori del uiolento. La cau$a di que$to
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642 moto circolare nel fuoco, non &egrave; dub-
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643 bio, che &egrave; il corpo cele$te, circolarmen
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644 te mo$$o. ma in che modo il cielo po$$a
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645 muouere la sfera del fuoco, hauendo il
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646 <pb>
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647 $uo moto circolare $emplici$$imo, $en-
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648 za inclinare mai in una parte piu che in
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649 un'altra; &amp; hauendo la $uperficie con
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650 caua, e molli$$ima, $enza alcuna ruga,
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651 $enza alcuna eminenza; $i pu&ograve; dubi-
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652 tare ragioneuolmente, e nondimeno
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653 $oluere la dubitatione in que$to modo.
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654 il luogo contiene il locato, &amp; al corpo
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655 contenuto &egrave; a gui$a della forma alla ma
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656 teria, o del tutto alla parte. non deue
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657 adunque alcuno marauigliar$i, $e con
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658 niuna uiolenza, ma $olo con la con-
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659 giuntione, che &egrave; fra il fuoco &amp; il con-
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660 cauo del cielo, luogo naturale di e$$o
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661 fuoco, il cielo muoue circolarmente il
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662 fuoco, corpo a lui pro$$imo. &egrave; dunque
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663 que$to moto cau$ato da principio e-
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664 $trin$eco, cio&egrave; dal cielo, il quale con-
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665 duce $eco il fuoco congiunto. Po$$ia-
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666 mo ancora dire, che di que$to moto &egrave;
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667 cagione quella qualit&agrave; cele$te, la qua-
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668 le pa$$a ne gli elementi, &amp; &egrave; cagione
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669 <pb n=XVII>
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670 della generatione de' corpi mi$ti. per-
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671 che girando$i continuamente il cielo, &amp;
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672 in$ieme con lui la $ua qualit&agrave;; non &egrave;
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673 marauiglia, $e da que$ta qualit&agrave; il fuo-
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674 co circolarmente &egrave; mo$$o: dalla quale
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675 ancora dipende il moto del mare Ocea
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676 no. et in fine per cagione di que$ta qua
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677 lit&agrave; tutti gli elementi imitano il moto
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678 circolare del cielo, eccetto la terra, e
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679 quella portione de gli elementi, la qua
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680 le dentro alle cauerne di e$$a terra &egrave; rin
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681 chiu$a. perche la terra, parte per e$$er
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diff changeset
682 $imile al centro, il quale nel moto del-
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683 la sfera &egrave; immobile, e parte per e$$er
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684 pondero$a e den$a, ad ogni moto &egrave; inet
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685 ti$$ima, quando ella $i ritruoua nel luo
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686 go $uo proprio e naturale. da que$to
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687 moto circolare inequale e$$endo gira-
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688 ta la sfera del fuoco, &egrave; nece$$ario che al
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689 cuna uolta qualche parte di e$$o fuoco
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690 $i aduni e $i conden$i. la qual parte con-
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691 den$ata di $ubito gitta $plendore, e di-
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692 <pb>
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693 uiene illu$tre. il che prima per la $om-
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694 ma rarit&agrave; del corpo igneo non poteua
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695 e$$ere. ma perche il corpo igneo di $ua
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696 natura tende alla rarit&agrave;, &amp; il calore con
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parents:
diff changeset
697 den$ato ri$olue e rarefa: di nuouo quel
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698 la parte dell'elemento conden$ata $i
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699 di$$olue, e $pari$ce di$ubito quella fiam
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700 ma. Auiene alcuna uolta, che un'esha
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701 latione $ecca, ri$oluta dalla terra, do-
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702 po ch'&egrave; a$ce$a alla regione del fuoco,
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parents:
diff changeset
703 $i accende per il moto della sfera, &amp; il
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parents:
diff changeset
704 fuoco dall'uno e$tremo di lei fino al'al
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parents:
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705 tro di $ubito tra$corre: e co$i fanno$i le
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diff changeset
706 $telle correnti: che co$i chiamiamo
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parents:
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707 quelle apparenze. alcuna uolta quel-
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parents:
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708 la eshalatione $ecca, ri$tretta e ri$o$pin
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709 ta dalla conden$atione dell aria $upe-
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parents:
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710 riore, cio&egrave; del uapor freddo, uiene
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parents:
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711 cacciata con impeto uer$o la terra: dal
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parents:
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712 qual moto acce$a, prende $omiglianza
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713 di una $tella, che cade. Ma, per torna-
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parents:
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714 re onde partimmo, quando nella sfera
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715 <pb n=XVIII>
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parents:
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716 del fuoco $i &egrave; talmente conden$ata una
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parents:
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717 parte dell'elemento, che difficilmente
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718 $i di$$olue; &amp; in oltre ui $i &egrave; aggiunta la
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parents:
diff changeset
719 eshalatione dalla terra ri$oluta: alho-
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parents:
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720 ra $i forma il cometa, &amp; altre $imili ap-
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parents:
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721 parenze. il cometa &egrave; di due $orti. l'u-
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parents:
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722 no $i forma nell'inferior parte dell'ele
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parents:
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723 mento igneo. e que$to non appari$ce
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parents:
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724 mai congiunto ad alcuna delle $telle er
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parents:
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725 ranti, o fi$$e. e benche $i muoua di mo
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parents:
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726 to circolare, nondimeno il $uo moto
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parents:
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727 non &egrave; pari al moto cele$te, ma $empre
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parents:
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728 ua perdendo, talmente che que$to co
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parents:
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729 meta non $i uede mai $ottopo$to ad una
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parents:
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730 mede$ima regione del cielo, anzi di con
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parents:
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731 tinuo re$ta piu a dietro. e la cagione &egrave;;
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parents:
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732 perche e$$endo la sfera del fuoco gira-
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parents:
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733 ta a torno dalla uertigine del cielo, con
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parents:
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734 moto per&ograve; differente; &egrave; nece$$ario, che
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parents:
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735 la parte dell'elemento inferiore $ia piu
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parents:
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736 tarda della $uperiore del mede$imo ele
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parents:
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737 mento, e molto piu della sfera cele$te.
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parents:
diff changeset
738 <pb>
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parents:
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739 e perche non &egrave; molto, che un cometa
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parents:
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740 di que$ta $orte fu o$$eruato acco$tar$i
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parents:
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741 piu ogni giorno al polo uer$o Setten-
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parents:
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742 trionale: non &egrave; marauiglia, $e dalla
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parents:
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743 uertigine del circolo equinottiale e di
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parents:
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744 quella parte che &egrave; nel mezzo del cielo,
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parents:
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745 alcu na parte dell'elemento igneo uie-
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parents:
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746 ne $p inta uer$o Settentrione, &amp; alcuna
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parents:
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747 uer$o mezzo di; oue la uertigine cele-
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parents:
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748 $te &egrave; minore, che nel mezzo del cielo.
