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| author | Klaus Thoden <kthoden@mpiwg-berlin.mpg.de> |
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| date | Thu, 02 May 2013 12:21:30 +0200 |
| parents | 22d6a63640c6 |
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<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8"?> <!DOCTYPE archimedes SYSTEM "../dtd/archimedes.dtd"> <archimedes xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"> <info> <author>Alberti, Leone Battista</author> <title>Architecture</title> <date>1755</date> <place>London</place> <translator>Leoni, James</translator> <lang>en</lang> <cvs_file>alber_archi_003_en_1785.xml</cvs_file> <cvs_version/> <locator>003.xml</locator> </info> <text> <front> </front> <body> <chap> <pb xlink:href="003/01/001.jpg"/><p type="head"> <s>THE ARCHITECTURE OF LEON BATISTA ALBERTI IN TEN BOOKS</s></p><p type="head"> <s><emph type="italics"/>LEON BATTISTA ALBERTI<emph.end type="italics"/></s></p><p type="head"> <s>Printed by Edward Owen</s></p><p type="head"> <s>London 1755</s></p><pb xlink:href="003/01/002.jpg"/><figure id="id.003.01.002.1.jpg" xlink:href="003/01/002/1.jpg"/><p type="caption"> <s><emph type="italics"/>On ribbon: “May it [he?] gleam with the greatest beauty.”<emph.end type="italics"/></s></p><pb xlink:href="003/01/003.jpg"/><figure id="id.003.01.003.1.jpg" xlink:href="003/01/003/1.jpg"/><p type="head"> <s>THE <lb/><emph type="bold"/>PREFACE.<emph.end type="bold"/></s></p><p type="main"> <s>Our Ance&longs;tors have left us many and various Arts tending to the Plea&longs;ure and <lb/>Conveniency of Life, acquired with the greate&longs;t Indu&longs;try and Diligence: <lb/>Which Arts, though they all pretend, with a Kind of Emulation, to have in <lb/>View the great End of being &longs;erviceable to Mankind; yet we know that each <lb/>of them in particular has &longs;omething in it that &longs;eems to promi&longs;e a di&longs;tinct and <lb/>&longs;eparate Fruit: Some Arts we follow for Nece&longs;&longs;ity, &longs;ome we approve for their <lb/>U&longs;efulne&longs;s, and &longs;ome we e&longs;teem becau&longs;e they lead us to the Knowledge of Things that are de­<lb/>light&longs;ul. </s> <s>What the&longs;e Arts are, it is not nece&longs;&longs;ary for me to enumerate; for they are obvious. <lb/></s> <s>But if you take a View of the whole Circle of Arts, you &longs;hall hardly find one but what, de&longs;pi&longs;­<lb/>ing all others, regards and &longs;eeks only its own particular Ends: Or if you do meet with any of <lb/>&longs;uch a Nature that you can in no wi&longs;e do without it, and which yet brings along with it Pro­<lb/>&longs;it at the &longs;ame Time, conjoined with Plea&longs;ure and Honour, you will, I believe, be convinced, <lb/>that Architecture is not to be excluded from that Number. </s> <s>For it is certain, if you examine <lb/>the Matter carefully, it is inexpre&longs;&longs;ibly delightful, and of the greate&longs;t Convenience to Mankind <lb/>in all Re&longs;pects, both publick and private; and in Dignity not inferior to the mo&longs;t excellent. </s> <s>But <lb/>before I proceed further, it will not be improper to explain what he is that I allow to be an <lb/>Architect: For it is not a Carpenter or a Joiner that I thus rank with the greate&longs;t Ma&longs;ters in <lb/>other Sciences; the manual Operator being no more than an In&longs;trument to the Architect. <lb/></s> <s>Him I call an Architect, who, by &longs;ure and wonderful Art and Method, is able, both with <lb/>Thought and Invention, to devi&longs;e, and, with Execution, to compleat all tho&longs;e Works, which, <lb/>by means of the Movement of great Weights, and the Conjunction and Ama&longs;&longs;ment of Bodies, <lb/>can, with the greate&longs;t Beauty, be adapted to the U&longs;es of Mankind: And to be able to do this, <lb/>he mu&longs;t have a thorough In&longs;ight into the noble&longs;t and mo&longs;t curious Sciences. </s> <s>Such mu&longs;t be the <lb/>Architect. </s> <s>But to return.</s></p><p type="main"> <s>SOME have been of Opinion, that either Water or Fire were the principal Occa&longs;ions of bring­<lb/>ing Men together into Societies; but to us, who con&longs;ider the U&longs;efulne&longs;s and Nece&longs;&longs;ity of Co­<lb/>verings and Walls, it &longs;eems evident, that they were the chief Cau&longs;es of a&longs;&longs;embling Men toge­<lb/>ther. </s> <s>But the only Obligation we have to the Architect is not for his providing us with &longs;afe <lb/>and plea&longs;ant Places, where we may &longs;helter our&longs;elves from the Heat of the Sun, from Cold and <lb/>Tempe&longs;t, (though this is no &longs;mall Benefit); but for having be&longs;ides contrived many other <lb/>Things, both of a private and publick Nature of the highe&longs;t U&longs;e and Convenience to the Life <lb/>of Man. </s> <s>How many noble Families, reduced by the Calamity of the Times, had been utterly <lb/>lo&longs;t, both in our own native City, and in others, had not their paternal Habitations pre&longs;erved <lb/>and cheri&longs;hed them, as it were, in the Bo&longs;om of their Forefathers. <emph type="italics"/>Dædalus<emph.end type="italics"/> in his Time was <lb/>greatly e&longs;teemed for having made the <emph type="italics"/>Selinuntians<emph.end type="italics"/> a Vault, which gathered &longs;o warm and kindly <lb/>a Vapour, as provoked a plentiful Sweat, and thereby cured their Di&longs;tempers with great Ea&longs;e <lb/>and Plea&longs;ure. </s> <s>Why need I mention others who have contrived many Things of the like Sort <lb/>conducive to Health; as Places for Exerci&longs;e, for Swimming, Baths and the like? </s> <s>Or why <lb/>&longs;hould I in&longs;tance in Vehicles, Mills, Time-mea&longs;ures, and other &longs;uch minute Things, which <lb/>neverthele&longs;s are of great U&longs;e in Life? </s> <s>Why &longs;hould I in&longs;i&longs;t upon the great Plenty of Waters <lb/>brought from the mo&longs;t remote and hidden Places, and employed to &longs;o many different and u&longs;e­<lb/>ful Purpo&longs;es? </s> <s>Upon Trophies, Tabernacles, &longs;acred Edifices, Churches and the like, adapted <pb xlink:href="003/01/004.jpg"/>to divine Wor&longs;hip, and the Service of Po&longs;terity? </s> <s>Or la&longs;tly, why &longs;hould I mention the Rocks <lb/>cut, Mountains bored through, Vallies filled up, Lakes confined, Mar&longs;hes di&longs;charged into the <lb/>Sea, Ships built, Rivers turned, their Mouths cleared, Bridges laid