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--- /dev/null Thu Jan 01 00:00:00 1970 +0000 +++ b/texts/XML/archimedes/la/vitru_archi_048_la_1567.xml Fri Dec 07 17:05:22 2012 +0100 @@ -0,0 +1,12410 @@ +<?xml version="1.0"?> +<archimedes xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" > + <info> + <author>Vitruvius Pollio</author> + <title>De Architectura</title> + <date>1912</date> + <place>Leipzig</place> + <translator></translator> + <lang>la</lang> + <cvs_file>vitru_archi_048_la_1567.xml</cvs_file> + <cvs_version></cvs_version> + <locator>048.xml</locator> + </info> + <text> + <front></front> + <body> + <chap id="N10018"> + <pb xlink:href="048/01/001.jpg" ed="1567" pagenum="2"></pb> + <p id="N1001B" type="head"> + <s id="N1001D">LIBER PRIMUS</s> + </p> + <subchap1 id="N10020"> + <subchap2 id="N10021"> + <p id="N10022" type="main"> + <s id="N10024"> +Cum divina tua mens et numen, imperator Caesar, imperio potiretur orbis terrarum invictaque virtute cunctis +hostibus stratis triumpho victoriaque tua cives gloriarentur +et gentes omnes subactae tuum spectarent nutum populusque Romanus et senatus liberatus timore amplissimis tuis +cogitationibus consiliisque gubernaretur, non audebam, +tantis occupationibus, de architectura scripta et magnis +cogitationibus explicata edere, metuens, ne non apto tempore interpellans subirem tui animi offensionem. +</s> + </p> + </subchap2> + <subchap2 id="N10027"> + <p id="N10028" type="main"> + <s id="N1002A"> +Cum vero attenderem te non solum de vita communi omnium curam +publicaeque rei constitutione habere sed etiam de opportunitate publicorum aedificiorum, ut civitas per te non +solum provinciis esset aucta, verum etiam ut maiestas +imperii publicorum aedificiorum egregias haberet aucto + <pb xlink:href="048/01/002.jpg" ed="1567" pagenum="3"></pb> + ritates, non putavi praetermittendum, quin primo quoque +tempore de his rebus ea tibi ederem, ideo quod primum +parenti tuo [de eo] fueram notus et eius virtutis studiosus. </s> + <s id="N10031">cum autem concilium caelestium in sedibus inmortalitatis +eum dedicavisset et imperium parentis in tuam potestatem +transtulisset, idem studium meum in eius memoria permanens in te contulit favorem. +</s> + </p> + <p id="N10034" type="main"> + <s id="N10036"> +Itaque cum M. </s> + <s id="N10039">Aurelio et P. </s> + <s id="N1003C">Minidio et Gn. </s> + <s id="N1003F">Cornelio ad apparationem ballistarum +et scorpionum reliquorumque tormentorum refectionem +fui praesto et cum eis commoda accepi, quae, cum primo +mihi tribuisti recognitionem, per sororis commendationem servasti. +</s> + </p> + </subchap2> + <subchap2 id="N10042"> + <p id="N10043" type="main"> + <s id="N10045"> +Cum ergo eo beneficio essem obligatus, ut ad +exitum vitae non haberem inopiae timorem, haec tibi +scribere coepi, quod animadverti multa te aedificavisse +et nunc aedificare, reliquo quoque tempore et publicorum et +privatorum aedificiorum, pro amplitudine rerum gestarum +ut posteris memoriae traderentur, curam habiturum. </s> + <s id="N10048">conscripsi praescriptiones terminatas, ut eas attendens et ante +facta et futura qualia sint opera per te posses nota habere; +namque his voluminibus aperui omnes disciplinae rationes. +</s> + </p> + </subchap2> + </subchap1> + <subchap1 id="N1004B"> + <subchap2 id="N1004C"> + <p id="N1004D" type="main"> + <s id="N1004F"> +Architecti est scientia pluribus disciplinis et variis +eruditionibus ornata,cuius iudicio probantur omnia quae +ab ceteris artibus perficiuntur opera. </s> + <s id="N10052">ea nascitur ex fabrica et ratiocinatione. </s> + <s id="N10055">fabrica est continuata ac trita +usus meditatio, quae manibus perficit[ur] e materia cuiuscumque generis opus [est] ad propositum deformationis. </s> + <s id="N10058">ratiocinatio autem est, quae res fabricatas sollertiae ac +rationis pro demonstrare atque explicare potest. +</s> + </p> + </subchap2> + <subchap2 id="N1005B"> + <p id="N1005C" type="main"> + <pb xlink:href="048/01/003.jpg" ed="1567" pagenum="4"></pb> + <pb xlink:href="048/01/004.jpg" ed="1567" pagenum="5"></pb> + <s id="N1005E"> +Itaque architecti, qui sine litteris contenderant, ut manibus +essent exercitati, non potuerunt efficere, ut haberent pro +laboribus auctoritatem; qui autem ratiocinationibus et +litteris solis confisi fuerunt, umbram non rem persecuti +videntur. </s> + <s id="N10061">at qui utrumque perdidicerunt, uti omnibus +armis ornati citius cum auctoritate, quod fuit propositum, sunt adsecuti. +</s> + </p> + </subchap2> + <subchap2 id="N10064"> + <p id="N10065" type="main"> + <pb xlink:href="048/01/005.jpg" ed="1567" pagenum="6"></pb> + <s id="N10069"> +Cum in omnibus enim rebus, tum maxime etiam in architectura haec duo insunt: quod significatur +et quod significat. </s> + <s id="N1006C">significatur proposita res, de qua dicitur; hanc autem significat demonstratio rationibus doctrinarum explicata. </s> + <s id="N1006F">quare videtur utraque parte exercitatus esse debere, qui se architectum profiteatur. </s> + <s id="N10072">itaque eum +etiam ingeniosum oportet esse et ad disciplinam docilem; +neque enim ingenium sine disciplina aut disciplina sine +ingenio perfectum artificem potest efficere. </s> + <pb xlink:href="048/01/006.jpg" ed="1567" pagenum="7"></pb> + <s id="N10075">et ut litteratus sit, peritus graphidos, eruditus geometria, historias +complures noverit, philosophos diligenter audierit, musicam scierit, medicinae non sit ignarus, responsa iurisconsultorum noverit, astrologiam caelique rationes cognitas habeat. +</s> + </p> + </subchap2> + <subchap2 id="N10078"> + <p id="N10079" type="main"> + <s id="N1007B"> +Quae cur ita sint, haec sunt causae. </s> + <s id="N1007E">litteras architectum +scire oportet, uti commentariis memoriam firmiorem efficere possit. </s> + <s id="N10081">deinde graphidis scientiam habere, quo facilius +exemplaribus pictis quam velit operis speciem deformare +valeat. </s> + <s id="N10084">geometria autem plura praesidia praestat architecturae; et primum ex euthygrammis circini tradit usum +<regulaeque>, e quo maxime facilius aedificiorum in areis +expediuntur descriptiones normarumque et librationum +et linearum directiones. </s> + <s id="N10087">item per opticen in aedificiis ab +certis regionibus caeli lumina recte ducuntur. </s> + <pb xlink:href="048/01/007.jpg" ed="1567" pagenum="8"></pb> + <s id="N1008A">per arithmeticen vero sumptus aedificiorum consummantur, mensurarum rationes explicantur, difficilesque symmetriarum +quaestiones geometricis rationibus et methodis inveniuntur. +</s> + </p> + </subchap2> + <subchap2 id="N1008D"> + <p id="N1008E" type="main"> + <s id="N10090"> +Historias autem plures novisse oportet, quod multa ornamenta saepe in operibus architecti designant, de quibus +argumenti rationem, cur fecerint, quaerentibus reddere +debent. </s> + <s id="N10093">quemadmodum si quis statuas marmoreas muliebres stolatas, quae caryatides dicuntur, pro columnis in +opere statuerit et insuper mutulos et coronas conlocaverit, +percontantibus ita reddet rationem. </s> + <s id="N10096">Carya, civitas Peloponnensis, cum Persis hostibus contra Graeciam consensit. </s> + <s id="N10099">postea Graeci per victoriam gloriose bello liberati communi consilio Caryatibus bellum indixerunt. </s> + <s id="N1009C">itaque oppido +capto, viris interfectis, civitate deflagrata matronas eorum +in servitutem abduxerunt, nec sunt passi stolas neque +ornatus matronales deponere, non uti una triumpho ducerentur, sed aeterna, servitutis exemplo gravi contumelia +pressae poenas pendere viderentur pro civitate. </s> + <s id="N1009F">ideo qui +tunc architecti fuerunt aedificiis publicis designaverunt +earum imagines oneri ferendo conlocatas, ut etiam posteris [nota] poena peccati Caryatium memoriae traderetur. +</s> + </p> + </subchap2> + <subchap2 id="N100A2"> + <p id="N100A3" type="main"> + <s id="N100A5"> +Non minus Lacones, Pausania Agesilae filio duce, Plataico +proelio pauca manu infinitum numerum exercitus Persarum cum superavissent, acto cum gloria triumpho spoliorum et praedae, porticum Persicam ex manubiis, laudis +et virtutis civium indicem, victoriae posteris pro tropaeo constituerunt. </s> + <s id="N100A8">ibique captivorum simulacra barbarico vestis ornatu, superbia meritis contumeliis punita, +sustinentia tectum conlocaverunt, uti et hostes horrescerent +timore eorum fortitudinis effectus, et cives id exemplum +virtutis aspicientes gloria erecti ad defendendam libertatem essent parati. </s> + <s id="N100AB">itaque ex eo multi statuas Persicas +sustinentes epistylia et ornamenta eorum conlocaverunt, +et ita ex eo argumento varietates egregias auxerunt operibus. </s> + <s id="N100AE">item sunt aliae eiusdem generis historiae, quarum notitiam architectos tenere oporteat. +</s> + </p> + </subchap2> + <subchap2 id="N100B1"> + <p id="N100B2" type="main"> + <pb xlink:href="048/01/008.jpg" ed="1567" pagenum="9"></pb> + <s id="N100B4"> +Philosophia vero perficit architectum animo magno et uti non sit adrogans, +sed potius facilis, aequus et fidelis, sine avaritia, quod est +maximum; nullum enim opus vere sine fide et castitate +fieri potest; ne sit cupidus neque in muneribus accipiendis +habeat animum occupatum, sed cum gravitate suam tueatur dignitatem bonam famam habendo; et haec enim +philosophia praescribit. </s> + <s id="N100B7">praeterea de rerum natura, quae +graece <foreign lang="grc">φυσιολογία</foreign> dicitur, philosophia explicat. </s> + <s id="N100BE">quam necesse est studiosius novisse, quod habet multas et varias naturales quaestiones. </s> + <s id="N100C1">ut etiam in aquarum ductionibus. </s> + <s id="N100C4">incursibus enim et circumitionibus et librata planitie ex- +pressionibus spiritus naturales aliter atque aliter fiunt, +quorum offensionibus mederi nemo poterit, nisi qui ex +philosophia principia rerum naturae noverit. </s> + <s id="N100C7">item qui +Ctesibii aut Archimedis et ceterorum, qui eiusdem generis +praecepta conscripserunt, leget, sentire non poterit, nisi his rebus a philosophis erit institutus. +</s> + </p> + </subchap2> + <subchap2 id="N100CA"> + <p id="N100CB" type="main"> + <pb xlink:href="048/01/009.jpg" ed="1567" pagenum="10"></pb> + <pb xlink:href="048/01/010.jpg" ed="1567" pagenum="11"></pb> + <s id="N100CF"> +Musicen autem sciat oportet, uti canonicam rationem et mathematicam notam +habeat, praeterea ballistarum, catapultarum, scorpionum +temperaturas possit recte facere. </s> + <s id="N100D2">in capitulis enim dextra +ac sinistra sunt foramina hemitoniorum, per quae tenduntur suculis et vectibus e nervo torti funes, qui non praecluduntur nec praeligantur, nisi sonitus ad artificis aures +certos et aequales fecerint. </s> + <s id="N100D5">bracchia enim, quae in eas +tentiones includuntur, cum extenduntur, aequaliter et +pariter utraque plagam mittere debent; quodsi non homotona fuerint, inpedient directam telorum missionem. +</s> + </p> + </subchap2> + <subchap2 id="N100D8"> + <p id="N100D9" type="main"> + <s id="N100DB"> +Item theatris vasa aerea, quae in cellis sub gradibus mathematica ratione conlocantur sonitûm ex discrimine, quae +Graeci <foreign lang="grc">ἠχεῖα</foreign> appellant, ad symphonias musicas sive concentus componuntur divisa in circinatione diatessaron et diapente et <diapason ad> disdiapason, uti vox scaenici, +sonitu conveniens in dispositionibus tactu cum offenderit, +aucta cum incremento clarior et suavior ad spectatorum +perveniat aures. </s> + <s id="N100E2">hydraulicas quoque machinas et cetera, +quae sunt similia his organis, sine musicis rationibus efficere nemo poterit. +</s> + </p> + </subchap2> + <subchap2 id="N100E5"> + <p id="N100E6" type="main"> + <s id="N100E8"> +Disciplinam vero medicinae novisse oportet propter inclinationem caeli, quae Graeci <foreign lang="grc">κλίματα</foreign> +dicunt, et aeris et locorum, qui sunt salubres aut pestilentes, aquarumque usus; sine his enim rationibus nulla +salubris habitatio fieri potest. </s> + <pb xlink:href="048/01/011.jpg" ed="1567" pagenum="12"></pb> + <s id="N100EF">iura quoque nota habeat +oportet, ea quae necessaria sunt aedificiis <locis> communibus parietum ad ambitum, stillicidiorum et cloacarum, luminum, item aquarum ductiones et cetera, quae eiusmodi sunt. </s> + <s id="N100F2">nota oportet sint architectis, uti ante +caveant quam instituant aedificia, ne controversiae factis +operibus patribus familiarum relinquantur, et ut legibus +scribendis prudentia cavere possit et locatori et conductori; namque si lex perite fuerit scripta, erit ut sine captione uterque ab utroque liberetur. </s> + <s id="N100F5">ex astrologia autem +cognoscitur oriens, occidens, meridies, septentrio, etiam +caeli ratio, aequinoctium, solstitium, astrorum cursus; +quorum notitiam si quis non habuerit, horologiorum rationem omnino scire non poterit. +</s> + </p> + </subchap2> + <subchap2 id="N100F8"> + <p id="N100F9" type="main"> + <s id="N100FB"> +Cum ergo tanta haec disciplina sit, condecorata et abundans eruditionibus variis ac pluribus, non puto posse <se> +iuste repente profiteri architectos, nisi qui ab aetate +puerili his gradibus disciplinarum scandendo scientia plerarumque litterarum et artium nutriti pervenerint ad summum templum architecturae. +</s> + </p> + </subchap2> + <subchap2 id="N100FE"> + <p id="N100FF" type="main"> + <pb xlink:href="048/01/012.jpg" ed="1567" pagenum="13"></pb> + <s id="N10101"> +At fortasse mirum videbitur inperitis, hominis posse naturam tantum numerum doctrinarum perdiscere et memoria continere. </s> + <s id="N10104">cum autem animadverterint omnes disciplinas inter se coniunctionem +rerum et communicationem habere, fieri posse faciliter +credent; encyclios enim disciplina uti corpus unum ex his +membris est composita. </s> + <s id="N10107">itaque qui a teneris aetatibus +eruditionibus variis instruuntur, omnibus litteris agnoscunt easdem notas communicationemque omnium disciplinarum, et ea re facilius omnia cognoscunt. </s> + <s id="N1010A">ideoque de veteribus architectis Pytheos, qui Prieni aedem Minervae +nobiliter est architectatus, ait in suis commentariis architectum omnibus artibus et doctrinis plus oportere posse +facere, quam qui singulas res suis industriis et exercitationibus ad summam claritatem perduxerunt. </s> + <s id="N1010D">id autem re non expeditur. +</s> + </p> + </subchap2> + <subchap2 id="N10110"> + <p id="N10111" type="main"> + <s id="N10115"> +Non enim debet nec potest esse architectus grammaticus, uti fuerat Aristarchus, sed non agrammatus, +nec musicus ut Aristoxenus, sed non amusos, nec pictor +ut Apelles, sed graphidos non inperitus, nec plastes quemadmodum Myron seu Polyclitus, sed rationis plasticae +non ignarus, nec denuo medicus ut Hippocrates, sed non +aniatrologetus, nec in ceteris doctrinis singulariter excellens, sed in îs non inperitus. </s> + <s id="N10118">non enim in tantis rerum +varietatibus elegantias singulares quisquam consequi potest, quod earum ratiocinationes cognoscere et percipere vix cadit in potestatem. +</s> + </p> + </subchap2> + <subchap2 id="N1011B"> + <p id="N1011C" type="main"> + <s id="N1011E"> +Nec tamen non tantum architecti non possunt in omnibus rebus habere summum effectum, +sed etiam ipsi, qui privatim proprietates tenent artium, +non efficiunt, ut habeant omnes summum laudis principatum. </s> + <s id="N10121">ergo si in singulis doctrinis singuli artifices neque +omnes sed pauci aevo perpetuo nobilitatem vix sunt consecuti, quemadmodum potest architectus, qui pluribus artibus debet esse peritus, non id ipsum mirum et magnum +facere, ne quid ex his indigeat, sed etiam ut omnes artifices +superet, qui singulis doctrinis adsiduitatem cum industria summa praestiterunt? +</s> + </p> + </subchap2> + <subchap2 id="N10124"> + <p id="N10125" type="main"> + <s id="N10127"> +Igitur in hac re Pytheos errasse videtur, quod non animadvertit ex duabus rebus singulas +artes esse compositas, ex opere et eius ratiocinatione, ex +his autem unum proprium esse eorum, qui singulis rebus +sunt exercitati, id est operis effectus, alterum commune +cum omnibus doctis, id est rationem, uti medicis et musicis +et de venarum rythmo et pedum [motus]; at si vulnus +mederi aut aegrum eripere de periculo oportuerit, non +accedet musicus, sed id opus proprium erit medici; item +in organo non medicus sed musicus modulabitur, ut aures suavem cantionibus recipiant iucunditatem. +</s> + </p> + </subchap2> + <subchap2 id="N1012A"> + <p id="N1012B" type="main"> + <pb xlink:href="048/01/013.jpg" ed="1567" pagenum="14"></pb> + <s id="N1012D"> +Similiter cum astrologis et musicis est disputatio communis de sympathia +stellarum et symphoniarum in quadratis et trigonis diatessaron et diapente, a geometris [divisus] qui graece +<foreign lang="grc">λόγος ὀπτικός</foreign> appellatur; ceterisque omnibus doctrinis +multae res vel omnes communes sunt dumtaxat ad disputandum. </s> + <s id="N10134">operum vero ingressus, qui manu aut tractationibus ad elegantiam perducuntur, ipsorum sunt, qui proprie una arte ad faciendum sunt instituti. </s> + <pb xlink:href="048/01/014.jpg" ed="1567" pagenum="15"></pb> + <s id="N10137">ergo satis +abunde videtur fecisse, qui ex singulis doctrinis partes et +rationes earum mediocriter habet notas, eas quae necessariae +sunt ad architecturam, uti, si quid de his rebus et artibus iudicare et probare opus fuerit, ne deficiatur. +</s> + </p> + </subchap2> + <subchap2 id="N1013A"> + <p id="N1013B" type="main"> + <s id="N1013D"> +Quibus vero natura tantum tribuit sollertiae, acuminis, memoriae, ut +possint geometriam, astrologiam, musicen ceterasque disciplinas penitus habere notas, praetereunt officia architectorum et efficiuntur mathematici. </s> + <s id="N10140">itaque faciliter contra +eas disciplinas disputare possunt, quod pluribus telis disciplinarum sunt armati. </s> + <s id="N10143">hi autem inveniuntur raro, ut +aliquando fuerunt Aristarchus Samius, Philolaus et Archytas Tarentini, Apollonius Pergaeus, Eratosthenes Cyrenaeus, +Archimedes et Scopinas ab Syracusis, qui multas res <mechanicas,> organicas, gnomonicas numero naturalibusque +rationibus inventas atque explicatas posteris reliquerunt. +</s> + </p> + </subchap2> + <subchap2 id="N10146"> + <p id="N10147" type="main"> + <s id="N1014B"> +Cum ergo talia ingenia ab naturali sollertia non passim +cunctis gentibus sed paucis viris habere concedatur, officium vero architecti omnibus eruditionibus debeat esse +exercitatum, et ratio propter amplitudinem rei permittat +non iuxta necessitatem summas sed etiam mediocres scientias habere disciplinarum, peto, Caesar, et a te et ab îs, +qui ea volumina sunt lecturi, ut, si quid parum ad regulam +artis grammaticae fuerit explicatum, ignoscatur. </s> + <s id="N1014E">namque +non uti summus philosophus nec rhetor disertus nec grammaticus summis rationibus artis exercitatus, sed ut architectus his litteris imbutus haec nisus sum scribere. </s> + <pb xlink:href="048/01/015.jpg" ed="1567" pagenum="16"></pb> + <s id="N10151">de +artis vero potestate quaeque insunt in ea ratiocinationes +polliceor, uti spero, his voluminibus non modo aedificantibus +sed etiam omnibus sapientibus cum maxima auctoritate +me sine dubio praestaturum. +</s> + </p> + </subchap2> + </subchap1> + <subchap1 id="N10154"> + <subchap2 id="N10155"> + <p id="N10156" type="main"> + <s id="N10158"> +Architectura autem constat ex ordinatione, quae graece +<foreign lang="grc">τάξις</foreign> dicitur, + <pb xlink:href="048/01/016.jpg" ed="1567" pagenum="17"></pb> + et ex dispositione, hanc autem Graeci <foreign lang="grc">διάθεσιν</foreign> vocitant, et eurythmia et symmetria et decore et +distributione, quae graece <foreign lang="grc">οἰκονομία</foreign> dicitur. +</s> + </p> + </subchap2> + <subchap2 id="N10167"> + <p id="N10168" type="main"> + <s id="N1016A"> +Ordinatio est [modica] membrorum operis [commoditas] +separatim universeque proportionis ad symmetriam comparatio. </s> + <s id="N1016D">haec componitur ex quantitate, quae graece +<foreign lang="grc">ποσότης</foreign> dicitur. </s> + <s id="N10174">quantitas autem est modulorum ex ipsius +operis e singulisque membrorum partibus sumptio universi operis conveniens effectui. +</s> + </p> + <p id="N10177" type="main"> + <pb xlink:href="048/01/017.jpg" ed="1567" pagenum="18"></pb> + <s id="N10179"> +Dispositio autem est rerum apta conlocatio elegansque +compositionibus effectus operis cum qualitate. </s> + <s id="N1017C">species dispositionis, quae graece dicuntur <foreign lang="grc">ἰδέαι</foreign>, sunt hae: ichnographia, orthographia, scaenographia. </s> + <s id="N10183">ichnographia est +circini regulaeque modice continens usus, e qua capiuntur formarum in solis arearum descriptiones. </s> + <pb xlink:href="048/01/018.jpg" ed="1567" pagenum="19"></pb> + <s id="N10186">orthographia autem est erecta frontis imago modiceque picta +rationibus operis futuri figura. </s> + <s id="N10189">item scaenographia est +frontis et laterum abscedentium adumbratio ad circinique +centrum omnium linearum responsus. </s> + <s id="N1018C">hae nascuntur +ex cogitatione et inventione. </s> + <s id="N1018F">cogitatio est cura studii +plena et industriae vigilantiaeque effectus propositi cum +voluptate. </s> + <s id="N10192">inventio autem est quaestionum obscurarum +explicatio ratioque novae rei vigore mobili reperta. </s> + <s id="N10195">hae +sunt terminationes dispositionum. +</s> + </p> + </subchap2> + <subchap2 id="N10198"> + <p id="N10199" type="main"> + <pb xlink:href="048/01/019.jpg" ed="1567" pagenum="20"></pb> + <s id="N1019B"> +Eurythmia est venusta species commodusque in compositionibus membrorum aspectus. </s> + <pb xlink:href="048/01/020.jpg" ed="1567" pagenum="21"></pb><s id="N1019E">haec efficitur, cum membra operis convenientis sunt altitudinis ad latitudinem, latitudinis ad longitudinem, et ad summam omnia respondent +suae symmetriae. +</s> + </p> + </subchap2> + <subchap2 id="N101A1"> + <p id="N101A2" type="main"> + <s id="N101A6"> +Item symmetria est ex ipsius operis membris conveniens +consensus ex partibusque separatis ad universae figurae +speciem ratae partis responsus. </s> + <s id="N101A9">uti in hominis corpore e +cubito, pede, palmo, digito ceterisque particulis symmetros +est eurythmiae qualitas, sic est in operum perfectionibus. </s> + <s id="N101AC">et primum in aedibus sacris aut e columnarum crassitudinibus aut triglypho aut etiam embatere, ballista e foramine <capituli>, quod Graeci <foreign lang="grc">περίτρητον</foreign> vocitant, navibus +interscalmio, quae <foreign lang="grc">διάπηγμα</foreign> dicitur, item ceterorum operum +e membris invenitur symmetriarum ratiocinatio. +</s> + </p> + </subchap2> + <subchap2 id="N101B7"> + <p id="N101B8" type="main"> + <pb xlink:href="048/01/021.jpg" ed="1567" pagenum="22"></pb> + <s id="N101BA"> +Decor autem est emendatus operis aspectus probatis +rebus compositi cum auctoritate. </s> + <s id="N101BD">is perficitur statione, +quod graece <foreign lang="grc">θεματισμῷ</foreign> dicitur, seu consuetudine aut +natura. </s> + <s id="N101C4">statione, cum Iovi Fulguri et Caelo et Soli et +Lunae aedificia sub divo hypaethraque constituentur; horum enim deorum et species et effectus in aperto mundo +atque lucenti praesentes videmus. </s> + <s id="N101C7">Minervae et Marti et +Herculi aedes doricae fient; his enim diis propter virtutem +sine deliciis aedificia constitui decet. </s> + <s id="N101CA">Veneri, Florae, Proserpinae, fontium nymphis corinthio genere constitutae +aptas videbuntur habere proprietates, quod his diis propter +teneritatem graciliora et florida foliisque et volutis ornata +opera facta augere videbuntur iustum decorem. </s> + <s id="N101CD">Iunoni, +Dianae, Libero Patri ceterisque diis, qui eadem sunt similitudine, si aedes ionicae construentur, habita erit ratio +mediocritatis, quod et ab severo more doricorum et ab +teneritate corinthiorum temperabitur earum institutio proprietatis. +</s> + </p> + </subchap2> + <subchap2 id="N101D0"> + <p id="N101D1" type="main"> + <pb xlink:href="048/01/022.jpg" ed="1567" pagenum="23"></pb> + <s id="N101D3"> +Ad consuetudinem autem decor sic exprimitur, +cum aedificiis interioribus magnificis item vestibula convenientia et elegantia erunt facta. </s> + <s id="N101D6">si enim interiora prospectus habuerint elegantes, aditus autem humiles et inhonestos, non erunt cum decore. </s> + <s id="N101D9">item si doricis epistyliis in +coronis denticuli sculpentur aut in pulvinatis columnis ex +ionicis epistyliis [capitulis] exprimentur triglyphi, translatis +ex alia ratione proprietatibus in aliud genus operis offendetur aspectus aliis ante ordinis consuetudinibus institutus. +</s> + </p> + </subchap2> + <subchap2 id="N101DC"> + <p id="N101DD" type="main"> + <s id="N101DF"> +Naturalis autem decor sic erit, si primum omnibus templis +saluberrimae regiones aquarumque fontes in îs locis idonei +eligentur, in quibus fana constituantur, deinde maxime +Aesculapio, Saluti, ut eorum deorum, quorum plurimi medicinis aegri curari videntur. </s> + <s id="N101E2">cum enim ex pestilenti in +salubrem locum corpora aegra translata fuerint et e fontibus salubribus aquarum usus subministrabuntur, celerius +convalescent. </s> + <s id="N101E5">ita efficietur, uti ex natura loci maiores +auctasque cum dignitate divinitas excipiat opiniones. </s> + <s id="N101E8">item +naturae decor erit, si cubiculis et bybliothecis ab oriente +lumina capiuntur, balneis et hibernaculis ab occidente hiberno, pinacothecis et quibus certis luminibus opus est +partibus, a septentrione, quod ea caeli regio neque exclaratur neque obscuratur solis cursu sed est certa inmutabilis die perpetuo. +</s> + </p> + </subchap2> + <subchap2 id="N101EB"> + <p id="N101EC" type="main"> + <s id="N101EE"> +Distributio autem est copiarum locique commoda dispensatio parcaque in operibus sumptus ratione temperatio. </s> + <s id="N101F1">haec ita observabitur, si primum architectus ea non quaeret, quae non poterunt inveniri aut parari nisi magno. </s> + <s id="N101F4">namque non omnibus locis harenae fossiciae nec caementorum nec abietis nec sappinorum nec marmoris copia est, +sed aliud alio loco nascitur, quorum comportationes difficiles sunt et sumptuosae. </s> + <s id="N101F7">utendum autem est, ubi non est +harena fossicia, fluviatica aut marina lota; inopiae quoque +abietis aut sappinorum vitabuntur utendo cupresso, populo, ulmo, pinu; reliquaque his similiter erunt explicanda. +</s> + </p> + </subchap2> + <subchap2 id="N101FA"> + <p id="N101FB" type="main"> + <s id="N101FF"> +Alter gradus erit distributionis, cum ad usum patrum familiarum +et ad pecuniae copiam aut ad eloquentiae dignitatem aedificia apte disponentur. </s> + <s id="N10202">namque aliter urbanas domos oportere constitui videtur, aliter quibus ex possessionibus rusticis influunt fructus; non item feneratoribus, aliter beatis +et delicatis; potentibus vero, quorum cogitationibus respublica gubernatur, ad usum conlocabuntur; et omnino +faciendae sunt aptae omnibus personis aedificiorum distributiones. +</s> + </p> + </subchap2> + </subchap1> + <subchap1 id="N10205"> + <subchap2 id="N10206"> + <p id="N10207" type="main"> + <pb xlink:href="048/01/023.jpg" ed="1567" pagenum="24"></pb> + <s id="N10209"> +Partes ipsius architecturae sunt tres: aedificatio, gnomonice, machinatio. </s> + <s id="N1020C">aedificatio autem divisa est bipertito, +e quibus una est moenium et communium operum in publicis locis conlocatio, altera est privatorum aedificiorum +explicatio. </s> + <s id="N1020F">publicorum autem distributiones sunt tres, e +quibus est una defensionis, altera religionis, tertia opportunitatis. </s> + <s id="N10212">defensionis est murorum turriumque et portarum +ratio ad hostium impetus perpetuo repellendos excogitata, +religionis deorum inmortalium fanorum aediumque sacrarum conlocatio, opportunitatis communium locorum ad +usum publicum dispositio, uti portus, fora, porticus, +balinea, theatra, ambulationes ceteraque, quae isdem rationibus in publicis locis designantur. +</s> + </p> + </subchap2> + <subchap2 id="N10215"> + <p id="N10216" type="main"> + <s id="N10218"> +Haec autem ita fieri debent, ut habeatur ratio firmitatis, utilitatis, venustatis. </s> + <s id="N1021B">firmitatis erit habita ratio, cum +fuerit fundamentorum ad solidum depressio, quaque e materia, copiarum sine avaritia diligens electio; utilitatis +autem, <cum fuerit> emendata et sine inpeditione usus locorum dispositio et ad regiones sui cuiusque generis apta +et commoda distributio; venustatis vero, cum fuerit operis +species grata et elegans membrorumque commensus iustas +habeat symmetriarum ratiocinationes. +</s> + </p> + </subchap2> + </subchap1> + <subchap1 id="N1021E"> + <subchap2 id="N1021F"> + <p id="N10220" type="main"> + <pb xlink:href="048/01/024.jpg" ed="1567" pagenum="25"></pb> + <pb xlink:href="048/01/025.jpg" ed="1567" pagenum="26"></pb> + <s id="N10222"> +In ipsis vero moenibus ea erunt principia. </s> + <s id="N10225">primum electio loci saluberrimi. </s> + <s id="N10228">is autem erit excelsus et non nebulosus, non pruinosus regionesque caeli spectans neque +aestuosas neque frigidas sed temperatas, deinde si vitabitur palustris vicinitas. </s> + <s id="N1022B">cum enim aurae matutinae cum +sole oriente ad oppidum pervenient et his ortae nebulae +adiungentur spiritusque bestiarum palustrium venenatos +cum nebula mixtos in habitatorum corpora flatu spargent, +efficient locum pestilentem. </s> + <s id="N1022E">item si secundum mare erunt +moenia spectabuntque ad meridiem aut occidentem, non +erunt salubria, quod per aestatem caelum meridianum sole +exoriente calescit, meridie ardet; item quod spectat ad +occidentem, sole exorto tepescit, meridie calet, vespere fervet. +</s> + </p> + </subchap2> + <subchap2 id="N10231"> + <p id="N10232" type="main"> + <s id="N10234"> +Igitur mutationibus caloris et refrigerationis corpora, quae in his locis sunt, vitiantur. </s> + <s id="N10237">hoc autem licet +animadvertere etiam ex îs, quae non sunt animalia. </s> + <s id="N1023A">in +cellis enim vinariis tectis lumina nemo capit a meridie +nec ab occidente, sed a septentrione, quod ea regio nullo +tempore mutationes recipit sed est firma perpetuo et inmutabilis. </s> + <s id="N1023D">ideo etiam ea granaria, quae ad solis cursum +spectant, bonitatem cito mutant, obsoniaque et poma, quae +non in ea parte caeli ponuntur, quae est aversa a solis cursu, non diu servantur. +</s> + </p> + </subchap2> + <subchap2 id="N10240"> + <p id="N10241" type="main"> + <s id="N10245"> +Nam semper calor cum excoquit e rebus firmitatem et vaporibus fervidis eripit exsugendo +naturales virtutes, dissolvit eas et fervore mollescentes +efficit inbecillas. </s> + <s id="N10248">ut etiam in ferro animadvertimus, quod, +quamvis natura sit durum, in fornacibus ab ignis vapore +percalefa + <pb xlink:href="048/01/026.jpg" ed="1567" pagenum="27"></pb> + ctum ita mollescit, uti in omne genus formae faciliter fabricetur; et idem, cum molle et candens refrigeretur tinctum frigida, redurescit et restituitur in antiquam proprietatem. +</s> + </p> + </subchap2> + <subchap2 id="N1024B"> + <p id="N1024C" type="main"> + <s id="N1024E"> +Licet etiam considerare haec ita esse ex eo, quod aestate non solum in pestilentibus locis sed etiam +in salubribus omnia corpora calore fiant inbecilla, et per +hiemem etiam quae pestilentissimae sint regiones efficiantur salubres, ideo quod a refrigerationibus solidantur. </s> + <s id="N10251">non minus etiam quae ab frigidis regionibus corpora traducuntur in calidas, non possunt durare sed dissolvuntur; +quae autem ex calidis locis sub septentrionum regiones +frigidas, non modo non laborant inmutatione loci valetudinibus sed etiam confirmantur. +</s> + </p> + </subchap2> + <subchap2 id="N10254"> + <p id="N10255" type="main"> + <s id="N10257"> +Quare cavendum esse videtur in moenibus conlocandis ab îs regionibus, quae +caloribus flatus ad corpora hominum possunt spargere. </s> + <s id="N1025A">namque <e> principiis, quae Graeci <foreign lang="grc">στοιχεῖα</foreign> appellant, ut +omnia, corpora sunt composita, id est e calore et umore, +terreno et aere, et ita mixtionibus naturali temperatura +figurantur omnium animalium in mundo generatim qualitates. +</s> + </p> + </subchap2> + <subchap2 id="N10261"> + <p id="N10262" type="main"> + <s id="N10264"> +Ergo in quibus<vis> corporibus cum exsuperat e +principiis calor, tunc interficit dissolvitque cetera fervore. </s> + <s id="N10267">haec autem vitia efficit fervidum ab certis partibus caelum, cum insidit in apertas venas plus quam patitur e +mixtionibus naturali temperatura corpus. </s> + <s id="N1026A">item si umor +occupavit corporum venas inparesque eas fecit, cetera +principia liquido corrupta diluuntur, et dissolvuntur compositionibus virtutes. </s> + <s id="N1026D">item haec e refrigerationibus umoris ventorum et aurarum infunduntur vitia corporibus. </s> + <s id="N10270">non minus aeris etiamque terreni in corpore naturalis compositio augendo aut minuendo infirmat cetera, principia +terrena cibi plenitate, aer gravitate caeli. +</s> + </p> + </subchap2> + <subchap2 id="N10273"> + <p id="N10274" type="main"> + <s id="N10276"> +Sed si qui voluerit diligentius haec sensu percipere, +animadvertat attendatque naturas avium et piscium et +terrestrium animalium, et ita considerabit discrimina temperaturae. </s> + <s id="N10279">aliam enim mixtionem habet genus avium, aliam +piscium, longe aliter terrestrium natura. </s> + <s id="N1027C">volucres minus +habent terreni, minus umoris, caloris temperate, aeris +multum; igitur levioribus principiis compositae facilius in +aeris impetum nituntur. </s> + <s id="N1027F">aquatiles autem piscium naturae, +quod temperatae sunt a calido plurimumque ex aeris et +terreni <principiis> sunt compositae, sed umoris habent +oppido quam paulum, quo minus habent e principiis umoris in corpore, facilius in umore perdurant; itaque cum ad +terram perducuntur, animam cum aqua relinquunt. </s> + <s id="N10282">item +terrestria, quod e principiis ab aere caloreque sunt temperata minusque habent terreni plurimumque umoris, quod +abundant umidae partes, non diu possunt in aqua vitam tueri. +</s> + </p> + </subchap2> + <subchap2 id="N10285"> + <p id="N10286" type="main"> + <s id="N1028A"> +Ergo si haec ita videntur, quemadmodum proposuimus, et e principiis animalium corpora composita sensu +percipimus et e superationibus aut defectionibus ea laborare dissolvique iudicamus, non dubitamus, quin diligentius quaeri oporteat, uti temperatissimas caeli regiones +eligamus, cum quaerenda fuerit in moenium conlocationibus salubritas. +</s> + </p> + </subchap2> + <subchap2 id="N1028D"> + <p id="N1028E" type="main"> + <s id="N10290"> +Itaque etiam atque etiam veterem revocandam censeo rationem. </s> + <s id="N10293">maiores enim pecoribus immolatis, quae pascebantur in îs locis, quibus aut oppida aut +castra stativa constituebantur, inspiciebant iocinera, et si +erant livida et vitiosa primo, alia immolabant dubitantes, +utrum morbo an pabuli vitio laesa essent. </s> + <s id="N10296">cum pluribus +experti erant et probaverant integram et solidam naturam +iocinerum ex aqua et pabulo, ibi constituebant munitiones; +si autem vitiosa inveniebant, iudicio transferebant item +humanis corporibus pestilentem futuram nascentem in his +locis aquae cibique copiam, et ita transmigrabant et mutabant regiones quaerentes omnibus rebus salubritatem. +</s> + </p> + </subchap2> + <subchap2 id="N10299"> + <p id="N1029A" type="main"> + <s id="N1029C"> +Hoc autem fieri, uti pabulo ciboque salubres proprietates terrae videantur, licet animadvertere et cognoscere ex agris +Cretensium, qui sunt circa Pothereum flumen, quod est +Cretae inter duas civitates Gnoson et Gortynam. </s> + <s id="N1029F">dextra +enim et sinistra eius fluminis pascuntur pecora; sed ex his +quae pascuntur proxime Gnoson si <gap></gap> quae autem +ex altera parte proxime Gortynam, non habent apparentem +splenem. </s> + <s id="N102A4">unde etiam medici quaerentes de ea re invenerunt +in his locis herbam, quam pecora rodendo inminuerunt +lienes. </s> + <s id="N102A7">ita eam herbam colligendo curant lienosos hoc +medicamento, quod etiam Cretenses <foreign lang="grc">ἄσπληνον</foreign> vocitant. </s> + <pb xlink:href="048/01/027.jpg" ed="1567" pagenum="28"></pb> + <s id="N102AE">ex eo licet scire cibo atque aqua proprietates locorum +naturaliter pestilentes aut salubres esse. +</s> + </p> + </subchap2> + <subchap2 id="N102B1"> + <p id="N102B2" type="main"> + <s id="N102B4"> +Item si in paludibus moenia constituta erunt, quae paludes secundum mare fuerint, spectabuntque ad septentrionem aut inter septentrionem et orientem, eaeque +paludes excelsiores fuerint quam litus marinum, ratione +videbuntur esse constituta. </s> + <s id="N102B7">fossis enim ductis fit aquae +exitus ad litus, et mare tempestatibus actum in paludes +redundantia motionibus concitata marisque mixtionibus +non patitur bestiarum palustrium genera ibi nasci, quaeque de superioribus locis natando proxime litus perveniunt, +inconsueta salsitudine necantur. </s> + <s id="N102BA">exemplar autem huius rei +Gallicae paludes possunt esse, quae circum<cingunt> Altinum, Ravennam, Aquileiam, aliaque quae in eiusmodi locis municipia sunt proxima paludibus, quod his rationibus habent incredibilem salubritatem. +</s> + </p> + </subchap2> + <subchap2 id="N102BD"> + <p id="N102BE" type="main"> + <s id="N102C0"> +Quibus autem insidentes sunt paludes et non habent exitus profluentes neque +per flumina neque per fossas, uti Pomptinae, stando putescunt et umores graves et pestilentes in îs locis emittunt. +</s> + </p> + <p id="N102C3" type="main"> + <s id="N102C7"> +Item in Apulia oppidum Salpia vetus, quod Diomedes ab Troia rediens constituit sive, quemadmodum +nonnulli scripserunt, Elpias Rhodius, in eiusmodi locis fuerat conlocatum, ex quo incolae quotannis aegrotando laborantes aliquando pervenerunt ad M. </s> + <s id="N102CA">Hostilium ab eoque +publice petentes impetraverunt, ut is idoneum locum ad +moenia transferenda conquireret eligeretque. </s> + <s id="N102CD">tunc is moratus non est, sed statim rationibus doctissime quaesitis +secundum mare mercatus est possessionem loco salubri +ab senatuque populoque Romano petît, ut liceret transferre oppidum, constituitque moenia et areas divisit nummoque sestertio singulis municipibus mancipio dedit. </s> + <s id="N102D0">his +confectis lacum aperuit in mare et portum e lacu municipio perfecit. </s> + <s id="N102D3">itaque nunc Salpini quattuor milia passus +progressi ab oppido veteri habitant in salubri loco. +</s> + </p> + </subchap2> + </subchap1> + <subchap1 id="N102D6"> + <subchap2 id="N102D7"> + <p id="N102D8" type="main"> + <pb xlink:href="048/01/028.jpg" ed="1567" pagenum="29"></pb> + <s id="N102DA"> +Cum ergo his rationibus [erit] salubritatis [moenium +conlocandorum explicatio] regiones[que] electae fuerint +fructibus ad alendam civitatem copiosae, et viarum +munitiones aut opportunitates fluminum seu per portus +marinae subvectionis habuerit ad moenia comportationes +expeditas, tunc turrium murorumque fundamenta sic sunt +facienda, + <pb xlink:href="048/01/029.jpg" ed="1567" pagenum="30"></pb> + uti fodiantur, si queat inveniri, ad solidum et in +solido, quantum ex amplitudine operis pro ratione videatur, crassitudine ampliore quam parietum, qui supra terram sunt futuri, et ea impleantur quam solidissima structura. +</s> + </p> + </subchap2> + <subchap2 id="N102DD"> + <p id="N102DE" type="main"> + <pb xlink:href="048/01/030.jpg" ed="1567" pagenum="31"></pb> + <s id="N102E0"> +Item turres sunt proiciendae in exteriorem partem, +uti, cum ad murum hostis impetu velit adpropinquare, a +turribus dextra ac sinistra lateribus apertis telis vulnerentur. </s> + <s id="N102E3">curandumque maxime videtur, ut non facilis aditus sit ad +oppugnandum murum, sed ita circumdandum ad loca praecipitia et excogitandum, uti portarum itinera non sint +directa sed scaeva. </s> + <s id="N102E6">namque cum ita factum fuerit, tum +dextrum latus accedentibus, quod scuto non erit tectum, +proximum erit muro. </s> + <s id="N102E9">conlocanda autem oppida sunt non +quadrata nec procurrentibus angulis sed circinationibus, +uti hostis ex pluribus locis conspiciatur. </s> + <s id="N102EC">in quibus enim +anguli procurrunt, difficiliter defenditur, quod angulus magis hostem tuetur quam civem. +</s> + </p> + </subchap2> + <subchap2 id="N102EF"> + <p id="N102F0" type="main"> + <s id="N102F2"> +Crassitudinem autem muri ita faciendam censeo, uti armati homines supra obviam +venientes alius alium sine inpeditione praeterire possint, +dum in crassitudine perpetuae taleae oleagineae ustilatae +quam creberrime instruantur, uti utraeque muri frontes +inter se, quemadmodum fibulis, his taleis conligatae aeternam habeant firmitatem; namque ei materiae nec caries +nec tempestates nec vetustas potest nocere, sed ea et in +terra obruta et in aqua conlocata permanet sine vitiis +utilis sempiterno. </s> + <s id="N102F5">itaque non solum in muro sed etiam +in substructionibus quique parietes murali crassitudine +erunt faciundi, hac ratione religati non cito vitiabuntur. +</s> + </p> + </subchap2> + <subchap2 id="N102F8"> + <p id="N102F9" type="main"> + <s id="N102FB"> +Intervalla autem turrium ita sunt facienda, ut ne longius +sit alia ab alia sagittae missionis, uti, si qua oppugnetur, +tum a turribus, quae erunt dextra sinistra, scorpionibus +reliquisque telorum missionibus hostes reiciantur. </s> + <pb xlink:href="048/01/031.jpg" ed="1567" pagenum="32"></pb> + <s id="N102FE">etiamque contra interiores <partes> turrium dividendus est murus +intervallis tam magnis, quam erunt turres, ut itinera sint +interioribus partibus turrium contignata, neque ea ferro +fixa; hostis enim si quam partem muri occupaverit, qui +repugnabunt rescindent et, si celeriter administraverint, +non patientur reliquas partes turrium murique hostem penetrare, nisi se voluerit praecipitare. +</s> + </p> + </subchap2> + <subchap2 id="N10301"> + <p id="N10302" type="main"> + <s id="N10306"> +Turres itaque rotundae aut polygonoe sunt faciendae; quadratas enim +machinae celerius dissipant, quod angulos arietes tundendo +frangunt, in rotundationibus autem uti cuneos ad centrum +adigendo laedere non possunt. </s> + <pb xlink:href="048/01/032.jpg" ed="1567" pagenum="33"></pb> + <s id="N10309">item munitiones muri turriumque aggeribus coniunctae maxime sunt tutiores, quod +neque arietes neque suffossiones neque machinae ceterae eis valent nocere. +</s> + </p> + </subchap2> + <subchap2 id="N1030C"> + <p id="N1030D" type="main"> + <s id="N1030F"> +Sed non in omnibus locis est aggeris ratio facienda, nisi quibus extra murum ex alto loco +plano pede accessus fuerit ad moenia oppugnanda. </s> + <s id="N10312">itaque in eiusmodi locis primum fossae sunt faciendae latitudinibus et altitudinibus quam amplissimis, deinde fundamentum muri deprimendum est infra alveum fossae +et id extruendum est ea crassitudine, ut opus terrenum facile sustineatur. +</s> + </p> + </subchap2> + <subchap2 id="N10315"> + <p id="N10316" type="main"> + <s id="N10318"> +Item interiore parte substructionis +fundamentum distans ab exteriore introrsus amplo spatio, +ita uti cohortes possint quemadmodum in acie instructae +ad defendendum supra latitudinem aggeris consistere. </s> + <s id="N1031B">cum +autem fundamenta ita distantia inter se fuerint constituta, +tunc inter ea alia transversa, coniuncta exteriori et interiori fundamento, pectinatim disposita [quemadmodum +serrae dentes solent esse] conlocentur; cum enim sic erit +factum, tunc ita oneris terreni magnitudo distributa in +parvas partes neque universa pondere premens <non> poterit ulla ratione extrudere muri substructiones. +</s> + </p> + </subchap2> + <subchap2 id="N1031E"> + <p id="N1031F" type="main"> + <s id="N10321"> +De ipso autem muro, e qua materia struatur aut perficiatur, ideo +non est praefiniendum, quod in omnibus locis, quas optamus copias, eas non possumus habere. </s> + <s id="N10324">sed ubi sunt saxa +quadrata sive silex seu caementum aut coctus later sive +crudus, his erit utendum. </s> + <s id="N10327">non enim, uti Babylone abundantes liquido bitumine pro calce et harena ex cocto latere +factum habent murum, sic item possunt omnes + <pb xlink:href="048/01/033.jpg" ed="1567" pagenum="34"></pb> + regiones +seu locorum proprietates habere tantas eiusdem generis +utilitates, uti ex his comparationibus ad aeternitatem perfectus habeatur sine vitio murus. +</s> + </p> + </subchap2> + </subchap1> + <subchap1 id="N1032A"> + <subchap2 id="N1032B"> + <p id="N1032C" type="main"> + <pb xlink:href="048/01/034.jpg" ed="1567" pagenum="35"></pb> + <pb xlink:href="048/01/035.jpg" ed="1567" pagenum="36"></pb> + <pb xlink:href="048/01/036.jpg" ed="1567" pagenum="37"></pb> + <pb xlink:href="048/01/037.jpg" ed="1567" pagenum="38"></pb> + <s id="N1032E"> +Moenibus circumdatis sequuntur intra murum arearum +divisiones platearumque et angiportûm ad caeli regionem +directiones. </s> + <s id="N10331">dirigentur haec autem recte, si exclusi erunt +ex angiportis venti prudenter. </s> + <s id="N10334">qui si frigidi sunt, laedunt; +si calidi, vitiant; si umidi, nocent. </s> + <s id="N10337">quare vitandum videtur +hoc vitium et avertendum, ne fiat quod in multis civitatibus usu solet venire. </s> + <pb xlink:href="048/01/038.jpg" ed="1567" pagenum="39"></pb> + <s id="N1033A">quemadmodum in insula Lesbo +oppidum Mytilenae magnificenter est aedificatum et eleganter, sed positum non prudenter. </s> + <s id="N1033D">in qua civitate auster +cum flat, homines aegrotant; cum corus, tussiunt; cum +septentrio, restituuntur in salubritatem, sed in angiportis +et plateis non possunt consistere propter vehementiam frigoris. +</s> + </p> + </subchap2> + <subchap2 id="N10340"> + <p id="N10341" type="main"> + <s id="N10345"> +Ventus autem est aeris fluens unda cum certa +motus redundantia. </s> + <s id="N10348">nascitur, cum fervor offendit umorem +et impetus spiritus factionis exprimit vim flatus. </s> + <s id="N1034B">id autem +verum esse ex aeolis aereis licet aspicere et de latentibus +caeli rationibus artificiosis rerum inventionibus divinitatis +exprimere veritatem. </s> + <s id="N1034E">fiunt enim aeoli pilae aereae cavae,— +hae habent punctum angustissimum—quae aqua infunduntur conlocanturque ad ignem; et antequam calescant, non +habent ullum spiritum, simul autem ut fervere coeperint, efficiunt ad ignem vehementem flatum. </s> + <s id="N10351">ita scire et iudicare licet +e parvo brevissimoque spectaculo de magnis et inmanibus caeli ventorumque naturae rationibus. +</s> + </p> + </subchap2> + <subchap2 id="N10354"> + <p id="N10355" type="main"> + <s id="N10357"> +<Venti autem si ex habitationibus> exclusi fuerint, non solum efficient +corporibus valentibus locum salubrem, sed etiam si qui +morbi ex aliis vitiis forte nascentur, qui in ceteris <minus> salubribus locis habent curationes medicinae contrariae, in his propter exclusiones ventorum temperatura +expeditius curabuntur. </s> + <s id="N1035A">vitia autem sunt, quae difficulter +curantur in regionibus, quae sunt supra scriptae, haec: +gravitudo arteriace, tussis, pleuritis, pthisis, sanguinis +eiectio et cetera, quae non detractionibus sed adiectionibus cu + <pb xlink:href="048/01/039.jpg" ed="1567" pagenum="40"></pb>rantur. </s> + <s id="N1035D">haec ideo difficulter medicantur, primum +quod ex frigoribus concipiuntur, deinde quod defatigatis +morbo viribus eorum aer agitatus est <molestus; namque +ubi> ventorum agitationibus extenuatur, a vitiosis corporibus detrahit sucum et efficit ea exiliora. </s> + <s id="N10360">contra vero lenis et +crassus aer, qui perflatus non habet neque crebras redundantias, propter inmotam stabilitatem adiciendo ad membra eorum alit eos et reficit, qui in his sunt inpliciti morbis. +</s> + </p> + </subchap2> + <subchap2 id="N10363"> + <p id="N10364" type="main"> + <s id="N10366"> +Nonnullis placuit esse ventos quattuor: ab oriente aequinoctiali solanum, a meridie austrum, ab occidente aequinoctiali favonium, ab septentrionali septentrionem. </s> + <pb xlink:href="048/01/040.jpg" ed="1567" pagenum="41"></pb> + <s id="N10369">sed +qui diligentius perquisierunt, tradiderunt eos esse octo, +maxime quidem Andronicus Cyrrestes, qui etiam exemplum conlocavit Athenis turrem marmoream octagonon +et in singulis lateribus octagoni singulorum ventorum +imagines excalptas contra suos cuiusque flatus designavit, +supraque eam turrim metam marmoream perfecit et insuper Tritonem aereum conlocavit dextra manu virgam +porrigentem, et ita est machinatus, uti vento circumageretur +et semper contra flatum consisteret supraque imaginem flantis venti indicem virgam teneret. +</s> + </p> + </subchap2> + <subchap2 id="N1036C"> + <p id="N1036D" type="main"> + <s id="N1036F"> +Itaque sunt conlocati inter solanum et austrum ab oriente hiberno +eurus, inter austrum et favonium ab occidente hiberno +africus, inter favonium et septentrionem caurus, quem +plures vocant corum, inter septentrionem et solanum +aquilo. </s> + <s id="N10372">hoc modo videtur esse expressum, uti pateat +numerus et nomina et partes, unde flatus certi ventorum +spirent. </s> + <s id="N10375">quod cum ita exploratum habeatur, ut inveniantur regiones et ortus eorum, sic erit ratiocinandum. +</s> + </p> + </subchap2> + <subchap2 id="N10378"> + <p id="N10379" type="main"> + <s id="N1037B"> +Conlocetur ad libellam marmoreum amusium mediis moenibus, +aut locus ita expoliatur ad regulam et libellam, ut amusium non desideretur, supraque eius loci centrum medium +conlocetur aeneus gnomon, [indagator umbrae] qui graece +<foreign lang="grc">σκιαθήρας</foreign> dicitur. </s> + <s id="N10382">huius antemeridiana circiter hora quinta +sumenda est extrema gnomonis umbra et puncto signanda, +deinde circino diducto ad punctum, quod est gnomonis +umbrae longitudinis signum, ex eoque a centro circumagenda linea rotundationis. </s> + <s id="N10385">itemque observanda postmeridiana istius gnomonis crescens umbra, et cum tetigerit circinationis lineam et fecerit parem antemeridianae umbrae postmeridianam, signanda puncto. +</s> + </p> + </subchap2> + <subchap2 id="N10388"> + <p id="N10389" type="main"> + <s id="N1038D"> +Ex his duobus signis circino decusatim describendum, et per decusationem et medium centrum linea perducenda ad extremum, +ut habeatur meridiana et septentrionalis regio. </s> + <pb xlink:href="048/01/041.jpg" ed="1567" pagenum="42"></pb> + <s id="N10390">tum postea +sumenda est sexta decima pars circinationis lineae totius +rotundationis, centrumque conlocandum in meridiana +linea, qua tangit circinationem, et signandum dextra ac +sinistra in circinatione et meridiana et septentrionali parte. </s> + <s id="N10393">tunc ex signis his quattuor per centrum medium decusatim +lineae ab extremis ad extremas circinationes perducendae. </s> + <s id="N10396">ita austri et septentrionis habebitur octavae partis designatio. </s> + <s id="N10399">reliquae partes dextra ac sinistra tres et tres +aequales his distribuendae sunt, in tota rotundatione ut +aequales divisiones octo ventorum designatae sint in descriptione. </s> + <s id="N1039C">tum per angulos inter duas ventorum regiones +et platearum et angiportorum videntur deberi dirigi descriptiones. +</s> + </p> + </subchap2> + <subchap2 id="N1039F"> + <p id="N103A0" type="main"> + <s id="N103A2"> +His enim rationibus et ea divisione exclusa erit ex habitationibus et vicis ventorum vis molesta. </s> + <s id="N103A5">cum enim plateae contra directos ventos erunt conformatae, ex aperto +caeli spatio impetus ac flatus frequens conclusus in faucibus angiportorum vehementioribus viribus pervagabitur. </s> + <s id="N103A8">quas ob res convertendae sunt ab regionibus ventorum +directiones vicorum, uti advenientes ad angulos insularum +frangantur repulsique dissipentur. +</s> + </p> + </subchap2> + <subchap2 id="N103AB"> + <p id="N103AC" type="main"> + <s id="N103AE"> +Fortasse mirabuntur î, qui multa ventorum nomina +noverunt, quod a nobis expositi sunt tantum octo esse +venti. </s> + <s id="N103B1">si autem animadverterint orbis terrae circumitionem +per solis cursum et umbras gnomonis aequinoctialis ex inclinatione caeli ab Eratosthene Cyrenaeo rationibus mathematicis et geometricis methodis esse inventam ducentorum +quinquaginta duûm milium stadiûm, quae fiunt passus +trecenties et decies quinquies centena milia, huius autem +octava pars, quam ventus tenere videtur, est triciens nongenta triginta septem milia et passus quingenti, non debebunt mirari, si in tam magno spatio unus ventus vagando inclinationibus et recessionibus varietates mutatione flatus faciat. +</s> + </p> + </subchap2> + <subchap2 id="N103B4"> + <p id="N103B5" type="main"> + <pb xlink:href="048/01/042.jpg" ed="1567" pagenum="43"></pb> + <pb xlink:href="048/01/043.jpg" ed="1567" pagenum="44"></pb> + <s id="N103B7"> +Itaque dextra et sinistra austrum leuconotus et +altanus flare solet, <circa> africum libonotus et subvesperus, circa favonium argestes et certis temporibus etesiae, +ad latera cauri circius et corus, circa septentrionem thracias +et gallicus, dextra ac sinistra aquilonem supernas et caecias, +circa solanum carbas et certo tempore ornithiae, euri vero +medias partes tenentis in extremis euricircias et volturnus. </s> + <s id="N103BA">sunt autem et alia plura nomina flatusque ventorum e locis aut fluminibus aut montium procellis tracta. +</s> + </p> + </subchap2> + <subchap2 id="N103BD"> + <p id="N103BE" type="main"> + <s id="N103C0"> +Praeterea aurae matutinae, qua sol, cum emergit, de subterranea +parte versando pulsat aeris umorem et [impetu] scandendo +praeurens exprimit aurarum antelucano impetu flatus. </s> + <s id="N103C3">qui +cum exorto sole permanserunt, euri venti tenent partes, +et ea re, quod ex auris procreatur, ab Graecis <foreign lang="grc">εὖρος</foreign> videtur esse appellatus, crastinusque dies propter auras matutinas <foreign lang="grc">αὔριον</foreign> fertur esse vocitatus. </s> + <s id="N103CE">sunt autem nonnulli, +qui negant Eratosthenem potuisse veram mensuram orbis +terrae colligere. </s> + <s id="N103D1">quae sive est certa sive non vera, non +potest nostra scriptura non veras habere terminationes regionum, unde spiritus ventorum oriuntur. +</s> + </p> + </subchap2> + <subchap2 id="N103D4"> + <p id="N103D5" type="main"> + <s id="N103D9"> +Ergo si ita est, tantum erit, uti non certam mensurae rationem sed +aut maiores impetus aut minores habeant singuli venti. +</s> + </p> + <p id="N103DC" type="main"> + <s id="N103DE"> +Quoniam haec a nobis sunt breviter exposita, ut facilius intellegatur, visum est mihi in extremo volumine +formas sive, uti Graeci dicunt, <foreign lang="grc">σχήματα</foreign> duo explicare, unum +ita deformatum, ut appareat, unde certi ventorum spiritus +oriantur, alterum, quemadmodum ab impetu eorum aversis +directionibus vicorum et platearum evitentur nocentes flatus. </s> + <s id="N103E5">erit autem in exaequata planitie centrum, ubi est +littera <emph type="smallcaps"></emph>A<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end>, gnomonis autem antemeridiana umbra, ubi est +<emph type="smallcaps"></emph>b<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end>, et a centro, ubi est <emph type="smallcaps"></emph>A<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end>, diducto circino ad id signum +umbrae, ubi est <emph type="smallcaps"></emph>B<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end>, circumagatur linea rotundationis. </s> + <s id="N10400">reposito autem gnomone ubi antea fuerat, expectanda est, +dum decrescat faciatque iterum crescendo parem antemeridianae umbrae postmeridianam tangatque lineam rotundationis, ubi erit littera <emph type="smallcaps"></emph>C<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end>. tunc a signo, ubi est <emph type="smallcaps"></emph>B<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end>, et a +signo, ubi est <emph type="smallcaps"></emph>C<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end>, circino decusatim describatur, ubi erit <emph type="smallcaps"></emph>D<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end>; +deinde per decusationem et centrum, ubi est <emph type="smallcaps"></emph>A<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end>, perducatur +linea ad extremum, in qua linea erunt litterae <emph type="smallcaps"></emph>E<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end> et <emph type="smallcaps"></emph>F<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end>. haec linea erit index meridianae et septentrionalis regionis. +</s> + </p> + </subchap2> + <subchap2 id="N1042D"> + <p id="N1042E" type="main"> + <s id="N10430"> +Tunc + <pb xlink:href="048/01/044.jpg" ed="1567" pagenum="45"></pb> + circino totius rotundationis sumenda est pars <emph type="smallcaps"></emph>XVI<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end>, circinique centrum ponendum est in meridiana linea, qua tangit rotundationem, ubi est littera <emph type="smallcaps"></emph>E<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end>, et signandum dextra +sinistra, ubi erunt litterae <emph type="smallcaps"></emph>G H<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end>. item in septentrionali parte +centrum circini ponendum in rotundationis et septentrionali +linea, ubi est littera <emph type="smallcaps"></emph>F<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end>, et signandum dextra ac sinistra, +ubi sunt litterae <emph type="smallcaps"></emph>I<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end> et <emph type="smallcaps"></emph>K<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end>, et ab <emph type="smallcaps"></emph>G<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end> ad <emph type="smallcaps"></emph>K<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end> et ab <emph type="smallcaps"></emph>H<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end> ad <emph type="smallcaps"></emph>I<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end> per centrum lineae perducendae. </s> + <s id="N1046F">ita quod erit spatium ab +<emph type="smallcaps"></emph>G<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end> ad <emph type="smallcaps"></emph>H<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end>, erit spatium venti austri et partis meridianae; item +quod erit spatium ab <emph type="smallcaps"></emph>I<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end> ad <emph type="smallcaps"></emph>K<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end>, erit septentrionis. </s> + <s id="N1048A">reliquae +partes dextra ter ac sinistra ter dividendae sunt aequaliter, +quae sunt ad orientem, in quibus litterae <emph type="smallcaps"></emph>L M<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end>, et ab occidente, in quibus sunt litterae <emph type="smallcaps"></emph>N<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end> et <emph type="smallcaps"></emph>O<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end>. ab <emph type="smallcaps"></emph>M<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end> ad <emph type="smallcaps"></emph>O<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end> et ab +<emph type="smallcaps"></emph>L<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end> ad <emph type="smallcaps"></emph>N<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end> perducendae sunt lineae decusatim. </s> + <s id="N104B7">et ita erunt +aequaliter ventorum octo spatia in circumitione. </s> + <s id="N104BA">quae cum +ita descripta erunt, in singulis angulis octagoni, cum a +meridie incipiemus, inter eurum et austrum in angulo erit +littera <emph type="smallcaps"></emph>G<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end>, inter austrum et africum <emph type="smallcaps"></emph>H<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end>, inter africum et +favonium <emph type="smallcaps"></emph>N<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end>, inter favonium et caurum <emph type="smallcaps"></emph>O<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end>, inter caurum +et septentrionem <emph type="smallcaps"></emph>K<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end>, inter septentrionem et aquilonem <emph type="smallcaps"></emph>I<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end>, +inter aquilonem et solanum <emph type="smallcaps"></emph>L<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end>, inter solanum et eurum <emph type="smallcaps"></emph>M<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end>. +ita his confectis inter angulos octagoni gnomon ponatur, +et ita dirigantur angiportorum divisiones. +</s> + </p> + </subchap2> + </subchap1> + <subchap1 id="N104ED"> + <subchap2 id="N104EE"> + <p id="N104EF" type="main"> + <s id="N104F1"> +Divisis angiportis et plateis constitutis arearum electio +ad opportunitatem et usum communem civitatis est explicanda aedibus sacris, foro reliquisque locis communibus. </s> + <s id="N104F4">et si erunt moenia secundum mare, area, ubi forum constituatur, eligenda proxime portum, sin autem mediterraneo, +in oppido medio. </s> + <s id="N104F7">aedibus vero sacris, quorum deorum +maxime in tutela civitas videtur esse, et Iovi et Iunoni +et Minervae, in excelsissimo loco, unde moenium maxima +pars conspiciatur, areae distribuantur. </s> + <s id="N104FA">Mercurio autem in +foro aut etiam, ut Isidi et Serapi, in emporio; Apollini +Patrique Libero secundum theatrum; Herculi, in quibus +civitatibus non sunt gymnasia neque amphitheatra, ad +circum; Marti extra urbem sed ad campum; itemque Veneri +ad portum. </s> + </p> + <p id="N104FD" type="main"> + <s id="N104FF"> +Id autem etiam Etruscis haruspicibus disciplinarum scripturis ita est dedicatum, extra murum Veneris, +Volcani, Martis fana ideo conlocari, uti non insuescat in +urbe adulescentibus seu matribus familiarum veneria libido, +Volcanique vi e moenibus religionibus et sacrificiis evocata +ab timore incendiorum aedificia videantur liberari. </s> + <s id="N10502">Martis +vero divinitas cum sit extra moenia dedicata, non erit +inter cives armigera dissensio, sed ab hostibus ea defensa belli periculo conservabit. +</s> + </p> + </subchap2> + <subchap2 id="N10505"> + <p id="N10506" type="main"> + <s id="N1050A"> +Item Cereri extra urbem loco, quo <non quolibet> nomine semper homines nisi per sacrificium necesse habeant adire; cum religione, caste sanctisque moribus is locus debet tueri. </s> + <s id="N1050D">ceterisque diis ad +sacrificiorum rationes aptae templis areae sunt distribuendae. + </s> + </p> + <p id="N10510" type="main"> + <s id="N10512"> +De ipsis autem aedibus sacris faciundis et de earum +symmetriis in tertio et quarto volumine reddam rationes, +quia in secundo visum est mihi primum de materiae copiis, +quae in aedificiis sunt parandae, quibus sint virtutibus et +quem habeant usum, exponere, <deinde> commensus aedificiorum et ordines et genera singula symmetriarum +peragere et in singulis voluminibus explicare. +</s> + </p> + </subchap2> + </subchap1> + </chap> + <chap id="N10515"> + + <p id="N10517" type="head"> + <pb xlink:href="048/01/045.jpg" ed="1567" pagenum="46"></pb> + <s id="N10519">LIBER SECUNDUS</s> + </p> + <subchap1 id="N1051C"> + <subchap2 id="N1051D"> + <p id="N1051E" type="main"> + <s id="N10520"> +Dinocrates architectus cogitationibus et sollertia fretus, +cum Alexander rerum potiretur, profectus est e Macedonia +ad exercitum regiae cupidus commendationis. </s> + <s id="N10523">is e patria +a propinquis et amicis tulit ad primos ordines et purpuratos litteras, ut aditus haberet faciliores, ab eisque +exceptus humane petît, uti quamprimum ad Alexandrum +perduceretur. </s> + <s id="N10526">cum polliciti essent, tardiores fuerunt idoneum tempus expectantes. </s> + <s id="N10529">itaque Dinocrates ab his se +existimans ludi ab se petît praesidium. </s> + <s id="N1052C">fuerat enim amplissima statura, facie grata, forma dignitateque summa. </s> + <s id="N1052F">his igitur naturae muneribus confisus vestimenta posuit +in hospitio et oleo corpus perunxit caputque coronavit populea fronde, laevum umerum pelle leonina texit, dextraque clavam tenens incessit contra tribunal regis ius dicentis. +</s> + </p> + </subchap2> + <subchap2 id="N10532"> + <p id="N10533" type="main"> + <s id="N10535"> +Novitas populum cum avertisset, conspexit eum Alexander. </s> + <s id="N10538">admirans ei iussit locum dari, ut accederet, +interrogavitque, quis esset. </s> + <s id="N1053B">at ille: 'Dinocrates', inquit, +'architectus Macedo, qui ad te cogitationes et formas adfero dignas tuae claritati. </s> + <s id="N1053E">namque Athon montem formavi in statuae virilis figuram, cuius manu laeva designavi +civitatis amplissimae moenia, dextera pateram, quae exciperet omnium fluminum, quae sunt in eo monte, aquam, ut inde in mare profunderetur'. +</s> + </p> + </subchap2> + <subchap2 id="N10541"> + <p id="N10542" type="main"> + <s id="N10546"> +Delectatus Alexander ratione formae statim quaesiit, si essent agri circa, qui +possent frumentaria ratione eam civitatem tueri. </s> + <s id="N10549">cum invenisset non posse nisi transmarinis subvectionibus: 'Dinocrates', inquit, 'attendo egregiam formae compositionem et ea delector, sed animadverto, si qui deduxerit eo loci +coloniam, fore ut iudicium eius vituperetur. </s> + <s id="N1054C">ut enim natus infans sine nutricis lacte non potest ali neque ad vitae +crescentis gradus perduci, sic civitas sine agris et eorum fructibus in moenibus affluentibus non potest crescere nec +sine abundantia cibi frequentiam habere populumque sine copia tueri. </s> + <s id="N1054F">itaque quemadmodum formationem puto probandam, sic iudico locum inprobandum; teque volo esse mecum, quod tua opera sum usurus'. +</s> + </p> + </subchap2> + <subchap2 id="N10552"> + <p id="N10553" type="main"> + <s id="N10555"> +Ex eo Dinocrates ab rege non discessit et in Aegyptum est eum persecutus. </s> + <s id="N10558">ibi Alexander cum animadvertisset portum naturaliter +tutum, emporium egregium, campos circa totam Aegyptum +frumentarios, inmanis fluminis Nili magnas utilitates, iussit +eum suo nomine civitatem Alexandriam constituere. </s> + <s id="N1055B">ita +Dinocrates a facie dignitateque corporis commendatus ad +eam nobilitatem pervenit. </s> + <pb xlink:href="048/01/046.jpg" ed="1567" pagenum="47"></pb> + <s id="N1055E">mihi autem, imperator, staturam +non tribuit natura, faciem deformavit aetas, valetudo detraxit vires. </s> + <s id="N10561">itaque quoniam ab his praesidiis sum desertus, +per auxilia scientiae scriptaque, ut spero, perveniam ad +commendationem. +</s> + </p> + </subchap2> + <subchap2 id="N10564"> + <p id="N10565" type="main"> + <s id="N10567"> +Cum autem <quae> primo volumine de officio architecturae terminationibusque artis perscripsi, item de moenibus et intra moenia arearum divisionibus, insequatur ordo de aedibus sacris et publicis aedificiis itemque privatis, +quibus proportionibus et symmetriis debeant esse, uti explicentur, non putavi ante ponendum, nisi prius de materiae +copiis, e quibus conlatis aedificia structuris et materiationibus perficiuntur, quas habeant in usu virtutes, exposuissem, quibusque rerum natura e principiis essent temperatae, dixissem. </s> + <s id="N1056A">sed antequam naturales res incipiam +explicare, de aedificiorum rationibus, unde initia ceperint +et uti creverint eorum inventiones, ante ponam, et insequar +ingressus eorum, qui antiquitates rerum naturae et initia +humanitatis et inventiones perquisitas scriptorum praeceptis dedicaverunt. </s> + <s id="N1056D">itaque quemadmodum ab his sum +institutus, exponam. +</s> + </p> + </subchap2> + </subchap1> + <subchap1 id="N10570"> + <subchap2 id="N10571"> + <p id="N10572" type="main"> + <pb xlink:href="048/01/047.jpg" ed="1567" pagenum="48"></pb> + <s id="N10574"> +Homines vetere more ut ferae in silvis et speluncis et +nemoribus nascebantur ciboque agresti vescendo vitam exigebant. </s> + <s id="N10577">interea quodam in loco ab tempestatibus et ventis +densae crebritatibus arbores agitatae et inter se terentes +ramos ignem excitaverunt, et eius flamma vehementi perterriti, qui circa eum locum fuerunt, sunt fugati. </s> + <s id="N1057A">postea +re quieta propius accedentes cum animadvertissent commoditatem esse magnam corporibus ignis teporem, ligna +adicientes et îs conservantes alios adducebant et nutu +monstrantes ostendebant, quas haberent ex eo utilitates. </s> + <s id="N1057D">in eo hominum congressu cum profundebantur aliter <atque +aliter> e spiritu voces, cotidiana consuetudine vocabula, ut +obtigerant, constituerunt, deinde significando res saepius in +usu ex eventu fari fortuito coeperunt et ita sermones inter se procreaverunt. +</s> + </p> + </subchap2> + <subchap2 id="N10580"> + <p id="N10581" type="main"> + <s id="N10583"> +Ergo cum propter ignis inventionem conventus initio apud homines et concilium et convictus esset +natus, et in unum locum plures convenirent habentes ab +natura praemium praeter reliqua animalia, ut non proni +sed erecti ambularent mundique et astrorum magnificentiam aspicerent, item manibus et articulis quam vellent rem +faciliter tractarent, coeperunt in eo coetu alii de fronde +facere tecta, alii speluncas fodere sub montibus, nonnulli +hirundinum nidos et aedificationes †earum imitantes de +luto et virgulis facere loca, quae subirent. </s> + <s id="N10586">tunc observantes +aliena tecta et adicientes suis cogitationibus res novas, efficiebant in dies meliora genera casarum. +</s> + </p> + </subchap2> + <subchap2 id="N10589"> + <p id="N1058A" type="main"> + <s id="N1058E"> +Cum essent autem homines imitabili docilique natura, cotidie inventionibus gloriantes alius alii ostendebant aedificiorum effectus, et ita exercentes ingenia certationibus in dies melioribus iudiciis efficiebantur. </s> + <s id="N10591">primumque furcis erectis et +virgulis interpositis luto parietes texerunt. </s> + <s id="N10594">alii luteas glaebas arefacientes struebant parietes, materia eos iugumentantes, vitandoque imbres et aestus tegebant harundinibus +et fronde. </s> + <s id="N10597">posteaquam per hibernas tempestates tecta non +potuerunt imbres sustinere, fastigia facientes, luto inducto +proclinatis tectis, stillicidia deducebant. +</s> + </p> + </subchap2> + <subchap2 id="N1059A"> + <p id="N1059B" type="main"> + <s id="N1059D"> +Haec autem ex îs, quae supra scriptae sunt, originibus +instituta esse possumus sic animadvertere, quod ad hunc +diem nationibus exteris ex his rebus aedificia constituuntur, +uti Gallia, Hispania, Lu + <pb xlink:href="048/01/048.jpg" ed="1567" pagenum="49"></pb> + sitania, Aquitania scandulis robusteis aut stramentis. </s> + <s id="N105A0">apud nationem Colchorum in Ponto +propter silvarum abundantiam arboribus perpetuis planis +dextra ac sinistra in terra positis, spatio inter eas relicto +quanto arborum longitudines patiuntur, conlocantur in +extremis partibus earum supra alterae transversae, quae +circumcludunt medium spatium habitationis. </s> + <s id="N105A3">tum insuper +alternis trabibus ex quattuor partibus angulos iugumentantes et ita parietes arboribus statuentes ad perpendiculum imarum educunt ad altitudinem turres, intervallaque, quae relinquuntur propter crassitudinem materiae, +schidiis et luto obstruunt. </s> + <s id="N105A6">item tecta, recidentes ad extremos +<angulos> transtra, traiciunt gradatim contrahentes, +et ita ex quattuor partibus ad altitudinem educunt medio +metas, quas fronde et luto tegentes efficiunt barbarico more testudinata turrium tecta. +</s> + </p> + </subchap2> + <subchap2 id="N105A9"> + <p id="N105AA" type="main"> + <s id="N105AC"> +Phryges vero, qui campestribus locis sunt habitantes, propter inopiam silvarum +egentes materiae eligunt tumulos naturales eosque medios +fossura detegentes et itinera perfodientes dilatant spatia, +quantum natura loci patitur. </s> + <s id="N105AF">insuper autem stipites inter +se religantes metas efficiunt, quas harundinibus et sarmentis tegentes exaggerant supra habitationes e terra +maximos grumos. </s> + <s id="N105B2">ita hiemes calidissimas, aestates frigidissimas efficiunt tectorum rationes. </s> + <s id="N105B5">nonnulli ex ulva +palustri componunt tuguria tecta. </s> + <s id="N105B8">apud ceteras quoque +gentes ex cannula pari similique ratione casarum perficiuntur constitutiones. </s> + <s id="N105BB">non minus etiam Massiliae animadvertere possumus sine tegulis subacta cum paleis terra tecta. </s> + <s id="N105BE">Athenis Areopagi antiquitatis exemplar ad hoc +tempus luto tectum. </s> + <s id="N105C1">item in Capitolio commonefacere +potest et significare mores vetustatis Romuli casa et in arce sacrorum stramentis tecta. +</s> + </p> + </subchap2> + <subchap2 id="N105C4"> + <p id="N105C5" type="main"> + <pb xlink:href="048/01/049.jpg" ed="1567" pagenum="50"></pb> + <s id="N105C7"> +Ita his signis de antiquis inventionibus aedificiorum, sic ea fuisse ratiocinantes, +possumus iudicare. + </s> + </p> + <p id="N105CA" type="main"> + <s id="N105CC"> +Cum autem cotidie faciendo tritiores manus ad aedificandum perfecissent et sollertia ingenia exercendo per +consuetudinem ad artes pervenissent, tum etiam industria +in animis eorum adiecta perfecit, ut, qui fuerunt in his +studiosiores, fabros esse se profiterentur. </s> + <s id="N105CF">cum ergo haec +ita fuerint primo constituta et natura non solum sensibus +ornavisset gentes quemadmodum reliqua animalia, sed etiam +cogitationibus et consiliis armavisset mentes et subiecisset +cetera animalia sub potestate, tunc vero ex fabricationibus +aedificiorum gradatim progressi ad ceteras artes et disciplinas, e fera agrestique vita ad mansuetam perduxerunt humanitatem. +</s> + </p> + </subchap2> + <subchap2 id="N105D2"> + <p id="N105D3" type="main"> + <s id="N105D7"> +Tum autem struentes animose et aevo prospicientes maioribus cogitationibus ex varietate artium +natis, non casas sed etiam domos fundatas et latericiis +parietibus aut e lapide structas materiaque et tegula tectas perficere coeperunt, deinde observationibus studiorum +e vagantibus iudiciis et incertis ad certas symmetriarum +perduxerunt rationes. </s> + <s id="N105DA">posteaquam animadverterunt profusos esse partus naturae et abundantem materiae copiam +ad aedificationes ab ea comparatam, tractando nutrierunt +et auctam per artes ornaverunt voluptatibus elegantiam +vitae. </s> + <s id="N105DD">igitur de his rebus, quae sunt in aedificiis ad usum +idoneae, quibusque sunt qualitatibus et quas habeant virtutes, ut potuero, dicam. +</s> + </p> + </subchap2> + <subchap2 id="N105E0"> + <p id="N105E1" type="main"> + <s id="N105E3"> +Sed si qui de ordine huius libri disputare voluerit, quod +putaverit eum primum institui oportuisse, ne putet me +erravisse, sic reddam rationem. </s> + <s id="N105E6">cum corpus architecturae +scriberem, primo volumine putavi, quibus eruditionibus et +disciplinis esset ornata, <oportere> exponere finireque terminationibus + <pb xlink:href="048/01/050.jpg" ed="1567" pagenum="51"></pb> + eius species et, e quibus rebus esset nata, +dicere. </s> + <s id="N105E9">ergo in primo de artis officio itemque, quid oporteat esse in architecto, ibi pronuntiavi. </s> + <s id="N105EC">in hoc de naturalibus materiae rebus, quem habeant usum, disputabo. </s> + <s id="N105EF">namque hic liber non profitetur, unde architectura nascatur, +sed unde origines aedificiorum sunt institutae et quibus +rationibus enutritae et progressae sint gradatim ad hanc finitionem. +</s> + </p> + </subchap2> + <subchap2 id="N105F2"> + <p id="N105F3" type="main"> + <s id="N105F5"> +Ergo ita suo ordine et loco huius erit voluminis constitutio. + </s> + </p> + <p id="N105F8" type="main"> + <s id="N105FA"> +Nunc revertar ad propositum et de copiis, quae aptae +sunt aedificiorum perfectionibus, quemadmodum videantur +esse ab natura rerum procreatae quibusque mixtionibus +principiorum congressus temperentur, ne obscura sed perspicua legentibus sint, ratiocinabor. </s> + <s id="N105FD">namque nulla materiarum genera neque corpora neque res sine principiorum +coetu nasci neque subici intellectui possunt, neque aliter +natura rerum praeceptis physicorum veras patitur habere +explicationes, nisi causae, quae insunt in his rebus quemadmodum et quid ita sint, subtilibus rationibus habeant +demonstrationes. +</s> + </p> + </subchap2> + </subchap1> + <subchap1 id="N10600"> + <subchap2 id="N10601"> + <p id="N10602" type="main"> + <s id="N10604"> +Thales primum aquam putavit omnium rerum esse principium; Heraclitus Ephesius, qui propter obscuritatem +scriptorum a Graecis <foreign lang="grc">σκοτεινὸς</foreign> est appellatus, ignem; Democritus quique est eum secutus Epicurus atomos, quas nostri insecabilia corpora, nonnulli individua vocitaverunt; +Pythagoreorum vero disciplina adiecit ad aquam et ignem +aera et terrenum. </s> + <s id="N1060B">ergo Democritus, etsi non proprie res +nominavit sed tantum individua corpora proposuit, ideo +ea ipsa dixisse videtur, quod ea, cum sint disiuncta, nec +laeduntur nec interitionem recipiunt nec sectionibus