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parents:
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749 L'altro cometa $i forma nella parte $u-
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parents:
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750 periore dell'elemento, piu uicina al cie
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parents:
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751 lo: doue il lume di alcuna $tella fi$$a, o
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parents:
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752 errante ri$plende nel cometa, come in
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parents:
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753 uno $pecchio, il quale non la figura, ma
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parents:
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754 $olo il lume rappre$enti. per la quale
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parents:
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755 ri$plendenza il raggio ritorna in $e $te$-
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parents:
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756 $o, e $i fa ui$ibile: &amp; alhora pare che la
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parents:
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757 $tella errante, o fi$$a habbi aggiunta u-
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parents:
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758 na coda, ouero una chioma. e que$ti
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parents:
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759 cometi $eguono il cor$o di quella $tella,
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parents:
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760 o almeno co$i poco gli re$tano a dietro,
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casties
parents:
diff changeset
761 <pb n=XIX>
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casties
parents:
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762 che col $en$o, $aluo che dopo un certo
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casties
parents:
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763 $patio di tempo, non $i pu&ograve; compren-
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parents:
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764 dere. e que$ta qua$i parit&agrave; di cor$o pro
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casties
parents:
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765 cede dalla uicinit&agrave;, che ha la parte del-
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casties
parents:
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766 l'elemento conden$ata con la sfera ce-
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casties
parents:
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767 le$te; perche come piu uicina piu forte
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casties
parents:
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768 $i muoue di moto circulare, che l'altre
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casties
parents:
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769 parti del mede$imo elemento piu lon-
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casties
parents:
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770 tane dal cielo. E dalla mede$ima cagio
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casties
parents:
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771 ne uuole Ari$totele che $ia formata la
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parents:
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772 uia lattea. la quale opinione non han-
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parents:
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773 no $eguito i Peripatetici, uedendo che
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casties
parents:
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774 la uia lattea &egrave; perpetua &amp; immutabile,
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parents:
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775 e parendo loro marauiglia, che la con-
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casties
parents:
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776 $i$tenza del corpo igneo $empre in un
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casties
parents:
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777 modo per$eueri in e$$a uia, ne mai in al
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casties
parents:
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778 cuna parte $i muti. e per&ograve; $i $ono indot
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casties
parents:
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779 ti &agrave; credere piu to$to, che la uia lattea
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780 $ia un certo accidente del corpo cele-
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781 $te per la moltitudine delle innumera-
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782 bili $telle, che $ono in e$$o cielo: le qua-
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783 li $ono tanto minute, che i loro corpi
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784 <pb>
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785 di$tintamente non $i po$$ono uedere:
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786 ma ueggon$i in$ieme confu$i turti i lo-
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787 ro lumi, i quali ci dimo$trano quel can-
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788 dore della uia lattea po$si ancora dire,
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789 che quelle parti del cielo $iano piu den-
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790 $e, e per&ograve; piu $plendide; e$$endo pro-
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791 prio lo $plendore delle co$e cele$ti. et
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792 oltre al $uo $plendore, il lume di quel-
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793 le tante minute $telle, refratto in e$$e
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794 parti del cielo, ui aggionge chiarezza;
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795 $i come luce la luna per la refle$sione
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796 del lume del $ole. L'elemento igneo
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797 non $i truoua $emplice $aluo che uicino
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798 all'orbe cele$te. gli altri elementi non
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799 $i truouano $emplici in alcuna parte: $e
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800 per auentura non uogliamo dire, che
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801 $emplice $ia quella parte della terra,
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802 la quale, pre$$o al centro ri$tretta, non
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803 ammette la uirtu &amp; attione degli al-
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804 tri elementi. E uer&ograve;, che quella parte
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805 delfuoco $emplice non &egrave; $empre $empli
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806 ce, ma $i corrompe, non per uicinit&agrave;
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diff changeset
807 <pb n=XX>
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808 di contrario alcuno, ma perche la uer-
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809 tigine dell'elemento non &egrave; uniforme:
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810 onde na$ce, che le parti di e$$o elemen
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811 to fluttuano, e per la fluttuatione $ono
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812 $pinte in giu uer$o l'aria, oue arriuate $i
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813 corrompono, e riceuuta dall'aria l'hu
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814 midit&agrave;, la quale di natura &egrave; graue, di-
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815 $cendono finalmente uer$o la terra: oue
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816 $eruono in$ieme con gli altri elementi
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817 alla generatione de' i mi$ti. Dopo il fuo
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818 co $egue l'aria.nella quale alcuni acci-
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819 denti $olamente appari$cono, &amp; in alcu
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820 na parte di e$$a aria non hanno con$i$ten
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821 za, come l'iride, l'area, i due, e qual-
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822 che uolta tre $oli, le uirghe: alcuni appa
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823 ri$cono, &amp; $ono ueramente nell'aria,
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824 come le nuuole, le pioggie, le grandi-
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825 ni, le rugiade, la neue, la pruina, i ful
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826 mini, i uenti, e $imili. e $i come di quei
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827 primi accidenti &egrave; una cau$a generale,
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828 cio&egrave; la re$le$sione de i raggi del $ole, &amp;
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829 alcuna uolta della luna, e degli altri pia
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830 <pb>
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831 neti, benche rare uolte; co$i di que$ti
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832 $econdi accidenti la cau$a &egrave; l'e$nalatio-
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833 ne $ecca della terra, e l'humida dell'ac
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834 qua, l'una e l'altra ri$oluta per la uir-
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835 t&ugrave; del $ole, e delle $telle. ma parliamo
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836 prima della cau$a de i primi accidenli.
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837 Circa la luna, &amp; alcuna uolta, benche
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838 di rado, circa il $ole, $i ferma un'aria
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839 caligino$a, mi$ta di e$halatione e di ua-
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840 pore, e di co$i piccioli corpi unita, che,
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841 riceuendo come $pecchi il lume di quel
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842 pianeta, circa il quale $ono, non po$$o-
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843 no per la picciolezza loro rappre$enta
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844 re la figura del pianeta, ma rappre$en-
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845 tano il colore. &amp; alhora $i forma quell'
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846 accidente, che &egrave; chiamato area: la cui
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847 figura &egrave; de$critta d'Ari$totele nella
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848 Meteora. Alcuna uolta l'aria &egrave; tal-
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849 mente conden$ata per l'e$halatione,
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850 che di tutti quei corpi minuti ri$tretti
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851 in$ieme non molti $pecchi $i fanno, ma
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852 un $olo. ilquale rappre$enta &amp; il colo-
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853 <pb n=XXI>
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854 re e la figura di quella $tella, circa la
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855 quale &egrave; fatta l'e$halatione. onde alcu-
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856 na uolta $i ueggono due o tre $oli. il che
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857 $criuono gli hi$torici e$$er $tato $pe$$e
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parents:
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858 uolte tenuto per prodigio. L'iride $i
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parents:
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859 forma, quando una nuuola piena di ru
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parents:
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860 giada &egrave; oppo$ta al $ole. Le uirghe $ono
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861 come iride imperfette. Re$ta, che par
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parents:
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862 liamo de i $econdi accidenti; i quali ap
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863 pari$cono, e ueramente $ono nell'aria.