over them, Harbours formed, <lb/>not only &longs;erving to Men's immediate Conveniencies, but al&longs;o opening them a Way to all Parts <lb/>of the World; whereby Men have been enabled mutually to furni&longs;h one another with Provi&longs;i­<lb/>ons, Spices, Gems, and to communicate their Knowledge, and whatever el&longs;e is healthful or <lb/>plea&longs;urable. </s> <s>Add to the&longs;e the Engines and Machines of War, Fortre&longs;&longs;es, and the like Inventi­<lb/>ons nece&longs;&longs;ary to the Defending the Liberty of our Country, Maintaining the Honour, and En­<lb/>crea&longs;ing the Greatne&longs;s of a City, and to the Acqui&longs;ition and E&longs;tabli&longs;hment of an Empire. </s> <s>I <lb/>am really per&longs;uaded, that if we were to enquire of all the Cities which, within the Memory of <lb/>Man, have fallen by Siege into the Power of new Ma&longs;ters, who it was that &longs;ubjected and over­<lb/>came them, they would tell you, the Architect; and that they were &longs;trong enough to have <lb/>de&longs;pi&longs;ed the armed Enemy, but not to with&longs;tand the Shocks of the Engines, the Violence of <lb/>the Machines, and the Force of the other In&longs;truments of War, with which the Architect di&longs;­<lb/>tre&longs;&longs;ed, demoli&longs;hed and ruinated them. </s> <s>And the Be&longs;ieged, on the contrary, would inform <lb/>you, that their greate&longs;t Defence lay in the Art and A&longs;&longs;i&longs;tance of the Architect. </s> <s>And if you <lb/>were to examine into the Expeditions that have been undertaken, you would go near to find <lb/>that mo&longs;t of the Victories were gained more by the Art and Skill of the Architects, than by the <lb/>Conduct or Fortune of the Generals; and that the Enemy was oftener overcome and conquered <lb/>by the Architect's Wit, without the Captain's Arms, than by the Captain's Arms without the <lb/>Architect's Wit: And what is of great Con&longs;equence is, that the Architect conquers with a <lb/>&longs;mall Number of Men, and without the Lo&longs;s of Troops. </s> <s>Let this &longs;uffice as to the U&longs;efulne&longs;s <lb/>of this Art.</s></p><p type="main"> <s>BUT how much the Study and Subject of Building delights, and how firmly it is rooted in <lb/>the Mind of Man, appears from &longs;everal In&longs;tances, and particularly from this; that you &longs;hall <lb/>find no body who has the Means but what has an Inclination to be building &longs;omething: And <lb/>if a Man has happened to think of any Thing new in Architecture, he is &longs;ond of communicat­<lb/>ing and divulging it for the U&longs;e of others, as if con&longs;trained thereto by Nature. </s> <s>And how o&longs;ten <lb/>does it fall out, that even when we are employed upon other Things, we cannot keep our <lb/>Thoughts and Imaginations, from Projecting &longs;ome Edi&longs;ice? </s> <s>And when we &longs;ee other Men's <lb/>Hou&longs;es, we immediately &longs;et about a careful Examination of all the Proportions and Dimen&longs;ions, <lb/>and, to the be&longs;t of our Ability, con&longs;ider what might be added, retrenched or altered; and pre­<lb/>&longs;ently give our Opinions how it might be made more compleat or beautiful. </s> <s>And if a Build­<lb/>ing be well laid out, and ju&longs;tly fini&longs;hed, who is he that does not view it with the utmo&longs;t Plea­<lb/>&longs;ure and Delight? </s> <s>But why need I mention not only how much Benefit and Delight, but how <lb/>much Glory to Architecture has brought to Nations, which have cultivated it both at home <lb/>and abroad? </s> <s>Who that has built any publick Edifice does not think him&longs;elf honoured by it, <lb/>when it is reputable to a Man only to have built a hand&longs;ome Habitation for him&longs;elf? </s> <s>Men of <lb/>publick Spirits approve and rejoice when you have rai&longs;ed a fine Wall or Portico, and adorned <lb/>it with Portals, Columns, and a hand&longs;ome Roof, knowing you have thereby not only &longs;erved <lb/>your&longs;elf, but them too, having by this generous U&longs;e of your Wealth, gained an Addition of <lb/>great Honour to your&longs;elf, your Family, your De&longs;cendants, and your City. </s> <s>The Sepulchre of <lb/><emph type="italics"/>Jupiter<emph.end type="italics"/> was the fir&longs;t Step to the ennobling the I&longs;land of <emph type="italics"/>Crete;<emph.end type="italics"/> and <emph type="italics"/>Delos<emph.end type="italics"/> was not &longs;o much <lb/>re&longs;pected for the Oracle of <emph type="italics"/>Apollo,<emph.end type="italics"/> as for the beautiful Structure of the City, and the Maje&longs;ty of <lb/>the Temple. </s> <s>How much Authority accrued to the <emph type="italics"/>Roman<emph.end type="italics"/> Name and Empire from their <lb/>Buildings, I &longs;hall dwell upon no further, than that the Sepulchres and other Remains of the <lb/>ancient Magnificence, every where to be found, are a great Inducement and Argument with us <lb/>for believing many Things related by Hi&longs;torians, which might otherwi&longs;e have &longs;eemed incredible. <lb/><emph type="italics"/>Thucydides<emph.end type="italics"/> extreamly commends the Prudence of &longs;ome Ancients, who had &longs;o adorned their City <lb/>with all Sorts of fine Structures, that their Power thereby appeared to be much greater than it <lb/>really was. </s> <s>And what potent or wi&longs;e Prince can be named, that among his chief Projects for <lb/>eternizing his Name and Po&longs;terity, did not make U&longs;e of Architecture. </s> <s>But of this enough. <lb/></s> <s>The Conclu&longs;ion is, that for the Service, Security, Honour and Ornament of the Publick, we <lb/>are exceedingly obliged to the Architect; to whom, in Time of Lei&longs;ure, we are indebted for <pb xlink:href="003/01/005.jpg"/>Tranquility, Plea&longs;ure and Health, in Time of Bu&longs;ine&longs;s for A&longs;&longs;i&longs;tance and Profit; and in both, <lb/>&longs;or Security and Dignity. </s> <s>Let us not therefore deny that he ought to be prai&longs;ed and e&longs;teemed, <lb/>and to be allowed a Place, both for the wonderful and ravi&longs;hing Beauty of his Works, and for <lb/>the Nece&longs;&longs;ity, Serviceablene&longs;s, and Strength of the Things which he has invented, among the <lb/>Chief of tho&longs;e who have de&longs;erved Honour and Rewards from Mankind. </s> <s>The Con&longs;ideration of <lb/>the&longs;e Things induced me, for my Diver&longs;ion, to look a little further into this Art and its