dividuntur, sed sempiterno aevo perpetuo infinitam retinent +</s> + </p> + </subchap2> + <subchap2 id="N1060E"> + <p id="N1060F" type="main"> + <s id="N10613"> +in se soliditatem. </s> + <s id="N10616">ex his ergo congruentibus cum res omnes coire nascique videantur et hae in infinitis generibus +rerum naturae sint disparatae, putavi oportere de varietatibus et discriminibus usus earum quasque haberent in +aedificiis qualitates exponere, uti, cum fuerint notae, non +habeant qui aedificare cogitant errorem, sed aptas ad +usum copias aedificiis comparent. +</s> + </p> + </subchap2> + </subchap1> + <subchap1 id="N10619"> + <subchap2 id="N1061A"> + <p id="N1061B" type="main"> + <pb xlink:href="048/01/051.jpg" ed="1567" pagenum="52"></pb> + <s id="N1061D"> +Itaque primum de lateribus, qua de terra duci eos oporteat, dicam. </s> + <s id="N10620">non enim de harenoso neque calculoso luto +neque sabulone soluto sunt ducendi, quod, ex his generibus +cum sint ducti, primum fiunt graves, deinde, cum ab imbribus in parietibus sparguntur, dilabuntur et dissolvuntur +paleaeque in his non cohaerescunt propter asperitatem. </s> + <s id="N10623">faciendi autem sunt ex terra albida cretosa sive de rubrica aut etiam masculo sabulone; haec enim genera propter +levitatem habent firmitatem et non sunt in opere ponde rosa et faciliter aggerantur. +</s> + </p> + </subchap2> + <subchap2 id="N10626"> + <p id="N10627" type="main"> + <pb xlink:href="048/01/052.jpg" ed="1567" pagenum="53"></pb> + <s id="N10629"> +Ducendi autem sunt per vernum tempus et autumnale, ut uno tenore siccescant. </s> + <s id="N1062C">qui +enim per solstitium parantur, ideo vitiosi fiunt, quod, summum corium sol acriter cum praecoquit, efficit, ut videatur +aridum, interior autem sit non siccus; et cum postea siccescendo se contrahit, perrumpit ea, quae erant arida. </s> + <s id="N1062F">ita +rimosi facti efficiuntur inbecilli. </s> + <s id="N10632">maxime autem utiliores +erunt, si ante biennium fuerint ducti; namque non ante +possunt penitus siccescere. </s> + <s id="N10635">itaque cum recentes et non +aridi sunt structi, tectorio inducto rigidoque obsolidate permanente, ipsi sidentes non possunt eandem altitudinem, qua +est tectorium, tenere contractioneque moti non haerent cum +eo, sed ab coniunctione eius disparantur; igitur tectoria +ab structura seiuncta propter tenuitatem per se stare non +possunt, sed franguntur, ipsique parietes fortuito sidentes +vitiantur. </s> + <s id="N10638">ideo etiam Uticenses laterem, si sit aridus et +ante quinquennium ductus, cum arbitrio magistratus fuerit ita probatus, tunc utuntur in parietum structuris. +</s> + </p> + </subchap2> + <subchap2 id="N1063B"> + <p id="N1063C" type="main"> + <s id="N1063E"> +Fiunt autem laterum genera tria: unum, quod graece Lydium +appellatur, id est quo nostri utuntur, longum sesquipede, +latum pede. </s> + <s id="N10641">ceteris duobus Graecorum aedificia struuntur; +ex his unum <foreign lang="grc">πεντάδωρον</foreign>, alterum <foreign lang="grc">τετράδωρον</foreign> dicitur. +<foreign lang="grc">δῶρον</foreign> autem Graeci appellant palmum, quod munerum +datio graece <foreign lang="grc">δῶρον</foreign> appellatur, id autem semper geritur +per manus palmum. </s> + <s id="N10654">ita quod est quoquoversus quinque +palmorum, pentadoron, quod quattuor, tetradoron dicitur, +et quae sunt publica opera, <foreign lang="grc">πεντάδωρως</foreign>, quae privata, <foreign lang="grc">τετράδωρως</foreign> struuntur. +</s> + </p> + </subchap2> + <subchap2 id="N1065F"> + <p id="N10660" type="main"> + <s id="N10662"> +Fiunt autem cum his lateribus semilateria. </s> + <s id="N10665">quae cum struuntur, una parte lateribus ordines, +altera semilateres ponuntur. </s> + <s id="N10668">ergo ex utraque parte ad +lineam cum struuntur, alternis coriis parietes alligantur +et medii lateres supra coagmenta conlocati et firmitatem +et speciem faciunt utraque parte non invenustam. + </s> + </p> + <p id="N1066B" type="main"> + <pb xlink:href="048/01/053.jpg" ed="1567" pagenum="54"></pb> + <pb xlink:href="048/01/054.jpg" ed="1567" pagenum="55"></pb> + <s id="N1066F"> +Est autem in Hispania ulteriore civitas Maxilua et +Callet et in Asia Pitane, ubi lateres, cum sunt ducti et +arefacti, proiecti natant in aqua. </s> + <s id="N10672">natare autem eos posse +ideo videtur, quod terra est, de qua ducuntur, pumicosa. </s> + <s id="N10675">ita cum est levis, aere solidata non recipit in se nec combibit liquorem. </s> + <s id="N10678">igitur levi raraque cum sit proprietate, +quocumque pondere fuerit, cogitur ab rerum natura, quemadmodum pumex uti ab aqua sustineatur. </s> + <s id="N1067B">sic autem magnas habent utilitates, quod neque in aedificationibus sunt +onerosi et, cum non patiantur penetrare in corpus umidam potestatem, a tempestatibus non dissolvuntur. +</s> + </p> + </subchap2> + </subchap1> + <subchap1 id="N1067E"> + <subchap2 id="N1067F"> + <p id="N10680" type="main"> + <s id="N10682"> +In caementiciis autem structuris primum est de harena +quaerendum, ut ea sit idonea ad materiem miscendam neque habeat terram commixtam. </s> + <s id="N10685">genera autem harenae fossiciae sunt haec: nigra, cana, rubra, carbunculus. </s> + <s id="N10688">ex his +quae in manu confricata fecerit stridorem, erit optima; +quae autem terrosa fuerit, non habebit asperitatem. </s> + <s id="N1068B">item +si in vestimentum candidum ea coniecta fuerit, postea excussa vel icta id non inquinarit neque ibi terra subsiderit, erit idonea. +</s> + </p> + </subchap2> + <subchap2 id="N1068E"> + <p id="N1068F" type="main"> + <s id="N10691"> +Sin autem non erunt harenaria, unde fodiatur, +tum de fluminibus aut e glarea erit excernenda, non minus +etiam de litore marino. </s> + <s id="N10694">sed ea in structuris haec habet +vitia: difficulter siccescit, neque onerari se continenter +paries patitur, nisi intermissionibus requiescat, neque concamerationes recipit. </s> + <s id="N10697">marina autem hoc amplius, quod +etiam parietes, cum in îs tectoria facta fuerint, remittente se salsugine eorum dissolvuntur. +</s> + </p> + </subchap2> + <subchap2 id="N1069A"> + <p id="N1069B" type="main"> + <s id="N1069D"> +Fossiciae vero celeriter in structuris siccescunt, et tectoria permanent, et +concamerationes patiuntur, sed eae, quae sunt de harenariis recentes. </s> + <s id="N106A0">si enim exemptae diutius iacent, ab sole +et luna et pruina concoctae resolvuntur et fiunt terrosae. </s> + <s id="N106A3">ita cum in structuram coiciuntur, non possunt continere +caementa, sed ea ruunt et labuntur oneraque parietes non +possunt sustinere. </s> + <s id="N106A6">recentes autem fossiciae cum in structuris tantas habeant virtutes, eae in tectoriis ideo non +sunt utiles, quod pinguitudini eius calx commixta propter +vehementiam non potest sine rimis inarescere. </s> + <s id="N106A9">fluviatica +vero propter macritatem uti signinum liaculorum subactionibus in tectorio recipit soliditatem. +</s> + </p> + </subchap2> + </subchap1> + <subchap1 id="N106AC"> + <subchap2 id="N106AD"> + <p id="N106AE" type="main"> + <pb xlink:href="048/01/055.jpg" ed="1567" pagenum="56"></pb> + <s id="N106B0"> +De harenae copiis cum habeatur explicatum, tum etiam +de calce diligentia est adhibenda, uti de albo saxo aut +silice coquatur; et quae erit ex spisso et duriore, erit utilis +in structura, quae autem ex fistuloso, in tectoriis. </s> + <s id="N106B3">cum ea +erit extincta, tunc materia ita misceatur, ut, si erit fossicia, +tres harenae et una calcis infundatur; si autem fluviatica +aut marina, duo harenae, una calcis coiciatur. </s> + <s id="N106B6">ita enim +erit iusta ratio mixtionis temperaturae. </s> + <s id="N106B9">etiam in fluviatica +aut marina si qui testam tunsam et succretam ex tertia +parte adiecerit, efficiet materiae temperaturam ad usum meliorem. +</s> + </p> + </subchap2> + <subchap2 id="N106BC"> + <p id="N106BD" type="main"> + <pb xlink:href="048/01/056.jpg" ed="1567" pagenum="57"></pb> + <s id="N106C1"> +Quare autem cum recipit aquam et harenam +calx, tunc confirmat structuram, haec esse causa videtur, +quod e principiis, uti cetera corpora, ita et saxa sunt temperata. </s> + <s id="N106C4">et quae plus habent aeris, sunt tenera; quae aquae, +lenta sunt ab umore; quae terrae, dura; quae ignis, fragiliora. </s> + <s id="N106C7">itaque ex his saxa si, antequam coquantur, contusa minute +mixta harenae in structuram coiciantur, non solidescunt +nec eam poterunt continere. </s> + <s id="N106CA">cum vero coniecta in fornacem ignis vehementi fervore correpta amiserint pristinae +soliditatis virtutem, tunc exustis atque exhaustis eorum +viribus relinquuntur patentibus foraminibus et inanibus. +</s> + </p> + </subchap2> + <subchap2 id="N106CD"> + <p id="N106CE" type="main"> + <s id="N106D0"> +(ideo autem, quo pondere saxa coiciuntur in fornacem, cum eximuntur, non possunt ad id respondere, sed cum expenduntur, permanente ea magnitudine, excocto liquore circiter tertia parte ponderis inminuta esse inveniuntur.) +Ergo liquor, qui est in eius lapidis corpore, et aer cum +exustus et ereptus fuerit, habueritque in se residuum +calorem latentem, prius quem ex ignis vi recepit, intinctus in aqua, umore penetrante in foraminum raritates, +confervescit et ita refrigeratus reicit ex calcis corpore +fervorem. </s> + <s id="N106D3">igitur cum patent foramina eorum et raritates, +harenae mixtionem in se corripiunt et ita cohaerescunt +siccescendoque cum caementis coeunt et efficiunt structurarum soliditatem. +</s> + </p> + </subchap2> + </subchap1> + <subchap1 id="N106D6"> + <subchap2 id="N106D7"> + <p id="N106D8" type="main"> + <pb xlink:href="048/01/057.jpg" ed="1567" pagenum="58"></pb> + <pb xlink:href="048/01/058.jpg" ed="1567" pagenum="59"></pb> + <s id="N106DA"> +Est etiam genus pulveris, quod efficit naturaliter res +admirandas. </s> + <s id="N106DD">nascitur in regionibus Baianis in agris municipiorum, quae sunt circa Vesuvium montem. </s> + <s id="N106E0">quod commixtum cum calce et caemento non modo ceteris aedificiis praestat firmitates, sed etiam moles cum struuntur +in mari, sub aqua solidescunt. </s> + <s id="N106E3">hoc autem fieri hac ratione +videtur, quod sub his montibus et terrae ferventes sunt +et fontes crebri, qui non essent, si non in imo haberent +aut e sulphure aut alumine aut bitumine ardentes maximos ignes. </s> + <s id="N106E6">igitur penitus ignis et flammae vapor per +intervenia permanans et ardens efficit levem eam terram, +et ibi quod nascitur tofus exsurgens, est sine liquore. </s> + <s id="N106E9">ergo +cum tres res consimili ratione ignis vehementia foratae +in unam pervenerint mixtionem, repente recepto liquore +una cohaerescunt et celeriter umore duratae solidantur, neque eas fluctus neque vis aquae potest dissolvere. +</s> + </p> + </subchap2> + <subchap2 id="N106EC"> + <p id="N106ED" type="main"> + <s id="N106EF"> +Ardores autem esse in his locis etiam haec res potest indicare, quod in montibus Cumanorum Baianis sunt loca +sudationibus excavata, in quibus vapor fervidus ab imo +nascens ignis vehe + <pb xlink:href="048/01/059.jpg" ed="1567" pagenum="60"></pb> + mentia perforat eam terram per eamque manando in his locis oritur et ita sudationum egregias +efficit utilitates. </s> + <s id="N106F2">non minus etiam memorantur antiquitus +crevisse ardores et abundavisse sub Vesuvio monte et inde +evomuisse circa agros flammam. </s> + <s id="N106F5">ideoque tunc quae spongia +sive pumex Pompeianus vocatur excocto ex alio genere +lapidis in hanc redacta esse videtur generis qualitatem. +</s> + </p> + </subchap2> + <subchap2 id="N106F8"> + <p id="N106F9" type="main"> + <s id="N106FB"> +Id autem genus spongiae, quod inde eximitur, non in +omnibus locis nascitur nisi circum Aetnam et collibus +Mysiae, quae a Graecis <foreign lang="grc">Κατακεκαύμενη</foreign> nominatur, et si +quae eiusdem modi sunt locorum proprietates. </s> + <s id="N10702">si ergo in +his locis aquarum ferventes inveniuntur fontes et montibus excavatis calidi vapores ipsaque loca ab antiquis +memorantur pervagantes in agris habuisse ardores, videtur +esse certum ab ignis vehementia ex tofo terraque, quemadmodum in fornacibus ex calce, ita ex his ereptum esse liquorem. +</s> + </p> + </subchap2> + <subchap2 id="N10705"> + <p id="N10706" type="main"> + <s id="N1070A"> +Igitur dissimilibus et disparibus rebus correptis +et in udam potestatem conlatis, calida umoris ieiunitas +aqua repente satiata latenti calore confervescit et vehementer efficit ea coire celeriterque communibus corporibus +unam soliditatis percipere virtutem. + </s> + </p> + <p id="N1070D" type="main"> + <s id="N1070F"> +Relinquetur desideratio, quoniam item sunt in Etruria +ex aqua calida crebri fontes, quid ita non etiam ibi nascitur pulvis, e quo eadem ratione sub aqua structura solidescat. </s> + <s id="N10712">itaque visum est, antequam desideraretur, de his rebus, quemadmodum esse videantur, exponere. +</s> + </p> + </subchap2> + <subchap2 id="N10715"> + <p id="N10716" type="main"> + <s id="N10718"> +Omnibus locis et regionibus non eadem genera terrae nec lapides +nascuntur, sed nonnulla sunt terrena, alia sabulosa itemque glareosa, aliis locis harenosa, non minus materia, et +omnino dissimili disparique genere in regionum varietatibus qualitates insunt in terra. </s> + <s id="N1071B">maxime autem id sic licet +considerare, quod, qua mons Appenninus regiones Italiae +Etruriaeque circa cingit, prope in omnibus locis non desunt fossicia harenaria, trans Appenninum vero, quae pars +est ad Adriaticum mare, nulla inveniuntur, item Achaia, +Asia, omnino trans mare, nec nominantur quidem. </s> + <s id="N1071E">igitur +non in omnibus locis, quibus effervent aquae calidae crebri +fontes, eaedem opportunitates possunt similiter concurrere, +sed omnia, uti natura rerum constituit, non ad voluptatem hominum, sed ut fortuito disparata procreantur. +</s> + </p> + </subchap2> + <subchap2 id="N10721"> + <p id="N10722" type="main"> + <s id="N10724"> +Ergo quibus locis non sunt terrosi montes sed genere materiae, (est +autem materiae potestas mollior quam tofus, solidior quam +terra) ignis vis per eius venas egrediens adurit eam. </s> + <s id="N10727">quod est molle et tenerum, exurit, quod autem asperum, +relinquit; quo penitus ab imo vehementia vaporis adusto, +nonnullis locis procreatur id genus harenae, quod dicitur +carbunculus. </s> + <pb xlink:href="048/01/060.jpg" ed="1567" pagenum="61"></pb> + <s id="N1072A">itaque uti Campania exusta terra cinis, sic +in Etruria excocta materia efficitur carbunculus. </s> + <s id="N1072D">utraque +autem sunt egregia in structuris, sed alia in terrenis aedificiis, alia etiam in maritimis molibus habent virtutem. +</s> + </p> + </subchap2> + </subchap1> + <subchap1 id="N10730"> + <subchap2 id="N10731"> + <p id="N10732" type="main"> + <s id="N10734"> +De calce et harena, quibus varietatibus sint et quas +habeant virtutes, dixi. </s> + <s id="N10737">sequitur ordo de lapidicinis explicare, de quibus et quadrata saxa et caementorum ad +aedificia eximuntur copiae et comparantur. </s> + <s id="N1073A">haec autem +inveniuntur esse disparibus et dissimilibus virtutibus. </s> + <s id="N1073D">sunt +enim aliae molles, uti sunt circa urbem Rubrae, Pallenses, +Fidenates, Albanae; aliae temperatae, uti Tiburtinae, Amiterninae, Soractinae et quae sunt his generibus; nonnullae +durae, uti siliceae. </s> + <s id="N10740">sunt etiam alia genera plura, uti in +Campania rubrûm et nigrûm tofûm, in Umbria et Piceno +et in Venetia albus, quod etiam serra dentata uti lignum secatur. +</s> + </p> + </subchap2> + <subchap2 id="N10743"> + <p id="N10744" type="main"> + <s id="N10748"> +Sed haec omnia, quae mollia sunt, hanc habent utilitatem, quod ex his saxa cum sunt exempta, in +opere faciliter tractantur. </s> + <s id="N1074B">et si sunt in locis tectis, sustineant laborem, si autem in apertis et patentibus, gelicidiis et pruina congesta friantur et dissolvuntur. </s> + <s id="N1074E">item secundum oram maritimam ab salsugine exesa diffluunt +neque perferunt aestus. </s> + <s id="N10751">Tiburtina vero et quae eodem +genere sunt omnia, sufferunt et ab oneribus et a tempestatibus iniurias, sed ab igni non possunt esse tuta, simulque sunt ab eo tacta, dissiliunt et dissipantur, ideo quod temperatura naturali parvo sunt umore itemque non multum +habent terreni, sed aeris plurimum et ignis. </s> + <s id="N10754">igitur cum et +umor et terrenum in his minus inest, tum etiam ignis, +tactu et vi vaporis ex his aere fugato, penitus insequens +interveniorum vacuitates occupans fervescit et efficit a suis ardentia corporibus <carbonibus> similia. +</s> + </p> + </subchap2> + <subchap2 id="N10757"> + <p id="N10758" type="main"> + <s id="N1075A"> +Sunt vero item lapidicinae complures in finibus Tarquiniensium, +quae dicuntur Anicianae, colore quemadmodum Albanae, +quarum officinae maxime sunt circa lacum Vulsiniensem, +item praefectura Statonensi. </s> + <s id="N1075D">haec autem habent infinitas virtutes; neque enim his gelicidiorum tempestas +neque ignis tactus potest nocere, sed est firma et ad +vetustatem ideo permanens, quod parum habet e naturae +mixtione aeris et ignis, umoris autem temperate plurimumque terreni. </s> + <s id="N10760">ita spissis comparationibus solidata neque ab tempestatibus neque ab ignis vehementia nocetur. +</s> + </p> + </subchap2> + <subchap2 id="N10763"> + <p id="N10764" type="main"> + <s id="N10766"> +Id autem maxime iudicare licet e monumentis, quae sunt circa municipium Ferenti ex his facta lapidicinis. </s> + <s id="N10769">namque habent et +statuas amplas factas egregie et minora sigilla floresque +et acanthos eleganter scalptos; quae, cum sint vetusta, sic +apparent recentia, uti si sint modo facta. </s> + <s id="N1076C">non minus etiam +fabri aerarii de his lapidicinis in aeris flatura formis comparatis habent ex his ad aes fundendum maximas utilitates. </s> + <s id="N1076F">quae si prope urbem essent, dignum esset, ut ex his officinis omnia opera perficerentur. +</s> + </p> + </subchap2> + <subchap2 id="N10772"> + <p id="N10773" type="main"> + <s id="N10775"> +Cum ergo propter propinquitatem necessitas cogat ex Rubris lapidicinis et Pallensibus et quae sunt urbi proximae copiis uti, si qui voluerit sine vitiis perficere, ita erit praeparandum. </s> + <s id="N10778">cum aedificandum fuerit, ante biennium ea saxa non hieme sed aestate +eximantur et iacentia permaneant in locis patentibus. </s> + <s id="N1077B">quae +autem eo biennio a tempestatibus tacta laesa fuerint, ea +in fundamenta coiciantur; cetera, quae non erunt vitiata, +ab natura rerum probata durare poterunt supra terram +aedificata. </s> + <s id="N1077E">nec solum ea in quadratis lapidibus sunt observanda, sed etiam in caementiciis structuris. +</s> + </p> + </subchap2> + </subchap1> + <subchap1 id="N10781"> + <subchap2 id="N10782"> + <p id="N10783" type="main"> + <pb xlink:href="048/01/061.jpg" ed="1567" pagenum="62"></pb> + <s id="N10785"> +Structurarum genera sunt haec: reticulatum, quo nunc +omnes utuntur, et antiquum, quod incertum dicitur. </s> + <s id="N10788">ex +his venustius est reticulatum, sed ad rimas faciendas ideo +paratum, quod in omnes partes dissoluta habet cubilia et +coagmenta. </s> + <s id="N1078B">incerta vero caementa alia super alia sedentia +inter seque imbricata non speciosam sed firmiorem quam reticulata praestant structuram. +</s> + </p> + </subchap2> + <subchap2 id="N1078E"> + <p id="N1078F" type="main"> + <pb xlink:href="048/01/062.jpg" ed="1567" pagenum="63"></pb> + <s id="N10793"> +Utraque autem ex minutissimis sunt instruenda, uti materia ex calce et harena +crebriter parietes satiati diutius contineantur. </s> + <s id="N10796">molli enim +et rara potestate cum sint, exsiccant sugendo e materia +sucum; cum autem superarit et abundarit copia calcis et +harenae, paries plus habens umoris non cito fiet evanidus, +sed ab his continetur. </s> + <s id="N10799">simul autem umida potestas e materia +per caementorum raritatem fuerit exsucta calxque ab harena +discedat et dissolvatur, item caementa non possunt cum his +cohaerere, sed in vetustatem parietes efficiunt ruinosos. +</s> + </p> + </subchap2> + <subchap2 id="N1079C"> + <p id="N1079D" type="main"> + <s id="N1079F"> +Id autem licet animadvertere etiam de nonnullis monumentis, quae circa urbem facta sunt e marmore seu lapidibus quadratis intrinsecusque medio calcata: structuris +vetustate evanida facta materia caementorumque exsucta +raritate, proruunt et coagmentorum ab ruina dissolutis iuncturis dissipantur. +</s> + </p> + </subchap2> + <subchap2 id="N107A2"> + <p id="N107A3" type="main"> + <s id="N107A5"> +Quodsi qui noluerit in id vitium incidere, medio cavo servato secundum orthostatas intrinsecus ex rubro saxo quadrato aut ex testa aut ex silicibus ordinariis struat bipedales parietes, et cum his +ansis ferreis et plumbo frontes vinctae sint. </s> + <s id="N107A8">ita enim non +acervatim, sed ordine structum opus poterit esse sine vitio +sempiternum, quod cubilia et coagmenta eorum inter se +sedentia et iuncturis alligata non protrudent opus neque +orthostatas inter se religatos labi patiuntur. +</s> + </p> + </subchap2> + <subchap2 id="N107AB"> + <p id="N107AC" type="main"> + <s id="N107AE"> +Itaque non est contemnenda Graecorum structura; non +enim utuntur e molli caemento structura polita, sed cum +discesserunt a quadrato, ponunt de silice seu lapide duro +ordinaria, et ita uti latericia struen + <pb xlink:href="048/01/063.jpg" ed="1567" pagenum="64"></pb> + tes alligant eorum +alternis coriis coagmenta, et sic maxime ad aeternitatem +firmas perficiunt virtutes. </s> + <s id="N107B1">haec autem duobus generibus +struuntur; ex his unum isodomum, alterum pseudisodomum appellatur. +</s> + </p> + </subchap2> + <subchap2 id="N107B4"> + <p id="N107B5" type="main"> + <s id="N107B7"> +Isodomum dicitur, cum omnia coria aequa crassitudine fuerint structa; pseudisodomum, cum inpares +et inaequales ordines coriorum diriguntur. </s> + <s id="N107BA">ea utraque +sunt ideo firma, primum quod ipsa caementa sunt spissa +et solida proprietate neque de materia possunt exsugere +liquorem, sed conservant eam in suo umore ad summam +vetustatem; ipsaque eorum cubilia primum plana et librata +posita non patiuntur ruere materiam, sed perpetua parietum crassitudine religata continent ad summam vetustatem. +</s> + </p> + </subchap2> + <subchap2 id="N107BD"> + <p id="N107BE" type="main"> + <s id="N107C2"> +Altera est quam <foreign lang="grc">ἔμπλεκτον</foreign> appellant, qua etiam nostri +rustici utuntur. </s> + <s id="N107C9">quorum frontes poliuntur, reliqua ita, uti +sunt nata, cum materia conlocata alternis alligant coagmentis. </s> + <s id="N107CC">sed nostri celeritati studentes, erecta conlocantes +frontibus serviunt et in medio farciunt fractis separatim +cum materia caementis. </s> + <s id="N107CF">ita tres suscitantur in ea structura crustae, duae frontium et una media farturae. </s> + <s id="N107D2">Graeci +vero non ita, sed plana conlocantes et longitudines eorum +alternis in crassitudinem instruentes, non media farciunt, +sed e suis frontatis perpetuam et unam crassitudinem +parietum consolidant. </s> + <s id="N107D5">praeterea interponunt singulos crassitudine perpetua utraque parte frontatos, quos <foreign lang="grc">διάτονοι</foreign> appellant, qui maxime religando confirmant parietum soliditatem. +</s> + </p> + </subchap2> + <subchap2 id="N107DC"> + <p id="N107DD" type="main"> + <s id="N107DF"> +Itaque si qui voluerit ex his commentariis animadvertere et eligere genus structurae, perpetuitatis poterit +rationem habere. </s> + <s id="N107E2">non enim quae sunt e molli caemento +subtili facie venustatis, non eae possunt esse in vetustate +non ruinosae. </s> + <s id="N107E5">itaque cum arbitri communium parietum +sumuntur, non aestimant eos quanti facti fuerint, sed cum +ex tabulis inveniunt eorum locationes, pretia praeteritorum +annorum singulorum deducunt + <pb xlink:href="048/01/064.jpg" ed="1567" pagenum="65"></pb> + octogesimas et ita—ex reliqua summa <pro rata> parte reddi pro his parietibus— +sententiam pronuntiant eos non posse plus quam annos <emph type="smallcaps"></emph>LXXX<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end> durare. +</s> + </p> + </subchap2> + <subchap2 id="N107EE"> + <p id="N107EF" type="main"> + <s id="N107F1"> +De latericiis vero, dummodo ad perpendiculum sint +stantes, nihil deducitur, sed quanti fuerint olim facti, tanti +esse semper aestimantur. </s> + <s id="N107F4">itaque nonnullis civitatibus et +publica opera et privatas domos etiam regias e latere +structas licet videre: et primum Athenis murum, qui spectat ad Hymettum montem et Pentelensem; item Patris +in aede Iovis et Herculis latericias cellas, cum circa lapidea in aede epistylia sint et columnae; in Italia Arretio +vetustum egregie factum murum. </s> + <s id="N107F7">Trallibus domus regibus +Attalicis facta, quae ad habitandum semper datur ei, qui +civitatis gerit sacerdotium. </s> + <s id="N107FA">item Lacedaemone e quibusdam parietibus etiam picturae excisae intersectis lateribus inclusae sunt in ligneis formis et in comitium ad +ornatum aedilitatis Varronis et Murenae fuerunt adlatae. +</s> + </p> + </subchap2> + <subchap2 id="N107FD"> + <p id="N107FE" type="main"> + <s id="N10800"> +Croesi domus, quam Sardiani [civibus ad requiescendum +aetatis otio] seniorum collegio gerusiam dedicaverunt; item +Halicarnasso potentissimi regis Mausoli domus, cum Proconnensio marmore omnia haberet ornata, parietes habet +latere structos, qui ad hoc tempus egregiam praestant firmitatem ita tectoriis operibus expoliti, uti vitri perluciditatem videantur habere. </s> + <s id="N10803">neque is rex ab inopia id fecit; +infinitis enim vectigalibus erat fartus, quod imperabat Cariae toti. +</s> + </p> + </subchap2> + <subchap2 id="N10806"> + <p id="N10807" type="main"> + <s id="N10809"> +Acumen autem eius et sollertiam ad aedificia +paranda sic licet considerare. </s> + <s id="N1080C">cum esset enim natus Mylasis et animadvertisset Halicarnasso locum naturaliter +esse munitum, idoneum portum emporiumque utile, ibi +sibi domum constituit. </s> + <pb xlink:href="048/01/065.jpg" ed="1567" pagenum="66"></pb> + <s id="N1080F">is autem locus est theatri curvaturae similis. </s> + <s id="N10812">itaque in imo secundum portum forum +est constitutum; per mediam autem altitudinis curvaturam +praecinctionemque platea ampla latitudine facta, in qua +media Mausoleum ita egregiis operibus est factum, ut in +septem spectaculis nominetur. </s> + <s id="N10815">in summa arce media Martis +fanum habens statuam colossicam acrolithon nobili manu +Leocharis factam. </s> + <s id="N10818">hanc autem statuam alii Leocharis, alii +Timothei putant esse. </s> + <s id="N1081B">in cornu autem summo dextro +Veneris et Mercurii fanum ad ipsum Salmacidis fontem. +</s> + </p> + </subchap2> + <subchap2 id="N1081E"> + <p id="N1081F" type="main"> + <pb xlink:href="048/01/066.jpg" ed="1567" pagenum="67"></pb> + <s id="N10823"> +Is autem falsa opinione putatur venerio morbo inplicare +eos, qui ex eo biberint. </s> + <s id="N10826">sed haec opinio quare per orbem +terrae falso rumore sit pervagata, non pigebit exponere. </s> + <s id="N10829">non enim quod dicitur molles et inpudicos ex ea aqua +fieri, id potest esse, sed est eius fontis potestas perlucida +saporque egregius. </s> + <s id="N1082C">cum autem Melas et Areuanias ab Argis +et Troezene coloniam communem eo loci deduxerunt, barbaros Caras et Lelegas eiecerunt. </s> + <s id="N1082F">hi autem ad montes +fugati inter se congregantes discurrebant et ibi latrocinia +facientes crudeliter eos vastabant. </s> + <s id="N10832">postea de colonis unus +ad eum fontem propter bonitatem aquae quaestus causa +tabernam omnibus copiis instruxit eamque exercendo eos +barbaros allectabat. </s> + <s id="N10835">ita singillatim decurrentes et ad coetus +convenientes e duro feroque more commutati in Graecorum consuetudinem et suavitatem sua voluntate reducebantur. </s> + <s id="N10838">ergo ea aqua non inpudico morbi vitio, sed humanitatis dulcedine mollitis animis barbarorum eam famam +est adepta. +</s> + </p> + </subchap2> + <subchap2 id="N1083B"> + <p id="N1083C" type="main"> + <s id="N1083E"> +Relinquitur nunc, quoniam ad explicationem moenium +eorum sum invectus, <ut> tota uti sunt definiam. </s> + <s id="N10841">quemadmodum enim in dextra parte fanum est Veneris et fons +supra scriptus, ita in sinistro cornu regia domus, quam +rex Mausolus ad suam rationem conlocavit. </s> + <s id="N10844">conspicitur +enim ex ea ad dextram partem forum et portus moeniumque tota finitio, sub sinistram secretus sub moenibus latens +portus, ita ut nemo possit, quid in eo geratur, aspicere +nec scire, at rex ipse de sua domo remigibus et militibus sine ullo sciente, quae opus essent, imperaret. +</s> + </p> + </subchap2> + <subchap2 id="N10847"> + <p id="N10848" type="main"> + <s id="N1084A"> +Itaque post mortem Mausoli Artemisia uxore eius regnante Rhodii +indignantes mulierem imperare civitatibus Cariae totius, +armata classe profecti sunt, uti id regnum occuparent. </s> + <s id="N1084D">tum Artemisiae cum esset id renuntiatum, in eo portu +abstrusam classem celatis remigibus et epibatis comparatis, +reliquos autem cives in muro esse iussit. </s> + <s id="N10850">cum autem +Rhodii ornata classe in portum maiorem exposuissent, +plausum iussit ab muro his dare pollicerique se oppidum +tradituros. </s> + <s id="N10853">qui cum penetravissent intra murum relictis +navibus inanibus, Artemisia repente fossa facta in pelagum eduxit classem ex portu minore et ita invecta est in +maiorem. </s> + <s id="N10856">expositis autem militibus classem Rhodiorum +inanem abduxit in altum. </s> + <s id="N10859">ita Rhodii non habentes, quo +se reciperent, in medio conclusi in ipso foro sunt trucidati. +</s> + </p> + </subchap2> + <subchap2 id="N1085C"> + <p id="N1085D" type="main"> + <s id="N1085F"> +Ita Artemisia in navibus Rhodiorum suis militibus et remigibus inpositis Rhodum est profecta. </s> + <s id="N10862">Rhodii autem, +cum prospexissent suas naves laureatas venire, opinantes +cives victores reverti hostes receperunt. </s> + <s id="N10865">tum Artemisia +Rhodo capta principibus occisis tropaeum in urbe Rhodo +suae victoriae constituit aeneasque duas statuas fecit, unam +Rhodiorum civitatis, alteram suae imaginis, et ira figuravit Rhodiorum civitati stigmata inponentem. </s> + <s id="N10868">id autem +postea <tollere> Rhodii religione inpediti, quod nefas est +tropaea dedicata removeri, circa eum locum aedificium +struxerunt et id electa Graia statione texerunt, ne qui +posset aspicere, et id <foreign lang="grc">ἄβατον</foreign> vocitari iusserunt. +</s> + </p> + </subchap2> + <subchap2 id="N1086F"> + <p id="N10870" type="main"> + <s id="N10872"> +Cum ergo tam magna potentia reges non contempserint +latericiorum parietum structuras, quibus ex vectigalibus +et praeda saepius licitum fuerat non modo caementicio +aut quadrato saxo sed etiam marmoreo habere, non puto +oportere inprobare quae sunt e latericia structura facta +aedificia, dummodo recte sint tecta. </s> + <s id="N10875">sed id genus quid +ita populo Romano in urbe fieri non oporteat, exponam, +quaeque sunt eius rei causae et rationes, non praetermittam. +</s> + </p> + </subchap2> + <subchap2 id="N10878"> + <p id="N10879" type="main"> + <s id="N1087D"> +Leges publicae non patiuntur maiores crassitudines quam sesquipedales constitui loco communi; ceteri +autem parietes, ne spatia angustiora fierent, eadem crassitudine conlocantur. </s> + <s id="N10880">latericii vero, nisi diplinthii aut triplinthii fuerint, sesquipedali crassitudi + <pb xlink:href="048/01/067.jpg" ed="1567" pagenum="68"></pb> + ne non possunt plus +quam unam sustinere contignationem. </s> + <s id="N10883">in ea autem maiestate urbis et civium infinita frequentia innumerabiles habitationes opus est explicare. </s> + <s id="N10886">ergo cum recipere non possint areae planatae tantam multitudinem ad habitandum +in urbe, ad auxilium altitudinis aedificiorum res ipsa coegit +devenire. </s> + <s id="N10889">itaque pilis lapideis, structuris testaceis, parietibus caementiciis altitudines extructae contignationibus +crebris coaxatae cenaculorum ad summas utilitates perficiunt despectationes. </s> + <s id="N1088C">ergo moenibus e contignationibus +areis alto spatio multiplicatis populus Romanus egregias +habet sine inpeditione habitationes. +</s> + </p> + </subchap2> + <subchap2 id="N1088F"> + <p id="N10890" type="main"> + <s id="N10892"> +Quoniam ergo explicata ratio est, quid ita in urbe propter necessitatem angustiarum non patiuntur esse latericios parietes, cum extra urbem opus erit his uti. <ut sint> +sine vitiis ad vetustatem, sic erit faciendum. </s> + <s id="N10895">summis parietibus structura testacea sub tegula subiciatur altitudine +circiter sesquipedali habeatque proiecturas coronarum. </s> + <s id="N10898">ita +vitari poterunt quae solent in his fieri vitia; cum enim in +tecto tegulae fuerint fractae aut a ventis deiectae, qua +possint ex imbribus aquae perpluere, non patietur lorica +testacea laedi laterem, sed proiectura coronarum reiciet +extra perpendiculum stillas et ea ratione servaverit integras parietum latericiorum structuras. +</s> + </p> + </subchap2> + <subchap2 id="N1089B"> + <p id="N1089C" type="main"> + <s id="N1089E"> +De ipsa autem testa, si sit optima seu vitiosa ad structuram, statim nemo potest iudicare, quod in tempestatibus et aestate in tecto +cum est conlocata, tunc, si est firma, probatur; namque +quae non fuerit ex creta bona aut parum erit cocta, ibi +se ostendet esse vitiosam gelicidiis et pruina tacta. </s> + <s id="N108A1">ergo +quae non in tectis poterit pati laborem, ea non potest in +structura oneri ferendo esse firma. </s> + <s id="N108A4">quare maxime ex veteribus tegulis tecta <et ex vetere testa> structi parietes +firmitatem poterunt habere. +</s> + </p> + </subchap2> + <subchap2 id="N108A7"> + <p id="N108A8" type="main"> + <s id="N108AA"> +Craticii vero velim quidem ne inventi essent; quantum enim celeritate et loci laxamento prosunt, tanto maiori et +communi sunt calamitati, quod ad incendia uti faces sunt +parati. </s> + <s id="N108AD">itaque + <pb xlink:href="048/01/068.jpg" ed="1567" pagenum="69"></pb> + satius esse videtur inpensa testaceorum in +sumptu, quam compendio craticiorum esse in periculo. </s> + <s id="N108B0">etiamque in tectoriis operibus rimas hi faciunt arrectariorum et transversariorum dispositione. </s> + <s id="N108B3">cum enim linuntur, recipientes umorem turgescunt, deinde siccescendo +contrahuntur et ita extenuati disrumpunt tectoriorum soliditatem. </s> + <s id="N108B6">sed quoniam nonnullos celeritas aut inopia aut +in pendenti loco dissaeptio cogit, sic erit faciundum. </s> + <s id="N108B9">solum substruatur [aliae], ut sit intactum ab rudere et pavimento; obruta enim in his cum sunt, vetustate marcida +fiunt; deinde subsidentia proclinantur et disrumpunt speciem tectoriorum. + </s> + </p> + <p id="N108BC" type="main"> + <s id="N108BE"> +De parietibus et apparitione generatim materiae eorum, +quibus sint virtutibus et vitiis, quemadmodum potui, exposui; de contignationibus autem et copiis earum, quibus +comparentur, ut ad vetustatem non sint infirmae, uti natura rerum monstrat, explicabo. +</s> + </p> + </subchap2> + </subchap1> + <subchap1 id="N108C1"> + <subchap2 id="N108C2"> + <p id="N108C3" type="main"> + <s id="N108C7"> +Materies caedenda est a primo autumno ad id tempus, +quod erit antequam flare incipiat favonius. </s> + <pb xlink:href="048/01/069.jpg" ed="1567" pagenum="70"></pb> + <pb xlink:href="048/01/070.jpg" ed="1567" pagenum="71"></pb> + <pb xlink:href="048/01/071.jpg" ed="1567" pagenum="72"></pb> + <s id="N108CA">vere enim +omnes arbores fiunt praegnantes et omnes suae proprietatis virtutem efferunt in frondem anniversariosque fructus. </s> + <s id="N108CD">cum ergo inanes et tumidae temporum necessitate +eorum fuerint, vanae fiunt et raritatibus inbecillae; uti +etiam corpora muliebria, cum conceperint fetus, a partu +non iudicantur integra, neque in venalibus ea, cum sunt +praegnantia, praestantur sana, ideo quod in corpore praeseminatio crescens ex omnibus cibi potestatibus detrahit +alimentum in se, et quo firmior efficitur ad maturitatem +partus, eo minus patitur esse solidum id ipsum, ex quo +procreatur. </s> + <s id="N108D0">itaque edito fetu, quod prius in aliud genus +incrementi detrahebatur, cum disparatione procreationis est +liberatum, inanibus et patentibus venis in se recipiens lambendo sucum etiam solidescit et redit in pristinam naturae firmitatem. +</s> + </p> + </subchap2> + <subchap2 id="N108D3"> + <p id="N108D4" type="main"> + <pb xlink:href="048/01/072.jpg" ed="1567" pagenum="73"></pb> + <s id="N108D6"> +Eadem ratione autumnali tempore maturitate fructuum flaccescente fronde, ex terra recipientes caudices arborum in se sucum recuperantur et restituuntur in antiquam soliditatem. </s> + <s id="N108D9">at vero aeris hiberni vis comprimit +et consolidat eas per id, ut supra scriptum est, tempus. </s> + <s id="N108DC">ergo si ea ratione et eo tempore, quod est supra scriptum, caeditur materies, erit tempestiva. +</s> + </p> + </subchap2> + <subchap2 id="N108DF"> + <p id="N108E0" type="main"> + <s id="N108E2"> +Caedi autem ita oportet, uti incidatur arboris crassitudo ad mediam medullam, +et relinquatur, uti per eam exsiccescat stillando sucus. </s> + <s id="N108E5">ita +qui inest in his inutilis liquor effluens per torulum non patietur emori in eo saniem nec corrumpi materiae aequalitatem. </s> + <s id="N108E8">tum autem, cum sicca et sine stillis erit arbor, deiciatur et ita erit optima in usu. +</s> + </p> + </subchap2> + <subchap2 id="N108EB"> + <p id="N108EC" type="main"> + <s id="N108EE"> +Hoc autem ita esse licet animum advertere etiam de arbustis. </s> + <s id="N108F1">ea enim cum +suo quoque tempore ad imum perforata castrantur, profundunt e medullis quem habent in se superantem et vitiosum per foramina liquorem, et ita siccescendo recipiunt +in se diuturnitatem. </s> + <s id="N108F4">qui autem non habent ex arboribus +exitus umores, intra concrescentes putrescunt et efficiunt +inanes eas <et> vitiosas. </s> + <s id="N108F7">ergo si stantes et vivae siccescendo non senescunt, sine dubio, cum eae ad materiam deiciuntur, cum ea ratione curatae fuerint, habere poterunt +magnas in aedificiis ad vetustatem utilitates. +</s> + </p> + </subchap2> + <subchap2 id="N108FA"> + <p id="N108FB" type="main"> + <s id="N108FD"> +Hae autem inter se discrepantes et dissimiles habent virtutes, uti robur, ulmus, populus, cupressus, abies ceteraque, +quae maxime in aedificiis sunt idonea. </s> + <s id="N10900">namque non potest +id robur, quod abies, nec cupressus, quod ulmus, nec cetera easdem habent inter se natura rerum similitates, sed +singula genera principiorum proprietatibus comparata alios alii generis praestant in operibus effectus. +</s> + </p> + </subchap2> + <subchap2 id="N10903"> + <p id="N10904" type="main"> + <s id="N10908"> +Et primum abies aeris habens plurimum et ignis minimumque umoris et +terreni, levioribus rerum natura e potestatibus comparata +non est ponderosa. </s> + <s id="N1090B">itaque rigore naturali contenta non +cito flectitur ab onere, sed directa permanet in contignatione. </s> + <s id="N1090E">sed ea, quod habet in se plus caloris, procreat +et alit cariem ab eaque vitiatur, etiamque ideo celeriter +accenditur, quod quae inest in eo corpore aeris raritas, +ut est patens, accipit ignem et ita vehementem ex se mittit flammam. +</s> + </p> + </subchap2> + <subchap2 id="N10911"> + <p id="N10912" type="main"> + <pb xlink:href="048/01/073.jpg" ed="1567" pagenum="74"></pb> + <s id="N10914"> +Ex ea autem, aut nequam est excisa, quae pars est proxima terrae, per radices recipiens ex proximitate umorem enodis et liquida efficitur; quae vero est superior, vehementia caloris eductis in aera per nodos +ramis, praecisa alte circiter pedes <emph type="smallcaps"></emph>XX<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end> et perdolata propter +nodationis duritiem dicitur esse fusterna. </s> + <s id="N1091D">ima autem, cum +excisa quadrifluviis disparatur, eiecto torulo ex eadem arbore ad intestina opera comparatur et <ab> infima fusterna sappinea vocatur. +</s> + </p> + </subchap2> + <subchap2 id="N10920"> + <p id="N10921" type="main"> + <s id="N10923"> +Contra vero quercus terrenis principiorum satietatibus abundans parumque habens umoris +et aeris et ignis, cum in terrenis operibus obruitur, infinitam habet aeternitatem. </s> + <s id="N10926">ex eo cum tangitur umore, non +habens foraminum raritates propter spissitatem non potest +in corpus recipere liquorem, sed fugiens ab umore resistit +et torquetur et efficit, in quibus est operibus, ea rimosa. +</s> + </p> + </subchap2> + <subchap2 id="N10929"> + <p id="N1092A" type="main"> + <s id="N1092C"> +Aesculus vero, quod est omnibus principiis temperata, habet in aedificiis magnas utilitates; sed ea, cum in umore +conlocatur, recipiens penitus per foramina liquorem eiecto +aere et igni operatione umidae potestatis vitiatur. </s> + <pb xlink:href="048/01/074.jpg" ed="1567" pagenum="75"></pb> + <s id="N1092F">cerrus, +[quercus] fagus, quod pariter habent mixtionem umoris et +ignis et terreni, aeris plurimum, per huius raritates umores +penitus recipiendo celeriter marcescunt. </s> + <s id="N10932">populus alba et +nigra, item salix, tilia, cum non sint dura terreni mixtione, +propter raritatem sunt candida et in sculpturis commodam +praestant tractabilitatem. </s> + <s id="N10935">vitex ignis et aeris habendo satietatem, umoris temperate, parum autem terreni habens +leviore temperatura comparata egregiam habere videtur in usu rigiditatem. +</s> + </p> + </subchap2> + <subchap2 id="N10938"> + <p id="N10939" type="main"> + <s id="N1093B"> +Alnus autem, quae proxima fluminum ripis procreatur et minime materies utilis videtur, habet +in se egregias rationes. </s> + <s id="N1093E">etenim <est> aere et igni plurimo +temperata, non multum terreno, umore paulo. </s> + <s id="N10941">itaque in +palustribus locis infra fundamenta aedificiorum palationibus crebre fixa, recipiens in se quod minus habet in corpore liquoris, permanet inmortalis ad aeternitatem et sustinet inmania pondera structurae et sine vitiis conservat. </s> + <s id="N10944">ita quae non potest extra terram paulum tempus durare, ea in umore obruta permanet ad diuturnitatem. +</s> + </p> + </subchap2> + <subchap2 id="N10947"> + <p id="N10948" type="main"> + <s id="N1094C"> +Est autem maxime id considerare Ravennae, quod ibi omnia opera +et publica et privata sub fundamentis eius generis habeant +palos. </s> + <s id="N1094F">ulmus vero et fraxinus maximos habent umores minimumque aeris et ignis, terreni temperate. <ea e> mixtione comparatae, sunt in operibus, cum fabricantur, lentae et ab pondere umoris non habent rigorem et celeriter +pandant; simul autem vetustate sunt aridae factae aut in +agro perfecto qui est eis liquor stantes emoriuntur, fiunt +duriores et in commissuris et coagmentationibus ab lentitudine firmas recipiunt catenationes. +</s> + </p> + </subchap2> + <subchap2 id="N10952"> + <p id="N10953" type="main"> + <s id="N10955"> +Item carpinus, quod est minima ignis et terreni mixtione, aeris autem et umoris summa continetur temperatura, non est fragilis, sed +habet utilissimam tractabilitatem. </s> + <s id="N10958">itaque Graeci, quod ex +ea materia iuga iumentis comparant, quod apud eos iuga +<foreign lang="grc">ζυγά</foreign> vocitantur, item <foreign lang="grc">ζυγίην</foreign> eam appellant. </s> + <pb xlink:href="048/01/075.jpg" ed="1567" pagenum="76"></pb> + <s id="N10963">non minus +est admirandum de cupresso et pinu, quod eae habentes +umoris abundantiam aequamque ceterorum mixtionem, +propter umoris satietatem in operibus solent esse pandae, +sed in vetustatem sine vitiis conservantur, quod is liquor, +qui inest penitus in corporibus earum, habet amarum saporem, qui propter acritudinem non patitur penetrare cariem neque eas bestiolas, quae sunt nocentes. </s> + <s id="N10966">ideoque quae +ex his generibus opera constituuntur, permanent ad aeternam diuturnitatem. +</s> + </p> + </subchap2> + <subchap2 id="N10969"> + <p id="N1096A" type="main"> + <s id="N1096C"> +Item cedrus et iuniperus easdem habent virtutes et utilitates; sed quemadmodum ex cupressu +<et> pinu resina, ex cedro oleum, quod cedrium dicitur, +nascitur, quo reliquae res cum sunt unctae, uti etiam libri, +a tineis et carie non laeduntur. </s> + <s id="N1096F">arboris autem eius sunt +similes cupresseae foliaturae; materies vena directa. </s> + <s id="N10972">Ephesi +in aede simulacrum Dianae ex ea, lacunaria et ibi et in +ceteris nobilibus fanis propter aeternitatem sunt facta. </s> + <s id="N10975">nascuntur autem eae arbores maxime Cretae et Africae et nonnullis Syriae regionibus. +</s> + </p> + </subchap2> + <subchap2 id="N10978"> + <p id="N10979" type="main"> + <s id="N1097B"> +Larix vero, qui non est notus nisi îs municipalibus, qui sunt circa ripam fluminis +Padi et litora maris Hadriani, non solum ab suci vehementi amaritate ab carie aut tinea non nocetur, sed etiam +flammam ex igni non recipit, nec ipse per se potest ardere, nisi uti saxum in fornace ad calcem coquendam aliis +lignis uratur; nec tamen tunc flammam recipit nec carbonem remittit, sed longo spatio tarde comburitur. <namque ea materies,> quod est minima ignis et aeris e principiis temperatura, umore autem et terreno est spisse +solidata, non habet spatia foraminum, qua possit ignis +penetrare, rei + <pb xlink:href="048/01/076.jpg" ed="1567" pagenum="77"></pb> + citque eius vim nec patitur ab eo sibi cito +noceri, propterque pondus ab aqua non sustinetur, sed +cum portatur, aut in navibus aut supra abiegnas rates +conlocatur. +</s> + </p> + </subchap2> + <subchap2 id="N1097E"> + <p id="N1097F" type="main"> + <s id="N10981"> +Ea autem materies quemadmodum sit inventa, est causa +cognoscere. </s> + <s id="N10984">divus Caesar cum exercitum habuisset circa +Alpes imperavissetque municipiis praestare commeatus, +ibique esset castellum munitum, quod vocaretur Larignum, tunc, qui in eo fuerunt, naturali munitione confisi +noluerunt imperio parere. </s> + <s id="N10987">itaque imperator copias iussit +admoveri. </s> + <s id="N1098A">erat autem ante eius castelli portam turris ex +hac materia alternis trabibus transversis uti pyra inter se +composita alte, uti possent de summo sudibus et lapidibus +accedentes repellere. </s> + <s id="N1098D">tunc vero cum animadversum est alia +eos tela praeter sudes non habere neque posse longius a +muro propter pondus iaculari, imperatum est fasciculos ex +virgis alligatos et faces ardentes ad eam munitionem accedentes mittere. +</s> + </p> + </subchap2> + <subchap2 id="N10990"> + <p id="N10991" type="main"> + <s id="N10995"> +Itaque celeriter milites congesserunt. </s> + <s id="N10998">posteaquam flamma circa illam materiam virgas comprehendisset, ad caelum sublata effecit opinionem, uti videretur iam tota moles concidisse. </s> + <s id="N1099B">cum autem ea per se extincta +esset et re quieta turris intacta apparuisset, admirans Caesar iussit extra telorum missionem eos circumvallari. </s> + <s id="N1099E">itaque timore coacti oppidani cum se dedidissent, quaesitum, +unde essent ea ligna, quae ab igni non laederentur. </s> + <s id="N109A1">tunc +ei demonstraverunt eas arbores, quarum in his locis +maximae sunt copiae. </s> + <s id="N109A4">et ideo id castellum Larignum, +item materies larigna est appellata. </s> + <s id="N109A7">haec autem per Padum Ravennam deportatur, in colonia Fanestri, Pisauri, +Anconae reliquisque, quae sunt in ea regione, municipiis +praebetur. </s> + <s id="N109AA">cuius materies si esset facultas adportationibus +ad urbem, maximae haberentur in aedificiis utilitates, et +si non in omne, certe tabulae in subgrundiis circum insulas +si essent ex ea conlocatae, ab traiectionis incendiorum aedificia periculo liberarentur, quod eae neque flammam nec carbonem possunt recipere nec facere per se. +</s> + </p> + </subchap2> + <subchap2 id="N109AD"> + <p id="N109AE" type="main"> + <s id="N109B0"> +Sunt autem eae arbores foliis similibus pini; materies earum prolixa, +tractabilis ad intestinum opus non minus quam sappinea, +habetque resinam liquidam mellis Attici colore, quae etiam +medetur pthisicis. + </s> + </p> + <p id="N109B3" type="main"> + <s id="N109B5"> +De singulis generibus, quibus proprietatibus e natura +rerum videantur esse comparatae quibusque procreantur +rationibus, exposui. </s> + <s id="N109B8">insequitur animadversio, quid ita quae +in urbe supernas dicitur abies, deterior est, quae infernas, +egregios in aedificiis ad diuturnitatem praestat usus, et de +his rebus, quemadmodum videantur e locorum proprietatibus habere vitia aut virtutes, uti ea sint considerantibus apertiora, exponere. +</s> + </p> + </subchap2> + </subchap1> + <subchap1 id="N109BB"> + <subchap2 id="N109BC"> + <p id="N109BD" type="main"> + <pb xlink:href="048/01/077.jpg" ed="1567" pagenum="78"></pb> + <s id="N109BF"> +Montis Appennini primae radices ab Tyrrenico mari inter Alpis et extremas Etruriae regiones +oriuntur. </s> + <s id="N109C2">eius vero montis iugum se circumagens et media +curvatura prope tangens oras maris Hadriani pertingit circumitionibus contra fretum. </s> + <s id="N109C5">itaque citerior eius curvatura, +quae vergit ad Etruriae Campaniaeque regiones, apricis +est potestatibus; namque impetus habet perpetuos ad solis +cursum. </s> + <s id="N109C8">ulterior autem, quae est proclinata ad superum mare, +septentrionali regioni subiecta continetur umbrosis et opacis +perpetuitatibus. </s> + <s id="N109CB">itaque quae in ea parte nascuntur arbores, +umida potestate nutritae non solum ipsae augentur amplissimis magnitudinibus, sed earum quoque venae umoris +copia repletae turgentes liquoris abundantia saturantur. </s> + <s id="N109CE">cum autem excisae et dolatae vitalem potestatem amiserunt, +venarum rigore permanente siccescendo propter raritatem +fiunt inanes et evanidae, ideoque in aedificiis non possunt habere diuturnitatem. +</s> + </p> + </subchap2> + <subchap2 id="N109D1"> + <p id="N109D2" type="main"> + <s id="N109D4"> +Quae autem ad solis cursum spectantibus locis procreantur, non habentes interveniorum raritates +siccitatibus exsuctae solidantur, quia sol non modo ex terra +lambendo sed etiam ex arboribus educit umores. </s> + <s id="N109D7">itaque, +quae sunt in apricis regionibus, spissis venarum crebritatibus solidatae raritatemque non habentes ex umore, cum in +materiem perdolantur, reddunt magnas utilitates ad vetustatem. </s> + <s id="N109DA">ideo infernates, quod ex apricis locis adportantur, +meliores sunt, quam quae ab opacis de supernatibus advehuntur. + +</s> + </p> + </subchap2> + <subchap2 id="N109DD"> + <p id="N109DE" type="main"> + <s id="N109E2"> +Quantum animo considerare potui, de copiis, quae sunt +necessariae in aedificiorum comparationibus, et quibus temperaturis e rerum natura principiorum habere videantur +mixtionem quaeque insunt in singulis generibus virtutes +et vitia, uti non sint ignota aedificantibus, exposui. </s> + <s id="N109E5">ita, +qui potuerint eorum praeceptorum sequi praescriptiones, +erunt prudentiores singulorumque generum usum eligere +poterunt in operibus. </s> + <s id="N109E8">ergo quoniam de apparitionibus est +explicatum, in ceteris voluminibus de ipsis aedificiis exponetur; et primum de deorum inmortalium aedibus sacris +et de earum symmetriis et proportionibus, uti ordo postulat, +insequenti perscribam. +</s> + </p> + </subchap2> + </subchap1> + </chap> + <chap id="N109EB"> + + <p id="N109ED" type="head"> + <pb xlink:href="048/01/078.jpg" ed="1567" pagenum="79"></pb> + <s id="N109EF">LIBER TERTIUS</s> + </p> + <subchap1 id="N109F2"> + <subchap2 id="N109F3"> + <p id="N109F4" type="main"> + <s id="N109F6"> +Delphicus Apollo Socratem omnium sapientissimum +Pythiae responsis est professus. </s> + <s id="N109F9">is autem memoratur prudenter doctissimeque dixisse, oportuisse hominum pectora +fenestrata et aperta esse, uti non occultos haberent sensus +sed patentes ad considerandum. </s> + <s id="N109FC">utinam vero rerum natura +sententiam eius secuta explicata et apparentia ea constituisset! si enim ita fuisset, non solum laudes aut vitia animorum ad manum aspicerentur, sed etiam disciplinarum +scientiae sub oculorum consideratione subiectae non incertis iudiciis probarentur, sed et doctis et scientibus +auctoritas egregia et stabilis adderetur ipsique artifices +pellicerent sua prudentia, <qui, etiam>si non pecunia sint +copiosi seu vetustate officinarum habuerint notitiam aut +etiam gratia forensi et eloquentia, cum fuerint parati, pro +industria studiorum auctoritates possent habere, ut eis, +quod profitentur scire, id crederetur. </s> + <s id="N109FF">igitur quoniam haec +non ita, sed uti natura rerum voluit, sunt constituta, non +efficitur, ut possint homines obscuratis sub pectoribus ingeniis scientias artificiorum penitus latentes, quemadmodum sint, iudicare. +</s> + </p> + </subchap2> + <subchap2 id="N10A02"> + <p id="N10A03" type="main"> + <s id="N10A05"> +Maxime autem id animadvertere possumus ab antiquis statuariis et pictoribus, quod ex his, qui +dignitatis notas et commendationis gratiam habuerunt, +aeterna memoria ad posteritatem sunt permanentes, uti +Myron, Polycletus, Phidias, Lysippus ceterique, qui nobilitatem ex arte sunt consecuti. </s> + <s id="N10A08">namque ut civitatibus magnis +aut regibus aut civibus nobilibus opera fecerunt, ita id sunt +adepti. </s> + <s id="N10A0B">at qui non minore studio et ingenio sollertiaque +fuerunt nobilibus et humili fortuna civibus non minus +egregie perfecta fecerunt opera, nullam memoriam sunt +adsecuti, quod hi non ab industria neque artis sollertia +sed a felicitate fuerunt deserti, ut Hegias Atheniensis, +Chion Corinthius, Myagrus Phocaeus, Pharax Ephesius, +Boedas Byzantius etiamque alii plures. </s> + <s id="N10A0E">non minus item +pictores, uti Aristomenes Thasius, Polycles et Androcydes +<Cyzice>ni, Theo Magnes ceterique, quos neque industria +neque artis studium neque sollertia defe + <pb xlink:href="048/01/079.jpg" ed="1567" pagenum="80"></pb> + cit, sed aut rei +familiaris exiguitas aut inbecillitas fortunae seu in ambitione certationis contrariorum superatio obstitit eorum dignitati. +</s> + </p> + </subchap2> + <subchap2 id="N10A11"> + <p id="N10A12" type="main"> + <s id="N10A14"> +Nec tamen est admirandum, si propter ignotitiam +artis virtutes obscurantur, sed maxime indignandum, cum +etiam saepe eblandiatur gratia conviviorum a veris iudiciis +falsam probationem. </s> + <s id="N10A17">ergo, uti Socrati placuit, si ita sensus +et sententiae scientiaeque disciplinis auctae perspicuae et +perlucidae fuissent, non gratia neque ambitio valeret, sed +si qui veris certisque laboribus doctrinarum pervenissent +ad scientiam summam, eis ultro opera traderentur. </s> + <s id="N10A1A">quoniam +autem ea non sunt inlustria neque apparentia in aspectu, +ut putamus oportuisse, et animadverto potius indoctos quam +doctos gratia superare, non esse certandum iudicans cum +indoctis ambitione, potius his praeceptis editis ostendam +nostrae scientiae virtutem. +</s> + </p> + </subchap2> + <subchap2 id="N10A1D"> + <p id="N10A1E" type="main"> + <s id="N10A22"> +Itaque, imperator, in primo volumine tibi de arte et quas +habeat ea virtutes quibusque disciplinis oporteat esse auctum architectum, exposui et subieci causas, quid ita earum +oporteat eum esse peritum, rationesque summae architecturae partitione distribui finitionibusque terminavi. </s> + <s id="N10A25">deinde, +quod erat primum et necessarium, de moenibus, quemadmodum eligantur loci salubres, ratiocinationibus explicui, +ventique qui sint et e quibus <regionibus> singuli spirant, +deformationibus grammicis ostendi, platearumque et vicorum uti emendate fiant distributiones in moenibus, docui +et ita finitionem primo volumine constitui. </s> + <s id="N10A28">item in secundo +de materia, quas habeat in operibus utilitates et quibus +virtutibus e natura rerum est comparata, peregi. </s> + <s id="N10A2B">nunc in +tertio de deorum inmortalium aedibus sacris dicam et, uti +oportet, perscriptas exponam. +</s> + </p> + </subchap2> + </subchap1> + <subchap1 id="N10A2E"> + <subchap2 id="N10A2F"> + <p id="N10A30" type="main"> + <s id="N10A32"> +Aedium compositio constat ex symmetria, cuius rationem diligentissime architecti tenere debent. </s> + <pb xlink:href="048/01/080.jpg" ed="1567" pagenum="81"></pb> + <pb xlink:href="048/01/081.jpg" ed="1567" pagenum="82"></pb> + <pb xlink:href="048/01/082.jpg" ed="1567" pagenum="83"></pb> + <pb xlink:href="048/01/083.jpg" ed="1567" pagenum="84"></pb> + <pb xlink:href="048/01/084.jpg" ed="1567" pagenum="85"></pb> + <pb xlink:href="048/01/085.jpg" ed="1567" pagenum="86"></pb> + <pb xlink:href="048/01/086.jpg" ed="1567" pagenum="87"></pb> + <s id="N10A35">ea autem paritur a proportione, quae graece <foreign lang="grc">ἀναλογία</foreign> dicitur. </s> + <s id="N10A3C">proportio +est ratae partis membrorum in omni opere totiusque commodulatio, ex qua ratio efficitur symmetriarum. </s> + <pb xlink:href="048/01/087.jpg" ed="1567" pagenum="88"></pb> + <s id="N10A3F">namque +non potest aedis ulla sine symmetria atque proportione rationem habere compositionis, nisi uti hominis bene figurati membrorum habuerit exactam rationem. +</s> + </p> + </subchap2> + <subchap2 id="N10A42"> + <p id="N10A43" type="main"> + <s id="N10A45"> +Corpus enim hominis ita natura composuit, uti os capitis a mento ad frontem +summam et radices imas capilli esset decimae partis, item +manus pansa ab articulo ad extremum medium digitum +tantundem, caput a mento ad summum verticem octavae, +cum cervicibus imis ab summo pectore ad imas radices +capillorum sextae, <a medio pectore> ad summum verticem +quartae. </s> + <s id="N10A48">ipsius autem oris altitudinis tertia est pars ab imo +mento ad imas nares, nasum ab imis naribus ad finem mediûm superciliorum tantundem, ab ea fine ad imas radices +capilli frons efficitur item tertiae partis. </s> + <s id="N10A4B">pes vero altitudinis corporis sextae, cubitum quartae, pectus item quartae. </s> + <s id="N10A4E">reliqua quoque membra suas habent commensus proportiones, quibus etiam antiqui pi + <pb xlink:href="048/01/088.jpg" ed="1567" pagenum="89"></pb> + ctores et statuarii nobiles usi magnas et infinitas laudes sunt adsecuti. +</s> + </p> + </subchap2> + <subchap2 id="N10A51"> + <p id="N10A52" type="main"> + <pb xlink:href="048/01/089.jpg" ed="1567" pagenum="90"></pb> + <s id="N10A54"> +Similiter vero sacrarum aedium membra ad universam totius magnitudinis +summam ex partibus singulis convenientissimum debent +habere commensus responsum. </s> + <s id="N10A57">item corporis centrum medium naturaliter est umbilicus. </s> + <s id="N10A5A">namque si homo conlocatus +fuerit supinus manibus et pedibus pansis circinique conlocatum centrum in umbilico eius, circumagendo rotundationem utrarumque manuum et pedum digiti linea tangentur. </s> + <s id="N10A5D">non minus quemadmodum schema rotundationis in +corpore efficitur, item quadrata designatio in eo invenietur. </s> + <s id="N10A60">nam si a pedibus imis ad summum caput mensum erit eaque +mensura relata fuerit ad manus pansas, invenietur eadem +latitudo uti altitudo, quemadmodum areae, quae ad normam sunt quadratae. +</s> + </p> + </subchap2> + <subchap2 id="N10A63"> + <p id="N10A64" type="main"> + <s id="N10A66"> +Ergo si ita natura composuit corpus hominis, uti proportionibus membra ad summam figurationem eius +respondeant, cum causa constituisse videntur antiqui, ut +etiam in operum perfectionibus singulorum membrorum +ad universam figurae speciem habeant commensus exactionem. </s> + <s id="N10A69">igitur cum in omnibus operibus ordines traderent, +maxime in aedibus deorum, <quod eorum> operum et laudes +et culpae aeternae solent permanere. +</s> + </p> + </subchap2> + <subchap2 id="N10A6C"> + <p id="N10A6D" type="main"> + <s id="N10A71"> +Nec minus mensurarum rationes, quae in omnibus operibus videntur necessariae esse, ex corporis membris collegerunt, uti digitum, palmum, pedem, cubitum, et eas distribuerunt in perfectum numerum, quem Graeci <foreign lang="grc">τέλειον</foreign> dicunt. </s> + <s id="N10A78">perfectum autem antiqui instituerunt numerum qui decem +dicitur; namque ex manibus digitorum numero [ab palmo +pes] est inventus. </s> + <s id="N10A7B">si autem in utrisque palmis ex articulis ab natura decem sunt perfecti, etiam Platoni placuit +esse eum numerum ea re perfectum, quod ex <<emph type="smallcaps"></emph>X<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end>> singularibus rebus, quae <foreign lang="grc">μονάδες</foreign> apud Graecos dicuntur, perficitur +decusis. </s> + <s id="N10A88">simul autem undecim aut duodecim sunt facti, +quod superaverint, non possunt esse perfecti, donec ad +alterum decusis perveniant; singulares enim res particulae sunt eius numeri. +</s> + </p> + </subchap2> + <subchap2 id="N10A8B"> + <p id="N10A8C" type="main"> + <pb xlink:href="048/01/090.jpg" ed="1567" pagenum="91"></pb> + <s id="N10A8E"> +Mathematici vero contra disputantes ea +re perfectum dixerunt esse numerum qui sex dicitur, quod +is numerus habet partitiones eorum rationibus sex numero +convenientes sic: sextantem unum, trientes duo, semissem +tria, besem quem <foreign lang="grc">δίμοιρον</foreign> dicunt quattuor, quintarium +quem <foreign lang="grc">πεντάμοιρον</foreign> dicunt quinque, perfectum sex. </s> + <s id="N10A99">cum ad +duplicationem crescat, supra sex adiecto asse <foreign lang="grc">ἔφεκτον</foreign>; cum +facta sunt octo, quod est tertia adiecta, tertiarium alterum, +qui <foreign lang="grc">ἐπίτριτος</foreign> dicitur; dimidia adiecta cum facta sunt novem, +sesquialterum, qui <foreign lang="grc">ἡμιόλιος</foreign> appellatur; duabus partibus +additis et decusis facto bes alterum, quem <foreign lang="grc">ἐπιδίμοιρον</foreign> +vocitant; in undecim numero quod adiecti sunt quinque, +quintarium, quem <foreign lang="grc">ἐπίπεμπτον</foreign> dicunt; duodecim autem, quod ex duobus numeris simplicibus est effectus, <foreign lang="grc">διπλάσιονα</foreign>. +</s> + </p> + </subchap2> + <subchap2 id="N10AB4"> + <p id="N10AB5" type="main"> + <pb xlink:href="048/01/091.jpg" ed="1567" pagenum="92"></pb> + <s id="N10AB7"> +Non minus etiam, quod pes hominis altitudinis sextam habet +partem, (ita etiam, ex eo quod perficitur pedum numero +corporis <altitudo, veteribus columnis basis scapi elata> +sexies altitudines terminavit) eum perfectum constituerunt, +cubitumque animadverterunt ex sex palmis constare digitisque <emph type="smallcaps"></emph>XXIIII<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end>. ex eo etiam videntur civitates Graecorum +fecisse, quemadmodum cubitus est sex palmorum, in drachma, qua nummo uterentur, aereos signatos uti asses ex +aequo sex, quos obolos appellant, quadrantesque obolorum, +quae alii dichalca, nonnulli trichalca dicunt, pro digitis viginti quattuor in drachma constituisse. +</s> + </p> + </subchap2> + <subchap2 id="N10AC0"> + <p id="N10AC1" type="main"> + <s id="N10AC3"> +Nostri autem primo fecerunt <perfectum> antiquum numerum et in denario denos aeris constituerunt, et ea re compositio nominis ad hodiernum diem denarium retinet. </s> + <s id="N10AC6">etiamque +quarta pars quod efficiebatur ex duobus assibus et tertio +semisse, sestertium vocitaverunt. </s> + <s id="N10AC9">postea autem quam animadverterunt utrosque numeros esse perfectos, et sex et +decem, utrosque in unum coiecerunt et fecerunt perfectissimum decusis sexis. </s> + <s id="N10ACC">huius autem rei auctorem invenerunt +pedem. </s> + <s id="N10ACF">e cubito enim cum dempti sunt palmi duo, relinquitur pes quattuor palmorum, palmus autem habet quattuor digitos. </s> + <s id="N10AD2">ita efficitur, ut habeat pes sedecim digitos +et totidem asses aeracius denarius. +</s> + </p> + </subchap2> + <subchap2 id="N10AD5"> + <p id="N10AD6" type="main"> + <s id="N10AD8"> +Ergo si convenit ex articulis hominis numerum inventum esse et ex membris separatis ad universam corporis +speciem ratae partis commensus fieri responsum, relinquitur, ut suspiciamus eos, qui etiam aedes deorum inmortalium constituentes ita membra operum ordinaverunt, ut +proportionibus et symmetriis separatae atque universae +convenientes efficerentur eorum distributiones. +</s> + </p> + </subchap2> + </subchap1> + <subchap1 id="N10ADB"> + <subchap2 id="N10ADC"> + <p id="N10ADD" type="main"> + <s id="N10AE1"> +Aedium autem principia sunt, e quibus constat figurarum aspectus, ea: primum in antis, quod graece <foreign lang="grc">ναὸς ἐν παραστάσιν</foreign> dicitur, + <pb xlink:href="048/01/092.jpg" ed="1567" pagenum="93"></pb> + <pb xlink:href="048/01/093.jpg" ed="1567" pagenum="94"></pb> + deinde prostylos, amphiprostylos, +peripteros, pseudodipteros, <dipteros>, hypaethros. </s> + <pb xlink:href="048/01/094.jpg" ed="1567" pagenum="95"></pb><s id="N10AE8">horum exprimuntur formationes his rationibus. +</s> + </p> + </subchap2> + <subchap2 id="N10AEB"> + <p id="N10AEC" type="main"> + <s id="N10AEE"> +In antis erit aedes, cum habebit in fronte antas parietum, qui cellam circumcludunt, et inter antas in medio columnas duas supraque +fastigium symmetria ea conlocatum, quae in hoc libro fuerit +perscripta. </s> + <pb xlink:href="048/01/095.jpg" ed="1567" pagenum="96"></pb> + <s id="N10AF1">huius autem exemplar erit ad Tres Fortunas extribus quod est proxime portam Collinam. +</s> + </p> + </subchap2> + <subchap2 id="N10AF4"> + <p id="N10AF5" type="main"> + <s id="N10AF7"> +Prostylos omnia habet quemadmodum in antis, columnas autem contra antas +angulares duas supraque epistylia, quemadmodum et in antis, +et dextra ac sinistra in versuris singula. </s> + <s id="N10AFA">huius exemplar est in insula Tiberina in aede Iovis et Fauni. +</s> + </p> + </subchap2> + <subchap2 id="N10AFD"> + <p id="N10AFE" type="main"> + <s id="N10B00"> +amphiprostylos omnia habet ea, quae prostylos, praetereaque habet in postico ad eundem modum columnas et fastigium. +</s> + </p> + </subchap2> + <subchap2 id="N10B03"> + <p id="N10B04" type="main"> + <pb xlink:href="048/01/096.jpg" ed="1567" pagenum="97"></pb> + <s id="N10B06"> +Peripteros autem erit, quae habebit in fronte et postico senas columnas, in +lateribus cum angularibus undenas. </s> + <s id="N10B09">ita autem sint hae columnae conlocatae, ut intercolumnii latitudinis intervallum +sit a parietibus circum ad extremos ordines columnarum, +habeatque ambulationem circa cellam aedis, quemadmodum +est sine postico in porticu Metelli Iovis Statoris Hermodori et Mariana Honoris et Virtutis a Mucio facta. +</s> + </p> + </subchap2> + <subchap2 id="N10B0C"> + <p id="N10B0D" type="main"> + <s id="N10B11"> +Pseudodipteros autem sic conlocatur, ut in fronte et postico sint +columnae octonae, in lateribus cum angularibus quinae +denae. </s> + <s id="N10B14">sint autem parietes cellae contra quaternas columnas medianas in fronte et postico. </s> + <s id="N10B17">ita duorum intercolumniorum et imae crassitudinis columnae spatium erit ab parietibus circa ad extremos ordines columnarum. </s> + <s id="N10B1A">huius exemplar +Romae non est, sed Magnesiae Dianae Hermogenis Alabandei et Apollinis a Menesthe facta. +</s> + </p> + </subchap2> + <subchap2 id="N10B1D"> + <p id="N10B1E" type="main"> + <s id="N10B20"> +Dipteros autem octastylos et pronao et postico, sed circa aedem duplices habet ordines +columnarum, uti est aedis Quirini dorica et Ephesi Dianae ionica a Chersiphrone constituta. +</s> + </p> + </subchap2> + <subchap2 id="N10B23"> + <p id="N10B24" type="main"> + <s id="N10B26"> +Hypaethros vero decastylos est in pronao et postico. </s> + <s id="N10B29">reliqua omnia eadem habet +quae dipteros, sed interiore parte columnas in altitudine +duplices, remotas a parietibus ad circumitionem ut porticus +peristyliorum. </s> + <s id="N10B2C">medium autem sub divo est sine tecto. </s> + <s id="N10B2F">aditus +valvarum ex utraque parte in pronao et postico. </s> + <s id="N10B32">huius item +exemplar Romae non est, sed Athenis octastylos ex templo +Olympio. +</s> + </p> + </subchap2> + </subchap1> + <subchap1 id="N10B35"> + <subchap2 id="N10B36"> + <p id="N10B37" type="main"> + <pb xlink:href="048/01/097.jpg" ed="1567" pagenum="98"></pb> + <pb xlink:href="048/01/098.jpg" ed="1567" pagenum="99"></pb> + <s id="N10B39"> +Species autem aedium sunt quinque, quarum ea sunt +vocabula: pycnostylos, id est crebris columnis, systylos paulo +remissioribus, diastylos amplius quam oportet inter se diductis, araeostylos spatiis intercolumniorum patentibus rare, eustylos intervallorum iusta distributione. +</s> + </p> + </subchap2> + <subchap2 id="N10B3C"> + <p id="N10B3D" type="main"> + <pb xlink:href="048/01/099.jpg" ed="1567" pagenum="100"></pb> + <s id="N10B3F"> +Ergo pycnostylos est, cuius intercolumnio unius et dimidiatae columnae crassitudo interponi potest, quemadmodum est divi Iulii et in +Caesaris foro Veneris et si quae aliae sic sunt compositae. </s> + <s id="N10B42">item systylos est, in qua duarum columnarum crassitudo +in intercolumnio poterit conlocari, et spirarum plinthides +aeque magnae sint ei spatio, quod fuerit inter duas plinthides, quemadmodum est Fortunae Equestris ad theatrum +lapideum reliquaeque, quae eisdem rationibus sunt compositae. +</s> + </p> + </subchap2> + <subchap2 id="N10B45"> + <p id="N10B46" type="main"> + <pb xlink:href="048/01/100.jpg" ed="1567" pagenum="101"></pb> + <s id="N10B4A"> +Haec utraque genera vitiosum habent usum. </s> + <s id="N10B4D">matres +enim familiarum cum ad supplicationem gradibus ascendunt, +non possunt per intercolumnia amplexae adire, nisi ordines fecerint; item valvarum aspectus abstruditur columnarum crebritate ipsaque signa obscurantur; item circa aedem propter angustias inpediuntur ambulationes. +</s> + </p> + </subchap2> + <subchap2 id="N10B50"> + <p id="N10B51" type="main"> + <pb xlink:href="048/01/101.jpg" ed="1567" pagenum="102"></pb> + <pb xlink:href="048/01/102.jpg" ed="1567" pagenum="103"></pb> + <s id="N10B53"> +Diastyli autem haec erit compositio, cum trium columnarum crassitudinem intercolumnio interponere possumus, tamquam est Apollinis et +Dianae aedis. </s> + <s id="N10B56">haec dispositio hanc habet difficultatem, quod +epistylia propter intervallorum magnitudinem franguntur. +</s> + </p> + </subchap2> + <subchap2 id="N10B59"> + <p id="N10B5A" type="main"> + <s id="N10B5C"> +In araeostylis autem nec lapideis nec marmoreis epistyliis +uti datur, sed inponendae de materia trabes perpetuae. </s> + <s id="N10B5F">et +ipsarum aedium species sunt varicae, barycephalae, humiles, +latae, ornanturque signis fictilibus aut aereis inauratis earum +fastigia tuscanico more, uti est ad Circum Maximum Cereris +et Herculis Pompeiani, item Capitolii. +</s> + </p> + </subchap2> + <subchap2 id="N10B62"> + <p id="N10B63" type="main"> + <s id="N10B65"> +Reddenda nunc est eustyli ratio, quae maxime probabilis +et ad usum et ad speciem et ad firmitatem rationes habet +explicatas. </s> + <s id="N10B68">namque facienda sunt in intervallis spatia duarum +columnarum et quartae partis columnae crassitudinis, mediumque intercolumnium unum, quod erit in fronte, alterum, +quod in postico, trium columnarum crassitudine. </s> + <s id="N10B6B">sic enim +habebit et figurationis aspectum venustum et aditus usum +sine inpeditionibus et circa cellam ambulatio auctoritatem. +</s> + </p> + </subchap2> + <subchap2 id="N10B6E"> + <p id="N10B6F" type="main"> + <pb xlink:href="048/01/103.jpg" ed="1567" pagenum="104"></pb> + <s id="N10B71"> +Huius autem rei ratio explicabitur sic. </s> + <s id="N10B74">frons loci quae in +aede constituta fuerit, si tetrastylos facienda fuerit, dividatur in partes <emph type="smallcaps"></emph>XI S<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end> praeter crepidines et proiecturas spirarum; si sex erit columnarum, in partes <emph type="smallcaps"></emph>XVIII<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end>; si octastylos +constituetur, dividatur in <emph type="smallcaps"></emph>XXIV<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end> et semissem. </s> + <s id="N10B89">item ex his +partibus sive tetrastyli sive hexastyli sive octastyli una +pars sumatur, eaque erit modulus. </s> + <s id="N10B8C">cuius moduli unus erit +crassitudinis columnarum. </s> + <s id="N10B8F">intercolumnia singula, praeter +media, modulorum duorum et moduli quartae partis; mediana in fronte et postico singula ternûm modulorum. </s> + <s id="N10B92">ipsarum columnarum altitudo modulorum <emph type="smallcaps"></emph>VIIII<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end> et dimidiae moduli partis. </s> + <s id="N10B9B">ita ex ea divisione intercolumnia altitudinesque columnarum habebunt iustam rationem. +</s> + </p> + </subchap2> + <subchap2 id="N10B9E"> + <p id="N10B9F" type="main"> + <s id="N10BA3"> +Huius exemplar Romae nullum habemus, sed in Asia Teo hexastylon Liberi +Patris. + </s> + </p> + <p id="N10BA6" type="main"> + <s id="N10BA8"> +Eas autem symmetrias constituit Hermogenes, qui etiam +primus invenit octastylon pseudodipterive rationem. </s> + <s id="N10BAB">ex +dipteri enim aedis symmetria distulit interiores ordines +columnarum <emph type="smallcaps"></emph>XXXIV<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end> eaque ratione sumptus operasque compendii fecit. </s> + <s id="N10BB4">is in medio ambulationi laxamentum egregie +circa cellam + <pb xlink:href="048/01/104.jpg" ed="1567" pagenum="105"></pb> + fecit de aspectuque nihil inminuit, sed sine +desiderio supervacuorum conservavit auctoritatem totius operis distributione. +</s> + </p> + </subchap2> + <subchap2 id="N10BB7"> + <p id="N10BB8" type="main"> + <s id="N10BBA"> +Pteromatos enim ratio et columnarum circum aedem dispositio ideo est inventa, ut aspectus propter asperitatem intercolumniorum habeat auctoritatem, praeterea, si ex <improviso> imbrium aquae vis occupaverit +et intercluserit hominum multitudinem, ut habeat in aede +circaque cellam cum laxamento liberam moram. </s> + <s id="N10BBD">haec autem +ut explicantur in pseudodipteris aedium dispositionibus! +quare videtur acuta magnaque sollertia effectus operum +Hermogenes fecisse reliquisseque fontes, unde posteri +possent haurire disciplinarum rationes. +</s> + </p> + </subchap2> + <subchap2 id="N10BC0"> + <p id="N10BC1" type="main"> + <s id="N10BC3"> +Aedibus araeostylis columnae sic sunt faciendae, uti +crassitudines earum sint partis octavae ad altitudines. </s> + <s id="N10BC6">item +in diastylo dimetienda est altitudo columnae in partes octo +et dimidiam, et unius partis columnae crassitudo conlocetur. </s> + <s id="N10BC9">in systylo altitudo dividatur in novem et dimidiam partem, +et ex eis una ad crassitudinem columnae detur. </s> + <s id="N10BCC">item in pycnostylo dividenda est altitudo in <partes> decem, et eius una +pars facienda est columnae crassitudo. </s> + <s id="N10BCF">eustyli autem aedis +columnae, uti systyli, in novem partes altitudo dividatur et +dimidiam partem, et eius una pars constituatur in crassitudine imi scapi. </s> + <s id="N10BD2">ita habebitur pro rata parte intercolumniorum ratio. +</s> + </p> + </subchap2> + <subchap2 id="N10BD5"> + <p id="N10BD6" type="main"> + <s id="N10BD8"> +Quemadmodum enim crescunt spatia inter +columnas, proportionibus adaugendae sunt crassitudines +scaporum. </s> + <s id="N10BDB">namque si in araeostylo nona aut decima pars +crassitudinis fuerit, tenuis et exilis apparebit, ideo quod +per latitudinem intercolumniorum aer consumit et inminuit +aspectu scaporum crassitudinem. </s> + <s id="N10BDE">contra vero pycnostylis si +octava pars crassitudinis fuerit, propter crebritatem et angustias intercolumniorum tumidam et invenustam efficiet +speciem. </s> + <s id="N10BE1">itaque generis operis oportet persequi symmetrias. </s> + <s id="N10BE4">etiamque angulares columnae crassiores faciendae sunt ex +sua diametro quinquagesima parte, quod eae ab aere circumciduntur et graciliores videntur esse aspicientibus. </s> + <s id="N10BE7">ergo quod oculus fallit, ratiocinatione est exaequandum. +</s> + </p> + </subchap2> + <subchap2 id="N10BEA"> + <p id="N10BEB" type="main"> + <s id="N10BEF"> +Contracturae autem in summis columnarum hypotracheliis ita +faciendae videntur, uti, si columna sit ab minimo ad pedes +quinos denos, ima crassitudo dividatur in partes sex et +earum partium quinque summa constituatur. </s> + <s id="N10BF2">item quae erit +ab quindecim pedibus ad pedes viginti, scapus imus in partes +sex et semissem dividatur, earumque partium quinque et +semisse superior crassitudo columnae fiat. </s> + <s id="N10BF5">item quae erunt +a pedibus viginti ad pedes triginta, scapus imus dividatur +in partes septem, earumque sex summa contractura perficiatur. </s> + <s id="N10BF8">quae autem ab triginta pedibus ad quadraginta +alta erit, ima dividatur in partes septem et dimidiam; ex +his sex et dimidiam in summo habeat contracturae rationem. </s> + <s id="N10BFB">quae erunt ab quadraginta pedibus ad quinquaginta, item +dividendae sunt in octo partes, et earum septem in summo +scapo sub capitulo contrahantur. </s> + <s id="N10BFE">item si quae altiores erunt, eadem ratio + <pb xlink:href="048/01/105.jpg" ed="1567" pagenum="106"></pb> + ne pro rata constituantur contracturae. +</s> + </p> + </subchap2> + <subchap2 id="N10C01"> + <p id="N10C02" type="main"> + <s id="N10C04"> +Haec autem propter altitudinis intervallum scandentis oculi species adiciuntur crassitudinibus temperaturae. </s> + <s id="N10C07">venustates +enim persequitur visus, cuius si non blandimur voluptati +proportione et modulorum adiectionibus, uti quod fallitur +temperatione adaugeatur, vastus et invenustus conspicientibus remittetur aspectus. </s> + <s id="N10C0A">de adiectione, quae adicitur in +mediis columnis, quae apud Graecos <foreign lang="grc">ἔντασις</foreign> appellatur, +in extremo libro erit forma et ratio eius, quemadmodum +mollis et conveniens efficiatur, subscripta. +</s> + </p> + </subchap2> + </subchap1> + <subchap1 id="N10C11"> + <subchap2 id="N10C12"> + <p id="N10C13" type="main"> + <s id="N10C15"> +Fundationes eorum operum fodiantur, si queat inveniri, +ad solidum et in solido, quantum ex amplitudine operis pro +ratione videbitur, extruaturque structura totum solum quam +solidissima. </s> + <pb xlink:href="048/01/106.jpg" ed="1567" pagenum="107"></pb> + <s id="N10C18">supraque terram parietes extruantur sub columnas dimidio crassiores quam columnae sunt futurae, uti +firmiora sint inferiora superioribus; quae stereobates appellantur, nam excipiunt onera. </s> + <s id="N10C1B">spirarumque proiecturae non +procedant extra solidum; item supra parietis ad eundem +modum crassitudo servanda est. </s> + <s id="N10C1E">intervalla autem concamaranda aut solidanda festucationibus, uti distineantur. +</s> + </p> + </subchap2> + <subchap2 id="N10C21"> + <p id="N10C22" type="main"> + <s id="N10C24"> +Sin autem solidum non invenietur, sed locus erit congesticius +ad imum aut paluster, tunc is locus fodiatur exinaniaturque et palis alneis aut oleagineis <aut> robusteis ustilatis +configatur, sublicaque machinis adigatur quam creberrime, +carbonibusque expleantur intervalla palorum, et tunc structuris solidissimis fundamenta impleantur. </s> + <s id="N10C27">extructis autem +fundamentis ad libramentum stylobatae sunt conlocandi. +</s> + </p> + </subchap2> + <subchap2 id="N10C2A"> + <p id="N10C2B" type="main"> + <s id="N10C2D"> +Supra stylobatas columnae disponendae, quemadmodum +supra scriptum est, sive in pycnostylo, quemadmodum +pycnostyla, sive systylo aut diastylo aut eustylo, quemadmodum supra scripta sunt et constituta. </s> + <s id="N10C30">in araeostylis enim +libertas est quantum cuique libet constituendi. </s> + <s id="N10C33">sed ita columnae in peripteris conlocentur, uti, quot intercolumnia +sunt in fronte, totidem bis intercolumnia fiant in lateribus; +ita enim erit duplex longitudo operis ad latitudinem. </s> + <s id="N10C36">namque qui columnarum duplicationes fecerunt, erravisse videntur, quod unum intercolumnium in longitudine plus quam oporteat procurrere videtur. +</s> + </p> + </subchap2> + <subchap2 id="N10C39"> + <p id="N10C3A" type="main"> + <pb xlink:href="048/01/107.jpg" ed="1567" pagenum="108"></pb> + <s id="N10C3E"> +Gradus in fronte constituendi ita sunt, uti sint semper inpares; namque cum dextro pede +primus gradus ascendatur, item in summo templo primus +erit ponendus. </s> + <s id="N10C41">crassitudines autem eorum graduum ita +finiendas censeo, ut neque crassiores dextante nec tenuiores +dodrante sint conlocatae; sic enim durus non erit ascensus. </s> + <s id="N10C44">retractiones autem graduum nec minus quam sesquipedales +nec plus quam bipedales faciendae videntur. </s> + <s id="N10C47">item si circa +aedem gradus futuri sunt, ad eundem modum fieri debent. +</s> + </p> + </subchap2> + <subchap2 id="N10C4A"> + <p id="N10C4B" type="main"> + <s id="N10C4D"> +Sin autem circa aedem ex tribus lateribus podium faciendum +erit, id constituatur, uti quadrae, spirae, trunci, coronae, +lysis ad ipsum stylobatam, qui erit sub columnarum spiris, +conveniant. </s> + <s id="N10C50">stylobatam ita oportet exaequari, uti habeat +per medium adiectionem per scamillos inpares; si enim ad +libellam dirigetur, alveolatum oculo videbitur. </s> + <s id="N10C53">hoc autem, +ut scamilli ad id convenientes fiant, item in extremo libro +forma et demonstratio erit descripta. +</s> + </p> + </subchap2> + </subchap1> + <subchap1 id="N10C56"> + <subchap2 id="N10C57"> + <p id="N10C58" type="main"> + <pb xlink:href="048/01/108.jpg" ed="1567" pagenum="109"></pb> + <s id="N10C5A"> +His perfectis in suis locis spirae conlocentur, eaeque ad +symmetriam sic perficiantur, uti crassitudo cum plintho +sit columnae ex dimidia crassitudine proiecturamque, quam +Graeci <foreign lang="grc">ἐκφοράν</foreign> vocitant, habeant <emph type="smallcaps"></emph>S<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end> extantem: ita tum lata et longa erit columnae crassitudinis unius et dimidiae. +</s> + </p> + </subchap2> + <subchap2 id="N10C67"> + <p id="N10C68" type="main"> + <s id="N10C6A"> +Altitudo eius, si atticurges erit, ita dividatur, ut superior pars +tertia parte sit crassitudinis columnae, reliquum plintho +relinquatur. </s> + <s id="N10C6D">dempta plintho reliquum dividatur in partes +quattuor, fiatque superior torus quartae; reliquae tres aequaliter dividantur, et una sit inferior torus, altera pars cum suis quadris scotia, quam Graeci <foreign lang="grc">τροχίλον</foreign> dicunt. +</s> + </p> + </subchap2> + <subchap2 id="N10C74"> + <p id="N10C75" type="main"> + <pb xlink:href="048/01/109.jpg" ed="1567" pagenum="110"></pb> + <pb xlink:href="048/01/110.jpg" ed="1567" pagenum="111"></pb> + <pb xlink:href="048/01/111.jpg" ed="1567" pagenum="112"></pb> + <s id="N10C77"> +Sin autem ionicae erunt faciendae, symmetriae earum sic erunt constituendae, uti latitudo spirae quoqueversus sit columnae +crassitudinis adiecta <e> crassitudine quarta et octava. </s> + <s id="N10C7A">altitudo ita uti atticurges; item et eius plinthos; reliquumque +praeter plinthum, quod erit tertia pars crassitudinis columnae, divi + <pb xlink:href="048/01/112.jpg" ed="1567" pagenum="113"></pb> + datur in partes septem: inde trium partium +torus, qui est in summo; reliquae quattuor partes dividendae +sunt aequaliter, et una pars fiat cum suis astragalis et supercilio superior trochilus, altera pars inferiori trochilo relinquatur; sed inferior maior apparebit, ideo quod habebit ad +extremam plinthum proiecturam. </s> + <s id="N10C7D">astragali faciendi sunt +octavae partis trochili. </s> + <s id="N10C80">proiectura erit spirae pars octava +et sexta decuma pars crassitudinis columnae. +</s> + </p> + </subchap2> + <subchap2 id="N10C83"> + <p id="N10C84" type="main"> + <s id="N10C88"> +Spiris perfectis et conlocatis columnae sunt medianae +in pronao et postico ad perpendiculum medii centri conlocandae, angulares autem quaeque e regione earum futurae +sunt in lateribus aedis dextra ac sinistra, uti partes interiores, quae ad parietes cellae spectant, ad perpendiculum +latus habeant conlocatum, exteriores autem partes †uti +dicant se earum contracturam. </s> + <s id="N10C8B">sic enim erunt figurae compositionis aedium contractura eius tali ratione exactae. +</s> + </p> + </subchap2> + <subchap2 id="N10C8E"> + <p id="N10C8F" type="main"> + <pb xlink:href="048/01/113.jpg" ed="1567" pagenum="114"></pb> + <s id="N10C91"> +Scapis columnarum statutis capitulorum ratio <sic est +habenda.