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864 Il uapore, dopo ch'&egrave; a$ce$o nella par-
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865 te $uperiore dell'aria, alcuna uolta ab
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866 bandonato da quel calore, dal quale
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parents:
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867 egli era $tato tirato in $u, e rarefatto,
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868 a poco a poco $i uni$ce, e per la unione
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869 ingro$$ato di$cende in gocciole minu-
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870 ti$sime: e chiama$i rugiada. alcuna uol
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871 ta que$to uapore per la frigidit&agrave; dell'a-
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872 ria $i raccoglie prima in nuuola, dipoi
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873 in acqua, e di molte minute gocciole $i
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874 fanno goccie maggiori, le quali dipoi
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875 cadono in terra: e chiama$i pioggia. ma
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876 <pb>
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877 $e occorrer&agrave;, che $ia nell'aria co$i gran
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878 frigidit&agrave;, ri$tretta in uno per il calore
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879 circo$tante, che, prima che l'acqua
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parents:
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880 cada in terra, $i aggiacci:$i fanno le gran
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881 dini. ma $e per la troppa frigidit&agrave; dell'a
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parents:
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882 ria, non in un $olo luogo unita, ma $par
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parents:
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883 $a per ogni parte dell'aria, il uapore,
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884 prima che in acqua $i raccolga, $i con-
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parents:
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885 den$a: $i fanno le neui, e le pruine; le
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886 quali hanno fra loro quella proportio-
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887 ne, che hanno le rugiade, e le pioggie,
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parents:
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888 $omigliando la pruina alla rugiada, e la
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889 neue alla pioggia. nell'aria adunque $i
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parents:
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890 fanno que$ti accidenti per il uapore: il
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parents:
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891 quale di continuo tirato dalla uirt&ugrave; del
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parents:
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892 $ole, e delle $telle, $i ri$olue dalla ter-
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parents:
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893 ra e dall'acqua, e dipoi mutato nelle
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parents:
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894 forme predette ritorna alla terra &amp; al-
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parents:
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895 l'acqua. Ma quando una e$halatione
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896 $ecca, ri$oluta dalla terra, nell'a$cen-
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parents:
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897 dere rincontra uapori freddi, li quali
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898 $empre di$cendono uer$o la terra; e me
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899 <pb n=XXII>
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parents:
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900 $colata con e$$o loro, non pu&ograve; ne dal pe
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parents:
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901 $o loro e$$er depre$$a in giu, ne con la
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parents:
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902 leggierezza $ua $olleuar$i in $u: $pinta
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parents:
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903 da uiolenza per la mi$tione del $uo con-
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parents:
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904 trario, per trauer$o &egrave; portata: &amp; alho-
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parents:
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905 ra $i fanno grandi$simi uenti, quando &egrave;
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parents:
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906 nell'aria gran copia di eshalatione, e di
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parents:
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907 uapori: ma $e &egrave; picciola, $i fanno aure
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parents:
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908 piaceuoli e leggieri. E quando nelle nu
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parents:
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909 uole e ne i uapori $ar&agrave; rinchiu$a que$ta
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parents:
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910 eshalatione $ecca, e, $pinte le nuuole
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parents:
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911 di $opra dalla frigidit&agrave;, $ar&agrave; cacciata
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parents:
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912 uer$o la terra: alhora uengono a gene-
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parents:
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913 rar$i uenti, che $offiano dalle nuuole.
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parents:
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914 ma $e que$ta mede$ima eshalatione,
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915 non bene ri$tretta in uno, ma $par$a e-
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parents:
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916 $ce fuori con impeto per le nuuole; $i
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parents:
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917 accende, e fa i fulguri, &amp; i tuoni. ma
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parents:
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918 quando conden$ata, e me$colata col
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parents:
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919 uapor freddo, con gran forza &egrave; caccia-
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920 ta: alhora $i fanno i fulmini: i quali, co
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921 me $i uede nella Meteora, $ono di piu
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922 <pb>
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parents:
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923 $orti. Dopo l'aria ci re$ta a ragionare
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924 dell'acqua. il quale elemento, $i come
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925 ancora l'aria,non &egrave; in alcuna parte $em
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parents:
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926 plice, e$$endo alterato continuamente
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parents:
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927 dall'elemento $uperiore, cio&egrave; dall'a-
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parents:
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928 ria, ma molto piu dall'inferiore, cio&egrave;
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parents:
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929 dalla terra; laquale, per e$$ere corpo
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parents:
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930 den$o, &egrave; piu atta ad operare, che l'a-
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parents:
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931 ria, &amp; a re$i$tere all'operatione dell'e-
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parents:
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932 lemento uicino, cio&egrave; a quella parte, che
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parents:
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933 nell'elemento uicino &egrave; a lei contraria.