Ope­<lb/>rations, from what Principles it was derived, and of what Parts it con&longs;i&longs;ted: And finding them <lb/>of various Kinds, in Number almo&longs;t infinite, in their Nature marvellous, of U&longs;e incredible, in­<lb/>&longs;omuch that it was doubtful what Condition of Men, or what Part of the Commonwealth, or <lb/>what Degree in the City, whether the Publick or Private, Things &longs;acred or profane, Repo&longs;e or <lb/>Labour, the Individual or the whole human Species, was mo&longs;t obliged to the Architect, or <lb/>rather Inventor of all Conveniencies; I re&longs;olved, for &longs;everal Rea&longs;ons, too tedious here to re­<lb/>peat, to collect all tho&longs;e Things which are contained in the&longs;e Ten Books. </s> <s>In treating of which, <lb/>we &longs;hall ob&longs;erve this Method: We con&longs;ider that an Edi&longs;ice is a Kind of Body con&longs;i&longs;ting, like <lb/>all other Bodies, of De&longs;ign and of Matter; the fir&longs;t is produced by the Thought, the other by <lb/>Nature; &longs;o that the one is to be provided by the Application and Contrivance of the Mind, <lb/>and the other by due Preparation and Choice. </s> <s>And we further reflected, that neither the one <lb/>nor the other of it&longs;elf was &longs;ufficient, without the Hand of an experienced Artificer, that knew <lb/>how to form his Materials after a ju&longs;t De&longs;ign. </s> <s>And the U&longs;e of Edi&longs;ices being various, it was <lb/>nece&longs;&longs;ary to enquire whether one and the &longs;ame Kind of De&longs;ign was fit for all Sorts of Buildings; <lb/>upon which Account we have di&longs;tingui&longs;hed the &longs;everal Kinds of Buildings: Wherein perceiv­<lb/>ing that the main Point was the ju&longs;t Compo&longs;ition and Relation of the Lines among them&longs;elves, <lb/>from whence ari&longs;es the Height of Beauty, I therefore began to examine what Beauty really was, <lb/>and what Sort of Beauty was proper to each Edifice. </s> <s>And as we often meet with Faults in all <lb/>the&longs;e Re&longs;pects, I con&longs;idered how they might be altered or amended. </s> <s>Every Book therefore <lb/>has its Title prefixed to it, according to the Variety of the Subject: The Fir&longs;t treats of De&longs;igns; <lb/>the Second, of Materials; the Third, of the Work; the Fourth, of Works in general; the <lb/>Fifth, of Works in particular; the Sixth, of Ornaments in general; the Seventh, of the Orna­<lb/>ments proper for &longs;acred Edifices; the Eighth, of tho&longs;e for publick and profane ones; The <lb/>Ninth, of tho&longs;e for the Hou&longs;es of private Per&longs;ons; the Tenth, of Amendments and Alterations <lb/>in Buildings: To which is added, a various Hi&longs;tory of Waters, and how they are found, and <lb/>what U&longs;e is to be made of the Architect in all the&longs;e Works: As al&longs;o Four other Books, Three of <lb/>which treat of the Art of Painting; and the Fourth, of Sculpture.<lb/><figure id="id.003.01.005.1.jpg" xlink:href="003/01/005/1.jpg"/></s></p><pb xlink:href="003/01/006.jpg"/><figure id="id.003.01.006.1.jpg" xlink:href="003/01/006/1.jpg"/><p type="head"> <s>The TABLE of CONTENTS.</s></p><p type="head"> <s>BOOK I.</s></p><p type="main"> <s>CHAP. I. <emph type="italics"/>Of De&longs;igns; their Value and Rules.<emph.end type="italics"/></s></p><p type="main"> <s>CHAP. II. <emph type="italics"/>Of the fir&longs;t Occa&longs;ion of erecting Edifices; <lb/>of how many Parts the Art of Building con&longs;i&longs;ts, and <lb/>what is nece&longs;&longs;ary to each of tho&longs;e Parts.<emph.end type="italics"/></s></p><p type="main"> <s>CHAP. III. <emph type="italics"/>Of the Region of the Climate or Air, of the <lb/>Sun and Winds which affect the Air.<emph.end type="italics"/></s></p><p type="main"> <s>CHAP. IV. <emph type="italics"/>Which Region is, and which is not commodi­<lb/>ous for Building.<emph.end type="italics"/></s></p><p type="main"> <s>CHAP. V. <emph type="italics"/>By what Marks and Characters we are to <lb/>know the Goodne&longs;s of the Region.<emph.end type="italics"/></s></p><p type="main"> <s>CHAP. VI. <emph type="italics"/>Of &longs;ome hidden Conveniencies and Inccnveni­<lb/>encies of the Region which a wi&longs;e Man ought to enquire <lb/>into.<emph.end type="italics"/></s></p><p type="main"> <s>CHAP. VII. <emph type="italics"/>Of the Seat, or Platform, and of the &longs;everal <lb/>Sorts of Lines.<emph.end type="italics"/></s></p><p type="main"> <s>CHAP. VIII. <emph type="italics"/>Of the Kinds of Platforms, their Forms and <lb/>Figures, and which are the mo&longs;t &longs;erviceable and la&longs;ting.<emph.end type="italics"/></s></p><p type="main"> <s>CHAP. IX. <emph type="italics"/>Of the Compartition, and of the Origin of <lb/>Building.<emph.end type="italics"/></s></p><p type="main"> <s>CHAP. X. <emph type="italics"/>Of the Columns and Walls, and &longs;ome Ob&longs;erva­<lb/>tions relating to the Columns.<emph.end type="italics"/></s></p><p type="main"> <s>CHAP. XI. <emph type="italics"/>Of the great U&longs;efulne&longs;s of the Coverings both <lb/>to the Inhabitants and the other Parts of the Building, <lb/>and that being various in their Natures, they mu&longs;t be <lb/>made of various Sorts.<emph.end type="italics"/></s></p><p type="main"> <s>CHAP. XII. <emph type="italics"/>Of the Apertures in the Building, that is to <lb/>&longs;ay, of the Windows and Doors, and of tho&longs;e which do <lb/>not take up the whole Thickne&longs;s of the Wall, and their <lb/>Number and Sizes.<emph.end type="italics"/></s></p><p type="main"> <s>CHAP. XIII. <emph type="italics"/>Of the Stair-ca&longs;es, and their different Sorts; <lb/>of Steps of the Stairs which ought to be in odd Numbers, <lb/>and how many. </s> <s>Of the Re&longs;ting-places, of the Tunnels <lb/>for carrying away the Smoke. </s> <s>Of Pipes and Conduits <lb/>for carrying off the Water, and of the proper placing of <lb/>Wells and Sinks.<emph.end type="italics"/></s></p><p type="head"> <s>BOOK II.</s></p><p type="main"> <s>CHAP. I. <emph type="italics"/>Treating of the Materials. </s> <s>That no Man <lb/>ought to begin a Building ha&longs;tily, but &longs;hould <lb/>fir&longs;t take a good deal of Time to con&longs;ider, and revolve in <lb/>his Mind all the Qualities and Requi&longs;ites of &longs;uch a Work: <lb/>And that he &longs;hould carefully review and examine, with <lb/>the Advice of proper Judges, the whole Structure in it­<lb/>&longs;elf, and the Proportions and Mea&longs;ures of every di&longs;tinct <lb/>Part, not only in Draughts or Paintings, but in actual <lb/>Models of Wood or &longs;ome other Sub&longs;tance, that when he <lb/>has fini&longs;hed his Building, he may not repent of his Labour.