> si pulvinata erunt, his symmetriis conformabuntur, +uti, quam crassus imus scapus fuerit addita octava decuma +parte scapi, abacus habeat longitudinem et latitudinem; +crassitudinem cum volutis eius dimidiam. </s> + <s id="N10C94">recedendum +autem est ab extremo abaco in interiorem partem frontibus +volutarum parte duodevicensima et eius dimidia. </s> + <s id="N10C97">tunc +crassitudo dividenda est in partes novem et dimidiam, et +secundum abacum in quattuor partibus volutarum secundum extremi abaci quadram lineae demittendae, quae +cathetoe dicuntur. </s> + <s id="N10C9A">tunc ex novem partibus et dimidia una +pars et dimidia abaci crassitudo relinquatur, reliquae octo volutis constituantur. +</s> + </p> + </subchap2> + <subchap2 id="N10C9D"> + <p id="N10C9E" type="main"> + <pb xlink:href="048/01/114.jpg" ed="1567" pagenum="115"></pb> + <s id="N10CA0"> +Tunc ab linea, quae secundum abaci extremam partem demissa erit, in interiorem partem <alia> +recedat unius et dimidiatae partis latitudine. </s> + <s id="N10CA3">deinde hae +lineae dividantur ita, ut quattuor partes et dimidia sub +abaco relinquantur. </s> + <s id="N10CA6">tunc in eo loco, qui locus dividit +quattuor et dimidiam et tres et dimidiam partem, centrum oculi <conlocetur> signeturque ex eo centro rotunda circinatio tam magna in diametro, quam una pars ex +octo partibus est. </s> + <s id="N10CA9">ea erit oculi magnitudine, et in ea catheto respondens diametros agatur. </s> + <s id="N10CAC">tunc ab summo sub +abaco inceptum <schema volutae> in singulis tetrantorum +actionibus dimidiatum oculi spatium minuatur, doneque in eundem tetrantem, qui subest, conveniat. +</s> + </p> + </subchap2> + <subchap2 id="N10CAF"> + <p id="N10CB0" type="main"> + <s id="N10CB2"> +Capituli autem crassitudo sic est facienda, ut ex novem partibus et dimidia tres partes praependeant infra astragalum summi +scapi; cymatio, adempto abaco et canali, reliqua sit pars. </s> + <pb xlink:href="048/01/115.jpg" ed="1567" pagenum="116"></pb> + <s id="N10CB5">proiectura autem cymatii habeat extra abaci quadram +oculi magnitudinem. </s> + <s id="N10CB8">pulvinorum baltei ab abaco hanc habeant proiecturam, uti circini centrum unum cum sit positum +in capituli tetrante et alterum diducatur ad extremum cymatium, circumactum balteorum extremas partes tangat. </s> + <s id="N10CBB">axes +volutarum ne crassiores sint quam oculi magnitudo, volutaeque ipsae succidantur altitudinis suae duodecimam partem. </s> + <s id="N10CBE">haec erunt symmetriae capitulorum, quae columnae futurae +sunt ab minimo ad pedes <emph type="smallcaps"></emph>XXV<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end>. quae supra erunt, reliqua +habebunt ad eundem modum symmetrias, abacus autem +erit longus et latus, quam crassa columna est ima adiecta +parte <emph type="smallcaps"></emph>VIIII<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end>, uti, quo minus habuerit altior columna contractum, +eo ne minus habeat capitulum suae symmetriae proiecturam et in latitudine suae partis adiectionem. +</s> + </p> + </subchap2> + <subchap2 id="N10CCD"> + <p id="N10CCE" type="main"> + <s id="N10CD0"> +De volutarum descriptionibus, uti ad circinum sint recte involutae, quemadmodum describantur, in extremo libro forma et ratio earum +erit subscripta. + </s> + </p> + <p id="N10CD3" type="main"> + <s id="N10CD7"> +Capitulis perfectis, deinde <in scapis> columnarum non +ad libellam sed ad aequalem modulum conlocatis, ut, quae +adiectio in stylobatis facta fuerit, in superioribus membris +respondeat [symmetria epistyliorum], epistyliorum ratio sic +est habenda, uti, si columnae fuerint a minima <emph type="smallcaps"></emph>XII<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end> pedum +ad quindecim pedes, epistylii sit altitudo dimidia crassitudinis imae columnae; item <si> ab <emph type="smallcaps"></emph>XV<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end> pedibus ad <emph type="smallcaps"></emph>XX<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end>, +columnae altitudo dimetiatur in partes tredecim, et unius +partis altitudo epistylii fiat; item si <emph type="smallcaps"></emph>XX<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end> ad <emph type="smallcaps"></emph>XXV<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end> pedes, dividatur altitudo in partes <emph type="smallcaps"></emph>XII<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end> et semissem, et eius una pars +epistylium in altitudine fiat; item si ab <emph type="smallcaps"></emph>XXV<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end> pedibus ad <emph type="smallcaps"></emph>XXX<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end>, +dividatur in partes <emph type="smallcaps"></emph>XII<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end>, et eius una pars altitudo fiat. </s> + <s id="N10D10">item +<si quae altiores erunt,> rata parte ad eundem modum +ex altitudine columnarum expediendae sunt altitudines epistyliorum. +</s> + </p> + </subchap2> + <subchap2 id="N10D13"> + <p id="N10D14" type="main"> + <pb xlink:href="048/01/116.jpg" ed="1567" pagenum="117"></pb> + <pb xlink:href="048/01/117.jpg" ed="1567" pagenum="118"></pb> + <s id="N10D16"> +Quo altius enim scandit oculi species, non facile +persecat aeris crebritatem; dilapsa itaque altitudinis spatio +et viribus exuta incertam modulorum renuntiat sensibus +quantitatem. </s> + <s id="N10D19">quare semper adiciendum est rationis supplementum in symmetriarum membris, ut, cum fuerint aut +altioribus locis opera aut etiam ipsa colossicotera, habeant +magnitudinum rationem. </s> + <s id="N10D1C">epistylii latitudo in imo, quod +supra capitulum erit, quanta crassitudo summae columnae +sub capitulo erit, tanta fiat; summum, quantum imus scapus. +</s> + </p> + </subchap2> + <subchap2 id="N10D1F"> + <p id="N10D20" type="main"> + <s id="N10D22"> +Cymatium epistylii septima parte suae altitudinis est faciendum, et in proiectura tantundem. </s> + <s id="N10D25">reliqua pars praeter +cymatium dividenda est in partes <emph type="smallcaps"></emph>XII<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end>, et earum trium ima +fascia est facienda, secunda <emph type="smallcaps"></emph>IIII<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end>, summa <emph type="smallcaps"></emph>V<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end>. item zophorus +supra epistylium quarta parte minus <altus> quam epistylium; sin autem sigilla designari oportuerit, quarta parte +altior quam epistylium, uti auctoritatem habeant scalpturae. </s> + <s id="N10D3A">cymatium suae altitudinis partis septimae; proiecturae cymatiûm quantum crassitudo. +</s> + </p> + </subchap2> + <subchap2 id="N10D3D"> + <p id="N10D3E" type="main"> + <s id="N10D40"> +Supra zophorum denticulus est faciendus tam altus quam epistylii media fascia; +proiectura eius quantum altitudo. </s> + <s id="N10D43">intersectio, quae graece +<foreign lang="grc">μετόπη</foreign> dicitur, sic est dividenda, uti denticulus altitudinis +suae dimidiam partem habeat in fronte, cavus autem intersectionis huius frontis e tribus duas partes; huius cymatium +altitudinis eius sextam partem. </s> + <s id="N10D4A">corona cum suo cymatio, +praeter simam, quantum media fascia epistylii; proiectura coronae cum denticulo facienda est, quantum erit +altitudo a zophoro ad summum coronae cymatium; et +omnino omnes ecphorae venustiorem habeant speciem, quae quantum altitudinis tantundem habent proiecturae. +</s> + </p> + </subchap2> + <subchap2 id="N10D4D"> + <p id="N10D4E" type="main"> + <pb xlink:href="048/01/118.jpg" ed="1567" pagenum="119"></pb> + <s id="N10D50"> +Tympani autem, quod est in fastigio, altitudo sic est facienda, +uti frons coronae ab extremis cymatiis tota dimetiatur in +partes novem et ex eis una pars in medio cacumini tympani constituatur, dum contra epistylia columnarumque +hypotrachelia ad perpendiculum respondeant. </s> + <s id="N10D53">coronaeque supra aequaliter imis praeter simas sunt conlocandae. </s> + <s id="N10D56">insuper coronas simae, quas Graeci <foreign lang="grc">ἐπαιετίδες</foreign> dicunt, faciendae sunt altiores octava parte coronarum altitudinis. </s> + <s id="N10D5D">acroteria angularia tam alta, quantum est tympanum medium, +mediana altiora octava parte quam angularia. +</s> + </p> + </subchap2> + <subchap2 id="N10D60"> + <p id="N10D61" type="main"> + <s id="N10D65"> +Membra omnia, quae supra capitula columnarum sunt +futura, id est epistylia, zophora, coronae, tympana, fastigia, +acroteria, inclinanda sunt in fronte suae cuiusque altitudinis +parte <emph type="smallcaps"></emph>XII<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end>, ideo quod, cum steterimus contra frontes, ab oculo +lineae duae si extensae fuerint et una tetigerit imam operis +partem, altera summam, quae summam tetigerit, longior fiet. </s> + <s id="N10D6E">ita quo longior visus linea in superiorem partem procedit, +resupinatam facit eius speciem. </s> + <s id="N10D71">cum autem, uti supra scriptum est, in fronte inclinata fuerint, tunc in aspectu videbuntur esse ad perpendiculum et normam. +</s> + </p> + </subchap2> + <subchap2 id="N10D74"> + <p id="N10D75" type="main"> + <s id="N10D77"> +Columnarum striae faciendae sunt <emph type="smallcaps"></emph>XXIIII<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end> ita excavatae, uti norma in cavo +striae cum fuerit con + <pb xlink:href="048/01/119.jpg" ed="1567" pagenum="120"></pb> + iecta, circumacta anconibus <angulos> +striarum dextra ac sinistra tangat cacumenque normae circum rotundationem tangendo pervagari possit. </s> + <s id="N10D80">crassitudines +striarum faciendae sunt, quantum adiectio in media columna ex descriptione invenietur. +</s> + </p> + </subchap2> + <subchap2 id="N10D83"> + <p id="N10D84" type="main"> + <s id="N10D86"> +In simis, quae supra coronam in lateribus sunt aedium, capita leonina sunt scalpenda, +disposita <ita>, uti contra columnas singulas primum sint +designata, cetera aequali modo disposita, uti singula singulis +mediis tegulis respondeant. </s> + <s id="N10D89">haec autem, quae erunt contra +columnas, perterebrata sint ad canalem, qui excipit e tegulis +aquam caelestem; mediana autem sint solida, uti, quae cadit +vis aquae per tegulas in canalem, ne deiciatur per intercolumnia neque transeuntes perfundat, sed quae sunt contra columnas, videantur emittere vomentia ructus aquarum +ex ore. + </s> + </p> + <p id="N10D8C" type="main"> + <s id="N10D8E"> +Aedium ionicarum, quam apertissime potui, dispositiones +hoc volumine scripsi; doricarum autem et corinthiarum quae +sint proportiones, insequenti libro explicabo. +</s> + </p> + </subchap2> + </subchap1> + </chap> + <chap id="N10D91"> + + <p id="N10D93" type="head"> + <pb xlink:href="048/01/120.jpg" ed="1567" pagenum="121"></pb> + <pb xlink:href="048/01/121.jpg" ed="1567" pagenum="122"></pb> + <s id="N10D95">LIBER QUARTUS</s> + </p> + <subchap1 id="N10D98"> + <subchap2 id="N10D99"> + <p id="N10D9A" type="main"> + <s id="N10D9E"> +Cum animadvertissem, imperator, plures de architectura +praecepta voluminaque commentariorum non ordinata sed +incepta uti particulas errabundas reliquisse, dignam et utilissimam rem putavi tantae disciplinae corpus ad perfectam +ordinationem perducere et praescriptas in singulis voluminibus singulorum generum qualitates explicare. </s> + <s id="N10DA1">itaque, Caesar, +primo volumine tibi de officio eius et quibus eruditum esse +rebus architectum oporteat, exposui. </s> + <s id="N10DA4">secundo de copiis materiae, e quibus aedificia constituuntur, disputavi; tertio +autem de aedium sacrarum dispositionibus et de earum generum varietate quasque et quot habeant species earumque quae sunt in singulis generibus distributiones. +</s> + </p> + </subchap2> + <subchap2 id="N10DA7"> + <p id="N10DA8" type="main"> + <s id="N10DAA"> +Ex tribus generibus quae subtilissimas haberent proportionibus modulorum quantitates ionici generis moribus, docui; nunc hoc +volumine de doricis corinthiisque constitutis et omnibus +dicam eorumque discrimina et proprietates explicabo. +</s> + </p> + </subchap2> + </subchap1> + <subchap1 id="N10DAD"> + <subchap2 id="N10DAE"> + <p id="N10DAF" type="main"> + <s id="N10DB1"> +Columnae corinthiae praeter capitula omnes symmetrias +habent uti ionicae, sed capitulorum altitudines efficiunt +eas pro rata excelsiores et graciliores, quod ionici capituli +altitudo tertia pars est crassitudinis columnae, corinthii +tota crassitudo scapi. </s> + <s id="N10DB4">igitur quod duae partes e crassitudine corinthiarum adiciuntur, efficiunt excelsitate speciem earum graciliorem. +</s> + </p> + </subchap2> + <subchap2 id="N10DB7"> + <p id="N10DB8" type="main"> + <s id="N10DBA"> +Cetera membra, quae supra columnas inponuntur, aut e doricis symmetriis aut ionicis moribus +in corinthiis columnis conlocantur, quod ipsum corinthium +genus propriam coronarum reliquorumque ornamentorum +non habuerat institutionem, sed aut e triglyphorum rationibus mutuli in coronis et epistyliis guttae dorico more disponuntur, aut ex ionicis institutis zophoroe scalpturis ornati cum denticulis et coronis distribuuntur. +</s> + </p> + </subchap2> + <subchap2 id="N10DBD"> + <p id="N10DBE" type="main"> + <s id="N10DC0"> +Ita e generibus duobus capitulo interposito tertium genus in operibus est +procreatum. </s> + <pb xlink:href="048/01/122.jpg" ed="1567" pagenum="123"></pb> + <s id="N10DC3">e columnarum enim formationibus trium generum factae sunt nominationes, dorica, ionica, corinthia, e +quibus prima et antiquitus dorica est nata. + </s> + </p> + <p id="N10DC6" type="main"> + <s id="N10DCA"> +Namque Achaia Peloponnensoque tota Dorus, Hellenos +et Pthias nymphae filius, regnavit, isque Argis, vetusta +civitate, Iunonis templo aedificavit eius generis fortuito +formae fanum, deinde isdem generibus in ceteris Achaiae +civitatibus, cum etiamnum non esset symmetriarum rationata. +</s> + </p> + </subchap2> + <subchap2 id="N10DCD"> + <p id="N10DCE" type="main"> + <s id="N10DD0"> +Postea autem quam Athenienses ex responsis Apollinis Delphici, communi consilio totius Hellados, <emph type="smallcaps"></emph>XIII<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end> colonias uno tempore in Asiam deduxerunt ducesque singulis +coloniis constituerunt et summam imperii potestatem Ioni, +Xuthi et Creusae filio, dederunt, quem etiam Apollo Delphis +suum filium in responsis est professus, isque eas colonias +in Asiam deduxit et Cariae fines occupavit ibique civitates +amplissimas constituit Ephesum, Miletum, Myunta, (quae +olim ab aqua est devorata; cuius sacra et suffragium Milesiis +Iones attribuerunt), Prienen, Samum, Teon, Colophona, +Chium, Erythras, Phocaeam, Clazomenas, Lebedon, Meliten +(haec Melite propter civium adrogantiam ab his civitatibus +bello indicto communi consilio est sublata; cuius loco postea +regis Attali et Arsinoes beneficio Zmyrnaeorum civitas inter +</s> + </p> + </subchap2> + <subchap2 id="N10DD9"> + <p id="N10DDA" type="main"> + <s id="N10DDC"> +Ionas est recepta): hae civitates, cum Caras et Lelegas eiecissent, eam terrae regionem a duce suo Ione appellaverunt +Ioniam ibique deorum inmortalium templa constituentes +coeperunt fana aedificare. </s> + <s id="N10DDF">et primum Apollini Panionio +aedem, uti viderant in Achaia, constituerunt et eam Doricam +appellaverunt, quod in Dorieon civitatibus primum factam eo genere viderunt. +</s> + </p> + </subchap2> + <subchap2 id="N10DE2"> + <p id="N10DE3" type="main"> + <s id="N10DE5"> +In ea aede cum voluissent columnas conlocare, non habentes symmetrias earum et quaerentes, +quibus rationibus efficere possent, uti et ad onus ferendum +essent idoneae et in aspectu probatam haberent venustatem, +dimensi sunt virilis pedis vestigium et id retulerunt in altitudinem. </s> + <s id="N10DE8">cum invenissent pedem sextam partem esse altitudinis in homine, item in columnam transtulerunt et, qua +crassitudine fecerunt basim scapi, tantas sex cum capitulo +in altitudinem extulerunt. </s> + <s id="N10DEB">ita dorica columna virilis corporis proportionem et firmitatem et venustatem in aedificiis praestare coepit. +</s> + </p> + </subchap2> + <subchap2 id="N10DEE"> + <p id="N10DEF" type="main"> + <pb xlink:href="048/01/123.jpg" ed="1567" pagenum="124"></pb> + <s id="N10DF1"> +Item postea Dianae <cum cogitarent> constituere aedem, +quaerentes novi generis speciem isdem vestigiis ad muliebrem transtulerunt gracilitatem, et fecerunt primum columnae crassitudinem altitudinis octava parte, ut haberet +speciem excelsiorem. </s> + <s id="N10DF4">basi spiram supposuerunt pro calceo, +capitulo volutas uti capillamento concrispatos cincinnos +praependentes dextra ac sinistra conlocaverunt et cymatiis +et encarpis pro crinibus dispositis frontes ornaverunt truncoque toto strias uti stolarum rugas matronali more demiserunt. </s> + <s id="N10DF7">ita duobus discriminibus columnarum inventionem, unam virili sine ornatu nuda specie, alteram muliebri +</s> + </p> + </subchap2> + <subchap2 id="N10DFA"> + <p id="N10DFB" type="main"> + <s id="N10DFF"> +Subtilitate et ornatu symmetriaque sunt mutuati. </s> + <s id="N10E02">posteri +vero elegantia subtilitateque iudiciorum progressi et gracilioribus modulis delectati septem crassitudinis diametros +in altitudinem columnae doricae, ionicae novem constituerunt. </s> + <s id="N10E05">id autem <genus>, quod Iones fecerunt primo, +Ionicum est nominatum. + </s> + </p> + <p id="N10E08" type="main"> + <s id="N10E0A"> +Tertium vero, quod Corinthium dicitur, virginalis habet +gracilitatis imitationem, quod virginis propter aetatis teneritatem gracilioribus membris figuratae effectus recipiunt ornatus venustiores. +</s> + </p> + </subchap2> + <subchap2 id="N10E0D"> + <p id="N10E0E" type="main"> + <s id="N10E10"> +Eius autem capituli prima inventio sic memoratur esse facta. </s> + <s id="N10E13">virgo civis Corinthia iam matura +nuptiis inplicata morbo decessit. </s> + <s id="N10E16">post sepulturam eius, quibus ea virgo viva pupulis delectabatur, nutrix collecta et +composita in calatho pertulit ad monumentum et in summo +conlocavit et, uti ea permanerent diutius subdiu, tegula +texit. </s> + <s id="N10E19">is calathus fortuito supra acanthi radicem fuerat conlocatus. </s> + <s id="N10E1C">interim pondere pressa radix acanthi media folia +et cauliculos circum vernum tempus profudit, cuius cauliculi +secundum calathi latera crescentes et ab angulis tegulae +ponderis necessitate expressi flexuras in extremas partes volutarum facere sunt coacti. +</s> + </p> + </subchap2> + <subchap2 id="N10E1F"> + <p id="N10E20" type="main"> + <s id="N10E22"> +Tunc Callimachus, qui propter elegantiam et subtilitatem artis marmoreae ab Atheniensibus <foreign lang="grc">κατατηξίτεχνος</foreign> fuerat nominatus, praeteriens hoc +monumentum animadvertit eum calathum et circa foliorum +nascentem teneritatem, delectatusque genere et formae +novitate ad id exemplar columnas apud Corinthios fecit +symmetriasque constituit <et> ex eo in operis perfectionibus Corinthii generis distribuit rationes. +</s> + </p> + </subchap2> + <subchap2 id="N10E29"> + <p id="N10E2A" type="main"> + <s id="N10E2C"> +Eius autem capituli symmetria sic est facienda, uti, quanta fuerit crassitudo +imae columnae, tanta sit altitudo capituli cum abaco. </s> + <s id="N10E2F">abaci +latitudo ita habeat rationem, ut, quanta fuerit altitudo, tanta +duo sint diagonia ab angulo ad angulum spatia; ita enim +iustas habebunt frontes quoquoversus latitudines. </s> + <s id="N10E32">frontes +sinuentur introrsus ab extremis angulis abaci suae frontis +latitudinis nona. </s> + <s id="N10E35">imum capituli tantam habeat crassitudinem, quantam habet summa columna praeter apothesim +et astragalum. </s> + <s id="N10E38">abaci crassitudo septima capituli altitudinis. +</s> + </p> + </subchap2> + <subchap2 id="N10E3B"> + <p id="N10E3C" type="main"> + <s id="N10E40"> +Dempta abaci crassitudine dividatur reliqua pars in partes +tres, e quibus una imo folio detur; secundum folium mediam +altitudinem teneat; + <pb xlink:href="048/01/124.jpg" ed="1567" pagenum="125"></pb> + coliculi eandem habeant altitudinem, +e quibus folia nascuntur proiecta, uti excipiant quae ex +coliculis natae procurrunt ad extremos angulos volutae; +minoresque helices infra sinum medium, qui est in abaco, +<sub> flores subiecti scalpantur. </s> + <s id="N10E43">flores in quattuor partibus, +quanta erit abaci crassitudo, tam magni formentur. </s> + <s id="N10E46">ita his +symmetriis corinthia capitula suas habebunt exactiones. + </s> + </p> + <p id="N10E49" type="main"> + <s id="N10E4B"> +Sunt autem, quae isdem columnis inponuntur, capitulorum +genera variis vocabulis nominata, quorum nec proprietates +symmetriarum nec columnarum genus aliud nominare possumus, sed ipsorum vocabula traducta et commutata ex corinthiis et pulvinatis et doricis videmus, quorum symmetriae sunt in novarum scalpturarum translatae subtilitatem. +</s> + </p> + </subchap2> + </subchap1> + <subchap1 id="N10E4E"> + <subchap2 id="N10E4F"> + <p id="N10E50" type="main"> + <pb xlink:href="048/01/125.jpg" ed="1567" pagenum="126"></pb> + <s id="N10E52"> +Quoniam autem de generibus columnarum origines et +inventiones supra sunt scriptae, non alienum mihi videtur +isdem rationibus de ornamentis eorum, quemadmodum sunt +prognata et quibus principiis et originibus inventa, dicere. </s> + <s id="N10E55">in aedificiis omnibus insuper conlocatur materiatio variis +vocabulis nominata. </s> + <s id="N10E58">ea autem uti in nominationibus, ita +in re varias habet utilitates. </s> + <s id="N10E5B">trabes enim supra columnas +et parastaticas et antas ponuntur; in contignationibus tigna +et axes; sub tectis, si maiora spatia sunt, et transtra et +capreoli, si commoda, columen, et cantherii prominentes +ad extremam suggrundationem; supra cantherios templa; +deinde insuper sub tegulas asseres ita prominentes, uti parietes proiecturis eorum tegantur. +</s> + </p> + </subchap2> + <subchap2 id="N10E5E"> + <p id="N10E5F" type="main"> + <pb xlink:href="048/01/126.jpg" ed="1567" pagenum="127"></pb> + <pb xlink:href="048/01/127.jpg" ed="1567" pagenum="128"></pb> + <s id="N10E61"> +Ita unaquaeque res et locum et genus et ordinem proprium tuetur. </s> + <s id="N10E64">e quibus rebus +et a materiatura fabrili in lapideis et marmoreis aedium sacrarum aedificationibus artifices dispositiones eorum scalpturis sunt imitati et eas inventiones persequendas putaverunt. </s> + <s id="N10E67">ideo, quod antiqui fabri quodam in loco aedificantes, cum ita ab interioribus parietibus ad extremas partes tigna prominentia habuissent conlocata, inter tigna +struxerunt supraque coronas et fastigia venustiore specie +fabrilibus operibus ornaverunt, tum proiecturas tignorum, +quantum eminebant, ad lineam et perpendiculum parietum +praesecuerunt, quae species cum invenusta îs visa esset, +tabellas ita formatas, uti nunc fiunt triglyphi, contra tignorum praecisiones in fronte fixerunt et eas cera caerulea +depinxerunt, ut praecisiones tignorum tectae non offenderent visum: ita divisiones triglyphorum et <met>oparum +tignorum dispositione et intertigniûm habere in doricis operibus coeperunt. +</s> + </p> + </subchap2> + <subchap2 id="N10E6A"> + <p id="N10E6B" type="main"> + <s id="N10E6D"> +Postea alii in aliis operibus ad perpendiculum triglyphorum cantherios prominentes proiecerunt eorumque proiecturas simaverunt. </s> + <s id="N10E70">ex eo, uti +tignorum dispositionibus triglyphi, ita e cantheriorum +proiecturis mutulorum sub coronis ratio est inventa. </s> + <s id="N10E73">ita +fere in operibus lapideis et marmoreis mutuli inclinatis +scalpturis deformantur, quod imitatio est cantheriorum; +etenim necessario propter stillicidia proclinati conlocantur. </s> + <s id="N10E76">ergo et triglyphorum et mutulorum in doricis operibus +ratio ex ea imitatione inventa est. +</s> + </p> + </subchap2> + <subchap2 id="N10E79"> + <p id="N10E7A" type="main"> + <s id="N10E7E"> +Non enim, quemadmodum nonnulli errantes dixerunt +fenestrarum imagines esse triglyphos, ita potest esse, quod +in angulis contraque tetrantes columnarum triglyphi constituuntur, quibus in locis omnino non patitur res fenestras +fieri. </s> + <s id="N10E81">dissolvuntur enim angulorum in aedificiis iuncturae, +si in îs fenestrarum fuerint lumina relicta. </s> + <s id="N10E84">etiamque ubi +nunc triglyphi constituuntur, si ibi luminum spatia fuisse +iudicabuntur, isdem rationibus denticuli in ionicis fenestrarum occupavisse loca videbuntur. </s> + <pb xlink:href="048/01/128.jpg" ed="1567" pagenum="129"></pb> + <s id="N10E87">utraque enim, et inter +denticulos et inter triglyphos quae sunt intervalla, metopae nominantur. <foreign lang="grc">ὀπαι</foreign> enim Graeci tignorum cubicula et asserum appellant, uti nostri ea cava columbaria. </s> + <s id="N10E8E">ita quod +inter duas opas est intertignium, id <foreign lang="grc">μετόπη</foreign> est apud eos +nominata. +</s> + </p> + </subchap2> + <subchap2 id="N10E95"> + <p id="N10E96" type="main"> + <s id="N10E98"> +Ita uti autem in doricis triglyphorum et mutulorum est +inventa ratio, item in ionicis denticulorum constitutio +propriam in operibus habet rationem, et quemadmodum +mutuli cantheriorum proiecturae ferunt imaginem, sic in +ionicis denticuli ex proiecturis asserum habent imitationem. </s> + <s id="N10E9B">itaque in graecis operibus nemo sub mutulo denticulos constituit; non enim possunt subtus cantherios +asseres esse. </s> + <s id="N10E9E">quod ergo supra cantherios et templa in veritate debet esse conlocatum, id in imaginibus si infra +constitutum fuerit, mendosam habebit operis rationem. </s> + <s id="N10EA1">etiam quod antiqui non probaverunt, neque instituerunt +in fastigiis <mutulos aut> denticulos + <pb xlink:href="048/01/129.jpg" ed="1567" pagenum="130"></pb> + fieri sed puras coronas, ideo quod nec cantherii nec asseres contra fastigiorum frontes distribuuntur nec possunt prominere, sed +ad stillicidia proclinati conlocantur. </s> + <s id="N10EA4">ita quod non potest +in veritate fieri, id non putaverunt in imaginibus factum posse certam rationem habere. +</s> + </p> + </subchap2> + <subchap2 id="N10EA7"> + <p id="N10EA8" type="main"> + <s id="N10EAA"> +Omnia enim certa proprietate et a veris naturae deducta moribus transduxerunt +in operum perfectiones, et ea probaverunt, quorum explicationes in disputationibus rationem possunt habere +veritatis. </s> + <s id="N10EAD">itaque ex eis originibus symmetrias et proportiones uniuscuiusque generis constitutas reliquerunt. </s> + <s id="N10EB0">quorum ingressus persecutus de ionicis et corinthiis institutionibus supra dixi; nunc vero doricam rationem +summamque eius speciem breviter exponam. +</s> + </p> + </subchap2> + </subchap1> + <subchap1 id="N10EB3"> + <subchap2 id="N10EB4"> + <p id="N10EB5" type="main"> + <s id="N10EB7"> +Nonnulli antiqui architecti negaverunt dorico genere +aedes sacras oportere fieri, quod mendosae et disconvenientes in his symmetriae conficiebantur. </s> + <s id="N10EBA">itaque negavit +Arcesius, item Pytheos, non minus Hermogenes. </s> + <s id="N10EBD">nam is +cum paratam habuisset marmoris copiam in doricae aedis +perfectionem, commutavit ex eadem copia et eam ionicam Libero Patri fecit. </s> + <s id="N10EC0">sed tamen non quod invenusta +est species aut genus aut formae dignitas, sed quod inpedita est distributio et incommoda in opere triglyphorum et lacunariorum [distributione]. +</s> + </p> + </subchap2> + <subchap2 id="N10EC3"> + <p id="N10EC4" type="main"> + <s id="N10EC6"> +Namque necesse est triglyphos constitui contra medios tetrantes columnarum, metopasque, quae inter trigly + <pb xlink:href="048/01/130.jpg" ed="1567" pagenum="131"></pb> + phos fient, aeque longas esse +quam altas. </s> + <s id="N10EC9">contraque in angulares columnas triglyphi in extremis partibus constituuntur et non contra medios +tetrantes. </s> + <s id="N10ECC">ita metopae, quae proximae ad angulares triglyphos fiunt, non exeunt quadratae sed oblongiores triglyphi dimidia latitudine. </s> + <s id="N10ECF">at qui metopas aequales volun facere, intercolumnia extrema contrahunt triglyphi dimidia latitudine. </s> + <s id="N10ED2">hoc autem, sive metoparum longitudinibus sive intercolumniorum contractionibus efficietur, est mendosum. </s> + <s id="N10ED5">quapropter antiqui vitare visi sunt in aedibus sacris doricae symmetriae rationem. +</s> + </p> + </subchap2> + <subchap2 id="N10ED8"> + <p id="N10ED9" type="main"> + <s id="N10EDD"> +Nos autem exponimus, uti ordo postulat, quemadmodum a praeceptoribus accepimus, uti, si qui voluerit his +rationibus attendens ita ingredi, habeat proportiones explicatas, quibus emendatas et sine vitiis efficere possit +aedium sacrarum dorico more perfectiones. </s> + <s id="N10EE0">frons aedis +doricae in loco, quo columnae constituuntur, dividatur, si +tetrastylos erit, in partes <emph type="smallcaps"></emph>XXVII<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end>, si hexastylos, <emph type="smallcaps"></emph>XXXXII<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end>. ex +his pars una erit modulus, qui graece <foreign lang="grc">ἐμβάτης</foreign> dicitur, +cuius moduli constitutione ratiocinationibus efficiuntur omnis operis distributiones. +</s> + </p> + </subchap2> + <subchap2 id="N10EF3"> + <p id="N10EF4" type="main"> + <s id="N10EF6"> +Crassitudo columnarum erit duorum modulorum, altitudo cum capitulo <emph type="smallcaps"></emph>XIIII<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end>. capituli +crassitudo unius moduli, latitudo duorum et moduli sextae partis. </s> + <s id="N10EFF">crassitudo capituli dividatur in partes tres, e +quibus una plinthus cum cymatio fiat, altera echinus cum +anulis, tertia hypotrachelion. </s> + <pb xlink:href="048/01/131.jpg" ed="1567" pagenum="132"></pb> + <s id="N10F02">contrahatur columna ita, uti +in tertio libro de ionicis est scriptum. </s> + <s id="N10F05">epistylii altitudo +unius moduli cum taenia et guttis; taenia moduli septima; +guttarum longitudo sub taenia contra triglyphos alta cum +regula parte sexta moduli praependeat. </s> + <s id="N10F08">item epistylii latitudo ima respondeat hypotrachelio summae columnae. </s> + <s id="N10F0B">supra epistylium conlocandi sunt triglyphi cum suis metopis, alti unius <et> dimidiati moduli, lati in fronte unius +moduli, ita divisi, ut in angularibus columnis et in mediis +contra tetrantes medios sint conlocati, et intercolumniis reliquis bini, in mediis pronao et postico terni. </s> + <s id="N10F0E">ita +relaxatis mediis intervallis sine inpeditionibus aditus accedentibus erit ad deorum simulacra. +</s> + </p> + </subchap2> + <subchap2 id="N10F11"> + <p id="N10F12" type="main"> + <s id="N10F14"> +Triglyphorum latitudo dividatur in partes sex, ex quibus partibus quinque +in medio, duae dimidiae dextra ac sinistra designentur +regula. </s> + <s id="N10F17">una in medio deformetur femur, quod graece +<foreign lang="grc">μηρός</foreign> dicitur; secundum eam canaliculi ad normae cacumen inprimantur; ex ordine eorum dextra ac sinistra +altera femina constituantur; in extremis partibus semicanaliculi intervertantur. </s> + <s id="N10F1E">triglyphis ita conlocatis, metopae, quae sunt inter triglyphos, aeque altae sint quam +longae; item in extremis angulis hemimetopia sint inpressa +dimidia moduli latitudine. </s> + <s id="N10F21">ita enim erit, ut omnia vitia +et metoparum et intercolumniorum et lacunariorum, quod aequales divisiones factae erunt, emendentur. +</s> + </p> + </subchap2> + <subchap2 id="N10F24"> + <p id="N10F25" type="main"> + <s id="N10F27"> +Triglyphi capitula sexta parte moduli sunt faciunda. </s> + <pb xlink:href="048/01/132.jpg" ed="1567" pagenum="133"></pb> + <s id="N10F2A">supra triglyphorum capitula corona est conlocanda in proiectura dimidiae et sextae partis habens cymatium doricum in imo, +alterum in summo. </s> + <s id="N10F2D">item cum cymatiis corona crassa ex +dimidia moduli. </s> + <pb xlink:href="048/01/133.jpg" ed="1567" pagenum="134"></pb> + <s id="N10F30">dividendae autem sunt in corona ima ad +perpendiculum triglyphorum et medias metopas viarum +directiones et guttarum distributiones, ita uti guttae sex +in longitudinem, tres in latitudinem pateant. </s> + <s id="N10F33">reliqua +spatia, quod latiores sunt metopae quam triglyphi, pura +relinquantur aut †flumina scalpantur, ad ipsumque mentum +coronae incidatur linea quae scotia dicitur. </s> + <s id="N10F36">reliqua omnia, +tympana, simae, coronae, quemadmodum supra scriptum +est in ionicis, ita perficiantur. +</s> + </p> + </subchap2> + <subchap2 id="N10F39"> + <p id="N10F3A" type="main"> + <s id="N10F3C"> +Haec ratio in operibus diastylis erit constituta. </s> + <pb xlink:href="048/01/134.jpg" ed="1567" pagenum="135"></pb> + <s id="N10F3F">si vero +systylon et monotriglyphon opus erit faciundum, frons +aedis, si tetrastylos erit, dividatur in partes <emph type="smallcaps"></emph>XVIIII S<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end>, si +hexastylos erit, dividatur in partes <emph type="smallcaps"></emph>XXVIIII S<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end>. ex his pars +una erit modulus, ad quem, uti supra scriptum est, dividantur. +</s> + </p> + </subchap2> + <subchap2 id="N10F4E"> + <p id="N10F4F" type="main"> + <s id="N10F53"> +Ita supra singula epistylia et metopae et triglyphi bini erunt conlocandi, in angularibus hoc amplius +dimidiatus et, quantum est spatium hemitriglyphi, id accedit. </s> + <s id="N10F56">in mediano contra fastigium trium triglyphorum +et trium metoparum spatium distabit, quo latius medium +intercolumnium accedentibus ad aedem habeat laxamentum +et adversus simulacra deorum aspectus dignitatem. +</s> + </p> + </subchap2> + <subchap2 id="N10F59"> + <p id="N10F5A" type="main"> + <s id="N10F5C"> +Columnas autem striari <emph type="smallcaps"></emph>XX<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end> striis oportet. </s> + <s id="N10F65">quae si +planae erunt, angulos habeant <emph type="smallcaps"></emph>XX<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end> designatos. </s> + <s id="N10F6E">sin autem +excavabuntur, sic est forma facienda, ita uti quam magnum est intervallum striae, tam magnis [striaturae] paribus lateribus quadratum describatur; in medio autem +quadrato circini centrum conlocetur et agatur linea rotundationis, quae quadrationis angulos tangat, et quantum +erit curvaturae inter rotundationem et quadratam descriptionem, tantum ad formam excaventur. </s> + <s id="N10F71">ita dorica columna sui generis striaturae habebit perfectionem. +</s> + </p> + </subchap2> + <subchap2 id="N10F74"> + <p id="N10F75" type="main"> + <s id="N10F77"> +De adiectione eius, qua media adaugetur, uti in tertio volumine de ionicis est perscripta, ita et in his transferatur. + </s> + </p> + <p id="N10F7A" type="main"> + <s id="N10F7C"> +Quoniam exterior species symmetriarum et corinthiorum et doricorum et ionicorum est perscripta, necesse +est etiam interiores cellarum pronaique distributiones explicare. +</s> + </p> + </subchap2> + </subchap1> + <subchap1 id="N10F7F"> + <subchap2 id="N10F80"> + <p id="N10F81" type="main"> + <pb xlink:href="048/01/135.jpg" ed="1567" pagenum="136"></pb> + <s id="N10F83"> +Distribuitur autem longitudo aedis, uti latitudo +sit longitudinis dimidiae partis, ipsaque cella parte quarta +longior sit, quam est latitudo, cum pariete, qui paries +valvarum habuerit conlocationem. </s> + <s id="N10F86">reliquae tres partes +pronai ad antas parietum procurrant, quae antae columnarum crassitudinem habere debent. </s> + <s id="N10F89">et si aedes erit latitudine maior quam pedes <emph type="smallcaps"></emph>XX<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end>, duae columnae inter duas antas +interponantur, quae disiungant pteromatos et pronai +spatium. </s> + <pb xlink:href="048/01/136.jpg" ed="1567" pagenum="137"></pb> + <pb xlink:href="048/01/137.jpg" ed="1567" pagenum="138"></pb> + <pb xlink:href="048/01/138.jpg" ed="1567" pagenum="139"></pb> + <pb xlink:href="048/01/139.jpg" ed="1567" pagenum="140"></pb> + <s id="N10F92">item intercolumnia tria, quae erunt inter antas +et columnas, pluteis marmoreis sive ex intestino opere +factis intercludantur, ita uti fores habeant, per quas itinera pronao fiant. +</s> + </p> + </subchap2> + <subchap2 id="N10F95"> + <p id="N10F96" type="main"> + <s id="N10F9A"> +Item si maior erit latitudo quam +pedes <emph type="smallcaps"></emph>XL<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end>, columnae contra regiones columnarum, quae +inter antas sunt, introrsus conlocentur. </s> + <s id="N10FA3">et hae altitudinem +habeant aeque quam quae sunt in fronte, crassitudines +autem earum extenuentur his rationibus, uti, si octava +parte erunt quae sunt in fronte, hae fiant <emph type="smallcaps"></emph>X<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end> parte, sin +autem <emph type="smallcaps"></emph>VIIII<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end> aut decima, pro rata parte. </s> + <s id="N10FB2">in concluso enim +aere si quae extenuatae erunt, non discernentur. </s> + <s id="N10FB5">sin autem +videbuntur graciliores, cum exterioribus fuerint striae +<<emph type="smallcaps"></emph>XX<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end> aut> <emph type="smallcaps"></emph>XXIIII<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end>, in his faciendae erunt <emph type="smallcaps"></emph>XXVIII<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end> aut <emph type="smallcaps"></emph>XXXII<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end>. +ita quod detrahitur de corpore scapi, striarum numero +adiecto adaugebitur ratione, quo minus videatur, et ita exaequabitur dispari ratione columnarum crassitudo. +</s> + </p> + </subchap2> + <subchap2 id="N10FD0"> + <p id="N10FD1" type="main"> + <s id="N10FD3"> +Hoc autem efficit ea ratio, quod oculus plura et crebriora signa +tangendo maiore visus circumitione pervagatur. </s> + <s id="N10FD6">namque +si duae columnae aeque crassae lineis circummetientur, +e quibus una sit non striata, altera striata, et circa striglium cava et angulos striarum linea corpora tangat, tametsi columnae aeque crassae fuerint, lineae, quae circumdatae erunt, <non erunt> aequales, quod striarum et striglium circuitus maiorem efficit lineae longitudinem. </s> + <s id="N10FD9">sin +autem hoc ita videbitur, non est alienum in angustis locis +et in concluso spatio graciliores columnarum symmetrias +in opere constituere, cum habeamus adiutricem striarum temperaturam. +</s> + </p> + </subchap2> + <subchap2 id="N10FDC"> + <p id="N10FDD" type="main"> + <s id="N10FDF"> +Ipsius autem cellae parietum crassitudinem pro rata parte magnitudinis fieri oportet, dum +antae eorum crassitudinibus columnarum sint aequales. </s> + <s id="N10FE2">et si ex structis futuri sunt, quam minutissimis caementis +struantur, sin autem quadrato saxo aut marmore, maxime +modicis paribusque videtur esse faciundum, quod media +coagmenta medii lapides continentes firmiorem facient +omnis operis perfectionem. </s> + <s id="N10FE5">item circum coagmenta et +cubilia eminentes expressiones graphicoteran efficient in +aspectu delectationem. +</s> + </p> + </subchap2> + </subchap1> + <subchap1 id="N10FE8"> + <subchap2 id="N10FE9"> + <p id="N10FEA" type="main"> + <s id="N10FEC"> +Regiones autem, quas debent spectare aedes sacrae +deorum inmortalium, sic erunt constituendae, uti, si +nulla ratio inpedierit liberaque fuerit potestas, aedis signumque, quod erit in cella conlocatum, spectet ad vespertinam caeli regionem, uti, qui adierint ad aram immolantes aut sacrificia facientes, spectent ad partem caeli +orientis et simulacrum, quod erit in aede, et ita vota +suscipientes contueantur aedem et orientem caelum ipsaque simulacra videantur exaudientia contueri supplicantes +et sacrificantes, quod aras omnes deorum necesse esse videatur ad orientem spectare. +</s> + </p> + </subchap2> + <subchap2 id="N10FEF"> + <p id="N10FF0" type="main"> + <s id="N10FF2"> +Sin autem loci natura interpellaverit, tunc convertendae sunt earum regionum constitutiones, uti quam plurima pars moenium e templis +earum conspiciatur. </s> + <s id="N10FF5">item si secundum flumina aedis sacra fiet, ita uti Aegypto circa Nilum, ad fluminis ripas videntur spectare debere. </s> + <s id="N10FF8">similiter si circum vias publicas erunt aedificia deorum, ita constituantur, uti praetereuntes possint respicere et in conspectu salutationes facere. +</s> + </p> + </subchap2> + </subchap1> + <subchap1 id="N10FFB"> + <subchap2 id="N10FFC"> + <p id="N10FFD" type="main"> + <pb xlink:href="048/01/140.jpg" ed="1567" pagenum="141"></pb> + <s id="N11001"> +Ostiorum autem et eorum antepagmentorum in aedibus +hae sunt rationes, uti primum constituatur, quot genera +sint [futurae]. genera sunt enim thyromaton haec: doricum, +ionicum, atticurges. + </s> + </p> + <p id="N11004" type="main"> + <s id="N11006"> +Horum <dorici generis> symmetriae conspiciuntur his +rationibus, uti corona summa, quae supra antepagmentum +superius inponitur, aeque librata sit capitulis summis columnarum, quae in pronao fuerint. </s> + <s id="N11009">lumen autem thyretri +constituatur sic, uti quae altitudo aedis a pavimento ad +lacunaria fuerit, dividatur in partes tres semis et ex eis +duae partes <semis> lumini valvarum altitudine constituantur. </s> + <s id="N1100C">haec autem dividatur in partes <emph type="smallcaps"></emph>XII<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end> et ex eis +quinque et dimidia latitudo luminis fiat in imo. </s> + <s id="N11015">et in +summo contrahatur, si erit lumen ab imo ad sedecim +pedes, antepagmenti <emph type="smallcaps"></emph>III<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end> parte; <si> <emph type="smallcaps"></emph>XVI<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end> pedum ad <emph type="smallcaps"></emph>XXV<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end>, +superior pars luminis contrahatur antepagmenti parte <emph type="smallcaps"></emph>IIII<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end>; +si ab pedibus <emph type="smallcaps"></emph>XXV<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end> ad <emph type="smallcaps"></emph>XXX<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end>, summa pars contrahatur antepagmenti parte <emph type="smallcaps"></emph>VIII<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end>. reliqua, quo altiora erunt, ad perpendiculum videntur oportere conlocari. +</s> + </p> + </subchap2> + <subchap2 id="N11042"> + <p id="N11043" type="main"> + <s id="N11045"> +Ipsa autem antepagmenta <gap></gap> contrahantur in summo suae crassitudinis <emph type="smallcaps"></emph>XIIII<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end> parte. </s> + <s id="N11050">supercilii crassitudo, quanta antepagmentorum in summa parte erit crassitudo. </s> + <s id="N11053">cymatium +faciundum est antepagmenti parte sexta; proiectura autem, +quanta est eius crassitudo. </s> + <s id="N11056">sculpendum est cymatium +lesbium cum astragalo. </s> + <s id="N11059">supra cymatium, quod erit in +supercilio, conlocandum est hyperthyrum crassitudine +supercilii, et in eo scalpendum est cymatium doricum, +astragalum lesbium sima scalptura. </s> + <s id="N1105C">corona plana cum cymatio; proiectura autem eius erit quanta altitudo. </s> + <s id="N1105F">supercilii, quod supra antepagmenta inponitur, dextra atque +sinistra proiecturae sic sunt faciundae, uti crepidines excurrant et in unguem ipso cymatio coniungantur. +</s> + </p> + </subchap2> + <subchap2 id="N11062"> + <p id="N11063" type="main"> + <pb xlink:href="048/01/141.jpg" ed="1567" pagenum="142"></pb> + <pb xlink:href="048/01/142.jpg" ed="1567" pagenum="143"></pb> + <s id="N11065"> +Sin autem ionico genere futura erunt, lumen altum ad +eundem modum quemadmodum in doricis fieri videtur. </s> + <s id="N11068">latitudo constituatur, ut altitudo dividatur in partes duas +et dimidiam, eiusque partis unius ima luminis fiat latitudo. </s> + <s id="N1106B">contracturae ita uti in doricis. </s> + <s id="N1106E">crassitudo antepagmentorum <ex> altitudine luminis in fronte <emph type="smallcaps"></emph>XIIII<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end> parte, cymatium huius crassitudinis sexta. </s> + <s id="N11077">reliqua pars praeter cymatium dividatur in partes <emph type="smallcaps"></emph>XII<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end>. harum trium prima corsa +fiat cum astragalo, secunda quattuor, tertia quinque, et eae aeque corsae cum astragalis circumcurrant. +</s> + </p> + </subchap2> + <subchap2 id="N11080"> + <p id="N11081" type="main"> + <s id="N11083"> +Hyperthyra autem ad eundem modum componantur quemadmodum in doricis. </s> + <s id="N11086">pro crepidinibus ancones, sive parotides vocantur, excalptae dextra ac sinistra praependeant ad imi supercilii libramentum, praeter folium. </s> + <s id="N11089">eae habeant +in fronte crassitudinem ex antepagmenti tribus partibus, +imo quarta parte graciliore quam superiora. + </s> + </p> + <p id="N1108C" type="main"> + <s id="N11090"> +Fores ita compingantur, uti scapi cardinales sint ex +latitudine luminis totius <emph type="smallcaps"></emph>XII<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end> parte. </s> + <s id="N11099">inter duos scapos tympana ex <emph type="smallcaps"></emph>XII<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end> partibus habeant ternas partes. +</s> + </p> + </subchap2> + <subchap2 id="N110A2"> + <p id="N110A3" type="main"> + <s id="N110A5"> +Inpagibus distributiones ita fient, uti divisis altitudinibus in partes <emph type="smallcaps"></emph>V<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end> +duae superiori, tres inferiori designentur. </s> + <s id="N110AE">super medium +medii inpages conlocentur, ex reliquis alii in summo, alii +in imo compingantur. </s> + <s id="N110B1">altitudo inpagis fiat tympani tertia +parte, cymatium sexta parte inpagis. </s> + <s id="N110B4">scaporum latitudines +inpagis dimidia parte, item replum de inpage dimidia et +sexta parte. </s> + <s id="N110B7">scapi, qui sunt secundum antepagmentum, dimidium inpagis constituantur. </s> + <s id="N110BA">sin autem valvatae erunt, +altitudines ita manebunt, in latitudinem adiciatur amplius +foris latitudo. </s> + <s id="N110BD">si quadriforis futura est, altitudo adiciatur. +</s> + </p> + </subchap2> + <subchap2 id="N110C0"> + <p id="N110C1" type="main"> + <pb xlink:href="048/01/143.jpg" ed="1567" pagenum="144"></pb> + <pb xlink:href="048/01/144.jpg" ed="1567" pagenum="145"></pb> + <pb xlink:href="048/01/145.jpg" ed="1567" pagenum="146"></pb> + <pb xlink:href="048/01/146.jpg" ed="1567" pagenum="147"></pb> + <s id="N110C3"> +Atticurge autem isdem rationibus perficiuntur, quibus +dorica. </s> + <s id="N110C6">praeterea corsae sub cymatiis in antepagmentis +circumdantur, quae ita distribui debent, uti antepagmenti +praeter cymatium ex partibus <emph type="smallcaps"></emph>VII<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end> habeant duas partes. </s> + <s id="N110CF">ipsaque non fiunt clathrata neque bifora sed valvata, et +aperturas habent in exteriores partes. + </s> + </p> + <p id="N110D2" type="main"> + <s id="N110D4"> +Quas rationes aedium sacrarum in formationibus oporteat fieri <doricis>, ionicis corinthiisque operibus, quoad +potui attingere, veluti legitimis moribus exposui. </s> + <s id="N110D7">nunc +de tuscanicis dispositionibus, quemadmodum institui oporteat, dicam. +</s> + </p> + </subchap2> + </subchap1> + <subchap1 id="N110DA"> + <subchap2 id="N110DB"> + <p id="N110DC" type="main"> + <s id="N110DE"> +Locus, in quo aedis constituetur, cum habuerit in longitudine sex partes, una dempta reliquum quod +erit, latitudini detur. </s> + <s id="N110E1">longitudo autem dividatur bipertito, +et quae pars erit interior, cellarum spatiis designetur, quae +erit proxima fronti, columnarum dispositioni relinquatur. </s> + <s id="N110E4">item latitudo dividatur in partes <emph type="smallcaps"></emph>X<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end>. +</s> + </p> + </subchap2> + <subchap2 id="N110ED"> + <p id="N110EE" type="main"> + <s id="N110F2"> +Ex his ternae partes dextra ac sinistra cellis minoribus, sive ibi alae futurae +sunt, dentur; reliquae quattuor mediae aedi attribuantur. </s> + <s id="N110F5">spatium, quod erit ante cellas in pronao, ita columnis +designetur, ut angulares contra antas, parietum extremorum <e> regione, conlocentur; duae mediae e regione +parietum, qui inter antas et mediam aedem fuerint, ita +distribuantur; et inter antas et columnas priores per medium isdem regionibus alterae disponantur. </s> + <s id="N110F8">eaeque sint +ima crassitudine altitudinis parte <emph type="smallcaps"></emph>VII<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end>; altitudo tertia parte +latitudinis templi; summaque columna quarta parte crassitudinis imae contrahatur. +</s> + </p> + </subchap2> + <subchap2 id="N11101"> + <p id="N11102" type="main"> + <s id="N11104"> +Spirae earum altae dimidia parte crassitudinis fiant. </s> + <s id="N11107">habeant spirae earum plinthum +ad circinum, altam suae crassitudinis dimidia parte, torum +insuper cum apophysi crassum quantum plinthus. </s> + <s id="N1110A">capituli altitudo dimidia crassitudinis. </s> + <s id="N1110D">abaci latitudo quanta +ima crassitudo columnae. </s> + <s id="N11110">capitulique crassitudo dividatur +in partes tres, e quibus una plintho, quae est abacus, detur, altera echino, tertia hypotrachelio cum apophysi. +</s> + </p> + </subchap2> + <subchap2 id="N11113"> + <p id="N11114" type="main"> + <s id="N11116"> +Supra columnas trabes compactiles inponantur ut altitudinis modulis îs, qui a magnitudine operis postulabuntur. </s> + <s id="N11119">eaeque trabes compactiles eam habeant crassitudinem, +quanta summae columnae erit hypotrachelium, et ita sint +compactae subscudibus et securiclis, ut compactura duorum digitorum habeant laxationem. </s> + <s id="N1111C">cum enim inter se +tangunt et non spiramentum et perflatum venti recipiunt, concalefaciuntur et celeriter putrescunt. +</s> + </p> + </subchap2> + <subchap2 id="N1111F"> + <p id="N11120" type="main"> + <s id="N11122"> +Supra trabes et supra parietes traiecturae mutulorum parte <emph type="smallcaps"></emph>IIII<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end> altitudinis +columnae proiciantur; item in eorum frontibus antepagmenta figantur. </s> + <s id="N1112B">supraque îs tympanum fastigii structura seu de materia conlocetur. </s> + <s id="N1112E">supraque eûm fastigium, columen, cantherii, templa ita sunt conlocanda, ut +stillicidium tecti absoluti tertiario respondeat. +</s> + </p> + </subchap2> + </subchap1> + <subchap1 id="N11131"> + <subchap2 id="N11132"> + <p id="N11133" type="main"> + <pb xlink:href="048/01/147.jpg" ed="1567" pagenum="148"></pb> + <pb xlink:href="048/01/148.jpg" ed="1567" pagenum="149"></pb> + <pb xlink:href="048/01/149.jpg" ed="1567" pagenum="150"></pb> + <s id="N11135"> +Fiunt autem aedes rotundae, e quibus aliae monopteroe sine cella columnatae constituuntur, aliae peripteroe +dicuntur. </s> + <s id="N11138">quae sine cella fiunt, tribunal habent et ascensum ex sua diametro tertiae partis. </s> + <s id="N1113B">insuper stylobatam +columnae constituuntur tam altae, quanta ab extremis +parietibus est diametros stylobatarum, crassae altitudinis +suae cum capitulis et spiris decumae partis. </s> + <s id="N1113E">epistylium +altum columnae crassitudinis dimidia parte. </s> + <s id="N11141">zophorum et +reliqua, quae insuper inponuntur, ita uti in <emph type="smallcaps"></emph>III<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end> volumine +de symmetriis scripsi. +</s> + </p> + </subchap2> + <subchap2 id="N1114A"> + <p id="N1114B" type="main"> + <pb xlink:href="048/01/150.jpg" ed="1567" pagenum="151"></pb> + <s id="N1114F"> +Sin autem peripteros ea aedes constituetur, duo gradus et stylobata ab imo constituantur. </s> + <s id="N11152">deinde cellae paries conlocetur cum recessu eius a stylobata circa partem +latitudinis quintam, medioque valvarum locus ad aditus +relinquatur; eaque cella tantam habeat diametrum praeter +parietes et circumitionem, quantam altitudinem columna. </s> + <s id="N11155">supra stylobatam columnae circum cellam isdem symmetriis, quae <supra scriptae sunt,> disponantur. +</s> + </p> + </subchap2> + <subchap2 id="N11158"> + <p id="N11159" type="main"> + <s id="N1115B"> +In medio tecti ratio ita habeatur, uti, quanta diametros totius operis erit futura, dimidia altitudo fiat tholi praeter florem; flos autem tantam habeat magnitudinem, quantam habuerit columnae capitulum, praeter pyramidem. </s> + <s id="N1115E">reliqua, uti supra +scripta sunt ea, pro portionibus atque symmetriis facienda +videntur. +</s> + </p> + </subchap2> + <subchap2 id="N11161"> + <p id="N11162" type="main"> + <pb xlink:href="048/01/151.jpg" ed="1567" pagenum="152"></pb> + <s id="N11164"> +Item generibus aliis constituuntur aedes ex isdem symmetriis ordinatae et alio genere dispositiones habentes, +uti est Castoris in circo Flaminio et inter duos lucos +Veiovis, item augustius Nemori Dianae columnis adiectis +dextra ac sinistra ad umeros pronai. </s> + <s id="N11167">hoc autem genere +primo facta est, uti est Castoris in circo, Athenis in arce +et in Attica Sunio Palladis Minervae. </s> + <s id="N1116A">earum non aliae +sed eaedem sunt proportiones. </s> + <s id="N1116D">cellae enim longitudinibus +duplices sunt ad latitudines uti reliquae; ex îs omnia, quae solent esse in frontibus, ad latera sunt translata. +</s> + </p> + </subchap2> + <subchap2 id="N11170"> + <p id="N11171" type="main"> + <s id="N11173"> +Nonnulli etiam de tuscanicis generibus sumentes columnarum dispositiones transferunt in corinthiorum et ionicorum operum ordinationes, et quibus in locis in pronao procurrunt +antae, in isdem e regione cellae parietum columnas binas +conlocantes efficiunt tuscanicorum et graecorum operum communem ratiocinationem. +</s> + </p> + </subchap2> + <subchap2 id="N11176"> + <p id="N11177" type="main"> + <s id="N11179"> +Alii vero removentes parietes aedis et adplicantes ad intercolumnia, pteromatos spatiis +sublati efficiunt amplum laxamentum cellae; reliqua autem +proportionibus et symmetriis isdem conservantes aliud +genus figurae nominisque videntur pseudoperipterum procreavisse. </s> + <s id="N1117C">haec autem genera propter usum sacrificiorum +convertuntur. </s> + <s id="N1117F">non enim omnibus diis isdem rationibus +aedes sunt faciundae, quod alius alia varietate sacrorum +religionum habet effectus. +</s> + </p> + </subchap2> + <subchap2 id="N11182"> + <p id="N11183" type="main"> + <s id="N11187"> +Omnes aedium sacrarum ratiocinationes, uti mihi traditae sunt, exposui ordinesque et symmetrias earum partitionibus distinxi, et quarum dispares sunt figurae et quibus discriminibus inter se sunt disparatae, quoad potui +significare scriptis, exposui. </s> + <s id="N1118A">nunc de aris deorum inmortalium, uti aptam constitutionem habeant ad sacrificiorum rationem, dicam. +</s> + </p> + </subchap2> + </subchap1> + <subchap1 id="N1118D"> + <subchap2 id="N1118E"> + <p id="N1118F" type="main"> + <pb xlink:href="048/01/152.jpg" ed="1567" pagenum="153"></pb> + <pb xlink:href="048/01/153.jpg" ed="1567" pagenum="154"></pb> + <s id="N11191"> +Arae spectent ad orientem et semper inferiores sint conlocatae quam simulacra, quae fuerint +in aede, uti suspicientes divinitatem, qui supplicant, et +sacrificent. </s> + <s id="N11194">disparibus altitudinibus ad sui cuiusque dei +decorem componantur. </s> + <s id="N11197">altitudines autem earum sic sunt +explicandae, uti Iovi omnibusque caelestibus quam excelsissimae constituantur, Vestae Terrae Matrique humiles +conlocentur. </s> + <s id="N1119A">ita idoneae his institutionibus explicabuntur +modulationibus ararum deformationes. + </s> + </p> + <p id="N1119D" type="main"> + <s id="N1119F"> +Explicatis aedium sacrarum compositionibus in hoc libro, insequenti de communium operum reddemus distributionibus explicationes. +</s> + </p> + </subchap2> + </subchap1> + </chap> + <chap id="N111A2"> + + <p id="N111A4" type="head"> + <pb xlink:href="048/01/154.jpg" ed="1567" pagenum="155"></pb> + <pb xlink:href="048/01/155.jpg" ed="1567" pagenum="156"></pb> + <s id="N111A6">LIBER QUINTUS</s> + </p> + <subchap1 id="N111A9"> + <subchap2 id="N111AA"> + <p id="N111AB" type="main"> + <s id="N111AD"> +Qui amplioribus voluminibus, imperator, ingenii cogitationes praeceptaque explicaverunt, maximas et egregias +adiecerunt suis scriptis auctoritates. </s> + <s id="N111B0">quod etiam velim +nostris quoque studiis res pateretur, ut amplificationibus +auctoritas et in his praeceptis augeretur; sed id non est, +quemadmodum putatur, expeditum. </s> + <s id="N111B3">non enim de architectura sic scribitur uti historia aut poemata. </s> + <s id="N111B6">historiae +per se tenent lectores; habent enim novarum rerum varias expectationes. </s> + <s id="N111B9">poematorum vero [carminum] metra +et pedes ac verborum elegans dispositio et sententiarum +inter personas distinctas [versuum] pronuntiatio prolectando sensus legentium perducit sine offensa ad summam scriptorum terminationem. +</s> + </p> + </subchap2> + <subchap2 id="N111BC"> + <p id="N111BD" type="main"> + <s id="N111C1"> +Id autem in architecturae conscriptionibus non potest fieri, quod vocabula ex artis propria necessitate concepta inconsueto sermone obiciunt sensibus obscuritatem. </s> + <s id="N111C4">cum ergo ea per se non sint aperta nec pateant eorum in consuetudine nomina, tum etiam +prae + <pb xlink:href="048/01/156.jpg" ed="1567" pagenum="157"></pb> + ceptorum late vagantes scripturae, si non contrahentur, ut paucis et perlucidis sententiis explicentur, frequentia multitudineque sermonis inpediente incertas legentium +efficient cogitationes. </s> + <s id="N111C7">itaque occultas nominationes commensusque e membris operum pronuntians, ut memoriae +tradantur, breviter exponam; sic enim expeditius ea recipere poterunt mentes. +</s> + </p> + </subchap2> + <subchap2 id="N111CA"> + <p id="N111CB" type="main"> + <s id="N111CD"> +Non minus cum animadvertissem distentam occupationibus civitatem publicis et privatis +negotiis, paucis iudicavi scribendum, uti angusto spatio +vacuitatis ea legentes breviter percipere possent. + </s> + </p> + <p id="N111D0" type="main"> + <s id="N111D2"> +Etiamque Pythagorae quique eius haeresim fuerunt secuti, placuit cybicis rationibus praecepta in voluminibus +scribere, constitueruntque cybum <emph type="smallcaps"></emph>CCXVI<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end> versus eosque non +plus tres in una conscriptione oportere esse putaverunt. +</s> + </p> + </subchap2> + <subchap2 id="N111DB"> + <p id="N111DC" type="main"> + <s id="N111DE"> +Cybus autem est corpus ex lateribus aequali latitudine +planitiarum perquadratum. </s> + <s id="N111E1">is cum est iactus, quam in +partem incubuit, dum est intactus, inmotam habet stabilitatem, uti sunt etiam tesserae, quas in alveo ludentes +iaciunt. </s> + <pb xlink:href="048/01/157.jpg" ed="1567" pagenum="158"></pb> + <s id="N111E4">hanc autem similitudinem ex eo sumpsisse videntur, quod is numerus versuum, uti cybus, in quemcumque +sensum insederit, inmotam efficiat ibi memoriae stabilitatem. </s> + <s id="N111E7">graeci quoque poetae comici interponentes e choro canticum diviserunt spatia fabularum. </s> + <s id="N111EA">ita partes cybica ratione facientes intercapedinibus levant actorum +pronuntiationes. +</s> + </p> + </subchap2> + <subchap2 id="N111ED"> + <p id="N111EE" type="main"> + <s id="N111F0"> +Cum ergo haec naturali modo sint a maioribus observata animoque advertam inusitatas et obscuras multis res +esse mihi scribendas, quo facilius ad sensus legentium pervenire possint, brevibus voluminibus iudicavi scribere; ita +enim expedita erunt ad intellegendum. </s> + <s id="N111F3">eorumque ordinationes institui, uti non sint quaerentibus separatim colligenda, sed e corpore uno et in singulis voluminibus generum haberent explicationes. </s> + <s id="N111F6">itaque, Caesar, tertio et +quarto volumine aedium sacrarum rationes exposui, hoc +libro publicorum locorum expediam dispositiones. </s> + <s id="N111F9">primumque forum uti oporteat constitui, dicam, quod in eo et publicarum et privatarum rerum rationes per magistratus +gubernantur. +</s> + </p> + </subchap2> + </subchap1> + <subchap1 id="N111FC"> + <subchap2 id="N111FD"> + <p id="N111FE" type="main"> + <s id="N11202"> +Graeci in quadrato amplissimis et duplicibus porticibus +fora constituunt crebrisque columnis et lapideis aut marmoreis epistyliis adornant et supra ambulationes in contignationibus faciunt. </s> + <pb xlink:href="048/01/158.jpg" ed="1567" pagenum="159"></pb> + <s id="N11205">Italiae vero urbibus non eadem est +ratione faciendum, ideo quod a maioribus consuetudo tradita est gladiatoria munera in foro dari. +</s> + </p> + </subchap2> + <subchap2 id="N11208"> + <p id="N11209" type="main"> + <s id="N1120B"> +Igitur circum spectacula spatiosiora intercolumnia distribuantur circaque in porticibus argentariae tabernae maenianaque superioribus coaxationibus conlocentur, quae et ad usum +et ad vectigalia publica recte erunt disposita. + </s> + </p> + <p id="N1120E" type="main"> + <s id="N11210"> +Magnitudines autem ad copiam hominum oportet fieri, +ne parvum spatium sit ad usum aut ne propter inopiam +populi vastum forum videatur. </s> + <s id="N11213">latitudo autem ita finiatur, +uti, longitudo in tres partes cum divisa fuerit, ex his duae +partes ei dentur; ita enim erit oblonga eius formatio et ad spectaculorum rationem utilis dispositio. +</s> + </p> + </subchap2> + <subchap2 id="N11216"> + <p id="N11217" type="main"> + <s id="N11219"> +Columnae superiores quarta parte minores quam inferiores sunt constituendae, propterea quod oneri ferendo, quae sunt inferiora, firmiora debent esse quam superiora. </s> + <s id="N1121C">non minus quod etiam nascentium oportet imitari naturam, ut in arboribus teretibus, abiete, cupresso, pinu, e quibus nulla non crassior est ab radicibus, dein decrescendo progreditur in altitudinem naturali contractura peraequata nascens ad cacumen. </s> + <s id="N1121F">ergo si natura nascentium ita postulat, recte est constitutum et altitudinibus et crassitudinibus superiora inferiorum fieri contractiora. +</s> + </p> + </subchap2> + <subchap2 id="N11222"> + <p id="N11223" type="main"> + <pb xlink:href="048/01/159.jpg" ed="1567" pagenum="160"></pb> + <pb xlink:href="048/01/160.jpg" ed="1567" pagenum="161"></pb> + <s id="N11225"> +Basilicarum loca adiuncta foris quam calidissimis partibus oportet constitui, ut per hiemem sine molestia tempestatium se conferre in eas negotiatores possint. </s> + <s id="N11228">earumque latitudines ne minus quam ex tertia, ne plus ex +dimidia longitudinis constituantur, nisi si loci natura inpedierit et aliter coegerit symmetriam commutari. </s> + <s id="N1122B">sin +autem locus erit amplior in longitudine, chalcidica in extremis constituantur, uti sunt in Iulia Aquiliana. +</s> + </p> + </subchap2> + <subchap2 id="N1122E"> + <p id="N1122F" type="main"> + <s id="N11233"> +Columnae basilicarum tam altae, quam porticus latae fuerint, faciendae videntur; porticus, quam medium spatium futurum est, ex tertia finiatur. </s> + <s id="N11236">columnae superiores minores quam inferiores, uti supra scriptum est, constituantur. </s> + <s id="N11239">pluteum, quod fuerit inter superiores et inferiores columnas, +lumnas, item quarta parte minus, quam superiores columnae fuerint, oportere fieri videtur, uti supra basilicae contignationem ambulantes ab negotiatoribus ne conspiciantur. </s> + <s id="N1123C">epistylia, zophora, coronae ex symmetriis columnarum, uti in tertio libro diximus, explicentur. +</s> + </p> + </subchap2> + <subchap2 id="N1123F"> + <p id="N11240" type="main"> + <pb xlink:href="048/01/161.jpg" ed="1567" pagenum="162"></pb> + <pb xlink:href="048/01/162.jpg" ed="1567" pagenum="163"></pb> + <s id="N11242"> +[Non minus summam dignitatem et venustatem possunt +habere comparationes basilicarum, quo genere Coloniae +Iuliae Fanestri conlocavi curavique faciendam, cuius proportiones et symmetriae sic sunt constitutae. </s> + <s id="N11245">mediana +testudo inter columnas est longa pedes <emph type="smallcaps"></emph>CXX<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end>, lata pedes +<emph type="smallcaps"></emph>LX<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end>. porticus eius circa testudinem inter parietes et columnas lata pedes <emph type="smallcaps"></emph>XX<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end>. + <pb xlink:href="048/01/163.jpg" ed="1567" pagenum="164"></pb> + columnae altitudinibus perpetuis +cum capitulis pedes <emph type="smallcaps"></emph>L<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end>, crassitudinibus quinûm, habentes +post se parastaticas altas pedes <emph type="smallcaps"></emph>XX<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end>, latas pedes <emph type="smallcaps"></emph>II S<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end>, crassas <emph type="smallcaps"></emph>I S<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end>, quae sustinent trabes, in quibus invehuntur porticuum contignationes. </s> + <s id="N11272">supraque eas aliae parastaticae pedum <emph type="smallcaps"></emph>XVIII<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end>, latae binûm, crassae pedem, quae excipiunt item +trabes + <pb xlink:href="048/01/164.jpg" ed="1567" pagenum="165"></pb> + sustinentes cantherium et porticûm, quae sunt summissa infra testudinem, tecta. +</s> + </p> + </subchap2> + <subchap2 id="N1127B"> + <p id="N1127C" type="main"> + <s id="N1127E"> +Reliqua spatia inter parastaticarum et columnarum trabes per intercolumnia luminibus sunt relicta. </s> + <s id="N11281">columnae sunt in latitudine testudinis cum angularibus dextra ac sinistra quaternae, in +longitudine, quae est foro proxima, cum isdem angularibus +octo, ex altera parte cum angularibus <emph type="smallcaps"></emph>VI<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end>, ideo quod mediae duae in ea parte non sunt positae, ne inpediant aspectus pronai aedis Augusti, quae est in medio latere +parietis basilicae conlocata spectans medium forum et aedem Iovis. +</s> + </p> + </subchap2> + <subchap2 id="N1128A"> + <p id="N1128B" type="main"> + <pb xlink:href="048/01/165.jpg" ed="1567" pagenum="166"></pb> + <s id="N1128D"> +Item tribunal, quod est in ea aede, hemicycli +schematis minoris curvatura formatum; eius autem hemicycli in fronte est intervallum pedes <emph type="smallcaps"></emph>XLVI<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end>, introrsus curvatura pedes <emph type="smallcaps"></emph>XV<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end>, uti, qui apud magistratus starent, negotiantes in basilica ne inpedirent. </s> + <s id="N1129C">supra columnas ex tribus +tignis bipedalibus compactis trabes sunt circa conlocatae, +eaeque ab tertiis columnis, quae sunt in interiore parte, +revertuntur ad antas, quae a pronao procurrunt, dextraque et sinistra hemicyclium tangunt. +</s> + </p> + </subchap2> + <subchap2 id="N1129F"> + <p id="N112A0" type="main"> + <pb xlink:href="048/01/166.jpg" ed="1567" pagenum="167"></pb> + <pb xlink:href="048/01/167.jpg" ed="1567" pagenum="168"></pb> + <s id="N112A2"> +Supra trabes contra capitula ex fulmentis dispositae pilae sunt conlocatae, +altae pedes <emph type="smallcaps"></emph>III<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end>, latae quoqueversus quaternis. </s> + <s id="N112AB">supra eas +ex duobus tignis bipedalibus trabes everganeae circa sunt +conlocatae. </s> + <s id="N112AE">quibus insuper transtra cum capreolis columnarum contra corpora et antas et parietes pronai conlocata sustinent unum culmen perpetuae basilicae, alterum +a medio supra pronaum aedis. </s> + <s id="N112B1">ita fastigiorum duplex pectinata dispositio extrinsecus tecti et interioris altae testudinis praestat speciem venustam. </s> + <s id="N112B4">item sublata epistyliorum ornamenta et pluteorum columnarumque superiorum +distributio operosam detrahit molestiam sumptusque inminuit ex magna parte summam. </s> + <s id="N112B7">ipsae vero columnae in +altitudine perpetua sub trabes testudinis perductae et +magnificentiam inpensae et auctoritatem operi adaugere +videntur.] +</s> + </p> + </subchap2> + </subchap1> + <subchap1 id="N112BA"> + <subchap2 id="N112BB"> + <p id="N112BC" type="main"> + <s id="N112C0"> +Aerarium, carcer, curia foro sunt coniungenda, sed ita +uti magnitudo <ac> symmetriae eorum foro respondeant. </s> + <s id="N112C3">maxime quidem curia in primis est facienda ad dignitatem municipii sive civitatis. </s> + <s id="N112C6">et si quadrata erit, quantum habuerit latitudinis dimidia addita constituatur altitudo; sin autem oblonga fuerit, longitudo et latitudo +componatur, et summae compositae eius dimidia pars sub lacunariis altitudini detur. +</s> + </p> + </subchap2> + <subchap2 id="N112C9"> + <p id="N112CA" type="main"> + <s id="N112CC"> +Praeterea praecingendi sunt parietes medii coronis ex intestino opere aut albario +ad dimidiam partem altitudinis. </s> + <s id="N112CF">quae si non erunt, vox +ibi disputantium elata in altitudinem intellectui non poterit esse audientibus. </s> + <s id="N112D2">cum autem coronis praecincti parietes erunt, vox ab imis morata, priusquam in aera elata +dissipabitur, auribus erit intellecta. +</s> + </p> + </subchap2> + </subchap1> + <subchap1 