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parents:
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934 onde &egrave; piu atta ad alterare, che ad e$$er
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parents:
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935 alterata. L'acqua circonda tutta la
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parents:
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936 terra d'ogni parte: intendendo, che
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parents:
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937 l'aria uicina alla terra $ia acqua per la
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938 maggior parte: perche &egrave; piena di uapo
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parents:
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939 ri: i quali non $ono altro, che acqua
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940 rarefatta. onde di$$e Homero, che un
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941 certo fiume Oceano circonda tutta la
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942 terra. tutti i mari deriuano dall'Ocea
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943 no, eccetto il Ca$pio, il quale d'ogn'
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parents:
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944 intorno &egrave; cinto dalla terra. Nell'Ocea
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parents:
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945 <pb n=XXIII>
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parents:
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946 no $i ueggono due moti. l'uno &egrave;, che
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parents:
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947 l'acqua continuamente $i muoue da o-
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parents:
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948 riente uer$o occidente, come manife-
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parents:
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949 $tamente comprendono quelli, che na
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parents:
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950 uigano l'Oceano. perche $e $i partono
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parents:
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951 da Nerito, promontorio di Spagna, per
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parents:
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952 arriuare in Inghilterra, fanno la naui-
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953 gatione piu tarda, che partendo d'In-
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parents:
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954 ghilterra per arriuare in Spagna. quel-
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parents:
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955 li ancora, che $i pa rtono di Spagna per
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parents:
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956 arriuare a quelle i$ole, le quali a'gior-
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parents:
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957 ni no$tri ritrou&ograve; Columbo Genoue$e
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parents:
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958 uer$o ponente, forni$cono il lor uiag-
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parents:
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959 gio in manco di un me$e: ma ritornan-
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parents:
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960 do in Spagna, tardano tre e quattro
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parents:
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961 me$i. il mede$imo moto hanno o$$erua
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parents:
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962 to i Portughe$i nauigando intorno all'
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parents:
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963 Africa per arriuare in India. che, quan
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parents:
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964 tunque habbino il uento in poppe ga-
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parents:
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965 gliar di$simo, nondimeno &agrave;a $uperare il
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parents:
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966 promontorio, che $i chiama Capo di
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casties
parents:
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967 buona $peranza, durano infinita fatica,
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casties
parents:
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968 <pb>
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parents:
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969 per il cor$o dell'acqua da oriente in oc
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casties
parents:
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970 cidente. L'altro moto &egrave;, che per $ei
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parents:
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971 hore continue cre$ce l'oceano, &amp; al-
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parents:
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972 trettante hore decre$ce. et &egrave; co$i gran-
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973 de que$to moto, che nella Fiandra $i
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974 ueggono alcune uolte ritornare a die-
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975 tro i fiumi per il cre$cimento del mare,
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976 &amp; &agrave; Londra in Inghilterra il fiume Ta-
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977 mi$o, che &egrave; lontano dal mare intorno a
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978 cinquanta miglia, mede$imamente ri-
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979 tornare uer$o il $uo fonte, e cre$cere
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980 qua$i tre pa$$a. Veggon$i ancora que$ti
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981 due moti nel mare mediterraneo, ma
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982 non co$i grandi, come nell'oceano.
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983 nell'Adriatico $eno quelli, che nauiga-
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984 no co$teggiando l'I$tria, la Dalmatia,
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985 l'Albania, $entono un continuo moto
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986 del mare uer$o occidente: il quale poi
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987 nella parte, doue &egrave; Venetia, $i riuolge
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988 uer$o mezzo di, cio&egrave; uer$o la Roma-
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989 gna, e di la uer$o oriente, cio&egrave; uer$o la
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990 Puglia. e que$to moto da'marinari prat
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991 <pb n=XXIIII>
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992 tichi facilmente &egrave; cono$ciuto. onde $i
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993 pu&ograve; dire, che $ia circolare il moto del
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994 mare mediterraneo. perche dall'Elle
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995 $ponto $i muoue uer$o occidente, e col
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996 mede$imo moto co$teggia tutto il lido
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997 di terra ferma in$ino alle colonne di
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998 Hercole: doue riuolgendo$i, per la co
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999 $ta dell'Africa, e dell'Egitto $i muoue
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1000 uer$o oriente, cio&egrave; uer$o la Soria. Ho-
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1001 ra &egrave; da con$iderare la cau$a di que$ti
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1002 moti nell'uno e l'altro mare. Il mo
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1003 to dell'Oceano uer$o occidente &egrave; cau-
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1004 $ato dal moto diurno de' cieli: i quali
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1005 infondono parte della loro qualit&agrave; nel-
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1006 l'Oceano, onde egli $econdo il moto
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1007 loro $i muoue. e po$si dire, che il mo-
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1008 to del mare Adriatico, il quale &egrave; parte
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1009 del mediterraneo, deriui dalla mede-
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1010 $ima cau$a. perche, non potendo l'ac-
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1011 qua, per e$$ere rinchiu$a da terra fer-
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1012 ma d'ogni parte, muouer$i di perpe-
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1013 tuo moto da oriente in occidente, $e-
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1014 <pb>
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1015 condo che la uirt&ugrave; cele$te la conduce,
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1016 imita nel modo, che pu&ograve;, il moto cir-
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1017 colare de' cieli, e co$i ua girando intor
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parents:
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1018 no a'lidi di terra ferma nel modo, che
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1019 $i &egrave; detto. Veniamo hora al cre$cimen-
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1020 to e decre$cimento di $ei in $eihore. il
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1021 quale ueggiamo continuamente &agrave; Ve-
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1022 netia, ma non co$i grande, come $i ue-
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1023 de nell'Oceano. Non &egrave; dubio, che la
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1024 cau$a del cre$cimento dell'acqua non
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1025 &egrave; altro, che una rarefattione e tumefat
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parents:
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1026 tione, per la quale cre$ce il mare, e $i
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1027 diffonde uer$o la terra. e parimente la
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1028 cau$a del decre$cimento non &egrave; altro,
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parents:
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1029 che una conden$atione di e$$a acqua,
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parents:
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1030 per la quale ritorna nella $ua unione, e
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1031 dalla terra, oue $i era $par$a, $i diparte,
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parents:
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1032 percioche, $e que$ta non fu$$e la cau$a,
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parents:
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1033 onde uerrebbe tanta copia di acqua
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parents:
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1034 per co$i grande cre$cimento, e doue ri
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parents:
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1035 tornerebbe nel decre$cimento? poi che
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1036 dunque que$to principio &egrave; manife$to,
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parents:
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1037 <pb n=XXV>
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parents:
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1038 re$ta che con$ideriamo, onde na$ce que
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parents:
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1039 $ta rarefattione, e conden$atione del-
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parents:
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1040 l'acqua, l'una cau$a del cre$cimento,
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parents:
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1041 l'altra del decre$cimento. E noto ad
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parents:
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1042 ogniuno, che ogni rarefattione $i fa per
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parents:
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1043 uir t&ugrave; del calore, e, ce$$ando lui, ce$$a.
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parents:
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1044 et all'incontro, ogni conden$atione $i
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1045 fa per uirt&ugrave; della frigidit&agrave;: come $i ue-
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parents:
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1046 de nell'acqua, che po$ta al fuoco bol-
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parents:
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1047 le, e leuatane ce$$a di bollire poi che a-
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parents:
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1048 dunque la cau$a di que$to cre$cimento
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1049 dell'acqua &egrave; una uirt&ugrave; calida; diciamo,
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parents:
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1050 mo$si dall'e$perienza, che que$ta uir-
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parents:
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1051 t&ugrave;, onde $i gon$ia il mare, dipende dal-
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parents:
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1052 la Luna, il cui tepore principalmente
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parents:
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1053 pare che $ia accommodato &agrave; di$porre
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parents:
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1054 et alterare l'humore di cie$chadun cor
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parents:
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1055 po.diuidiamo poi il cielo in quatro par
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parents:
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1056 ti eguali, con due circoli, il meridiano;
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parents:
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1057 e l'orizonte retto, il quale diuidi il me
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parents:
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1058 ridiano &agrave; i poli con anguli retti sferali.