<emph.end type="italics"/></s></p><p type="main"> <s>CHAP. II. <emph type="italics"/>That we ought to undertake nothing above our <lb/>Abilities, nor &longs;trive again&longs;t Nature, and that we ought <lb/>al&longs;o not only to con&longs;ider what we can do, but what is fit <lb/>for us to do, and in what Place it is that we are to build.<emph.end type="italics"/></s></p><p type="main"> <s>CHAP. III. <emph type="italics"/>That having con&longs;idered the whole Di&longs;po&longs;ition <lb/>of the Building in all the Parts of the Model, we ought <lb/>to take the Advice of prudent and under&longs;tanding Men, <lb/>and before we begin our Work, it will not only be proper <lb/>to know how to rai&longs;e Money for the Expence, but al&longs;o <lb/>long before-hand to provide all the Materials for com­<lb/>pleating &longs;uch an Undertaking.<emph.end type="italics"/></s></p><p type="main"> <s>CHAP. IV. <emph type="italics"/>What Materials are to be provided for the <lb/>Building, what Workmen to be cho&longs;e, and in what Sea­<lb/>&longs;ons, according to the Opinions of the Ancients, to cut <lb/>Timber.<emph.end type="italics"/></s></p><p type="main"> <s>CHAP. V. <emph type="italics"/>Of pre&longs;erving the Trees after they are cut, <lb/>what to plai&longs;ter or anoint them with, of the Remedies <lb/>again&longs;t their Infirmities, and of allotting them their pro­<lb/>per Places in the Building.<emph.end type="italics"/></s></p><p type="main"> <s>CHAP. VI. <emph type="italics"/>What Woods are mo&longs;t proper for Buildings, <lb/>their Nature and U&longs;es, how they are to be employed, and <lb/>in what Part of the Edifice each Kind is mo&longs;t fit for.<emph.end type="italics"/></s></p><p type="main"> <s>CHAP. VII. <emph type="italics"/>Of Trees more &longs;ummarily and in general.<emph.end type="italics"/></s></p><p type="main"> <s>CHAP. VIII. <emph type="italics"/>Of Stones in general, when they are to be <lb/>dug, and when u&longs;ed; which are the &longs;ofte&longs;t and which <lb/>the harde&longs;t, and which be&longs;t and mo&longs;t durable.<emph.end type="italics"/></s></p><p type="main"> <s>CHAP. IX. <emph type="italics"/>Some Things worthy memorial, relating to <lb/>Stones, left us by the Ancients.<emph.end type="italics"/></s></p><p type="main"> <s>CHAP. X. <emph type="italics"/>Of the Origin of the U&longs;e of Bricks, in what <lb/>Sea&longs;on they ought to be made, and in what Shapes, their <lb/>different Sorts, and the U&longs;efulne&longs;s of triangular ones; <lb/>and briefly, of all other Works made of baked Earth.<emph.end type="italics"/></s></p><p type="main"> <s>CHAP. XI. <emph type="italics"/>Of the Nature of Lime and Plai&longs;ter of<emph.end type="italics"/> Paris, <lb/><emph type="italics"/>their U&longs;es and Kinds, wherein they agree and wherein <lb/>they differ, and of &longs;ome Things not unworthy of Memory.<emph.end type="italics"/></s></p><p type="main"> <s>CHAP. XII. <emph type="italics"/>Of the three different Kinds of Sands, and of the <lb/>various Materials u&longs;ed in Building in different Places.<emph.end type="italics"/></s></p><p type="main"> <s>CHAP. XIII. <emph type="italics"/>Whether the Ob&longs;ervation of Times and Sea­<lb/>&longs;ons is of any U&longs;e in beginning a Building; what Sea­<lb/>&longs;on is mo&longs;t convenient; as al&longs;o, with what Auguries or <lb/>Prayers we ought to &longs;et out upon our Work.<emph.end type="italics"/></s></p><p type="head"> <s>BOOK III.</s></p><p type="main"> <s>CHAP. I. <emph type="italics"/>Of the Work. </s> <s>Wherein lies the Bu&longs;ine&longs;s of <lb/>the Work; the different Parts of the Walls, <lb/>and what they require. </s> <s>That the Foundation is no Part <lb/>of the Wall; what Soil makes the be&longs;t Foundation.<emph.end type="italics"/></s></p><p type="main"> <s>CHAP. II. <emph type="italics"/>That the Foundation chiefly is to be marked out <lb/>with Lines; and by what Tokens we may know the <lb/>Goodne&longs;s of the Ground.<emph.end type="italics"/></s></p><p type="main"> <s>CHAP. III. <emph type="italics"/>That the Nature of Places is various, and <lb/>therefore we ought not to tru&longs;t any Place too ha&longs;tily, till <lb/>we have fir&longs;t dug Wells or Re&longs;ervoirs; but that in mar&longs;hy <lb/>Places we mu&longs;t make our Foundation with Piles burnt <lb/>at the Ends, and driven in with their Heads downward <lb/>with light Beetles, and many repeated Blows, till they <lb/>are driven quite in to the Head.<emph.end type="italics"/></s></p><p type="main"> <s>CHAP. IV. <emph type="italics"/>Of the Nature, Forms and Qualities of Stones, <lb/>and of the Tempering of Mortar.<emph.end type="italics"/></s></p><p type="main"> <s>CHAP. V. <emph type="italics"/>Of the lower Cour&longs;es or Foundations, accord­<lb/>ing to the Precepts and Example of the Ancients.<emph.end type="italics"/></s></p><p type="main"> <s>CHAP. VI. <emph type="italics"/>That there ought to be Vents left open in <lb/>thick Walls from the Bottom to the Top, the Difference <lb/>between the Wall and the Foundation: The principal <lb/>Parts of the Wall; the three Methods of Wailing; the <lb/>Materials and Form of the fir&longs;t Cour&longs;e or Layer.<emph.end type="italics"/></s></p><p type="main"> <s>CHAP. VII. <emph type="italics"/>Of the Generation of Stones: How they are <lb/>to be di&longs;po&longs;ed and joined together, as al&longs;o, which are the <lb/>&longs;tronge&longs;t and which the weake&longs;t.<emph.end type="italics"/></s></p><p type="main"> <s>CHAP. VIII. <emph type="italics"/>Of the Parts of the Fini&longs;hing; of the Shells, <lb/>the Stuffing, and their different Sorts.<emph.end type="italics"/></s></p><p type="main"> <s>CHAP. IX. <emph type="italics"/>Of the Girders of Stone, of the Ligament and <lb/>Fortification of the Cornices, and how to unite &longs;everal <lb/>Stones for the Strengthening of the Wall.<emph.end type="italics"/></s></p><p type="main"> <s>CHAP. X. <emph type="italics"/>Of the true Manner of Working the Wall, <lb/>and of the Agreement there is between Stone and Sand.