id="N112D5"> + <subchap2 id="N112D6"> + <p id="N112D7" type="main"> + <pb xlink:href="048/01/168.jpg" ed="1567" pagenum="169"></pb> + <s id="N112D9"> +Cum forum constitutum fuerit, tum deorum inmortalium +diebus festis ludorum spectationibus eligendus est locus +theatro quam saluberrimus, uti in primo libro de salubritatibus in moenium conlocationibus est scriptum. </s> + <s id="N112DC">per +ludos enim cum coniugibus et liberis persedentes delectationibus detinentur et corpora propter voluptatem inmota +patentes habent venas, in quas insidunt aurarum flatus, +qui, si a regionibus palustribus aut aliis regionibus vitiosis +advenient, nocentes spiritus corporibus infundent. </s> + <s id="N112DF">itaque si curiosius eligetur locus theatro, vitabuntur vitia. +</s> + </p> + </subchap2> + <subchap2 id="N112E2"> + <p id="N112E3" type="main"> + <s id="N112E5"> +Etiamque providendum est, ne impetus habeat a meridie. </s> + <s id="N112E8">sol +enim cum implet eius rotunditatem, aer conclusus curvatura neque habens potestatem vagandi versando confervescit et candens adurit excoquitque et inminuit e corporibus umores. </s> + <s id="N112EB">ideo maxime vitandae sunt his rebus vitiosae regiones et eligendae salubres. +</s> + </p> + </subchap2> + <subchap2 id="N112EE"> + <p id="N112EF" type="main"> + <pb xlink:href="048/01/169.jpg" ed="1567" pagenum="170"></pb> + <s id="N112F1"> +Fundamentorum autem, si in montibus fuerint, facilior erit ratio; sed si necessitas +coegerit in plano aut palustri loco ea constitui, solidationes substructionesque ita erunt faciendae, quemadmodum de fundationibus aedium sacrarum in tertio libro est scriptum. </s> + <s id="N112F4">insuper fundamenta lapideis et marmoreis copiis gradationes ab substructione fieri debent. +</s> + </p> + </subchap2> + <subchap2 id="N112F7"> + <p id="N112F8" type="main"> + <pb xlink:href="048/01/170.jpg" ed="1567" pagenum="171"></pb> + <s id="N112FC"> +Praecinctiones ad altitudines theatrorum pro rata parte faciendae videntur, neque altiores quam quanta praecinctionis itineris sit latitudo. </s> + <s id="N112FF">si enim excelsiores fuerint, repellent et eicient e superiore parte vocem nec patientur in sedibus suis, quae <sunt> supra praecinctiones, verborum casus certa significatione ad aures pervenire. </s> + <s id="N11302">et ad summam ita est gubernandum, uti, linea cum ad imum gradum et ad summum extenta fuerit, omnia cacumina graduum angulosque tangat: ita vox non inpedietur. +</s> + </p> + </subchap2> + <subchap2 id="N11305"> + <p id="N11306" type="main"> + <s id="N11308"> +Aditus complures et spatiosos oportet disponere, nec coniunctos +superiores inferioribus, sed ex omnibus locis perpetuos et +directos sine inversuris faciendos, uti, cum populus dimittatur de spectaculis, ne comprimatur, sed habeat ex omnibus locis exitus separatos sine inpeditione. + </s> + </p> + <p id="N1130B" type="main"> + <s id="N1130D"> +Etiam diligenter est animadvertendum, ne sit locus +surdus, sed ut in eo vox quam clarissime vagari possit. </s> + <s id="N11310">hoc vero fieri ita poterit, si locus electus fuerit, ubi non inpediatur resonantia. +</s> + </p> + </subchap2> + <subchap2 id="N11313"> + <p id="N11314" type="main"> + <s id="N11316"> +Vox autem est spiritus fluens aeris, e tactu sensibilis auditu. </s> + <s id="N11319">ea movetur circulorum rotundationibus infinitis, uti si in stantem aquam lapide inmisso nascantur innumerabiles undarum circuli crescentes a centro, quam latissime possint, et vagantes, nisi angustia loci interpellaverit aut aliqua offensio, quae non patitur designationes earum undarum ad exitus pervenire. </s> + <s id="N1131C">itaque cum interpellentur offensionibus, primae redundantes insequentium disturbant designationes. +</s> + </p> + </subchap2> + <subchap2 id="N1131F"> + <p id="N11320" type="main"> + <s id="N11322"> +Eadem ratione vox item ad circinum efficit motiones; + <pb xlink:href="048/01/171.jpg" ed="1567" pagenum="172"></pb> + sed in aqua circuli planitiae in latitudine moventur, vox et in latitudine progreditur et altitudinem gradatim scandit. </s> + <s id="N11325">igitur ut in aqua undarum designationibus, item in voce cum offensio nulla primam undam interpellaverit, non disturbat secundam nec insequentes, sed omnes sine resonantia perveniunt ad imorum et ad summorum aures. +</s> + </p> + </subchap2> + <subchap2 id="N11328"> + <p id="N11329" type="main"> + <s id="N1132D"> +Ergo veteres architecti naturae vestigia persecuti indagationibus +vocis scandentis theatrorum perfecerunt gradationes, et +quaesierunt per canonicam mathematicorum et musicam +rationem, ut, quaecumque vox esset in scaena, clarior et +suavior ad spectatorum perveniret aures. </s> + <s id="N11330">uti enim organa aeneis lamminis aut corneis <foreign lang="grc">ἠχεῖα</foreign> ad chordarum +sonitûm claritatem perficiuntur, sic theatrorum per harmonicen ad augendam vocem ratiocinationes ab antiquis +sunt constitutae. +</s> + </p> + </subchap2> + </subchap1> + <subchap1 id="N11337"> + <subchap2 id="N11338"> + <p id="N11339" type="main"> + <s id="N1133B"> +Harmonice autem est musica litteratura obscura et +difficilis, maxime quidem quibus graecae litterae non sunt +notae. </s> + <s id="N1133E">quam si volumus explicare, necesse est etiam +graecis verbis uti, quod nonnulla eorum latinas non +habent appellationes. </s> + <s id="N11341">itaque ut potuero quam apertissime +ex Aristoxeni scripturis interpretabor et eius diagramma +subscribam finitionesque sonituum designabo, uti, qui diligentius attenderit, facilius percipere possit. +</s> + </p> + </subchap2> + <subchap2 id="N11344"> + <p id="N11345" type="main"> + <pb xlink:href="048/01/172.jpg" ed="1567" pagenum="173"></pb> + <s id="N11347"> +Vox enim mutationibus cum flectitur, alias fit acuta, alias gravis; +duobusque modis movetur, e quibus unus effectus habet +continuatos, alter distantes. </s> + <s id="N1134A">continuata vox neque in finitionibus consistit neque in loco ullo, efficitque terminationes non apparentes, intervalla autem media apparentia, +uti sermone cum dicamus: sol lux flos vox. </s> + <s id="N1134D">nunc enim nec +unde incipit nec ubi desinit, intellegitur, †sed quod ex +acuta facta est gravis et ex gravi acuta, apparet auribus. </s> + <s id="N11350">per distantiam autem e contrario. </s> + <s id="N11353">namque cum flectitur inmutatione, vox statuit se in alicuius sonitus finitione, deinde in alterius, et id ultro citro crebre faciendo +<non> constans apparet sensibus, uti in cantionibus cum +flectentes vocem varietatem facimus. </s> + <s id="N11356">modulationis itaque +intervallis ea cum versatur, et unde initium fecit et ubi +desiit, apparet in sonorum patentibus finitionibus, medianis +autem patentia intervallis obscurantur. +</s> + </p> + </subchap2> + <subchap2 id="N11359"> + <p id="N1135A" type="main"> + <s id="N1135C"> +Genera vero sunt modulationum tria: primum quod +Graeci nominant <foreign lang="grc">ἁρμονίην</foreign>, secundum <foreign lang="grc">χρῶμα</foreign>, tertium <foreign lang="grc">διάτονον</foreign>. est autem harmoniae modulatio ab arte concepta, +et ea re cantio eius maxime gravem et egregiam habet +auctoritatem. </s> + <s id="N1136B">chroma subtili sollertia ac crebritate modulorum suaviorem habet delectationem. </s> + <s id="N1136E">diatoni vero, quod +naturalis est, facilior est intervallorum distantia. </s> + <pb xlink:href="048/01/173.jpg" ed="1567" pagenum="174"></pb> + <s id="N11371">in his +tribus generibus dissimiles sunt tetrachordorum dispositiones, quod harmonia [tetrachordorum] et tonos et dihesis habet binas (dihesis autem est toni pars quarta; +ita in hemitonio duae diheses sunt conlocatae); chromati +duo hemitonia in ordine sunt composita, tertium trium +hemitoniorum est intervallum; dia<tono> toni duo sunt +continuati, tertium hemitonium finit tetrachordi magnitudinem. </s> + <s id="N11374">ita in tribus generibus tetrachorda ex duobus +tonis et hemitonio sunt peraequata, + <pb xlink:href="048/01/174.jpg" ed="1567" pagenum="175"></pb> + <pb xlink:href="048/01/175.jpg" ed="1567" pagenum="176"></pb> + <pb xlink:href="048/01/176.jpg" ed="1567" pagenum="177"></pb> + <pb xlink:href="048/01/177.jpg" ed="1567" pagenum="178"></pb> + sed ipsa cum separatim uniuscuiusque generis finibus considerantur, dissimilem habent intervallorum designationem. +</s> + </p> + </subchap2> + <subchap2 id="N11377"> + <p id="N11378" type="main"> + <s id="N1137A"> +Igitur intervalla tonorum et hemitoniorum et <diheseon> tetrachordorum +in voce divisit natura finîtque terminationes eorum mensuris intervallorum quantitate, modisque certis distantibus +constituit qualitates, quibus etiam artifices, qui organa fabricant, ex natura constitutis utendo comparant ad concentus convenientes eorum perfectiones. +</s> + </p> + </subchap2> + <subchap2 id="N1137D"> + <p id="N1137E" type="main"> + <s id="N11382"> +Sonitus, qui graece <foreign lang="grc">φθόγγοι</foreign> dicuntur, in unoquoque +genere sunt <emph type="smallcaps"></emph>X<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end> et <emph type="smallcaps"></emph>VIII<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end>, e quibus <emph type="smallcaps"></emph>VIII<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end> sunt in tribus generibus perpetui et stantes, reliqui <emph type="smallcaps"></emph>X<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end>, cum communiter modulantur, sunt vagantes. </s> + <pb xlink:href="048/01/178.jpg" ed="1567" pagenum="179"></pb> + <pb xlink:href="048/01/179.jpg" ed="1567" pagenum="180"></pb> + <s id="N113A1">stantes autem sunt, qui inter +mobiles [sunt] interpositi continent tetrachordi coniunctionem et e generum discriminibus suis finibus sunt permanentes; appellantur autem sic: proslambanomenos, hypate hypaton, hypate meson, mese, nete synhemmenon, +paramese, nete diezeugmenon, nete hyperbolaeon. </s> + <s id="N113A4">mobiles +autem sunt, qui in tetrachordo inter inmotos dispositi in +generibus ex locis loca mutant; vocabula autem habent +haec: parhypate hypaton, lichanos hypaton, parhypate +meson, lichanos meson, trite synhemmenon, <paranete +synhemmenon,> trite diezeugmenon, paranete diezeugmenon, trite hyperbolaeon, paranete hyperbolaeon. +</s> + </p> + </subchap2> + <subchap2 id="N113A7"> + <p id="N113A8" type="main"> + <pb xlink:href="048/01/180.jpg" ed="1567" pagenum="181"></pb> + <s id="N113AA"> +Ei autem qua moventur, recipiunt virtutes alias; intervalla enim +et distantias habent crescentes. </s> + <s id="N113AD">itaque parhypate, quae +in harmonia distat ab hypate <dimidium> hemitonium, in +chroma transmutata habet hemitonium. </s> + <s id="N113B0">quae lichanos in +harmonia dicitur, ab hypate distat hemitonium, in chroma +translata progreditur duo hemitonia, in diatono distat ab +hypate tria hemitonia. </s> + <s id="N113B3">ita <emph type="smallcaps"></emph>X<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end> sonitus propter translationes +in generibus efficiunt triplicem modulationum varietatem. +</s> + </p> + </subchap2> + <subchap2 id="N113BC"> + <p id="N113BD" type="main"> + <s id="N113BF"> +Tetrachorda autem sunt quinque: primum gravissimum, +quod graece dicitur <foreign lang="grc">ὕπατον</foreign>, secundum medianum, quod +appellatur <foreign lang="grc">μέσον</foreign>, tertium coniunctum, quod <foreign lang="grc">συνημμένον</foreign> +dicitur, quartum disiunctum, quod <foreign lang="grc">διεζευγμένον</foreign> nominatur, quintum, quod est acutissimum, graece <foreign lang="grc">ὑπερβόλαιον</foreign> +dicitur. </s> + <s id="N113D6">concentus, quos natura hominis modulari potest, +graece quae <foreign lang="grc">συμφωνίαι</foreign> dicuntur, sunt sex: diatessaron, +diapente, diapason, et disdiatessaron, et disdiapente, et disdiapason. +</s> + </p> + </subchap2> + <subchap2 id="N113DD"> + <p id="N113DE" type="main"> + <pb xlink:href="048/01/181.jpg" ed="1567" pagenum="182"></pb> + <pb xlink:href="048/01/182.jpg" ed="1567" pagenum="183"></pb> + <s id="N113E0"> +Ideoque et a numero nomina ceperunt, quod, +cum vox constiterit in una sonorum finitione ab eaque se +flectens mutaverit et pervenerit in quartam terminationem, +appellatur diatessaron, in quintam diapente [in sextam +diapason, in octavam et dimidiam diapason et diatessaron, +in nonam et dimidiam diapason diapente, in <emph type="smallcaps"></emph>XII<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end> disdiapason]. +</s> + </p> + </subchap2> + <subchap2 id="N113E9"> + <p id="N113EA" type="main"> + <s id="N113EC"> +Non enim inter duo intervalla, cum chordarum +sonitus aut vocis cantus factus fuerit, nec inter tria aut +sex aut septem possunt consonantiae fieri, sed, uti supra +scriptum est, diatessaron et diapente et ex ordine ad disdiapason + <pb xlink:href="048/01/183.jpg" ed="1567" pagenum="184"></pb> + convenientiae ex natura vocis congruentis habent finitiones. [et ei concentus procreantur ex coniunctione sonituum, qui graece <foreign lang="grc">φθόγγοι</foreign> dicuntur.] +</s> + </p> + </subchap2> + </subchap1> + <subchap1 id="N113F3"> + <subchap2 id="N113F4"> + <p id="N113F5" type="main"> + <s id="N113F9"> +Ita ex his indagationibus mathematicis rationibus fiant +vasa aerea pro ratione magnitudinis theatri, eaque ita +fabricentur, ut, cum tangantur, sonitum facere possint +inter se diatessaron, diapente <et> ex ordine ad disdiapason. </s> + <s id="N113FC">postea inter sedes theatri constitutis cellis ratione +musica ibi conlocentur ita, uti nullum parietem tangant +circaque habeant locum vacuum et ab summo capite spatium, ponanturque inversa et habeant in parte, quae spectat ad scaenam, suppositos cuneos ne minus altos semipede; +contraque eas cellas relinquantur aperturae inferiorum +graduum cubilibus longae pedes duo, altae semipede. +</s> + </p> + </subchap2> + <subchap2 id="N113FF"> + <p id="N11400" type="main"> + <s id="N11402"> +Designationes autem eorum, quibus in locis constituantur, +sic explicentur. </s> + <s id="N11405">si non erit ampla magnitudine theatrum, +media altitudinis transversa regio designetur et in ea tredecim cellae duodecim aequalibus intervallis distantes confornicentur, uti ea echea, quae supra scripta sunt, ad +neten hyperbolaeon sonantia in cellis, quae sunt in cornibus extremis, utraque parte prima conlocentur, secunda +ab extremis diatessaron ad neten diezeugmenon, tertia +diatessaron ad paramesen, quarta ad neten synhemmenon, +quinta diatessaron ad mesen, sexta diatessaron ad hypaten meson, in medio unum diatessaron ad hypaten hypaton. +</s> + </p> + </subchap2> + <subchap2 id="N11408"> + <p id="N11409" type="main"> + <s id="N1140B"> +Ita hac ratiocinatione vox a scaena uti ab centro +profusa se circumagens tactuque feriens singulorum vasorum cava excitaverit auctam claritatem et concentu +convenientem sibi consonantiam. </s> + <s id="N1140E">sin autem amplior erit +magnitudo theatri, tunc altitudo dividatur in partes <emph type="smallcaps"></emph>IIII<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end>, +uti tres efficiantur regiones cellarum transverse designatae, una harmoniae, altera chromatos, tertia diatoni. </s> + <s id="N11417">et ab imo quae erit prima, ea ex harmonia conlocetur, +</s> + </p> + </subchap2> + <subchap2 id="N1141A"> + <p id="N1141B" type="main"> + <s id="N1141D"> +Ita uti in minore theatro supra scriptum est. </s> + <s id="N11420">in mediana +autem prima in extremis cornibus ad chromaticen hyperbolaeon habentia sonitum ponantur, in secundis ab his +diatessaron ad chromaticen diezeugmenon, in tertiis ad +chromaticen synhemmenon, quartis diatessaron ad chromaticen meson, quintis diatessaron ad chromaticen hypaton, +sextis ad paramesen, quod et ad chromaticen hyperbolaeon +diapente et ad chromaticen synhemmenon diatessaron habet consonantiae communitatem. +</s> + </p> + </subchap2> + <subchap2 id="N11423"> + <p id="N11424" type="main"> + <s id="N11426"> +In medio nihil est conlocandum, ideo quod sonitûm nulla alia qualitas in chromatico genere symphoniae consonantiam potest habere. </s> + <pb xlink:href="048/01/184.jpg" ed="1567" pagenum="185"></pb> + <s id="N11429">in summa vero divisione et regione cellarum in cornibus +primis ad diatonon hyperbolaeon fabricata vasa sonitu +ponantur, in secundis diatessaron ad diatonon <diezeugmenon>, tertiis ad diatonon synhemmenon, quartis diatessaron ad diatonon meson, quintis diatessaron ad diatonon hypaton, sextis diatessaron ad proslambanomenon, +in medio ad mesen, quod ea et ad proslambanomenon +diapason et ad diatonon hypaton diapente habet symphoniarum communitates. +</s> + </p> + </subchap2> + <subchap2 id="N1142C"> + <p id="N1142D" type="main"> + <s id="N11431"> +Haec autem si qui voluerit ad perfectum facile perducere, animadvertat in extremo libro +diagramma musica ratione designatum, quod Aristoxenus +magno vigore et industria generatim divisis modulationibus constitutum reliquit, de quo, si qui ratiocinationibus +his attenderit, ad [naturas vocis et] audientium delectationes facilius valuerit theatrorum efficere perfectiones. +</s> + </p> + </subchap2> + <subchap2 id="N11434"> + <p id="N11435" type="main"> + <pb xlink:href="048/01/185.jpg" ed="1567" pagenum="186"></pb> + <s id="N11437"> +Dicet aliquis forte multa theatra quotannis Romae +facta esse neque ullam rationem harum rerum in his +fuisse; sed errabit in eo, quod omnia publica lignea theatra tabulationes habent complures, quas necesse est sonare. </s> + <s id="N1143A">hoc vero licet animadvertere etiam ab citharoedis, +qui, superiore tono cum volunt canere, avertunt se ad +scaenae valvas et ita recipiunt ab earum auxilio consonantiam vocis. </s> + <s id="N1143D">cum autem ex solidis rebus theatra constituuntur, id est ex structura caementorum, lapide, marmore, quae sonare non possunt, tunc echeis hae rationes sunt explicandae. +</s> + </p> + </subchap2> + <subchap2 id="N11440"> + <p id="N11441" type="main"> + <s id="N11443"> +Sin autem quaeritur, in quo theatro ea sint facta, Romae non possumus ostendere, sed in Italiae +regionibus et in pluribus Graecorum civitatibus. </s> + <s id="N11446">etiamque auctorem habemus Lucium Mummium, qui diruto +theatro Corinthiorum ea aenea Romam deportavit et de +manubiis ad aedem Lunae dedicavit. </s> + <s id="N11449">multi etiam sollertes architecti, qui in oppidis non magnis theatra constituerunt, propter inopiam fictilibus doliis ita sonantibus +electis hac ratiocinatione compositis perfecerunt utilissimos effectus. +</s> + </p> + </subchap2> + </subchap1> + <subchap1 id="N1144C"> + <subchap2 id="N1144D"> + <p id="N1144E" type="main"> + <pb xlink:href="048/01/186.jpg" ed="1567" pagenum="187"></pb> + <s id="N11450"> +Ipsius autem theatri conformatio sic est facienda, uti, +quam magna futura est perimetros imi, centro medio conlocato circumagatur linea rotundationis, in eaque quattuor +scribantur trigona paribus lateribus, <quae paribus> intervallis extremam lineam circinationis tangant, quibus etiam +in duodecim signorum caelestium <astrologia> astrologi +ex musica convenientia astrorum ratiocinantur. </s> + <s id="N11453">ex his +trigonis cuius latus fuerit proximum scaenae, ea regione, +qua praecidit curvaturam circinationis, ibi finiatur scaenae +frons, et ab eo loco per centrum parallelos linea ducatur, +quae disiungat proscaenii pulpitum et orchestrae regionem. +</s> + </p> + </subchap2> + <subchap2 id="N11456"> + <p id="N11457" type="main"> + <s id="N11459"> +Ita latius factum fuerit pulpitum quam Graecorum, +quod omnes artifices in scaena dant operam, in orchestra +autem senatorum sunt sedibus loca designata. </s> + <pb xlink:href="048/01/187.jpg" ed="1567" pagenum="188"></pb> + <pb xlink:href="048/01/188.jpg" ed="1567" pagenum="189"></pb> + <s id="N1145C">et eius +pulpiti altitudo sit ne plus pedum quinque, uti, qui in +orchestra sederint, spectare possint omnium agentium +gestus. </s> + <s id="N1145F">cunei spectaculorum in theatro ita dividantur, +uti anguli trigonorum, qui currunt circum curvaturam +circinationis, dirigant ascensus scalasque inter cuneos ad +primam praecinctionem; + <pb xlink:href="048/01/189.jpg" ed="1567" pagenum="190"></pb> + <pb xlink:href="048/01/190.jpg" ed="1567" pagenum="191"></pb> + supra autem alternis itineribus superiores cunei medii dirigantur. +</s> + </p> + </subchap2> + <subchap2 id="N11462"> + <p id="N11463" type="main"> + <s id="N11467"> +Hi autem, qui sunt in +imo et dirigunt scalaria, erunt numero <emph type="smallcaps"></emph>VII<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end>; reliqui quinque scaenae designabunt compositionem: et unus medius +contra se valvas regias habere debet, et qui erunt dextra +sinistra, hospitaliorum designabunt compositionem, extremi duo spectabunt itinera versurarum. </s> + <s id="N11470">gradus spectaculorum, ubi subsellia componantur <gap></gap> gradus ne +minus alti sint palmopede, <ne plus pedem> et digitos +sex; latitudines eorum ne plus pedes duo semis, ne minus pedes duo constituantur. +</s> + </p> + </subchap2> + <subchap2 id="N11475"> + <p id="N11476" type="main"> + <s id="N11478"> +Tectum porticus, quod futurum est in summa gradatione, cum scaenae altitudine libratum perficiatur, ideo quod vox crescens aequaliter ad summas gradationes et tectum perveniet. </s> + <s id="N1147B">namque si non erit aequale, quo minus fuerit altum, vox praeripietur ad eam altitudinem, quam perveniet primo. +</s> + </p> + </subchap2> + <subchap2 id="N1147E"> + <p id="N1147F" type="main"> + <s id="N11481"> +Orchestra inter grados imos quod diametron habuerit, eius sexta +pars sumatur, et in cornibus utrimque ad eius mensurae +perpendiculum inferiores sedes praecidantur, et qua praecisio fuerit, ibi constituantur itinerum supercilia; ita enim satis altitudinem habebunt eorum confornicationes. +</s> + </p> + </subchap2> + <subchap2 id="N11484"> + <p id="N11485" type="main"> + <s id="N11487"> +Scaenae longitudo ad orchestrae diametron duplex fieri debet. </s> + <s id="N1148A">podii altitudo ab libramento pulpiti cum corona et lysi +duodecumam orchestrae diametri. </s> + <s id="N1148D">supra podium columnae +cum capitulis et spiris altae quarta parte eiusdem diametri; epistylia et ornamenta earum columnarum altitudinis quinta parte. </s> + <s id="N11490">pluteum insuper cum unda et corona +inferioris plutei dimidia parte. </s> + <s id="N11493">supra id pluteum columnae quarta parte minore altitudine sint quam inferiores; +epistylium et ornamenta earum columnarum quinta parte. </s> + <s id="N11496">item si tertia episcenos futura erit, mediani plutei summum sit dimidia parte; columnae summae medianarum +minus altae sint quarta parte; epistylia cum coronis earum +columnarum item habeant altitudinis quintam partem. +</s> + </p> + </subchap2> + <subchap2 id="N11499"> + <p id="N1149A" type="main"> + <pb xlink:href="048/01/191.jpg" ed="1567" pagenum="192"></pb> + <s id="N1149C"> +Nec tamen in omnibus theatris symmetriae ad omnes +rationes et effectus possunt respondere, sed oportet architectum animadvertere, quibus proportionibus necesse sit +sequi symmetriam et quibus ad loci naturam aut magnitudinem operis temperari. </s> + <s id="N1149F">sunt enim res, quas et in pusillo et in magno theatro necesse est eadem magnitudine +fieri propter usum, uti gradus. </s> + <s id="N114A2">diazomata, pluteos, itinera, ascensus, pulpita, tribunalia et si qua alia intercurrunt, ex quibus necessitas cogit discedere ab symmetria, ne inpediatur usus, non minus si qua exiguitate +copiarum, id est marmoris, materiae reliquarumque rerum, quae parantur in opere defuerint, paulum demere +aut adicere, dum id ne nimium inprobe fiat sed cum sensu, non erit alienum. </s> + <s id="N114A5">hoc autem erit, si architectus erit +usu peritus, praeterea ingenio mobili sollertiaque non +fuerit viduatus. +</s> + </p> + </subchap2> + <subchap2 id="N114A8"> + <p id="N114A9" type="main"> + <s id="N114AD"> +Ipsae autem scaenae suas habent rationes explicitas +ita, uti mediae valvae ornatus habeant aulae regiae, dextra ac sinistra hospitalia, secundum autem spatia ad ornatus comparata, quae loca Graeci <foreign lang="grc">περιάκτοι</foreign> dicunt ab +eo, quod machinae sunt in his locis versatiles trigonoe +habentes singulares species ornationis, quae, cum aut fabularum mutationes sunt futurae seu deorum adventus, cum +tonitribus repentinis [ea] versentur mutentque speciem +ornationis in frontes. </s> + <s id="N114B4">secundum ea loca versurae sunt +procurrentes, quae efficiunt una a foro, altera a peregre aditus in scaenam. +</s> + </p> + </subchap2> + <subchap2 id="N114B7"> + <p id="N114B8" type="main"> + <pb xlink:href="048/01/192.jpg" ed="1567" pagenum="193"></pb> + <s id="N114BA"> +Genera autem sunt scaenarum tria: unum quod dicitur tragicum, alterum comicum, tertium +satyricum. </s> + <s id="N114BD">horum autem ornatus sunt inter se dissimili +disparique ratione, quod tragicae deformantur columnis +et fastigiis et signis reliquisque regalibus rebus; comicae +autem aedificiorum privatorum et maenianorum habent +speciem prospectusque fenestris dispositos imitatione, communium aedificiorum rationibus; satyricae vero ornantur +arboribus, speluncis, montibus reliquisque agrestibus rebus +in topeodis speciem deformati. +</s> + </p> + </subchap2> + </subchap1> + <subchap1 id="N114C0"> + <subchap2 id="N114C1"> + <p id="N114C2" type="main"> + <s id="N114C4"> +In Graecorum theatris non omnia isdem rationibus +sunt facienda, quod primum in ima circinatione, ut in +latino trigonorum <emph type="smallcaps"></emph>IIII<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end>, in eo quadratorum trium anguli +circinationis lineam tangunt, et cuius quadrati latus est +proximum scaenae praeciditque curvaturam circinationis, +ea regione designatur finitio proscaenii. </s> + <s id="N114CD">et ab ea regione +ad extremam circinationem curvaturae parallelos linea designatur, in qua constituitur frons scaenae, per centrumque orchestrae proscaenii regioni parallelos linea describitur, et qua secat circinationis lineas dextra ac sinistra, in +cornibus hemicycli centra signantur. </s> + <s id="N114D0">et circino conlocato +in dextra ab intervallo sinistro circumagitur circinatio ad +proscaenii sinistram partem; item centro conlocato in sinistro cornu ab intervallo dextro circumagitur ad proscaenii dextram partem. +</s> + </p> + </subchap2> + <subchap2 id="N114D3"> + <p id="N114D4" type="main"> + <s id="N114D6"> +Ita tribus centris hac descriptione ampliorem habent orchestram Graeci et scaenam recessiorem +minoreque latitudine pulpitum, quod <foreign lang="grc">λογεῖον</foreign> appellant, +ideo quod <apud> eos tragici et comici actores in scaena +peragunt, reliqui autem artifices suas per orchestram +praestant actiones; itaque ex eo scaenici et thymelici graece +separatim nominantur. </s> + <pb xlink:href="048/01/193.jpg" ed="1567" pagenum="194"></pb> + <s id="N114DD">eius logei altitudo non minus debet esse pedum <emph type="smallcaps"></emph>X<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end>, non plus duodecim. </s> + <s id="N114E6">gradationes scalarum inter cuneos et sedes contra quadratorum angulos +dirigantur ad primam praecinctionem, a praecinctione +inter eas iterum mediae dirigantur, et ad summam quotiens praecinguntur, altero tanto semper amplificantur. +</s> + </p> + </subchap2> + </subchap1> + <subchap1 id="N114E9"> + <subchap2 id="N114EA"> + <p id="N114EB" type="main"> + <s id="N114ED"> +Cum haec omnia summa cura sollertiaque explicata +sunt, tunc etiam diligentius est animadvertendum, uti sit +electus locus, in quo leniter adplicet se vox neque repulsa +resiliens incertas auribus referat significationes. </s> + <s id="N114F0">sunt enim +nonnulli loci naturaliter inpedientes vocis motus, uti desonantes, qui graece dicuntur <foreign lang="grc">κατηχοῦντες</foreign>, circumsonantes, +qui apud eos nominantur <foreign lang="grc">περιηχοῦντες</foreign>, item resonantes, +qui dicuntur <foreign lang="grc">ἀντηχοῦντες</foreign>, consonantesque, quos appellant +<foreign lang="grc">συνηχοῦντας</foreign>. desonantes sunt, in quibus vox prima, cum +est elata in altitudinem, offensa superioribus solidis corporibus repulsaque residens in imo opprimit insequentis vocis elationem; +</s> + </p> + </subchap2> + <subchap2 id="N11503"> + <p id="N11504" type="main"> + <s id="N11508"> +circumsonantes autem, in quibus circumvagando coacta exsolvens in medio sine extremis casibus +sonans ibi extinguatur incerta verborum significatione; +resonantes vero, in quibus, cum in solido tactu percussa +resiliat, imagines exprimendo novissimos casus duplices +faciat auditu; item consonantes sunt, in quibus ab imis +auxiliata cum incremento scandens egrediatur ad aures +diserta verborum claritate. </s> + <pb xlink:href="048/01/194.jpg" ed="1567" pagenum="195"></pb> + <s id="N1150B">ita si in locorum electione +fuerit diligens animadversio, emendatus erit prudentia +ad utilitatem in theatris vocis effectus. </s> + <s id="N1150E">formarum autem +descriptiones inter se discriminibus his erunt notatae, uti, +quae Graecorum habent usus, ex quadratis designentur, +latina e paribus lateribus trigonorum. </s> + <s id="N11511">ita his praescriptionibus qui voluerit uti, emendatas efficiet theatrorum +perfectiones. +</s> + </p> + </subchap2> + </subchap1> + <subchap1 id="N11514"> + <subchap2 id="N11515"> + <p id="N11516" type="main"> + <pb xlink:href="048/01/195.jpg" ed="1567" pagenum="196"></pb> + <s id="N11518"> +Post scaenam porticus sunt constituendae, uti, cum +imbres repentini ludos interpellaverint, habeat populus, +quo se recipiat ex theatro, choragiaque laxamentum habeant +ad comparandum. </s> + <s id="N1151B">uti sunt porticus Pompeianae, itemque +Athenis porticus Eumenicae Patrisque Liberi fanum et +exeuntibus e theatro sinistra parte odeum, quod Themistocles columnis lapideis dispositis navium malis et antemnis e spoliis Persicis pertexit (ideo autem etiam incensum Mithridatico bello rex Ariobarzanes restituit); +Smyrnae Stratoniceum; Trallibus porticus ex utraque parte +est scaenae supra stadium; ceterisque civitatibus, quae +diligentiores habuerunt architectos, circa theatra sunt porticus et ambulationes. +</s> + </p> + </subchap2> + <subchap2 id="N1151E"> + <p id="N1151F" type="main"> + <s id="N11521"> +Quae videntur ita oportere conlocari, uti duplices sint habeantque exteriores columnas +doricas cum epistyliis et ornamentis ex ratione modulationis perfectas. </s> + <s id="N11524">latitudines autem earum ita oportere +fieri videntur, uti, quanta altitudo columnae fuerit exterioris, tantam latitudinem habeant ab inferiore parte columnarum extremarum ad medias et a medianis ad parietes, +qui circumcludunt porticus ambulationes. </s> + <s id="N11527">medianae autem +columnae quinta parte altiores sint quam exteriores, sed +</s> + </p> + </subchap2> + <subchap2 id="N1152A"> + <p id="N1152B" type="main"> + <s id="N1152D"> +Aut ionico aut corinthio genere deformentur. </s> + <s id="N11530">columnarum +autem proportiones et symmetriae non erunt isdem rationibus, quibus in aedibus sacris scripsi; aliam enim in +deorum templis debent habere gravitatem, aliam in porticibus et ceteris operibus subtilitatem. </s> + <s id="N11533">itaque si dorici +generis erunt columnae, dimetiantur earum altitudines +cum capitulis in partes <emph type="smallcaps"></emph>XV<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end>. ex eis partibus una constituatur et fiat modulus, ad cuius moduli rationem omnis operis +erit explicatio. </s> + <s id="N1153C">et in imo columnae crassitudo fiat duorum +modulorum; intercolumnium quinque et moduli dimidia +parte; altitudo columnae praeter capitulum <emph type="smallcaps"></emph>XIIII<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end> modulorum; capituli altitudo moduli unius, latitudo modulorum +duorum et moduli sextae partis. </s> + <s id="N11545">ceteri operis modulationes, uti in aedibus sacris in libro <emph type="smallcaps"></emph>IIII<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end> scriptum est, ita perficiantur. +</s> + </p> + </subchap2> + <subchap2 id="N1154E"> + <p id="N1154F" type="main"> + <s id="N11551"> +Sin autem ionicae columnae fient, scapus praeter spiram et capitulum in octo et dimidiam partem +dividatur, et ex his una crassitudini columnae detur; <spira> +cum plintho dimidia crassitudine constituatur; capituli +ratio ita fiat, uti in libro tertio est demonstratum. </s> + <s id="N11554">si +corinthia erit, scapus et spira uti in ionica; capitulûm +autem, quemadmodum in quarto libro est scriptum, ita +habeant rationem. </s> + <s id="N11557">stylobatisque adiectio quae fit per +scamillos inpares, ex descriptione, quae supra scripta est +in libro tertio, sumatur. </s> + <s id="N1155A">epistylia, coronae ceteraque omnia ad columnarum rationem ex scriptis voluminum superiorum explicentur. +</s> + </p> + </subchap2> + <subchap2 id="N1155D"> + <p id="N1155E" type="main"> + <s id="N11562"> +Media vero spatia, quae erunt subdiu inter porticus, +adornanda viridibus videntur, quod hypaethroe ambulationes habent magnam salubritatem. </s> + <s id="N11565">et primum oculorum, +quod ex viridibus subtilis et extenuatus aer propter motionem corporis influens perlimat speciem et ita auferens +ex oculis umorem crassum, aciem tenuem et acutam speciem relinquit; praeterea, cum corpus motionibus in ambulatione calescat, umores ex membris aer exsugendo inminuit plenitates extenuatque dissipando quod plus inest quam corpus potest sustinere. +</s> + </p> + </subchap2> + <subchap2 id="N11568"> + <p id="N11569" type="main"> + <s id="N1156B"> +Hoc autem ita esse ex eo licet animadvertere, quod, sub tectis cum sint aquarum +fontes aut etiam sub terra palustris abundantia, ex his +nullus surgit umor nebulosus, sed in apertis hypaethrisque locis, cum sol oriens vapore tangat mundum, ex umidis et abundantibus excitat umores et eos conglobatos in +altitudinem tollit. </s> + <s id="N1156E">ergo si ita videtur, uti in hypaethris +locis ab aere umores ex corporibus exsugantur molestiores, quemadmodum ex terra per nebulas videntur, non +puto dubium esse, quin amplissimas et ornatissimas subdiu + <pb xlink:href="048/01/196.jpg" ed="1567" pagenum="197"></pb> + hypaethrusque conlocari oporteat in civitatibus ambulationes. +</s> + </p> + </subchap2> + <subchap2 id="N11571"> + <p id="N11572" type="main"> + <s id="N11574"> +Eae autem uti sint semper siccae et non lutosae, sic erit faciendum. </s> + <s id="N11577">fodiantur et exinaniantur quam +altissime. </s> + <s id="N1157A">dextra atque sinistra structiles cloacae fiant, +inque earum parietibus, qui ad ambulationem spectaverint, +tubuli instruantur inclinati fastigio. </s> + <s id="N1157D">cloacis his perfectis +compleantur ea loca carbonibus, deinde insuper sabulone +eae ambulationes sternantur et exaequentur. </s> + <s id="N11580">ita propter +carbonum raritatem naturalem et tubulorum in cloacas +instructionem excipientur aquarum abundantiae, et ita +siccae et sine umore perfectae fuerint ambulationes. +</s> + </p> + </subchap2> + <subchap2 id="N11583"> + <p id="N11584" type="main"> + <s id="N11586"> +Praeterea in his operibus thensauri sunt civitatibus in +necessariis rebus a maioribus constituti. </s> + <s id="N11589">in conclusionibus enim reliqui omnes faciliores sunt apparatus quam +lignorum. </s> + <s id="N1158C">sal enim facile ante inportatur, frumenta publice privatimque expeditius congeruntur, et si defit, holeribus, carne seu leguminibus defenditur, aquae fossuris +puteorum et de caelo repentinis tempestatibus ex tegulis +excipiuntur. </s> + <s id="N1158F">de lignatione, quae maxime necessaria est +ad cibum coquendum, difficilis et molesta est apparatio, quod et tarde comportatur et plus consumitur. +</s> + </p> + </subchap2> + <subchap2 id="N11592"> + <p id="N11593" type="main"> + <s id="N11595"> +In eiusmodi temporibus tunc eae ambulationes aperiuntur et +mensurae tributim singulis capitibus designantur. </s> + <s id="N11598">ita duas +res egregias hypaethroe ambulationes praestant, unam in +pace salubritatis, alteram in bello salutis. </s> + <s id="N1159B">ergo his rationibus ambulationum explicationes non solum post scaenam +theatri, sed etiam omnium deorum templis effectae magnas civitatibus praestare poterunt utilitates. + </s> + </p> + <p id="N1159E" type="main"> + <s id="N115A2"> +Quoniam haec nobis satis videntur esse exposita, nunc +insequentur balinearum dispositionum demonstrationes. +</s> + </p> + </subchap2> + </subchap1> + <subchap1 id="N115A5"> + <subchap2 id="N115A6"> + <p id="N115A7" type="main"> + <s id="N115A9"> +Primum eligendus locus est quam calidissimus, id est +aversus ab septentrione et aquilone. </s> + <s id="N115AC">ipsa autem caldaria +tepidariaque lumen habeant ab occidente hiberno, si autem +natura loci inpedierit, utique a meridie, quod maxime +tempus lavandi a meridiano ad vesperum est constitutum. </s> + <s id="N115AF">et item est animadvertendum, uti caldaria muliebria et +virilia coniuncta et in isdem regionibus sint conlocata; +sic enim efficietur, ut vasaria et hypocausis communis +sit eorum utrisque. </s> + <s id="N115B2">aenea supra hypocausim tria sunt +componenda, unum caldarium, alterum tepidarium, tertium frigidarium, et ita conlocanda, uti, ex tepidario in +caldarium quantum aquae caldae exierit, influat de frigidario in tepidarium ad eundem modum, testudinesque alveolorum ex communi hypocausi calfaciantur. +</s> + </p> + </subchap2> + <subchap2 id="N115B5"> + <p id="N115B6" type="main"> + <pb xlink:href="048/01/197.jpg" ed="1567" pagenum="198"></pb> + <s id="N115B8"> +Suspensurae caldariorum ita sunt faciendae, ut primum sesquipedalibus tegulis solum sternatur inclinatum ad hypocausim, uti pila, cum mittatur, non possit intro resistere, sed +rursus redeat ad praefurnium ipsa per se; ita flamma +facilius pervagabitur sub suspensione. </s> + <s id="N115BB">supraque laterculis +besalibus pilae struantur ita dispositae, uti bipedales tegulae possint supra esse conlocatae; altitudinem autem +pilae habeant pedes duo. </s> + <s id="N115BE">eaeque struantur argilla cum +capillo subacta, supraque conlocentur tegulae bipedales, quae sustineant pavimentum. +</s> + </p> + </subchap2> + <subchap2 id="N115C1"> + <p id="N115C2" type="main"> + <s id="N115C4"> +Concamarationes vero si ex structura factae fuerint, erunt utiliores; sin autem contignationes fuerint, figlinum opus subiciatur. </s> + <s id="N115C7">sed hoc ita +erit faciendum. </s> + <s id="N115CA">regulae ferreae aut arcus fiant, eaeque +uncinis ferreis ad contignationem suspendantur quam creberrimis; eaeque regulae sive arcus ita disponantur, uti +tegulae sine marginibus sedere in duabus invehique possint, et ita totae concamarationes in ferro nitentes sint +perfectae. </s> + <s id="N115CD">earumque camararum superiora coagmenta ex +argilla cum capillo subacta liniantur; inferior autem pars, +quae ad pavimentum spectat, primum testa cum calce +trullizetur, deinde opere albario sive tectorio poliatur. +eaeque camarae in caldariis si duplices factae fuerint, +meliorem habebunt usum; non enim a vapore umor corrumpere poterit materiem contignationis, sed inter duas camaras vagabitur. +</s> + </p> + </subchap2> + <subchap2 id="N115D0"> + <p id="N115D1" type="main"> + <pb xlink:href="048/01/198.jpg" ed="1567" pagenum="199"></pb> + <s id="N115D3"> +Magnitudines autem balneorum videntur fieri pro copia hominum <gap></gap> sint ita compositae. </s> + <s id="N115D8">quanta longitudo fuerit tertia dempta, latitudo sit, praeter scholam labri et alvei. </s> + <s id="N115DB">labrum utique sub +lumine faciundum videtur, ne stantes circum suis umbris +obscurent lucem. </s> + <s id="N115DE">scholas autem labrorum ita fieri oportet +spatiosas, uti, cum priores occupaverint loca circum, expectantes reliqui recte stare possint. </s> + <s id="N115E1">alvei autem latitudo inter parietem et pluteum ne minus sit pedes senos, +ut gradus inferior inde auferat et pulvinus duos pedes. +</s> + </p> + </subchap2> + <subchap2 id="N115E4"> + <p id="N115E5" type="main"> + <s id="N115E9"> +Laconicum sudationesque sunt coniungendae tepidario; eaeque quam latae fuerint, tantam altitudinem habeant ad +imam curvaturam hemisphaerii. </s> + <s id="N115EC">mediumque lumen in +hemisphaerio relinquatur, ex eoque clipeum aeneum catenis +pendeat, per cuius reductiones et demissiones perficietur +sudationis temperatura. </s> + <s id="N115EF">ipsumque ad circinum fieri oportere videtur, ut aequaliter a medio flammae vaporisque +vis per curvaturae rotundationes pervagetur. +</s> + </p> + </subchap2> + </subchap1> + <subchap1 id="N115F2"> + <subchap2 id="N115F3"> + <p id="N115F4" type="main"> + <s id="N115F6"> +Nunc mihi videtur, tametsi non sint italicae consuetudinis palaestrarum aedificationes, traditae tamen, explicare et, quemadmodum apud Graecos constituantur, monstrare. </s> + <s id="N115F9">in palaestris peristylia quadrata sive oblonga ita +sunt facienda, uti duorum stadiorum habeant ambulationis circumitionem, quod Graeci vocant <foreign lang="grc">δίαυλον</foreign>, ex quibus +tres porticus simplices disponantur, quarta, quae ad meridianas regiones est conversa, duplex, uti, cum tempestates +ventosae sint, non possit aspergo in interiorem partem pervenire. +</s> + </p> + </subchap2> + <subchap2 id="N11600"> + <p id="N11601" type="main"> + <s id="N11603"> +Constituantur autem in tribus porticibus exhedrae spatiosae, habentes sedes, in quibus philosophi, +rhetores reliquique, qui studiis delectantur, sedentes disputare possint. </s> + <s id="N11606">in duplici autem porticu conlocentur haec +membra: ephebeum in medio (hoc autem est exhedra amplissima cum sedibus) tertia parte longior sit quam lata; +sub dextro coryceum, deinde proxime conisterium, a conisterio in versura porticus frigida lavatio, quam Graeci +<foreign lang="grc">λουτρόν</foreign> vocitant; ad sinistram ephebei elaeothesium, +proxime autem elaeothesium frigidarium, ab eoque iter +in propnigeum in versura porticus. </s> + <s id="N1160D">proxima autem introrsus e regione frigidarii conlocetur concamerata sudatio longitudine duplex quam latitudo, quae habeat in +versuris ex una parte laconicum ad eundem modum, uti +quam supra scriptum est, compositum, ex adverso laconici +caldam lava + <pb xlink:href="048/01/199.jpg" ed="1567" pagenum="200"></pb> + tionem. </s> + <s id="N11610">in palaestra peristylia, quemadmodum +supra scriptum est, ita debent esse [perfecta] distributa. +</s> + </p> + </subchap2> + <subchap2 id="N11613"> + <p id="N11614" type="main"> + <pb xlink:href="048/01/200.jpg" ed="1567" pagenum="201"></pb> + <s id="N11616"> +Extra autem disponantur porticus tres, una ex peristylo +exeuntibus, duae dextra atque sinistra stadiatae, ex quibus +una, quae spectaverit ad septentrionem, perficiatur duplex +amplissima latitudine, altera simplex, ita factae, uti in partibus, quae fuerint circa parietes et quae erit ad columnas, margines habeant uti semitas non minus pedum +denûm mediumque excavatum, uti gradus sint in descensu +marginibus sesquipedem ad planitiem, quae planities sit +non minus pedes <emph type="smallcaps"></emph>XII<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end>; ita qui vestiti ambulaverint circum +in marginibus, non inpedientur ab unctis se exercentibus. +</s> + </p> + </subchap2> + <subchap2 id="N1161F"> + <p id="N11620" type="main"> + <s id="N11622"> +Haec autem porticus <foreign lang="grc">ξυστός</foreign> apud Graecos vocitatur, quod +athletae per hiberna tempora in tectis stadiis exercentur. </s> + <s id="N11629">proxime autem xystum et duplicem porticum designentur +hypaethroe ambulationes, quas Graeci <foreign lang="grc">παραδρομίδες</foreign>, nostri +xysta appellant, in quas per hiemem ex xysto sereno +caelo athletae prodeuntes exercentur. </s> + <s id="N11630">faciunda autem +xysta sic videntur, ut sint inter duas porticus silvae aut +platanones, et in his perficiantur inter arbores ambulationes ibique ex opere signino stationes. </s> + <s id="N11633">post xystum +autem stadium ita figuratum, ut possint hominum copiae +cum laxamento athletas certantes spectare. + </s> + </p> + <p id="N11636" type="main"> + <s id="N1163A"> +Quae in moenibus necessaria videbantur esse, ut apte disponantur, perscripsi. +</s> + </p> + </subchap2> + </subchap1> + <subchap1 id="N1163D"> + <subchap2 id="N1163E"> + <p id="N1163F" type="main"> + <s id="N11641"> +De opportunitate autem portuum non est praetermittendum sed, quibus rationibus tueantur +naves in his ab tempestatibus, explicandum. </s> + <s id="N11644">hi autem naturaliter si sint bene positi habeantque acroteria sive +promunturia procurrentia, ex quibus introrsus curvaturae +sive versurae ex loci natura fuerint conformatae, maximas +utilitates videntur habere. </s> + <s id="N11647">circum enim porticus sive navalia sunt facienda sive ex porticibus aditus <ad> emporia, +turresque ex utraque parte conlocandae, ex quibus catenae +traduci per machinas possint. +</s> + </p> + </subchap2> + <subchap2 id="N1164A"> + <p id="N1164B" type="main"> + <s id="N1164D"> +Sin autem non naturalem locum neque idoneum ad +tuendas ab tempestatibus naves habuerimus, ita videtur +esse faciendum, uti, si nullum flumen in his locis inpedierit sed erit ex una parte statio, tunc ex altera parte +structuris sive aggeribus expediantur progressus, et ita +conformandae portuum conclusiones. </s> + <pb xlink:href="048/01/201.jpg" ed="1567" pagenum="202"></pb> + <s id="N11650">eae autem structurae, quae in aqua sunt futurae, videntur sic esse faciendae, +uti portetur pulvis a regionibus, quae sunt a Cumis continuatae ad promunturium Minervae, isque misceatur, uti in mortario duo ad unum respondeant. +</s> + </p> + </subchap2> + <subchap2 id="N11653"> + <p id="N11654" type="main"> + <s id="N11656"> +Deinde tunc in eo loco, qui definitus erit, arcae stipitibus robusteis et +catenis inclusae in aquam demittendae destinandaeque +firmiter; deinde inter ea extrastilis inferior pars sub aqua +exaequanda et purganda, et caementis ex mortario materia +mixta, quemadmodum supra scriptum est, ibi congerendum, +doneque compleatur structurae spatium, quod fuerit inter +arcas. </s> + <s id="N11659">hoc autem munus naturale habent ea loca, quae +supra scripta sunt. + </s> + </p> + <p id="N1165C" type="main"> + <s id="N1165E"> +Sin autem propter fluctus aut impetus aperti pelagi +destinae arcas non potuerint continere, tunc ab ipsa terra +sive crepidine pulvinus quam firmissime struatur, isque +pulvinus exaequata struatur planitia minus quam dimidiae +partis, reliquum, quod est proxime litus, proclinatum latus +</s> + </p> + </subchap2> + <subchap2 id="N11661"> + <p id="N11662" type="main"> + <s id="N11666"> +habeat. </s> + <s id="N11669">deinde ad ipsam aquam et latera pulvino circiter +sesquipedales margines struantur aequilibres ex planitia, +quae est supra scripta; tunc proclinatio ea impleatur harena et exaequetur cum margine et planitia pulvini. </s> + <s id="N1166C">deinde +insuper eam exaequationem pila, quam magna constituta +fuerit, ibi struatur; eaque, cum erit extructa, relinquatur +ne minus duos menses, ut siccescat. </s> + <s id="N1166F">tunc autem succidatur margo, quae sustinet harenam; ita harena fluctibus subruta efficiet in mare pilae praecipitationem. </s> + <s id="N11672">hac +ratione, quotienscumque opus fuerit, in aquam poterit +esse progressus. +</s> + </p> + </subchap2> + <subchap2 id="N11675"> + <p id="N11676" type="main"> + <s id="N11678"> +In quibus autem locis pulvis non nascitur, his rationibus erit faciendum, uti arcae duplices relatis tabulis et +catenis conligatae in eo loco, qui finitus erit, constituantur, +et inter destinas creta in aeronibus ex ulva palustri factis +calcetur. </s> + <s id="N1167B">cum ita bene calcatum et quam densissime +fuerit, tunc cocleis, rotis, tympanis conlocatis locus, qui +ea saeptione finitus fuerit, exinaniatur sicceturque, et ibi +inter saeptiones fundamenta fodiantur. </s> + <s id="N1167E">si terrena erunt, +usque ad solidum, crassiora quam qui murus supra futurus erit, et tunc structura ex caementis calce et harena compleantur. +</s> + </p> + </subchap2> + <subchap2 id="N11681"> + <p id="N11682" type="main"> + <s id="N11684"> +Sin autem mollis locus erit, palis ustilatis +alneis aut oleagineis configantur et carbonibus compleantur, quemadmodum in theatrorum et muri fundationibus est scriptum. </s> + <s id="N11687">deinde tunc quadrato saxo murus +ducatur iuncturis quam longissimis, uti maxime medii lapides coagmentis contineantur. </s> + <s id="N1168A">tunc, qui locus erit inter +murum, ruderatione sive structura compleatur. </s> + <s id="N1168D">ita erit +uti possit turris insuper aedificari. +</s> + </p> + </subchap2> + <subchap2 id="N11690"> + <p id="N11691" type="main"> + <s id="N11693"> +His perfectis navaliorum ea erit ratio, ut constituantur +spectantia maxime ad septentrionem; nam meridianae +regiones propter aestus cariem, tineam, teredines reliquaque bestiarum nocentium genera procreant alendoque +conservant. </s> + <s id="N11696">eaque aedificia minime sunt materianda propter incendia. </s> + <s id="N11699">de magnitudinibus autem finitio nulla debet +esse, sed faciunda ad maximum navium modum, uti, etsi +maio + <pb xlink:href="048/01/202.jpg" ed="1567" pagenum="203"></pb> + res naves subductae fuerint, habeant cum laxamento +ibi conlocationem. + </s> + </p> + <p id="N1169C" type="main"> + <s id="N1169E"> +Quae necessaria ad utilitatem in civitatibus publicorum +locorum succurrere mihi potuerunt, quemadmodum constituantur et perficiantur, in hoc volumine scripsi; privatorum autem aedificiorum utilitates et eorum symmetrias +insequenti volumine ratiocinabor. + </s> + </p> + </subchap2> + </subchap1> + </chap> + <chap id="N116A1"> + + <p id="N116A3" type="head"> + <pb xlink:href="048/01/203.jpg" ed="1567" pagenum="204"></pb> + <pb xlink:href="048/01/204.jpg" ed="1567" pagenum="205"></pb> + <s id="N116A7">LIBER SEXTUS</s> + </p> + <subchap1 id="N116AA"> + <subchap2 id="N116AB"> + <p id="N116AC" type="main"> + <s id="N116AE"> +Aristippus philosophus Socraticus, naufragio cum eiectus +ad Rhodiensium litus animadvertisset geometrica schemata descripta, exclamavisse ad comites ita dicitur: 'bene +speremus! hominum enim vestigia video.' statimque in +oppidum Rhodum contendit et recta gymnasium devenit, +ibique de philosophia disputans muneribus est donatus, +ut non tantum se ornaret, sed etiam eis, qui una fuerunt, +et vestitum et cetera, quae opus essent ad victum, praestaret. </s> + <s id="N116B1">cum autem eius comites in patriam reverti voluissent interrogarentque eum, quidnam vellet domum renuntiari, tunc ita mandavit dicere: eiusmodi possessiones +et viatica liberis oportere parari, quae etiam e naufragio una possent enatare. +</s> + </p> + </subchap2> + <subchap2 id="N116B4"> + <p id="N116B5" type="main"> + <s id="N116B7"> +Namque ea vera praesidia sunt +vitae, quibus neque fortunae tempestas iniqua neque publicarum rerum mutatio neque belli vastatio potest nocere. </s> + <s id="N116BA">non minus eam sententiam augendo Theophrastus, hortando doctos potius esse quam pecuniae confidentes, ita +ponit: doctum ex omnibus solum neque in alienis locis +peregrinum neque amissis familiaribus et necessariis inopem amicorum, sed in omni civitate esse civem difficilesque fortunae sine timore posse despicere casus; at qui +non doctrinarum sed felicitatis praesidiis putaret se esse +vallatum, labidis itineribus vadentem non stabili sed in firma conflictari vita. +</s> + </p> + </subchap2> + <subchap2 id="N116BD"> + <p id="N116BE" type="main"> + <s id="N116C0"> +Epicurus vero non dissimiliter ait: +pauca sapientibus fortunam tribuere, quae autem maxima +et necessaria sunt, animi mentisque cogitationibus gubernari. </s> + <s id="N116C3">haec ita etiam plures philosophi dixerunt. </s> + <s id="N116C6">non +minus poetae, qui antiquas comoedias graece scripserunt, +easdem sententias versibus in scaena pronuntiaverunt, ut +Crates, Chionides, Aristophanes, maxime etiam cum his +Alexis, qui Athenienses ait oportere ideo laudari, quod +omnium Graecorum leges cogunt parentes <ali> a liberis, +Atheniensium non omnes nisi eos, qui liberos artibus erudissent. </s> + <s id="N116C9">omnia enim munera fortunae cum dantur, ab ea +faciliter adimuntur; disciplinae vero coniunctae cum animis nullo tempore deficiunt, sed permanent stabiliter ad summum exitum vitae. +</s> + </p> + </subchap2> + <subchap2 id="N116CC"> + <p id="N116CD" type="main"> + <s id="N116CF"> +Itaque ego maximas infinitasque +parentibus ago atque habeo gratias, quod Atheniensium +legem probantes me arte erudiendum curaverunt, et ea, +quae non potest esse probata sine litteratura encyclioque +doctrinarum omnium disciplina. </s> + <s id="N116D2">cum ergo et parentium +cura et praeceptorum doctrinis auctas haberem copias +disciplinarum, philologis et philotechinis rebus commentariorumque scripturis me delectans eas possessiones animo paravi, e quibus haec est fructuum summa: nullas plus +habendi esse necessitates eamque esse proprietatem, divitiarum maxime nihil desiderare. </s> + <s id="N116D5">sed forte nonnulli haec +levia iudicantes putant eos esse sapientes, qui pecunia +sunt copiosi. </s> + <s id="N116D8">itaque plerique ad id propositum contendentes audacia adhibita cum divitiis etiam notitiam sunt consecuti. +</s> + </p> + </subchap2> + <subchap2 id="N116DB"> + <p id="N116DC" type="main"> + <s id="N116E0"> +Ego autem, Caesar, non ad pecuniam parandam +ex arte dedi studium, sed potius tenuitatem cum bona +fama quam abundantiam cum infamia sequendam probavi. </s> + <s id="N116E3">ideo notities parum est adsecuta. </s> + <s id="N116E6">sed tamen his voluminibus editis, ut spero, etiam posteris ero notus. </s> + <s id="N116E9">neque +est mirandum, quid ita pluribus sim ignotus. </s> + <s id="N116EC">ceteri architecti rogant et ambiunt, ut architectent; mihi autem a +praeceptoribus est traditum: rogatum, non rogantem oportere suscipere curam, quod ingenuus color movetur pudore petendo rem suspiciosam. </s> + <s id="N116EF">nam beneficium dantes, +non accipientes ambiuntur. </s> + <s id="N116F2">quid enim putemus suspicari, +qui rogetur de patrimonio sumptus faciendos committere +gratiae petentis, nisi praedae compendiique eius causa iudicet faciundum? +</s> + </p> + </subchap2> + <subchap2 id="N116F5"> + <p id="N116F6" type="main"> + <s id="N116F8"> +Itaque maiores primum a genere probatis operam tradebant architectis, deinde quaerebant, si +honeste essent educati, ingenuo pudori, non audaciae protervitatis permittendum iudicantes. </s> + <s id="N116FB">ipsi autem artifices +non erudiebant nisi suos liberos aut cognatos et eos viros +bonos instituebant, quibus tantarum rerum fidei pecuniae +sine dubitatione permitterentur. + </s> + </p> + <p id="N116FE" type="main"> + <s id="N11700"> +Cum autem animadverto ab indoctis et inperitis tantae +disciplinae magnitudinem iactari et ab îs, qui non modo +architecturae sed omnino ne fabricae quidem notitiam +habent, non possum non laudare patres familiarum eos, +qui litteraturae fiducia confirmati per se aedificantes ita +iudicant: si inperitis sit committendum, ipsos potius digniores esse ad suam voluntatem quam ad alienam pecuniae consumere summam. +</s> + </p> + </subchap2> + <subchap2 id="N11703"> + <p id="N11704" type="main"> + <s id="N11706"> +Itaque nemo artem ullam +aliam conatur domi facere, uti sutrinam, fullonicam aut +ex ceteris, quae sunt faciliores, nisi architecturam, ideo +quod, qui pro + <pb xlink:href="048/01/205.jpg" ed="1567" pagenum="206"></pb> + fitentur, non arte vera sed falso nominantur +architecti. </s> + <s id="N11709">quas ob res corpus architecturae rationesque +eius putavi diligentissime conscribendas, opinans munus +omnibus gentibus non ingratum futurum. </s> + <s id="N1170C">igitur, quoniam +in quinto de opportunitate communium operum perscripsi, +in hoc volumine privatorum aedificiorum ratiocinationes +et commensus symmetriarum explicabo. +</s> + </p> + </subchap2> + </subchap1> + <subchap1 id="N1170F"> + <subchap2 id="N11710"> + <p id="N11711" type="main"> + <s id="N11713"> +Haec autem ita erunt recte disposita, si primo animadversum fuerit, quibus regionibus aut quibus inclinationibus +mundi constituantur. </s> + <s id="N11716">namque aliter Aegypto, aliter Hispania, non eodem modo Ponto, dissimiliter Romae, item +ceteris terrarum et regionum proprietatibus oportere videntur constitui genera aedificiorum, quod alia parte solis +cursu premitur tellus, alia longe ab eo distat, alia per +medium temperatur. </s> + <s id="N11719">igitur, uti constitutio mundi ad terrae +spatium inclinatione signiferi circuli et solis cursu disparibus qualitatibus naturaliter est conlocata, ad eundem +modum etiam ad regionum rationes caelique varietates videntur aedificiorum debere dirigi conlocationes. +</s> + </p> + </subchap2> + <subchap2 id="N1171C"> + <p id="N1171D" type="main"> + <pb xlink:href="048/01/206.jpg" ed="1567" pagenum="207"></pb> + <s id="N11721"> +Sub septentrione aedificia testudinata et maxime conclusa et +non patentia, sed conversa ad calidas partes oportere fieri +videntur. </s> + <s id="N11724">contra autem sub impetu solis meridianis regionibus, quod premuntur a calore, patentiora conversaque ad septentrionem et aquilonem sunt faciunda. </s> + <s id="N11727">ita, +quod ultra natura laedit, arte erit emendandum. </s> + <s id="N1172A">item reliquis regionibus ad eundem modum <debet> temperari, +quemadmodum caelum est ad inclinationem mundi conlocatum. +</s> + </p> + </subchap2> + <subchap2 id="N1172D"> + <p id="N1172E" type="main"> + <s id="N11730"> +Haec autem ex natura rerum sunt animadvertenda et +consideranda atque etiam ex membris corporibusque gentium observanda. </s> + <s id="N11733">namque sol quibus locis mediocriter +profundit vapores, in his conservat corpora temperata; +quaeque proxime currendo deflagrat, eripit exurendo temperaturam umoris; contra vero refrigeratis regionibus, +quod absunt a meridie longe, non exhauritur a caloribus +umor, sed ex caelo roscidus aer in corpora fundens umorem efficit ampliores corporaturas vocisque sonitus graviores. </s> + <s id="N11736">ex eo quoque, <quae> sub septentrionibus nutriuntur gentes, inmanibus corporibus, candidis coloribus, directo capillo et rufo, oculis caesis, sanguine multo ab umoris plenitate caelique refrigerationibus sunt conformati; +</s> + </p> + </subchap2> + <subchap2 id="N11739"> + <p id="N1173A" type="main"> + <s id="N1173C"> +Qui autem sunt proximi ad axem meridianum subiectique solis cursui, brevioribus corporibus, colore fusco, +crispo capillo, oculis nigris, [cruribus validis,] sanguine +exiguo solis impetu perficiuntur. </s> + <s id="N1173F">itaque etiam propter +sanguinis exiguitatem timidiores sunt ferro resistere, sed +ardores ac febres sufferunt sine timore, quod nutrita sunt +eorum membra cum fervore; itemque corpora, quae nascuntur sub septentrione, a febri sunt timidiora et inbecilla, +sanguinis autem abundantia ferro resistunt sine timore. +</s> + </p> + </subchap2> + <subchap2 id="N11742"> + <p id="N11743" type="main"> + <s id="N11745"> +Non minus sonus vocis in generibus gentium dispares +et varias habet qualitates, ideo quod terminatio orientis +et occidentis circa terrae librationem, qua dividitur pars +superior et inferior mundi, habere videtur libratam naturali modo circumitionem, quam etiam mathematici <foreign lang="grc">ὁρίζοντα</foreign> dicunt. </s> + <s id="N1174C">igitur cum id habemus certum ab imo sustinens, +ab labro, quod est in regione septentrionali, linea traiecta ad id, quod est supra meridianum axem, ab eoque +altera obliqua in altitudinem ad summum cardinem, qui +est post stellas septentrionum, sine dubitatione animadvertemus ex eo esse schema trigonii mundo, uti organi, quam <foreign lang="grc">σαμβύκη</foreign> Graeci dicunt. +</s> + </p> + </subchap2> + <subchap2 id="N11753"> + <p id="N11754" type="main"> + <pb xlink:href="048/01/207.jpg" ed="1567" pagenum="208"></pb> + <s id="N11756"> +Itaque quod est spatium proximum imo cardini ab axis linea in meridianis finibus, +sub eo loco quae sunt nationes, propter brevitatem altitudinis ad mundum sonitum vocis faciunt tenuem et acutissimum, uti in organo chorda, quae est proxima angulo. </s> + <s id="N11759">secundum eam autem reliquae ad mediam Graeciam remissiones efficiunt in nationibus sonorum scansione. </s> + <s id="N1175C">item +a medio in ordinem crescendo ad extremos septentriones +sub altitudines caeli nationum spiritus sonitibus gravioribus a natura rerum exprimuntur. </s> + <s id="N1175F">ita videtur mundi +conceptio tota propter inclinationem consonantissime per solis temperaturam ad harmoniam esse composita. +</s> + </p> + </subchap2> + <subchap2 id="N11762"> + <p id="N11763" type="main"> + <s id="N11767"> +Igitur quae nationes sunt inter axis meridiani cardinem ac septentrionalis medio positae, uti in diagrammate musico +medianae vocis habent sonitum in sermone; quaeque progredientibus ad septentrionem sunt nationes, quod altiores habent distantias mundi, spiritus vocis habentes umore +repulsos ad hypatas et proslambanomenon, a natura rerum +sonitu graviore coguntur uti; eadem ratione <e> medio +progredientibus ad meridiem gentes paranetarum <netarum>que acutissimam sonitus vocis perficiunt tenuitatem. +</s> + </p> + </subchap2> + <subchap2 id="N1176A"> + <p id="N1176B" type="main"> + <s id="N1176D"> +Hoc autem verum esse, ex umidis naturae locis graviora +fieri et ex fervidis acutiora, licet ita experiendo animadvertere. </s> + <s id="N11770">calices duo in una fornace aeque cocti aequoque +pondere ad crepitumque uno sonitu sumantur. </s> + <s id="N11773">ex his +unus in aquam demittatur, postea ex aqua eximatur; +tunc utrique tangantur. </s> + <s id="N11776">cum enim ita factum fuerit, +largiter inter eos sonitus discrepabit, aequoque pondere +non poterunt esse. </s> + <s id="N11779">ita et hominum corpora uno genere +figurationis et una mundi coniunctione concepta alia +propter regionis ardorem acutum spiritum aeris exprimunt acutum, alia propter umoris abundantiam gravissimas effundunt sonorum qualitates. +</s> + </p> + </subchap2> + <subchap2 id="N1177C"> + <p id="N1177D" type="main"> + <s id="N1177F"> +Item propter tenuitatem caeli meridianae nationes ex +acuta fervore mente expeditius celeriusque moventur ad +consiliorum cogitationes; septentrionales autem gentes +infusae crassitudine caeli, propter obstantiam aeris umore +refrigeratae stupentes habent mentes. </s> + <s id="N11782">hoc autem ita esse +a serpentibus licet aspicere, quae, per calorem cum exhaustam habent umoris refrigerationem, tunc acerrime +moventur, per brumalia autem et hiberna tempora ab +mutatione caeli refrigeratae, inmotae sunt stupore. </s> + <s id="N11785">ita +non est mirandum, si acutiores efficit calidus aer hominum mentes, refrigeratus autem contra tardiores. +</s> + </p> + </subchap2> + <subchap2 id="N11788"> + <p id="N11789" type="main"> + <s id="N1178B"> +Cum sint autem meridiane nationes animis acutissimis infinitaque +sollertia consiliorum, simul ut ad fortitudinem ingrediuntur, ibi succumbunt, quod habent exsuctas ab sole animorum virtutes; qui vero refrigeratis nascuntur regionibus, ad armorum vehementiam paratiores sunt magnis +virtutibus sine timore, sed tarditate animi sine considerantia inruentes sine sollertia suis consiliis + <pb xlink:href="048/01/208.jpg" ed="1567" pagenum="209"></pb> + refragantur. </s> + <s id="N1178E">cum ergo haec ita sint ab natura rerum in mundo conlocata et omnes nationes inmoderatis mixtionibus disparatae, veros inter spatium totius orbis terrarum regionesque medio mundi populus Romanus possidet fines. +</s> + </p> + </subchap2> + <subchap2 id="N11791"> + <p id="N11792" type="main"> + <s id="N11794"> +Namque temperatissimae ad utramque partem et corporum membris animorumque vigoribus pro fortitudine sunt in Italia +gentes. </s> + <s id="N11797">quemadmodum enim Iovis stella inter Martis ferventissimam et Saturni frigidissimam media currens temperatur, eadem ratione Italia inter septentrionalem meridianamque ab utraque parte mixtionibus temperatas et +invictas habet laudes. </s> + <s id="N1179A">itaque consiliis refringit barbarorum +virtutes, forti manu meridianorum cogitationes. </s> + <s id="N1179D">ita divina +mens civitatem populi Romani egregia temperataque regione conlocavit, uti orbis terrarum imperii potiretur. +</s> + </p> + </subchap2> + <subchap2 id="N117A0"> + <p id="N117A1" type="main"> + <s id="N117A5"> +Quodsi ita est, uti dissimiles regiones ab inclinationibus +caeli variis generibus sint comparatae, ut etiam naturae +gentium disparibus animis et corporum figuris qualitatibusque nascerentur, non dubitemus aedificiorum quoque +rationes ad nationum gentiumque proprietates apte distribuere, cum habeamus ab ipsa rerum natura sollertem +et expeditam monstrationem. + </s> + </p> + <p id="N117A8" type="main"> + <s id="N117AA"> +Quoad potui summa ratione proprietates locorum ab +natura rerum dispositas animadvertere, exposui et, quemadmodum ad solis cursum et inclinationes caeli oporteat +[ad gentium figuras] constituere aedificiorum qualitates, +dixi; itaque nunc singulorum generum in aedificiis commensus symmetriarum et universos et separatos breviter +explicabo. +</s> + </p> + </subchap2> + </subchap1> + <subchap1 id="N117AD"> + <subchap2 id="N117AE"> + <p id="N117AF" type="main"> + <s id="N117B1"> +Nulla architecto maior cura esse debet, nisi uti proportionibus ratae partis habeant aedificia rationum exactiones. </s> + <s id="N117B4">cum ergo constituta symmetriarum ratio fuerit +et commensus ratiocinationibus explicati, tum etiam acuminis est proprium providere ad naturam loci aut usum +aut speciem <detractionibus aut> adiectionibus temperaturas <et> efficere, cum de symmetria sit detractum +aut adiectum, uti id videatur recte esse formatum in aspectuque nihil desideretur. +</s> + </p> + </subchap2> + <subchap2 id="N117B7"> + <p id="N117B8" type="main"> + <s id="N117BA"> +Alia enim ad manum species esse videtur, alia in excelso, non eadem in concluso, dissimilis in aperto, in quibus magni iudicii est opera, quid tandem sit faciundum. </s> + <s id="N117BD">non enim veros videtur habere +visus effectus, sed fallitur saepius iudicio ab eo mens. </s> + <s id="N117C0">quemadmodum etiam in scaenis pictis videntur columnarum proiecturae, mutulorum ecphorae, signorum figurae +prominentes, cum sit tabula sine dubio ad regulam plana. </s> + <s id="N117C3">similiter in navibus remi, cum sint sub aqua directi, tamen +oculis infracti videntur; et quatenus eorum partes tangunt +summam planitiem liquoris, apparent, uti sunt, directi, +cum vero sub aqua sunt demissi, per naturae perlucidam +raritatem remittunt enatantes ab suis corporibus fluentes +imagines ad summam aquae planitiem, atque eae ibi commotae efficere videntur infractum remorum oculis aspectum. +</s> + </p> + </subchap2> + <subchap2 id="N117C6"> + <p id="N117C7" type="main"> + <s id="N117C9"> +Hoc autem sive simulacrorum inpulsu seu radiorum +ex oculis effusionibus, uti physicis placet, videmus, utraque ratione videtur ita esse, uti falsa iudicia oculorum habeat aspectus. +</s> + </p> + </subchap2> + <subchap2 id="N117CC"> + <p id="N117CD" type="main"> + <pb xlink:href="048/01/209.jpg" ed="1567" pagenum="210"></pb> + <s id="N117D1"> +Cum ergo, quae sunt vera, falsa videantur et nonnulla aliter quam sunt oculis probentur, non +puto oportere esse dubium, quin ad locorum naturas aut +necessitates detractiones aut adiectiones fieri debeant, +sed ita, uti nihil in his operibus desideretur. </s> + <s id="N117D4">haec autem +etiam ingeniorum acuminibus, non solum doctrinis efficiuntur. +</s> + </p> + </subchap2> + <subchap2 id="N117D7"> + <p id="N117D8" type="main"> + <s id="N117DA"> +Igitur statuenda est primum ratio symmetriarum, +[a qua sumatur sine dubitatione commutatio] deinde explicetur operis futuri locorum imum spatium longitudinis +<et latitudinis>, cuius cum semel constituta fuerit magnitudo, sequatur eam proportionis ad decorem apparatio, +uti non sit considerantibus aspectus eurythmiae dubius. </s> + <s id="N117DD">de qua, quibus rationibus efficiatur, est mihi pronuntiandum, primumque de cavis aedium, uti fieri debeant, dicam. +</s> + </p> + </subchap2> + </subchap1> + <subchap1 id="N117E0"> + <subchap2 id="N117E1"> + <p id="N117E2" type="main"> + <s id="N117E4"> +Cava aedium quinque generibus sunt distincta, quorum +ita figurae nominantur: tuscanicum, corinthium, tetrastylon, +displuviatum, testudinatum. </s> + <s id="N117E7">tuscanica sunt, in quibus trabes in atrii latitudine traiectae habeant interpensiva et +collicias ab angulis parietum ad angulos tignorum intercurrentes, item asseribus stillicidiorum in medium compluvium deiectus. </s> + <s id="N117EA">in corinthiis isdem rationibus trabes +et compluvia conlocantur, sed a parietibus trabes recedentes in circumitionis circa columnas componuntur. </s> + <s id="N117ED">tetrastyla sunt, quae subiectis sub trabibus angularibus columnis et utilitatem trabibus et firmitatem praestant, +quod neque ipsae magnum impetum coguntur habere neque ab interpensivis onerantur. +</s> + </p> + </subchap2> + <subchap2 id="N117F0"> + <p id="N117F1" type="main"> + <s id="N117F3"> +Displuviata autem sunt, +in quibus deliquiae arcam sustinentes stillicidia reiciunt. </s> + <s id="N117F6">haec hibernaculis maxime praestant utilitates, quod compluvia eorum erecta non obstant luminibus tricliniorum. +sed ea habent in refectionibus molestiam magnam, quod +circa parietes stillicidia defluentia, cum tument fistulae, +quae non celeriter recipiunt ex canalibus aquam defluentem +itaque redundantes restagnant, et intestinum et parietes in +eis generibus aedificiorum corrumpunt. </s> + <s id="N117F9">testudinata vero +ibi fiunt, ubi non sunt impetus magni et in contignationibus supra spatiosae redduntur habitationes. +</s> + </p> + </subchap2> + <subchap2 id="N117FC"> + <p id="N117FD" type="main"> + <pb xlink:href="048/01/210.jpg" ed="1567" pagenum="211"></pb> + <pb xlink:href="048/01/211.jpg" ed="1567" pagenum="212"></pb> + <pb xlink:href="048/01/212.jpg" ed="1567" pagenum="213"></pb> + <pb xlink:href="048/01/213.jpg" ed="1567" pagenum="214"></pb> + <pb xlink:href="048/01/214.jpg" ed="1567" pagenum="215"></pb> + <s id="N117FF"> +Atriorum vero latitudines ac longitudines tribus generibus formantur. </s> + <s id="N11802">et primum genus distribuitur, uti, longitudo cum in quinque partes divisa fuerit, tres partes latitudini dentur; alterum, cum in tres partes dividatur, duae +partes latitudini tribuantur; tertium, uti latitudo in quadrato paribus lateribus describatur inque eo quadrato diagonios linea ducatur, et quantum spatium habuerit ea linea diagonii, tanta longitudo atrio detur. +</s> + </p> + </subchap2> + <subchap2 id="N11805"> + <p id="N11806" type="main"> + <s id="N1180A"> +Altitudo eorum, quanta longitudo fuerit quarta dempta, sub trabes extollatur; reliquum lacunariorum et arcae supra trabes +spatio tribuatur. + </s> + </p> + <p id="N1180D" type="main"> + <pb xlink:href="048/01/215.jpg" ed="1567" pagenum="216"></pb> + <pb xlink:href="048/01/216.jpg" ed="1567" pagenum="217"></pb> + <pb xlink:href="048/01/217.jpg" ed="1567" pagenum="218"></pb> + <s id="N1180F"> +Alis dextra ac sinistra latitudinis <spatium>, cum sit atrii +longitudo ab <emph type="smallcaps"></emph>XXX<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end> pedibus ad pedes <emph type="smallcaps"></emph>XL<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end>, ex tertia parte eius +constituatur. </s> + <s id="N1181E">ab <emph type="smallcaps"></emph>XL<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end> ad pedes <emph type="smallcaps"></emph>L<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end> longitudo dividatur in +partes tres <semis>, ex his una pars alis detur. </s> + <s id="N1182D">cum autem +erit longitudo ab quinquaginta pedibus ad sexaginta, quarta +pars longitudinis alis tribuatur. </s> + <s id="N11830">a pedibus <emph type="smallcaps"></emph>LX<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end> ad <emph type="smallcaps"></emph>LXXX<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end> +longitudo dividatur in partes quattuor et dimidiam, ex +his una pars fiat alarum latitudo. </s> + <s id="N1183F">a pedibus octoginta +ad pedes centum in quinque partes divisa longitudo iustam constituerit latitudinem alarum. </s> + <s id="N11842">trabes earum liminares ita altae ponantur, ut altitudines latitudinibus sint +aequales. </s> + <s id="N11845">imagines cum suis ornamentis ad latitudinem +alarum sint constitutae. +</s> + </p> + </subchap2> + <subchap2 id="N11848"> + <p id="N11849" type="main"> + <pb xlink:href="048/01/218.jpg" ed="1567" pagenum="219"></pb> + <s id="N1184B"> +Tablinum, si latitudo atrii erit pedum viginti, dempta +tertia eius spatio reliquum tribuatur. </s> + <s id="N1184E">si erit ab pedibus +<emph type="smallcaps"></emph>XXX<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end> ad <emph type="smallcaps"></emph>XL<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end>, ex atrii latitudine tablino dimidium tribuatur. </s> + <s id="N1185D">cum autem ab <emph type="smallcaps"></emph>XL<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end> ad <emph type="smallcaps"></emph>LX<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end>, latitudo dividatur in partes +quinque, ex his duae tablino constituantur. </s> + <s id="N1186C">non enim +atria minora maioribus easdem possunt habere symmetriarum rationes. </s> + <s id="N1186F">si enim maiorum symmetriis utemur +in minoribus, neque tablina neque alae utilitatem poterunt +habere, sin autem minorum in maioribus utemur, vasta +et inmania in his ea erunt membra. </s> + <pb xlink:href="048/01/219.jpg" ed="1567" pagenum="220"></pb> + <s id="N11872">itaque generatim +magnitudinum rationes exquisitas et utilitati et aspectui conscribendas putavi. +</s> + </p> + </subchap2> + <subchap2 id="N11875"> + <p id="N11876" type="main"> + <s id="N11878"> +Altitudo tablini ad trabem adiecta latitudinis octava constituatur. </s> + <s id="N1187B">lacunaria eius tertia latitudinis ad altitudinem adiecta extollantur. + </s> + </p> + <p id="N1187E" type="main"> + <s id="N11880"> +Fauces minoribus atriis e tablini latitudine dempta +tertia, maioribus dimidia constituantur. + </s> + </p> + <p id="N11883" type="main"> + <s id="N11887"> +Latitudines ostiorum ad altitudinem; si dorica erunt, uti +dorica, si ionica erunt, uti ionica perficiantur, quemadmodum de thyromatis in quarto libro rationes symmetriarum sunt expositae. + </s> + </p> + <p id="N1188A" type="main"> + <s id="N1188C"> +Compluvii lumen latum latitudinis atrii ne minus quarta, +ne plus tertia parte relinquatur; longitudo, uti atrii pro +rata parte fiat. +</s> + </p> + </subchap2> + <subchap2 id="N1188F"> + <p id="N11890" type="main"> + <s id="N11892"> +Peristyla autem in transverso tertia parte longiora +sint quam introrsus. </s> + <s id="N11895">columnae tam altae quam porticus +latae fuerint peristyliorum; intercolumnia ne minus trium, +ne plus quattuor columnarum crassitudine inter se distent. </s> + <s id="N11898">sin autem dorico more in peristylo columnae erunt faciundae, uti in quarto libro de doricis scripsi, ita moduli +sumantur, et ad eos modulos triglyphorumque rationes +disponantur. +</s> + </p> + </subchap2> + <subchap2 id="N1189B"> + <p id="N1189C" type="main"> + <s id="N1189E"> +Tricliniorum quanta latitudo fuerit, bis tanta longitudo +fieri debebit. </s> + <s id="N118A1">altitudines omnium conclaviorum, quae +oblonga fuerint, sic habere debent rationem, uti longitudinis et latitudinis mensura componatur et ex ea summa +dimidium sumatur, et quantum fuerit, tantum altitudini +detur. </s> + <s id="N118A4">sin autem exhedrae aut oeci quadrati fuerint, latitudinis dimidia addita altitudines educantur. </s> + <s id="N118A7">pinacothecae +uti exhedrae amplis magnitudinibus sunt constituendae. </s> + <s id="N118AA">oeci corinthii tetrastylique quique aegyptii vocantur latitudinis et longitudinis, uti supra tricliniorum symmetriae +scriptae sunt, ita habeant rationem, sed propter columnarum interpositiones spatiosiores constituantur. +</s> + </p> + </subchap2> + <subchap2 id="N118AD"> + <p id="N118AE" type="main"> + <pb xlink:href="048/01/220.jpg" ed="1567" pagenum="221"></pb> + <s id="N118B0"> +Inter corinthios autem et aegyptios hoc erit discrimen. </s> + <s id="N118B3">corinthii simplices habent columnas aut in podio positas aut +in imo; supraque habent epistylia et coronas aut ex intestino opere aut albario, praeterea supra coronas curva lacunaria ad circinum delumbata. </s> + <s id="N118B6">in aegyptiis autem supra +columnas epistylia et ab epistyliis ad parietes, qui sunt +circa, inponenda est contignatio, supra coaxationem pavimentum, subdiu ut sit circumitus. </s> + <s id="N118B9">deinde supra epistylium +ad perpendiculum inferiorum columnarum inponendae +sunt minores quarta parte columnae. </s> + <s id="N118BC">supra earum epistylia et ornamenta lacunariis ornantur, et inter columnas +superiores fenestrae conlocantur; ita basilicarum ea similitudo , non corinthiorum tricliniorum videtur esse. +</s> + </p> + </subchap2> + <subchap2 