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parents:
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1059 e troueremo, che, quando la Luna dal
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parents:
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1060 <pb>
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parents:
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1061 punto dell'orizonte retto,il quale hab
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parents:
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1062 biamo po$to, $i muoue uer$o il meridia
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parents:
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1063 no $opra l'orizonte, alhora l'acqua
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parents:
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1064 della prima quadra $i gonfia e $i diffun-
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parents:
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1065 de. ma quando $i muoue dal meridia-
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parents:
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1066 no uer$o l'altro punto dell'orizonte
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parents:
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1067 retto, alhora l'acqua decre$ce. quan-
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parents:
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1068 do poi da que$to punto dell'orizonte
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parents:
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1069 retto $i muoue $otto terra uer$o il meri
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1070 diano,mede$imamente fa gonfiare &agrave; noi
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1071 e cre$cere l'acqua della detta prima
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1072 quadra: e pa$$ando il meridiano per gi-
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1073 re al primo punto dell'orizonte retto,
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1074 onde incominci&ograve; &agrave; muouer$i, la mede-
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1075 $ima acqua decre$ce. e nel mede$imo
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parents:
diff changeset
1076 c&otilde;$iderando $i trouer &agrave; la cau$a di cia$cu
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parents:
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1077 na quadra. la quale non &egrave; altro, che la
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parents:
diff changeset
1078 Luna. il cui lume, et in$ieme quel te-
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1079 pore, che accompagna il lume, quan-
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parents:
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1080 to piu $i auicina alla linea perpendicula
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1081 re, &amp; a gli anguli retti, fatti da e$$a linea
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1082 perpendicularmente cadente; tanto ha
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diff changeset
1083 <pb n=XXVI>
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1084 maggiore uirt&ugrave;, e per&ograve; tanto piu ri$cal
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1085 da. et all'incontro, quando da la linea
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1086 perpendiculare, e dall'angulo retto $i
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1087 diparte, e fra l'angolo ottu$o, ha mi-
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1088 nor uirt&ugrave;, e per&ograve; meno ri$calda: $i co-
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1089 me ancora prouiamo ne'raggi del So-
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diff changeset
1090 le, per que$ta cagione, quando la Luna
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1091 a$cende da oriente uer$o mezzodi, &amp;
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1092 il $uo lume dall'angulo ottu$o $e ne ua
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1093 all'angulo retto, alhoral'acqua $i gon
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1094 fia: e quando ella dipartendo$i dal mez
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1095 zodi $e ne ua uer$o l'occidente, dal-
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1096 l'angulo retto all'ottu$o, alhora l'ac-
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1097 qua $i conden$a e decre$ce. e que$ta &egrave;
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1098 ueri$sima cau$a del moto dell'acqua,
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1099 mentre che la Luna dall'oriente al-
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1100 l'occidente camina. ma,dapoi che ella
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1101 dall'occidente $i parte andando uer$o
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1102 il punto di mczza notte,per qual cagio
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1103 ne l'acqua $i gonfii; e, quando ella dal
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1104 punto di mezza notte partendo $e ne
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1105 ua uer$o oriente, per qual cagione l'ac
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1106 <pb>
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parents:
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1107 qua $i conden$i; &egrave; grandi$sima difficul-
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1108 t&agrave; a $aperne il uero, ma $i riferir&agrave; quel
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1109 che a diligenti $crittori piu probabile &egrave;
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1110 paruto. Dicono, che la parte oppo$i-
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1111 ta del cielo, ferita da i raggi della Luna,
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1112 $i altera, e riceue da lei qua$i la mede$i
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1113 ma uirt&ugrave;. e per&ograve; quando la Luna dipar
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1114 tendo dall'occidente $e ne ua uer$o il
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1115 punto di mezza notte, allhora quella
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1116 parte del cielo, che &egrave; dal punto del-
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1117 l'orizonte retto, cio&egrave; dall'oriente, al
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1118 meridiano, fa gonfiare l'acqua della
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1119 quadra &agrave; lei ri$pondente, per il rifle$$o
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1120 del lume, il quale poi che il cielo ha ri-
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1121 ceuuto dalla Luna oppo$ita, lo rende a
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1122 quella parte dell'acqua, che &egrave; $ottopo
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1123 $ta a lui; onde ella per uirtu di quel lu-
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1124 me $i gonfia. et il mede$imo $i dice,
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1125 quando la Luna partendo dal punto di
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parents:
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1126 mezza notte camina $otto a'i piedi no-
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1127 $tri uer$o l'oriente, e fa cre$cere quel-
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parents:
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1128 la quadra dell'acqua, che &egrave; dal meri-
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parents:
diff changeset
1129 <pb n=XXVII>
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1130 diano no$tro all'occidente, e$$endo fe-
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parents:
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1131 rito il cielo $opra$tante a detta quadra
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parents:
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1132 da'i raggi oppo$iti di lei. Contro a que-
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parents:
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1133 $ta ragione $i oppone, che, e$$endo la Lu
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parents:
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1134 na molto minor della terra, la ombra
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parents:
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1135 di e$$a terra, la quale na$ce da'i raggi e
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parents:
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1136 dal lume della Luna $ottopo$ta, tanto
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1137 piu cre$ce, quanto piu la Luna perpen-
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parents:
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1138 dicularmente $i $ottopone a lei. onde
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1139 pare, che i raggi di e$$a Luna non po$-
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1140 $ano ferire la parte oppo$ita del cielo, e
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1141 per&ograve; che il cielo da quella parte non
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1142 po$$a riflettere i raggi lunari uer$o la
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1143 terra e uer$o il mare, e$$endo che per
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1144 l'ombra della terra interpo$ta non puo
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1145 uedere la Luna, ne participare di quel
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parents:
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1146 la uirt&ugrave;, la quale mediante i raggi di lei
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1147 potrebbe riceuere. A que$ta oppo$itio
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parents:
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1148 ne $i ri$ponde co$i. E$$endo la terra, $e $i
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parents:
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1149 fa paragone fra lei e'l cielo, $imile al
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parents:
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1150 punto; l'ombra $ua, benche grande,
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parents:
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1151 non pu&ograve; offu$care $aluo che una mini-
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parents:
diff changeset
1152 <pb>
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parents:
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1153 ma parte di e$$o cielo: e per&ograve; le altre
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parents:
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1154 parti uicine alla parte offu$cata po$$ono
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parents:
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1155 riceuere il lume da'raggi della Luna,
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parents:
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1156 e renderlo alla terra &amp; al mare. e co$i
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parents:
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1157 pare che la ragione detta di $opra $i con
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parents:
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1158 fermi. e benche co$i paia, nondimeno
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1159 mi na$ce un dubio, dal quale la mente
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parents:
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1160 mia non $i di$$olue: &amp; &egrave; que$to. E$-
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parents:
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1161 $endo il corpo cele$te diafano e per$pi-
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parents:
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1162 cuo, come puo egli rimettere il lume
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parents:
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1163 alla terra &amp; all'acqua? e$$endo che
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parents:
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1164 quei corpi riflettono il lume, i quali non
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1165 $ono diafani, ma $ono terminati dalla
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1166 parte po$teriore da qualche corpo den
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1167 $o. perche $e noi miriamo in un$pec-
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1168 chio, la cui parte po$teriore non $ia
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1169 den$a, ma diafana: lo $pecchio non ri-
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1170 flette il lume, ne ci dimo$tra la no$tra
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1171 figura: la quale portata da'raggi del
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1172 no$tro colore arriua allo $pecchio, e n&otilde;
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1173 trouando re$i$tenza di corpo den$o op
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1174 po$ito, trappa$$a $enza fermar$i. ma $e
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1175 <pb n=XXVIII>
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1176 al mede$imo $pecchio po$poniamo al-
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1177 cun corpo den$o: alhora uediamo, che
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1178 egli ci riflette il lume, e ci rende la no-
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1179 $tra figura;la quale trouando la re$i$ten
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1180 za del corpo den$o oppo$ito, non trap-
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1181 pa$$a, ma $i ferma. oltre a ci&ograve;, $e il cie-
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1182 lo riceuendo il lume dalla Luna oppo$i
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1183 ta lo communica$$e alla terra &amp; al ma-
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1184 re, onde auerrebbe, che alcuna uolta
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1185 le notti a cielo $ereno $ono tanto o$cu-
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1186 re, che non ueggiamo pur un minimo
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1187 $egno di que$ta rifie$sione di lume?