<emph.end type="italics"/></s></p><p type="main"> <s>CHAP. XI. <emph type="italics"/>Of the Way of Working different Materials; <lb/>of Plai&longs;tering, of Cramps, and how to pre&longs;erve them;<emph.end type="italics"/><pb xlink:href="003/01/007.jpg"/><emph type="italics"/>the mo&longs;t ancient In&longs;tructions of Architects; and &longs;ome <lb/>Methods to prevent the Mi&longs;chiefs of Lightning.<emph.end type="italics"/></s></p><p type="main"> <s>CHAP. XII. <emph type="italics"/>Of Coverings of &longs;treight Lines; of the Beams <lb/>and Rafters, and of the uniting the Ribs.<emph.end type="italics"/></s></p><p type="main"> <s>CHAP. XIII. <emph type="italics"/>Of Coverings, or Roofs of Curve Lines; of <lb/>Arches, their Difference and Con&longs;truction, and how to <lb/>&longs;et the Stones in an Arch.<emph.end type="italics"/></s></p><p type="main"> <s>CHAP. XIV. <emph type="italics"/>Of the &longs;everal Sorts of Vaults, and wherein <lb/>they differ; of what Lines they are compo&longs;ed, and the <lb/>Method of letting them &longs;ettle.<emph.end type="italics"/></s></p><p type="main"> <s>CHAP. XV. <emph type="italics"/>Of the Shell of the Covering, and its U&longs;eful­<lb/>ne&longs;s; the different Sorts and Shapes of Tiles, and what <lb/>to make them of.<emph.end type="italics"/></s></p><p type="main"> <s>CHAP. XVI. <emph type="italics"/>Of Pavements according to the Opinion of<emph.end type="italics"/><lb/>Pliny <emph type="italics"/>and<emph.end type="italics"/> Vitruvius, <emph type="italics"/>and the Works of the Ancients; <lb/>and of the proper Sea&longs;ons for beginning, and fini&longs;hing <lb/>the &longs;everal Parts of Building.<emph.end type="italics"/></s></p><p type="head"> <s>BOOK IV.</s></p><p type="main"> <s>CHAP. I. <emph type="italics"/>Of Works of a publick Nature. </s> <s>That all <lb/>Buildings, whether contrived for Nece&longs;&longs;ity, <lb/>Conveniency, or Plea&longs;ure, were intended for the Service <lb/>of Mankind. </s> <s>Of the &longs;everal Divi&longs;ions of human Condi­<lb/>tions, whence ari&longs;es the Diver&longs;ity of Buildings.<emph.end type="italics"/></s></p><p type="main"> <s>CHAP. II. <emph type="italics"/>Of the Region, Place, and Conveniencies, and <lb/>Inconveniencies of a Situation for a City, according to <lb/>the Opinion of the Ancients, and that of the Author.<emph.end type="italics"/></s></p><p type="main"> <s>CHAP. III. <emph type="italics"/>Of the Compa&longs;s, Space and Bigne&longs;s of a City, <lb/>of the Form and Di&longs;po&longs;ition of the Walls and Fortifica­<lb/>tions, and of the Cu&longs;toms and Ceremonies ob&longs;erved by the <lb/>Ancients in making them out.<emph.end type="italics"/></s></p><p type="main"> <s>CHAP. IV. <emph type="italics"/>Of Walls, Battlements, Towers, Corni&longs;hes and <lb/>Gates, and the Timber-work belonging to them.<emph.end type="italics"/></s></p><p type="main"> <s>CHAP. V. <emph type="italics"/>Of the Proportion, Fa&longs;hion and Con&longs;truction of <lb/>great military Ways, and private Ways.<emph.end type="italics"/></s></p><p type="main"> <s>CHAP. VI. <emph type="italics"/>Of Bridges both of Wood and Stone, their pro­<lb/>per Situation, their Piers, Arches, Angles, Feet, Key­<lb/>&longs;tones, Cramps, Pavements, and Slopes.<emph.end type="italics"/></s></p><p type="main"> <s>CHAP. VII. <emph type="italics"/>Of Drains or Sewers, their di&longs;ferent Sorts <lb/>and U&longs;es; and of Rivers and Canals for Ships.<emph.end type="italics"/></s></p><p type="main"> <s>CHAP. VIII. <emph type="italics"/>Of the proper Structure for a Haven, and <lb/>of making convenient Squares in the City.<emph.end type="italics"/></s></p><p type="head"> <s>BOOK V.</s></p><p type="main"> <s>CHAP. I. <emph type="italics"/>Of Buildings for particular Per&longs;ons. </s> <s>Of the <lb/>Ca&longs;tles or Habitations of a King, or others; <lb/>their different Properties and Parts.<emph.end type="italics"/></s></p><p type="main"> <s>CHAP. II. <emph type="italics"/>Of the Portico, Ve&longs;tibule, Court-yard, Hall, <lb/>Stairs, Lobbies, Apertures, Back-doors, concealed Pa&longs;&longs;­<lb/>ages and private Apartments; and wherein the Hou&longs;es <lb/>of Princes differ from tho&longs;e of private Men; as al&longs;o of <lb/>the &longs;eparate and common Apartments for the Prince <lb/>and his Spou&longs;e.<emph.end type="italics"/></s></p><p type="main"> <s>CHAP. III. <emph type="italics"/>Of the Properties of the Portico, Lobby, Halls <lb/>both for Summer and Winter, Watch-Towers and of the <lb/>Difference between the Ca&longs;tle for a Tyrant, and the <lb/>Palace for a King.<emph.end type="italics"/></s></p><p type="main"> <s>CHAP. IV. <emph type="italics"/>Of the proper Situation, Structure and For­<lb/>tification of a Fortre&longs;s, whether in a Plain, or upon a <lb/>Hill, its Inclo&longs;ure, Area, Walls, Ditches, Bridges, and <lb/>Towers.<emph.end type="italics"/></s></p><p type="main"> <s>CHAP. V. <emph type="italics"/>Of tho&longs;e Parts of the Fortre&longs;s where the Soldiers <lb/>are to &longs;tand either to keep centinel, or to fight. </s> <s>Of the <lb/>covering Roof of the Fortre&longs;s, and in what Manner it <lb/>is to be made &longs;trong, and of the other Conveniencies ne­<lb/>ce&longs;&longs;ary in the Ca&longs;tle either of a King or a Tyrant.<emph.end type="italics"/></s></p><p type="main"> <s>CHAP. VI. <emph type="italics"/>Of the &longs;everal Parts of which the Republick <lb/>con&longs;i&longs;ts. </s> <s>The proper Situation and Building for the <lb/>Hou&longs;es of tho&longs;e that govern the Republick, and of the <lb/>Prie&longs;ts. </s> <s>Of Temples as well large as &longs;inall, Chapels <lb/>and Oratories.<emph.end type="italics"/></s></p><p type="main"> <s>CHAP. VII. <emph type="italics"/>That the Prie&longs;t's Camp is the Cloy&longs;ter; the <lb/>Duty of the Prie&longs;t; the various Sorts of Cloy&longs;iers and <lb/>their proper Situation.<emph.end type="italics"/></s></p><p type="main"> <s>CHAP. VIII. <emph type="italics"/>Of Places &longs;or Exerci&longs;e, publick Schools, and <lb/>Ho&longs;pitals both for Men and Women.<emph.end type="italics"/></s></p><p type="main"> <s>CHAP. IX. <emph type="italics"/>Of the Senate-hou&longs;e, the Temple, and the Tri­<lb/>bunals for the Admini&longs;tration of Ju&longs;tice.<emph.end type="italics"/></s></p><p type="main"> <s>CHAP. X. <emph type="italics"/>That Incampments, or Lodgments for Soldiers <lb/>by Land are of three Sorts; in what Manner they are <lb/>to be fortified; and the various Methods u&longs;ed by diffe­<lb/>rent Nations.