id="N118BF"> + <p id="N118C0" type="main"> + <s id="N118C4"> +Fiunt autem etiam non italicae consuetudinis oeci, quos Graeci +cyzicenos appellant. </s> + <s id="N118C7">hi conlocantur spectantes ad septentrionem et maxime viridia prospicientes, valvasque habent +in medio. </s> + <s id="N118CA">ipsi autem sunt ita longi et lati, uti duo triclinia cum circumitionibus inter se spectantia possint esse +conlocata, habentque dextra ac sinistra lumina fenestrarum valvata, uti de lectis per spatia fenestrarum viridia prospiciantur. </s> + <s id="N118CD">altitudines eorum dimidia latitudinis +addita constituuntur. +</s> + </p> + </subchap2> + <subchap2 id="N118D0"> + <p id="N118D1" type="main"> + <s id="N118D3"> +In his aedificiorum generibus omnes sunt faciendae +earum symmetriarum rationes, quae sine inpeditione loci +fieri poterunt, luminaque, parietum altitudinibus si non +obscurabuntur, faciliter erunt explicata; sin autem inpedientur ab angustiis aut aliis necessitatibus, tunc erit +ut ingenio et acumine de symmetriis detractiones aut adiectiones fiant, uti non dissimiles veris symmetriis perficiantur venustates. +</s> + </p> + </subchap2> + </subchap1> + <subchap1 id="N118D6"> + <subchap2 id="N118D7"> + <p id="N118D8" type="main"> + <pb xlink:href="048/01/221.jpg" ed="1567" pagenum="222"></pb> + <s id="N118DA"> +Nunc explicabimus, quibus proprietatibus genera aedificiorum ad usum et caeli regiones aptas debeant spectare. </s> + <s id="N118DD">hiberna triclinia et balnearia ad occidentem hibernum +spectent, ideo quod vespertino lumine opus est uti, praeterea quod etiam sol occidens adversus habens splendorem, +calorem remittens efficit vespertino tempore regionem +tepidiorem. </s> + <s id="N118E0">cubicula et bybliothecae ad orientem spectare debent; usus enim matutinum postulat lumen, item +in bybliothecis libri non putrescent. </s> + <s id="N118E3">nam quaecumque ad +meridiem et occidentem spectant, ab tineis et umore libri +vitiantur, quod venti umidi advenientes procreant eas et +alunt infundentesque umidos spiritus pallore volumina corrumpunt. +</s> + </p> + </subchap2> + <subchap2 id="N118E6"> + <p id="N118E7" type="main"> + <s id="N118E9"> +Triclinia verna et autumnalia ad orientem; +tum enim praetenta luminibus adversus solis impetus progrediens ad occidentem efficit ea temperata ad id tempus, quo his solitum est uti. </s> + <s id="N118EC">aestiva ad septentrionem, +quod ea regio, [non] ut reliquae per solstitium propter +calorem efficiuntur aestuosae, eo quod est aversa a solis +cursu, semper refrigerata et salubritatem et voluptatem +in usu praestat. </s> + <s id="N118EF">non minus pinacothecae et plumariorum +textrina pictorumque officinae, uti colores eorum in opere +propter constantiam luminis inmutata permaneant qualitate. +</s> + </p> + </subchap2> + </subchap1> + <subchap1 id="N118F2"> + <subchap2 id="N118F3"> + <p id="N118F4" type="main"> + <s id="N118F6"> +Cum ad regiones caeli ita ea fuerint disposita, tunc +etiam animadvertendum est, quibus rationibus privatis +aedificiis propria loca patribus familiarum et quemadmodum communia cum extraneis aedificari debeant. </s> + <s id="N118F9">namque ex his quae propria sunt, in ea non est potestas +omnibus intro eundi nisi invitatis, quemadmodum sunt +cubicula, triclinia, balneae ceteraque, quae easdem habent +usus rationes. </s> + <s id="N118FC">communia autem sunt, quibus etiam invocati suo iure de populo possunt venire, id est vestibula, +cava aedium, peristylia, quaeque eundem habere possunt +usum. </s> + <s id="N118FF">igitur îs, qui communi sunt fortuna, non necessaria +magnifica vestibula nec tabulina neque atria, quod aliis officia praestant ambiundo neque ab aliis ambiuntur. +</s> + </p> + </subchap2> + <subchap2 id="N11902"> + <p id="N11903" type="main"> + <s id="N11907"> +Qui autem fructibus rusticis serviunt, in eorum vestibulis +stabula, tabernae, in aedibus cryptae, horrea, apothecae +ceteraque, quae ad fructus servandos magis quam ad elegantiae decorem possunt esse, ita sunt facienda. </s> + <s id="N1190A">item +feneratoribus et publicanis commodiora et speciosiora et +ab insidiis tuta, forensibus autem et disertis elegantiora +et spatiosiora ad conventus excipiundos, nobilibus vero, +qui honores magistratusque gerundo praestare debent +officia civibus, faciunda sunt vestibula regalia alta, atria +et peristylia amplissima, silvae ambulationesque laxiores +ad decorem maiestatis perfectae; praeterea bybliothecas, +pinacothecas, basilicas non dissimili modo quam publicorum operum magnificentia <habeant> comparatas, quod +in domibus eorum saepius et publica consilia et privata iudicia arbitriaque conficiuntur. +</s> + </p> + </subchap2> + <subchap2 id="N1190D"> + <p id="N1190E" type="main"> + <s id="N11910"> +Ergo si his rationibus ad singulorum generum personas, uti in libro primo de +decore est scriptum, ita disposita erunt aedificia, non erit +quod reprehendatur; habebunt enim ad omnes res commodas et emendatas explicationes. </s> + <pb xlink:href="048/01/222.jpg" ed="1567" pagenum="223"></pb> + <s id="N11913">earum autem rerum +non solum erunt in urbe aedificiorum rationes, sed etiam +ruri, praeterquam quod in urbe atria proxima ianuis +solent esse, ruri ab pseudourbanis statim peristylia, deinde +tunc atria habentia circum porticus pavimentatas spectantes ad palaestras et ambulationes. + </s> + </p> + <p id="N11916" type="main"> + <s id="N11918"> +Quoad potui urbanas rationes aedificiorum summatim +perscribere, proposui; nunc rusticorum expeditionum <apparationes>, ut sint ad usum commodae quibusque rationibus conlocare oporteat eas, dicam. +</s> + </p> + </subchap2> + </subchap1> + <subchap1 id="N1191B"> + <subchap2 id="N1191C"> + <p id="N1191D" type="main"> + <s id="N1191F"> +Primum de salubritatibus, uti in primo volumine de +moenibus conlocandis scriptum est, regiones aspiciantur +et ita villae conlocentur. </s> + <s id="N11922">magnitudines earum ad modum +agri copiasque fructuum comparentur. </s> + <s id="N11925">chortes magnitudinesque earum ad pecorum numerum, atque quot iuga +boum opus fuerit ibi versari, ita finiantur. </s> + <s id="N11928">in chorte +culina quam calidissimo loco designetur. </s> + <s id="N1192B">coniuncta autem +habeat bubilia, quorum praesepia ad focum et orientis +caeli regionem spectent, ideo quod boves lumen et ignem +spectando horridi non fiunt; item agricolae religione +inpediti non putant oportere aliam regionem caeli boves spectare nisi ortum solis. +</s> + </p> + </subchap2> + <subchap2 id="N1192E"> + <p id="N1192F" type="main"> + <s id="N11931"> +Bubilium autem debent esse +latitudines nec minores pedum denûm nec maiores quindenûm; longitudo, uti singula iuga ne minus pedes occupent +septenos. </s> + <s id="N11934">balnearia item coniuncta sint culinae; ita enim +lavationi rusticae ministratio non erit longe. </s> + <s id="N11937">torcular +item proximum sit culinae; ita enim ad molarios fructus +commoda erit ministratio. </s> + <s id="N1193A">habeatque coniunctam vinariam +cellam habentem ab septentrione lumina fenestrarum; cum +enim + <pb xlink:href="048/01/223.jpg" ed="1567" pagenum="224"></pb> + alia parte habuerit, qua sol calfacere possit, vinum, +quod erit in ea cella, confusum ab calore efficietur inbecillum. +</s> + </p> + </subchap2> + <subchap2 id="N1193D"> + <p id="N1193E" type="main"> + <s id="N11942"> +Olearia autem ita est conlocanda, ut habeat a +meridie calidisque regionibus lumen; non enim debet oleum +congelari, sed tepore caloris extenuari. </s> + <s id="N11945">magnitudines autem +earum ad fructuum rationem et numerum doliorum sunt +faciundae, quae, cum sint cullearia, per medium occupare +debent pedes quaternos. </s> + <s id="N11948">ipsum autem torcular, si non +cocleis torquetur sed vectibus et prelo premitur, ne minus +longum pedes <emph type="smallcaps"></emph>XL<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end> constituatur; ita enim erit vectiario +spatium expeditum. </s> + <s id="N11951">latitudo eius ne minus pedum senûm +denûm; nam sic erit ad prelum opus facientibus libera +versatio et expedita. </s> + <s id="N11954">sin autem duobus prelis loco opus fuerit, quattuor et viginti pedes latitudini dentur. +</s> + </p> + </subchap2> + <subchap2 id="N11957"> + <p id="N11958" type="main"> + <s id="N1195A"> +Ovilia et caprilia ita sunt magna facienda, uti singula pecora +areae ne minus pedes quaternos et semipedem, ne plus +senos possint habere. </s> + <s id="N1195D">granaria sublimata et ad septentrionem aut aquilonem spectantia disponantur; ita enim +frumenta non poterint cito concalescere, sed ab flatu +refrigerata diu servantur. </s> + <s id="N11960">namque ceterae regiones procreant curculionem et reliquas bestiolas, quae frumentis +solent nocere. </s> + <s id="N11963">equilibus, quae maxime in villa loca calidissima fuerint, constituantur, dum ne ad focum spectent; +cum enim iumenta proxime ignem stabulantur, horrida fiunt. +</s> + </p> + </subchap2> + <subchap2 id="N11966"> + <p id="N11967" type="main"> + <s id="N11969"> +Item non sunt inutilia praesepia, quae conlocantur +extra culinam in aperto contra orientem; cum enim in +hieme anni sereno caelo in ea traducuntur matutino boves, +ad solem pabulum capientes fiunt nitidiores. </s> + <s id="N1196C">horrea, fenilia, +farraria, pistrina extra villam facienda videntur, ut ab +ignis periculo sint villae tutiores. </s> + <s id="N1196F">si quid delicatius in +villis faciundum fuerit, ex symmetriis, quae in urbanis +supra scriptis sunt constitutae, ita struantur, uti sine inpeditione rusticae utilitatis aedificentur. +</s> + </p> + </subchap2> + <subchap2 id="N11972"> + <p id="N11973" type="main"> + <pb xlink:href="048/01/224.jpg" ed="1567" pagenum="225"></pb> + <s id="N11975"> +Omniaque aedificia ut luminosa sint, oportet curari; sed quae sunt ad villas, +faciliora videntur esse, ideo quod paries nullius vicini +potest obstare, in urbe autem aut communium parietum +altitudines aut angustiae loci inpediundo faciunt obscuritates. </s> + <s id="N11978">itaque de ea re sic erit experiundum. </s> + <s id="N1197B">ex qua +parte lumen oporteat sumere, linea tendatur ab altitudine +parietis, qui videtur obstare, ad eum locum, quo oporteat +inmittere, et si ab ea linea, in altitudinem cum prospiciatur, poterit spatium puri caeli amplum videri, in eo loco lumen erit sine inpeditione. +</s> + </p> + </subchap2> + <subchap2 id="N1197E"> + <p id="N1197F" type="main"> + <s id="N11981"> +Lumen erit sine inpeditione. </s> + <s id="N11984">sin autem officient trabes +ea lumina aut contignationes, de superioribus partibus +aperiatur et ita inmittatur. </s> + <s id="N11987">et ad summam ita est gubernandum, ut, ex quibuscumque partibus caelum prospici +poterit, per eas fenestrarum loca relinquantur; sic enim +lucida erunt aedificia. </s> + <s id="N1198A">cum autem in tricliniis ceterisque conclavibus maximus est usus luminum, tum etiam +in itineribus, clivis, scalis, quod in his saepius alii aliis +obviam venientes ferentes sarcinas solent incurrere. + </s> + </p> + <p id="N1198D" type="main"> + <s id="N11991"> +Quoad potui, distributiones operum nostratium, ut sint +aedificatoribus non obscurae, explicui; nunc etiam, quemadmodum Graecorum consuetudinibus aedificia distribuantur, uti non sint ignota, summatim exponam. +</s> + </p> + </subchap2> + </subchap1> + <subchap1 id="N11994"> + <subchap2 id="N11995"> + <p id="N11996" type="main"> + <s id="N11998"> +Atriis Graeci quia non utuntur, neque aedificant, sed +ab ianua introeuntibus itinera faciunt latitudinibus non +spatiosis, et ex una parte equilia, ex altera ostiariis cellas, +statimque ianuae interiores finiuntur. </s> + <s id="N1199B">hic autem locus inter +duas ianuas graece <foreign lang="grc">θυρωρεῖον</foreign> appellatur. </s> + <s id="N119A2">deinde est introitus in peristylon. </s> + <s id="N119A5">id peristylum in tribus partibus habet porticus inque parte, quae spectat ad meridiem, +duas antas inter se spatio amplo distantes, in quibus trabes invehuntur, et quantum inter antas distat, ex eo tertia +dempta spatium datur introrsus. </s> + <s id="N119A8">hic locus apud non nullos prostas, apud alios pastas nominatur. +</s> + </p> + </subchap2> + <subchap2 id="N119AB"> + <p id="N119AC" type="main"> + <s id="N119AE"> +In his locis introrsus constituuntur oeci magni, in quibus matres familiarum cum lanificis habent sessionem. </s> + <s id="N119B1">in prostadis autem +dextra ac sinistra cubicula sunt conlocata, quorum unum +thalamos, alterum amphithalamos dicitur. </s> + <s id="N119B4">circum autem +in porticibus triclinia cotidiana, cubicula, etiam cellae +familiaricae constituuntur. </s> + <s id="N119B7">haec pars aedificii gynaeconitis appellatur. +</s> + </p> + </subchap2> + <subchap2 id="N119BA"> + <p id="N119BB" type="main"> + <s id="N119BD"> +Coniunguntur autem his domus ampliores habentes lautiora peristylia, in quibus pares sunt quattuor +porticus altitudinibus, aut una, quae ad meridiem spectat, +excelsioribus columnis constituitur. </s> + <s id="N119C0">id autem peristylum, +quod unam altiorem habet porticum, rhodiacum dicitur. </s> + <s id="N119C3">habent autem eae domus vestibula egregia et ianuas proprias cum dignitate porticusque peristyliorum albariis et +tectoriis et ex intestino opere lacunariis ornatas, et in +porticibus, quae ad septentrionem spectant, triclinia cyzicena et pinacothecas, ad orientem autem bybliothecas, exhedras ad occidentem, ad meridiem vero spectantes oecos +quadratos ita ampla magnitudine, uti faciliter in eo quattuor tricliniis stratis ministrationum ludorumque operis locus possit esse spatiosus. +</s> + </p> + </subchap2> + <subchap2 id="N119C6"> + <p id="N119C7" type="main"> + <s id="N119C9"> +In his oecis fiunt virilia convivia; non enim fuerat institutum matres familiarum eorum +moribus accumbere. </s> + <s id="N119CC">haec autem peristylia domus andronitides dicuntur, quod in his + <pb xlink:href="048/01/225.jpg" ed="1567" pagenum="226"></pb> + viri sine interpellationibus +mulierum versantur. </s> + <s id="N119CF">praeterea dextra ac sinistra domunculae constituuntur habentes proprias ianuas, triclinia et +cubicula commoda, uti hospites advenientes non in peristylia sed in ea hospitalia recipiantur. </s> + <s id="N119D2">nam cum fuerunt +Graeci delicatiores et fortuna opulentiores, hospitibus +advenientibus instruebant triclinia, cubicula, cum penu +cellas, primoque die ad cenam invitabant, postero mittebant pullos, ova, holera, poma reliquasque res agrestes. </s> + <s id="N119D5">ideo pictores ea, quae mittebantur hospitibus, picturis +imitantes xenia appellaverunt. </s> + <s id="N119D8">ita patres familiarum in +hospitio non videbantur esse peregre, habentes secretam in his hospitalibus libertatem. +</s> + </p> + </subchap2> + <subchap2 id="N119DB"> + <p id="N119DC" type="main"> + <s id="N119E0"> +Inter duo autem peristylia et hospitalia itinera sunt, quae mesauloe dicuntur, quod +inter duas aulas media sunt interposita; nostri autem eas +andronas appellant. + </s> + </p> + <p id="N119E3" type="main"> + <s id="N119E5"> +Sed hoc valde est mirandum, nec enim graece nec +latine potest id convenire. </s> + <s id="N119E8">Graeci enim <foreign lang="grc">ἀνδρῶνας</foreign> appellant oecus, ubi convivia virilia solent esse, quod eo mulieres non accedunt. </s> + <s id="N119EF">item aliae res sunt similes, uti xystus, +prothyrum, telamones et nonnulla alia eius modi. <foreign lang="grc">ξυστός</foreign> +enim est graeca appellatione porticus ampla latitudine, +in qua athletae per hiberna tempora exercentur; nostri +autem hypaethrus ambulationes xysta appellant, quas +Graeci <foreign lang="grc">παραδρομίδας</foreign> dicunt. </s> + <s id="N119FA">item <foreign lang="grc">πρόθυρα</foreign> graece dicuntur, quae sunt ante ianuas vestibula, nos autem appellamus prothyra, quae graece dicuntur <foreign lang="grc">διάθυρα</foreign>. +</s> + </p> + </subchap2> + <subchap2 id="N11A05"> + <p id="N11A06" type="main"> + <s id="N11A08"> +Item si qua virili figura signa mutulos aut coronas sustinent, +nostri telamones appellant, cuius rationes, quid ita aut +quare dicantur, ex historiis non inveniuntur, Graeci vero +eos <foreign lang="grc">ἄτλαντας</foreign> vocitant. </s> + <s id="N11A0F">Atlas enim formatur historia sustinens mundum, ideo quod is primum cursum solis et lunae siderumque omnium versationum rationes vigore animi +sollertiaque curavit hominibus tradenda, eaque re a pictoribus et statuariis deformatur pro eo beneficio sustinens +mundum, filiaeque eius Atlantides, quas nos vergilias, +Graeci autem <foreign lang="grc">Πλειάδας</foreign> nominant, cum sideribus in mundo sunt dedicatae. +</s> + </p> + </subchap2> + <subchap2 id="N11A16"> + <p id="N11A17" type="main"> + <s id="N11A19"> +Nec tamen ego, ut mutetur consuetudo nominationum aut sermonis, ideo haec proposui, sed uti +non sint ignota philologis, exponenda iudicavi. + </s> + </p> + <p id="N11A1C" type="main"> + <s id="N11A1E"> +Quibus consuetudinibus aedificia italico more et Graecorum institutis conformantur, exposui et de symmetriis +singulorum generum proportiones perscripsi. </s> + <s id="N11A21">ergo quoniam +de venustate decoreque ante est conscriptum, nunc exponemus de firmitate, quemadmodum ea sine vitiis permanentia ad vetustatem conlocentur. +</s> + </p> + </subchap2> + </subchap1> + <subchap1 id="N11A24"> + <subchap2 id="N11A25"> + <p id="N11A26" type="main"> + <pb xlink:href="048/01/226.jpg" ed="1567" pagenum="227"></pb> + <pb xlink:href="048/01/227.jpg" ed="1567" pagenum="228"></pb> + <s id="N11A2A"> +Aedificia quae plano pede instituuntur, si fundamenta +eorum facta fuerint ita, ut in prioribus libris de muro et +theatris a nobis est expositum, ad vetustatem ea erunt +sine dubitatione firma. </s> + <s id="N11A2D">sin autem hypogea concamarationesque instituentur, fundationes eorum fieri debent crassiores, quam quae in superioribus aedificiis structurae sunt +futurae. </s> + <s id="N11A30">eorumque parietes, pilae, columnae ad perpendiculum inferiorum medio conlocentur, uti solido respondeant; nam si in pendentibus onera fuerint parietum aut +columnarum, non poterint habere perpetuam firmitatem. +</s> + </p> + </subchap2> + <subchap2 id="N11A33"> + <p id="N11A34" type="main"> + <pb xlink:href="048/01/228.jpg" ed="1567" pagenum="229"></pb> + <s id="N11A36"> +Praeterea inter lumina secundum pilas et antas postes si +supponentur, erunt non vitiosae. </s> + <s id="N11A39">limina enim et trabes +structuris cum sint oneratae, medio spatio pandantes frangunt sub lysi structuras; cum autem subiecti fuerint et +subcuneati postes, non patiuntur insidere trabes neque eas laedere. +</s> + </p> + </subchap2> + <subchap2 id="N11A3C"> + <p id="N11A3D" type="main"> + <s id="N11A3F"> +Item administrandum est, uti levent onus parietum fornicationes cuneorum divisionibus et ad centrum respondentes earum conclusurae. </s> + <s id="N11A42">cum enim extra trabes aut liminum capita arcus cuneis erunt conclusae, primum non pandabit materies levata onere; deinde, si +quod vetustate vitium ceperit, sine molitione fulturarum faciliter mutabitur. +</s> + </p> + </subchap2> + <subchap2 id="N11A45"> + <p id="N11A46" type="main"> + <s id="N11A48"> +Itemque, quae pilatim aguntur aedificia +et cuneorum divisionibus coagmentis ad centrum respondentibus fornices concluduntur, extremae pilae in his latiores spatio sunt faciundae, uti vires eae habentes resistere possint, cum cunei ab oneribus parietum pressi per +coagmenta ad centrum se prementes extruderent incumbas. </s> + <s id="N11A4B">itaque si angulares pilae erunt spatiosis magnitudinibus, +continendo cuneos firmitatem operibus praestabunt. +</s> + </p> + </subchap2> + <subchap2 id="N11A4E"> + <p id="N11A4F" type="main"> + <s id="N11A51"> +Cum in his rebus animadversum fuerit, uti ea diligentia +in his adhibeatur, non minus etiam observandum est, uti +omnes structurae perpendiculo respondeant neque habeant +in ulla parte proclinationes. </s> + <s id="N11A54">maxima autem esse debet +cura substructionum, quod in his infinita vitia solet facere +terrae congestio. </s> + <s id="N11A57">ea enim non potest esse semper uno +pondere, quo solet esse per aestatem, sed hibernis temporibus recipiendo ex imbribus aquae multitudinem crescens et pondere et amplitudine disrumpit et extrudit structurarum saeptiones. +</s> + </p> + </subchap2> + <subchap2 id="N11A5A"> + <p id="N11A5B" type="main"> + <s id="N11A5F"> +Itaque, ut huic vitio medeatur, sic +erit faciundum, ut primum pro amplitudine congestionis +crassitudo structurae constituatur. </s> + <s id="N11A62">deinde in frontibus +anterides, sive erismae sunt, una struantur, eaeque inter +se distent tanto spatio, quanta altitudo substructionis est +futura, + <pb xlink:href="048/01/229.jpg" ed="1567" pagenum="230"></pb> + crassitudine eadem, qua substructio; procurrat +autem ab imo, pro quam crassitudo constituta fuerit substructionis, deinde contrahatur gradatim, ita uti summam habeat prominentiam, quanta operis est crassitudo. +</s> + </p> + </subchap2> + <subchap2 id="N11A65"> + <p id="N11A66" type="main"> + <s id="N11A68"> +Praeterea introrsus contra terrenum coniuncta muro serratim +struantur, uti singuli dentes ab muro tantum distent, +quanta altitudo futura erit substructionis; crassitudines +autem habeant dentium structurae uti muri. </s> + <s id="N11A6B">item in extremis angulis cum recessum fuerit ab interiore angulo +spatio altitudinis substructionis, in utramque partem signetur, et ab his signis diagonios structura conlocetur, et ab +ea media altera coniuncta cum angulo muri. </s> + <s id="N11A6E">ita dentes +et diagonioe structurae non patientur tota vi premere +murum, sed dissipabunt retinendo impetum congestionis. +</s> + </p> + </subchap2> + <subchap2 id="N11A71"> + <p id="N11A72" type="main"> + <s id="N11A74"> +Quemadmodum sine vitiis opera constitui oporteat et +uti caveatur incipientibus, exposui. </s> + <s id="N11A77">namque de tegulis +aut tignis aut asseribus mutandis non est eadem cura +quemadmodum de his, quod ea, quamvis sunt vitiosa, faciliter mutantur. </s> + <s id="N11A7A">itaque nec, solida quia non putantur esse, +quibus rationibus haec poterint esse firma et quemadmodum instituantur, exposui. +</s> + </p> + </subchap2> + <subchap2 id="N11A7D"> + <p id="N11A7E" type="main"> + <s id="N11A80"> +Quibus autem copiarum generibus oporteat uti, non est architecti potestas, ideo quod +non in omnibus locis omnia genera copiarum nascuntur, +ut in primo volumine est expositum; praeterea in domini +est potestate, utrum latericio an caementicio an saxo +quadrato velit aedificare. </s> + <pb xlink:href="048/01/230.jpg" ed="1567" pagenum="231"></pb> + <s id="N11A83">itaque omnium operum probationes tripertito considerantur, id est fabrili subtilitate +et magnificentia et dispositione. </s> + <s id="N11A86">cum magnificenter opus +perfectum aspicietur, a domini potestate inpensae laudabuntur; cum subtiliter, officinatoris probabitur exactio; +cum vero venuste proportionibus et symmetriis habuerit auctoritatem, tunc fuerit gloria architecti. +</s> + </p> + </subchap2> + <subchap2 id="N11A89"> + <p id="N11A8A" type="main"> + <s id="N11A8C"> +Haec autem recte constituuntur, cum is et a fabris et ab idiotis patiatur accipere se consilia. </s> + <s id="N11A8F">namque omnes homines, non +solum architecti, quod est bonum, possunt probare, sed +inter idiotas et eos hoc est discrimen, quod idiota, nisi +factum viderit, non potest scire, quid sit futurum, architectus autem, simul animo constituerit, antequam inceperit, +et venustate et usu et decore quale sit futurum, habet +definitum. + </s> + </p> + <p id="N11A92" type="main"> + <s id="N11A96"> +Quas res privatis aedificiis utiles putavi et quemadmodum sint faciundae, quam apertissime potui, perscripsi; +de expolitionibus autem eorum, uti sint elegantes et sine +vitiis ad vetustatem, insequenti volumine exponam. +</s> + </p> + </subchap2> + </subchap1> + </chap> + <chap id="N11A99"> + + <p id="N11A9B" type="head"> + <s id="N11A9D">LIBER SEPTIMUS</s> + </p> + <subchap1 id="N11AA0"> + <subchap2 id="N11AA1"> + <p id="N11AA2" type="main"> + <s id="N11AA4"> +Maiores cum sapienter tum etiam utiliter instituerunt, +per commentariorum relationes cogitata tradere posteris, +ut ea non interirent, sed singulis aetatibus crescentia voluminibus edita gradatim pervenirent vetustatibus ad summam doctrinarum subtilitatem. </s> + <s id="N11AA7">itaque non mediocres sed +infinitae sunt his agendae gratiae, quod non invidiose silentes praetermiserunt, sed omnium generum sensus conscriptionibus memoriae tradendos curaverunt. +</s> + </p> + </subchap2> + <subchap2 id="N11AAA"> + <p id="N11AAB" type="main"> + <s id="N11AAD"> +Namque si non ita fecissent, non potuissemus scire, quae res in Troia +fuissent gestae, nec quid Thales, Democritus, Anaxagoras, +Xenophanes reliquique physici sensissent de rerum natura, +quasque Socrates, Platon, Aristoteles, Zenon, Epicurus aliique philosophi hominibus agendae vitae terminationes +finissent, seu Croesus, Alexander, Darius ceterique reges +quas res aut quibus rationibus gessissent, fuissent notae, +nisi maiores praeceptorum comparationibus omnium memoriae ad posteritatem commentariis extulissent. +</s> + </p> + </subchap2> + <subchap2 id="N11AB0"> + <p id="N11AB1" type="main"> + <s id="N11AB3"> +Itaque quemadmodum his gratiae sunt agendae, contra, qui eorum +scripta furantes pro suis praedicant, sunt vituperandi, quique non propriis cogitationibus scriptorum nituntur, sed +invidis moribus aliena violantes gloriantur, non modo sunt +reprehendendi, sed etiam, quia impio more vixerunt, poena +condemnandi. </s> + <s id="N11AB6">nec tamen haec res non vindicatae curiosius ab antiquis esse memoran + <pb xlink:href="048/01/231.jpg" ed="1567" pagenum="232"></pb>tur. </s> + <s id="N11AB9">quorum exitus iudiciorum qui fuerint, non est alienum, quemadmodum sint nobis traditi, explicare. +</s> + </p> + </subchap2> + <subchap2 id="N11ABC"> + <p id="N11ABD" type="main"> + <s id="N11AC1"> +Reges Attalici magnis philologiae dulcedinibus inducti cum egregiam bybliothecam Pergami +ad communem delectationem instituissent, tunc item Ptolomaeus infinito zelo cupiditatisque incitatus studio non +minoribus industriis ad eundem modum contenderat Alexandriae comparare. </s> + <s id="N11AC4">cum autem summa diligentia perfecisset, +non putavit id satis esse, nisi propagationibus inseminando +curaret augendam. </s> + <s id="N11AC7">itaque Musis et Apollini ludos dedicavit et, quemadmodum athletarum, sic communium scriptorum victoribus praemia et honores constituit. +</s> + </p> + </subchap2> + <subchap2 id="N11ACA"> + <p id="N11ACB" type="main"> + <s id="N11ACD"> +His ita institutis, cum ludi adessent, iudices litterati, qui ea probarent, erant legendi. </s> + <s id="N11AD0">rex, cum iam sex civitatis lectos +habuisset nec tam cito septumum idoneum inveniret, retulit +ad eos, qui supra bybliothecam fuerunt, et quaesiit, si +quem novissent ad id expeditum. </s> + <s id="N11AD3">tunc ei dixerunt esse +quendam Aristophanen, qui summo studio summaque diligentia cotidie omnes libros ex ordine perlegeret. </s> + <s id="N11AD6">itaque +conventu ludorum, cum secretae sedes iudicibus essent +distributae, cum ceteris Aristophanes citatus, quemadmodum fuerat locus ei designatus, sedit. +</s> + </p> + </subchap2> + <subchap2 id="N11AD9"> + <p id="N11ADA" type="main"> + <s id="N11ADC"> +Primo poetarum ordine ad certationem inducto cum recitarentur scripta, +populus cunctus significando monebat iudices, quod probarent. </s> + <s id="N11ADF">itaque, cum ab singulis sententiae sunt rogatae, +sex una dixerunt et, quem maxime animadverterunt multitudini placuisse, ei primum praemium, insequenti secundum tribuerunt. </s> + <s id="N11AE2">Aristophanes vero, cum ab eo sententia +rogaretur, eum primum renuntiari iussit, qui minime populo placuisset. +</s> + </p> + </subchap2> + <subchap2 id="N11AE5"> + <p id="N11AE6" type="main"> + <s id="N11AE8"> +Cum autem rex et universi vehementer indignarentur, surrexit et rogando impetravit, ut paterentur +se dicere. </s> + <s id="N11AEB">itaque silentio facto docuit unum ex his eum +esse poetam, ceteros aliena recitavisse; oportere autem +iudicantes non furta sed scripta probare. </s> + <s id="N11AEE">admirante populo et rege dubitante, fretus memoriae certis armariis +infinita volumina eduxit et ea cum recitatis conferendo +coegit ipsos furatos de se confiteri. </s> + <s id="N11AF1">itaque rex iussit cum +his agi furti condemnatosque cum ignominia dimisit, Aristophanen vero amplissimis muneribus ornavit et supra bybliothecam constituit. +</s> + </p> + </subchap2> + <subchap2 id="N11AF4"> + <p id="N11AF5" type="main"> + <s id="N11AF7"> +Insequentibus annis a Macedonia Zoilus, qui adoptavit cognomen, ut Homeromastix vocitaretur, +Alexandriam venit suaque scripta contra Iliadem et Odyssean comparata regi recitavit. </s> + <s id="N11AFA">Ptolomaeus vero, cum +animadvertisset poetarum parentem philologiaeque omnis +ducem absentem vexari et, cuius ab cunctis gentibus scripta +suspicerentur, ab eo vituperari, indignans nullum ei dedit +responsum. </s> + <s id="N11AFD">Zoilus autem, cum diutius in regno fuisset, +inopia pressus summisit ad regem postulans, ut aliquid sibi tribueretur. +</s> + </p> + </subchap2> + <subchap2 id="N11B00"> + <p id="N11B01" type="main"> + <s id="N11B05"> +Rex vero respondisse dicitur Homerum, qui ante annos mille decessisset, aevo perpetuo multa +milia hominum pascere, item debere, qui meliore ingenio +se profiteretur, non modo unum sed etiam plures alere +posse. </s> + <s id="N11B08">et ad summam mors eius ut parricidii damnati +varie memoratur. </s> + <s id="N11B0B">alii enim scripserunt a Philadelpho +esse in crucem fixum, nonnulli Chii lapides esse coniectos, alii Zmyrnae vivum in pyram coniectum. </s> + <s id="N11B0E">quorum +utrum ei acciderit, merenti digna constitit poena; non +enim aliter videtur promereri, qui citat eos, quorum responsum, quid senserint scribentes, non potest coram indicari. +</s> + </p> + </subchap2> + <subchap2 id="N11B11"> + <p id="N11B12" type="main"> + <s id="N11B14"> +Ego vero, Caesar, neque alienis indicibus mutatis interposito nomine meo id profero corpus neque ullius cogitata vituperans institui ex eo me adprobare, sed omnibus scriptoribus infinitas ago gratias, quod egregiis ingeniorum +sollertiis ex aevo conlatis abundantes alius alio genere +copias praeparaverunt, unde nos uti fontibus haurientes +aquam et ad propria proposita traducentes facundiores +et expeditiores habemus ad scribendum facultates talibusque confidentes auctoribus audemus institutiones novas +comparare. +</s> + </p> + </subchap2> + <subchap2 id="N11B17"> + <p id="N11B18" type="main"> + <s id="N11B1A"> +Igitur tales ingressus eorum quia ad propositi mei +rationes animadverti praeparatos, inde sumendo progredi +coepi. </s> + <s id="N11B1D">namque primum Agatharchus Athenis Aeschylo +docente tragoediam scaenam fecit et de ea commentarium +reliquit. </s> + <s id="N11B20">ex eo moniti Democritus et Anaxagoras de eadem +re scripserunt, quemadmodum oporteat ad aciem oculorum +radiorumque extentionem certo loco centro constituto +lineas ratione naturali respondere, uti de certa re certae +imagines aedificiorum in scaenarum picturis redderent +speciem et, quae in directis planisque frontibus sint figurata, alia abscedentia, alia prominentia esse videantur. +</s> + </p> + </subchap2> + <subchap2 id="N11B23"> + <p id="N11B24" type="main"> + <s id="N11B26"> +Postea Silenus de symmetriis doricorum edidit volumen; +de aede Iunonis, quae est Sami dorica, Theodorus; ionice +Ephesi quae est Dianae, Chersiphron et Metagenes; de +fano Minervae, quod est Priene ionicum, Pytheos; item +de aede Minervae, dorice quae est Athenis in arce, Ictinos +et Carpion; Theodorus Phocaeus de tholo, qui est Delphis; +Philo de aedium sacrarum symmetriis et de armamentario, +quod fuerat Piraei portu; Hermogenes de aede Dianae, +ionice quae est Magnesia pseudodipteros, et Liberi Patris +Teo monopteros; item Arcesius de symmetriis corinthiis +et ionico Trallibus Aesculapio, quod etiam ipse sua manu dicitur fecisse; de Mausoleo Satyrus et Pytheos. +</s> + </p> + </subchap2> + <subchap2 id="N11B29"> + <p id="N11B2A" type="main"> + <s id="N11B2C"> +Quibus vero felicitas maximum summumque contulit munus; quorum enim artes aevo perpetuo nobilissimas laudes et sempiterno florentes habere iudicantur, ei cogitatis egregias +operas praestiterunt. </s> + <s id="N11B2F">namque singulis frontibus singuli +artifices sumpserunt certatim partes ad ornandum et probandum Leochares, Bryaxis, Scopas, Praxiteles, nonnulli +etiam putant Timotheum, quorum artis eminens excellentia +coegit ad septem spectaculorum eius operis pervenire famam. +</s> + </p> + </subchap2> + <subchap2 id="N11B32"> + <p id="N11B33" type="main"> + <s id="N11B37"> +Praeterea minus nobiles multi praecepta symmetriarum conscripserunt, uti Nexaris, Theocydes, Demophilos, +Pollis, Leonidas, Silanion, Melampus, Sarnacus, Euphranor. </s> + <s id="N11B3A">non minus de machinationibus, uti Diades, Archytas, Archimedes, Ctesibios, Nymphodorus, Philo Byzantius, Diphilos, Democles, Charias, Polyidos, Pyrros, + <pb xlink:href="048/01/232.jpg" ed="1567" pagenum="233"></pb> + Agesistratos. </s> + <s id="N11B3D">quorum ex commentariis, quae utilia esse his rebus animadverti, collecta in unum coegi corpus, et ideo maxime, +quod animadverti in ea re ab Graecis volumina plura +edita, ab nostris oppido quam pauca. </s> + <s id="N11B40">Fuficius enim nimirum de his rebus primus instituit edere volumen, item +Terentius Varro de novem disciplinis unum de architectura, P. </s> + <s id="N11B43">Septimius duo. +</s> + </p> + </subchap2> + <subchap2 id="N11B46"> + <p id="N11B47" type="main"> + <s id="N11B49"> +Amplius vero in id genus scripturae adhuc nemo incubuisse videtur, cum fuissent et antiqui +cives magni architecti, qui potuissent non minus eleganter +scripta comparare. </s> + <s id="N11B4C">namque Athenis Antistates et Callaeschros et Antimachides et Porinos architecti Pisistrato +aedem Iovi Olympio facienti fundamenta constituerunt, +post mortem autem eius propter interpellationem reipublicae incepta reliquerunt. </s> + <s id="N11B4F">itaque circiter annis quadringentis post Antiochus rex, cum in id opus inpensam esset +pollicitus, cellae magnitudinem et columnarum circa dipteron conlocationem epistyliorumque et ceterorum ornamentorum ad symmetriam distributionem magna sollertia +scientiaque summa civis Romanus Cossutius nobiliter est +architectatus. </s> + <s id="N11B52">id autem opus non modo vulgo, sed etiam in paucis a magnificentia nominatur. +</s> + </p> + </subchap2> + <subchap2 id="N11B55"> + <p id="N11B56" type="main"> + <s id="N11B58"> +Nam quattuor locis sunt aedium sacrarum marmoreis operibus ornatae dispositiones, [e quibus propriae de his nominationes clarissima +fama nominantur] quorum excellentiae prudentesque cogitationum apparatus suspectus habent in deorum <foreign lang="grc">σημαντικοῖς</foreign>. primumque aedes Ephesi Dianae ionico genere +ab Chersiphrone Gnosio et filio eius Metagene est instituta, quam postea Demetrius, ipsius Dianae servus, et +Paeonius Ephesius dicuntur perfecisse. </s> + <s id="N11B5F">Mileti Apollini +item ionicis symmetriis <aedem> idem Paeonius Daphnisque Milesius instituerunt. </s> + <s id="N11B62">Eleusine Cereris et Proserpinae +cellam inmani magnitudine Ictinos dorico more sine exterioribus columnis ad laxamentum usus sacrificiorum pertexit. +</s> + </p> + </subchap2> + <subchap2 id="N11B65"> + <p id="N11B66" type="main"> + <s id="N11B68"> +Eam autem postea, cum Demetrius Phalereus Athenis rerum potiretur, Philo ante templum in fronte +columnis constitutis prostylon fecit; ita aucto vestibulo +laxamentum initiantibus operique summam adiecit auctoritatem. </s> + <s id="N11B6B">in asty vero Olympium amplo modulorum comparatu corinthiis symmetriis et proportionibus, uti supra +scriptum est, architectandum Cossutius suscepisse memoratur, cuius commentarium nullum est inventum. </s> + <s id="N11B6E">nec +tamen a Cossutio solum de his rebus scripta sunt desideranda sed etiam a G. </s> + <s id="N11B71">Mucio, qui magna scientia confisus +aedis Honoris et Virtutis Marianae cellae columnarumque et epistyliorum symmetrias legitimis artis institutis +perfecit. </s> + <s id="N11B74">id vero si marmoreum fuisset, ut haberet, quemadmodum ab arte subtilitatem, sic ab magnificentia et +inpensis auctoritatem, in primis et summis operibus nominaretur. +</s> + </p> + </subchap2> + <subchap2 id="N11B77"> + <p id="N11B78" type="main"> + <s id="N11B7A"> +Cum ergo et antiqui nostri inveniantur non minus +quam Graeci fuisse magni architecti et nostra memoria +satis multi, et ex his pauci praecepta edidissent, non +putavi silendum, sed disposite singulis voluminibus de +singulis exponere rebus. </s> + <s id="N11B7D">itaque, quoniam sexto volumine +privatorum aedificiorum rationes perscripsi, in hoc, qui +septimum tenet numerum, de expolitionibus, quibus rationibus et venustatem et firmitatem habere possint, exponam. +</s> + </p> + </subchap2> + </subchap1> + <subchap1 id="N11B80"> + <subchap2 id="N11B81"> + <p id="N11B82" type="main"> + <s id="N11B86"> +Primumque incipiam de ruderatione, quae principia +tenet expolitionum, uti curiosius summaque providentia +solidationis ratio habeatur. </s> + <s id="N11B89">et si plano pede erit eruderandum, quaeratur, solum si sit perpetuo solidum, et ita +exaequetur, et inducatur cum statumine rudus. </s> + <s id="N11B8C">sin autem +omnis aut ex parte congesticius locus fuerit, fistucationibus cum magna cura solidetur. </s> + <s id="N11B8F">in contignationibus vero +diligenter est animadvertendum, ne qui paries, qui non +exeat ad summum, sit extructus sub pavimentum, sed +potius relaxatus supra se pendentem habeat coaxationem. </s> + <s id="N11B92">cum enim solidus exit, contignationibus arescentibus aut +pandatione sidentibus, permanens struc + <pb xlink:href="048/01/233.jpg" ed="1567" pagenum="234"></pb> + turae soliditate +dextra ac sinistra secundum se facit in pavimentis necessario rimas. +</s> + </p> + </subchap2> + <subchap2 id="N11B95"> + <p id="N11B96" type="main"> + <s id="N11B98"> +Item danda est opera, ne commisceantur +axes aesculini querco, quod quercei, simul umorem perceperunt, se torquentes rimas faciunt in pavimentis. </s> + <s id="N11B9B">sin +autem aesculus non erit et necessitas coegerit propter +inopiam querceis <uti>, sic videtur esse faciundum, ut secentur tenuiores; quo minus enim valuerint, eo facilius +clavis fixi continebuntur. </s> + <s id="N11B9E">deinde in singulis tignis extremis +partibus axis bini clavi figantur, uti nulla ex parte possint +se torquendo anguli excitare. </s> + <s id="N11BA1">namque de cerro aut fago +seu farno nullus ad vestutatem potest permanere. </s> + <s id="N11BA4">coaxationibus factis, si erit, filex, si non, palea substernatur, uti materies ab calcis vitiis defendatur. +</s> + </p> + </subchap2> + <subchap2 id="N11BA7"> + <p id="N11BA8" type="main"> + <s id="N11BAA"> +Tunc insuper statuminetur ne minore saxo, quam qui possit manum +implere. </s> + <s id="N11BAD">statuminationibus inductis, rudus si novum erit, +ad tres partes una calcis misceatur, si redivivum fuerit, +quinque ad duo mixtionis habeant responsum. </s> + <s id="N11BB0">deinde +rudus inducatur et vectibus ligneis, decuriis inductis, crebriter pistatione solidetur, et id non minus pinsum absolutum crassitudine sit dodrantis. </s> + <s id="N11BB3">insuper ex testa nucleus +inducatur mixtionem habens ad tres partes unam calcis, ne +minore crassitudine [pavimentum] digitorum senûm. </s> + <s id="N11BB6">supra +nucleum ad regulam et libellam exacta pavimenta struantur sive sectilia seu tesseris. +</s> + </p> + </subchap2> + <subchap2 id="N11BB9"> + <p id="N11BBA" type="main"> + <s id="N11BBC"> +Cum ea structa fuerint et fastigia sua ex structione habuerint, ita fricentur, uti, si +sectilia sint, nulli gradus in scutulis aut trigonis aut +quadratis seu favis extent, sed coagmentorum compositio +planam habeat inter se directionem, si tesseris structum +erit, ut eae omnes angulos habeant aequales; cum enim +anguli non fuerint omnes aequaliter plani, non erit exacta, +ut oportet, fricatura. </s> + <s id="N11BBF">item testacea spicata tiburtina sunt +diligenter exigenda, ut ne habeant lacunas nec extantes +tumulos, sed <sint> extenta et ad regulam perfricata. </s> + <s id="N11BC2">super +fricaturam, levigationibus et polituris cum fuerint perfecta, +incernatur marmor, et supra loricae ex calce et harena +inducantur. +</s> + </p> + </subchap2> + <subchap2 id="N11BC5"> + <p id="N11BC6" type="main"> + <s id="N11BC8"> +Subdiu vero maxime idonea faciunda sunt pavimenta, +quod contignationes umore crescentes aut siccitate decrescentes seu pandationibus sidentes movendo se faciunt +vitia pavimentis; praeterea gelicidia et pruinae non patiuntur integra permanere. </s> + <s id="N11BCB">itaque si necessitas coegerit, ut +minime vitiosa fiant, sic erit faciundum. </s> + <s id="N11BCE">cum coaxatum +fuerit, super altera coaxatio transversa sternatur clavisque +fixa duplicem praebeat contignationi loricationem. </s> + <s id="N11BD1">deinde +ruderi novo tertia pars testae tunsae admisceatur, calcisque duae partes ad quinque mortarii mixtionibus praestent responsum. +</s> + </p> + </subchap2> + <subchap2 id="N11BD4"> + <p id="N11BD5" type="main"> + <s id="N11BD9"> +Statuminatione facta rudus inducatur, idque pistum absolutum ne minus pede sit crassum. </s> + <s id="N11BDC">tunc +autem nucleo inducto, uti supra scriptum est, pavimentum e tessera grandi circiter binûm digitûm caesa struatur fastigium habens in pedes denos digitos binos; quod si bene temperabitur et recte fricatum fuerit, ab omnibus +vitiis erit tutum. </s> + <s id="N11BDF">uti autem inter coagmenta materies ab +gelicidiis ne laboret, fracibus quotannis ante hiemem saturetur; ita non patietur in se recipere gelicidii pruinam. +</s> + </p> + </subchap2> + <subchap2 id="N11BE2"> + <p id="N11BE3" type="main"> + <s id="N11BE5"> +Sin autem curiosius videbitur fieri oportere, tegulae bipedales inter se coagmentatae supra rudus substrata materia +conlocentur habentes singulis coagmentorum frontibus +excelsos canaliculos digitales. </s> + <s id="N11BE8">quibus iunctis inplicetur calx +ex oleo subacta, confricenturque inter se coagmenta compressa. </s> + <s id="N11BEB">ita calx, quae erit haerens in canalibus, durescendo contexteque solidescendo non patietur aquam neque +aliam rem per coagmenta transire. </s> + <s id="N11BEE">cum ergo fuerit hoc +ita perstratum, supra nucleus inducatur et virgis caedendo +subigatur. </s> + <s id="N11BF1">supra autem sive ex tessera grandi sive ex +spica testacea <pavimenta> struantur fastigiis, quibus est +supra scriptum, et cum sic erunt facta, non cito vitiabuntur. +</s> + </p> + </subchap2> + </subchap1> + <subchap1 id="N11BF4"> + <subchap2 id="N11BF5"> + <p id="N11BF6" type="main"> + <pb xlink:href="048/01/234.jpg" ed="1567" pagenum="235"></pb> + <pb xlink:href="048/01/235.jpg" ed="1567" pagenum="236"></pb> + <s id="N11BF8"> +Cum a pavimentorum cura discessum fuerit, tunc de +albariis operibus est explicandum. </s> + <s id="N11BFB">id autem erit recte, +si glaebae calcis optimae ante multo tempore, quam opus +fuerit, macerabuntur, uti, si qua glaeba parum fuerit in +fornace cocta, in maceratione diuturna liquore defervere +coacta uno tenore concoquatur. </s> + <s id="N11BFE">namque cum non penitus +macerata sed recens sumitur, cum fuerit inducta habens +latentes crudos calculos, pustulas emittit. </s> + <s id="N11C01">qui calculi, in +opere uno tenore cum permacerantur, dissolvunt et dissipant tectorii politiones. +</s> + </p> + </subchap2> + <subchap2 id="N11C04"> + <p id="N11C05" type="main"> + <s id="N11C07"> +Cum autem habita erit ratio +macerationis et id curiosius operi praeparatum erit, sumatur ascia et, quemadmodum materia dolatur, sic calx in +lacu macerata ascietur. </s> + <s id="N11C0A">si ad eam offenderint calculi, non +erit temperata; cumque siccum et purum ferrum educetur, +indicabit eam evanidam et siticulosam; cum vero pinguis +fuerit et recte macerata, circa id ferramentum uti glutinum haerens omni ratione probabit se esse temperatam. </s> + <s id="N11C0D">tunc autem machinis comparatis camerarum dispositiones +in conclavibus expediantur, nisi lacunariis ea fuerint ornata. +</s> + </p> + </subchap2> + </subchap1> + <subchap1 id="N11C10"> + <subchap2 id="N11C11"> + <p id="N11C12" type="main"> + <pb xlink:href="048/01/236.jpg" ed="1567" pagenum="237"></pb> + <s id="N11C14"> +Cum ergo camerarum postulabitur ratio, sic erit faciundum. </s> + <s id="N11C17">asseres directi disponantur inter se ne plus spatium +habentes pedes binos, et hi maxime cupressei, quod +abiegnei ab carie et ab vetustate celeriter vitiantur. </s> + <s id="N11C1A">hique +asseres, cum ad formam circinationis fuerint distributi, +catenis dispositis ad contignationes, sive tecta erunt, crebriter clavis ferreis fixi religentur. </s> + <s id="N11C1D">eaeque catenae ex ea +materia comparentur, cui nec caries nec vetustas nec umor +possit nocere, id est e buxo, iunipero, olea, robore, cupresso +ceterisque similibus praeter quercum, cum ea se torquendo rimas faciat quibus inest operibus. +</s> + </p> + </subchap2> + <subchap2 id="N11C20"> + <p id="N11C21" type="main"> + <s id="N11C25"> +Asseribus dispositis tum tomice ex sparto hispanico harundines graecae tunsae +ad eos, uti forma postulat, religentur. </s> + <s id="N11C28">item supra cameram materies ex calce et harena mixta subinde inducatur, +ut, si quae stillae ex contignationibus aut tectis ceciderint, +sustineantur. </s> + <s id="N11C2B">sin autem harundinis graecae copia non +erit, de paludibus tenues colligantur et mataxae tomice +ad iustam longitudinem una crassitudine alligationibus +temperentur, dum ne plus inter duos nodos [alligationibus] +binos pedes distent, et hae ad asseres, uti supra scriptum +est, tomice religentur cultellique lignei in eas configantur. </s> + <s id="N11C2E">Cetera omnia, uti supra scriptum est, expediantur. +</s> + </p> + </subchap2> + <subchap2 id="N11C31"> + <p id="N11C32" type="main"> + <s id="N11C34"> +Cameris dispositis et intextis imum caelum earum trullissetur, +deinde harena dirigatur, postea autem creta aut marmore +poliatur. + </s> + </p> + <p id="N11C37" type="main"> + <s id="N11C39"> +Cum camerae politae fuerint, sub eas coronae sunt +subiciendae, quas maxime tenues et subtiles oportere fieri +videbitur; cum enim grandes sunt, pondere deducuntur +nec possunt se sustinere. </s> + <s id="N11C3C">in hisque minime gypsum debet +admisceri, sed ex creto marmore uno tenore perduci, uti +ne praecipiendo non patiatur uno tenore opus inarescere. </s> + <s id="N11C3F">etiamque cavendae sunt in cameris †priscorum dispositiones, +quod earum planitiae coronarum gravi pondere inpendentes sunt periculosae. +</s> + </p> + </subchap2> + <subchap2 id="N11C42"> + <p id="N11C43" type="main"> + <s id="N11C45"> +Coronarum autem sunt figurae <aliae +purae>, aliae caelatae. </s> + <s id="N11C48">conclavibus autem, ubi ignis aut +plura lumina sunt ponenda, purae fieri debent, ut eo +facilius extergeantur; in aestivis et exhedris, ubi minime +fumus est nec fuligo potest nocere, ibi caelatae sunt +faciendae. </s> + <s id="N11C4B">semper enim album opus propter superbiam +candoris non modo ex propriis sed etiam alienis aedificiis +concipit fumum. +</s> + </p> + </subchap2> + <subchap2 id="N11C4E"> + <p id="N11C4F" type="main"> + <s id="N11C51"> +Coronis explicatis parietes quam asperrime trullissentur, +postea autem supra, trullissatione subarescente, deformentur directiones harenati, uti longitudines ad regulam et ad +lineam, altitudines ad perpendiculum, anguli ad normam +respondentes exigantur; namque sic emendata tectoriorum +in picturis erit species. </s> + <s id="N11C54">subarescente iterum et tertio inducatur; ita cum fundatior erit ex harenato directura, eo firmior erit ad vetustatem soliditas tectorii. +</s> + </p> + </subchap2> + <subchap2 id="N11C57"> + <p id="N11C58" type="main"> + <s id="N11C5C"> +Cum ab harena praeter trullissationem non minus tribus coriis fuerit deformatum, tunc e marmore graneo directiones sunt subigendae, dum ita materies temperetur, uti, cum subigatur, +non haereat ad rutrum, sed purum ferrum e mortario +liberetur. </s> + <s id="N11C5F">grandi inducto et inarescente alterum corium +mediocre dirigatur; id cum subactum fuerit et bene fricatum, subtilius inducatur. </s> + <s id="N11C62">ita cum tribus coriis harenae +et item marmoris solidati parietes fuerint, neque + <pb xlink:href="048/01/237.jpg" ed="1567" pagenum="238"></pb>rimas, neque aliud vitium in se recipere poterunt, +</s> + </p> + </subchap2> + <subchap2 id="N11C65"> + <p id="N11C66" type="main"> + <s id="N11C68"> +sed et liaculorum subactionibus fundata soliditate marmorisque candore firmo levigata, coloribus cum politionibus inductis +nitidos expriment splendores. </s> + <s id="N11C6B">colores autem, udo tectorio +cum diligenter sunt inducti, ideo non remittunt sed sunt +perpetuo permanentes, quod calx, in fornacibus excocto +liquore facta raritatibus evanida, ieiunitate coacta corripit +in se quae res forte contigerunt, mixtionibusque ex aliis +potestatibus conlatis seminibus seu principiis una solidescendo, [in quibuscumque membris est formata] cum fit +arida, redigitur, uti sui generis proprias videatur habere qualitates. +</s> + </p> + </subchap2> + <subchap2 id="N11C6E"> + <p id="N11C6F" type="main"> + <s id="N11C71"> +Itaque tectoria, quae recte sunt facta, neque +vetustatibus fiunt horrida neque, cum extergentur, remittunt +colores, nisi si parum diligenter et in arido fuerint inducti. </s> + <s id="N11C74">cum ergo ita in parietibus tectoria facta fuerint, +uti supra scriptum est, et firmitatem et splendorem et ad +vetustatem permanentem virtutem poterunt habere. </s> + <s id="N11C77">cum +vero unum corium harenae et unum minuti marmoris erit +inductum, tenuitas eius minus valendo faciliter rumpitur +nec splendorem politionibus propter inbecillitatem crassitudinis proprium obtinebit. +</s> + </p> + </subchap2> + <subchap2 id="N11C7A"> + <p id="N11C7B" type="main"> + <s id="N11C7D"> +Quemadmodum enim speculum argenteum tenui lamella ductum incertas et sine viribus +habet remissiones splendoris, quod autem e solida temperatura fuerit factum, recipiens in se firmis viribus politionem fulgentes in aspectu certasque considerantibus +imagines reddet, sic tectoria, quae ex tenui sunt ducta +materia, non modo sunt rimosa, sed etiam celeriter evanescunt, quae autem fundata harenationis et marmoris +soliditate sunt crassitudine spissa, cum sunt politionibus +crebris subacta, non modo sunt nitentia, sed etiam imagines expressas aspicientibus ex eo opere remittunt. +</s> + </p> + </subchap2> + <subchap2 id="N11C80"> + <p id="N11C81" type="main"> + <s id="N11C83"> +Graecorum vero tectores non solum his rationibus utendo +faciunt opera firma, sed etiam mortario conlocato, calce +et harena ibi confusa, decuria hominum inducta ligneis +vectibus pisant materiam, et ita ad certamen subacta tunc +utuntur. </s> + <s id="N11C86">itaque veteribus parietibus nonnulli crustas excidentes pro abacis utuntur, ipsaque tectoria abacorum +et speculorum divisionibus circa se prominentes habent +expressiones. +</s> + </p> + </subchap2> + <subchap2 id="N11C89"> + <p id="N11C8A" type="main"> + <s id="N11C8E"> +Sin autem in craticiis tectoria erunt facienda, quibus +necesse est in arrectariis et transversariis rimas fieri, +ideo quod, luto cum linuntur, necessario recipiunt umorem, +cum autem arescunt, extenuati in tectoriis faciunt rimas, +id ut non fiat, haec erit ratio. </s> + <s id="N11C91">cum paries totus luto inquinatus fuerit, tunc in eo opere cannae clavis muscariis +perpetuae figantur, deinde iterum luto inducto, si priores +transversariis harundinibus fixae sunt, secundae erectis +figantur, et ita, uti supra scriptum est, harenatum et marmor et omne tectorium inducatur. </s> + <s id="N11C94">ita cannarum duplex + +in parietibus harundinibus transversis fixa perpetuitas nec +segmina nec rimam ullam fieri patietur. +</s> + </p> + </subchap2> + </subchap1> + <subchap1 id="N11C99"> + <subchap2 id="N11C9A"> + <p id="N11C9B" type="main"> + <pb xlink:href="048/01/238.jpg" ed="1567" pagenum="239"></pb> + <pb xlink:href="048/01/239.jpg" ed="1567" pagenum="240"></pb> + <s id="N11C9D"> +Quibus rationibus siccis locis tectoria oporteat fieri, +dixi; nunc, quemadmodum umidis locis politiones expediantur, ut permanere possint sine vitiis, exponam. </s> + <s id="N11CA0">et primum +conclavibus, quae plano pede fuerint, in imo pavimento +alte circiter pedibus tribus pro harenato testa trullissetur +et dirigatur, uti eae partes tectoriorum ab umore ne vitientur. </s> + <s id="N11CA3">sin autem aliqui paries perpetuos habuerit umores, +paululum ab eo recedatur et struatur alter tenuis distans +ab eo, quantum res patietur, et inter duos parietes canalis +ducatur inferior, quam libramentum conclavis fuerit, habens +nares ad locum patentem. </s> + <s id="N11CA6">item, cum in altitudinem perstructus fuerit, relinquantur spiramenta; si enim non per +nares umor et in imo et in summo habuerit exitus, non +minus in nova structura se dissipabit. </s> + <s id="N11CA9">his perfectis paries +testa trullissetur et dirigatur et tunc tectorio poliatur. +</s> + </p> + </subchap2> + <subchap2 id="N11CAC"> + <p id="N11CAD" type="main"> + <s id="N11CAF"> +Sin autem locus non patietur structuram fieri, canales fiant +et nares exeant ad locum patentem. </s> + <s id="N11CB2">deinde tegulae bipedales ex una parte supra marginem canalis inponantur, +ex altera parte besalibus <laterculis> pilae substruantur, +in quibus duarum tegularum anguli sedere possint, et ita +a pariete eae distent, ut ne plus pateant palmum. </s> + <s id="N11CB5">deinde +insuper erectae mammatae tegulae ab imo ad summum +ad parietem figantur, quarum interiores partes curiosius +picentur, ut ab se respuant liquorem; item in imo et in summo supra camaram habeant spiramenta. +</s> + </p> + </subchap2> + <subchap2 id="N11CB8"> + <p id="N11CB9" type="main"> + <s id="N11CBB"> +tum autem calce ex aqua liquida dealbentur, uti trullissationem testaceam +ceam non respuant; namque propter ieiunitatem quae est +a fornacibus excocta non possunt recipere nec sustinere, +nisi calx subiecta utrasque res inter se conglutinet et +cogat coire. </s> + <s id="N11CBE">trullissatione inducta pro harenato testa dirigatur, et cetera omnia, uti supra scripta sunt in tectorii +rationibus, perficiantur. +</s> + </p> + </subchap2> + <subchap2 id="N11CC1"> + <p id="N11CC2" type="main"> + <s id="N11CC4"> +Ipsi autem <gap></gap> politionibus eorum ornatus proprios +debent habere ad decoris rationes, uti et ex locis aptas et +generum discriminibus non alienas habeant dignitates. </s> + <s id="N11CC9">tricliniis hibernis non est utilis compositione nec megalographia nec camerarum coronario opere subtilis ornatus, +quod ea et ab ignis fumo et ab luminum crebris fuliginibus corrumpuntur. </s> + <s id="N11CCC">in his vero supra podia abaci ex atramento sunt subigendi et poliendi cuneis silaceis seu miniaceis interpositis, <et> explicandae camerae pure politae. </s> + <s id="N11CCF">etiam pavimentorum non erit displicens, si qui animadvertere voluerit Graecorum hibernaculorum usum, minime sumptuosus et utilis apparatus. +</s> + </p> + </subchap2> + <subchap2 id="N11CD2"> + <p id="N11CD3" type="main"> + <s id="N11CD7"> +Foditur enim infra libramentum triclinii altitudo circiter pedum binûm, et solo +festucato inducitur aut rudus aut testaceum pavimentum +ita fastigatum, ut in cana + <pb xlink:href="048/01/240.jpg" ed="1567" pagenum="241"></pb> + li habeat nares. </s> + <s id="N11CDA">deinde congestis +et spisse calcatis carbonibus inducitur e sabulone et calce et +favilla mixta materies crassitudine semipedali. </s> + <s id="N11CDD">ad regulam +et libellam summo libramento cote despumato redditur +species nigri pavimenti. </s> + <s id="N11CE0">ita conviviis eorum et, quod poculis et pytismatis effunditur, simul cadit siccescitque, quique versantur ibi ministrantes, etsi nudis pedibus fuerint, +non recipiunt frigus ab eius modi genere pavimenti. +</s> + </p> + </subchap2> + </subchap1> + <subchap1 id="N11CE3"> + <subchap2 id="N11CE4"> + <p id="N11CE5" type="main"> + <pb xlink:href="048/01/241.jpg" ed="1567" pagenum="242"></pb> + <s id="N11CE7"> +Ceteris conclavibus, id est vernis, autumnalibus, aestivis, +etiam atriis et peristylis, constitutae sunt ab antiquis ex +certis rebus certae rationes picturarum. </s> + <s id="N11CEA">namque pictura +imago fit eius, quod est seu potest esse, uti homines, aedificia, naves, reliquarumque rerum, e quibus finitis certisque +corporibus figurata similitudine sumuntur exempla. </s> + <s id="N11CED">ex eo +antiqui, qui initia expolitionibus instituerunt, imitati sunt +primum crustarum marmorearum varietates et conlocationes, deinde coronarum, †siliculorum, cuneorum inter sese varias distributiones. +</s> + </p> + </subchap2> + <subchap2 id="N11CF0"> + <p id="N11CF1" type="main"> + <s id="N11CF3"> +Postea ingressi sunt, ut etiam aedificiorum figuras, columnarum et fastigiorum eminentes proiecturas imitarentur, patentibus autem locis, uti exhedris, +propter amplitudines parietum scaenarum frontes tragico +more aut comico seu satyrico designarent, ambulationibus +vero propter spatia longitudinis varietatibus topiorum ornarent ab certis locorum proprietatibus imagines exprimentes; +pinguntur enim portus, promunturia, litora, flumina, fontes, +euripi, fana, luci, montes, pecora, pastores. </s> + <s id="N11CF6">nonnulli loci +item signorum megalographiam habent et deorum simulacra seu fabularum dispositas explicationes, non minus +troianas pugnas seu Ulixis errationes per topia, ceteraque, +quae sunt eorum similibus rationibus ab rerum natura procreata. +</s> + </p> + </subchap2> + <subchap2 id="N11CF9"> + <p id="N11CFA" type="main"> + <s id="N11CFC"> +Sed haec, quae ex veris rebus exempla sumebantur, nunc iniquis moribus inprobantur. </s> + <s id="N11CFF">nam pinguntur +tectoriis monstra potius quam ex rebus finitis imagines +certae: pro columnis enim struuntur calami striati cum +crispis foliis et volutis, pro fastigiis appagineculi, item +candelabra aedicularum sustinentia figuras, supra fastigia +eorum surgentes ex radicibus cum volutis teneri flores +habentes in se sine ratione sedentia sigilla, non minus +coliculi dimidiata habentes sigilla alia humanis, alia bestiarum capitibus. +</s> + </p> + </subchap2> + <subchap2 id="N11D02"> + <p id="N11D03" type="main"> + <s id="N11D05"> +Haec autem nec sunt nec fieri possunt nec fuerunt. </s> + <s id="N11D08">quemadmodum enim potest calamus vere +sustinere tectum aut candelabrûm ornamenta fastigii, +seu coliculus tam tenuis et mollis sustinere sedens sigillum, aut de radicibus et coliculis ex parte flores dimidiataque sigilla procreari? at haec falsa videntes homines +non reprehendunt sed delectantur, neque animadvertunt, +si quid eorum fieri potest necne. </s> + <s id="N11D0B">ergo ita novi mores +coegerunt, uti inertiae mali iudices convincerent artium +virtutes; iudiciis autem infirmis obscuratae mentes non +valent probare, quod potest esse cum auctoritate et +ratione decoris. </s> + <s id="N11D0E">neque enim picturae probari debent, quae +non sunt similes veritati, nec, si factae sunt elegantes ab +arte, ideo de his statim debet 'recte' iudicari, nisi argumentationis certas rationes habuerint sine offensionibus explicatas. +</s> + </p> + </subchap2> + <subchap2 id="N11D11"> + <p id="N11D12" type="main"> + <s id="N11D16"> +Etenim etiam Trallibus cum Apaturius Alabandeus eleganti manu finxisset scaenam in minusculo theatro, quod <foreign lang="grc">ἐκκλησιαστήριον</foreign> apud eos vocitatur, in eaque +fecisset columnas, signa, centauros sustinentes epistylia, +tholorum rotunda tecta, fastigiorum prominentes versuras, +coronasque capitibus leoninis ornatas, quae ora stillicidiorum e tectis habent rationem, praeterea supra ea nihilominus episcaenum, in qua tholi, pronai, semifastigia +omnisque tecti varius picturis fuerat ornatus, itaque cum +aspectus eius scaenae propter asperitatem eblandiretur +omnium visus et iam id opus probare fuissent parati, tum Licymnius mathematicus prodiit et ait +</s> + </p> + </subchap2> + <subchap2 id="N11D1D"> + <p id="N11D1E" type="main"> + <s id="N11D20"> +'Alabandis satis acutos ad omnes res civiles haberi, sed propter non magnum vitium indecentiae insipientes eos esse iudicatos, +quod in gymnasio eorum quae sunt statuae omnes sunt +causas agentes, foro discos tenentes aut currentes seu pila +ludentes. </s> + <s id="N11D23">ita indecens inter locorum proprietates status +signorum publice civitati vitium existimationis adiecit. </s> + <s id="N11D26">videamus item nunc, ne Apaturii scaena efficiat et nos +Alabandis aut Abderitas. </s> + <s id="N11D29">qui enim + <pb xlink:href="048/01/242.jpg" ed="1567" pagenum="243"></pb> + vestrum domos supra +tegularum tecta potest habere aut columnas seu fastigiorum explicationes? haec enim supra contignationes ponuntur, non supra tegularum tecta. </s> + <s id="N11D2C">si ergo, quae non +possunt in veritate rationem habere facti, in picturis probaverimus, accedemus et nos his civitatibus, quae propter haec vitia insipientes sunt iudicatae.' +</s> + </p> + </subchap2> + <subchap2 id="N11D2F"> + <p id="N11D30" type="main"> + <s id="N11D32"> +Itaque Apaturius contra respondere non est ausus, sed sustulit scaenam et +ad rationem veritatis commutatam postea correctam adprobavit. </s> + <s id="N11D35">utinam dii inmortales fecissent, uti Licymnius +revivisceret et corrigeret hanc amentiam tectoriorumque +errantia instituta! sed quare vincat veritatem ratio falsa, +non erit alienum exponere. </s> + <s id="N11D38">quod enim antiqui insumentes +laborem et industriam probare contendebant artibus, id +nunc coloribus et eorum eleganti specie consecuntur, et +quam subtilitas artificis adiciebat operibus auctoritatem, nunc dominicus sumptus efficit, ne desideretur. +</s> + </p> + </subchap2> + <subchap2 id="N11D3B"> + <p id="N11D3C" type="main"> + <s id="N11D3E"> +Quis enim antiquorum non uti medicamento minio parce videtur usus +esse? at nunc passim plerumque toti parietes inducuntur. </s> + <s id="N11D41">accedit huc chrysocolla, ostrum, armenium. </s> + <s id="N11D44">haec vero +cum inducuntur, etsi non ab arte sunt posita, fulgentes +colorum reddunt visus, et ideo quod pretiosa sunt, legibus excipiuntur, ut ab domino, non a redemptore repraesententur. + </s> + </p> + <p id="N11D47" type="main"> + <s id="N11D49"> +Quae commonefacere potui, ut ab errore discedatur in +opere tectorio, satis exposui; nunc de apparitionibus, ut +succurrere potuerit, dicam, et primum, quoniam de calce +initio est dictum, nunc de marmore ponam. +</s> + </p> + </subchap2> + </subchap1> + <subchap1 id="N11D4C"> + <subchap2 id="N11D4D"> + <p id="N11D4E" type="main"> + <pb xlink:href="048/01/243.jpg" ed="1567" pagenum="244"></pb> + <s id="N11D52"> +Marmor non eodem genere omnibus regionibus procreatur, sed quibusdam locis glaebae ut salis micas perlucidas habentes nascuntur, quae contusae et molitae praestant operibus utilitatem. </s> + <s id="N11D55">quibus autem locis eae copiae +non sunt, caementa marmorea, sive assulae dicuntur, quae +marmorarii ex operibus deiciunt, contunduntur et moluntur, +<et cum> est subcretum, in operibus utuntur. </s> + <s id="N11D58">aliis locis, +ut inter Magnesiae et Ephesi fines, sunt loca, unde foditur +<farina> parata, quam nec molere nec cernere opus est, +sed sic est subtilis, quemadmodum si qua est manu contusa +et subcreta. + </s> + </p> + <p id="N11D5B" type="main"> + <pb xlink:href="048/01/244.jpg" ed="1567" pagenum="245"></pb> + <s id="N11D5D"> +Colores vero alii sunt, qui per se certis locis procreantur et inde fodiuntur, nonnulli ex aliis rebus tractationibus aut mixtionum temperaturis compositi perficiuntur, uti praestent eandem in operibus utilitatem. +</s> + </p> + </subchap2> + </subchap1> + <subchap1 id="N11D60"> + <subchap2 id="N11D61"> + <p id="N11D62" type="main"> + <s id="N11D64"> +Primum autem exponemus, quae per se nascentia fodiuntur, uti sil, +quod graece <foreign lang="grc">ὤχρα</foreign> dicitur. </s> + <s id="N11D6B">haec vero multis locis, ut etiam +in Italia, invenitur; sed quae fuerat optima, attica, ideo +nunc non habetur, quod Athenis argentifodinae cum habuerunt familias, tunc specus sub terra fodiebantur ad argentum inveniendum. </s> + <s id="N11D6E">cum ibi vena forte inveniretur, nihilominus uti argentum persequebantur; itaque antiqui egregia copia silis ad politionem operum sunt usi. +</s> + </p> + </subchap2> + <subchap2 id="N11D71"> + <p id="N11D72" type="main"> + <s id="N11D74"> +Item rubricae copiosae multis locis eximuntur, sed optimae paucis, uti +Ponto Sinope, et Aegypto, in Hispania Balearibus, non +minus etiam Lemno, cuius insulae vectigalia Atheniensibus senatus populusque Romanus concessit fruenda. +</s> + </p> + </subchap2> + <subchap2 id="N11D77"> + <p id="N11D78" type="main"> + <s id="N11D7A"> +Paraetonium vero ex ipsis locis, unde foditur, habet nomen. </s> + <s id="N11D7D">eadem ratione melinum, quod eius metallum in sola cycladi Melo dicitur esse. +</s> + </p> + </subchap2> + <subchap2 id="N11D80"> + <p id="N11D81" type="main"> + <s id="N11D85"> +Creta viridis item pluribus locis nascitur, sed optima Zmyrnae; hanc autem Graeci +<foreign lang="grc">θεοδοτεῖον</foreign> vocant, quod Theodotus nomine fuerat, cuius in fundo id genus cretae primum est inventum. +</s> + </p> + </subchap2> + <subchap2 id="N11D8C"> + <p id="N11D8D" type="main"> + <s id="N11D8F"> +Auripigmentum, quod <foreign lang="grc">ἀρσενικόν</foreign> graece dicitur, foditur Ponto. </s> + <s id="N11D96">sandaraca item pluribus locis, sed optima Ponto proxime flumen Hypanim habet metallum. +</s> + </p> + </subchap2> + </subchap1> + <subchap1 id="N11D99"> + <subchap2 id="N11D9A"> + <p id="N11D9B" type="main"> + <s id="N11D9D"> +Ingrediar nunc minii rationes explicare. </s> + <s id="N11DA0">id autem agris +Ephesiorum Cilbianis primum esse memoratur inventum. </s> + <s id="N11DA3">cuius et res et ratio satis magnas habet admirationes. </s> + <s id="N11DA6">foditur enim glaeba quae dicitur, antequam tractationibus +ad minium perveniant, vena uti ferrum, magis subrufo +colore, habens circa se rubrum pulverem. </s> + <s id="N11DA9">cum id foditur, +ex plagis ferramentorum crebras emittit lacrimas argenti vivi, quae a fossoribus statim colliguntur. +</s> + </p> + </subchap2> + <subchap2 id="N11DAC"> + <p id="N11DAD" type="main"> + <s id="N11DAF"> +Hae glaebae, cum collectae sunt, in officina propter umoris plenitatem +coiciuntur in fornacem, ut interarescant, et is qui ex his +ab ignis vapore fumus suscitatur, cum resedit in solum +furni, invenitur esse argentum vivum. </s> + <s id="N11DB2">exemptis glaebis +guttae eae, quae residebunt, propter brevitates non possunt +colligi, sed in vas aquae converruntur et ibi inter se +congruunt et una confunduntur. </s> + <s id="N11DB5">id autem cum sint quattuor sextariorum mensurae, cum expenduntur, invenientur esse pondo centum. +</s> + </p> + </subchap2> + <subchap2 id="N11DB8"> + <p id="N11DB9" type="main"> + <s id="N11DBB"> +Cum in aliquo vase est confusum, si supra id lapideum centenarium pondus inponatur, natat +in summo neque eum liquorem potest onere suo premere +nec elidere nec dissipare. </s> + <s id="N11DBE">centenario sublato si ibi auri +scripulum inponatur, non natabit, sed ad imum per se +deprimetur. </s> + <s id="N11DC1">ita non amplitudine ponderis sed genere singularum rerum gravitatem esse non est negandum. +</s> + </p> + </subchap2> + <subchap2 id="N11DC4"> + <p id="N11DC5" type="main"> + <s id="N11DC9"> +Id autem multis rebus est ad usum expeditum. </s> + <s id="N11DCC">neque enim +argentum neque aes sine eo potest recte inaurari. </s> + <s id="N11DCF">cumque in veste intextum est aurum eaque vestis contrita +propter vetustatem usum non habeat honestum, panni in +fictilibus vasis inpositi supra ignem comburuntur. </s> + <s id="N11DD2">is cinis +coicitur in aquam, et additur eo argentum vivum. </s> + <s id="N11DD5">id +autem omnes micas auri corripit in se et cogit secum +coire. </s> + <s id="N11DD8">aqua defusa cum id in pannum infunditur et ibi +manibus premitur, argentum per panni raritates propter +liquorem extra labitur compressione coactum, aurum intra +purum invenitur. +</s> + </p> + </subchap2> + </subchap1> + <subchap1 id="N11DDB"> + <subchap2 id="N11DDC"> + <p id="N11DDD" type="main"> + <s id="N11DDF"> +Revertar nunc ad minii temperaturam. </s> + <s id="N11DE2">ipsae enim +glaebae, cum sunt aridae, contunduntur pilis ferreis, et +lotionibus et cocturis crebris relictis stercoribus efficiuntur, ut adveniant, colores. </s> + <s id="N11DE5">cum ergo emissae sint ex minio +per argenti vivi relictionem quas in se naturales habuerat virtutes, efficitur tenera natura et viribus inbecillis. +</s> + </p> + </subchap2> + <subchap2 id="N11DE8"> + <p id="N11DE9" type="main"> + <s id="N11DEB"> +Itaque cum est in expolitionibus conclavium tectis inductum, +permanet sine vitiis suo colore; apertis vero, id est peristyliis aut exhedris aut ceteris eiusdem modi locis, quo +sol et luna possit splendores et radios inmittere, cum ab +his locus tangitur, vitiatur et amissa virtute coloris denigratur. </s> + <s id="N11DEE">itaque cum et alii multi tum etiam Faberius +scriba, cum in Aventino voluisset habere domum eleganter +expolitam, peristyliis parietes omnes induxit minio, qui +post dies <emph type="smallcaps"></emph>XXX<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end> facti sunt invenusto varioque colore. </s> + <s id="N11DF7">itaque primo locavit inducendos alios colores. +</s> + </p> + </subchap2> + <subchap2 id="N11DFA"> + <p id="N11DFB" type="main"> + <s id="N11DFD"> +At si qui subtilior fuerit et voluerit expolitionem miniaceam suum +colorem retinere, cum paries expolitus et aridus fuerit, +ceram ponticam igni liquefactam paulo oleo temperatam +saeta inducat; deinde postea carbonibus in ferreo vase +compositis eam ceram una cum pariete calfaciundo sudare +cogat lietque, ut peraequetur; deinde tunc candela centunculisque puris subigat, uti signa marmorea nuda curantur (haec autem <foreign lang="grc">γάνωσις</foreign> graece dicitur): +</s> + </p> + </subchap2> + <subchap2 id="N11E04"> + <p id="N11E05" type="main"> + <s id="N11E07"> +ita obstans cerae ponticae lorica non patitur nec lunae splendorem nec +solis radios lambendo eripere ex his politionibus colorem. </s> + <s id="N11E0A">quae autem in Ephesiorum metallis fuerunt officinae, +nunc traiectae sunt ideo Romam, quod id genus venae +postea est inventum Hispaniae regionibus, <e> quibus +metallis glaebae portantur et per publicanos Romae curantur. </s> + <s id="N11E0D">eae autem officinae sunt inter aedem Florae et +Quirini. +</s> + </p> + </subchap2> + <subchap2 id="N11E10"> + <p id="N11E11" type="main"> + <s id="N11E15"> +Vitiatur minium admixta calce. </s> + <s id="N11E18">itaque si qui velit +experiri id sine vitio esse, sic erit faciendum. </s> + <s id="N11E1B">ferrea +lamna sumatur, eo minium inponatur, ad ignem conlocetur, +donec lamna candescat. </s> + <s id="N11E1E">cum e candore color mutatus +fuerit eritque ater, tollatur lamna ab igni, et sic refrigeratum si restituatur in pristinum colorem, sine vitio esse +probabitur; sin autem permanserit nigro colore, significabit +se esse vitiatum. +</s> + </p> + </subchap2> + <subchap2 id="N11E21"> + <p id="N11E22" type="main"> + <s id="N11E24"> +Quae succurrere potuerunt mihi de minio, dixi. </s> + <pb xlink:href="048/01/245.jpg" ed="1567" pagenum="246"></pb> + <s id="N11E27">chrysocolla adportatur a Macedonia; foditur autem ex îs locis, +qui sunt proximi aerariis metallis. </s> + <s id="N11E2A">armenium et indicum +nominibus ipsis indicatur, quibus in locis procreatur. +</s> + </p> + </subchap2> + </subchap1> + <subchap1 id="N11E2D"> + <subchap2 id="N11E2E"> + <p id="N11E2F" type="main"> + <s id="N11E31"> +Ingrediar nunc ad ea, quae ex aliis generibus tractationum temperaturis commutata recipiunt colorum proprietates. </s> + <s id="N11E34">et primum exponam de atramento, cuius usus +in operibus magnas habet necessitates, ut sint notae, quemadmodum praeparentur certis rationibus artificiorum, ad id temperaturae. +</s> + </p> + </subchap2> + <subchap2 id="N11E37"> + <p id="N11E38" type="main"> + <s id="N11E3A"> +Namque aedificatur locus uti laconicum et expolitur marmore subtiliter et levigatur. </s> + <s id="N11E3D">ante id fit +fornacula habens in laconicum nares, et eius praefurnium +magna diligentia comprimitur, ne flamma extra dissipetur. </s> + <s id="N11E40">in fornace resina conlocatur. </s> + <s id="N11E43">hanc autem ignis potestas +urendo cogit emittere per nares intra laconicum fuliginem, +quae circa parietem et camerae curvaturam adhaerescit. </s> + <s id="N11E46">inde collecta partim componitur ex gummi subacta ad usum +atramenti librarii, reliquum tectores glutinum admiscentes in parietibus utuntur. +</s> + </p> + </subchap2> + <subchap2 id="N11E49"> + <p id="N11E4A" type="main"> + <s id="N11E4C"> +Si autem hae copiae non fuerint paratae, ita necessitatibus erit administrandum, ne expectatione morae res retineatur. </s> + <s id="N11E4F">sarmenta aut taedae schidiae comburantur; cum erunt carbones, extinguantur, deinde in mortario cum glutino terantur: ita erit atramentum tectoribus non invenustum. +</s> + </p> + </subchap2> + <subchap2 id="N11E52"> + <p id="N11E53" type="main"> + <s id="N11E57"> +Non minus si faex vini arefacta et cocta in fornace fuerit et ea contrita cum glutino in +opere inducetur, atramenti suavitatis superque efficiet +colorem; et quo magis ex meliore vino parabitur, non +modo atramenti, sed etiam indici colorem dabit imitari. +</s> + </p> + </subchap2> + </subchap1> + <subchap1 id="N11E5A"> + <subchap2 id="N11E5B"> + <p id="N11E5C" type="main"> + <pb xlink:href="048/01/246.jpg" ed="1567" pagenum="247"></pb> + <s id="N11E5E"> +Caeruli temperationes Alexandriae primum sunt inventae, postea item Vestorius Puteolis instituit faciundum. +ratio autem eius, e quibus est inventa, satis habet admirationis. </s> + <s id="N11E61">harena enim cum nitri flore conteritur adeo subtiliter, ut efficiatur quemadmodum farina; ea aes cyprum +limis crassis uti scobis facta mixta conspargitur, ut conglomeretur; deinde pilae manibus versando efficiuntur et +ita conligantur, ut inarescant; aridae componuntur in +urceo fictili, urcei in fornace: ita aes et ea harena ab ignis +vehementia confervescendo cum coaluerint, inter se dando +et accipiendo sudores a proprietatibus discedunt suisque +viribus per ignis vehementiam confectis caeruleo rediguntur colore. +</s> + </p> + </subchap2> + <subchap2 id="N11E64"> + <p id="N11E65" type="main"> + <s id="N11E67"> +Usta vero, quae satis habet utilitatis in operibus tectoriis, sic temperatur. </s> + <s id="N11E6A">glaeba silis boni coquitur, ut sit in igni candens; ea autem aceto extinguitur et efficitur purpureo colore. +</s> + </p> + </subchap2> + </subchap1> + <subchap1 id="N11E6D"> + <subchap2 id="N11E6E"> + <p id="N11E6F" type="main"> + <s id="N11E71"> +De cerussa aerugineque, quam nostri aerucam vocitant, +non est alienum, quemadmodum comparetur, dicere. </s> + <s id="N11E74">Rhodo +enim doliis sarmenta conlocantes aceto suffuso supra sarmenta conlocant plumbeas massas, deinde ea operculis +obturant, ne spiramento obturatum emittatur. </s> + <s id="N11E77">post certum tempus aperientes inveniunt e massis plumbeis cerussam. </s> + <s id="N11E7A">eadem ratione lamellas aereas conlocantes efficiunt aeruginem, quae aeruca appellatur. +</s> + </p> + </subchap2> + <subchap2 id="N11E7D"> + <p id="N11E7E" type="main"> + <s id="N11E80"> +Cerussa vero, cum in fornace coquitur, mutato colore ad ignem [incendi] +efficitur sandaraca—id autem incendio facto ex casu didicerunt homines—et ea multo meliorem usum praestat, +quam quae de metallis per se nata foditur. +</s> + </p> + </subchap2> + </subchap1> + <subchap1 id="N11E83"> + <subchap2 id="N11E84"> + <p id="N11E85" type="main"> + <pb xlink:href="048/01/247.jpg" ed="1567" pagenum="248"></pb> + <s id="N11E89"> +Incipiam nunc de ostro dicere, quod et carissimam et +excellentissimam habet praeter hos colores aspectus suavitatem. </s> + <s id="N11E8C">id autem excipitur e conchylio marino, e quo +purpura efficitur, cuius non minores sunt quam ceterarum +<rerum> naturae considerantibus admirationes, quod habet +non in omnibus locis, quibus nascitur, unius generis colorem, sed solis cursu naturaliter temperatur. +</s> + </p> + </subchap2> + <subchap2 id="N11E8F"> + <p id="N11E90" type="main"> + <s id="N11E92"> +Itaque quod legitur Ponto et Gallia, quod hae regiones sunt proximae +ad septentrionem, est atrum; progredientibus inter septentrionem et occidentem invenitur lividum; quod autem +legitur ad aequinoctialem orientem et occidentem, invenitur violaceo colore; quod vero meridianis regionibus excipitur, rubra procreatur potestate, et ideo hoc Rhodo +etiam insula