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1188 non &egrave; adunque il lume, ma qualche al-
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1189 tra qualit&agrave;, con la quale la Luna muo-
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1190 ue l'acqua, e la quale il cielo riceuen-
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1191 do dalla Luna, e communicandola al-
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1192 l'acqua, la fa cre$cere e gonfiare. e co$i
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1193 mettendo fine a que$ta parte, cio&egrave; in-
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1194 quanto $i appartiene alla uirt&ugrave; della Lu
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1195 na cau$ante il moto dell'acqua, di che
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1196 per&ograve; non re$tiamo &agrave; pieno $odisfatti, $e
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1197 guiremo dicendo, che il Sole ancor e-
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1198 <pb>
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1199 gli con la $ua uirt&ugrave; alcuna uolta fa il me
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1200 de$imo effetto: come ogni me$e $i pu&ograve;
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1201 o$$eruare ne'i quadri della Luna. per-
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1202 cioche, quando dopo il plenilunio la
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1203 Luna $i acco$ta al Sole nonanta gradi;
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1204 &egrave; nece$$ario, che nel mede$imo tempo
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1205 la Luna dal punto di oriente nell'ori-
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1206 zonte retto, che habbiamo con$tituito,
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1207 a$cenda uer$o il meridiano, &amp; il Sole
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1208 dal punto di mezza notte camini uer$o
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1209 oriente. e nel mede$imo modo, dopo
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1210 la congiuntione della Luna, quando el
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1211 la dal mede$imo punto di oriente a-
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1212 $cende uer$o il meridiano, il Sole dal
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1213 meridiano de$cende uer$o l'occa$o.nel
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1214 qual tempo, cio&egrave; due uolte al me$e, $i
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1215 uede che non &egrave; il flu$$o e reflu$$o, o al-
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1216 meno &egrave; qua$i in$en$ibile. e chiama$i ac-
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1217 qua di fiele. onde $i cono$ce, che an-
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1218 cora il Sole opera in parte a muouere
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1219 &amp; acquetare l'acqua. E ancora nota-
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1220 bile co$a, che il moto dell'acqua in-
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1221 <pb n=XXIX>
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1222 comincia nel fondo, &amp; a$cende alla
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1223 $uperficie. perche alla bocca del no-
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1224 $tro porto, oue $ono edificati i due ca-
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1225 $telli, $i o$$erua, che entrando per quel-
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parents:
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1226 l'adito l'acquain que$te lagune, doue
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parents:
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1227 &egrave; Venetia, qua$i dopo $ei hore di con-
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parents:
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1228 tinuo flu$$o, entrando tuttauia l'ac-
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1229 qua, nondimeno $i uede l'acqua, che
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parents:
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1230 tocca i muri de' ca$telli, e$$er decre-
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parents:
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1231 $ciuta qua$i un mezzo pi&egrave;, prima che
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parents:
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1232 incominci il reflu$$o. uedendo$i adun-
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parents:
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1233 que, che l'acqua in$ieme e decre$ce, &amp;
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1234 in quella $uperficie, che $i uede, entra
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parents:
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1235 tuttauia; non &egrave; da dubitare, che il prin
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parents:
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1236 cipio del flu$$o e del reflu$$o $i fa prima
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parents:
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1237 nel fondo. E ancora e$traordinario il
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parents:
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1238 moto dell'acqua dal Bo$phoro, e dal-
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1239 l'Elle$ponto. perche $empre fa il flu$-
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1240 $o, ne mai il reflu$$o. il che auiene per
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1241 la copia de' fiumi. i quali entrano nel
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1242 mare. Segue la terra. la quale $i pu&ograve;
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1243 credere che $ia $emplice pre$$o al cen-
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1244 <pb>
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parents:
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1245 tro del mondo, $i come il fuoco pre$$o
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1246 al concauo del cielo: intendendo per&ograve;,
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1247 che que$ta $implicit&agrave; non $ia eterna, ma
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1248 di lunghi$simo tempo. perche una co-
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1249 $a corro ttibile non pu&ograve; eternamente
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1250 durare in un mede$imo $tato, onde &egrave;
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1251 credibile, che, oltre a'raggi cele$ti, e
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1252 la uirt&ugrave; della qualit&agrave; cele$te, alcuna for
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1253 za uiolenta di terremoto conduca fino
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1254 al centro parte dell'aria, &ograve; dell'acqua,
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parents:
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1255 e che di nuouo poi alluogo della prima
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1256 terra $ucceda altra terra. E perche $e-
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1257 condo l'ordine di natura deueua l'ac-
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1258 qua $opra$tar da ogni parte la terra: la
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parents:
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1259 mede$ima natura ha alterato l'ordine
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1260 $uo ratione finis, come dicono i philo-
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1261 $ophi; acci&ograve; che gli animali in que$ta e-
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1262 minenza della terra pote$$ero uiuere: $i
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1263 come ancora nel picciolo mondo, cio&egrave;
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1264 nell'animale, $ono molte co$e contra
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1265 la natura della materia, ratione finis;
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1266 come quell'o$$o, che $i chiama $inci-
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1267 <pb n=XXX>
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parents:
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1268 put; il quale e$$endo duri$simo, e mol
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parents:
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1269 to terreo, e per&ograve; graue, doueua e$$ere
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1270 ratione materi&aelig; nella inferior parte del
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1271 l'huomo, e nondimeno ratione finis fu
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1272 po$to dalla natura nella $uperiore, per
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1273 a$sicurare contra gli accidenti la piu
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1274 nobil parte di e$$o huomo. La terra ha
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1275 $imilitudine dell'animale. perche $i co
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1276 me egli ha il $angue, il quale tra$corren
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1277 do per le uene tutto il corpo nodri$ce:
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1278 co$i ella ha le acque, le quali o in fiumi,
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1279 o in fonti, o in altra forma le humetta-
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1280 no, &amp; nodri$cono: egli ha lo $pirito, el-
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1281 la il uapore etereo, &amp; l'eshalatione i-
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1282 gnea; dalli quali fomentata genera e no
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1283 dri$ce; egli ha le o$$a, ella i monti: i