<emph.end type="italics"/></s></p><p type="main"> <s>CHAP. XI. <emph type="italics"/>The mo&longs;t convenient Situation for a Camp, <lb/>and its Size, Form and various Parts; together with <lb/>the different Methods of attacking and defending a Camp <lb/>or other Fortification.<emph.end type="italics"/></s></p><p type="main"> <s>CHAP. XII. <emph type="italics"/>Of Incampments or Stations at Sea, which <lb/>are Fleets; of Ships and their Parts; as al&longs;o of Havens <lb/>and their proper Fortification.<emph.end type="italics"/></s></p><p type="main"> <s>CHAP. XIII. <emph type="italics"/>Of the Commi&longs;&longs;aries, Chamberlains, publick <lb/>Receivers and the like Magi&longs;trates, who&longs;e Bu&longs;ine&longs;s is to <lb/>&longs;upply and pre&longs;ide over the publick Granaries, Chambers <lb/>of Accounts, Ar&longs;enals, Marts, Docks and Stables; as <lb/>al&longs;o of the three Sorts of Pri&longs;ons, their Structures, Situ­<lb/>ations, and Compartitions.<emph.end type="italics"/></s></p><p type="main"> <s>CHAP. XIV. <emph type="italics"/>Of private Hou&longs;es and their Differences; <lb/>as al&longs;o of the Country Hou&longs;e, and the Rules to be ob&longs;erved <lb/>in its Situation and Structure.<emph.end type="italics"/></s></p><p type="main"> <s>CHAP. XV. <emph type="italics"/>That Country Hou&longs;es are of two Sorts; the <lb/>proper Di&longs;po&longs;ition of all their Members whether for the <lb/>Lodging of Men, Animals, or Tools for Agriculture <lb/>and other nece&longs;&longs;ary In&longs;truments,<emph.end type="italics"/></s></p><p type="main"> <s>CHAP. XVI. <emph type="italics"/>That the Indu&longs;try of the Farmer or Over&longs;eer <lb/>ought to be employed as well about all Sorts of Animals, <lb/>as about the Fruits of the Earth; as al&longs;o of the Con­<lb/>&longs;truction of the Thre&longs;hing-floor.<emph.end type="italics"/></s></p><p type="main"> <s>CHAP. XVII. <emph type="italics"/>Of the Country Hou&longs;e for a Gentleman; <lb/>its various Parts, and the proper Di&longs;po&longs;ition of each of <lb/>tho&longs;e Parts.<emph.end type="italics"/></s></p><p type="main"> <s>CHAP. XVIII. <emph type="italics"/>The Difference between the Country Hou&longs;e <lb/>and Town Hou&longs;e for the Rich. </s> <s>The Habitation of the <lb/>middling Sort ought to re&longs;emble tho&longs;e of the Rich; at <lb/>lea&longs;t in Proportion to their Circum&longs;tances. </s> <s>Buildings <lb/>&longs;hould be contrived more for Summer than for Winter.<emph.end type="italics"/></s></p><p type="head"> <s>BOOK VI.</s></p><p type="main"> <s>CHAP. I. <emph type="italics"/>Of the Rea&longs;on and Difficulty of the Author's <lb/>Undertaking, whereby it appears how much <lb/>Pains, Study and Application he has employed in writ­<lb/>ing upon the&longs;e Matters.<emph.end type="italics"/></s></p><p type="main"> <s>CHAP. II. <emph type="italics"/>Of Beauty and Ornament, their Effects and <lb/>Difference, that they are owing to Art and Exactne&longs;s <lb/>of Proportion; as al&longs;o of the Birth and Progre&longs;s of Arts.<emph.end type="italics"/></s></p><p type="main"> <s>CHAP. III. <emph type="italics"/>That Architecture began in<emph.end type="italics"/> A&longs;ia, <emph type="italics"/>flouri&longs;hed in<emph.end type="italics"/><lb/>Greece, <emph type="italics"/>and was brought to Perfection in<emph.end type="italics"/> Italy.</s></p><p type="main"> <s>CHAP. IV. <emph type="italics"/>That Beauty and Ornament in every Thing <lb/>ari&longs;e either &longs;rom Contrivance, or the Hand of the Arti­<lb/>ficer, or from Nature; and that though the Region in­<lb/>deed can hardly be improved by the Wit or Labour of <lb/>Man, yet many other Things may be done highly worthy <lb/>of Admiration, and &longs;carcely credible.<emph.end type="italics"/></s></p><p type="main"> <s>CHAP. V. <emph type="italics"/>A &longs;hort Recapitulation of the Compartition, <lb/>and of the ju&longs;t Compo&longs;ition and adorning the Wall and <lb/>Covering.<emph.end type="italics"/></s></p><p type="main"> <s>CHAP. VI. <emph type="italics"/>In what Manner great Weights and large <lb/>Stones are moved from one Place to another, or rai&longs;ed to <lb/>any great Height.<emph.end type="italics"/></s></p><pb xlink:href="003/01/008.jpg"/><p type="main"> <s>CHAP. VII. <emph type="italics"/>Of Wheels, Pins, Leavers, Pullies, their <lb/>Parts, Sizes, and Figures.<emph.end type="italics"/></s></p><p type="main"> <s>CHAP. VIII. <emph type="italics"/>Of the Skrew and its Circles or Worm, and <lb/>in what manner great Weights are either drawn, car­<lb/>ried or pu&longs;hed along.<emph.end type="italics"/></s></p><p type="main"> <s>CHAP. IX. <emph type="italics"/>That the Incru&longs;tations which are made upon <lb/>the Wall with Mortar, mu&longs;t be three in Number: How <lb/>they are to be made, and to what Purpo&longs;es they are to <lb/>&longs;erve. </s> <s>Of the &longs;everal Sorts of Mortar, and in what <lb/>Manner the Lime is to be prepared for making them: <lb/>Of Ba&longs;s-relieves in &longs;tuc-work and Paintings, with <lb/>which the Wall may be adorned.<emph.end type="italics"/></s></p><p type="main"> <s>CHAP. X. <emph type="italics"/>Of the Method of cutting of Marble into thin <lb/>Seantlings, and what Sand is be&longs;t for that Purpo&longs;e; as <lb/>al&longs;o of the Difference and Agreement between<emph.end type="italics"/> Mo&longs;aic <lb/><emph type="italics"/>Work in Relieve, and Flat, and of the Cement to be u&longs;ed <lb/>in that Sort of Work.<emph.end type="italics"/></s></p><p type="main"> <s>CHAP. XI. <emph type="italics"/>Of the Ornaments of the Covering, which con­<lb/>&longs;i&longs;ts in the Richne&longs;s and Beauty of the Rafters, Vaults, <lb/>and open Terra&longs;&longs;es.<emph.end type="italics"/></s></p><p type="main"> <s>CHAP. XII. <emph type="italics"/>That the Ornaments of the Apertures are <lb/>very plea&longs;ing, but are attended with many and various <lb/>Difficulties and Inconveniencies; that the fal&longs;e Aper­<lb/>tures are of two Sorts, and what is required in each.<emph.end type="italics"/></s></p><p type="main"> <s>CHAP. XIII <emph type="italics"/>Of Columns and their Ornaments, their <lb/>Plans, Axes, Out-lines, Sweeps, Diminutions, Swells, <lb/>A&longs;iragals and Fillets.<emph.end type="italics"/></s></p><p type="head"> <s>BOOK VII.</s></p><p type="main"> <s>CHAP. I. <emph type="italics"/>That the Walls of Cities, the Temples, and <lb/>Courts of Ju&longs;tice, u&longs;ed to be con&longs;ecreated to <lb/>the Gods; of the proper Region for the City, its Situati­<lb/>on and principal Ornaments.