creatur ceterisque eiusmodi regionibus, quae proximae sunt solis cursui. +</s> + </p> + </subchap2> + <subchap2 id="N11E95"> + <p id="N11E96" type="main"> + <s id="N11E98"> +Ea conchylia, cum sunt lecta, ferramentis circa scinduntur, e quibus plagis purpurea +sanies, uti lacrima profluens, excussa in mortariis terendo +comparatur. </s> + <s id="N11E9B">et quod ex concharum marinarum testis eximitur, ideo ostrum est vocitatum. </s> + <s id="N11E9E">id autem propter salsuginem cito fit siticulosum, nisi mel habeat circa fusum. +</s> + </p> + </subchap2> + </subchap1> + <subchap1 id="N11EA1"> + <subchap2 id="N11EA2"> + <p id="N11EA3" type="main"> + <s id="N11EA5"> +Fiunt etiam purpurei colores infecta creta rubiae radice +et hysgino, non minus et ex floribus alii colores. </s> + <s id="N11EA8">itaque +tectores, cum volunt sil atticum imitari, violam aridam +coicientes in vas cum aqua, confervefaciunt ad ignem, +deinde, cum est temperatum, coiciunt <in> linteum, et inde +manibus exprimentes recipiunt in mortarium aquam ex +violis coloratam, et eo cretam infundentes et eam terentesn efficiunt silis attici colorem. +</s> + </p> + </subchap2> + <subchap2 id="N11EAB"> + <p id="N11EAC" type="main"> + <s id="N11EAE"> +Eadem ratione vaccinium temperantes et lacte miscentes purpuram faciunt elegantem. </s> + <s id="N11EB1">item qui non possunt chrysocolla propter caritatem +uti, herba, quae luteum appellatur, caeruleum inficiunt, et +utuntur viridissimum colorem; haec autem infectiva appellatur. </s> + <s id="N11EB4">item propter inopiam coloris indici cretam selinusiam aut anulariam vitro, quod Graeci <foreign lang="grc">ἰσάτιν</foreign> appellant, inficientes imitationem faciunt indici coloris. +</s> + </p> + </subchap2> + <subchap2 id="N11EBB"> + <p id="N11EBC" type="main"> + <s id="N11EC0"> +Quibus rationibus et rebus ad dispositionem firmitates +quibusque decoras oporteat fieri picturas, item quas habeant omnes colores in se potestates, ut mihi succurrere +potuit, in hoc libro perscripsi. </s> + <s id="N11EC3">itaque omnes aedificationum +perfectiones, quam habere debeant opportunitatem ratiocinationis, septem voluminibus sunt finitae; insequenti +autem de aqua, si quibus locis non fuerit, quemadmodum +inveniatur et qua ratione ducatur quibusque rebus, si erit +salubris et idonea, probetur, explicabo. + </s> + </p> + </subchap2> + </subchap1> + </chap> + <chap id="N11EC6"> + + <p id="N11EC8" type="head"> + <pb xlink:href="048/01/248.jpg" ed="1567" pagenum="249"></pb> + <s id="N11ECA">LIBER OCTAVUS</s> + </p> + <subchap1 id="N11ECD"> + <subchap2 id="N11ECE"> + <p id="N11ECF" type="main"> + <s id="N11ED1"> +De septem sapientibus Thales Milesius omnium rerum +principium aquam est professus, Heraclitus ignem, Magorum sacerdotes aquam et ignem, Euripides, auditor Anaxagorae, quem philosophum Athenienses scaenicum appellaverunt, aera et terram, eamque e caelestium imbrium +conceptionibus inseminatam fetus gentium et omnium animalium in mundo procreavisse, et quae ex ea essent +prognata, cum dissolverentur temporum necessitate coacta, +in eandem redire, quaeque de aere nascerentur, item in +caeli regiones reverti neque interitiones recipere et dissolutione mutata in eam recidere, in qua ante fuerant, proprietatem. </s> + <s id="N11ED4">Pythagoras vero, Empedocles, Epicharmos aliique physici et philosophi haec principia esse quattuor +proposuerunt: aerem, ignem, terram, aquam, eorumque +inter se cohaerentiam naturali figuratione e generum discriminibus efficere qualitates. +</s> + </p> + </subchap2> + <subchap2 id="N11ED7"> + <p id="N11ED8" type="main"> + <s id="N11EDA"> +Animadvertimus vero non solum nascentia ex his esse procreata, sed etiam res omnes non ali sine eorum potestate neque crescere nec tueri. </s> + <s id="N11EDD">namque corpora sine spiritus redundantia non possunt +habere vitam, nisi aer influens cum incremento fecerit +auctus et remissiones continenter. </s> + <s id="N11EE0">caloris vero si non +fuerit in corpore iusta comparatio, non erit spiritus animalis neque erectio firma, cibique vires non poterunt +habere coctionis temperaturam. </s> + <s id="N11EE3">item si non terrestri cibo +membra corporis alantur, deficient et ita a terreni principii mixtione erunt deserta. +</s> + </p> + </subchap2> + <subchap2 id="N11EE6"> + <p id="N11EE7" type="main"> + <s id="N11EE9"> +Animalia vero si fuerint sine umoris potestate, exsanguinata et exsucata [a principiorum +liquore] interarescent. </s> + <s id="N11EEC">igitur divina mens, quae proprie +necessaria essent gentibus, non constituit difficilia et cara, +uti sunt margaritae, aurum, argentum ceteraque, quae neque corpus nec natura desiderat, sed sine quibus mortalium vita non potest esse tuta, effudit ad manum parata +per omnem mundum. </s> + <s id="N11EEF">itaque ex his, si quid forte defit in +corpore spiritus, ad restituendum aer adsignatus id praestat. </s> + <s id="N11EF2">apparatus autem ad auxilia caloris solis impetus et +ignis inventus tutiorem efficit vitam. </s> + <s id="N11EF5">item terrenus fructus escarum praestans copiis supervacuis desiderationibus +alit et nutrit animales pascendo continenter. </s> + <s id="N11EF8">aqua vero +non solum potus sed infinitas usu praebendo necessitates, gratas, quod est gratuita, praestat utilitates. +</s> + </p> + </subchap2> + <subchap2 id="N11EFB"> + <p id="N11EFC" type="main"> + <s id="N11F00"> +Ex eo etiam qui sacerdotia gerunt moribus Aegyptiorum, ostendunt +omnes res e liquoris potestate consistere. </s> + <s id="N11F03">itaque cum hydria aqua ad templum aedemque casta religione refertur, +tunc in terra procumbentes manibus ad caelum sublatis +inventionis gratias agunt divinae benignitati. + </s> + </p> + <p id="N11F06" type="main"> + <pb xlink:href="048/01/249.jpg" ed="1567" pagenum="250"></pb> + <s id="N11F08"> +Cum ergo et a physicis et philosophis et ab sacerdotibus iudicetur ex potestate aquae omnes res constare, +putavi, quoniam in prioribus septem voluminibus rationes +aedificiorum sunt expositae, in hoc oportere de inventionibus aquae, quasque habeat in locorum proprietatibus +virtutes, quibusque rationibus ducatur, et quemadmodum ante probetur, scribere. +</s> + </p> + </subchap2> + </subchap1> + <subchap1 id="N11F0B"> + <subchap2 id="N11F0C"> + <p id="N11F0D" type="main"> + <s id="N11F0F"> +Est enim maxime necessaria et ad vitam et ad delectationes et ad usum cotidianum. + </s> + </p> + <p id="N11F12" type="main"> + <s id="N11F14"> +Ea autem erit facilior, si erunt fontes aperti et fluentes. </s> + <s id="N11F17">sin autem non profluent, quaerenda sub terra sunt capita +et colligenda. </s> + <s id="N11F1A">quae sic erunt experienda, uti procumbatur +in dentes, antequam sol exortus fuerit, in locis, quibus +erit quaerendum, et in terra mento conlocato et fulto +prospiciantur eae regiones; sic enim non errabit excelsius +quam oporteat visus, cum erit inmotum mentum, sed +libratam altitudinem in regionibus certa finitione designabit. </s> + <s id="N11F1D">tunc, in quibus locis videbuntur umores concrispantes +et in aera surgentes, ibi fodiatur; non enim in sicco loco +hoc potest signum fieri. +</s> + </p> + </subchap2> + <subchap2 id="N11F20"> + <p id="N11F21" type="main"> + <s id="N11F23"> +Item animadvertendum est quaerentibus aquam, quo +genere sint loca; certa enim sunt, in quibus nascitur. </s> + <s id="N11F26">in +creta tenuis et exilis et non alta est copia; ea erit non +optimo sapore. </s> + <s id="N11F29">item sabulone soluto tenuis, sed inferioris +loci invenietur; ea erit limosa et insuavis. </s> + <s id="N11F2C">terra autem +nigra sudores et stillae exiles inveniuntur, quae ex hibernis +tempestatibus collectae in spissis et solidis locis subsidunt; +haec habent optimum saporem. </s> + <s id="N11F2F">glarea vero mediocres +et non certae venae reperiuntur; hae quoque sunt egregia +suavitate. </s> + <s id="N11F32">item sabulone masculo harenaque carbunculo +certiores et stabiliores sunt copiae; eaeque sunt bono +sapore. </s> + <s id="N11F35">rubro saxo et bonae et copiosae, si non per +intervenia dilabantur et liquescant. </s> + <s id="N11F38">sub radicibus autem +montium et in saxis silicibus uberiores et affluentiores; +eaeque frigidiores sunt et salubriores. </s> + <s id="N11F3B">campestribus autem +fontibus salsae, graves, tepidae, non suaves, nisi quae ex +montibus sub terra submanantes erumpunt in medios +campos ibique arborum umbris contectae praestant montanorum fontium suavitatem. +</s> + </p> + </subchap2> + <subchap2 id="N11F3E"> + <p id="N11F3F" type="main"> + <s id="N11F43"> +Signa autem, quibus terrarum generibus supra scriptum est, ea invenientur nascentia: +tenuis iuncus, salix erratica, alnus, vitex, harundo, hedera +aliaque, quae eiusmodi sunt, quae non possunt nasci per +se sine umore. </s> + <s id="N11F46">solent autem eadem in lacunis nata esse, +quae sidentes praeter reliquum agrum excipiunt ex imbribus +et agris per hiemem propterque capacitatem diutius conservant umorem. </s> + <s id="N11F49">quibus non est credendum, sed quibus +regionibus et terris, non lacunis, ea signa nascuntur, non +sata, sed naturaliter per se procreata, ibi est quaerenda. +</s> + </p> + </subchap2> + <subchap2 id="N11F4C"> + <p id="N11F4D" type="main"> + <s id="N11F4F"> +In quibus si eae significabuntur inventiones, sic erunt experiundae. </s> + <s id="N11F52">fodiatur quoquoversus locus latus ne minus +pedes <tres, altus pedes> quinque, in eoque conlocetur +circiter solis occasum scaphium aereum aut plumbeum aut +pelvis. </s> + <s id="N11F55">ex his quod erit paratum, id intrinsecus oleo ungatur ponaturque inversum, et summa fossura operiatur +harundinibus aut fronde, supra terra obruatur; tum postero +die aperiatur, et si in vaso stillae sudoresque erunt, is locus habebit aquam. +</s> + </p> + </subchap2> + <subchap2 id="N11F58"> + <p id="N11F59" type="main"> + <s id="N11F5B"> +Item si vasum ex creta factum non coctum in ea fossione eadem ratione opertum positum +fuerit, si is locus aquam habuerit, cum apertum fuerit, +vas umidum erit et iam dissolvetur ab umore. </s> + <s id="N11F5E">vellusque +lanae si con + <pb xlink:href="048/01/250.jpg" ed="1567" pagenum="251"></pb> + locatum erit in ea fossura, insequenti autem +die de eo aqua expressa erit, significabit eum locum habere +copiam. </s> + <s id="N11F61">non minus si lucerna concinnata oleique plena +et accensa in eo loco operta fuerit conlocata et postero +die non erit exusta, sed habuerit reliquias olei et enlychnii ipsaque umida invenietur, indicabit eum locum +habere aquam, ideo quod omnis tepor ad se ducit umores. </s> + <s id="N11F64">item in eo loco ignis factus si fuerit et percalefacta terra +et adusta vaporem nebulosum ex se suscitaverit, is locus habebit aquam. +</s> + </p> + </subchap2> + <subchap2 id="N11F67"> + <p id="N11F68" type="main"> + <s id="N11F6A"> +Cum haec ita erunt pertemptata et, qua supra scripta sunt, signa inventa, tum deprimendus est +puteus in eo loco, et si erit caput aquae inventum, plures +circa sunt fodiendi et per specus in unum locum omnes +conducendi. + </s> + </p> + <p id="N11F6D" type="main"> + <s id="N11F6F"> +Haec autem maxime in montibus et regionibus septentrionalibus sunt quaerenda, eo quod in his et suaviora et +salubriora et copiosiora inveniuntur. </s> + <s id="N11F72">aversi enim sunt +solis cursui, et in his locis primum crebrae sunt arbores +et silvosae, ipsique montes suas habent umbras obstantes +et radii solis non directi perveniunt ad terram nec possunt +</s> + </p> + </subchap2> + <subchap2 id="N11F75"> + <p id="N11F76" type="main"> + <s id="N11F7A"> +Intervallaque montium maxime recipiunt +imbres et propter silvarum crebritatem nives ab umbris +arborum et montium ibi diutius conservantur, deinde +liquatae per terrae venas percolantur et ita perveniunt +ad infimas montium radices, ex quibus profluentes fontium +erumpunt ructus. </s> + <s id="N11F7D">campestribus autem locis contrario non +possunt habere copias. </s> + <s id="N11F80">nam quaecumque sunt, non possunt +habere salubritatem, quod solis vehemens impetus propter +nullam obstantiam umbrarum eripit exhauriendo fervens +ex planitie camporum umorem, et si quae sunt aquae +apparentes, ex his, quod est levissimum tenuissimumque +et subtili salubritate, aer avocans dissipat in impetum caeli, +quaeque gravissimae duraeque et insuaves sunt partes, eae in fontibus campestribus relinquuntur. +</s> + </p> + </subchap2> + </subchap1> + <subchap1 id="N11F83"> + <subchap2 id="N11F84"> + <p id="N11F85" type="main"> + <s id="N11F87"> +Itaque, quae ex imbribus aqua colligitur, salubriores habet virtutes, +quod eligitur ex omnibus fontibus levissimis subtilibusque +tenuitatibus, deinde per aeris exercitationem percolata +tempestatibus liquescendo pervenit ad terram. </s> + <s id="N11F8A">etiamque +non crebriter in campis confluunt imbres, sed in montibus +aut ad ipsos montes, ideo quod umores ex terra matutino +solis ortu moti cum sunt egressi, in quamcumque partem +caeli sunt proclinati, trudunt aera; deinde, cum sunt moti, +propter vacuitatem loci post se recipiunt aeris ruentis undas. +</s> + </p> + </subchap2> + <subchap2 id="N11F8D"> + <p id="N11F8E" type="main"> + <s id="N11F90"> +Aer autem, qui ruit, trudens quocumque umorem per vim spiritus impetus et undas crescentes facit ventorum. </s> + <s id="N11F93">a ventis autem quocumque feruntur umores conglobati +ex fontibus et fluminibus et paludibus et pelago, cum +tepores solis colligunt et exhauriunt et ita tollunt in altitudinem nubes. </s> + <s id="N11F96">deinde cum aeris unda nitentes, cum perventum ad montes, ab eorum offensa et procellis propter +plenitatem et gravitatem liquescendo disparguntur et ita +diffunditur in terras. +</s> + </p> + </subchap2> + <subchap2 id="N11F99"> + <p id="N11F9A" type="main"> + <s id="N11F9C"> +Vaporem autem et nebulas et umores ex terra nasci +haec videtur efficere ratio, quod ea habet in se et calores +fervidos et spiritus inmanes refrigerationesque et aquarum +magnam multitudinem. </s> + <s id="N11F9F">ex eo, cum refrigeratum noctu sol +oriens impetu tangit orbem terrae et ventorum flatus +oriuntur per tenebras, ab umidis locis egrediuntur in altitudinem nubes. </s> + <s id="N11FA2">aer autem cur a sole percalefactus cum rationibus tollit ex terra umores, + <pb xlink:href="048/01/251.jpg" ed="1567" pagenum="252"></pb> + licet ex balineis exemplum capere. +</s> + </p> + </subchap2> + <subchap2 id="N11FA5"> + <p id="N11FA6" type="main"> + <s id="N11FA8"> +Nullae enim camerae, quae sunt caldariorum, supra se possunt habere fontes, sed caelum, quod est ibi +ex praefurniis ab ignis vapore percalefactum, corripit ex +pavimentis aquam et aufert secum in camararum curvaturas et sustinet, ideo quod semper vapor calidus in altitudinem se trudit. </s> + <s id="N11FAB">et primo non remittit propter brevitatem, simul autem plus umoris habet congestum, non +potest sustinere propter gravitatem, sed stillat supra +lavantium capita. </s> + <s id="N11FAE">item eadem ratione caelestis aer, cum +ab sole percepit calorem, ex omnibus locis hauriendo tollit +umores et congregat ad nubes. </s> + <s id="N11FB1">ita enim terra fervore +tacta eicit umores, <ut> etiam corpus hominis ex calore emittit sudores. +</s> + </p> + </subchap2> + <subchap2 id="N11FB4"> + <p id="N11FB5" type="main"> + <s id="N11FB9"> +Indices autem sunt eius rei venti, ex +quibus qui a frigidissimis partibus veniunt procreati, septentrio et aquilo, extenuatos siccitatibus in aere flatus +spirant; auster vero et reliqui, qui a solis cursu impetum +faciunt, sunt umidissimi et semper adportant imbres, quod +percalefacti ab regionibus fervidis adveniunt et omnibus +terris lambentes eripiunt umores et ita eos profundunt ad +septentrionales regiones. +</s> + </p> + </subchap2> + <subchap2 id="N11FBC"> + <p id="N11FBD" type="main"> + <s id="N11FBF"> +Haec autem sic fieri testimonio possunt esse capita +fluminum, quae orbe terrarum chorographiis picta itemque scripta plurima maximaque inveniuntur egressa ad +septentrionem. </s> + <s id="N11FC2">primumque in India Ganges et Indus ab +Caucaso monte oriuntur; Syria Tigris et Euphrates; Asiae +item Ponto Borysthenes, Hypanis, Tanais; Colchis Phasis; +Gallia Rhodanus; Celtica Rhenus; citra Alpis Timavos et +Padus; Italia Tiberis; Maurusia, quam nostri Mauretaniam +appellant, ex monte Atlante Dyris, qui ortus ex septentrionali regione progreditur per occidentem ad lacum +Eptagonum et mutato nomine dicitur Agger, deinde ex +lacu Eptabolo sub montes desertos subterfluens per meridiana loca manat et influit in Paludem quae appellatur, +circumcingit Meroen, quod est Aethiopum meridianorum +regnum, ab hisque paludibus se circumagens per flumina +Astansobam et Astoboam et alia plura pervenit per montes +ad cataractam ab eoque se praecipitans per septentrionalem +pervenit inter Elephantida et Syenen Thebaicosque in Aegyptum campos et ibi Nilus appellatur. +</s> + </p> + </subchap2> + <subchap2 id="N11FC5"> + <p id="N11FC6" type="main"> + <s id="N11FC8"> +Ex Mauretania autem caput Nili profluere ex eo maxime cognoscitur, +quod ex altera parte montis Atlantis alia capita item profluentia ad occidentem Oceanum <petunt>, ibique nascuntur ichneumones, crocodili, aliae similes bestiarum pisciumque naturae praeter hippopotamos. +</s> + </p> + </subchap2> + <subchap2 id="N11FCB"> + <p id="N11FCC" type="main"> + <s id="N11FCE"> +Ergo cum omnia flumina magnitudinibus in orbis terrarum descriptionibus a septentrione videantur profluere +Afrique campi, qui sunt in meridianis partibus subiecti +solis cursui, latentes penitus habeant umores nec fontes +crebros amnesque raros, relinquitur, uti multo meliora +inveniantur capita fontium, quae ad septentrionem aut +aquilonem spectant, nisi si inciderint in sulphurosum locum aut aluminosum seu bituminosum. </s> + <s id="N11FD1">tunc enim permutantur <et> aut calidae aquae aut frigidae odore malo et sapore profundunt fontes. +</s> + </p> + </subchap2> + <subchap2 id="N11FD4"> + <p id="N11FD5" type="main"> + <s id="N11FD7"> +Neque enim calidae aquae est ulla proprietas, sed frigida aqua, cum incidit percurrens in ardentem locum, effervescit et percalefacta egreditur per venas extra terram. </s> + <s id="N11FDA">ideo diutius non potest +permanere, sed brevi spatio fit frigida. </s> + <s id="N11FDD">namque si naturaliter esset calida, non refrigeraretur calor eius. </s> + <s id="N11FE0">sapor autem +et odor et color eius non restituitur, quod intinctus et +commixtus est propter naturae raritatem. +</s> + </p> + </subchap2> + </subchap1> + <subchap1 id="N11FE3"> + <subchap2 id="N11FE4"> + <p id="N11FE5" type="main"> + <pb xlink:href="048/01/252.jpg" ed="1567" pagenum="253"></pb> + <s id="N11FE9"> +Sunt autem etiam nonnulli fontes calidi, ex quibus +profluit aqua sapore optimo, quae in potione ita est suavis, uti nec fontalis ab Camenis nec Marcia saliens desideretur. </s> + <s id="N11FEC">haec autem ab natura perficiuntur his rationibus. </s> + <s id="N11FEF">cum in imo per alumen aut bitumen seu sulphur ignis +excitatur, ardore percandefacit terram, quae est supra +se; item fervidum emittit in superiora loca vaporem, et +ita, si qui in îs locis, qui sunt supra, fontes dulcis aquae +nascuntur, offensi eo vapore effervescunt inter venas et ita profluunt incorrupto sapore. +</s> + </p> + </subchap2> + <subchap2 id="N11FF2"> + <p id="N11FF3" type="main"> + <s id="N11FF5"> +Sunt etiam odore et sapore non bono frigidi fontes, qui ab inferioribus locis +penitus orti per loca ardentia transeunt et ab eo per +longum spatium terrae percurrentes refrigerati perveniunt +supra terram sapore, odore coloreque corrupto, uti in +Tiburtina via flumen Albula et in Ardeatino fontes frigidi eodem odore, qui sulphurati dicuntur, et reliquis +locis similibus. </s> + <s id="N11FF8">hi autem, cum sunt frigidi, ideo videntur +aspectu fervere, quod, cum in ardentem locum alte penitus inciderunt, umore et igni inter se congruentibus offensa vehementi fragore validos recipiunt in se spiritus, +et ita inflati vi venti coacti bullientes crebre per fontes +egrediuntur. </s> + <s id="N11FFB">ex his autem qui non sunt aperti, sed <grumis> +aut saxis continentur, per angustas venas vehementia spiritus extruduntur ad summos grumorum tumulos. +</s> + </p> + </subchap2> + <subchap2 id="N11FFE"> + <p id="N11FFF" type="main"> + <s id="N12001"> +Itaque qui putant se altitudine, qua sunt grumi, capita fontium posse habere, cum aperiunt fossuras latius, decipiuntur. </s> + <s id="N12004">namque uti aeneum vas non in summis labris plenum +sed aquae mensurae suae capacitatis habens <e> tribus duas +partes operculumque in eo conlocatum, cum ignis vehementi fervore tangatur, percalefieri cogit aquam, ea autem +propter naturalem raritatem in se recipiens fervoris validam inflationem non modo implet vas, sed spiritibus extollens operculum et crescens abundat, sublato autem operculo emissis inflationibus in aere patenti rursus ad suum +locum residit: ad eundem modum ea capita fontium cum +sunt angustiis compressa, ruunt in summo spiritus aquae +bullitus, simul autem sunt latius aperti, exanimati per +raritates liquidae potestatis residunt et restituuntur in +libramenti proprietatem. +</s> + </p> + </subchap2> + <subchap2 id="N12007"> + <p id="N12008" type="main"> + <s id="N1200A"> +Omnis autem aqua calida ideo [quod] est medicamentosa, quod in pravis rebus percocta aliam virtutem recipit +ad usum. </s> + <s id="N1200D">namque sulphurosi fontes nervorum labores +reficiunt percalefaciendo exurendoque caloribus e corporibus umores vitiosos. </s> + <s id="N12010">aluminosi autem, cum dissoluta membra corporum paralysi aut aliqua vi morbi receperunt, fovendo per patentes venas refrigerationem contraria caloris +vi reficiunt, et hoc continenter restituuntur in antiquam +membrorum curationem. </s> + <s id="N12013">bituminosi autem interioris corporis vitia potionibus purgando solent mederi. +</s> + </p> + </subchap2> + <subchap2 id="N12016"> + <p id="N12017" type="main"> + <s id="N12019"> +Est autem aquae frigidae genus nitrosum, uti Pinnae Vestinae, Cutiliis aliisque locis similibus, quae potionibus depurgat per +alvumque transeundo etiam strumarum minuit tumores. </s> + <pb xlink:href="048/01/253.jpg" ed="1567" pagenum="254"></pb> + <s id="N1201C">ubi vero aurum, argentum, ferrum, aes, plumbum reliquaeque res earum similes fodiuntur, fontes inveniuntur copiosi, +sed hi maxime sunt vitiosi. </s> + <s id="N1201F">habent enim, uti aquae calidae +sulphur alumen bitumen, faecem, quae, per potiones cum +in corpus iniit et per venas permanando nervos attingit +et artus, eos durat inflando. </s> + <s id="N12022">igitur nervi inflatione turgentes e longitudine contrahuntur et ita aut nervicos +aut podagricos efficiunt homines, ideo quod ex durissimis +et spissioribus rigidissimisque rebus intinctas habent venarum raritates. +</s> + </p> + </subchap2> + <subchap2 id="N12025"> + <p id="N12026" type="main"> + <s id="N1202A"> +Aquae autem species est, quae cum habeat non satis perlucidas <gap></gap> et ipsa uti flos natat in +summo, colore similis vitri purpurei. </s> + <s id="N1202F">haec maxime considerantur Athenis. </s> + <s id="N12032">ibi enim ex eiusmodi locis et fontibus +in asty et ad portum Piraeum ducti sunt salientes, e +quibus bibit nemo propter eam causam, sed lavationibus +et reliquis rebus utuntur, bibunt autem ex puteis et ita +vitant eorum vitia. </s> + <s id="N12035">Troezeni non potest id vitari, quod +omnino aliud genus aquae non reperitur, nisi quod Cibdeli habeant; itaque in ea civitate aut omnes aut maxima +parte sunt pedibus vitiosi. </s> + <s id="N12038">Cilicia vero civitate Tarso +flumen est nomine Cydnos, in quo podagrici crura macerantes levantur dolore. +</s> + </p> + </subchap2> + <subchap2 id="N1203B"> + <p id="N1203C" type="main"> + <s id="N1203E"> +Sunt autem et alia multa genera, quae habent suas +proprietates, ut in Sicilia flumen est Himeras, quod, a +fonte cum est progressum, dividitur in duas partes; quae +pars profluit contra Etruriam, quod per terrae dulcem +sucum percurrit, est infinita dulcedine, quae altera parte +per eam terram currit, unde sal foditur, salsum habet +saporem. </s> + <s id="N12041">item Paraetonio et quod est iter ad Ammonem +et Casio ad Aegyptum lacus sunt palustres, qui ita sunt +salsi, ut habeant insuper se salem congelatum. </s> + <s id="N12044">sunt autem +et aliis pluribus locis et fontes et flumina <et> lacus, qui +per salifodinas percurrentes necessario salsi perficiuntur. +</s> + </p> + </subchap2> + <subchap2 id="N12047"> + <p id="N12048" type="main"> + <s id="N1204A"> +Alii autem per pingues terrae venas profluentes uncti oleo +fontes erumpunt, uti Solis, quod oppidum est Ciliciae, +flumen nomine Liparis, in quo natantes aut lavantes ab +ipsa aqua unguntur. </s> + <s id="N1204D">similiter Aethiopiae lacus est, qui +unctos homines efficit, qui in eo nataverint, et India, qui +sereno caelo emittit olei magnam multitudinem, item +Carthagini fons, in quo natat insuper oleum, odore uti +scobe citreo; quo oleo etiam pecora solent ungere. </s> + <s id="N12050">Zacyntho et circa Dyrrachium et Apolloniam fontes sunt, +qui picis magnam multitudinem cum aqua evomunt. </s> + <s id="N12053">Babylone lacus amplissima magnitudine, qui <foreign lang="grc">λίμνη ἀσφάλτιτις</foreign> +appellatur, habet supra natans liquidum bitumen; quo +bitumine et latere testaceo structum murum Samiramis +circumdedit Babyloni. </s> + <s id="N1205A">item Iope in Syria Arabiaque +Nomadum lacus sunt inmani magnitudine, qui emittunt +bituminis maximas moles, quas diripiunt qui habitant circa. +</s> + </p> + </subchap2> + <subchap2 id="N1205D"> + <p id="N1205E" type="main"> + <s id="N12060"> +Id autem non est mirandum; nam crebrae sunt ibi lapidicinae bituminis duri. </s> + <s id="N12063">cum ergo per bituminosam terram +vis erumpit aquae, secum extrahit et, cum sit egressa extra +terram, secernitur et ita reicit ab se bitumen. </s> + <s id="N12066">etiamque +est in Cappadocia in itinere, quod est inter Mazaca et +Tyana, lacus amplus, in quem lacum pars sive harun + <pb xlink:href="048/01/254.jpg" ed="1567" pagenum="255"></pb> + dinis +sive alii generis si demissa fuerit et postero die exempta, +ea pars, quae fuerit exempta, invenietur lapidea, quae +autem pars extra aquam manserit, permanet in sua proprietate. +</s> + </p> + </subchap2> + <subchap2 id="N12069"> + <p id="N1206A" type="main"> + <s id="N1206C"> +Ad eundem modum Hierapoli Phrygiae effervet +aquae calidae multitudo, e quibus circum hortos et vineas +fossis ductis inmittitur; haec autem efficitur post annum +crusta lapidea. </s> + <s id="N1206F">ita quotannis dextra ac sinistra margines +ex terra faciundo inducunt eam et efficiunt his crustis in +agris saepta. </s> + <s id="N12072">hoc autem ita videtur naturaliter fieri, quod +in îs locis et ea terra, quibus [is] nascitur, sucus subest +coaguli naturae similis; deinde cum commixta vis egreditur per fontes extra terram, a solis et aeris calore cogitur congelari, ut etiam in areis salinarum videtur. +</s> + </p> + </subchap2> + <subchap2 id="N12075"> + <p id="N12076" type="main"> + <s id="N1207A"> +Item sunt ex amaro suco terrae fontes exeuntes vehementer +amari, ut in Ponto est flumen Hypanis. <is> a capite +profluit circiter milia <emph type="smallcaps"></emph>XL<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end> sapore dulcissimo; deinde, cum +pervenit ad locum, qui est ab ostio ad milia <emph type="smallcaps"></emph>CLX<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end>, admiscetur ei fonticulus oppido quam parvulus. </s> + <s id="N12089">is cum in eum +influit, tunc tantam magnitudinem fluminis facit amaram, +ideo quod per id genus terrae et venas, unde sandaracam +fodiunt, ea aqua manando perficitur amara. +</s> + </p> + </subchap2> + <subchap2 id="N1208C"> + <p id="N1208D" type="main"> + <s id="N1208F"> +Haec autem dissimilibus saporibus a terrae proprietate perficiuntur, uti etiam in fructibus videtur. </s> + <s id="N12092">si enim +radices arborum aut vitium aut reliquorum seminum non +ex terrae proprietatibus sucum capiendo ederent fructus, +uno genere essent in omnibus locis et regionibus omnium +sapores. </s> + <s id="N12095">sed animadvertimus insula Lesbo vinum protropum, Maeonia Catacecaumeniten, Lydia Tmoliten, Sicilia +Mamertinum, Campania Falernum, Terracina et Fundis +Caecubum reliquisque locis pluribus innumerabili multitudine genera vini virtutesque procreari. </s> + <s id="N12098">quae non aliter +possunt fieri, nisi, cum terrenus umor suis proprietatibus +saporis in radicibus sit infusus, enutrit materiam, per quam +egrediens ad cacumen profundat proprium loci et generis sui <in> fructus saporem. +</s> + </p> + </subchap2> + <subchap2 id="N1209B"> + <p id="N1209C" type="main"> + <s id="N1209E"> +Quodsi terra generibus umorum non esset dissimilis et disparata, non tantum in Syria +et Arabia in harundinibus et iuncis herbisque omnibus +essent odores, neque arbores turiferae, neque piperis darent +bacas, nec murrae glaebulae, nec Cyrenis in ferulis laser +nasceretur, sed in omni terra regionibus eodem genere +omnia procrearentur. </s> + <s id="N120A1">has autem varietates terrae umoris +qualitatis regionibus et locis inclinatio mundi et solis impetus propius aut longius cursum faciendo tales efficit. </s> + <s id="N120A4">nec solum in his rebus, sed etiam in pecoribus et armentis + <pb xlink:href="048/01/255.jpg" ed="1567" pagenum="256"></pb> + <pb xlink:href="048/01/256.jpg" ed="1567" pagenum="257"></pb> + haec non ita similiter efficerentur, nisi proprietates singularum terrarum <umorum> in regionibus ad solis potestatem temperarentur. +</s> + </p> + </subchap2> + <subchap2 id="N120A7"> + <p id="N120A8" type="main"> + <s id="N120AA"> +Sunt enim Boeotiae flumina Cephisos +et Melas, Lucanis Crathis, Troia Xanthus inque agris Clazomeniorum et Erythraeorum et Laodicensium fontes. </s> + <s id="N120AD">ad +<ea> flumina cum pecora suis temporibus anni parantur ad +conceptionem partus, per id tempus adiguntur eo cotidie +potum, ex eoque, quamvis sint alba, procreant aliis locis +leucophaea, aliis locis pulla, aliis coracino colore. </s> + <s id="N120B0">ita +proprietas liquoris, cum inît in corpus, proseminat intinctam +sui cuiusque generis qualitatem. </s> + <s id="N120B3">igitur quod in campis +Troianis proxime flumen armenta rufa et pecora leucophaea +nascuntur, ideo id flumen Ilienses Xanthum appellavisse +dicuntur. +</s> + </p> + </subchap2> + <subchap2 id="N120B6"> + <p id="N120B7" type="main"> + <s id="N120B9"> +Etiamque inveniuntur aquae genera mortifera, quae +per maleficum sucum terrae percurrentia recipiunt in se +vim venenatam, uti fuisse dicitur Terracinae fons, qui +vocabatur Neptunius, ex quo qui biberant inprudentes, +vita privabantur; quapropter antiqui eum obstruxisse dicuntur. </s> + <s id="N120BC">et Chrobsi Thracia lacus, ex quo non solum qui +biberint, moriuntur, sed etiam qui laverint. </s> + <s id="N120BF">item in Thessalia fons est profluens, ex quo fonte nec pecus ullum +gustat nec bestiarum genus ullum propius accedit; ad +quem fontem proxime est arbor florens purpureo colore. +</s> + </p> + </subchap2> + <subchap2 id="N120C2"> + <p id="N120C3" type="main"> + <s id="N120C7"> +Non minus in Macedonia quo loci sepultus est Euripides, +dextra ac sinistra monumenti advenientes duo rivi concurrunt in unum, e quibus ad unum accumbentes viatores +pransitare solent propter aquae bonitatem, ad rivum autem, +qui est ex altera parte monumenti, nemo accedit, quod +mortiferam aquam dicitur habere. </s> + <s id="N120CA">item est in Arcadia +Nonacris nominata terrae regio, quae habet in montibus +ex saxo stillantes frigidissimos umores. </s> + <s id="N120CD">haec autem aqua +<foreign lang="grc">Στυγός ὕδωρ</foreign> nominatur, quam neque argenteum neque +aeneum nec ferreum vas potest sustinere, sed dissilit et +dissipatur. </s> + <s id="N120D4">con + <pb xlink:href="048/01/257.jpg" ed="1567" pagenum="258"></pb> + servare autem eam et continere nihil aliud +potest nisi mulina ungula, qua etiam memoratur ab Antipatro in provinciam, ubi erat Alexander, per Iollam filium perlata esse et ab eo ea aqua regem esse necatum. +</s> + </p> + </subchap2> + <subchap2 id="N120D7"> + <p id="N120D8" type="main"> + <s id="N120DA"> +Item Alpibus in Cottii regno est aqua, ex qua qui gustant, +statim concidunt. </s> + <s id="N120DD">agro autem Falisco via Campana in +campo Corneto est lucus, in quo fons oritur, ibique avium +et lacertarum reliquarumque serpentium ossa iacentia +apparent. + </s> + </p> + <p id="N120E0" type="main"> + <s id="N120E2"> +Item sunt nonnullae acidae venae fontium, uti Lyncesto et in Italia Velino, Campania Teano aliisque locis +pluribus, quae hanc habent virtutem, uti calculos, in vesicis qui nascuntur in corporibus hominum, potionibus discutiant. +</s> + </p> + </subchap2> + <subchap2 id="N120E5"> + <p id="N120E6" type="main"> + <s id="N120E8"> +Fieri autem hoc naturaliter ideo videtur, quod acer +et acidus sucus subest in ea terra, per quam egredientes +venae intinguntur acritudine, et ita, cum in corpus inierunt, dissipant quae ex aquarum subsidentia in corporibus +et concrescentia offenderunt. </s> + <s id="N120EB">quare autem discutiantur ex +acidis eae res, sic possumus animadvertere. </s> + <s id="N120EE">ovum in aceto +si diutius positum fuerit, cortex eius mollescet et dissolvetur. </s> + <s id="N120F1">item plumbum, quod est lentissimum et gravissimum, si in vase conlocatum fuerit et in eo acetum suffusum, id autem opertum et oblitum erit, efficietur, uti plumbum dissolvatur et fiat cerussa. +</s> + </p> + </subchap2> + <subchap2 id="N120F4"> + <p id="N120F5" type="main"> + <s id="N120F7"> +Eisdem rationibus aes, quod etiam solidiore est natura, similiter curatum si +fuerit, dissipabitur et fiet aerugo. </s> + <s id="N120FA">item margarita. </s> + <s id="N120FD">non +minus saxa silicea, quae neque ferrum neque ignis potest +per se dissolvere, cum ab igni sunt percalefacta, aceto +sparso dissiliunt et dissolvuntur. </s> + <s id="N12100">ergo cum has res ante +oculos ita fieri videamus, ratiocinemur isdem rationibus +ex acidis propter acritudinem suci etiam calculosos e +natura rerum similiter posse curari. +</s> + </p> + </subchap2> + <subchap2 id="N12103"> + <p id="N12104" type="main"> + <s id="N12108"> +Sunt autem etiam fontes uti vino mixti, quemadmodum +est unus Paphlagoniae, ex quo eam aquam sine vino potantes fiunt temulenti. </s> + <s id="N1210B">Aequiculis autem in Italia et in +Alpibus natione Medullorum est genus aquae, quam qui bibunt, efficiuntur turgidis gutturibus. +</s> + </p> + </subchap2> + <subchap2 id="N1210E"> + <p id="N1210F" type="main"> + <s id="N12111"> +Arcadia vero civitas est non ignota Clitor, in cuius agris est spelunca profluens aqua, e qua qui biberint, fiunt abstemii. </s> + <s id="N12114">ad eum +autem fontem epigramma est in lapide inscriptum hac sententia versibus graecis: eam non esse idoneam ad lavandum, sed etiam inimicam vitibus, quod apud eum fontem Melampus sacrificiis purgavisset rabiem Proeti filiarum restituissetque earum virginum mentes in pristinam sanitatem. </s> + <s id="N12117">epigramma autem est id, quod est subscriptum: </s> + </p> + + <p id="N1211B" type="main"> + <s id="N1211D"><foreign lang="grc">ἀγρότα, σὺν ποίμναις τὸ μεσημβρινὸν ἤν σε βαρύνῃ</foreign> +<lb></lb><foreign lang="grc">δίψος ἀν' ἐσχατιὰς Κλείτορος ἐρχόμενον</foreign>, +<lb></lb><foreign lang="grc">ταῖς μὲν ἀπὸ κρήνης ἄρυσαι πόμα καὶ παρὰ νύμφαις</foreign> +<lb></lb><foreign lang="grc">ὑδριάσιν στῆσον πᾶν τὸ σὸν αἰπόλιον·</foreign> +<lb></lb><foreign lang="grc">ἀλλὰ σὺ μήτ' ἐπὶ λουτρὰ βάλῃς χροί, μή σε καὶ αὔρη</foreign> +<lb></lb><foreign lang="grc">πη</foreign><<foreign lang="grc">μή</foreign>><foreign lang="grc">νῃ</foreign> <<foreign lang="grc">τερπνῆς</foreign>> <foreign lang="grc">ἐντὸς ἐόντα μέθης·</foreign> +<lb></lb><foreign lang="grc">φεῦγε δ' ἐμὴν πηγὴν μισάμπελον, ἔνθα Μελάμπους</foreign> +<lb></lb><foreign lang="grc">λυσάμενος λύσσης Προιτίδας ἀρτεμέας</foreign> +<lb></lb><foreign lang="grc">πάντα καθαρμὸν ἔβαψεν ἀπόκρυφον,</foreign> <<foreign lang="grc">εὖτ' ἄρ' ἀπ' Ἄργους</foreign> +<lb></lb><foreign lang="grc">οὔρεα τρηχείης ἤλυθεν Ἀρκαδίης</foreign>><foreign lang="grc">.</foreign> +</s> + </p> + </subchap2> + <subchap2 id="N12168"> + <p id="N12169" type="main"> + <pb xlink:href="048/01/258.jpg" ed="1567" pagenum="259"></pb> + <s id="N1216B"> +Item est in insula Cia fons, e quo qui inprudentes biberint, +fiunt insipientes, et ibi est epigramma insculptum ea +sententia: iucundam eam esse potionem fontis eius, sed +qui biberit, saxeos habiturum sensus. </s> + <s id="N1216E">sunt autem versus hi: </s> + </p> + <p id="N12171" type="main"> + <s id="N12173"><lb></lb><foreign lang="grc">ἡδεῖα ψυχροῦ πόματος λιβάς, ἣν ἀναβάλλει</foreign> +<lb></lb><<foreign lang="grc">πηγή, ἀλλ' ἄνοος</foreign>> <foreign lang="grc">πέτρος ὁ τῆσδε πιών.</foreign> + </s> + </p> + </subchap2> + <subchap2 id="N12184"> + <p id="N12185" type="main"> + <s id="N12189"> +Susis autem, in qua civitate est regnum Persarum, fonticulus est, ex quo qui biberint, amittunt dentes. </s> + <s id="N1218C">item in +eo est scriptum epigramma, quod significat hanc sententiam: egregiam esse aquam ad lavandum, sed ea si bibatur, excutere e radicibus dentes. </s> + <s id="N1218F">et huius epigrammatos +sunt versus graece: +</s> + </p> + <p id="N12192" type="main"> + <s id="N12194"><foreign lang="grc">ὕδατα κρανάεντα βλέπεις, ξένε, τῶν ἄπο χερσὶν</foreign> +<lb></lb><foreign lang="grc">λουτρὰ μὲν ἀνθρώποι</foreign><<foreign lang="grc">ς ἀβλαβῆ ἔστιν ἔχειν·</foreign>> +<lb></lb><foreign lang="grc">ἢν δὲ λάβῃς κοίλου βοτανήδεος ἀγλαὸν ὕδωρ</foreign> +<lb></lb><<foreign lang="grc">ἄκρα μόνον δολιχοῦ χείλεος ἁψάμενος,</foreign>> +<lb></lb><foreign lang="grc">αὐτῆμαρ πριστῆρες ἐ</foreign><<foreign lang="grc">πὶ χθονὶ δαιτὸς ὀδόντες</foreign>> +<lb></lb><foreign lang="grc">πίπτουσιν, γενύων ὀρφανὰ θέντες ἕδη.</foreign> +</s> + </p> + </subchap2> + <subchap2 id="N121BC"> + <p id="N121BD" type="main"> + <s id="N121BF"> +Sunt etiam nonnullis locis fontium proprietates, quae +procreant qui ibi nascuntur egregiis vocibus ad cantandum, uti Tarso, Magnesiae, aliis eiusmodi regionibus. </s> + <s id="N121C2">etiamque Zama est civitas Afrorum, cuius moenia rex Iuba +duplici muro saepsit ibique regiam domum sibi constituit. </s> + <s id="N121C5">ab ea milia passus <emph type="smallcaps"></emph>XX<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end> est oppidum Ismuc, cuius +agrorum regiones incredibili finitae sunt terminatione. </s> + <s id="N121CE">cum esset enim Africa parens et nutrix ferarum bestiarum, +maxime serpentium, in eius agris oppidi nulla nascitur, +et si quando adlata ibi ponatur, statim moritur; neque id +solum, sed etiam terra ex his locis si alio translata fuerit, +et ibi. </s> + <s id="N121D1">id genus terrae etiam Balearibus dicitur esse. </s> + <s id="N121D4">sed aliam mirabiliorem virtutem ea habet terra, quam ego sic accepi. +</s> + </p> + </subchap2> + <subchap2 id="N121D7"> + <p id="N121D8" type="main"> + <s id="N121DA"> +Gaius Iulius Masinissae filius, cuius erant +totius oppidi agrorum possessiones, cum patre Caesare +militavit. </s> + <s id="N121DD">is hospitio meo est usus. </s> + <s id="N121E0">ita cotidiano convictu necesse fuerat de philologia disputare. </s> + <s id="N121E3">interim cum +esset inter nos de aquae potestate et eius virtutibus sermo, +exposuit esse in ea terra eiusmodi fontes, ut, qui ibi procrearentur, voces ad cantandum egregias haberent, ideoque +semper transmarinos catlastros emere formosos et puellas +maturas eosque coniungere, ut, qui nascerentur ex his, non +solum voce egregia sed etiam forma essent non invenusta. +</s> + </p> + </subchap2> + <subchap2 id="N121E6"> + <p id="N121E7" type="main"> + <s id="N121E9"> +Cum haec tanta varietas sit disparibus rebus natura +distributa <gap></gap> quod humanum corpus est ex aliqua +parte terrenum, in eo autem multa genera sunt umorum, +uti sanguinis, lactis, sudoris, urinae, lacrimarum. </s> + <s id="N121EE">ergo si +in parva particula terreni tanta discrepantia invenitur +saporum, non est mirandum, si tanta in magnitudine terrae +innumerabiles sucorum reperientur varietates, per quarum +venas aquae vis percurrens tincta pervenit ad fontium +egressus, et ita ex eo dispares variique perficiuntur in +propriis generibus fontes propter locorum discrepantiam +et regionum qualitates terrarumque dissimiles proprietates. +</s> + </p> + </subchap2> + <subchap2 id="N121F1"> + <p id="N121F2" type="main"> + <s id="N121F6"> +Ex his autem rebus sunt nonnulla, quae ego per +me perspexi, cetera in libris graecis scripta inveni, quorum scriptorum hi sunt auctores: Theophrastos, Timaeus, +Posidonios, Hegesias, Herodotus, Aristides, Metrodorus, +qui magna vigilantia et infinito studio locorum proprietates, +regionum qualitates, aquarum virtutes ab inclinatione +caeli ita esse distributas scriptis dedicaverunt. </s> + <s id="N121F9">quorum +secutus ingressus in hoc libro perscripsi quae satis esse +putavi de aquae varietatibus, quo facilius ex his praescriptionibus eligant homines aquae fontes, quibus ad usum +salientes possint ad civitates municipiaque perducere. +</s> + </p> + </subchap2> + <subchap2 id="N121FC"> + <p id="N121FD" type="main"> + <s id="N121FF"> +Nulla enim ex omnibus rebus tantas habere videtur ad +usum necessitates, quantas aqua, ideo quod omnium animalium natura, si frumenti fructu privata fuerit, arbustivo +aut carne aut piscatu aut etiam qualibet ex his reliquis +rebus escarum utendo poterit tueri vitam, sine aqua +vero nec corpus animalium nec ulla cibi virtus potest +nasci nec tueri nec parari. </s> + <s id="N12202">quare magna diligentia industriaque quaerendi sunt et eligendi fontes ad humanae +vitae salubritatem. +</s> + </p> + </subchap2> + </subchap1> + <subchap1 id="N12205"> + <subchap2 id="N12206"> + <p id="N12207" type="main"> + <pb xlink:href="048/01/259.jpg" ed="1567" pagenum="260"></pb> + <s id="N12209"> +Expertiones autem et probationes eorum sic sunt providendae. </s> + <s id="N1220C">si erunt profluentes et aperti, antequam duci +incipiantur, aspiciantur animoque advertantur, qua membratura sint qui circa eos fontes habitant homines; et +si erunt corporibus valentibus, coloribus nitidis, cruribus +non vitiosis, non lippis oculis, erunt probatissimi. </s> + <s id="N1220F">item +si fons novus fossus fuerit, et in vas corinthium sive alterius generis, quod erit ex aere bono, ea aqua sparsa +maculam non fecerit, optima est. </s> + <s id="N12212">itemque in aeneo si +ea aqua defervefacta et postea requieta et defusa fuerit, +neque in eius aenei fundo harena aut limus invenietur, ea aqua erit item probata. +</s> + </p> + </subchap2> + <subchap2 id="N12215"> + <p id="N12216" type="main"> + <s id="N12218"> +Item si legumina in vas cum ea aqua coniecta ad ignem posita celeriter percocta fuerint, indicabunt aquam esse bonam et salubrem. </s> + <s id="N1221B">non +etiam minus ipsa aqua, quae erit in fonte, si fuerit limpida et perlucida, quoque pervenerit aut profluxerit, muscus non nascetur neque iuncus, neque inquinatus ab +aliquo inquinamento is locus fuerit, sed puram habuerit +speciem, in<dica>bitur his signis esse tenuis et summa +salubritate. +</s> + </p> + </subchap2> + </subchap1> + <subchap1 id="N1221E"> + <subchap2 id="N1221F"> + <p id="N12220" type="main"> + <s id="N12222"> +Nunc de perductionibus ad habitationes moeniaque, ut +fieri oporteat, explicabo. </s> + <s id="N12225">cuius ratio est prima perlibratio. </s> + <s id="N12228">libratur autem dioptris aut libris aquariis aut chorobate, +sed diligentius efficitur per chorobaten, quod dioptrae +libraeque fallunt. </s> + <s id="N1222B">chorobates autem est regula longa circiter pedum viginti. </s> + <s id="N1222E">ea habet ancones in capitibus extremis aequali modo perfectos inque regulae capitibus ad +normam coagmentatos, et inter regulam et ancones a +cardinibus compacta transversaria, quae habent lineas ad +perpendiculum recte descriptas pendentiaque ex regula perpendicula in singulis partibus singula, quae, cum regula est +conlocata aeque, tangendo aeque ac pariter lineas descriptionis indicant libratam conlocationem. +</s> + </p> + </subchap2> + <subchap2 id="N12231"> + <p id="N12232" type="main"> + <s id="N12236"> +Sin autem ventus interpellaverit et motionibus lineae non potuerint certam +significationem facere, tunc habeat in superiore parte +canalem longum pedes <emph type="smallcaps"></emph>V<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end>, latum digitum, altum sesquidigitum, eoque aqua infundatur, et si aequaliter aqua +canalis summa labra tanget, scietur esse libratum. </s> + <s id="N1223F">item +eo chorobate cum perlibratum ita fuerit, scietur, quantum habuerit fastigii. +</s> + </p> + </subchap2> + <subchap2 id="N12242"> + <p id="N12243" type="main"> + <s id="N12245"> +Fortasse, qui Archimedis libros legit, +dicet non posse fieri veram ex aqua librationem, quod +ei placet aquam non esse libratam, sed sphaeroides habere +schema et ibi habere centrum, quo loci habet orbis terrarum. </s> + <s id="N12248">hoc autem, sive plana est aqua seu sphaeroides, +necesse est, <ad> extrema capita dextra ac sinistra, cum +librata regula erit, pariter sustinere regulam aquam; sin +autem proclinatum habuerit regulae canalem, erit ex una +parte, quae erit altior, non in summis labris aqua; necesse +est enim, quocumque aqua sit infusa, in medio inflationem +curvaturamque habere, sed capita dextra ac sinistra inter +se librata esse. </s> + <s id="N1224B">exemplar autem chorobati erit in extremo volumine descriptum. </s> + <s id="N1224E">et si erit fastigium magnum, +facilior erit decursus aquae; sin autem intervalla erunt +lacunosa, substructionibus erit succurrendum. +</s> + </p> + </subchap2> + </subchap1> + <subchap1 id="N12251"> + <subchap2 id="N12252"> + <p id="N12253" type="main"> + <pb xlink:href="048/01/260.jpg" ed="1567" pagenum="261"></pb> + <pb xlink:href="048/01/261.jpg" ed="1567" pagenum="262"></pb> + <s id="N12255"> +Ductus autem aquae fiunt generibus tribus: rivis per +canales structiles, aut fistulis plumbeis, seu tubulis fictilibus. </s> + <s id="N12258">quorum hae sunt rationes. </s> + <s id="N1225B">si canalibus, ut structura fiat quam solidissima, solumque rivi libramenta habeat +fastigata ne minus in centenos pedes sicilico. </s> + <s id="N1225E">eaeque structurae confornicentur, ut minime sol aquam tangat. </s> + <s id="N12261">cumque venerit ad moenia, efficiatur castellum et castello +coniunctum ad recipiendam aquam triplex inmissarium, +conlocenturque in castello tres fistulae aequaliter divisae +intra receptacula coniuncta, uti, cum abundaverit ab extremis, in medium receptaculum redundet. +</s> + </p> + </subchap2> + <subchap2 id="N12264"> + <p id="N12265" type="main"> + <s id="N12267"> +Ita in medio ponentur fistulae in omnes lacus et salientes, ex altero in +balneas †vectigal quotannis populo praestent, ex quibus +tertio in domus privatas, ne desit in publico, + <pb xlink:href="048/01/262.jpg" ed="1567" pagenum="263"></pb> + non enim +poterint avertere, cum habuerint a capitibus proprias ductiones. </s> + <s id="N1226A">haec autem quare divisa constituerim, hae sunt +causae, uti qui privatim ducent in domos vectigalibus tueantur per publicanos aquarum ductus. +</s> + </p> + </subchap2> + <subchap2 id="N1226D"> + <p id="N1226E" type="main"> + <s id="N12270"> +Sin autem medii montes erunt inter moenia et caput fontis, sic erit +faciendum, uti specus fodiantur sub terra librenturque ad +fastigium, quod supra scriptum est. </s> + <s id="N12273">et si tofus erit aut +saxum, in suo sibi canalis excidatur, sin autem terrenum +aut harenosum erit, solum et parietes cum camara in specu +struantur et ita perducatur. </s> + <s id="N12276">puteique ita sint facti, uti +inter duos sit actus. +</s> + </p> + </subchap2> + <subchap2 id="N12279"> + <p id="N1227A" type="main"> + <s id="N1227E"> +Sin autem fistulis plumbeis ducetur, primum castellum +ad caput struatur, deinde ad copiam aquae lumen fistularum constituatur, eaeque fistulae <e> castello conlocentur ad castellum, quod erit in moenibus. </s> + <s id="N12281">fistulae ne minus +longae pedum denûm fundantur. </s> + <s id="N12284">quae si centenariae erunt, +pondus habeant in singulas pondo <emph type="smallcaps"></emph>MCC<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end>; si octogenariae, +pondo <emph type="smallcaps"></emph>DCCCCLX<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end>; si quinquagenariae, pondo <emph type="smallcaps"></emph>DC<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end>; quadragenariae pondo <emph type="smallcaps"></emph>CCCCLXXX<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end>; tricenariae pondo <emph type="smallcaps"></emph>CLX<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end>; vicenariae +pondo <emph type="smallcaps"></emph>CCXL<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end>; quinûm denûm pondo <emph type="smallcaps"></emph>CLXXX<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end>; denûm pondo +<emph type="smallcaps"></emph>CXX<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end>; octonûm pondo <emph type="smallcaps"></emph>C<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end>; quinariae pondo <emph type="smallcaps"></emph>LX<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end>. + <pb xlink:href="048/01/263.jpg" ed="1567" pagenum="264"></pb> + e latitudine +autem lamnarum, quot digitos habuerint, antequam in +rotundationem flectantur, magnitudinum ita nomina concipiunt fistulae. </s> + <s id="N122C3">namque quae lamna fuerit digitorum quinquaginta, cum fistula perficietur ex ea lamna, vocabitur quinquagenaria similiterque reliquae. +</s> + </p> + </subchap2> + <subchap2 id="N122C6"> + <p id="N122C7" type="main"> + <s id="N122C9"> +Ea autem ductio, quae per fistulas plumbeas est futura, hanc habebit expeditionem. </s> + <s id="N122CC">quodsi caput habeat libramenta ad moenia +montesque medii non fuerint altiores, ut possint interpellare, sed intervalla, necesse est substruere ad libramenta, +quemadmodum in rivis et canalibus. </s> + <s id="N122CF">sin autem non longa +erit circumitio, circumductionibus, sin autem valles erunt +perpetuae, in declinato loco cursus dirigentur. </s> + <s id="N122D2">cum venerint ad imum, non alte substruitur, ut sit libramentum +quam longissimum; hoc autem erit venter, quod Graeci +appellant <foreign lang="grc">Κοιλίαν</foreign>. deinde cum venerit adversus clivum, +ex longo spatio ventris leniter tumescit, <ut> exprimatur in altitudinem summi clivi. +</s> + </p> + </subchap2> + <subchap2 id="N122D9"> + <p id="N122DA" type="main"> + <s id="N122DC"> +Quodsi non venter in vallibus factus fuerit nec substructum ad libram factum, sed geniculus erit, erumpet et dissolvet fistularum commissuras. </s> + <s id="N122DF">etiam in ventre colliquiaria sunt facienda, per quae vis +spiritus relaxetur. </s> + <s id="N122E2">ita per fistulas plumbeas aquam qui +ducent, his rationibus bellissime poterunt efficere, quod et +decursus et circumductiones et ventres et expressus hac +ratione possunt fieri, cum habebunt a capitibus ad moenia fastigii libramenta. +</s> + </p> + </subchap2> + <subchap2 id="N122E5"> + <p id="N122E6" type="main"> + <s id="N122E8"> +Item inter actus ducentos non est inutile castella conlocari, ut, si quando vitium aliqui locus +fecerit, non totum omneque opus contundatur et, in quibus locis sit factum, facilius inveniatur; sed ea castella +neque in decursu neque in ventris planitia neque in expressionibus neque omnino in vallibus, sed in perpetua +<fiant> aequalitate. +</s> + </p> + </subchap2> + <subchap2 id="N122EB"> + <p id="N122EC" type="main"> + <s id="N122EE"> +Sin autem minore sumptu voluerimus, sic est faciendum. </s> + <s id="N122F1">tubuli crasso corio ne minus duorum digitorum fiant, +sed ita hi tubuli ex una parte sint lingulati, ut alius in +alium inire convenireque possint. </s> + <s id="N122F4">coagmenta autem eorum +calce viva ex oleo subacta sunt inlinienda, et in declinationibus libramenti ventris lapis est ex saxo rubro in ipso +geniculo conlocandus isque perterebratus, uti ex decursu +tubulus novissimus in lapide coagmentetur et primus [ex] +librati ventris; ad eundem modum adversum clivum et +novissimus librati ventris in cavo saxi rubri haereat et primus expressionis ad eundem modum coagmentetur. +</s> + </p> + </subchap2> + <subchap2 id="N122F7"> + <p id="N122F8" type="main"> + <s id="N122FC"> +Ita librata planitia tubulorum ad decursus et expressiones +non extolletur. </s> + <s id="N122FF">namque vehemens spiritus in aquae ductione solet nasci, ita ut etiam saxa perrumpat, nisi primum +leniter et parce a capite aqua inmittatur et in geniculis +aut versuris alligationibus aut pondere saburra contineatur. </s> + <s id="N12302">reliqua omnia uti fistulis plumbeis ita sunt conlocanda. </s> + <s id="N12305">item cum primo aqua a capite inmittitur, ante favilla inmittetur, uti coagmenta, si qua sunt non satis oblita, favilla oblinantur. +</s> + </p> + </subchap2> + <subchap2 id="N12308"> + <p id="N12309" type="main"> + <pb xlink:href="048/01/264.jpg" ed="1567" pagenum="265"></pb> + <s id="N1230B"> +habent autem tubulorum ductiones ea commoda. </s> + <s id="N1230E">primum in opere quod si quod vitium factum fuerit, quilibet id potest reficere. </s> + <s id="N12311">etiamque +multo salubrior est ex tubulis aqua quam per fistulas, +quod plumbum videtur esse ideo vitiosum, quod ex eo +cerussa nascitur; haec autem dicitur esse nocens corporibus humanis. </s> + <s id="N12314">ita quod ex eo procreatur, <si> id est vitiosum, non est dubium, quin ipsum quoque non sit salubre. +</s> + </p> + </subchap2> + <subchap2 id="N12317"> + <p id="N12318" type="main"> + <s id="N1231A"> +Exemplar autem ab artificibus plumbariis possumus accipere, quod palloribus occupatos habent corporis colores. </s> + <s id="N1231D">namque cum fundendo plumbum flatur, vapor ex eo insidens corporis artus et in diem exurens eripit ex membris eorum sanguinis virtutes. </s> + <s id="N12320">itaque minime fistulis +plumbeis aqua duci videtur, si volumus eam habere salubrem. </s> + <s id="N12323">saporemque meliorem ex tubulis esse cotidianus +potest indicare victus, quod omnes, et structas cum habeant +vasorum argenteorum mensas, tamen propter saporis integritatem fictilibus utuntur. +</s> + </p> + </subchap2> + <subchap2 id="N12326"> + <p id="N12327" type="main"> + <s id="N12329"> +Sin autem fontes <non sunt>, unde ductiones aquarum +faciamus, necesse est puteos fodere. </s> + <s id="N1232C">in puteorum autem +fossionibus non est contemnenda ratio, sed acuminibus +sollertiaque magna naturales rerum rationes considerandae, +quod habet multa variaque terra in se genera. </s> + <s id="N1232F">est enim +uti reliquae res ex quattuor principiis composita. </s> + <s id="N12332">et +primum est ipsa terrena habetque ex umore aquae fontes, +item calores, unde etiam sulphur, alumen, bitumen nascitur, aerisque spiritus inmanes, qui, cum graves per intervenia fistulosa terrae perveniunt ad fossionem puteorum +et ibi homines offendunt fodientes, vi naturali vaporis +obturant eorum naribus spiritus animales; ita, qui non celerius inde effugiunt, ibi interimuntur. +</s> + </p> + </subchap2> + <subchap2 id="N12335"> + <p id="N12336" type="main"> + <s id="N12338"> +Hoc autem quibus rationibus caveatur, sic erit faciendum. </s> + <s id="N1233B">lucerna accensa +demittatur; quae si permanserit ardens, sine periculo descendetur. </s> + <s id="N1233E">sin autem eripietur lumen a vi vaporis, tunc secundum puteum dextra ac sinistra defodiantur aestuaria; +ita quemadmodum per nares spiritus ex aestu<ariis> dissipabuntur. </s> + <s id="N12341">cum haec sic explicata fuerint et ad aquam +erit perventum, tunc saepiatur as<sa> structura, ne obturentur venae. +</s> + </p> + </subchap2> + <subchap2 id="N12344"> + <p id="N12345" type="main"> + <s id="N12349"> +Sin autem loca dura erunt aut nimium venae penitus +fuerint, tunc signinis operibus ex tectis aut superioribus +locis excipiendae sunt copiae. </s> + <s id="N1234C">in signinis autem operibus +haec sunt facienda. </s> + <s id="N1234F">uti harena primum purissima asperrimaque paretur, caementum de silice frangatur ne gravius +quam librarium, calx quam vehementissima mortario mixta, +ita ut quinque partes harenae ad duas respondeant. </s> + <s id="N12352">eorum +fossa ad libramentum altitudinis, quod est futurum, calcetur vectibus ligneis ferratis. +</s> + </p> + </subchap2> + <subchap2 id="N12355"> + <p id="N12356" type="main"> + <s id="N12358"> +Parietibus calcatis, in medio +quod erit terrenum, exinaniatur ad libramentum infimum +parietum. </s> + <s id="N1235B">hoc exaequato solum calcetur ad crassitudinem, +quae constituta fuerit. </s> + <s id="N1235E">ea autem si duplicia aut triplicia +facta fuerint, uti percolationibus transmutari possint, multo +salubriorem et suaviorem aquae usum efficient; limus enim +cum habuerit, quo subsidat, limpidior fiet et sine odoribus +conservabit saporem. </s> + <s id="N12361">si non, salem addi necesse erit et +extenuari. + </s> + </p> + <p id="N12364" type="main"> + <s id="N12366"> +Quae potui de aquae virtute et varietate, quasque habeat +utilitates quibusque rationibus ducatur et probetur, in +hoc volumine posui; de gnomonicis vero rebus et horologiorum rationibus insequenti perscribam. +</s> + </p> + </subchap2> + </subchap1> + </chap> + <chap id="N12369"> + + <p id="N1236B" type="head"> + <pb xlink:href="048/01/265.jpg" ed="1567" pagenum="266"></pb> + <pb xlink:href="048/01/266.jpg" ed="1567" pagenum="267"></pb> + <s id="N1236D">LIBER NONUS</s> + </p> + <subchap1 id="N12370"> + <subchap2 id="N12371"> + <p id="N12372" type="main"> + <s id="N12374"> +Nobilibus athletis, qui Olympia, Pythia, Isthmia, Nemea vicissent, Graecorum maiores ita magnos honores +constituerunt, uti non modo in conventu stantes cum palma +et corona ferant laudes, sed etiam, cum revertantur in +suas civitates cum victoria, triumphantes quadrigis in +moenia et in patrias invehantur e reque publica perpetua vita constitutis vectigalibus fruantur. </s> + <s id="N12377">cum ergo id +animadvertam, admiror, quid ita non scriptoribus eidem +honores etiamque maiores sint tributi, qui infinitas utilitates aevo perpetuo omnibus gentibus praestant. </s> + <s id="N1237A">id enim +magis erat institui dignum, quod athletae sua corpora +exercitationibus efficiunt fortiora, scriptores non solum +suos sensus, sed etiam omnium, <cum> libris ad discendum et animos exacuendos praeparant praecepta. +</s> + </p> + </subchap2> + <subchap2 id="N1237D"> + <p id="N1237E" type="main"> + <s id="N12382"> +Quid enim Milo Crotoniates, quod fuit invictus, prodest hominibus aut ceteri, qui eo genere fuerunt victores, nisi quod, +dum vixerunt ipsi, inter suos cives habuerunt nobilitatem. </s> + <s id="N12385">Pythagorae vero praecepta, Democriti, Platonis, Aristotelis +ceterorumque sapientium cotidiana perpetuis industriis +culta non solum suis civibus, sed etiam omnibus gentibus +recentes et floridos edunt fructus. </s> + <s id="N12388">e quibus qui a teneris +aetatibus doctrinarum abundantia satiantur, optimos habent sapientiae sensus, instituunt civitatibus humanitatis +mores, aequa iura, leges, quibus absentibus nulla potest esse civitas incolumis. +</s> + </p> + </subchap2> + <subchap2 id="N1238B"> + <p id="N1238C" type="main"> + <s id="N1238E"> +Cum ergo tanta munera ab scriptorum prudentia privatim publiceque fuerint hominibus +praeparata, non solum arbitror palmas et coronas his tribui oportere, sed etiam decerni triumphos et inter deorum +sedes eos dedicandos iudicari. + </s> + </p> + <p id="N12391" type="main"> + <s id="N12393"> +Eorum autem cogitata utiliter hominibus ad vitam explicandam e pluribus singula paucorum uti exempla ponam, quae recognoscentes necessario his tribui honores oportere homines confitebuntur. +</s> + </p> + </subchap2> + <subchap2 id="N12396"> + <p id="N12397" type="main"> + <s id="N12399"> +Et primum Platonis e multis ratiocinationibus utilissimis unam, quemadmodum +ab eo explicata sit, ponam. </s> + <pb xlink:href="048/01/267.jpg" ed="1567" pagenum="268"></pb> + <s id="N1239C">locus aut ager paribus lateribus si erit quadratus eumque oportuerit duplicare, quod +opus fuerit genere numeri, quod multiplicationibus non +invenitur, eo descriptionibus linearum emendatius reperitur. </s> + <s id="N1239F">est autem eius rei haec demonstratio. </s> + <s id="N123A2">quadratus locus, +qui erit longus et latus pedes denos, efficit areae pedes c. </s> + <s id="N123A5">si ergo opus fuerit eum duplicare id est pedum <emph type="smallcaps"></emph>CC<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end> item +e paribus lateribus facere, quaerendum erit, quam magnum +latus eius quadrati fiat, ut ex eo <emph type="smallcaps"></emph>CC<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end> pedes duplicationibus +areae respondeant. </s> + <s id="N123B4">id autem numero nemo potest invenire. </s> + <s id="N123B7">namque si <emph type="smallcaps"></emph>XIIII<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end> constituentur, erunt multiplicati pedes <emph type="smallcaps"></emph>CXCVI<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end>, si <emph type="smallcaps"></emph>XV<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end>, pedes <emph type="smallcaps"></emph>CCXXV<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end>. +</s> + </p> + </subchap2> + <subchap2 id="N123D2"> + <p id="N123D3" type="main"> + <s id="N123D5"> +Ergo quoniam id non explicatur numero, in eo quadrato, longo et lato pedes <emph type="smallcaps"></emph>X<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end> quod fuerit, +linea ab angulo ad angulum diagonios perducatur, uti +dividantur duo trigona aequa magnitudine, singula areae +pedum quinquagenûm, ad eiusque lineae diagonalis longitudinem locus quadratus paribus lateribus describatur. </s> + <s id="N123DE">ita +quam magna duo trigona in minore quadrato quinquagenûm pedum linea diagonio fuerint designata, eadem +magnitudine et eodem pedum numero quattuor in maiore +erunt effecta. </s> + <s id="N123E1">hac ratione duplicatio grammicis rationibus +ab Platone, uti schema subscriptum est in ima pagina, +explicata est. +</s> + </p> + </subchap2> + <subchap2 id="N123E4"> + <p id="N123E5" type="main"> + <s id="N123E9"> +Item Pythagoras normam sine artificis fabricationibus +inventam ostendit, et quod magno labore fabri normam +facientes vix ad verum perducere possunt, id rationibus +et methodis emendatum ex eius praeceptis explicatur. </s> + <s id="N123EC">namque si sumantur regulae tres, e quibus una sit pedes +<emph type="smallcaps"></emph>III<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end>, altera pedes <emph type="smallcaps"></emph>IIII<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end>, tertia pedes <emph type="smallcaps"></emph>V<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end>, eaeque regulae inter +se compositae tangant alia aliam suis cacuminibus extremis +schema habentes trigoni, deformabunt normam emendatam. </s> + <s id="N12401">ad eas autem regularum singularum longitudines si singula +quadrata paribus lateribus describantur, quod erit trium +latus, areae habebit pedes <emph type="smallcaps"></emph>VIIII<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end>, quod <emph type="smallcaps"></emph>IIII<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end>, <emph type="smallcaps"></emph>XVI<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end>, quod <emph type="smallcaps"></emph>V<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end> erit, <emph type="smallcaps"></emph>XXV<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end>. +</s> + </p> + </subchap2> + <subchap2 id="N12422"> + <p id="N12423" type="main"> + <s id="N12425"> +Ita quantum areae pedum numerum duo quadrata +ex + <pb xlink:href="048/01/268.jpg" ed="1567" pagenum="269"></pb> + tribus pedibus longitudinis laterum et quattuor efficiunt, +aeque tantum numerum reddit id unum ex quinque descriptum. </s> + <s id="N12428">id Pythagoras cum invenisset, non dubitans a +Musis se in ea inventione monitum, maximas gratias agens +hostias dicitur his immolavisse. </s> + <s id="N1242B">ea autem ratio, quemadmodum in multis rebus et mensuris est utilis, etiam in +aedificiis scalarum aedificationibus, uti temperatas habeant graduum librationes, est expedita. +</s> + </p> + </subchap2> + <subchap2 id="N1242E"> + <p id="N1242F" type="main"> + <s id="N12431"> +Si enim altitudo contignationis ab summa coaxatione ad imum libramentum +divisa fuerit in partes tres, erit earum quinque in scalis +scaporum iusta longitudine inclinatio. <quare> quam magnae +fuerint inter contignationem et imum libramentum altitudinis partes tres, quattuor a perpendiculo recedant et +ibi conlocentur inferiores calces scaporum. </s> + <s id="N12434">ita si erunt +temperatae, <libratae> et graduum ipsarum scalarum erunt +conlocationes. </s> + <s id="N12437">item eius rei erit subscripta forma. +</s> + </p> + </subchap2> + <subchap2 id="N1243A"> + <p id="N1243B" type="main"> + <pb xlink:href="048/01/269.jpg" ed="1567" pagenum="270"></pb> + <s id="N1243D"> +Archimedis vero cum multa miranda inventa et varia +fuerint, ex omnibus etiam infinita sollertia id, quod exponam, videtur esse expressum. </s> + <s id="N12440">nimirum Hiero enim Syracusis auctus regia potestate, rebus bene gestis cum +auream coronam votivam diis inmortalibus in quodam +fano constituisset ponendam, manupretio locavit faciendam +et au + <pb xlink:href="048/01/270.jpg" ed="1567" pagenum="271"></pb> + rum ad sacomam adpendit redemptori. </s> + <s id="N12443">is ad tempus +opus manu factum subtiliter regi adprobavit et ad sacomam pondus coronae visus est praestitisse. +</s> + </p> + </subchap2> + <subchap2 id="N12446"> + <p id="N12447" type="main"> + <s id="N12449"> +Posteaquam indicium est factum dempto auro tantundem argenti in id +coronarium opus admixtum esse, indignatus Hiero se contemptum esse neque inveniens, qua ratione id furtum reprehenderet, rogavit Archimeden, uti in se sumeret sibi de +eo cogitationem. </s> + <s id="N1244C">tunc is, cum haberet eius rei curam, +casu venit in balineum, ibique cum in solium descenderet, +animadvertit, quantum corporis sui in eo insideret, tantum +aquae extra solium effluere. </s> + <s id="N1244F">idque cum eius rei rationem +explicationis ostendisset, non est moratus, sed exsiluit +gaudio motus de solio et nudus vadens domum <uni>versis +significabat clara voce invenisse, quod quaereret; nam currens identidem graece clamabat <foreign lang="grc">εὕρηκα εὕρηκα</foreign>. +</s> + </p> + </subchap2> + <subchap2 id="N12456"> + <p id="N12457" type="main"> + <s id="N1245B"> +Tum vero ex eo inventionis ingressu duas fecisse dicitur massas +aequo pondere, quo etiam fuerat corona, unam ex auro et +alteram ex argento. </s> + <s id="N1245E">cum ita fecisset, vas amplum ad +summa labra implevit aquae, in quo demisit argenteam +massam. </s> + <s id="N12461">cuius quanta magnitudo in vasum depressa est, +tantum aquae effluxit. </s> + <s id="N12464">ita exempta massa quanto minus +factum fuerat, refudit sextario mensus, ut eodem modo, +quo prius fuerat, ad labra aequaretur. </s> + <s id="N12467">ita ex eo invenit, +quantum pondus argenti ad certam aquae mensuram responderet. +</s> + </p> + </subchap2> + <subchap2 id="N1246A"> + <p id="N1246B" type="main"> + <s id="N1246D"> +Cum id expertus esset, tum auream massam +similiter pleno vaso demisit et ea exempta, eadem ratione +mensura addita invenit ex aquae numero sextantum minore, +quanto minus magno corpore eodem pondere auri massa +esset quam argenti. </s> + <s id="N12470">postea vero repleto vaso in eadem +aqua ipsa corona demissa invenit plus aquae defluxisse in +corona quam in aurea eodem pondere massa, et ita ex eo, +quod fuerat plus aquae in corona quam in massa, ratiocinatus reprehendit argenti in auro mixtionem et manifestum furtum redemptoris. +</s> + </p> + </subchap2> + <subchap2 id="N12473"> + <p id="N12474" type="main"> + <s id="N12476"> +Transferatur mens ad Archytae Tarentini et Eratosthenis Cyrenaei cogitata; hi enim multa et grata a +mathematicis rebus hominibus invenerunt. </s> + <s id="N12479">itaque cum in +ceteris inventionibus fuerint grati, in eius rei cogitationibus +maxime sunt suspecti. </s> + <s id="N1247C">alius enim alia ratione explicaverunt, quod Delo imperaverat responsis Apollo, uti arae +eius, quantum haberent pedum quadratorum, id duplicarentur, et ita fore uti, qui essent in ea insula, tunc religione liberarentur. +</s> + </p> + </subchap2> + <subchap2 id="N1247F"> + <p id="N12480" type="main"> + <s id="N12482"> +Itaque Archytas cylindrorum descriptionibus, Eratosthenes organica mesolabi ratione idem +explicaverunt. </s> + <pb xlink:href="048/01/271.jpg" ed="1567" pagenum="272"></pb> + <pb xlink:href="048/01/272.jpg" ed="1567" pagenum="273"></pb> + <pb xlink:href="048/01/273.jpg" ed="1567" pagenum="274"></pb> + <pb xlink:href="048/01/274.jpg" ed="1567" pagenum="275"></pb> + <pb xlink:href="048/01/275.jpg" ed="1567" pagenum="276"></pb> + <pb xlink:href="048/01/276.jpg" ed="1567" pagenum="277"></pb> + <pb xlink:href="048/01/277.jpg" ed="1567" pagenum="278"></pb> + <pb xlink:href="048/01/278.jpg" ed="1567" pagenum="279"></pb> + <pb xlink:href="048/01/279.jpg" ed="1567" pagenum="280"></pb> + <pb xlink:href="048/01/280.jpg" ed="1567" pagenum="281"></pb> + <s id="N12485">cum haec sint tam magnis doctrinarum iucunditatibus animadversa et cogamur naturaliter inventionibus singularum rerum considerantes effectus moveri, +multas res attendens admiror etiam Democriti de rerum +natura volumina et eius commentarium, quod inscribitur +<foreign lang="grc">Χειροκμήτων</foreign>, †in quo etiam utebatur anulo signaretur +amolcie est expertus. +</s> + </p> + </subchap2> + <subchap2 id="N1248C"> + <p id="N1248D" type="main"> + <s id="N1248F"> +Ergo eorum virorum cogitata non solum ad mores +corrigendos, sed etiam ad omnium utilitatem perpetuo sunt +praeparata, athletarum autem nobilitates brevi spatio +cum suis corporibus senescunt. </s> + <s id="N12492">itaque neque cum maxime +sunt florentes neque posteritati hi, quemadmodum sapientium cogitata hominum vitae, prodesse possunt. +</s> + </p> + </subchap2> + <subchap2 id="N12495"> + <p id="N12496" type="main"> + <s id="N1249A"> +Cum vero neque moribus neque institutis scriptorum praestantibus +tribuantur honores, ipsae [autem] per se mentes aeris altiora prospicientes memoriarum gradibus ad caelum elatae +aevo inmortali non modo sententias sed etiam figuras +eorum posteris cogunt esse notas. </s> + <s id="N1249D">itaque, qui litterarum +iucunditatibus instinctas habent mentes, non possunt non +in suis pectoribus dedicatum habere, sicuti deorum, sic +Ennii poetae simulacrum; Accii autem carminibus qui studiose delectantur, non modo verborum virtutes sed etiam +figuram eius videntur secum habere praesentem [esse]. +</s> + </p> + </subchap2> + <subchap2 id="N124A0"> + <p id="N124A1" type="main"> + <s id="N124A3"> +Item plures post nostram memoriam nascentes cum Lucretio +videbuntur velut coram de rerum natura disputare, de +arte vero rhetorica cum Cicerone, multi posterorum cum +Varrone conferent sermonem de lingua latina, non minus +etiam plures philologi cum Graecorum sapientibus multa +deliberantes secretos cum his videbuntur habere sermones, +et ad summam sapientium scriptorum sententiae corporibus absentibus vetustate florentes cum insunt inter consilia et disputationes, maiores habent, quam praesentium sunt, auctoritates omnes. +</s> + </p> + </subchap2> + <subchap2 id="N124A6"> + <p id="N124A7" type="main"> + <s id="N124A9"> +Itaque, Caesar, his auctoribus fretus sensibus eorum adhibitis et consiliis ea volumina +conscripsi, et prioribus septem de aedificiis, octavo de aquis, +in hoc de gnomonicis rationibus, quemadmodum de radiis +solis in mundo sunt per umbras gnomonis inventae quibusque rationibus dilatentur aut contrahantur, explicabo. +</s> + </p> + </subchap2> + </subchap1> + <subchap1 id="N124AC"> + <subchap2 id="N124AD"> + <p id="N124AE" type="main"> + <pb xlink:href="048/01/281.jpg" ed="1567" pagenum="282"></pb> + <s id="N124B0"> +Ea autem sunt divina mente comparata habentque +admirationem magnam considerantibus, quod umbra gnomonis aequinoctialis alia magnitudine est Athenis, alia +Alexandriae, alia Romae, non eadem Placentiae ceterisque +orbis terrarum locis. </s> + <s id="N124B3">itaque longe aliter distant descriptiones horologiorum locorum mutationibus. </s> + <s id="N124B6">umbrarum +enim aequinoctialium magnitudinibus designantur analemmatorum formae, e quibus perficiuntur ad rationem locorum et umbrae gnomonum horarum descriptiones. <foreign lang="grc">ἀνάλημμα</foreign> est ratio conquisita solis cursu et umbrae crescentis +ad brumam observatione inventa, e qua per rationes architectonicas circinique descriptiones est inventus effectus in mundo. +</s> + </p> + </subchap2> + <subchap2 id="N124BD"> + <p id="N124BE" type="main"> + <s id="N124C0"> +Mundus autem est omnium naturae rerum conceptio summa caelumque sideribus et stellarum cursibus conformatum. </s> + <s id="N124C3">id volvitur continenter circum terram atque mare per axis cardines extremos. </s> + <pb xlink:href="048/01/282.jpg" ed="1567" pagenum="283"></pb> + <s id="N124C6">namque in his +locis naturalis potestas ita architectata est conlocavitque +cardines tamquam centra, unum a terra inmani <spatio> +in summo mundo ac post ipsas stellas septentrionum, +alterum trans contra sub terra in meridianis partibus, ibique circum eos cardines orbiculos circum centra uti in +torno perfecit, qui graece <foreign lang="grc">π́ολοι</foreign> nominantur, per quos +pervolitat sempiterno caelum. </s> + <s id="N124CD">ita media terra cum mari centri loco naturaliter est conlocata. +</s> + </p> + </subchap2> + <subchap2 id="N124D0"> + <p id="N124D1" type="main"> + <s id="N124D5"> +His natura dispositis ita, uti septentrionali parte a terra excelsius habeat altitudinem centrum, in meridiana autem parte in inferioribus locis subiectum a terra obscuretur, tunc etiam per +medium transversa et inclinata in meridiem [circuli de] +lata zona <emph type="smallcaps"></emph>XII<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end> signis est conformata. </s> + <s id="N124DE">eorum species stellis +dispositis <emph type="smallcaps"></emph>XII<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end> partibus peraequatis exprimit depictam ab +natura figurationem. </s> + <pb xlink:href="048/01/283.jpg" ed="1567" pagenum="284"></pb> + <s id="N124E7">itaque lucentia cum mundo reliquisque sideribus ornatu circum terram mareque pervolantia cursus perficiunt ad caeli rotunditatem. +</s> + </p> + </subchap2> + <subchap2 id="N124EA"> + <p id="N124EB" type="main"> + <s id="N124ED"> +Omnia autem visitata et invisitata temporum necessitate sunt constituta. </s> + <s id="N124F0">ex quis sex signa numero supra terram cum caelo pervagantur, cetera sub terram subeuntia ab eius umbra obscurantur. </s> + <s id="N124F3">sex autem ex his semper supra terram nituntur. </s> + <s id="N124F6">quanta pars enim novissimi signi depressione coacta +versatione subiens sub terram occultatur, tantundem eius +contraria e conversationis necessitate suppressa rotatione +circumacta trans locis patentibus ex obscuris egreditur ad +lucem; namque vis una et necessitas utrimque simul orientem et occidentem perficit. +</s> + </p> + </subchap2> + <subchap2 id="N124F9"> + <p id="N124FA" type="main"> + <s id="N124FC"> +Ea autem signa cum sint numero <emph type="smallcaps"></emph>XII<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end> partesque duodecumas singula possideant mundi +versenturque ab oriente ad occidentem continenter, tunc +per ea signa contrario cursu luna, stella Mercurii, Veneris, +ipse sol itemque Martis et Iovis et Saturni ut per graduum +ascensionem percurrentes alius alia circumitionis magnitudine ab occidente ad orientem in mundo pervagantur. </s> + <pb xlink:href="048/01/284.jpg" ed="1567" pagenum="285"></pb> + <s id="N12505">luna die octavo et vicesimo et amplius circiter hora caeli +circumitionem percurrens, ex quo signo coeperit ire, ad id signum revertendo perficit lunarem mensem. +</s> + </p> + </subchap2> + <subchap2 id="N12508"> + <p id="N12509" type="main"> + <s id="N1250B"> +Sol autem signi spatium, quod est duodecuma pars mundi, mense +vertente vadens transit; ita <emph type="smallcaps"></emph>XII<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end> mensibus <emph type="smallcaps"></emph>XII<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end> signorum +intervalla pervagando cum redit ad id signum, unde coeperit, perficit spatium vertentis anni. </s> + <s id="N1251A">ex eo, quem circulum +luna terdecies in <emph type="smallcaps"></emph>XII<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end> mensibus percurrit, eum sol eisdem +mensibus semel permetitur. </s> + <pb xlink:href="048/01/285.jpg" ed="1567" pagenum="286"></pb> + <pb