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1284 quali la prouida natura produ$$e ancor
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1285 e$si ratione finis; a fine, che dalla loro
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1286 $ommit&agrave; de$cende$$ero i fiumi, e riga$-
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1287 $ero la terra in $eruitio de gli animali. e
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1288 perche alcuni credono, che i monti $ia-
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1289 no eterni: $i pu&ograve; credere, che $iano e-
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1290 <pb>
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parents:
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1291 terni e$$endo $empre monti, ma che $i
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1292 diminui$cano per la forza dell'acque e
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1293 de' uenti, e di nuouo $i accre$cano par
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1294 te per la uirt&ugrave; del calore etereo, e par-
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1295 te per l'operatione dell'aria frigida, la
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1296 quale aggionge materia di$po$ta a con-
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1297 uertir$i in $a$$o. E que$te co$e ba$tino,
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1298 quanto alla terra in generale. Quanto a
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1299 quella parte, che &egrave; habitabile, Ari$to-
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1300 tele, e gli auttori piu antichi credette-
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1301 ro, tutta quella zona della terra, la qua
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1302 le &egrave; $oggetta al polo artico, e uicina,
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1303 e$$er inhabitabile per il troppo freddo,
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1304 e continuo giazzo: perche piu di tutte
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1305 &egrave; lontana dal $ole: il quale la tocca co'
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1306 $uoi raggi tanto obliqui, che non han-
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1307 no qua$i forza alcuna a ri$caldare, e ge
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1308 nerare. all'incontro credettero, tutta
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1309 quella zona della terra, la quale $oggia
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1310 ce al circulo equinottiale, &amp; &egrave; rinchiu
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1311 $a da i tropici, per il troppo caldo e$$er
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1312 inhabitabile: perche il $ole tutta la feri-
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1313 <pb n=XXXI>
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parents:
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1314 $ce co' raggi diretti, o poco obliqui.
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1315 fra que$te po$ero una zona temperata,
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1316 &amp; idonea alla generatione; la quale noi
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1317 habitiamo. e per la mede$ima ragione
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1318 credettero, uer$o il polo antartico e$-
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1319 fer pae$e inhabitabile per il troppo fred
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1320 do, e dipoi una zona temperata qua$i
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1321 fino al tropico di Capricorno. e nella no
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1322 $tra zona habitabile tenne Ari$totele il
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1323 quarto clima e$$er piu temperato; $ot-
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1324 to'l quale &egrave; la maggior parte della Gre
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parents:
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1325 cia. que$ta ful'opinione de gli antichi.
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1326 ma Auicenna dipoi tenne, che il Sole
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parents:
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1327 ri$calda$$e la terra non tanto con ferirla
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parents:
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1328 co'raggi diretti, quanto con dimorar-
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parents:
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1329 ui $opra lungo $patio. perilche, e$$en-
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1330 do che il $ole dimora a$$ai circa i tropi-
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1331 ci per l'obliquit&agrave; e fle$$o del zodiaco,
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1332 e nel circulo equinottiale pochi$simo
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parents:
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1333 dimora, ma di $ubito trappa$$a; giudi-
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1334 c&ograve; Auicenna, $otto il circulo equinot-
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parents:
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1335 tiale e$$er pae$e, non per il troppo cal-
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parents:
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1336 <pb>
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parents:
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1337 do inhabitabile, ma temperati$sima, e
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1338 molto accommodata all'habitatione,
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parents:
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1339 per e$$er iui continuo equinottio. alla
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1340 qual po$itione benche Auerroe con
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1341 molte ragioni habbi c&otilde;tradetto in quel
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1342 la paraphra$i, la quale $cri$$e $opra la
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1343 meteora; nondimeno que$ta que$tio-
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1344 ne &egrave; $tata deci$a a tempi no$tri dall'e-
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parents:
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1345 fperienza. perche nella nauigatione de
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1346 Spagnuoli, e $opra tutto de Portughe
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1347 $i $i &egrave; ritrouato, che $otto il circulo e-
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1348 quinottiale, e fra i topici ui habitano di
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1349 molte genti, di colore non nero, come
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1350 gli Etiopi, ma bruno. onde $i uede, che
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1351 Auicenna hebbe opinione bona, quan
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1352 to al credere quella zona e$$er habita-
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1353 bile: ma s'ingann&ograve;, quanto al crede-
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1354 re che ella fo$$e temperati$sima. il che
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1355 $i cono$ce dal colore, e dalle operatio-
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1356 ni di quelle genti: perche $ono imbel-
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1357 li, e timide, e d'ingegno molto inferio
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1358 re a'Greci; i quali habitano il quarto
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1359 <pb n=XXXII>
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1360 clima. $otto a' tropici $ono regioni piu
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1361 calde, che $otto il circulo equinottiale,
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1362 ma non per&ograve; inhabitabili, eccetto le $o
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1363 litudini dell'Africa piene di arena: le
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1364 quali per&ograve; non $ono in tutto uuote, e$-
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1365 $endo habitate da gli Etiopi, e dai Tro
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1366 gloditi. dalla quale e$perienza $i &egrave; cono
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1367 $ciuto, che quell'incommodo, il qua-
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1368 le ha quella zona per i raggi perpendi-
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1369 culari del Sole, &egrave; ricompen$ato dalla po
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1370 ca, anzi qua$i niuna dimora del Sole
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1371 nel circulo equinottiale: perche il zo-
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1372 diaco iui &egrave; diretto, e non torto, come
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1373 ne i tropici. oltre a ci&ograve;, il continuo e-
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1374 quinottio, e finalmente l'allontananza
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1375 del Sole dal loro orizonte, il quale di-
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1376 $cende precipite, e $e ne u&agrave; diritto $ot-
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1377 to i piedi di quei popoli; &amp; all'incon-
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1378 tro $otto i tropici, e pre$$o ai tropici la
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1379 dimora del Sole per il fle$$o del zodia-
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1380 co, i giorni e$tiui piu lunghi, la $ce$a del
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1381 Sole $otto l'orizonte non co$i grande,
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1382 <pb>