<emph.end type="italics"/></s></p><p type="main"> <s>CHAP. II. <emph type="italics"/>Of how large and what Kind of Stone the Walls <lb/>ought to be built, and who were the fir&longs;t that erected <lb/>Temples.<emph.end type="italics"/></s></p><p type="main"> <s>CHAP. III. <emph type="italics"/>With how much Thought, Care and Diligence <lb/>we ought to lay out and adorn our Temples; to what <lb/>Gods and in what Places we &longs;hould build them, and of <lb/>the various Kinds of Sacrifices.<emph.end type="italics"/></s></p><p type="main"> <s>CHAP. IV. <emph type="italics"/>Of the Parts, Forms and Figures of Temples <lb/>and their Chapels, and how the&longs;e latter &longs;hould be di&longs;tri­<lb/>buted.<emph.end type="italics"/></s></p><p type="main"> <s>CHAP. V. <emph type="italics"/>Of the Porticoes and Entrance to the Temple, <lb/>its A&longs;cent and the Apertures and Inter&longs;paces of the <lb/>Portico.<emph.end type="italics"/></s></p><p type="main"> <s>CHAP. VI. <emph type="italics"/>Of Columns, and the different Sorts of Ca­<lb/>pitals.<emph.end type="italics"/></s></p><p type="main"> <s>CHAP. VII. <emph type="italics"/>A nece&longs;&longs;ary Rehear&longs;al of the &longs;everal Mem­<lb/>bers of Columns, the Ba&longs;e, Torus, Scotia, Li&longs;ts, Die, <lb/>and of the &longs;maller Parts of tho&longs;e Members, the Plat­<lb/>band, Corona, Ovolo, &longs;mall Ogee, Cima-inver&longs;a, and <lb/>Cymatium, both upright and rever&longs;ed.<emph.end type="italics"/></s></p><p type="main"> <s>CHAP. VIII. <emph type="italics"/>Of the<emph.end type="italics"/> Doric, Ionic, Corinthian <emph type="italics"/>and Com­<lb/>po&longs;ite Capitals.<emph.end type="italics"/></s></p><p type="main"> <s>CHAP. IX. <emph type="italics"/>Of the Entablature, the Architrave, Tri­<lb/>glyphs, Dentils, Mutules, Cavetto, and Drip or Corona, <lb/>as al&longs;o of the Flutings and &longs;ome other Ornaments be­<lb/>longing to Columns.<emph.end type="italics"/></s></p><p type="main"> <s>CHAP. X. <emph type="italics"/>Of the Pavement of the Temple and its inner <lb/>Area, of the Place &longs;or the Altar, and of the Walls and <lb/>their Ornaments.<emph.end type="italics"/></s></p><p type="main"> <s>CHAP. XI. <emph type="italics"/>Why the Roo&longs;s of Temples ought to be arched.<emph.end type="italics"/></s></p><p type="main"> <s>CHAP. XII. <emph type="italics"/>Of the Apertures proper to Temples, namely, <lb/>the Windows, Doors, and Valves; together with their <lb/>Members, Proportions and Ornaments.<emph.end type="italics"/></s></p><p type="main"> <s>CHAP. XIII. <emph type="italics"/>Of the Altar, Communion, Lights, Candle­<lb/>&longs;ticks, holy Ve&longs;&longs;els, and &longs;ome other noble Ornaments of <lb/>Temples.<emph.end type="italics"/></s></p><p type="main"> <s>CHAP. XIV. <emph type="italics"/>Of the fir&longs;t Original of Ba&longs;iliques, their <lb/>Porticoes and different Members, and wherein they dif­<lb/>fer from Temples.<emph.end type="italics"/></s></p><p type="main"> <s>CHAP. XV. <emph type="italics"/>Of Colonnades both with Architraves and <lb/>with Arches; what Sort of Columns are to be u&longs;ed in <lb/>Ba&longs;iliques, and what Cornices, and where they are to be <lb/>placed; of the Height and Wedth of Windows and <lb/>their Gratings; of the Roofs and Doors of Ba&longs;iliques, <lb/>and their Ornaments.<emph.end type="italics"/></s></p><p type="main"> <s>CHAP. XVI. <emph type="italics"/>Of Monuments rai&longs;ed for pre&longs;erving the <lb/>Memory of publick Actions and Events.<emph.end type="italics"/></s></p><p type="main"> <s>CHAP. XVII. <emph type="italics"/>Whether Statues ought to be placed in <lb/>Temples, and what Materials are the mo&longs;t proper for <lb/>making them.<emph.end type="italics"/></s></p><p type="head"> <s>BOOK VIII.</s></p><p type="main"> <s>CHAP. I. <emph type="italics"/>Of the Ornaments of the great Ways either <lb/>within or without the City, and of the pro­<lb/>per Places for interring or burning the Bodies of the <lb/>Dead.<emph.end type="italics"/></s></p><p type="main"> <s>CHAP. II. <emph type="italics"/>Of Sepulchres, and the various Manners of <lb/>burial.<emph.end type="italics"/></s></p><p type="main"> <s>CHAP. III. <emph type="italics"/>Of little Chapels, by Way of Sepulchres, Py­<lb/>ramids, Columns, Altars and Moles.<emph.end type="italics"/></s></p><p type="main"> <s>CHAP. IV. <emph type="italics"/>Of the In&longs;eriptions and Symbols carved on <lb/>Sepulchres.<emph.end type="italics"/></s></p><p type="main"> <s>CHAP. V. <emph type="italics"/>Of Towers and their Ornaments.<emph.end type="italics"/></s></p><p type="main"> <s>CHAP. VI. <emph type="italics"/>Of the principal Ways belonging to the City, <lb/>and the Methods of adorning the Haven, Gates, Bridges, <lb/>Arches, Cro&longs;s-ways and Squares.<emph.end type="italics"/></s></p><p type="main"> <s>CHAP. VII. <emph type="italics"/>Of the adorning Theatres and other Places <lb/>for publick Shows, and of their U&longs;efulne&longs;s.<emph.end type="italics"/></s></p><p type="main"> <s>CHAP. VIII. <emph type="italics"/>Of the Ornaments of the Amphitheatre, <lb/>Circus, publick Walks, and Halls, and Courts for petty <lb/>Judges.<emph.end type="italics"/></s></p><p type="main"> <s>CHAP. IX. <emph type="italics"/>Of the proper Ornaments for the Senate­<lb/>Hou&longs;e and Council-Chambers, as al&longs;o of the adorning the <lb/>City with Groves, Lakes for Swimming, Libraries, <lb/>Schools, publick Stables, Ar&longs;enals, and mathematical <lb/>In&longs;truments.<emph.end type="italics"/></s></p><p type="main"> <s>CHAP. X. <emph type="italics"/>Of Thermes or publick Baths; their Conveni­<lb/>encies and Ornaments.<emph.end type="italics"/></s></p><p type="head"> <s>BOOK IX.</s></p><p type="main"> <s>CHAP. I. <emph type="italics"/>That particular Regard mu&longs;t be had to <lb/>Frugality and Par&longs;imony, and of the adorn­<lb/>ing the Palaces or Hou&longs;es of the King and principal <lb/>Magi&longs;trates.<emph.end type="italics"/></s></p><p type="main"> <s>CHAP. II. <emph type="italics"/>Of adorning of private Hou&longs;es, both in City <lb/>and Country.<emph.end type="italics"/></s></p><p type="main"> <s>CHAP. III. <emph type="italics"/>That the Parts and Members of a Hou&longs;e are <lb/>different both in Nature and Species, and that they are <lb/>to be adorned in various Manners.