xlink:href="048/01/286.jpg" ed="1567" pagenum="287"></pb> + <s id="N12523">Mercurii autem et Veneris +stellae circa solis radios uti per centrum eum itineribus +coronantes regressus retrorsus et retardationes faciunt, +etiam stationibus propter eam circinationem morantur in spatiis signorum. +</s> + </p> + </subchap2> + <subchap2 id="N12526"> + <p id="N12527" type="main"> + <s id="N12529"> +Id autem ita esse maxime cognoscitur ex Veneris stella, quod ea, cum solem sequatur, post occasum eius apparens in caelo clarissimeque lucens vesperugo vocitatur, aliis autem temporibus eum antecurrens +et oriens ante lucem lucifer appellatur. </s> + <s id="N1252C">ex eoque nonnumquam plures dies in <uno> signo commorantur, alias celerius ingrediuntur in alterum signum. </s> + <s id="N1252F">itaque quod non +aeque peragunt numerum dierum in singulis signis, quantum sunt moratae prius, transiliendo celerioribus itineribus perficiunt iustum cursum. </s> + <s id="N12532">ita efficitur, uti, quod demorentur in nonnullis signis, nihilominus, cum eripiant +se ab necessitate morae, celeriter consequantur iustam circumitionem. +</s> + </p> + </subchap2> + <subchap2 id="N12535"> + <p id="N12536" type="main"> + <s id="N1253A"> +Iter autem in mundo Mercurii stella ita +pervolitat, uti trecentesimo et sexagensimo die per signorum spatia currens perveniat ad id signum, ex quo priore +circumlatione coepit facere cursum, et ita peraequatur +eius iter, ut circiter tricenos dies in singulis signis habeat numeri rationem. +</s> + </p> + </subchap2> + <subchap2 id="N1253D"> + <p id="N1253E" type="main"> + <s id="N12540"> +Veneris autem, cum est liberata ab inpeditione radiorum solis, <emph type="smallcaps"></emph>XXX<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end> diebus percurrit signi spatium. </s> + <s id="N12549">quod minus quadragenos dies in singulis signis patitur, +cum stationem fecerit, restituit eam summam numeri in +uno signo morata. </s> + <s id="N1254C">ergo totam circinationem in caelo +quadringentesimo et octogensimo et quinto die permensa +iterum init signum, ex quo signo prius iter facere coepit. +</s> + </p> + </subchap2> + <subchap2 id="N1254F"> + <p id="N12550" type="main"> + <pb xlink:href="048/01/287.jpg" ed="1567" pagenum="288"></pb> + <pb xlink:href="048/01/288.jpg" ed="1567" pagenum="289"></pb> + <pb xlink:href="048/01/289.jpg" ed="1567" pagenum="290"></pb> + <pb xlink:href="048/01/290.jpg" ed="1567" pagenum="291"></pb> + <s id="N12552"> +Martis vero circiter sexcentesimo octogensimo tertio siderum spatia pervagando pervenit eo, ex quo initium faciendo cursum fecerat ante, et in quibus signis celerius +percurrit, cum stationem fecit, explet dierum numeri rationem. </s> + <s id="N12555">Iovis autem placidioribus gradibus scandens contra +mundi versationem, circiter <emph type="smallcaps"></emph>CCCLX<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end> diebus singula signa +permetitur, et consistit post annum <emph type="smallcaps"></emph>XI<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end> et dies <emph type="smallcaps"></emph>CCCXIII<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end> et +redit in id signum, in quo ante <emph type="smallcaps"></emph>XII<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end> annos fuerat. </s> + <s id="N12570">Saturni +vero, mensibus undetriginta et amplius paucis diebus pervadens per signi spatium, anno nono et vicensimo et circiter diebus <emph type="smallcaps"></emph>CLX<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end>, in quo ante tricensimo fuerat anno, in +id restituitur, ex eoque, quo minus ab extremo distat mundo, +tanto maiorem circinationem rotae percurrendo tardior videtur esse. +</s> + </p> + </subchap2> + <subchap2 id="N12579"> + <p id="N1257A" type="main"> + <s id="N1257C"> +Ei autem, qui supra solis iter circinationes +peragunt, maxime cum in trigono fuerint, quod is inierit, +tum non progrediuntur, sed regressus facientes morantur, +doneque [cum idem] sol de eo trigono in aliud signum +transitionem fecerit. </s> + <pb xlink:href="048/01/291.jpg" ed="1567" pagenum="292(291)"></pb> + <s id="N1257F">id autem nonnullis sic fieri placet, +quod aiunt solem, cum longius absit abstantia quadam, non +lucidis itineribus errantia per ea sidera obscuritatis morationibus inpedire. </s> + <s id="N12582">nobis vero id non videtur. </s> + <s id="N12585">solis enim +splendor perspicibilis et patens sine ullis obscurationibus +est per omnem mundum, ut etiam nobis appareant, cum +faciant eae stellae regressus et morationes. </s> + <s id="N12588">ergo si tantis +intervallis nostra species potest id animadvertere, quid +ita divinitatibus splendoribusque astrorum iudicamus obscuritates obici posse? +</s> + </p> + </subchap2> + <subchap2 id="N1258B"> + <p id="N1258C" type="main"> + <s id="N1258E"> +Ergo potius ea ratio nobis constabit, quod, fervor quemadmodum omnes res evocat et +ad se ducit, ut etiam fructus e terra surgentes in altitudinem per calorem videmus, non minus aquae vapores a +fontibus ad nubes per arcus excitari, eadem ratione solis +impetus vehemens radiis trigoni forma porrectis insequentes stellas ad se perducit et ante currentes veluti +refrenando retinendoque non patitur progredi, sed ad se +regredi in alterius trigoni signum [esse]. +</s> + </p> + </subchap2> + <subchap2 id="N12591"> + <p id="N12592" type="main"> + <s id="N12596"> +Fortasse desiderabitur, quid ita sol quinto a se signo +potius quam secundo aut tertio, quae sunt propiora, facit +in his fervoribus retentiones. </s> + <s id="N12599">ergo, quemadmodum id fieri +videatur, exponam. </s> + <s id="N1259C">eius radii in mundo uti trigoni paribus lateribus formae lineationibus extenduntur. </s> + <s id="N1259F">id autem +nec plus nec minus est ad quintum ab eo signo. </s> + <s id="N125A2">igitur si +radii per omnem mundum fusi circinationibus vagarentur +neque extentionibus porrecti ad trigoni formam linearentur, propiora flagrarent. </s> + <s id="N125A5">id autem etiam Euripides, Graecorum poeta, animadvertisse videtur. </s> + <s id="N125A8">ait enim, quae longius a sole essent, haec vehementius ardere, propiora vero +eum temperata habere. </s> + <s id="N125AB">itaque scribit in fabula Phaethonte sic: + </s> + </p> + <p id="N125AE" type="main"> + <s id="N125B0"> +<foreign lang="grc">καίει τὰ πόρρω, τἄγγυθεν δ' εὔκρατ' ἔχει</foreign>. +</s> + </p> + </subchap2> + <subchap2 id="N125B7"> + <p id="N125B8" type="main"> + <s id="N125BA"> +Si ergo res et ratio et testimonium poetae veteris id ostendit, +non puto aliter oportere iudicari, nisi quemadmodum de +ea re supra scriptum habemus. + </s> + </p> + <p id="N125BD" type="main"> + <pb xlink:href="048/01/292.jpg" ed="1567" pagenum="293"></pb> + <s id="N125BF"> +Iovis autem inter Martis et Saturni circinationem currens maiorem quam Mars, minorem quam Saturnus pervolat cursum. </s> + <s id="N125C2">item reliquae stellae, quo maiore absunt +spatio ab extremo caelo proxumamque habent terrae circinationem, celerius <pervagari> videntur, quod quaecumque earum minorem circinationem peragens saepius subiens praeterit superiorem. +</s> + </p> + </subchap2> + <subchap2 id="N125C5"> + <p id="N125C6" type="main"> + <s id="N125C8"> +Quemadmodum, si in rota, qua figuli utuntur, inpositae fuerint septem formicae canalesque +totidem in rota facti sint circum centrum imo adcrescentes +ad extremum, in quibus hae cogantur circinationem facere, +verseturque rota in alteram partem, necesse erit eas contra +rotae versationem nihilominus adversus itinera perficere, +et quae proximum centrum habuerit, celerius pervagari, +quaeque extremum orbem rotae peragat, etiamsi aeque +celeriter ambulet, propter magnitudinem circinationis multo +tardius perficere cursum: similiter astra nitentia contra +mundi cursum suis itineribus perficiunt circumitum, sed +caeli versatione redundationibus referuntur cotidiana temporis circumlatione. +</s> + </p> + </subchap2> + <subchap2 id="N125CB"> + <p id="N125CC" type="main"> + <s id="N125D0"> +Esse autem alias stellas temperatas, alias ferventes, +etiamque frigidas haec esse causa videtur, quod omnis +ignis in superiora loca habet scandentem flammam. </s> + <s id="N125D3">ergo +sol aethera, qui est supra se, radiis exurens efficit candentem, in quibus locis habet cursum Martis stella; itaque +fervens ab ardore solis efficitur. </s> + <s id="N125D6">Saturni autem, quod +est proxima extremo mundo tangit<que> congelatas caeli +regiones, vehementer est frigida. </s> + <s id="N125D9">ex eo Iovis, cum inter +utriusque circumitiones habeat cursum, a refrigeratione +caloreque earum medio convenientes temperatissimosque +habere videtur effectus. + </s> + </p> + <p id="N125DC" type="main"> + <s id="N125DE"> +De zona <emph type="smallcaps"></emph>XII<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end> signorum et septem astrorum contrario +opere ac cursu, quibus rationibus et numeris transeunt e +signis in signa, et circumitum eorum, uti a praeceptoribus +accepi, exposui; nunc de crescenti lumine lunae deminutioneque, uti traditum est nobis a maioribus, dicam. +</s> + </p> + </subchap2> + </subchap1> + <subchap1 id="N125E7"> + <subchap2 id="N125E8"> + <p id="N125E9" type="main"> + <s id="N125EB"> +Berosus, qui ab Chaldaeorum civitate sive natione progressus in Asia etiam disciplinam Chaldaicam patefecit, +ita est professus: pilam esse ex dimidia parte candentem, +reliqua habere caeruleo colore. </s> + <s id="N125EE">cum autem cursum itineris sui peragens subierit sub orbem solis, tunc eam +radiis et impetu caloris corripi convertique candentem +propter eius proprietatem luminis ad lumen. </s> + <s id="N125F1">cum autem +ea vocata ab solis orbi superiora spectent, tunc inferiorem +partem eius, quod candens non sit, propter aeris similitudinem obscuram videri. </s> + <s id="N125F4">cum ad perpendiculum ea sit +ad eius radios, totum lumen ad superiorem speciem retineri, et tunc eam vocari primam. +</s> + </p> + </subchap2> + <subchap2 id="N125F7"> + <p id="N125F8" type="main"> + <s id="N125FA"> +Cum + <pb xlink:href="048/01/293.jpg" ed="1567" pagenum="294"></pb> + praeteriens vadat ad orientis caeli partes, relaxari ab impetu solis extremamque eius partem candentiae oppido quam tenui linea +ad terram mittere splendorem, et ita ex eo eam secundam +vocari. </s> + <s id="N125FD">cotidiana autem versationis remissione tertiam, +quartam in dies numerari. </s> + <s id="N12600">septimo die, <cum> sol sit ad +occidentem, luna autem inter orientem et occidentem medias caeli teneat regiones, quod dimidia parte caeli spatio +distet a sole, item dimidiam candentiae conversam habere +ad terram. </s> + <s id="N12603">inter solem vero et lunam cum distet totum +mundi spatium et lunae orienti sol trans contra sit ad +occidentem, eam, quo longius absit, a radiis remissam +<emph type="smallcaps"></emph>XIIII<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end> die plena rota totius orbis mittere splendorem, reliquosque dies decrescentia cotidiana ad perfectionem lunaris +mensis versationibus et cursu a sole revocationibus subire +sub rotam radiosque eius, et ita menstruas dierum efficere +rationes. +</s> + </p> + </subchap2> + <subchap2 id="N1260C"> + <p id="N1260D" type="main"> + <s id="N1260F"> +Uti autem Aristarchus Samius mathematicus vigore +magno rationes varietatis disciplinis de eadem <re> reliquit, +exponam. </s> + <s id="N12612">non enim latet lunam <non> suum propriumque +habere lumen, sed esse uti speculum et ab solis impetu +recipere splendorem. </s> + <s id="N12615">namque luna de septem astris circulum proximum terrae in cursibus minimum pervagatur. </s> + <s id="N12618">ita quot mensibus sub rotam solis radiosque uno die, antequam praeterit, latens obscuratur. </s> + <s id="N1261B">cum est cum sole, nova +vocatur. </s> + <s id="N1261E">postero autem die, quo numeratur secunda, praeteriens ab sole visitationem facit tenuem extremae rotundationis. </s> + <s id="N12621">cum triduum recessit ab sole, crescit et plus +inluminatur. </s> + <s id="N12624">cotidie vero discedens cum pervenit ad diem +septimum, distans a sole occidente circiter medias caeli +regiones, dimidia lucet, et eius quae ad solem pars spectat, ea est inluminata. +</s> + </p> + </subchap2> + <subchap2 id="N12627"> + <p id="N12628" type="main"> + <s id="N1262C"> +Quarto autem decumo die, cum in diametro spatio totius mundi absit ab sole, perficitur plena +et oritur, cum sol sit ad occidentem, ideo quod totum +spatium mundi distans consistit contra et impetu solis +totius orbis in se recipit splendorem. </s> + <s id="N1262F">septumo decumo +die cum sol oriatur, ea pressa est ad occidentem. </s> + <s id="N12632">vicensimo et altero die cum sol est exortus, luna tenet circiter +caeli medias regiones, et id quod spectat ad solem, id +habet lucidum reliquis obscura. </s> + <s id="N12635">item cotidie cursum faciendo circiter octavo et vicensimo die subit sub radios +solis, et ita menstruas perficit rationes. + </s> + </p> + <p id="N12638" type="main"> + <s id="N1263A"> +Nunc, ut in singulis mensibus sol signa pervadens auget et minuit dierum et horarum spatia, dicam. +</s> + </p> + </subchap2> + </subchap1> + <subchap1 id="N1263D"> + <subchap2 id="N1263E"> + <p id="N1263F" type="main"> + <s id="N12641"> +Namque cum arietis signum iniit et partem octavam pervagatur, perficit aequinoctium vernum. </s> + <s id="N12644">cum progreditur ad caudam +tauri sidusque vergiliarum, e quibus eminet dimidia pars +prior tauri, in maius spatium mundi quam dimidium procurrit procedens ad septentrionalem partem. </s> + <s id="N12647">e tauro cum +ingreditur in geminos exorientibus vergiliis, magis crescit +supra terram et auget spatia dierum. </s> + <s id="N1264A">deinde <e> geminis +cum iniit ad cancrum, qui brevissimum tenet caeli spatium, cum pervenit in partem octavam, perficit solstitiale +tempus, et peragens pervenit ad caput et pectus leonis, quod eae partes cancro sunt attributae. +</s> + </p> + </subchap2> + <subchap2 id="N1264D"> + <p id="N1264E" type="main"> + <s id="N12650"> +E pectore autem leonis et finibus cancri solis exitus percurrens reliquas +partes leonis inminuit diei magnitudinem et circinationis +reditque in geminorum aequalem cursum. </s> + <s id="N12653">tunc vero a leone +transiens in virginem progrediensque ad sinum vestis eius +contrahit circinationem et aequat ad eam, quam taurus +habet, cursus rationem. </s> + <s id="N12656">e virgine autem progrediens per +sinum, qui sinus librae partes habet primas, in librae +parte <emph type="smallcaps"></emph>VIII<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end> perficit aequinoctium autumnale; qui cursus +aequat eam circinationem, quae fuerat in arietis signo. +</s> + </p> + </subchap2> + <subchap2 id="N1265F"> + <p id="N12660" type="main"> + <s id="N12662"> +Scorpionem autem cum sol ingressus fuerit occidentibus +vergiliis, minuit progrediens meridianas partes longitudines dierum. </s> + <s id="N12665">e scorpione cum percurrendo init in +sagittarium ad femina eius, contractiorem diurnum pervolat cursum. </s> + <s id="N12668">cum autem incipit a feminibus sagittarii, +quae pars est attributa capricorno, ad partem octavam, +brevissimum caeli percurrit spatium. </s> + <s id="N1266B">ex eo a brevitate +diurna bruma ac dies brumales appellantur. </s> + <s id="N1266E">e capricorno +autem transiens in aquarium adauget et aequat sagittarii +longitudine diei spatium. </s> + <s id="N12671">ab aquario cum ingressus est +in pisces + <pb xlink:href="048/01/294.jpg" ed="1567" pagenum="295"></pb> + favonio flante, scorpionis comparat aequalem +cursum. </s> + <s id="N12674">ita sol ea signa circum pervagando certis temporibus auget aut minuit dierum et horarum spatia. + </s> + </p> + <p id="N12677" type="main"> + <s id="N1267B"> +Nunc de ceteris sideribus, quae sunt dextra ac sinistra +zonam signorum meridiana septentrionalique parte mundi stellis disposita figurataque, dicam. +</s> + </p> + </subchap2> + </subchap1> + <subchap1 id="N1267E"> + <subchap2 id="N1267F"> + <p id="N12680" type="main"> + <pb xlink:href="048/01/295.jpg" ed="1567" pagenum="296"></pb> + <pb xlink:href="048/01/296.jpg" ed="1567" pagenum="297"></pb> + <pb xlink:href="048/01/297.jpg" ed="1567" pagenum="298"></pb> + <s id="N12682"> +Namque septentrio, quem Graeci nominant <foreign lang="grc">ἄρκτον</foreign> sive <foreign lang="grc">ἑλίκην</foreign>, habet post se +conlocatum custodem. </s> + <s id="N1268D">ab eo non longe conformata est +virgo, cuius supra umerum dextrum lucidissima stella +nititur, quam nostri provindemiatorem, Graeci <foreign lang="grc">προτρυγητήν</foreign> +vocant; candens autem magis spica eius est colorata. </s> + <s id="N12694">item alia contra est stella media genuorum custodis arcti: qui arcturus dicitur est ibi dedicatus. +</s> + </p> + </subchap2> + <subchap2 id="N12697"> + <p id="N12698" type="main"> + <s id="N1269A"> +E regione capitis septentrionis transversus ad pedes geminorum auriga stat +in summo cornu tauri—ita quae in summo cornu laevo +est, aurigae pedis una tenet partem stella—et adplicantur +aurigae manui haedi, capra laevo umero. </s> + <s id="N1269D"> + <pb xlink:href="048/01/298.jpg" ed="1567" pagenum="299"></pb> + tauri quidem et +arietis insuper Perseus—dexterioribus subter currentis +basem vergiliis, at sinisterioribus caput arietis—et manu +dextra innitens Cassiepiae simulacro, laeva supra tauri tenet +gorgoneum, ad summum caput subiciens Andromedae pedibus. +</s> + </p> + </subchap2> + <subchap2 id="N126A0"> + <p id="N126A1" type="main"> + <s id="N126A3"> +Item pisces supra Andromedam ex aequis [ventris] +ex aequisque sunt supra spinam equi, cuius ventris lucidissima stella finit ventrem equi et caput Andromedae. </s> + <s id="N126A6">manus Andromedae dextra supra Cassiepiae simulacrum +est constituta, laeva <supra> aquilonalem piscem. </s> + <s id="N126A9">item +aquarii supra equi caput est. </s> + <s id="N126AC">equi ungulae attingunt +aquarii <e regione volucrem. </s> + <s id="N126AF">inter Cepheum et Andromedae> genua Cassiepia media est dedicata. </s> + <s id="N126B2">capricorni +supra in altitudinem aquila et delphinus. </s> + <s id="N126B5">secundum eos +est sagitta. </s> + <s id="N126B8">ab ea autem <non longe> volucris, cuius +pinna dextra Cephei manum attingit et sceptrum, laeva +supra Cassiepiae innititur. </s> + <s id="N126BB">sub avis cauda pedes equi sunt subiecti. +</s> + </p> + </subchap2> + <subchap2 id="N126BE"> + <p id="N126BF" type="main"> + <s id="N126C1"> +Inde sagittarii, scorpionis, librae insuper +serpens summo rostro coronam tangit. </s> + <s id="N126C4">eum medium ophiuchos in manibus tenet serpentem, laevo pede calcans +mediam frontem scorpionis. </s> + <s id="N126C7">a parte ophiuchi capitis non +longe positum est caput eius, qui dicitur nisus in genibus. </s> + <s id="N126CA">eorum autem faciliores sunt capitum vertices ad cognoscendum, quod non obscuris stellis sunt conformati. +</s> + </p> + </subchap2> + <subchap2 id="N126CD"> + <p id="N126CE" type="main"> + <s id="N126D2"> +Pes ingeniculati adit fulcitve capitis tempus serpentis, cuius +per vipereos flexus minor arctorum, qui septentriones dicuntur, inplicatur. </s> + <s id="N126D5">delphinum contra volucris rostro est proposita lyra. </s> + <s id="N126D8">inter umeros custodis et geniculati corona est +ordinata. </s> + <s id="N126DB">in septentrionali vero circulo duae positae sunt +arctoe scapularum <e regione> dorsis inter se compositae +et pectoribus aversae. </s> + <s id="N126DE">e quibus minor <foreign lang="grc">κυνόσουρα</foreign>, maior +<foreign lang="grc">ἑλίκη</foreign> a Graecis appellatur. </s> + <s id="N126E9">earumque capita inter se dispicientia sunt constituta, caudae capitibus earum adversae +contra dispositae figurantur; utrarumque enim superando eminent. +</s> + </p> + </subchap2> + <subchap2 id="N126EC"> + <p id="N126ED" type="main"> + <s id="N126EF"> +In summo per caudas earum [esse dicitur] item +serpens est porrecta, e qua stella quae dicitur polus elucet +contra caput maioris septentrionis; namque qua est proxume draconem, circum <polum> caput eius involvitur. </s> + <s id="N126F2">ima +vero circum cynosurae caput iniecta est flexu porrectaque +proxime eius pedes. </s> + <pb xlink:href="048/01/299.jpg" ed="1567" pagenum="300"></pb> + <s id="N126F5">haec autem intorta replicataque se +attollens reflectitur a capite minoris ad maiorem, circa +rostrum et capitis tempus dextrum <gap></gap> item supra +caudam minoris pedes sunt Cephei, ibique ad summum cacumen facientes stellae sunt trigonum paribus lateribus. </s> + <s id="N126FA">insuper arietis signum septentrionis †autem minoris et +Cassiepiae simulacri complures sunt stellae confusae. + </s> + </p> + <p id="N126FD" type="main"> + <s id="N126FF"> +Quae sunt ad dextram orientis inter zonam signorum +et septentrionum sidera in caelo disposita, dixi [esse]; +nunc explicabo, quae ad sinistram orientis meridianisque +partibus ab natura sunt distributa. +</s> + </p> + </subchap2> + </subchap1> + <subchap1 id="N12702"> + <subchap2 id="N12703"> + <p id="N12704" type="main"> + <s id="N12706"> +Primum sub capricorno subiectus piscis austrinus caudam prospiciens ceti. </s> + <s id="N12709">ab eo ad sagittarium locus est +inanis. </s> + <s id="N1270C">turibulum sub scorpionis aculeo. </s> + <s id="N1270F">centauri priores +partes proximae sunt librae et scorpioni. </s> + <s id="N12712">tenet in manibus +simulacrum, id quod bestiam astrorum periti nominaverunt. </s> + <pb xlink:href="048/01/300.jpg" ed="1567" pagenum="301"></pb> + <s id="N12715">virginem et leonem et cancrum anguis porrigens agmen +stellarum intortus succingit, regione cancri erigens rostrum, +ad leonem medioque corpore sustinens craterem ad manumque virginis caudam subiciens. </s> + <s id="N12718">in qua inest corvus; quae sunt autem supra scapulas, peraeque sunt lucentia +</s> + </p> + </subchap2> + <subchap2 id="N1271B"> + <p id="N1271C" type="main"> + <s id="N1271E"> +ad anguis inferius ventris. </s> + <s id="N12721">sub caudam subiectus est centaurus. </s> + <s id="N12724">iuxta +cratera et leonem navis est, quae nominatur Argo, cuius +prora obscuratur, sed malus et quae sunt circa gubernacula eminentia videntur, ipsaque navicula et puppis per +summam caudam cani iungitur. </s> + <s id="N12727">geminos autem minusculus +canis sequitur contra anguis caput. </s> + <s id="N1272A">maior item sequitur +minorem. </s> + <s id="N1272D">Orion vero transversus est subiectus, pressus +ungula tauri, manu laeva <pellem> tenens, clavam altera ad geminos tollens. +</s> + </p> + </subchap2> + <subchap2 id="N12730"> + <p id="N12731" type="main"> + <s id="N12735"> +Apud eius vero basim canis parvo intervallo insequens leporem. </s> + <s id="N12738">arieti et piscibus cetus est +subiectus, a cuius crista ordinate utrisque piscibus disposita est tenuis fusio stellarum, quae graece vocitantur +<foreign lang="grc">ἁρπεδόναι</foreign>. magnoque intervallo introrsus pressus nodus +serentium attingit summam ceti cristam [esse fuit]. per +speciem stellarum flumen profluit, initium fontis capiens +a laevo pede Orionis. </s> + <s id="N1273F">quae vero ab aquario fundi memoratur aqua, profluit inter piscis austrini caput et caudam ceti. +</s> + </p> + </subchap2> + <subchap2 id="N12742"> + <p id="N12743" type="main"> + <s id="N12745"> +Quae figurata conformataque sunt siderum in mundo +simulacra, natura divinaque mente designata, ut Democrito physico placuit, exposui, sed tantum ea, quorum +ortus et occasus possumus animadvertere et oculis contueri. </s> + <s id="N12748">namque uti septentriones circum axis cardinem versantes non occidunt neque sub terram subeunt, sic circa +meridianum cardinem, qui est propter inclinationem mundi +subiectus terrae, sidera versabunda latentiaque non habent +egressus orientis supra terram. </s> + <s id="N1274B">itaque eorum figurationes +propter obstantiam terrae non sunt notae. </s> + <s id="N1274E">huius autem +rei index est stella Canopi, quae his regionibus est ignota, +renuntiant autem negotiatores, qui ad extremas Aegypti +regiones proximasque ultimis finibus terrae terminationes +fuerunt. +</s> + </p> + </subchap2> + </subchap1> + <subchap1 id="N12751"> + <subchap2 id="N12752"> + <p id="N12753" type="main"> + <s id="N12755"> +De mundi circa terram pervolitantia duodecimque signorum ex septentrionali meridianaque parte siderum +dispositione, ut sit perspecta, docui. </s> + <s id="N12758">namque ex ea mundi +versatione et contrario solis per signa cursu gnomonumque aequinoctialibus umbris analemmatorum inveniuntur descriptiones. +</s> + </p> + </subchap2> + <subchap2 id="N1275B"> + <p id="N1275C" type="main"> + <s id="N1275E"> +Cetera ex astrologia, quos effectus habeant signa <emph type="smallcaps"></emph>XII<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end>, stellae <emph type="smallcaps"></emph>V<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end>, sol, luna ad humanae vitae rationem, Chaldaeorum ratiocinationibus est concedendum, quod propria est eorum genethlialogiae ratio, uti possint ante facta +et futura ex ratiocinationibus astrorum explicare. </s> + <s id="N1276D">eorum +autem inventiones reliquerunt inque <ea re> sollertia acuminibusque fuerunt + <pb xlink:href="048/01/301.jpg" ed="1567" pagenum="302"></pb> + magnis, qui ab ipsa natione Chaldaeorum +profluxerunt. </s> + <s id="N12770">primusque Berosus in insula et civitate Coo +consedit ibique aperuit disciplinam, post ei studens Antipater iterumque Athenodorus, qui etiam non e nascentia +sed ex conceptione genethlialogiae rationes explicatas reliquit. +</s> + </p> + </subchap2> + <subchap2 id="N12773"> + <p id="N12774" type="main"> + <s id="N12776"> +De naturalibus autem rebus Thales Milesius, Anaxagoras Clazomenius, Pythagoras Samius, Xenophanes +Colophonius, Democritus Abderites rationes, quibus e rebus natura rerum gubernaretur quemadmodum quaeque +effectus habeat, excogitatas reliquerunt. </s> + <s id="N12779">quorum inventa +secuti siderum <ad ortus> et occasus tempestatum significatus Eudoxus, Euctemon, Callippus, Meto, Philippus, +Hipparchus, Aratus ceterique ex astrologia parapegmatorum disciplinis invenerunt et eas posteris explicatas reliquerunt. </s> + <s id="N1277C">quorum scientiae sunt hominibus suspiciendae, +quod tanta cura fuerunt, ut etiam videantur divina mente +tempestatium significatus post futuros ante pronuntiare. </s> + <s id="N1277F">quas ob res haec eorum curis studiisque sunt concedenda. +</s> + </p> + </subchap2> + </subchap1> + <subchap1 id="N12782"> + <subchap2 id="N12783"> + <p id="N12784" type="main"> + <s id="N12788"> +Nobis autem ab his separandae sunt rationes et explicandae menstruae dierum brevitates itemque dilatationes. </s> + <pb xlink:href="048/01/302.jpg" ed="1567" pagenum="303"></pb> + <pb xlink:href="048/01/303.jpg" ed="1567" pagenum="304"></pb> + <pb xlink:href="048/01/304.jpg" ed="1567" pagenum="305"></pb> + <pb xlink:href="048/01/305.jpg" ed="1567" pagenum="306"></pb> + <s id="N1278B">namque sol aequinoctiali tempore ariete libraque versando, quas e gnomone partes habet novem, eas umbrae +facit <emph type="smallcaps"></emph>VIII<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end> in declinatione caeli, quae est Romae. </s> + <s id="N12794">itemque +Athenis quam magnae sunt gnomonis partes quattuor, +umbrae sunt tres, ad <emph type="smallcaps"></emph>VII<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end> Rhodo <emph type="smallcaps"></emph>V<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end>, ad <emph type="smallcaps"></emph>XI<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end> Tarenti <emph type="smallcaps"></emph>IX<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end>, ad +quinque <Alexandriae> tres, ceterisque omnibus locis aliae +alio modo umbrae gnomonum aequinoctiales a natura rerum inveniuntur disparatae. +</s> + </p> + </subchap2> + <subchap2 id="N127AF"> + <p id="N127B0" type="main"> + <s id="N127B2"> +Itaque in quibuscumque locis horologia erunt describenda, eo loci sumenda est +aequinoctialis umbra, et si erunt quemadmodum Romae +gnomonis partes novem, umbrae octo, linea describatur +in planitia et e media <foreign lang="grc">πρὸς ὀρθᾶς</foreign> erigatur [ut sit ad normam] quae dicitur gnomon. </s> + <s id="N127B9">et a linea, quae erit planities, in linea gnomonis circino novem spatia dimetiantur; et +quo loco nonae partis signum fuerit, centrum constituatur, +ubi erit littera <emph type="smallcaps"></emph>A<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end>; et diducto circino ab eo centro ad lineam +planitiae, ubi erit littera <emph type="smallcaps"></emph>B<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end>, circinatio circuli describatur, quae dicitur meridiana. +</s> + </p> + </subchap2> + <subchap2 id="N127C8"> + <p id="N127C9" type="main"> + <s id="N127CB"> +Deinde ex novem partibus, quae sunt a planitia ad gnomonis centrum, <emph type="smallcaps"></emph>VIII<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end> sumantur et +signentur in linea, quae est in planitia, ubi erit littera <emph type="smallcaps"></emph>C<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end>. +haec autem erit gnomonis aequinoctialis umbra. </s> + <s id="N127DA">et ab eo +signo et littera <emph type="smallcaps"></emph>C<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end> per centrum, ubi est littera <emph type="smallcaps"></emph>A<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end>, linea perducatur, ubi erit solis aequinoctialis radius. </s> + <pb xlink:href="048/01/306.jpg" ed="1567" pagenum="307"></pb> + <s id="N127E9">tunc a centro +diducto circino ad lineam planitiae aequilatatio signetur, +ubi erit littera <emph type="smallcaps"></emph>E<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end> sinisteriore parte et <emph type="smallcaps"></emph>D<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end> ulteriore in extremis lineae circinationis. </s> + <s id="N127F8">et per centrum perducendum, +ut aequa duo hemicyclia sint divisa. </s> + <s id="N127FB">haec autem linea a mathematicis dicitur horizon. +</s> + </p> + </subchap2> + <subchap2 id="N127FE"> + <p id="N127FF" type="main"> + <s id="N12801"> +Deinde circinationis totius sumenda pars est <emph type="smallcaps"></emph>XV<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end>; et circini centrum conlocandum in +linea circinationis, quo loci secat eam lineam aequinoctialis +radius, ubi erit littera <emph type="smallcaps"></emph>F<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end>; et signandum dextra sinistra, ubi +sunt litterae <emph type="smallcaps"></emph>G H<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end>. deinde ab his <et per centrum> lineae +usque ad lineam planitiae perducendae sunt, ubi erunt +litterae <emph type="smallcaps"></emph>I K<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end>. ita erit solis radius unus hibernus, alter aestivus. </s> + <s id="N1281C">contra autem <<emph type="smallcaps"></emph>E<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end>> littera <emph type="smallcaps"></emph>D<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end> erit, qua secat circinationem linea, quae est traiecta per centrum, ubi <est +littera <emph type="smallcaps"></emph>A<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end>; et contra <emph type="smallcaps"></emph>G<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end>> erunt litterae <emph type="smallcaps"></emph>I<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end> et <emph type="smallcaps"></emph>M<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end>; et contra <emph type="smallcaps"></emph>H<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end> +litterae erunt <emph type="smallcaps"></emph>K<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end> et <emph type="smallcaps"></emph>L<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end>; et contra <emph type="smallcaps"></emph>C<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end> et <emph type="smallcaps"></emph>F<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end> et <emph type="smallcaps"></emph>A<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end> erit littera <emph type="smallcaps"></emph>N<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end>. +</s> + </p> + </subchap2> + <subchap2 id="N1286D"> + <p id="N1286E" type="main"> + <s id="N12870"> +Tunc perducendae sunt <foreign lang="grc">διαμέτρω</foreign> ab <emph type="smallcaps"></emph>G<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end> ad <emph type="smallcaps"></emph>L<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end> et ab <emph type="smallcaps"></emph>H<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end> <ad +<emph type="smallcaps"></emph>M<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end>>. quae erit superior, partis erit aestivae, inferior hibernae. </s> + <pb xlink:href="048/01/307.jpg" ed="1567" pagenum="308"></pb> + <s id="N1288F">eaeque <foreign lang="grc">διαμέτρω</foreign> sunt aeque mediae dividendae, +ubi erunt litterae <emph type="smallcaps"></emph>O<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end> et <emph type="smallcaps"></emph>P<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end>, ibique centra signanda. </s> + <s id="N128A2">et per +ea signa et centrum <emph type="smallcaps"></emph>A<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end> lineae ad extrema lineae circinationis sunt perducendae, ubi erunt litterae <emph type="smallcaps"></emph>Q<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end> et <emph type="smallcaps"></emph>R<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end>. haec +erit linea <foreign lang="grc">πρὸς ὀρθᾶς</foreign> radio aequinoctiali. </s> + <s id="N128BB">vocabitur autem +haec linea mathematicis rationibus axon. </s> + <s id="N128BE">et ab eisdem +centris diducto circino ad extremas diametros describantur hemicyclia, quorum unum erit aestivum, alterum hibernum. +</s> + </p> + </subchap2> + <subchap2 id="N128C1"> + <p id="N128C2" type="main"> + <s id="N128C6"> +Deinde in quibus locis secant lineae paralleloe lineam +eam quae dicitur horizon, in dexteriore parte erit littera +<emph type="smallcaps"></emph>S<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end>, in sinisteriore <emph type="smallcaps"></emph>T<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end>. et ab littera <emph type="smallcaps"></emph>S<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end> ducatur linea parallelos +axoni ad extremum <dextrum> hemicyclium, ubi erit littera <emph type="smallcaps"></emph>V<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end>; et ab <emph type="smallcaps"></emph>T<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end> ad sinistrum hemicyclium item parallelos +linea ducatur ad litteram <emph type="smallcaps"></emph>X<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end>. haec autem paralleloe lineae +vocitantur †locothomus. </s> + <s id="N128ED">et tum circini centrum conlocandum est eo loci, quo secat circinationem aequinoctialis +radius, ubi erit littera <emph type="smallcaps"></emph>F<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end>; et diducendum ad eum locum, +quo secat circinationem aestivus radius, ubi est littera <emph type="smallcaps"></emph>H<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end>. +e centro aequinoctiali intervallo aestivo circinatio circuli +menstrui agatur, qui menaeus dicitur. </s> + <s id="N128FC">ita habebitur analemmatos deformatio. +</s> + </p> + </subchap2> + <subchap2 id="N128FF"> + <p id="N12900" type="main"> + <s id="N12902"> +Cum hoc ita sit descriptum et explicatum, sive per hibernas lineas sive per aestivas sive +per aequinoctiales aut etiam per menstruas in subiectionibus rationes horarum erunt ex analemmatos describendae, +subiciunturque in eo multae varietates et genera horologiorum et describuntur rationibus his artificiosis. </s> + <s id="N12905">omnium +autem figurarum descriptionumque earum effectus unus, +uti dies aequinoctialis brumalisque itemque solstitialis in +duodecim partes aequaliter sit divisus. </s> + <s id="N12908">quas ob res non +pigritia deterritus praetermisi, sed ne multa scribendo +offendam, a quibusque inventa sunt genera descriptionesque horologiorum, exponam. </s> + <s id="N1290B">neque enim nunc nova genera +invenire possum nec aliena pro meis praedicanda videntur. </s> + <s id="N1290E">itaque quae nobis tradita sunt et a quibus sint inventa, +dicam. +</s> + </p> + </subchap2> + </subchap1> + <subchap1 id="N12911"> + <subchap2 id="N12912"> + <p id="N12913" type="main"> + <pb xlink:href="048/01/308.jpg" ed="1567" pagenum="309"></pb> + <pb xlink:href="048/01/309.jpg" ed="1567" pagenum="310"></pb> + <pb xlink:href="048/01/310.jpg" ed="1567" pagenum="311"></pb> + <pb xlink:href="048/01/311.jpg" ed="1567" pagenum="312"></pb> + <pb xlink:href="048/01/312.jpg" ed="1567" pagenum="313"></pb> + <pb xlink:href="048/01/313.jpg" ed="1567" pagenum="314"></pb> + <pb xlink:href="048/01/314.jpg" ed="1567" pagenum="315"></pb> + <pb xlink:href="048/01/315.jpg" ed="1567" pagenum="316"></pb> + <pb xlink:href="048/01/316.jpg" ed="1567" pagenum="317"></pb> + <pb xlink:href="048/01/317.jpg" ed="1567" pagenum="318"></pb> + <pb xlink:href="048/01/318.jpg" ed="1567" pagenum="319"></pb> + <pb xlink:href="048/01/319.jpg" ed="1567" pagenum="320"></pb> + <s id="N12915"> +Hemicyclium excavatum ex quadrato ad enclimaque +succisum Berosus Chaldaeus dicitur invenisse; scaphen +sive hemisphaerium Aristarchus Samius, idem etiam discum in planitia; arachnen Eudoxus astrologus, nonnulli +dicunt Apollonium; plinthium sive lacunar, quod etiam +in circo Flaminio est positum, Scopinas Syracusius; <foreign lang="grc">πρὸς +τὰ ἱστορούμενα</foreign> Parmenion, <foreign lang="grc">πρὸς πᾶν κλῖμα</foreign> Theodosius +et Andrias, Patrocles pelecinum, Dionysodorus conum, +Apollonius pharetram, aliaque genera et qui supra scripti +sunt et alii plures inventa reliquerunt, uti conarachnen, +conicum plinthium, antiboreum. </s> + <s id="N12920">item ex his generibus +viatoria pensilia uti fierent, plures scripta reliquerunt. </s> + <s id="N12923">ex +quorum libris, si qui velit, subiectiones invenire poterit, +dummodo sciat analemmatos descriptiones. +</s> + </p> + </subchap2> + <subchap2 id="N12926"> + <p id="N12927" type="main"> + <pb xlink:href="048/01/320.jpg" ed="1567" pagenum="321"></pb> + <s id="N12929"> +Item sunt ex aqua conquisitae ab eisdem scriptoribus +horologiorum rationes, primumque a Ctesibio Alexandrino, qui et vim spiritus naturalis pneumaticasque res +invenit. </s> + <s id="N1292C">sed uti fuerint ea exquisita, dignum studiosis +agnoscere. </s> + <s id="N1292F">Ctesibius enim fuerat Alexandriae natus patre +tonsore. </s> + <s id="N12932">is ingenio et industria magna praeter reliquos +excellens dictus est artificiosis rebus se delectare. </s> + <s id="N12935">namque cum voluisset in taberna sui patris speculum ita pendere, ut, cum duceretur susumque reduceretur, linea latens pondus deduceret, ita conlocavit machinationem. +</s> + </p> + </subchap2> + <subchap2 id="N12938"> + <p id="N12939" type="main"> + <s id="N1293B"> +Canalem ligneum sub tigno fixit ibique trocleas conlocavit; per +canalem lineam in angulum deduxit ibique tubulos struxit; +in eos pilam plumbeam per lineam demittendam curavit. +ita pondus cum decurrendo in angustias tubulorum premeret caeli crebritatem, vehementi decursu per fauces frequentiam caeli compressione solidatam extrudens in aerem +patentem effusione acuti sonitus expresserat claritatem. +</s> + </p> + </subchap2> + <subchap2 id="N1293E"> + <p id="N1293F" type="main"> + <s id="N12943"> +Ergo Ctesibius cum animadvertisset ex tractu caeli et expressionibus spiritus <sonitus> vocesque nasci, his principiis usus hydraulicas machinas primus instituit. </s> + <s id="N12946">item +aquarum expressiones automatopoetasque machinas multaque deliciarum genera, in his etiam horologiorum ex aqua +comparationes explicuit. </s> + <s id="N12949">primumque constituit cavum ex +auro perfectum aut ex gemma terebrata; ea enim nec +teruntur percussu aquae nec sordes recipiunt, ut obturentur. +</s> + </p> + </subchap2> + <subchap2 id="N1294C"> + <p id="N1294D" type="main"> + <s id="N1294F"> +Namque aequaliter per id cavum influens aqua sublevat scaphium inversum, quod ab artificibus phellos sive +tympanum dicitur. </s> + <s id="N12952">in quo conlocata est regula <iuxta> +versatile tympanum. </s> + <s id="N12955">denticulis aequalibus sunt perfecta, +qui denticuli alius alium inpellentes versationes modicas +faciunt et motiones. </s> + <s id="N12958">item aliae regulae aliaque tympana +ad eundem modum dentata una motione coacta versando +faciunt effectus varietatesque motionum, quibus moventur +sigilla, vertuntur metae, calculi aut ova proiciuntur, bucinae canunt, reliquaque parerga. +</s> + </p> + </subchap2> + <subchap2 id="N1295B"> + <p id="N1295C" type="main"> + <s id="N1295E"> +In his etiam aut in columna aut parastatica horae describuntur, quas sigillum egrediens +ab imo virgula significat in diem totum. </s> + <s id="N12961">quarum brevitates aut crescentias cuneorum adiectus aut exemptus in +singulis diebus et mensibus perficere cogit. </s> + <s id="N12964">praeclusiones +aquarum ad temperandum ita sunt constitutae. </s> + <s id="N12967">metae +fiunt duae, una solida, una cava, ex torno ita perfectae, +ut alia in aliam inire convenireque possit et eadem regula laxatio earum aut coartatio efficiat aut vehementem +aut lenem in ea vasa aquae influentem cursum. </s> + <s id="N1296A">ita his +rationibus et machinatione ex aqua componuntur horologiorum ad hibernum usum conlocationes. +</s> + </p> + </subchap2> + <subchap2 id="N1296D"> + <p id="N1296E" type="main"> + <s id="N12970"> +Sin autem cuneorum adiectionibus et detractionibus correptiones dierum +aut crescentiae †ex cuneis non probabuntur fieri, quod +cunei saepissime vitia faciunt, sic erit explicandum. </s> + <s id="N12973">in +columella horae ex analemmatos transverse describantur, +menstruaeque lineae columella signentur. </s> + <s id="N12976">eaque columna +versatilis perficiatur, uti ad sigillum virgulamque, qua +virgula egrediens sigillum ostendit horas, columna versando +continenter suis cuiusque mensibus brevitates et crescentias +faciat horarum. +</s> + </p> + </subchap2> + <subchap2 id="N12979"> + <p id="N1297A" type="main"> + <pb xlink:href="048/01/321.jpg" ed="1567" pagenum="322"></pb> + <s id="N1297C"> +Fiunt etiam alio genere horologia hiberna, quae anaphorica dicuntur perficiunturque rationibus his. </s> + <s id="N1297F">horae disponuntur ex virgulis aeneis ex analemmatos descriptione +ab centro dispositae in fronte; in ea circuli sunt circumdati menstrua spatia finientes. </s> + <s id="N12982">post has virgulas tympanum, in quo descriptus et depictus est mundus signiferque +circulus [descriptioque ex <emph type="smallcaps"></emph>XII<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end> caelestium signorum fit +figurata], cuius ex centro deformatio <gap></gap> unum maius, +alterum minus. </s> + <pb xlink:href="048/01/322.jpg" ed="1567" pagenum="323"></pb> + <s id="N1298D">posteriori autem parte tympano medio +axis versatilis est inclusus inque eo axi aenea mollis catena +est involuta, ex qua pendet ex una parte phellos (sive +tympanum), qui ab aqua sublevatur, altera aequo pondere phelli sacoma saburrale. +</s> + </p> + </subchap2> + <subchap2 id="N12990"> + <p id="N12991" type="main"> + <s id="N12995"> +Ita quantum ab aqua phellos sublevatur, tantum saburrae pondus infra deducens versat +axem, axis autem tympanum. </s> + <s id="N12998">cuius tympani versatio +alias efficit, uti maior pars circuli signiferi, alias minor in +versationibus suis temporibus designet horarum proprietates. </s> + <s id="N1299B">namque in singulis signis sui cuiusque mensis dierum +numeri cava sunt perfecta, cuius bulla, quae solis imaginem horologiis tenere videtur, significat horarum spatia. </s> + <s id="N1299E">ea translata ex terebratione in terebrationem mensis vertentis perficit cursum suum. +</s> + </p> + </subchap2> + <subchap2 id="N129A1"> + <p id="N129A2" type="main"> + <s id="N129A4"> +Itaque quemadmodum sol per + <pb xlink:href="048/01/323.jpg" ed="1567" pagenum="324"></pb> + siderum spatia vadens dilatat contrahitque dies et horas, +sic bulla in horologiis ingrediens per puncta contra centri +tympani versationem, cotidie cum transfertur aliis temporibus per latiora, aliis per angustiora spatia, menstruis +finitionibus imagines efficit horarum et dierum. + </s> + </p> + <p id="N129A7" type="main"> + <s id="N129A9"> +De administratione autem aquae, quemadmodum se temperet ad rationem, sic erit faciendum. +</s> + </p> + </subchap2> + <subchap2 id="N129AC"> + <p id="N129AD" type="main"> + <s id="N129AF"> +Post frontem horologii intra conlocetur castellum in idque per fistulam +saliat aqua et in imo habeat cavum. </s> + <s id="N129B2">ad id autem adfixum sit ex aere tympanum habens foramen, per quod +ex castello in id aqua influat. </s> + <s id="N129B5">in eo autem minus tympanum includatur cardinibus ex torno masculo et femina +inter se coartatis, ita uti minus tympanum quemadmodum +epitonium in maiore circumagendo arte leniterque versetur. +</s> + </p> + </subchap2> + <subchap2 id="N129B8"> + <p id="N129B9" type="main"> + <s id="N129BB"> +Maioris autem tympani labrum aequis intervallis <emph type="smallcaps"></emph>CCCLXV<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end> +puncta habeat signata, minor vero orbiculus in extrema +circinatione fixam habeat lingulam, cuius cacumen dirigat +ad punctorum regiones, inque eo orbiculo temperatum sit +foramen, quia in tympanum aqua influit per id et servat +administrationem. </s> + <s id="N129C4">cum autem in maioris tympani labro +fuerint signorum caelestium deformationes, id autem sit +inmotum et in summo habeat deformatum cancri signum, +ad perpendiculum eius in imo capricorni, ad dextram +spectantis librae, ad sinistram arietis signum, ceteraque +inter eorum spatia designata sint, uti in caelo videntur: +</s> + </p> + </subchap2> + <subchap2 id="N129C7"> + <p id="N129C8" type="main"> + <s id="N129CC"> +Igitur cum sol fuerit in capricorni, orbiculi lingula in +maioris tympani parte ex capricorni cotidie singula puncta +tangens, ad perpendiculum habens aquae currentis vehemens pondus, celeriter per orbiculi foramen id extrudit +ad vasum excipiens eam. </s> + <s id="N129CF">cum brevi spatio impletur, corripit et contrahit dierum spatia et horarum. </s> + <s id="N129D2">cum autem +cotidiana versatione minoris tympani lingula ingrediatur +in aquarii puncta, discedens foramen a perpendiculo et +aquae vehementi cursu cogitur tardius emittere salientem. </s> + <s id="N129D5">ita quo minus celeri cursu vas excipit aquam, dilatat horarum spatia. +</s> + </p> + </subchap2> + <subchap2 id="N129D8"> + <p id="N129D9" type="main"> + <s id="N129DB"> +Aquarii vero pisciumque punctis uti gradibus scandens orbiculi foramen in ariete tangendo octavam +partem aqua temperate salienti praestat aequinoctiales +horas. </s> + <s id="N129DE">ab ariete per tauri et geminorum spatia ad summa +cancri puncta partis octa + <pb xlink:href="048/01/324.jpg" ed="1567" pagenum="325"></pb> + vae foramen se tympani versationibus peragens et in altitudinem eo rediens viribus extenuatur, et ita tardius fluendo dilatat morando spatia +et efficit horas in cancri signo solstitiales. </s> + <s id="N129E1">a cancro cum +proclinat et peragit per leonem et virginem ad librae +partis octavae puncta revertendo et gradatim corripiendo +spatia contrahit horas, et ita perveniens ad puncta librae aequinoctiales rursus reddit horas. +</s> + </p> + </subchap2> + <subchap2 id="N129E4"> + <p id="N129E5" type="main"> + <s id="N129E7"> +Per scorpionis vero spatia et sagittarii proclivius deprimens se foramen rediensque circumactione ad capricorni partem <emph type="smallcaps"></emph>VII<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end>, restituit +celeritate salientis brumales horarum + <pb xlink:href="048/01/325.jpg" ed="1567" pagenum="326"></pb> + brevitates. + </s> + </p> + <p id="N129F0" type="main"> + <s id="N129F2"> +Quae sunt in horologiorum descriptionibus rationes et +apparatus, ut sint ad usum expeditiores, quam apertissime +potui, perscripsi. </s> + <s id="N129F5">restat nunc de machinationibus et de +earum principiis ratiocinari. </s> + <s id="N129F8">itaque de his, ut corpus emendatum architecturae perficiatur, insequenti volumine incipiam scribere. +</s> + </p> + </subchap2> + </subchap1> + </chap> + <chap id="N129FB"> + + <p id="N129FD" type="head"> + <pb xlink:href="048/01/326.jpg" ed="1567" pagenum="327"></pb> + <pb xlink:href="048/01/327.jpg" ed="1567" pagenum="328"></pb> + <pb xlink:href="048/01/328.jpg" ed="1567" pagenum="329"></pb> + <s id="N129FF">LIBER DECIMUS</s> + </p> + <subchap1 id="N12A02"> + <subchap2 id="N12A03"> + <p id="N12A04" type="main"> + <s id="N12A08"> +Nobili Graecorum et ampla civitate Ephesi lex vetusta +dicitur a maioribus dura condicione sed iure esse non +iniquo constituta. </s> + <s id="N12A0B">nam architectus, cum publicum opus +curandum recipit, pollicetur, quanto sumptu id sit futurum. </s> + <s id="N12A0E">tradita aestimatione magistratui bona eius obligantur, +donec opus sit perfectum. </s> + <s id="N12A11">absoluto autem, cum ad dictum +inpensa respondit, decretis et honoribus ornatur. </s> + <s id="N12A14">item si +non amplius quam quarta ad aestimationem est adicienda, +de publico praestatur, neque ulla poena tenetur. </s> + <s id="N12A17">cum +vero amplius quam quarta in opere consumitur, ex eius bonis ad perficiendum pecunia exigitur. +</s> + </p> + </subchap2> + <subchap2 id="N12A1A"> + <p id="N12A1B" type="main"> + <s id="N12A1D"> +Utinam dii inmortales fecissent, ea lex etiam <emph type="smallcaps"></emph>P<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end>. <emph type="smallcaps"></emph>R<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end>. non modo publicis +sed etiam privatis aedificiis esset constituta! namque non +sine poena grassarentur inperiti, sed qui summa doctrinarum subtilitate essent prudentes, sine dubitatione profiterentur architecturam, neque patres familiarum inducerentur ad infinitas sumptuum profusiones, ut et e bonis +eicerentur, ipsique architecti poenae timore coacti diligentius modum inpensarum ratiocinantes explicarent, uti +patres familiarum ad id, quod praeparavissent, seu paulo +amplius adicientes, aedificia expedirent. </s> + <s id="N12A2C">nam qui quadringenta ad opus possunt parare, si adicient centum, habendo +spem perfectionis delectationibus tenentur; qui autem +adiectione dimidia aut ampliore sumptu onerantur, amissa +spe et inpensa abiecta, fractis rebus et animis desistere coguntur. +</s> + </p> + </subchap2> + <subchap2 id="N12A2F"> + <p id="N12A30" type="main"> + <s id="N12A32"> +Nec solum id vitium in aedificiis, sed etiam in +muneribus, quae a magistratibus foro gladiatorum scaenisque ludorum dantur, quibus nec mora neque expectatio +conceditur, sed necessitas finito tempore perficere cogit, +id est sedes spectaculorum velorumque inductiones et ea +omnia, quae scaenicis moribus per machinationem ad +spectationes populo comparantur. </s> + <s id="N12A35">in his vero opus est +prudentia diligens et ingenii doctissimi cogitata, quod +nihil eorum perficitur sine machinatione studiorumque vario ac sollerti vigore. +</s> + </p> + </subchap2> + <subchap2 id="N12A38"> + <p id="N12A39" type="main"> + <s id="N12A3B"> +Igitur quoniam haec ita sunt tradita et constituta, non videtur esse alienum, uti caute +summaque diligentia, antequam instituantur opera, eorum +expediantur rationes. </s> + <s id="N12A3E">ergo quoniam neque lex neque +morum institutio id potest cogere et quotannis et praetores et aediles ludorum causa machinationes praeparare +debent, visum mihi est, imperator, non esse alienum, +quoniam de aedificiis in prioribus voluminibus exposui, +in hoc, quod finitionem summam corporis habet constitutam, quae sint principia machinarum, ordinata praeceptis +explicare. +</s> + </p> + </subchap2> + </subchap1> + <subchap1 id="N12A41"> + <subchap2 id="N12A42"> + <p id="N12A43" type="main"> + <pb xlink:href="048/01/329.jpg" ed="1567" pagenum="330"></pb> + <pb xlink:href="048/01/330.jpg" ed="1567" pagenum="331"></pb> + <pb xlink:href="048/01/331.jpg" ed="1567" pagenum="332"></pb> + <s id="N12A45"> +Machina est continens e materia coniunctio maximas +ad onerum motus habens virtutes. </s> + <s id="N12A48">ea movetur ex arte +circulorum rotundationibus, quam Graeci <foreign lang="grc">κυκλικην̀ κίνησιν</foreign> +appellant. </s> + <s id="N12A4F">est autem unum genus scansorium, quod graece +<foreign lang="grc">ἀκροβατικόν</foreign> dicitur; alterum spirabile, quod apud eos +<foreign lang="grc">πνευματικόν</foreign> appellatur; tertium tractorium, id autem +Graeci <foreign lang="grc">βαρουλκόν</foreign> vocitant. </s> + <s id="N12A5E">scansorium autem <est, cum> +machinae ita fuerint conlocatae, ut ad altitudinem tignis +statutis et transversariis conligatis sine periculo scandatur [ad apparatus spectatione]; at spirabile, cum spiritus +ex expressionibus inpulsus et plagae vocesque <foreign lang="grc">ὀργάνικως</foreign> exprimantur; +</s> + </p> + </subchap2> + <subchap2 id="N12A65"> + <p id="N12A66" type="main"> + <s id="N12A6A"> +tractorium vero, cum onera machinis pertrahuntur, ut ad altitudinem sublata conlocentur. </s> + <pb xlink:href="048/01/332.jpg" ed="1567" pagenum="333"></pb> + <pb xlink:href="048/01/333.jpg" ed="1567" pagenum="334"></pb> + <s id="N12A6D">scansoria ratio non arte sed audacia gloriatur; ea catenationibus et transversariis et plexis conligationibus et erismatorum +fulturis continentur. </s> + <s id="N12A70">quae autem spiritus potestate adsumit ingressus, elegantes artis subtilitatibus consequetur +effectus. </s> + <s id="N12A73">tractoria autem maiores et magnificentia plenas +habet ad utilitatem opportunitates et in agendo cum prudentia summas virtutes. +</s> + </p> + </subchap2> + <subchap2 id="N12A76"> + <p id="N12A77" type="main"> + <s id="N12A79"> +Ex his sunt quae <foreign lang="grc">μηχανικώς</foreign>, +alia <foreign lang="grc">ὀργάνικως</foreign> moventur. </s> + <s id="N12A84">inter machinas et organa id +videtur esse discrimen, quod machinae pluribus operis vel +vi maiore coguntur effectus habere, uti ballistae torculariorumque prela; organa autem unius operae prudenti +tactu perficiunt quod est propositum, uti scorpionis seu +anisocyclorum versationes. </s> + <s id="N12A87">ergo et organa et machinarum +ratio ad usum sunt necessaria, sine quibus nulla res potest esse non inpedita. +</s> + </p> + </subchap2> + <subchap2 id="N12A8A"> + <p id="N12A8B" type="main"> + <s id="N12A8D"> +Omnis autem est machinatio rerum +natura procreata ac praeceptrice et magistra mundi versatione instituta. </s> + <s id="N12A90">namque animadvertamus primum et +aspiciamus continentem solis, lunae, quinque etiam stellarum natura <gap></gap> machinata versarentur, non habuissemus interdum lucem nec fructûm maturitates. </s> + <s id="N12A95">cum +ergo maiores haec ita esse animadvertissent, e rerum +natura sumpserunt exempla et ea imitantes inducti rebus +divinis commodas vitae perfecerunt explicationes. </s> + <s id="N12A98">itaque +comparaverunt, ut essent expeditiora, alia machinis et +earum versationibus, nonnulla organis, et ita quae animadverterunt ad usum utilia esse studiis, artibus, institutis, gradatim augenda doctrinis curaverunt. +</s> + </p> + </subchap2> + <subchap2 id="N12A9B"> + <p id="N12A9C" type="main"> + <s id="N12A9E"> +Attendamus enim primum inventum de necessitate, ut vestitus, quemadmodum telarum organicis administrationibus conexus +staminis ad subtemen non modo corpora tegendo tueatur, +sed etiam ornatus adiciat honestatem. </s> + <s id="N12AA1">cibi vero non habuissemus abundantiam, nisi iuga et aratra bubus iumentisque omnibus essent inventa. </s> + <s id="N12AA4">sucularumque et prelorum +et vectium si non fuisset torculariis praeparatio, neque +olei nitorem neque vitium fructum habere potuissemus ad +iucunditatem, portationesque eorum non essent, nisi plostrorum seu serracorum per terram, navicularum per aquam inventae essent machinationes. +</s> + </p> + </subchap2> + <subchap2 id="N12AA7"> + <p id="N12AA8" type="main"> + <s id="N12AAA"> +Trutinarum vero librarumque ponderibus examinatio reperta vindicat ab +iniquitate iustis moribus vitam. </s> + <s id="N12AAD">non minusque sunt innumerabili modo rationes machinationum, de quibus non +necesse videtur disputare, quod non sunt <ignotae sed> +ad manum cotidianae, ut sunt molae, folles fabrorum, +raedae, cisia, torni ceteraque, quae communes ad usum +consuetudinibus habent opportunitates. + </s> + </p> + <p id="N12AB0" type="main"> + <s id="N12AB4"> +Itaque incipiemus de îs, quae raro veniunt ad manus, ut nota sint, explicare. +</s> + </p> + </subchap2> + </subchap1> + <subchap1 id="N12AB7"> + <subchap2 id="N12AB8"> + <p id="N12AB9" type="main"> + <pb xlink:href="048/01/334.jpg" ed="1567" pagenum="335"></pb> + <s id="N12ABB"> +Primumque instituemus de îs, quae +aedibus sacris ad operumque publicorum perfectionem necessitate comparantur. </s> + <s id="N12ABE">quae fiunt ita. </s> + <s id="N12AC1">tigna duo ad onerum magnitudinem ratione expediuntur. </s> + <s id="N12AC4">a capite ea fibula +coniuncta et in imo divaricata eriguntur, funibus in capitibus conlocatis et circa dispositis erecta retinentur. </s> + <s id="N12AC7">alligatur in summo troclea, quem etiam nonnulli rechamum +dicunt. </s> + <s id="N12ACA">in trocleam induntur orbiculi <<emph type="smallcaps"></emph>II<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end>> per axiculos +versationes habentes. </s> + <s id="N12AD3">per orbiculum <summum> traicitur +ductarius funis, deinde demittitur et traducitur circa orbiculum trocleae inferioris. </s> + <s id="N12AD6">refertur autem ad orbiculum +imum trocleae superioris et ita descendit ad inferiorem +et in foramine eius religatur. </s> + <s id="N12AD9">altera pars funis refertur inter imas machinae partes. +</s> + </p> + </subchap2> + <subchap2 id="N12ADC"> + <p id="N12ADD" type="main"> + <s id="N12ADF"> +In quadris autem tignorum posterioribus, quo loci sunt divaricata, figuntur chelonia, +in quae coiciuntur sucularum capita, ut faciliter axes versentur. </s> + <s id="N12AE2">eae suculae proxime capita habent foramina bina +ita temperata, ut vectes in ea convenire possint. </s> + <s id="N12AE5">ad rechamum autem imum ferrei forfices religantur, quorum dentes +in saxa forata accommodantur. </s> + <s id="N12AE8">cum autem funis habet +caput ad suculam religatum et vectes ducentes eam versant, funis <se> involvendo circum suculam extenditur et +ita sublevat onera ad altitudinem et operum conlocationes. +</s> + </p> + </subchap2> + <subchap2 id="N12AEB"> + <p id="N12AEC" type="main"> + <pb xlink:href="048/01/335.jpg" ed="1567" pagenum="336"></pb> + <s id="N12AEE"> +Haec autem ratio machinationis, quod per tres orbiculos +circumvolvitur, trispastos appellatur. </s> + <s id="N12AF1">cum vero in ima +troclea duo orbiculi, in superiore tres versantur, id pentaspaston dicitur. </s> + <s id="N12AF4">sin autem maioribus oneribus erunt machinae comparandae, amplioribus tignorum longitudinibus +et crassitudinibus erit utendum <et> eadem ratione in +summo fibulationibus, in imo sucularum versationibus +expediendum. </s> + <s id="N12AF7">his explicatis antarii funes ante laxi conlocentur, retinacula super scapulas machinae longe disponantur, et si non erit, ubi religetur, pali resupinati defodiantur et circum fistucatione solidentur, quo funes alligentur. +</s> + </p> + </subchap2> + <subchap2 id="N12AFA"> + <p id="N12AFB" type="main"> + <s id="N12AFD"> +Troclea in summo capite machinae rudenti contineatur, +et ex eo funis perducatur ad palum et quae est in palo +trocleam inligata. </s> + <s id="N12B00">circa eius orbiculum funis indatur et +referatur ad eam trocleam, quae erit ad caput machinae +religata. </s> + <s id="N12B03">circum autem orbiculum ab summo traiectus +funis descendat et redeat ad suculam, quae est in ima +machina, ibique religetur. </s> + <s id="N12B06">vectibus autem coacta <cum> +sucula versabitur, eriget per se machinam sine periculo. </s> + <pb xlink:href="048/01/336.jpg" ed="1567" pagenum="337"></pb> + <s id="N12B09">ita circa dispositis funibus et retinaculis in palis haerentibus ampliore modo machina conlocabitur. </s> + <s id="N12B0C">trocleae et +ductarii funes, uti supra scriptum est, expediuntur. +</s> + </p> + </subchap2> + <subchap2 id="N12B0F"> + <p id="N12B10" type="main"> + <s id="N12B14"> +Sin autem colossicotera amplitudinibus et ponderibus +onera in operibus fuerint, non erit suculae committendum, +sed quemadmodum sucula cheloniis retinetur, ita axis includatur habens in medio tympanum amplum, quod nonnulli rotam appellant, Graeci autem <foreign lang="grc">ἀμφίεσις</foreign>, alii <foreign lang="grc">περιθήκιον</foreign> vocant. +</s> + </p> + </subchap2> + <subchap2 id="N12B1F"> + <p id="N12B20" type="main"> + <s id="N12B22"> +In his autem machinis trocleae non eodem sed alio modo comparantur. </s> + <s id="N12B25">habent enim et in imo et +in summo duplices ordines orbiculorum. </s> + <s id="N12B28">ita funis ductarius traicitur in inferioris trocleae foramen, uti aequalia +duo capita sint funis, cum erit extensus, ibique secundum inferiorem trocleam resticula circumdata et contenta +utraeque partes funis continentur, ut neque <in dextram +neque> in sinistram partem possint prodire. </s> + <s id="N12B2B">deinde capita +funis referuntur in summa troclea ab exteriore parte et +deiciuntur circa orbiculos imos et redeunt ad imum +coiciunturque infimae trocleae ad orbiculos ex interiore +parte et referuntur dextra sinistra <et> ad caput circa orbiculos summos redeunt. +</s> + </p> + </subchap2> + <subchap2 id="N12B2E"> + <p id="N12B2F" type="main"> + <s id="N12B31"> +Traiecti autem ab exteriore parte feruntur dextra sinistra tympanum in axe ibique, ut haereant, conligantur. </s> + <s id="N12B34">tum autem circa tympanum involutus alter funis refertur ad ergatam, et is circumactus tympanum et axem <gap></gap> se involvendo pariter extendunt, et ita leniter levant onera sine periculo. </s> + <s id="N12B39">quodsi +maius tympanum conlocatum aut in medio aut in una +parte extrema fuerit, sine ergata <per> calcantes homines +expeditiores habere poterit operis effectus. +</s> + </p> + </subchap2> + <subchap2 id="N12B3C"> + <p id="N12B3D" type="main"> + <pb xlink:href="048/01/337.jpg" ed="1567" pagenum="338"></pb> + <s id="N12B3F"> +Est autem aliud genus machinae satis artificiosum et +ad usum celeritatis expeditum, sed in eo dare operam non +possunt nisi periti. </s> + <s id="N12B42">est enim tignum, quod erigitur et +distenditur retinaculis quadrifariam. </s> + <s id="N12B45">sub retinaculo chelonia duo figuntur, troclea funibus supra chelonia religatur, sub troclea regula longa circiter pedes duos, lata +digitos sex, crassa quattuor supponitur. </s> + <s id="N12B48">trocleae ternos +ordines orbiculorum in latitudine habentes conlocantur. </s> + <s id="N12B4B">ita tres ductarii funes in <summa> machina religantur. </s> + <s id="N12B4E">deinde referuntur ad imam trocleam et traiciuntur ex interiore parte per eius orbiculos summos. </s> + <s id="N12B51">deinde referuntur +ad superiorem trocleam et traiciuntur ab exteriore parte +</s> + </p> + </subchap2> + <subchap2 id="N12B54"> + <p id="N12B55" type="main"> + <s id="N12B57"> +Cum descenderint ad imum, ex interiore parte et per secundos orbiculos traducuntur in extremum et referuntur in + <pb xlink:href="048/01/338.jpg" ed="1567" pagenum="339"></pb> + summum ad orbiculos secundos; traiecti redeunt ad imum et ab imo referuntur +ad caput; traiecti per summos redeunt ad machinam imam. </s> + <s id="N12B5A">in radice autem machinae conlocatur tertia troclea; eam +autem Graeci <foreign lang="grc">ἐπάγοντα</foreign>, nostri artemonem appellant. </s> + <s id="N12B61">ea +troclea religatur ad [trocleae] radicem habens + <pb xlink:href="048/01/339.jpg" ed="1567" pagenum="340"></pb> + orbiculos +tres, per quos traiecti funes traduntur hominibus ad ducendum. </s> + <s id="N12B64">ita tres ordines hominum ducentes sine ergata celeriter onus ad summum perducunt. +</s> + </p> + </subchap2> + <subchap2 id="N12B67"> + <p id="N12B68" type="main"> + <s id="N12B6C"> +Hoc genus machinae polyspaston appellatur, quod multis orbiculorum circumitionibus et facilitatem summam praestat et celeritatem. </s> + <s id="N12B6F">una autem statutio tigni hanc habet utilitatem, quod ante +quantum velit et dextra ac sinistra ab latere proclinando +onus deponere potest. + </s> + </p> + <p id="N12B72" type="main"> + <s id="N12B74"> +Harum machinationum omnium, quae supra sunt scriptae, rationes non modo ad has res, sed etiam ad onerandas et exonerandas naves sunt paratae, aliae erectae, aliae planae in carchesiis versatilibus conlocatae. </s> + <s id="N12B77">non +minus sine tignorum erectionibus in plano etiam eadem +ratione et temperatis funibus et trocleis subductiones navium efficiuntur. +</s> + </p> + </subchap2> + <subchap2 id="N12B7A"> + <p id="N12B7B" type="main"> + <s id="N12B7D"> +Non est autem alienum etiam Chersiphronos ingeniosam rationem exponere. </s> + <s id="N12B80">is enim scapos columnarum e +lapidicinis cum deportare vellet Ephesi ad Dianae fanum, +propter magnitudinem onerum et viarum campestrem +mollitudinem non confisus carris, ne rotae devorarentur, +sic est conatus. </s> + <s id="N12B83">de materia trientali scapos quattuor, +<gap></gap> duos transversarios interpositos, quanta longitudo +scapi fuerat, complectit et compegit et ferreos cnodacas +uti subscudes in capitibus scaporum inplumbavit et armillas +in materia ad cnodacas circumdandos infixit; cnodaces +autem in armillis inclusi liberam habuerunt versationem. </s> + <s id="N12B88">iamiam ita, cum boves ducerent subiuncti, scapi versando in cnodacibus et armillis sine fine volvebantur. +</s> + </p> + </subchap2> + <subchap2 id="N12B8B"> + <p id="N12B8C" type="main"> + <s id="N12B8E"> +Cum autem scapos omnes ita vexerant et instabant epistyliorum vecturae, filius Chersiphronos Metagenes transtulit ex scaporum +vectura etiam in epistyliorum deductione. </s> + <s id="N12B91">fecit enim rotas +circiter pedum duodenûm et epistyliorum capita in medias +rotas inclusit; item bucculis ligneis capita religavit; eadem +ratione cnodaces in capitibus armillis inclusit: ita cum +trientes a bubus ducerentur, in armillis inclusi cnodaces +versabant rotas, epistylia vero inclusa uti axes in rotis +eadem ratione, qua scapi, sine mora ad opus pervenerunt. </s> + <s id="N12B94">exemplar autem erit eius, quemadmodum in palaestris +cylindri exaequant ambulationes. </s> + <s id="N12B97">neque hoc potuisset +fieri, nisi primum propinquitas esset—non enim plus sunt +ab lapidicinis ad fanum milia passuum octo—nec ullus +est clivus sed perpetuus campus. +</s> + </p> + </subchap2> + <subchap2 id="N12B9A"> + <p id="N12B9B" type="main"> + <s id="N12B9D"> +Nostra vero memoria cum colossici Apollinis in fano +basis esset a vetustate diffracta, [et] metuentes, ne caderet +ea statua et frangeretur, locaverunt ex eisdem lapidicinis +basim excidendam. </s> + <s id="N12BA0">conduxit quidam Paconius. </s> + <s id="N12BA3">haec autem +basis erat longa pedes duodecim, lata pedes <emph type="smallcaps"></emph>VIII<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end>, alta +pedes sex. </s> + <pb xlink:href="048/01/340.jpg" ed="1567" pagenum="341"></pb> + <s id="N12BAC">quam Paconius gloria fretus non uti Metagenes +adportavit, sed eadem ratione alio genere constituit machinam facere. +</s> + </p> + </subchap2> + <subchap2 id="N12BAF"> + <p id="N12BB0" type="main"> + <s id="N12BB4"> +Rotas enim circiter pedum <emph type="smallcaps"></emph>XV<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end> fecit et in +his rotis capita lapidis inclusit, deinde circa lapidem fusos +sextantales ab rota ad rotam ad circinum compegit, ita +uti fusus a fuso non distaret pedem [esse] unum. </s> + <s id="N12BBD">deinde +circa fusos funem involvit et bubus iunctis funem ducebant. </s> + <s id="N12BC0">ita cum explicaretur, volvebat rotas, sed non poterat ad +lineam via recta ducere, sed exibat in unam partem. </s> + <s id="N12BC3">ita +necesse erat rursus retroducere. </s> + <s id="N12BC6">sic Paconius ducendo et +reducendo pecuniam contricavit, ut ad solvendum non +esset. +</s> + </p> + </subchap2> + <subchap2 id="N12BC9"> + <p id="N12BCA" type="main"> + <s id="N12BCC"> +Pusillum extra progrediar et de his lapidicinis, quemadmodum sint inventae, exponam. </s> + <s id="N12BCF">Pixodarus fuerat pastor. </s> + <s id="N12BD2">is in his locis versabatur. </s> + <s id="N12BD5">cum autem cives Ephesiorum +cogitarent fanum Dianae ex marmore facere decernerentque, a Paro, Proconnenso, Heraclea, Thaso uti marmor +peteretur, propulsis ovibus Pixodarus in eodem loco pecus +pascebat, ibique duo arietes inter se concurrentes alius +alium praeterierunt et impetu facto unus cornibus percussit saxum, ex quo crusta candidissimo colore fuerat +deiecta. </s> + <s id="N12BD8">ita Pixodarus dicitur oves in montibus reliquisse et crustam cursim Ephesum, cum maxime de ea re +ageretur, detulisse. </s> + <s id="N12BDB">ita statim honores decreverunt ei et +nomen mutaverunt: pro Pixodaro Euangelus nominaretur. </s> + <s id="N12BDE">hodieque quotmensibus magistratus in eum locum proficiscitur et ei sacrificium facit, et si non fecerit, poena +tenetur. +</s> + </p> + </subchap2> + </subchap1> + <subchap1 id="N12BE1"> + <subchap2 id="N12BE2"> + <p id="N12BE3" type="main"> + <s id="N12BE5"> +De tractoriis rationibus quae necessaria putavi, breviter +exposui. </s> + <s id="N12BE8">quorum motus et virtutes duae res diversae et inter +se dissimiles <efficiunt>, ubi congruentes uti principia pariunt eos perfectus: una porrecti, quam Graeci <foreign lang="grc">εὐθεῖαν</foreign> vocitant, altera rotunditatis, quam Graeci <foreign lang="grc">κυκλωτην́</foreign> appellant. </s> + <s id="N12BF3">sed vero neque sine rotunditate motus porrecti nec sine +porrecto rotationis versationes onerum possunt facere levationes. +</s> + </p> + </subchap2> + <subchap2 id="N12BF6"> + <p id="N12BF7" type="main"> + <s id="N12BF9"> +Id autem ut intellegatur, exponam. </s> + <s id="N12BFC">inducuntur uti +centra axiculi in orbiculos et in trocleis conlocantur, per +quos orbiculos funis circumactus directis ductionibus et +in sucula conlocatus vectium versationibus onerum facit +egressus in altum. </s> + <s id="N12BFF">cuius suculae cardines uti centra porrecti in cheloniis, foraminibusque eius vectes conclusi capitibus ad circinum circumactis torni ratione versando +faciunt oneris elationes. </s> + <s id="N12C02">quemadmodum etiam ferreus vectis +cum est admotus ad onus, quod manuum multitudo non +potest movere, supposita uti centro <ultro> citro porrecta +pressione, quod Graeci <foreign lang="grc">ὑπομόχλιον</foreign> appellant, et lingua +sub onus subdita, caput eius unius hominis viribus pressum id onus extollit. +</s> + </p> + </subchap2> + <subchap2 id="N12C09"> + <p id="N12C0A" type="main"> + <pb xlink:href="048/01/341.jpg" ed="1567" pagenum="342"></pb> + <s id="N12C0C"> +Id autem <eo facilius fit>, quo brevior +pars prior vectis ab ea pressione, quod est centrum, subit +sub onus, et quo longius ab eo centro distans caput eius +deducitur. </s> + <s id="N12C0F">per id faciundo motus circinationis cogit pressionibus examinare paucis manibus oneris maximi pondus. </s> + <s id="N12C12">item si sub onus vectis ferrei lingula subiecta fuerit neque eius caput pressione in imum, sed adversus in altitudinem extolletur, lingula fulta in areae solo habebit eam +pro onere, oneris autem ipsius angulum pro pressione. </s> + <s id="N12C15">ita +non tam faciliter quam per oppressionem, sed adversus +nihilominus pondus oneris erit excitatum. </s> + <pb xlink:href="048/01/342.jpg" ed="1567" pagenum="343"></pb> + <s id="N12C18">igitur si plus +lingula vectis supra hypomochlion posita sub onus subierit +et caput eius propius centrum pressiones habuerit, non +poterit onus elevare, nisi, quemadmodum supra scriptum +est, examinatio vectis longitudinis per caput neque <in +imum> ductionibus fuerit facta. +</s> + </p> + </subchap2> + <subchap2 id="N12C1B"> + <p id="N12C1C" type="main"> + <s id="N12C20"> +Id autem ex trutinis, quae staterae dicuntur, licet considerare. </s> + <s id="N12C23">cum enim ansa propius caput, unde lancula +pendet, ibi ut centrum est conlocata et aequipondium in +alteram partem scapi, per puncta vagando quo longius +paulatim ad extremum perducitur, paulo et inpari pondere amplissimam pensionem parem perficit per scapi +librationem, et examinato longius ab centro recedens ista +inbecillior aequipondii brevitas maiorem vim ponderis +momento deducens sine vehementia molliter ab imo susum versum egredi cogit [futurum]. +</s> + </p> + </subchap2> + <subchap2 id="N12C26"> + <p id="N12C27" type="main"> + <s id="N12C29"> +Quemadmodum etiam navis onerariae maximae gubernator ansam gubernaculi tenens, +qui <foreign lang="grc">οἴαξ</foreign> a Graecis appellatur, una manu momento per +centrum ratione pressionibus aptis agitans, versat eam +amplissimis et inmanibus mercis et penus ponderibus oneratam. </s> + <pb xlink:href="048/01/343.jpg" ed="1567" pagenum="344"></pb> + <s id="N12C30">eiusque vela cum sunt per altitudinem mediam +mali pendentia, non potest habere navis celerem cursum, +cum autem in summo cacumine antemnae subductae sunt, +tunc vehementiore progreditur impetu, quod non proxime +calcem mali, quod est loco centri, sed in summo longius et ab eo progressa recipiunt in se vela ventum. +</s> + </p> + </subchap2> + <subchap2 id="N12C33"> + <p id="N12C34" type="main"> + <s id="N12C36"> +Itaque uti vectis sub onere subiectus, si per medium premitur, +durior est neque incumbit, cum autem caput eius summum +deducitur, faciliter onus extollit, similiter vela, cum sunt +per medium temperata, minorem habent virtutem, quae +autem in capite mali summo conlocantur discedentia +longius a centro, non acriore sed eodem flatu, pressione +cacuminis vehementius cogunt progredi navem. </s> + <s id="N12C39">etiam +remi circa scalmos strophis religati, cum manibus inpelluntur et reducuntur, extremis progredientibus a centro +†parmis maris undis spumam inpulsu vehementi protrudunt porrectam navem, secante prora liquoris raritatem. +</s> + </p> + </subchap2> + <subchap2 id="N12C3C"> + <p id="N12C3D" type="main"> + <s id="N12C3F"> +Onerum vero maxima pondera, cum feruntur a phalangariis hexaphoris et tetraphoris, examinantur per ipsa media centra +phalangarum, uti diviso oneris solido pondere certa quadam divisionis ratione aequas partes collis singuli ferant +operarii. </s> + <s id="N12C42">mediae enim partes phalangarum, quibus lora +tetraphororum invehuntur, clavis sunt finitae, ne labantur +in unam partem. </s> + <s id="N12C45">cum enim extra finem centri promoventur, premunt eum locum, ad quem propius accesserunt, +quemadmodum in statera pondus, cum examine progreditur ad fines ponderationum. +</s> + </p> + </subchap2> + <subchap2 id="N12C48"> + <p id="N12C49" type="main"> + <s id="N12C4B"> +Eadem ratione iumenta, cum +iuga eorum subiugiis loris per medium temperantur, aequaliter trahunt onera. </s> + <s id="N12C4E">cum autem inpares sunt eorum virtutes et unum plus valendo premit alterum, + <pb xlink:href="048/01/344.jpg" ed="1567" pagenum="345"></pb> + loro traiecto fit una pars iugi longior, quae inbecilliori auxiliatur +iumento. </s> + <s id="N12C51">ita in phalangis et iugis cum in medio lora non +sunt conlocata sed in una parte, qua progreditur lorum +ab medio, unam breviorem, alteram efficit partem longiorem. </s> + <s id="N12C54">ea ratione si per id centrum, quo loci perductum +est lorum, utraque capita circumaguntur, longior pars ampliorem, brevior minorem agit circinationem. +</s> + </p> + </subchap2> + <subchap2 id="N12C57"> + <p id="N12C58" type="main"> + <s id="N12C5C"> +Quemadmodum vero minores rotae duriores et difficiliores habent motus, sic phalangae et iuga, in quibus partibus +habent minora a centro ad capita intervalla, premunt +duriter colla, qua autem longiora habent ab eodem centro +spatia, levant oneribus et trahentes et ferentes. </s> + <s id="N12C5F">cum haec +ita ad centrum porrectionibus et circinationibus reciperent +motus, tunc vero etiam plostra, raedae, tympana, rotae, +cocleae, scorpiones, ballistae, prela ceteraeque machinae +eisdem rationibus per porrectum centrum et rotationem +circum versantem faciunt ad propositum effectus. +</s> + </p> + </subchap2> + </subchap1> + <subchap1 id="N12C62"> + <subchap2 id="N12C63"> + <p id="N12C64" type="main"> + <s id="N12C66"> +Nunc de organis, quae ad hauriendam aquam inventa +sunt, quemadmodum variis generibus comparentur, exponam. </s> + <s id="N12C69">et primum dicam de tympano. </s> + <s id="N12C6C">id autem non +alte tollit aquam, sed exhaurit