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1383 fanno l'e$tate piu calda, che $otto l'e-
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1384 quinottiale. Quanto a gli Etiopi, la cau
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1385 $a, perche $olamente in Africa $i ritruo
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1386 uino, $arebbe a$$ai o$cura, $e non $i con-
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1387 $idera$$e la qualit&agrave; del pae$e. perche
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1388 grandem&etilde;te importa la conditione del
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1389 la terra $ottopo$ta, cio&egrave;, $e &egrave; piana, &ograve;
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1390 montuo$a; $e bagnata da'fiumi, &ograve; $ec-
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1391 ca; $e $a$$o$a, &ograve; areno$a, &ograve; di gra$$o ter
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1392 reno. percioche tutte que$te conditio
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1393 ni po$$ono a$$ai circa la temperie, &ograve; la
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1394 intemperie di un pae$e. importa anco-
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1395 ra molto, quali $iano i uenti, e da che
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1396 luoghi uengano, $e da luoghi paludo$i,
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1397 &ograve; da caldi, &ograve; da freddi. le quali differen
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1398 ze hanno forza di dar diuer$a natura a
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1399 pae$i contermini, e po$ti $otto la mede
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1400 $ima plaga del cielo: onde $ono alcuni
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1401 caldi, alcuni freddi; alcuni di aria $alu-
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1402 bre, alcuni di offen$iua. perilche nella
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1403 Libia, oue &egrave; campagna areno$a, e niu-
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1404 no fonte, la terra riceue dal Sole gran-
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1405 <pb n=XXXIII>
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1406 di$simo calore, e dal canto $uo ri$calda
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1407 l'aria parimente, onde $i muta la com
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1408 ple$sione de gli habitanti, e diuengono
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1409 Etiopi per l'ecce$siuo caldo. il che non
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1410 auiene ne gli altri luoghi $oggetti, o ui-
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1411 cini al tropico, per e$$erui copia di fon
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1412 ti, e di monti, e di paludi: onde gli ha-
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1413 bitanti non $ono Etiopi, ma bruni. per
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1414 che alla generatione di tutte le co$e, ol-
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1415 tra le cau$e cele$ti, &egrave; di momento gran
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1416 de la qualit&agrave; della materia $oggetta: al-
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1417 la quale perche non attendono gli a$tro
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1418 loghi, molte uolte rie$cono bugiardi.
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1419 Gli elementi, per e$$ere mutabili &amp; al-
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1420 terabili l'uno con l'altro, fanno tutti i
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1421 corpi mi$ti. et ogni alteratione dipen-
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1422 pe dalle loro qualit&agrave; prime, l'una con-
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1423 traria all'altra: perche le $econde qua
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1424 lit&agrave; dipendono dalle prime, come da
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1425 principii. le prime $ono cono$cibili dal
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1426 tatto, e piu attiue di tutte: e $ono qua-
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1427 tro, calidit&agrave;, frigidit&agrave;, humidit&agrave;, $icci
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1428 <pb>
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1429 t&agrave;. delle quali po$siamo formare $ei con
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1430 giuntioni, due impo$sibili, e quatro
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1431 po$sibili. le impo$sibili $ono, calidit&agrave;
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1432 con frigidit&agrave;, humidit&agrave; con $iccit&agrave;: per-
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1433 che niuno corpo $i ritruoua, nel quale
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1434 $iano $omma calidit&agrave; con $omma frigidi
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1435 t&agrave;, o $omma humidit&agrave; c&otilde; $omma $iccit&agrave;:
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1436 non potendo due contrarii e$$er in$ie-
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1437 me in un $ubietto. le po$sibili $ono, ca-
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1438 lidit&agrave; con humidit&agrave;, calidit&agrave; con $iccit&agrave;,
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1439 frigidit&agrave; con humidit&agrave;, frigidit&agrave; con $ic
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1440 cit&agrave;. delle quali quatro qualit&agrave; e$$endo
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1441 partecipe ogni corpo mi$to, uiene &agrave; par
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1442 ticipare di tutti quatro gli elementi. Et
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1443 &egrave; d'auertire, che Ale$$andro Aphro-
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1444 di$eo, e Galeno coetaneo di Ale$$an-
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1445 dro, e Philopono tennero, che que$te
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1446 quatro qualit&agrave; fo$$ero le forme de gli
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1447 elementi. il che &egrave; manife$ti$simo erro-
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1448 re. perche ogni forma di qual $i uoglia
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1449 corpo &egrave; $o$tanza, per que$ta ragione.
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1450 $e il fuoco, uerbi gratia, &egrave; $o$tanza; &amp;
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1451 <pb n=XXXIIII>
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1452 &egrave; fuoco per la forma, che gli da l'e$$e-
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1453 re: $egue, che la forma, la quale lo fa
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1454 e$$ere $o$tanza, ancor ella fia $o$tanza:
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1455 perche $e non fo$$e, non potrebbe da-
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1456 re al fuoco quel che ella non haue$$e.
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1457 onde u$ano di dire i philo$ophi: pro-
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1458 pter quod unumquodque tale e$t, &amp; il-
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1459 lud magis. $e adunque ogni forma &egrave; $o
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1460 $tanza; non po$$ono le qualit&agrave; e$$er for
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1461 me, e$$endo, come $a ogniuno, acciden
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1462 ti:e quello, che &egrave; accidente ad un $ubiet
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1463 to, non pu&ograve; e$$ere $o$tanza all'altro: la
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1464 quale &egrave; propo$itione famo$a &amp; appro-
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1465 uata, e caua$i dal primo della phi$ica,
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1466 da quelle parole: Quod uere e$t, acci-
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1467 dit nulli. onde Auerroe nel commen-
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1468 tario $opra l'ottauo della metaphi$ica
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1469 riprende Ale$$andro, per hauer detto,
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1470 che nel fuoco la calidit&agrave; &egrave; forma $o$tan-
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1471 tiale. oltre a ci&ograve;, $e la materia &egrave; nel ge-
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1472 nere della $o$tanza: ragioneuole mi pa
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1473 re, che molto piu ui debba e$$ere la for
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1474 <pb>
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1475 ma: la quale ogniuno $a che &egrave; piu nobi
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1476 le della materia. Aggiungo: $e ne$$una
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1477 $o$tanza &egrave; per $e $en$ibile, come dice
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1478 Ari$totele nel $econdo de anima: come
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1479 po$$ono le prime qualit&agrave; e$$er $o$tanze,
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1480 le quali $ono $en$ibili e cono$cibili al
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1481 tatto? Ecci ancora que$ta ragione, $e le
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1482 prime qualit&agrave; $o$$ero forme; $eguireb-
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1483 be, che ogni elemento hauerebbe due
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1484 formc; hauendo ogni elemento due
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1485 qualit&agrave;. il che &egrave; co$a impo$sibile.