expeditissime multitudinem +magnam. </s> + <s id="N12C6F">ad tornum aut circinum fabricatus <axis,> capitibus lamna ferratis, habens in medio circa se tympanum +ex tabulis inter se coagmentatis, conlocatur in stipitibus +habentibus in se sub capita axis ferreas lamminas. </s> + <s id="N12C72">in eius +tympani cavo interponuntur octo tabulae transversae tangentes axem et extremam tympani circumitionem, quae dividunt aequalia in tympano spatia. +</s> + </p> + </subchap2> + <subchap2 id="N12C75"> + <p id="N12C76" type="main"> + <s id="N12C78"> +Circa frontem eius figuntur tabulae, relictis semipedalibus aperturis ad aquam +intra concipiendam. </s> + <s id="N12C7B">item secundum axem columbaria +fiunt excavata in singulis spatiis ex una parte. </s> + <s id="N12C7E">id autem +cum est navali ratione picatum, hominibus calcantibus +versatur et hauriendo per aperturas, quae sunt in frontibus tympani, reddit per columbaria secundum axem supposito labro ligneo habente una secum coniunctum canalem. </s> + <s id="N12C81">ita hortis ad inrigandum vel salinis ad temperandum praebetur aquae multitudo. +</s> + </p> + </subchap2> + <subchap2 id="N12C84"> + <p id="N12C85" type="main"> + <s id="N12C87"> +Cum autem altius extollendum erit, eadem ratio communicabitur sic. </s> + <s id="N12C8A">rota fiet circum axem +eadem magnitudine, ut ad al + <pb xlink:href="048/01/345.jpg" ed="1567" pagenum="346"></pb> + titudinem, quae opus fuerit, +convenire possit. </s> + <s id="N12C8D">circum extremum latus rotae figentur +modioli quadrati pice et cera solidati. </s> + <s id="N12C90">ita cum rota a calcantibus versabitur, modioli pleni ad summum elati rursus +ad imum revertentes infundent in castellum ipsi per se quod extulerint. +</s> + </p> + </subchap2> + <subchap2 id="N12C93"> + <p id="N12C94" type="main"> + <s id="N12C96"> +Sin autem magis altis locis erit praebendum, in eiusdem rotae axe involuta duplex ferrea +catena demissaque ad imum libramentum conlocabitur, +habens situlos pendentes aereos congiales. </s> + <s id="N12C99">ita versatio +rotae catenam in axem involvendo efferet situlos in summum, qui <cum> super axem pervehuntur, cogentur inverti et infundere in castellum aquae quod extulerint. +</s> + </p> + </subchap2> + </subchap1> + <subchap1 id="N12C9C"> + <subchap2 id="N12C9D"> + <p id="N12C9E" type="main"> + <s id="N12CA2"> +Fiunt etiam in fluminibus rotae eisdem rationibus, quibus supra scriptum est. </s> + <s id="N12CA5">circa earum frontes adfiguntur +pinnae, quae, cum percutiuntur ab impetu fluminis, cogunt +progredientes versari rotam, et ita modiolis haurientes et +in summum referentes sine operarum calcatura ipsius +fluminis inpulsu versatae praestant, quod opus est ad +usum. +</s> + </p> + </subchap2> + <subchap2 id="N12CA8"> + <p id="N12CA9" type="main"> + <s id="N12CAB"> +Eadem ratione etiam versantur hydraletae, in quibus +eadem sunt omnia, praeterquam quod in uno capite axis +tympanum dentatum est inclusum. </s> + <s id="N12CAE">id autem ad perpendiculum conlocatum in cultrum versatur cum rota pariter. </s> + <s id="N12CB1">secundum id tympanum maius <minus> item dentatum +planum est conlocatum, quo continetur <gap></gap> ita dentes tympani eius, quod est in axe inclusum, inpellendo +dentes tympani plani cogunt fieri molarum circinationem. </s> + <s id="N12CB6">in qua machina inpendens infundibulum subministrat molis +frumentum et eadem versatione subigitur farina. +</s> + </p> + </subchap2> + </subchap1> + <subchap1 id="N12CB9"> + <subchap2 id="N12CBA"> + <p id="N12CBB" type="main"> + <s id="N12CBD"> +Est autem etiam cocleae ratio, quae magnam vim haurit +aquae, sed non tam alte tollit quam rota. </s> + <s id="N12CC0">eius autem ratio +sic expeditur. </s> + <s id="N12CC3">tignum sumitur, cuius tigni quanta paratur +pedum longitudo, tanta digitorum expeditur crassitudo. </s> + <s id="N12CC6">id ad circinum rotundatur. </s> + <s id="N12CC9">in capitibus circino dividentur +circumitiones eorum tetrantibus et octantibus in partes +octo, eaeque lineae ita conlocentur, ut plano posito tigno +utriusque capitis ad libellam lineae inter se respondeant, +et quam magna pars sit octava circinationis tigni, tam +magna spatia decidantur in longitudinem. </s> + <s id="N12CCC">item tigno +plano conlocato lineae ab capite ad alterum caput perducantur ad libellam convenientes. </s> + <s id="N12CCF">sic et in rotundatione +et in longitudine aequalia spatia fient. </s> + <s id="N12CD2">ita quo loci describuntur lineae, quae sunt in longitudinem spectantes, +facient decusationes et in decusationibus finita puncta. +</s> + </p> + </subchap2> + <subchap2 id="N12CD5"> + <p id="N12CD6" type="main"> + <s id="N12CD8"> +His ita emendate descriptis sumitur salignea tenuis aut +de vitice secta regula, quae uncta liquida pice figitur in +primo decusis puncto. </s> + <s id="N12CDB">deinde traicitur oblique ad insequentis longitudinis et circumitionis decusis, item ex ordine progrediens singula puncta praetereundo et circum +involvendo conlocatur in singulis decusationibus, et ita +pervenit et figitur ad eam lineam recedens a primo in +octavum punctum, in qua prima pars est eius fixa. </s> + <s id="N12CDE">eo +modo quantum progreditur oblique spatium et per octo +puncta, tantundem et longitudine procedit ad octavum +punctum. </s> + <s id="N12CE1">eadem ratione per omne spatium longitudinis +et rotunditatis singulis decusationibus oblique fixae regulae per octo crassitudinis divisiones involutos faciunt canales et iustam cocleae naturalemque imitationem. +</s> + </p> + </subchap2> + <subchap2 id="N12CE4"> + <p id="N12CE5" type="main"> + <s id="N12CE7"> +Ita per id vestigium aliae super alias figuntur unctae pice +liquida, et exaggerantur ad id, uti longitudinis octava pars +fiat summa crassitudo. </s> + <s id="N12CEA">supra eas circumdantur et figuntur +tabulae, quae pertegant eam involutionem. </s> + <s id="N12CED">tunc eae +tabulae pice saturantur et lamminis ferreis conligantur, +ut ab aquae vi ne dissolvantur. </s> + <s id="N12CF0">capita tigni ferrea. </s> + <s id="N12CF3">dextra +autem ac sinistra cocleam tigna conlocantur in capitibus +utraque parte habentia transversaria confixa. </s> + <s id="N12CF6">in his foramina ferrea sunt inclusa inque ea inducuntur styli, et ita cocleae hominibus calcantibus faciunt versationes. +</s> + </p> + </subchap2> + <subchap2 id="N12CF9"> + <p id="N12CFA" type="main"> + <s id="N12CFE"> +Erectio autem eius ad inclinationem sic erit conlocanda, uti, quemadmodum Pythagoricum trigonum orthogonium describitur, +sic id habeat responsum, id est uti dividatur longitudo +in partes <emph type="smallcaps"></emph>V<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end>, earum trium extollatur caput cocleae; ita erit +ab perpendiculo ad imas naris spatium earum partium <emph type="smallcaps"></emph>IIII<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end>. +qua ratione autem oporteat id esse, in extremo libro eius +forma descripta est in ipso tempore. + </s> + </p> + <p id="N12D0D" type="main"> + <s id="N12D0F"> +Quae de materia fiunt organa ad hauriendam aquam, +quibus rationibus perficiantur quibusque rebus motus recipientia praestent versationibus infinitas utilitates, ut essent notiora, quam apertissime potui, perscripta sunt in illo +tempore. +</s> + </p> + </subchap2> + </subchap1> + <subchap1 id="N12D12"> + <subchap2 id="N12D13"> + <p id="N12D14" type="main"> + <pb xlink:href="048/01/346.jpg" ed="1567" pagenum="347"></pb> + <s id="N12D16"> +Insequitur nunc de Ctesibica machina, quae in +altitudinem aquam educit, monstrare. </s> + <s id="N12D19">ea fit ex aere. </s> + <s id="N12D1C">cuius +in radicibus modioli fiunt gemelli paulum distantes, habentes fistulas furcillae figura similiter cohaerentes, in +medium catinum concurrentes. </s> + <s id="N12D1F">in quo catino fiunt asses +in superioribus naribus fistularum coagmentatione subtili +conlocati, qui praeobturantes foramina narium non patiuntur <redire>, quod spiritu in catinum est expressum. +</s> + </p> + </subchap2> + <subchap2 id="N12D22"> + <p id="N12D23" type="main"> + <s id="N12D25"> +Supra catinum paenula ut infundibulum inversum est +attemperata et per fibulam cum catino cuneo traiecto +continetur, ne vis inflationis aquae eam cogat elevari. </s> + <s id="N12D28">insuper fistula, quae tuba dicitur, coagmentata in altitudine fit erecta. </s> + <s id="N12D2B">modioli autem habent infra nares inferiores +fistularum asses interpositos supra foramina eorum, quae sunt in fundis. +</s> + </p> + </subchap2> + <subchap2 id="N12D2E"> + <p id="N12D2F" type="main"> + <s id="N12D31"> +Ita de supernis in modiolis emboli masculi +torno politi et oleo subacti conclusique regulis et vectibus +cum molientur qui erit aer ibi cum aqua, assibus obturantibus foramina cogent et trudent inflando pressionibus +per fistularum nares aquam in catinum, e quo recipiens +paenula spiritu exprimit per fistulam in altitudinem, et +ita ex inferiore loco castello conlocato ad saliendum aqua +subministratur. +</s> + </p> + </subchap2> + <subchap2 id="N12D34"> + <p id="N12D35" type="main"> + <s id="N12D39"> +Nec tamen haec sola ratio Ctesibii fertur exquisita, +sed etiam plures et variis generibus ab eo liquore pressionibus coactae spiritus efferre ab natura mutuatos +effectus ostenduntur, uti merularum [quae motu] voces +atque acrobatae bibentiaque et eadem moventia <se> sigilla +ceteraque, quae delectationibus oculorum et aurium usu sensus eblandiantur. +</s> + </p> + </subchap2> + <subchap2 id="N12D3C"> + <p id="N12D3D" type="main"> + <s id="N12D3F"> +E quibus quae maxime utilia et necessaria iudicavi selegi, et in priore volumine de horologiis, +in hoc de expressionibus aquae dicendum putavi. </s> + <s id="N12D42">reliqua, +quae non sunt ad necessitatem sed ad deliciarum voluptatem, qui cupidiores erunt eius subtilitatis, ex ipsius +Ctesibii commentariis poterunt invenire. +</s> + </p> + </subchap2> + </subchap1> + <subchap1 id="N12D45"> + <subchap2 id="N12D46"> + <p id="N12D47" type="main"> + <pb xlink:href="048/01/347.jpg" ed="1567" pagenum="348"></pb> + <pb xlink:href="048/01/348.jpg" ed="1567" pagenum="349"></pb> + <s id="N12D49"> +De hydraulis autem, quas habeant ratiocinationes, quam +brevissime proximeque attingere potero et scriptura consequi, non praetermittam. </s> + <s id="N12D4C">de materia compacta basi, ara +in ea ex aere fabricata conlocatur. </s> + <s id="N12D4F">supra basim eriguntur +regulae dextra ac sinistra scalari forma compactae, quibus includuntur aerei modioli, fundulis ambulatilibus ex +torno subtiliter subactis habentibus fixos in medio ferreos +ancones et verticulis cum vectibus coniunctos, pellibusque +lanatis involutis. </s> + <s id="N12D52">item in summa planitia foramina circiter digitorum ternûm. </s> + <s id="N12D55">quibus foraminibus proxime in +verticulis conlocati aerei delphini pendentia habent catenis cymbala ex ore infra foramina modiolorum calata. +</s> + </p> + </subchap2> + <subchap2 id="N12D58"> + <p id="N12D59" type="main"> + <s id="N12D5B"> +Intra aram, quo loci aqua sustinetur, inest pnigeus uti infundibulum inversum, quem subter taxilli alti circiter digitorum +ternûm suppositi librant spatium imum ima inter labra pnigeos et arae fundum. </s> + <s id="N12D5E">supra autem cerviculam eius coagmentata arcula sustinet caput machinae, qui graece <foreign lang="grc">κανὼν +μουσικός</foreign> appellatur. </s> + <s id="N12D65">in cuius longitudine canales, si tetrachordos est, fiunt quattuor, si hexachordos, sex, si octo chordos, octo. +</s> + </p> + </subchap2> + <subchap2 id="N12D68"> + <p id="N12D69" type="main"> + <s id="N12D6B"> +Singulis autem canalibus singula epitonia +sunt inclusa, manubriis ferreis conligata. </s> + <s id="N12D6E">quae manubria, +cum torquentur, ex arca patefaciunt nares in canales. </s> + <s id="N12D71">ex +canalibus autem canon habet ordinata in transverso foramina respondentia naribus, quae sunt in tabula summa, +quae tabula graece <foreign lang="grc">πίναξ</foreign> dicitur. </s> + <s id="N12D78">inter tabulam et canona regulae sunt interpositae ad eundem modum foratae +et oleo subactae, ut faciliter inpellantur et rursus introrsus +reducantur, quae obturant ea foramina plinthidesque appellantur. </s> + <s id="N12D7B">quarum itus et reditus alias obturat alias aperit terebrationes. +</s> + </p> + </subchap2> + <subchap2 id="N12D7E"> + <p id="N12D7F" type="main"> + <s id="N12D83"> +Haec regulae habent ferrea choragia fixa et +iuncta cum pinnis, quarum pinnarum tactus motiones +efficit regularum continenter. </s> + <s id="N12D86">supra tabulam foramina<que, per> quae ex canalibus habent egressum spiritus, +sunt anuli adglutinati, quibus lingulae omnium includuntur +organorum. </s> + <s id="N12D89">e modiolis autem fistulae sunt continentes +coniunctae pnigeos cervicibus pertinentesque ad nares, +quae sunt in arcula. </s> + <s id="N12D8C">in quibus asses sunt ex torno subacti +et ibi conlocati, <ubi fistulae modiolis sunt coniunctae,> +qui, cum recepit arcula animam, spiritum non patientur obturantes foramina rursus redire. +</s> + </p> + </subchap2> + <subchap2 id="N12D8F"> + <p id="N12D90" type="main"> + <s id="N12D92"> +Ita cum vectes extolluntur, ancones deducunt fundos modiolorum ad imum +delphinique, qui sunt in verticulis inclusi, calantes in eos +cymbala, aere implent spatia modiolorum, atque ancones +extollentes fundos intra modiolos vehementi pulsus crebritate et obturantes foramina cymbalis superiora, aera, +qui est ibi inclusus, pressionibus coactum in fistulas cogunt, +per quas in pnigea concurrit et per eius cervices in +arcam. </s> + <s id="N12D95">motione vero vectium vehementiore spiritus frequens compressus epitoniorum aperturis influit et replet animae canales. +</s> + </p> + </subchap2> + <subchap2 id="N12D98"> + <p id="N12D99" type="main"> + <s id="N12D9B"> +Itaque cum pinnae manibus tactae propellunt et reducunt continen + <pb xlink:href="048/01/349.jpg" ed="1567" pagenum="350"></pb> + ter regulas alternis obturando +foramina alternis aperiundo, e musicis artibus multiplicibus modulorum varietatibus sonantes excitant voces. + </s> + </p> + <p id="N12D9E" type="main"> + <s id="N12DA0"> +Quantum potui niti, ut obscura res per scripturam +dilucide pronuntiaretur, contendi, sed haec non est facilis +ratio neque omnibus expedita ad intellegendum praeter +eos, qui in his generibus habent exercitationem. </s> + <s id="N12DA3">quodsi +qui parum intellexerit ex scriptis, cum ipsam rem cognoscet, profecto inveniet curiose et subtiliter omnia ordinata. +</s> + </p> + </subchap2> + </subchap1> + <subchap1 id="N12DA6"> + <subchap2 id="N12DA7"> + <p id="N12DA8" type="main"> + <pb xlink:href="048/01/350.jpg" ed="1567" pagenum="351"></pb> + <pb xlink:href="048/01/351.jpg" ed="1567" pagenum="352"></pb> + <s id="N12DAA"> +Transfertur nunc cogitatio scripturae ad rationem non +inutilem sed summa sollertia a maioribus traditam, qua +in via raeda sedentes vel mari navigantes scire possimus, +quot milia numero itineris fecerimus. </s> + <s id="N12DAD">hoc autem erit sic. </s> + <s id="N12DB0">rotae, quae erunt in raeda, sint latae per medium diametrum pedum quaternûm [et sextantes], ut, cum finitum +locum habeat in se rota ab eoque incipiat progrediens in +solo viae facere versationem, perveniendo ad eam finitionem, a qua coeperit versari, certum modum spatii habeat peractum pedes <emph type="smallcaps"></emph>XII S<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end>. +</s> + </p> + </subchap2> + <subchap2 id="N12DB9"> + <p id="N12DBA" type="main"> + <s id="N12DBE"> +His ita praeparatis tunc in rotae modiolo ad partem interiorem tympanum stabiliter includatur habens extra frontem suae rotundationis extantem denticulum unum. </s> + <s id="N12DC1">insuper autem ad capsum raedae loculamentum firmiter figatur habens tympanum versatile in +cultro conlocatum et in axiculo conclusum, in cuius tympani fronte denticuli perficiantur aequaliter divisi numero +quadringenti convenientes denticulo tympani inferioris. </s> + <s id="N12DC4">praeterea superiori tympano ad latus figatur alter denticulus prominens extra dentes. +</s> + </p> + </subchap2> + <subchap2 id="N12DC7"> + <p id="N12DC8" type="main"> + <s id="N12DCA"> +Super autem <tympanum> +planum eadem ratione dentatum inclusum in altero loculamento conlocetur, convenientibus dentibus denticulo, qui +in secundi tympani latere fuerit fixus, in eoque tympano +foramina fiant, quantum diurni itineris miliariorum numero +cursus raedae possit exire. </s> + <s id="N12DCD">minus plusve rem nihil inpedit. </s> + <s id="N12DD0">et in his foraminibus omnibus calculi rotundi conlocentur, +inque eius tympani theca, sive id loculamentum est, fiat +foramen unum habens canaliculum, qua calculi, qui in eo +tympano inpositi fuerint, cum ad eum locum venerint, in +raedae capsum et vas aeneum, quod erit suppositum, singuli cadere possint. +</s> + </p> + </subchap2> + <subchap2 id="N12DD3"> + <p id="N12DD4" type="main"> + <s id="N12DD6"> +Ita cum rota progrediens secum agat tympanum imum et denticulum eius singulis versationibus +tympani superioris denticulos inpulsu cogat praeterire, +efficiet, <ut,> cum <emph type="smallcaps"></emph>CCCC<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end> imum versatum fuerit, superius tympanum semel circumagatur et denticulus, qui est ad latus eius fixus, unum denticulum tympani plani producat. </s> + <s id="N12DDF">cum +ergo <emph type="smallcaps"></emph>CCCC<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end> versationibus imi tympani semel superius versabitur, progressus efficiet spatia pedum milia quinque +id est passus mille. </s> + <s id="N12DE8">ex eo quot calculi deciderint, sonando +singula milia exisse monebunt. </s> + <s id="N12DEB">numerus vero calculorum +ex imo collectus summa diurni <itineris> miliariorum +numerum indicabit. +</s> + </p> + </subchap2> + <subchap2 id="N12DEE"> + <p id="N12DEF" type="main"> + <s id="N12DF1"> +Navigationibus vero similiter paucis rebus commutatis +eadem ratione <eadem> efficiuntur. </s> + <s id="N12DF4">namque traicitur per latera parietum axis habens extra navem prominentia capita, +in quae includuntur rotae diametro pedum quaternûm, +extantes habentes circa frontes adfixas pinnas aquam tangentes. </s> + <s id="N12DF7">item medius axis in media navi <habet> tympanum cum uno denticulo extanti extra suam rotunditatem. </s> + <s id="N12DFA">ad eum locum conlocatur loculamentum habens inclusum +in se tympanum, peraequatis dentibus <emph type="smallcaps"></emph>CCCC<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end> convenientibus +denticulo tympani, quod est in axe inclusum, praeterea +ad latus adfixum extantem extra rotunditatem alterum dentem unum. +</s> + </p> + </subchap2> + <subchap2 id="N12E03"> + <p id="N12E04" type="main"> + <s id="N12E06"> +Insuper in altero loculamento cum eo confixo +inclusum tympanum planum ad eundem modum dentatum, +quibus dentibus <convenit> denticulus, qui est ad latus fixus +tympano, quod est in cultro conlocatum, ut eos dentes, +qui sunt plani tympani, singulis versationibus singulos +dens inpellendo in orbem planum tympanum verset. </s> + <s id="N12E09">in +plano autem tympano foramina fiant, in quibus foraminibus conlocabuntur calculi rotundi. </s> + <s id="N12E0C">in theca eius tympani, +sive loculamentum est, unum foramen excavetur habens +canaliculum, qua calculus liberatus ab obstantia cum ceciderit in vas aereum, sonitu significet. +</s> + </p> + </subchap2> + <subchap2 id="N12E0F"> + <p id="N12E10" type="main"> + <s id="N12E14"> +Ita navis cum habuerit impetum aut remorum aut ventorum flatu, pinnae, +quae erunt in rotis, tangentes aquam adversam vehementi +retrorsus inpulsu coactae versabunt rotas; eae autem involvendo se agent axem, axis vero tympanum, cuius dens +circumactus singulis versationibus singulos secundi tympani dentes inpellendo modicas efficiet circumitiones. </s> + <s id="N12E17">ita +cum <emph type="smallcaps"></emph>CCCC<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end> ab pinnis rotae fuerint versatae, semel tympanum circumactum inpellet dente, qui est ad latus fixus, +plani tympani dentem. </s> + <s id="N12E20">igitur circumitio tympani plani +quotienscumque ad foramen perducet calculos, emittet +per canaliculum. </s> + <s id="N12E23">ita et sonitu + <pb xlink:href="048/01/352.jpg" ed="1567" pagenum="353"></pb> + et numero indicabit miliaria +spatia navigationis. + </s> + </p> + <p id="N12E26" type="main"> + <s id="N12E28"> +Quae pacatis et sine metu temporibus ad utilitatem +et delectationem paranda, quemadmodum debeant fieri, peregi [esse futurum]. +</s> + </p> + </subchap2> + </subchap1> + <subchap1 id="N12E2B"> + <subchap2 id="N12E2C"> + <p id="N12E2D" type="main"> + <s id="N12E2F"> +Nunc vero quae ad praesidia periculi et necessitatem salutis sunt inventa, id est scorpionum et ballistarum rationes, quibus symmetriis comparari possint, exponam. + </s> + </p> + <p id="N12E32" type="main"> + <s id="N12E34"> +Omnes proportiones eorum organorum ratiocinandorum +<sumuntur> ex proposita sagittae longitudine, quam id organum mittere debet, eiusque nonae partis fit foraminis in capitulis magnitudo, per quae tenduntur nervi torti, qui bracchia continere debent. +</s> + </p> + </subchap2> + <subchap2 id="N12E37"> + <p id="N12E38" type="main"> + <s id="N12E3A"> +Ipsûm tamen eorum foraminum capituli +<e magnitudine omnis> deformatur altitudo et latitudo. </s> + <s id="N12E3D">tabulae, quae sunt in summo et in imo capituli, peritretoe +quae vocantur, fiant crassitudine unius foraminis, latitudine +unius et eius dodrantis, in extremis foraminis unius et +eius <<emph type="smallcaps"></emph>S<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end>>. parastaticae dextra ac sinistra prae + <pb xlink:href="048/01/353.jpg" ed="1567" pagenum="354"></pb> + ter cardines +altae foraminum <emph type="smallcaps"></emph>IIII<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end>, crassae foraminum† quinum; cardines foraminis dimidia. <a> parastatica ad foramen spatium foraminis<arrow.to.target n="note1"></arrow.to.target>, a foramine ad medianam parastaticam +item foraminis <arrow.to.target n="note2"></arrow.to.target>. latitudo parastados mediae unius foraminis et eius <emph type="smallcaps"></emph><T>K<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end>, crassitudo foraminis unius. +</s> + </p> + <p id="N12E5A" type="foot"> + <s id="N12E5E"><foot.target id="foot.1"></foot.target>a symbol follows foraminis in the text; description: the letter 's' followed by the number '9' with a marcron</s> + </p> + <p id="N12E63" type="foot"> + <s id="N12E65"><foot.target id="foot.2"></foot.target>a symbol follows foraminis in the text; description: the letter 'S' followed by the number '9' with a marcron</s> + </p> + </subchap2> + <subchap2 id="N12E6A"> + <p id="N12E6B" type="main"> + <s id="N12E6D"> +Intervallum, ubi sagitta conlocatur in media parastade, foraminis partis quartae. </s> + <s id="N12E70">anguli quattuor, qui sunt circa, in lateribus +et frontibus lamnis ferreis aut stylis aereis et clavis configantur. </s> + <s id="N12E73">canaliculi, qui graece <foreign lang="grc">σῦριγξ</foreign> dicitur, longitudo +foraminum <emph type="smallcaps"></emph>XVIIII<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end>. regularum, quas nonnulli bucculas appellant, quae dextra ac sinistra canalem figuntur, <longitudo> foraminum <emph type="smallcaps"></emph>XVIIII<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end>, altitudo foraminis unius et crassitudo. </s> + <s id="N12E86">et adfiguntur regulae duae, in quas inditur sucula, +habentes longitudinem foraminum trium, latitudinem dimidium foraminis. </s> + <s id="N12E89">crassitudo bucculae, quae adfigitur +(vocitatur scamillum seu, quemadmodum nonnulli, loculamentum) securiclatis cardinibus fixa, foraminis <emph type="smallcaps"></emph>I<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end>, altitudo +foraminis <emph type="smallcaps"></emph>Sˉ<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end><arrow.to.target n="note3"></arrow.to.target>. suculae longitudo foraminum <emph type="smallcaps"></emph>::<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end><arrow.to.target n="note4"></arrow.to.target>, crassitudo suculae foraminis <emph type="smallcaps"></emph>VIIII<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end>. +</s> + </p> + <p id="N12EAA" type="foot"> + <s id="N12EAC"><foot.target id="foot.3"></foot.target>a symbol follows foraminis in the text; description: the letter 's' followed by a long macron</s> + </p> + <p id="N12EB1" type="foot"> + <s id="N12EB3"><foot.target id="foot.4"></foot.target>a symbol follows foraminum in the text; description: two colons side by side</s> + </p> + </subchap2> + <subchap2 id="N12EB8"> + <p id="N12EB9" type="main"> + <s id="N12EBD"> +Epitoxidos longitudo foraminis <emph type="smallcaps"></emph>Sˉ<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end><arrow.to.target n="note5"></arrow.to.target>, +crassitudo <emph type="smallcaps"></emph>:ˉ<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end><arrow.to.target n="note6"></arrow.to.target>. item chelonii. </s> + <s id="N12ED2">cheles, sive manucla dicitur, +longitudo foraminum trium, latitudo et crassitudo <emph type="smallcaps"></emph>S÷<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end><arrow.to.target n="note7"></arrow.to.target>. +canalis fundi longitudo foraminum <emph type="smallcaps"></emph>XVI<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end>, crassitudo foraminis <arrow.to.target n="note8"></arrow.to.target>, altitudo <emph type="smallcaps"></emph>S÷<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end><arrow.to.target n="note9"></arrow.to.target>. columellae basis in solo foraminum <emph type="smallcaps"></emph>VIII<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end>, +latitudo in plinthide, in qua statuitur columella, foraminis +<arrow.to.target n="note10"></arrow.to.target>, crassitudo <emph type="smallcaps"></emph>FZ<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end>, columellae longitudo ad cardinem foraminum <emph type="smallcaps"></emph>XII<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end>, latitudo foraminis <emph type="smallcaps"></emph>S÷<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end><arrow.to.target n="note11"></arrow.to.target>, crassitudo <arrow.to.target n="note12"></arrow.to.target>. eius +capreoli tres, quorum longitudo foraminum <emph type="smallcaps"></emph>VIIII<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end>, latitudo +dimidium foraminis, crassitudo <emph type="smallcaps"></emph>Z<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end>. cardines longitudinis +foraminis; columellae capitis longitudo <emph type="smallcaps"></emph>ISK<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end>; antefixi latitudo foraminis <arrow.to.target n="note13"></arrow.to.target>, crassitudo <emph type="smallcaps"></emph>I<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end>. +</s> + </p> + <p id="N12F30" type="foot"> + <s id="N12F32"><foot.target id="foot.5"></foot.target>a symbol follows foraminis in the text; description: the letter 'S' followed by a long macron</s> + </p> + <p id="N12F37" type="foot"> + <s id="N12F39"><foot.target id="foot.6"></foot.target>a symbol follows crassitudo in the text; description: the character ':' followed by a long macron</s> + </p> + <p id="N12F3E" type="foot"> + <s id="N12F40"><foot.target id="foot.7"></foot.target>a symbol follows crassitudo in the text; description: the letter 'S' followed by two dots separated by a line</s> + </p> + <p id="N12F45" type="foot"> + <s id="N12F47"><foot.target id="foot.8"></foot.target>a symbol follows foraminis in the text; description: a dotted outline of a circle</s> + </p> + <p id="N12F4C" type="foot"> + <s id="N12F50"><foot.target id="foot.9"></foot.target>a symbol follows altitudo in the text; description: the letter 'S' followed by two dots separated by a line</s> + </p> + <p id="N12F55" type="foot"> + <s id="N12F57"><foot.target id="foot.10"></foot.target>a symbol follows foraminis in the text; description: the letter 'S' followed by a long macron above three dots</s> + </p> + <p id="N12F5C" type="foot"> + <s id="N12F5E"><foot.target id="foot.11"></foot.target>a symbol follows crassitudo in the text; description: the letter 'S' followed by two dots separated by a line</s> + </p> + <p id="N12F63" type="foot"> + <s id="N12F65"><foot.target id="foot.12"></foot.target>a symbol follows crassitudo in the text; description: the letters 'CC' underneath a macron, followed by the number '9'</s> + </p> + <p id="N12F6A" type="foot"> + <s id="N12F6C"><foot.target id="foot.13"></foot.target>a symbol follows foraminis in the text; description: an odd symbol followed by the letter 'S' followed by the number '9' with a marcron</s> + </p> + </subchap2> + <subchap2 id="N12F71"> + <p id="N12F72" type="main"> + <s id="N12F76"> +Posterior minor columna, quae graece dicitur <foreign lang="grc">ἀντίβασις</foreign>, foraminum <emph type="smallcaps"></emph>VIII<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end>, latitudo +foraminis <emph type="smallcaps"></emph>SI<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end>, crassitudinis <emph type="smallcaps"></emph>FZ<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end>. subiectio foraminum <emph type="smallcaps"></emph>XII<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end>, +latitudinis et crassitudinis eiusdem, cuius minor columna +illa. </s> + <s id="N12F95">supra minorem columnam chelonium, sive pulvinus +dicitur, foraminum <emph type="smallcaps"></emph>IIS<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end>, altitudinis <emph type="smallcaps"></emph>IIS<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end>, latitudinis <emph type="smallcaps"></emph>SIˉ<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end> +cherolabae sucularum foraminum <emph type="smallcaps"></emph>II Sˉ<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end>, crassitudo foraminis <arrow.to.target n="note14"></arrow.to.target>, latitudo <emph type="smallcaps"></emph>IS<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end>. transversariis c + + + +um cardinibus longitudo foraminum <arrow.to.target n="note15"></arrow.to.target>, latitudo <emph type="smallcaps"></emph>IS<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end> et crassitudo. </s> + <s id="N12FC4">bracchii longitudo [<emph type="smallcaps"></emph>IS<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end>] foraminum <emph type="smallcaps"></emph>VII<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end>, crassitudo ab radice foraminis +<emph type="smallcaps"></emph>FZ<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end>, in summo foraminis <emph type="smallcaps"></emph><CC>Z<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end>; curvaturae foraminis <emph type="smallcaps"></emph>VIII<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end>. +</s> + </p> + <p id="N12FE5" type="foot"> + <s id="N12FE7"><foot.target id="foot.14"></foot.target>a symbol follows foraminis in the text; description: the letter 'S' followed by 'II' over which is a tilde</s> + </p> + <p id="N12FEC" type="foot"> + <s id="N12FEE"><foot.target id="foot.15"></foot.target>a symbol follows foraminum in the text; description: a dotted outline of a circle</s> + </p> + </subchap2> + <subchap2 id="N12FF3"> + <p id="N12FF4" type="main"> + <s id="N12FF6"> +Haec his proportionibus aut adiectionibus aut detractionibus comparantur. </s> + <s id="N12FF9">nam si capitula altiora, quam erit latitudo, facta fuerint, quae anatona dicuntur, de bracchiis +demetur, ut, quo mollior est tonus propter altitudinem +capituli, bracchii brevitas faciat plagam vehementiorem. +<si> minus altum capitulum fuerit, quod catatonum dicitur, propter vehementiam bracchia paulo longiora constituentur, uti facile ducantur. </s> + <s id="N12FFC">namque quemadmodum +vectis, cum est longitudine pedum quinque, quod onus +<emph type="smallcaps"></emph>IIII<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end> hominibus extollit, id, qui est <emph type="smallcaps"></emph>X<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end>, duobus elevat, eodem +modo bracchia, quo longiora sunt, mollius, quo breviora, +durius ducuntur. +</s> + </p> + </subchap2> + </subchap1> + <subchap1 id="N1300B"> + <subchap2 id="N1300C"> + <p id="N1300D" type="main"> + <pb xlink:href="048/01/354.jpg" ed="1567" pagenum="355"></pb> + <s id="N1300F"> +Catapultarum rationes, e quibus membris ex portionibus componantur, dixi. </s> + <s id="N13012">ballistarum autem rationes variae sunt et differentes unius effectus causa comparatae. </s> + <s id="N13015">aliae enim vectibus suculis, nonnullae polyspastis, aliae +ergatis, quaedam etiam tympanorum torquentur rationibus. </s> + <s id="N13018">sed tamen nulla ballista perficitur nisi ad propositam +magnitudinem ponderis saxi, quod id organum mittere +debet. </s> + <s id="N1301B">igitur de ratione earum non est omnibus expeditum, +nisi qui geometricis rationibus numeros et multiplicationes habent notas. +</s> + </p> + </subchap2> + <subchap2 id="N1301E"> + <p id="N1301F" type="main"> + <s id="N13023"> +Nam quae fiunt in capitibus foramina, per +quorum spatia contenduntur capillo maxime muliebri vel +nervo funes, magnitudine ponderis lapidis, quem debet +ea ballista mittere, ex ratione gravitatis proportiones +sumuntur, quemadmodum catapultis de longitudinibus +sagittarum. </s> + <s id="N13026">itaque ut etiam qui geometricen non noverunt, +habeant expeditum, ne in periculo bellico cogitationibus +detineantur, quae ipse faciundo certa cognovi quaeque ex +parte accepi a praeceptoribus, finita exponam, et quibus +<ponde>ribus Graecorum pensiones ad modulos habeant rationem, ad eam ut etiam nostris ponderibus respondeant, tradam explicata. +</s> + </p> + </subchap2> + <subchap2 id="N13029"> + <p id="N1302A" type="main"> + <s id="N1302C"> +Nam quae ballista duo pondo saxum mittere +debet, foramen + <pb xlink:href="048/01/355.jpg" ed="1567" pagenum="356"></pb> + erit in eius capitulo digitorum <emph type="smallcaps"></emph>V<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end>; si pondo +<emph type="smallcaps"></emph>IIII<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end>, digitorum sex et <gap></gap> digitorum <emph type="smallcaps"></emph>VII<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end>; decem pondo +digitorum <emph type="smallcaps"></emph>VIII<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end>; viginti pondo digitorum <emph type="smallcaps"></emph>X<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end>; <emph type="smallcaps"></emph>XL<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end> pondo +digitorum <emph type="smallcaps"></emph>XII SK<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end>; <emph type="smallcaps"></emph>LX<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end> pondo digitorum <emph type="smallcaps"></emph>XIII<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end> et digiti octava +parte; <emph type="smallcaps"></emph>LXXX<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end> pondo digitorum <emph type="smallcaps"></emph>XV<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end>; <emph type="smallcaps"></emph>CXX<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end> pondo <emph type="smallcaps"></emph>I<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end> pedis et +sesquidigiti; <emph type="smallcaps"></emph>C<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end> et <emph type="smallcaps"></emph>LX<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end> pedis <emph type="smallcaps"></emph>I9<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end>; <emph type="smallcaps"></emph>C<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end> et <emph type="smallcaps"></emph>LXXX<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end> pedis et digitorum +<emph type="smallcaps"></emph>V<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end>; <emph type="smallcaps"></emph>CC<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end> pondo pedis et digitorum <emph type="smallcaps"></emph>VI<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end>; <emph type="smallcaps"></emph>CC<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end> et <emph type="smallcaps"></emph>X<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end><<emph type="smallcaps"></emph>L<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end> pondo> pedis <emph type="smallcaps"></emph>I<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end> et digitorum <emph type="smallcaps"></emph>VII<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end>; <emph type="smallcaps"></emph>CCCLX<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end> <gap></gap> pedis <emph type="smallcaps"></emph>I S<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end>. +</s> + </p> + </subchap2> + <subchap2 id="N130DB"> + <p id="N130DC" type="main"> + <pb xlink:href="048/01/356.jpg" ed="1567" pagenum="357"></pb> + <s id="N130DE"> +Cum ergo foraminis magnitudo fuerit instituta, describatur +scutula, quae graece <foreign lang="grc">περίτρητος</foreign> appellatur, cuius longitudo foraminum †vel, latitudo duo et sextae partis. </s> + <s id="N130E5">dividatur medium lineae descriptae et, cum divisum erit, +contrahantur extremae partes eius formae, ut obliquam +deformationem habeat longitudinis sexta parte, latitudinis, +ubi est versura, quarta parte. </s> + <s id="N130E8">in qua parte autem est +curvatura, in quibus procurrunt cacumina angulorum, eo +foramina convertantur, et contractura latitudinis redeat +introrsus sexta parte, foramen autem oblongius sit tanto, +quantam epizygis habet crassitudinem. </s> + <s id="N130EB">cum deformatum +fuerit, circum levigatur, extremam ut habeat curvaturam molliter circumactam. +</s> + </p> + </subchap2> + <subchap2 id="N130EE"> + <p id="N130EF" type="main"> + <s id="N130F1"> +Crassitudo eius foraminis <arrow.to.target n="note16"></arrow.to.target> constituatur. </s> + <s id="N130F8">modioli foraminum duo, latitudo <emph type="smallcaps"></emph>IS9<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end>, crassitudo praeterquam quod in foramine inditur foraminis <arrow.to.target n="note17"></arrow.to.target>, ad extremum autem latitudo foraminis <arrow.to.target n="note18"></arrow.to.target>. parastatarum longitudo foraminis <emph type="smallcaps"></emph>VSF<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end>; curvatura foraminis pars dimidia; +crassitudo foraminis <arrow.to.target n="note19"></arrow.to.target> et partis <emph type="smallcaps"></emph>LX<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end>. adicitur autem ad +mediam latitudinem, quantum est prope foramen factum +in descriptione, latitudine et crassitudine foraminis <emph type="smallcaps"></emph>V<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end>, altitudo parte <emph type="smallcaps"></emph>IIII<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end>. +</s> + </p> + <p id="N13125" type="foot"> + <s id="N13127"><foot.target id="foot.16"></foot.target>a symbol follows foraminis in the text; description: a macron over the letters SI</s> + </p> + <p id="N1312C" type="foot"> + <s id="N13130"><foot.target id="foot.17"></foot.target>a symbol follows regulae in the text; description: the letter 'S' followed by a gamma</s> + </p> + <p id="N13135" type="foot"> + <s id="N13137"><foot.target id="foot.18"></foot.target>a symbol follows foraminis in the text; description: the letters 'II' underneath a macron, followed by a macron</s> + </p> + <p id="N1313C" type="foot"> + <s id="N1313E"><foot.target id="foot.19"></foot.target>a symbol follows foraminis in the text; description: a macron over the letters CC</s> + </p> + </subchap2> + <subchap2 id="N13143"> + <p id="N13144" type="main"> + <s id="N13146"> +Regulae, quae est in mensa, longitudo foraminum <emph type="smallcaps"></emph>VIII<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end>; latitudo et crassitudo dimidium foraminis. </s> + <s id="N1314F">cardines <arrow.to.target n="note20"></arrow.to.target>, crassitudo foraminis <arrow.to.target n="note21"></arrow.to.target>. curvatura regulae <arrow.to.target n="note22"></arrow.to.target>. exterioris regulae latitudo et crassitudo tantundem; +longitudo, quam dederit ipsa versura deformationis et +parastaticae latitudo ad suam curvaturam <emph type="smallcaps"></emph>K<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end>. superiores +autem regulae aequales erunt inferioribus <emph type="smallcaps"></emph>K<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end>. mensae transversarii foraminis <arrow.to.target n="note23"></arrow.to.target><emph type="smallcaps"></emph>k<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end>. +</s> + </p> + <p id="N13173" type="foot"> + <s id="N13175"><foot.target id="foot.20"></foot.target>a symbol follows cardines in the text; description: a macron over the letters II, followed by a Z</s> + </p> + <p id="N1317A" type="foot"> + <s id="N1317E"><foot.target id="foot.21"></foot.target>a symbol follows foraminis in the text; description: a macron over the letters I99</s> + </p> + <p id="N13183" type="foot"> + <s id="N13185"><foot.target id="foot.22"></foot.target>a symbol follows regulae in the text; description: a gamma, followed by a 'C' witha cedilla, followed by a K</s> + </p> + <p id="N1318A" type="foot"> + <s id="N1318C"><foot.target id="foot.23"></foot.target>a symbol follows foraminis in the text; description: a macron over the letters CCC</s> + </p> + </subchap2> + <subchap2 id="N13191"> + <p id="N13192" type="main"> + <s id="N13194"> +Climacidos scapi longitudo foraminum <emph type="smallcaps"></emph>XIII<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end>, crassitudo <emph type="smallcaps"></emph>IK<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end>, intervallûm mediûm latitudo foraminis et parte quarta, crassitudo pars <emph type="smallcaps"></emph>VIII K<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end>. climacidos superioris pars quae est proxima bracchiis, quae coniuncta est mensae, tota longitudine dividatur in partes +<emph type="smallcaps"></emph>V<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end>. ex his dentur duae partes ei membro, quod Graeci +<foreign lang="grc">χῆλην</foreign> vocant <arrow.to.target n="note24"></arrow.to.target> <arrow.to.target n="note25"></arrow.to.target>, crassitudo <emph type="smallcaps"></emph>9<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end>, longitudo foraminum <emph type="smallcaps"></emph>III<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end> et semis <emph type="smallcaps"></emph>K<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end>; extantia cheles foraminis <emph type="smallcaps"></emph>S<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end>; †plentigomatos foraminis <arrow.to.target n="note26"></arrow.to.target> et sicilicus. </s> + <s id="N131D7">quod autem est ad axona, +quod appellatur frons transversarius, foraminum trium. +</s> + </p> + <p id="N131DA" type="foot"> + <s id="N131DC"><foot.target id="foot.24"></foot.target>a symbol follows vocant in the text; description: a dotted outline of a circle></s> + </p> + <p id="N131E1" type="foot"> + <s id="N131E5"><foot.target id="foot.25"></foot.target>a symbol follows regulae in the text; description: a gamma</s> + </p> + <p id="N131EA" type="foot"> + <s id="N131EC"><foot.target id="foot.26"></foot.target>a symbol follows foraminis in the text; description: a macron over the letters</s> + </p> + </subchap2> + <subchap2 id="N131F1"> + <p id="N131F2" type="main"> + <s id="N131F4"> +Interiorum regularum latitudo foraminis <arrow.to.target n="note27"></arrow.to.target>, crassitudo <arrow.to.target n="note28"></arrow.to.target>chelonii replum, quod est operimentum, securiculae +includitur <emph type="smallcaps"></emph>K<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end>. scaporum climacidos latitudo <arrow.to.target n="note29"></arrow.to.target>, crassitudo foraminis <emph type="smallcaps"></emph>XII K<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end>. crassitudo quadrati, quod est ad climacida, foraminis <emph type="smallcaps"></emph>FC<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end>, in extremis <emph type="smallcaps"></emph>K<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end>, rotundi autem +axis diametros aequaliter erit cheles, ad claviculas autem minus parte sexta decuma <emph type="smallcaps"></emph>K<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end>. +</s> + </p> + <p id="N13221" type="foot"> + <s id="N13223"><foot.target id="foot.27"></foot.target>a symbol follows foraminis in the text; description: a macron over the letter gamma</s> + </p> + <p id="N13228" type="foot"> + <s id="N1322A"><foot.target id="foot.28"></foot.target>a symbol follows crassitudo in the text; description: a Chi followed by a kappa</s> + </p> + <p id="N1322F" type="foot"> + <s id="N13233"><foot.target id="foot.29"></foot.target>a symbol follows latitudo in the text; description: a double tilde followed by a 'C' with a cedilla</s> + </p> + </subchap2> + <subchap2 id="N13238"> + <p id="N13239" type="main"> + <s id="N1323B"> +Anteridon longitudo foraminum †eius, latitudo in imo foraminis <arrow.to.target n="note30"></arrow.to.target>, in summo crassitudo <arrow.to.target n="note31"></arrow.to.target>. basis, quae appellatur <foreign lang="grc">ἐσχάρα</foreign>, longitudo foraminum <emph type="smallcaps"></emph>::::<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end>, antibasis foraminum <emph type="smallcaps"></emph>IIII<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end>, utriusque crassitudo et latitudo foraminis <arrow.to.target n="note32"></arrow.to.target>. compingitur autem dimidia altitudinis <emph type="smallcaps"></emph>K<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end>. columna, latitudo et crassitudo <emph type="smallcaps"></emph>IS<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end>. altitudo autem non habet foraminis proportionem, sed erit quod opus erit ad usum. </s> + <s id="N13266">bracchii longitudo foraminum <emph type="smallcaps"></emph>VI<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end>, crassitudo in radice foraminis, in extremis <emph type="smallcaps"></emph>F<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end>. + </s> + </p> + <p id="N13275" type="foot"> + <s id="N13277"><foot.target id="foot.30"></foot.target>a symbol follows foraminis in the text; description: a macron over the letter gamma</s> + </p> + <p id="N1327C" type="foot"> + <s id="N1327E"><foot.target id="foot.31"></foot.target>a symbol follows regulae in the text; description: a gamma, followed by followed by a K</s> + </p> + <p id="N13283" type="foot"> + <s id="N13285"><foot.target id="foot.32"></foot.target>a symbol follows foraminis in the text; description: three dots above the three dot outline of a triangle</s> + </p> + <p id="N1328A" type="main"> + <s id="N1328E"> +De ballistis et catapultis symmetrias, quas maxime expeditas putavi, exposui. </s> + <s id="N13291">quemadmodum autem contentionibus eae temperentur e nervo capilloque tortis rudentibus, quantum comprehendere scriptis potuero, non praetermittam. +</s> + </p> + </subchap2> + </subchap1> + <subchap1 id="N13294"> + <subchap2 id="N13295"> + <p id="N13296" type="main"> + <pb xlink:href="048/01/357.jpg" ed="1567" pagenum="358"></pb> + <s id="N13298"> +Sumuntur tigna amplissima longitudine; supra +figuntur chelonia, in quibus includuntur suculae. </s> + <s id="N1329B">per media +autem spatia tignorum insecantur <et> exciduntur formae, +in quibus excisionibus includuntur capitula catapultarum, +cuneisque distinentur, ne in contentionibus moveantur. </s> + <s id="N1329E">tum vero modioli aerei in ea capitula includuntur et in +eos cuneoli ferrei, quas <foreign lang="grc">ἐπιζυγίδας</foreign> Graeci vocant, conlo +cantur. +</s> + </p> + </subchap2> + <subchap2 id="N132A5"> + <p id="N132A6" type="main"> + <s id="N132A8"> +deinde ansae rudentum induntur per foramina +capitulorum, in alteram partem traiciuntur, deinde in suculas coiciuntur <et> involvuntur, uti vectibus per eas +ext<enti> rudentes, cum manibus sunt tacti, aequalem +utrique sonitus habeant responsum. </s> + <s id="N132AB">tunc autem cuneis +ad foramina concluduntur, ut non possint se remittere. </s> + <s id="N132AE">ita traiecti in alteram partem eadem ratione vectibus per +suculas extenduntur, donec aequaliter sonent. </s> + <s id="N132B1">ita cuneorum conclusionibus ad sonitum musicis auditionibus catapultae temperantur. + </s> + </p> + <p id="N132B4" type="main"> + <s id="N132B6"> +De his rebus quae potui dixi. </s> + <s id="N132B9">restat mihi de oppugnatoriis rebus, quemadmodum machinationibus et duces victores et civitates defensae esse possint. +</s> + </p> + </subchap2> + </subchap1> + <subchap1 id="N132BC"> + <subchap2 id="N132BD"> + <p id="N132BE" type="main"> + <s id="N132C0"> +Primum ad oppugnationes aries sic inventus memoratur esse. </s> + <s id="N132C3">Carthaginienses ad Gadis oppugnandas castra posuerunt. </s> + <s id="N132C6">cum +autem castellum ante cepissent, id demoliri sunt conati. </s> + <s id="N132C9">posteaquam non habuerunt ad demolitionem ferramenta, +sumpserunt tignum idque manibus sustinentes capiteque +eius summum murum continenter pulsantes summos lapidum ordines deiciebant, et ita gradatim ex ordine totam communitionem dissipaverunt. +</s> + </p> + </subchap2> + <subchap2 id="N132CC"> + <p id="N132CD" type="main"> + <s id="N132D1"> +Postea quidam faber Tyrius nomine Pephrasmenos hac ratione et inventione inductus +malo statuto ex eo alterum transversum uti trutinam +suspendit et reducendo et inpellendo vementibus plagis +deiecit Gaditanorum murum. </s> + <s id="N132D4">Geras autem Chalcedonius +de materia primum basim subiectis rotis fecit supraque +compegit arrectariis et iugis varas et in his suspendit +arietem coriisque bubulis texit, uti tutiores essent, qui +in ea machinatione ad pulsandum murum essent conlocati. </s> + <s id="N132D7">is autem, quod tardos conatus habuerat, testudinem arietariam appellare coepit. +</s> + </p> + </subchap2> + <subchap2 id="N132DA"> + <p id="N132DB" type="main"> + <s id="N132DD"> +His tunc primis gradibus positis ad id genus machinationis, postea cum Philippus, +Amyntae filius, Byzantios oppugnaret, Polyidos Thettalos +pluribus generibus et facilioribus explicavit, a quo receperunt doctrinam Diades et Charias, qui cum Alexandro +militaverunt. + </s> + </p> + <p id="N132E0" type="main"> + <s id="N132E2"> +Itaque Diades scriptis suis ostendit se invenisse turres +ambulatorias, quas etiam dissolutas in exercitu circumferre solebat, praeterea terebram et ascendentem machinam, +qua ad murum plano pede transitus esse posset, etiam corvum demolitorem, quem nonnulli gruem appellant. +</s> + </p> + </subchap2> + <subchap2 id="N132E5"> + <p id="N132E6" type="main"> + <s id="N132E8"> +Non minus utebatur ariete subrotato, cuius rationes scriptas +reliquit. </s> + <s id="N132EB">turrem autem minimam ait oportere fieri ne +minus altam cubitorum <emph type="smallcaps"></emph>LX<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end>, latitudinem <emph type="smallcaps"></emph>XVII<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end>, contracturam +autem summam imae partis quintam, arrectaria turris in +imo dodrantalia, in summo semipedalia. </s> + <s id="N132FA">fieri autem ait +oportere eam turrem tabulatorum decem, singulis partibus in ea fenestratis. +</s> + </p> + </subchap2> + <subchap2 id="N132FD"> + <p id="N132FE" type="main"> + <s id="N13300"> +Maiorem vero turrem altam cubitorum <emph type="smallcaps"></emph>CXX<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end>, latam cubitorum <emph type="smallcaps"></emph>XXIII<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end> <<emph type="smallcaps"></emph>S<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end>>, contracturam item quinta parte, arrectaria pedalia in imo, in summo sedigitalia. </s> + <s id="N13315">hanc magnitudinem turris faciebat tabulatorum <emph type="smallcaps"></emph>XX<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end>, cum +haberent singula tabulata circumitionem cubitorum ternûm. </s> + <s id="N1331E">tegebat autem coriis crudis, ut ab omni plaga essent tutae. +</s> + </p> + </subchap2> + <subchap2 id="N13321"> + <p id="N13322" type="main"> + <s id="N13326"> +Testudinis arietariae comparatio eadem ratione +perficiebatur. </s> + <s id="N13329">habuerat autem intervallum cubitorum <emph type="smallcaps"></emph>XXX<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end>, +altitudinem praeter fastigium <emph type="smallcaps"></emph>XIII S<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end>, fastigii autem altitudo +ab strato ad summum cubita <emph type="smallcaps"></emph>XVI<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end>. exibat autem in altum +et supra medium tectum fastigium non minus cubita duo, +et supra extollebatur turricula <emph type="smallcaps"></emph>III<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end> tabulatorum, inque +tabulato summo statuebantur scorpiones et catapultae, inferioribus congerebatur aquae magna multitudo ad extinguendum, si qua vis ignis inmitteretur. </s> + <s id="N13344">constituebatur +autem in ea arietaria machina, quae graece dicitur <foreign lang="grc">κριοδόκις</foreign>, in qua conlocabatur torus perfectus in torno, in +quo insuper constitutus aries rudentium ductionibus et +reductionibus efficiebat magnos operis effectus. </s> + <s id="N1334B">tegebatur autem is coriis crudis quemadmodum turris. +</s> + </p> + </subchap2> + <subchap2 id="N1334E"> + <p id="N1334F" type="main"> + <s id="N13351"> +De terebra has explicuit scriptis rationes. </s> + <s id="N13354">ipsam machinam uti testudinem in medio habentem conlocatum in orthostatis canalem, quemadmodum in catapultis aut ballistis fieri solet, +longitudine cubitorum <emph type="smallcaps"></emph>L<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end>, altitudine cubiti, in quo constituebatur transversa sucula. </s> + <s id="N1335D">in capite autem dextra ac +sinistra trocleae duae, per quas movebatur quod inerat +in eo canali capite ferrato tignum. </s> + <s id="N13360">sub eo autem in ipso +canali inclusi tori crebriter celeriores et vehementiores efficiebant eius motus. </s> + <s id="N13363">supra autem tignum, quod inibi erat, +arcus tegebantur ad canalem crebriter, uti sustinerent corium crudum, quo ea machina erat involuta. +</s> + </p> + </subchap2> + <subchap2 id="N13366"> + <p id="N13367" type="main"> + <s id="N13369"> +De corace nihil putavi scribendum, quod animadverterest eam ma + <pb xlink:href="048/01/358.jpg" ed="1567" pagenum="359"></pb> + chinam +nullam habere virtutem. </s> + <s id="N1336C">de accessu, quae <foreign lang="grc">ἐπιβάθρα</foreign> graece +dicitur, et de marinis machinationibus, †quae per navium +aditus habere posse scripsit, tantum pollicitum esse vehementer animadverti neque rationes eorum eum explicavisse. + </s> + </p> + <p id="N13373" type="main"> + <s id="N13375"> +Quae sunt ab Diade de machinis scripta, quibus sint +comparationibus, exposui. </s> + <s id="N13378">nunc quemadmodum a praeceptoribus accepi et utilia mihi videntur, exponam. +</s> + </p> + </subchap2> + </subchap1> + <subchap1 id="N1337B"> + <subchap2 id="N1337C"> + <p id="N1337D" type="main"> + <pb xlink:href="048/01/359.jpg" ed="1567" pagenum="360"></pb> + <s id="N1337F"> +Testudo, quae ad congestionem fossarum paratur (eaque +etiam accessus ad murum potest habere), sic erit facienda. </s> + <s id="N13382">basis compingatur, quae graece <foreign lang="grc">ἐσχάρα</foreign> dicitur, quadrata +habens quoqueversus latera singula pedum <emph type="smallcaps"></emph>XXI<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end> et transversaria <emph type="smallcaps"></emph>IIII<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end>. haec autem contineantur ab alteris duobus crassis <emph type="smallcaps"></emph>FS<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end>, latis <emph type="smallcaps"></emph>S<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end>; distent autem transversaria inter se +circiter pedes <emph type="smallcaps"></emph>III S<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end>. supponanturque in singulis intervallis +eorum arbusculae, quae graece <foreign lang="grc">ἁμαξόποδες</foreign> dicuntur, in +quibus versantur rotarum axes conclusi lamnis ferreis. </s> + <s id="N133AB">eaeque arbusculae ita sint temperatae, ut habeant cardines et foramina, quo vectes traiecti versationes earum +expediant, uti ante et post et ad dextrum seu sinistrum +latus, sive oblique ad angulos opus fuerit, ad id per arbusculas versatis progredi possint. +</s> + </p> + </subchap2> + <subchap2 id="N133AE"> + <p id="N133AF" type="main"> + <s id="N133B3"> +Conlocentur autem insuper basim tigna duo in utramque partem proiecta +pedes senos, quorum circa proiecturas figantur altera proiecta duo tigna ante frontes pedes <emph type="smallcaps"></emph>XII<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end>, crassa et lata uti +in basi sunt scripta. </s> + <s id="N133BC">insuper hanc compactionem erigantur +postes compactiles praeter cardines pedum <emph type="smallcaps"></emph>VIIII<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end>, crassitudine quoquoversus palmopedales, intervalla habentes inter se sesquipedis. </s> + <s id="N133C5">ea concludantur superne intercardinatis +trabibus. </s> + <s id="N133C8">supra trabes conlocentur capreoli cardinibus +alius in alium conclusi, in altitudine excitati pedes <emph type="smallcaps"></emph>XII<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end>. +supra capreolos conlocetur quadratum tignum, quo capreoli coniungantur. +</s> + </p> + </subchap2> + <subchap2 id="N133D1"> + <p id="N133D2" type="main"> + <s id="N133D4"> +Ipsi autem laterariis circa fixis contineantur teganturque tabulis maxime palmeis, si non, ex cetera materia, quae maxime habere potest virtutem, praeter pinum aut alnum; haec enim sunt fragilia et faciliter recipiunt ignem. </s> + <s id="N133D7">circum tabulata conlocentur crates ex tenuibus virgis creberrime textae maximeque recentibus. </s> + <s id="N133DA">percrudis coriis duplicibus consutis, fartis alga aut paleis in aceto maceratis, circa tegatur machina tota. </s> + <s id="N133DD">ita ab his reicientur plagae ballistarum et impetus incendiorum. +</s> + </p> + </subchap2> + </subchap1> + <subchap1 id="N133E0"> + <subchap2 id="N133E1"> + <p id="N133E2" type="main"> + <s id="N133E4"> +Est autem et aliud genus testudinis, quod reliqua omnia +habet, quemadmodum quae supra scripta sunt, praeter +capreolos, sed habet circa pluteum et pinnas ex tabulis +et superne subgrundas proclinatas, supraque tabulis et +coriis firmiter fixis continentur. </s> + <s id="N133E7">insuper vero argilla cum +capillo subacta ad eam crassitudinem inducatur, ut ignis +omnino non possit ei machinae nocere. </s> + <s id="N133EA">possunt autem, si +opus fuerit, eae machinae ex <emph type="smallcaps"></emph>VIII<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end> rotis esse, si ad loci +naturam ita opus fuerit temperare. </s> + <s id="N133F3">quae autem testudines +ad fodiendum comparantur (<foreign lang="grc">ὀρυκτίδες</foreign> graece dicuntur), +cetera omnia habent, uti supra scriptum est, frontes vero +earum fiunt quemadmodum anguli trigoniorum, uti a muro +tela cum in eas mittantur, non planis frontibus excipiant +plagas sed ab lateribus labentes, sine periculoque fodientes, +qui intus sunt, tueantur. +</s> + </p> + </subchap2> + <subchap2 id="N133FA"> + <p id="N133FB" type="main"> + <s id="N133FD"> +Non mihi etiam videtur esse alienum de testudine, +quam Hegetor Byzantius fecit, quibus rationibus sit facta, +exponere. </s> + <s id="N13400">fuerat enim eius baseos longitudo pedum <emph type="smallcaps"></emph>LXIII<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end>, +latitudo <emph type="smallcaps"></emph>XLII<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end>. arrectaria, quae supra compactionem erant +quattuor conlocata, ex binis tignis fuerant compacta, in +altitudinibus singula pedum <emph type="smallcaps"></emph>XXXVI<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end>, crassitudine palmopedali, latitudine sesquipedali. </s> + <s id="N13415">basis eius habuerat rotas +<emph type="smallcaps"></emph>VIII<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end>, quibus agebatur. </s> + <s id="N1341E">fuerat autem earum altitudo pedum +<emph type="smallcaps"></emph>VI S÷<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end>, crassitudo pedum <emph type="smallcaps"></emph>iii<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end>, ita fabricata triplici materia: +alternis se contra subscudibus inter se coagmentatae lamnisque ferreis ex frigido ductis alligatae, +</s> + </p> + </subchap2> + <subchap2 id="N1342D"> + <p id="N1342E" type="main"> + <s id="N13430"> +Eae in arbusculis, sive amaxo + <pb xlink:href="048/01/360.jpg" ed="1567" pagenum="361"></pb> + podes dicuntur, habuerant versationes. </s> + <s id="N13433">ita supra transtrorum planitiem, quae supra basim fuerat, +postes erant erecti pedes <emph type="smallcaps"></emph>XVIII<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end><arrow.to.target n="note33"></arrow.to.target>, latitudine <emph type="smallcaps"></emph>S÷<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end>, crassitudine <emph type="smallcaps"></emph>FZ<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end>, distantes inter se <emph type="smallcaps"></emph>IS÷<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end>. supra eos trabes circumclusae continebant totam compactionem latae pede <emph type="smallcaps"></emph>I<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end><arrow.to.target n="note34"></arrow.to.target>, crassae <emph type="smallcaps"></emph>S÷<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end>. supra eam capreoli extollebantur altitudine pedum <emph type="smallcaps"></emph>XII<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end>; supra capreolos tignum conlocatum coniungebat capreolorum compactiones. </s> + <s id="N13466">item fixa habuerant lateraria in transverso, quibus insuper contabulatio circumdata contegebat inferiora. +</s> + </p> + <p id="N13469" type="foot"> + <s id="N1346D"><foot.target id="foot.33"></foot.target>a symbol follows XVIII in the text; description: a macron with tow dots above and two dots below</s> + </p> + <p id="N13472" type="foot"> + <s id="N13474"><foot.target id="foot.34"></foot.target>a symbol follows I in the text; description: a tilde with two dots above and two dots below over</s> + </p> + </subchap2> + <subchap2 id="N13479"> + <p id="N1347A" type="main"> + <s id="N1347C"> +Habuerat autem mediam contabulationem supra trabiculas, ubi scorpiones et catapultae conlocabantur. </s> + <s id="N1347F">erigebantur et arrectaria duo compacta pedum <emph type="smallcaps"></emph>XXXXV<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end>, crassitudine sesquipedali, latitudine <foreign lang="grc">ΡΙΙ</foreign>, coniuncta +capitibus transversario cardinato tigno et altero mediano +inter duos scapos cardinato et lamnis ferreis religato. </s> + <s id="N1348C">quo insuper conlocata erat alternis materies inter scapos +et transversarium traiecta e cheloniis et anconibus firmiter +inclusa. </s> + <s id="N1348F">in ea materia fuerunt ex torno facti axiculi duo, e quibus funes alligati retinebant arietem. +</s> + </p> + </subchap2> + <subchap2 id="N13492"> + <p id="N13493" type="main"> + <s id="N13495"> +Supra caput eorum, qui continebant arietem, conlocatum erat pluteum +turriculae similitudine ornatum, uti sine periculo duo +milites tuto stantes prospicere possent et renuntiare, quas +res adversarii conarentur. </s> + <s id="N13498">aries autem eius habuerat longitudinem pedum <emph type="smallcaps"></emph>CLXXX<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end>, latitudine in imo palmopedali, +crassitudine <bi>pedali, contracto capite in latitudine †pes, crassitudine <emph type="smallcaps"></emph>S<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end><arrow.to.target n="note35"></arrow.to.target>. +</s> + </p> + <p id="N134AA" type="foot"> + <s id="N134AC"><foot.target id="foot.35"></foot.target>a symbol follows S in the text; description: a tilde with one dot below</s> + </p> + </subchap2> + <subchap2 id="N134B1"> + <p id="N134B2" type="main"> + <s id="N134B6"> +Is autem aries habuerat de ferro duro rostrum, ita uti naves longae solent habere, et ex ipso rostro lamminae ferreae <emph type="smallcaps"></emph>IIII<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end> circiter pedum <emph type="smallcaps"></emph>XV<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end> fixae fuerant in materia. </s> + <s id="N134C5">a capite autem ad imam calcem tigni contenti fuerunt funes <emph type="smallcaps"></emph>III<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end> crassitudine digitorum <emph type="smallcaps"></emph>VIII<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end>, ita religati, quemadmodum naves a puppi ad proram continentur, eique funes praecinctura e transversis erant religati habentes inter se palmipedalia spatia. </s> + <s id="N134D4">insuper coriis crudis totus aries erat involutus. </s> + <s id="N134D7">ex quibus autem funibus pendebat, eorum capita fuerunt ex ferro factae quadruplices catenae, et ipsae coriis crudis erant involutae. +</s> + </p> + </subchap2> + <subchap2 id="N134DA"> + <p id="N134DB" type="main"> + <s id="N134DD"> +Item habuerat proiectura eius ex tabulis arcam compactam et confixam, in qua <gap></gap> rudentibus maioribus extentis, per quarum asperitates non labentibus pedibus faciliter ad murum perveniebatur. </s> + <s id="N134E2">atque ea machina sex modis movebatur: progressu, <regressu,> item latere dextra et sinistra, porrectiones non minus in altitudinem extollebantur et in imum inclinatione demittebantur. </s> + <s id="N134E5">erigebatur autem machina in altitudinem ad disiciendum murum circiter pedes <emph type="smallcaps"></emph>C<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end>, item a latere dextra ac sinistra procurrendo praestringebat +non minus pedes <emph type="smallcaps"></emph>C<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end>. gubernabant eam homines <emph type="smallcaps"></emph>C<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end> habentem pondus talentûm quattuor milium, quod fit <emph type="smallcaps"></emph>CCCC<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end><arrow.to.target n="note36"></arrow.to.target>; +pondo. +</s> + </p> + <p id="N13503" type="foot"> + <s id="N13505"><foot.target id="foot.36"></foot.target>a symbol follows CCCC in the text; description: LXXX with a macro above</s> + </p> + </subchap2> + </subchap1> + <subchap1 id="N1350A"> + <subchap2 id="N1350B"> + <p id="N1350C" type="main"> + <pb xlink:href="048/01/361.jpg" ed="1567" pagenum="362"></pb> + <s id="N1350E"> +De scorpionibus et catapultis et ballistis etiamque testudinibus et turribus, quae maxime mihi videbantur idonea et a quibus essent inventa et quemadmodum fieri deberent, explicui. </s> + <s id="N13511">scalarum autem et carchesiorum et eorum, quorum rationes sunt inbecilliores, non necesse habui scribere. </s> + <s id="N13514">haec etiam milites per se solent facere. </s> + <s id="N13517">neque ea ipsa omnibus locis neque eisdem rationibus possunt utilia esse, quod differentes sunt munitiones munitionibus nationumque fortitudines. </s> + <s id="N1351A">namque alia ratione ad audaces et temerarios, alia ad diligentes, aliter ad timidos machinationes debent comparari. +</s> + </p> + </subchap2> + <subchap2 id="N1351D"> + <p id="N1351E" type="main"> + <s id="N13520"> +Itaque his praescriptionibus si qui attendere voluerit <et> ex varietate eorum eligendo +in unam comparationem conferre, non indigebit auxiliis, +sed quascumque res ex rationibus aut locis opus fuerit, +sine dubitatione poterit explicare. </s> + <s id="N13523">de repugnatoriis vero +non est scriptis explicandum. </s> + <s id="N13526">non enim ad nostra scripta +hostes comparant res oppugnatorias, sed machinationes +eorum ex tempore sollerti consiliorum celeritate sine machinis saepius evertuntur. </s> + <s id="N13529">quod etiam Rhodiensibus memoratur usu venisse. +</s> + </p> + </subchap2> + <subchap2 id="N1352C"> + <p id="N1352D" type="main"> + <s id="N13531"> +Diognetus enim fuerat Rhodius architectus, et ei de publico quotannis certa merces pro artis +dignitate tribuebatur ad honorem. </s> + <s id="N13534">eo tempore quidam +architectus ab Arado nomine Callias Rhodum cum venisset, +acroasin fecit exemplarque protulit muri et supra id machinam in carchesio versatili constituit, quae helepolim +ad moenia accedentem corripuit et transtulit intra murum. </s> + <s id="N13537">hoc exemplar Rhodii cum vidissent, admirati ademerunt +Diogneto, quod fuerat quotannis constitutum, et eum honorem ad Calliam transtulerunt. +</s> + </p> + </subchap2> + <subchap2 id="N1353A"> + <p id="N1353B" type="main"> + <s id="N1353D"> +Interea rex Demetrius, qui propter animi pertinaciam Poliorcetes est appellatus, contra Rhodum bellum comparando Epimachum +Atheniensem nobilem architectum secum adduxit. </s> + <s id="N13540">is autem +comparavit helepolim sumptibus inmanibus industria laboreque summo, cuius altitudo fuerat pedum <emph type="smallcaps"></emph>CXXXV<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end>, latitudo +pedum <emph type="smallcaps"></emph>LX<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end>. ita eam ciliciis et coriis crudis confirmavit, ut +posset pati plagam lapidis ballista inmissi pondo <emph type="smallcaps"></emph>CCCLX<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end>; +ipsa autem machina fuerat milia pondo <emph type="smallcaps"></emph>CCCLX<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end>. cum autem +Callias rogaretur ab Rhodiis, contra eam helepolim machinam pararet, ut illam, uti pollicitus erat, transferret intra murum, negavit posse. +</s> + </p> + </subchap2> + <subchap2 id="N1355B"> + <p id="N1355C" type="main"> + <s id="N1355E"> +Non enim omnia eisdem rationibus agi possunt, sed sunt alia, quae exemplaribus +non magnis similiter magna facta habent effectus; alia +autem exemplaria non possunt habere, sed per se constituuntur; nonnulla vero sunt, quae in exemplaribus videntur veri similia, cum autem crescere coeperunt, dilabantur. </s> + <s id="N13561">ut etiam possumus sic animum advertere. </s> + <s id="N13564">terebratur +terebra foramen semidigitale, digitale, sesquidigitale. </s> + <s id="N13567">si +eadem ratione voluerimus palmare facere, non habet explicationem, semipedale autem <aut> maius ne cogitandum quidem videtur omnino. +</s> + </p> + </subchap2> + <subchap2 id="N1356A"> + <p id="N1356B" type="main"> + <s id="N1356D"> +Sic item in nonnullis exemplaribus +videntur, quae admodum in minimis fieri videntur, absque +eodem modo in maioribus. </s> + <s id="N13570">ideo eodem modo Rhodii ea +de ratione decepti iniuriam cum contumelia Diogneto +fecerunt. </s> + <s id="N13573">itaque posteaquam viderunt hostem pertinaciter +infestum, machinationem ad capiendam urbem comparatam, +periculum servitutis, vastitatem civitatis expectandam, procubuerunt Diogneto rogantes, ut auxiliaretur patriae. +</s> + </p> + </subchap2> + <subchap2 id="N13576"> + <p id="N13577" type="main"> + <s id="N13579"> +Is primo negavit se facturum. </s> + <s id="N1357C">posteaquam ingenuae virgines +et ephebi cum + <pb xlink:href="048/01/362.jpg" ed="1567" pagenum="363"></pb> + sacerdotibus venerunt ad deprecandum, +tunc est pollicitus his legibus, uti, si eam machinam cepisset, sua esset. </s> + <s id="N1357F">his ita constitutis, qua machina accessura +erat, ea regione murum pertudit et iussit omnes publice +et privatim quod quisque habuisset aquae, stercoris, luti +per eam fenestram per canales progredientes effundere +ante murum. </s> + <s id="N13582">cum ibi magna vis aquae, luti, stercoris +nocte profusa fuisset, postero die helepolis accedens, antequam adpropinquaret ad murum, in umido voragine facta +consedit nec progredi nec egredi postea potuit. </s> + <s id="N13585">itaque +Demetrius, cum vidisset sapientia Diogneti se deceptum esse, cum classe sua discessit. +</s> + </p> + </subchap2> + <subchap2 id="N13588"> + <p id="N13589" type="main"> + <s id="N1358D"> +Tunc Rhodii Diogneti sollertia liberati bello publice gratias egerunt honoribusque +omnibus eum et ornamentis exornaverunt. </s> + <s id="N13590">Diognetus eam +helepolim reduxit in urbem et in publico conlocavit et +inscripsit 'Diognetus e manubiis id populo dedit munus'. +ita in repugnatoriis rebus non tantum machinae, sed etiam +maxime consilia sunt comparanda. +</s> + </p> + </subchap2> + <subchap2 id="N13593"> + <p id="N13594" type="main"> + <s id="N13596"> +Non minus Chio cum supra naves sambucarum machinas hostes comparavissent, noctu Chii terram, harenam, +lapides progesserunt in mare ante murum. </s> + <s id="N13599">ita illi postero +die cum accedere voluissent, naves supra aggerationem, +quae fuerat sub aqua, sederunt nec ad murum accedere +nec retrorsus se recipere potuerunt, sed ibi malleolis confixae incendio sunt conflagratae. </s> + <s id="N1359C">Apollonia quoque cum +circumsederetur et specus hostes fodiendo cogitarent sine +suspicione intra moenia penetrare, id autem a speculatoribus esset Apolloniatibus renuntiatum, perturbati nuntio +propter timorem consiliis indigentes animis deficiebant, +quod neque tempus neque certum locum scire poterant, quo emersum facturi fuissent hostes. +</s> + </p> + </subchap2> + <subchap2 id="N1359F"> + <p id="N135A0" type="main"> + <s id="N135A2"> +Tum vero Trypho Alexandrinus ibi fuerat architectus. <is> intra murum plures specus designavit et fodiendo terram progrediebatur +extra murum dumtaxat extra sagittae missionem et in +omnibus vasa aenea suspendit. </s> + <s id="N135A5">ex his in una fossura, quae +contra hostium specus fuerat, vasa pendentia ad plagas +ferramentorum sonare coeperunt. </s> + <s id="N135A8">ita ex eo intellectum +est, qua regione adversarii specus agentes intra penetrare +cogitabant. </s> + <s id="N135AB">sic lineatione cognita temperavit aenea aquae +ferventis et picis de superne contra capita hostium et +stercoris humani et harenae coctae candentis. </s> + <s id="N135AE">dein noctu +pertudit crebra foramina et per ea repente perfundendo qui in eo opere fuerunt hostes omnes necavit. +</s> + </p> + </subchap2> + <subchap2 id="N135B1"> + <p id="N135B2" type="main"> + <s id="N135B4"> +Item Massilia cum oppugnaretur et numero supra <emph type="smallcaps"></emph>XXX<emph.end type="italics"></emph.end> specus +tum agerent, Massilitani suspicati totam quae fuerat ante +murum fossam altiore fossura depresserunt. </s> + <s id="N135BD">ita specus +omnes exitus in fossam habuerunt. </s> + <s id="N135C0">quibus autem locis +fossa non potuerat fieri, intra murum barathrum amplissima +longitudine et amplitudine uti piscinam fecerunt contra +eum locum, qua specus agebantur, eamque e puteis et e +portu impleverunt. </s> + <s id="N135C3">itaque cum specus esset repente naribus apertis, vehemens aquae vis inmissa supplantavit fulturas, quique intra fuerunt, et ab aquae multitudine et ab ruina specus omnes sunt oppressi. +</s> + </p> + </subchap2> + <subchap2 id="N135C6"> + <p id="N135C7" type="main"> + <s id="N135C9"> +Etiam cum agger ad murum contra eos compararetur et arboribus excisis eoque +conlocatis locus operibus exaggeraretur, ballistis vectes +ferreos candentes in id mittendo totam munitionem coegerunt conflagrare. </s> + <s id="N135CC">testudo autem arietaria cum ad murum +pulsandum accessisset, permiserunt laqueum et eo ariete +constricto, per tympanum ergata circumagentes suspenso +capite eius non sunt passi tangi murum. </s> + <s id="N135CF">denique totam +machinam malleolis candentibus et ballistarum plagis dissipaverunt. </s> + <s id="N135D2">ita eae [victoriae civitatum] <civitates> non +machinis, sed contra machinarum rationem architectorum +sollertia sunt liberatae. + </s> + </p> + <p id="N135D5" type="main"> + <s id="N135D9"> +Quas potui de machinis expedire rationes pacis bellique temporibus et utilissimas putavi, in hoc volumine +perfeci. </s> + <s id="N135DC">in prioribus vero novem de singulis generibus et +partibus comparavi, uti totum corpus omnia architecturae +membra in decem voluminibus haberet explicata. +</s> + </p> + </subchap2> + </subchap1> + </chap> + </body> + <back></back> + </text> +</archimedes> \ No newline at end of file