<emph.end type="italics"/></s></p><p type="main"> <s>CHAP. IV. <emph type="italics"/>With what Paintings, Plants, and Statues, <lb/>it is proper to adorn the Pavements, Porticoes, Apart­<lb/>ments and Gardens of a private Hou&longs;e.<emph.end type="italics"/></s></p><p type="main"> <s>CHAP. V. <emph type="italics"/>That the Beauty of all Edifices ari&longs;es princi­<lb/>pally from three Things, namely, the Number, Figure <lb/>and Collocation of the &longs;everal Members.<emph.end type="italics"/></s></p><p type="main"> <s>CHAP. VI. <emph type="italics"/>Of the Proportions of Numbers in the Mea­<lb/>&longs;uring of Areas, and the Rules for &longs;ome other Proper­<lb/>tions drawn neither from natural Bodies, nor from Har­<lb/>mony.<emph.end type="italics"/></s></p><p type="main"> <s>CHAP. VII. <emph type="italics"/>Of the Invention of Columns, their Dimen­<lb/>tions and Collocation.<emph.end type="italics"/></s></p><p type="main"> <s>CHAP. VIII. <emph type="italics"/>Some &longs;hort, but general Ob&longs;ervations which <lb/>may be locked upon as Laws in the Bu&longs;ine&longs;s of Building <lb/>and Ornaments.<emph.end type="italics"/></s></p><pb xlink:href="003/01/009.jpg"/><p type="main"> <s>CHAP. IX. <emph type="italics"/>The Bu&longs;ine&longs;s and Duty of a good Architect, <lb/>and wherein the Excellence of the Ornaments con&longs;i&longs;ts.<emph.end type="italics"/></s></p><p type="main"> <s>CHAP. X. <emph type="italics"/>What it is that an Architect ought principally <lb/>to con&longs;ider, and what Sciences he ought to be acquaint­<lb/>ed with.<emph.end type="italics"/></s></p><p type="main"> <s>CHAP. XI. <emph type="italics"/>To what Sort of Per&longs;ons the Architect ought <lb/>to offer his Service.<emph.end type="italics"/></s></p><p type="head"> <s>BOOK X.</s></p><p type="main"> <s>CHAP. I. <emph type="italics"/>Of the Defects in Building, whence they pro­<lb/>ceed, and their different Sorts; which of <lb/>them can be corrected by the Architect, and which can­<lb/>not; and the various Cau&longs;es of a bad Air.<emph.end type="italics"/></s></p><p type="main"> <s>CHAP. II. <emph type="italics"/>That Water is the mo&longs;t nece&longs;&longs;ary Thing of all, <lb/>and of its various Sorts.<emph.end type="italics"/></s></p><p type="main"> <s>CHAP. III. <emph type="italics"/>Four Things to be con&longs;idered with Relation to <lb/>Water; al&longs;o whence it is engendered or ari&longs;es, and its <lb/>Cour&longs;e.<emph.end type="italics"/></s></p><p type="main"> <s>CHAP. IV. <emph type="italics"/>By what Marks to find any hidden Water.<emph.end type="italics"/></s></p><p type="main"> <s>CHAP. V. <emph type="italics"/>Of the Digging and Walling of Wells and <lb/>Conduits.<emph.end type="italics"/></s></p><p type="main"> <s>CHAP. VI. <emph type="italics"/>Of the U&longs;es of Water; which is be&longs;t and mo&longs;t <lb/>whole&longs;ome; and that which is unwhole&longs;ome.<emph.end type="italics"/></s></p><p type="main"> <s>CHAP. VII. <emph type="italics"/>Of the Method of conveying Water and ac­<lb/>commodating it to the U&longs;es of Men.<emph.end type="italics"/></s></p><p type="main"> <s>CHAP. VIII. <emph type="italics"/>Of Ci&longs;terns, their U&longs;es and Conveniencies.<emph.end type="italics"/></s></p><p type="main"> <s>CHAP. IX. <emph type="italics"/>Of planting a Vineyard in a Meadow, or a <lb/>Wood in a Mar&longs;h; and how we may amend a Region <lb/>which is mole&longs;ted with too much Water.<emph.end type="italics"/></s></p><p type="main"> <s>CHAP. X. <emph type="italics"/>Of Roads; of Pa&longs;&longs;ages by Water and of artifi­<lb/>cial Banks to Rivers.<emph.end type="italics"/></s></p><p type="main"> <s>CHAP. XI. <emph type="italics"/>Of Canals; how they are to be kept well &longs;up­<lb/>plied with Water, and the U&longs;es of them not ob&longs;tructed.<emph.end type="italics"/></s></p><p type="main"> <s>CHAP. XII. <emph type="italics"/>Of the Sea Wall; of &longs;trengthening the Ports; <lb/>and of Locks for confining the Water in it.<emph.end type="italics"/></s></p><p type="main"> <s>CHAP. XIII. <emph type="italics"/>Of the Remedies for &longs;ome other Inconveni­<lb/>encies.<emph.end type="italics"/></s></p><p type="main"> <s>CHAP. XIV. <emph type="italics"/>Some more minute Particulars relating to <lb/>the U&longs;e of Fire.<emph.end type="italics"/></s></p><p type="main"> <s>CHAP. XV. <emph type="italics"/>By what Methods to de&longs;troy or drive away <lb/>Serpents, Gnats, Bugs, Flies, Mice, Fleas, Moths, and <lb/>the like trouble&longs;ome Vermin.<emph.end type="italics"/></s></p><p type="main"> <s>CHAP. XVI. <emph type="italics"/>Of making a Room either warmer or cooler; <lb/>as al&longs;o of amending Defects in the Walls.<emph.end type="italics"/></s></p><p type="main"> <s>CHAP. XVII. <emph type="italics"/>Of &longs;ome Defects which cannot be provided <lb/>again&longs;t, but which may be repaired after they have hap­<lb/>pened.<emph.end type="italics"/><lb/><figure id="id.003.01.009.1.jpg" xlink:href="003/01/009/1.jpg"/></s></p><pb xlink:href="003/01/010.jpg"/><figure id="id.003.01.010.1.jpg" xlink:href="003/01/010/1.jpg"/><p type="head"> <s>THE <lb/><emph type="bold"/>ARCHITECTURE<emph.end type="bold"/><lb/>OF <lb/><emph type="bold"/><emph type="italics"/>Leone Bati&longs;ta Alberti.<emph.end type="italics"/><emph.end type="bold"/></s></p><p type="head"> <s>BOOK I. CHAP. I.</s></p><p type="head"> <s><emph type="italics"/>Of De&longs;igns; their Value and Rules.<emph.end type="italics"/></s></p><p type="main"> <s>Being to treat of the <lb/>De&longs;igns of Edifices, we <lb/>&longs;hall collect and tran­<lb/>&longs;cribe into this our Work, <lb/>all the mo&longs;t curious and <lb/>u&longs;e&longs;ul Ob&longs;ervations left <lb/>us by the Ancients, and <lb/>which they gathered in <lb/>the actual Execution of <lb/>the&longs;e Works; and to the&longs;e we &longs;hall join what­<lb/>ever we our&longs;elves may have di&longs;covered by our <lb/>Study, Application and Labour, that &longs;eems like­<lb/>ly to be of U&longs;e. </s> <s>But as we de&longs;ire, in the hand­<lb/>ling this difficult, knotty, and commonly ob­<lb/>&longs;cure Subject, to be as clear and intelligible as <lb/>po&longs;&longs;ible; we &longs;hall, according to our Cu&longs;tom, <lb/>explain what the Nature of our Subject is; <lb/>which will &longs;hew the Origin of the important <lb/>Matters that we are to write of, at their very <lb/>Fountain-Head, and enable us to expre&longs;s the <lb/>Things that follow, in a more ea&longs;y and per­<lb/>&longs;picuous Style. </s> <s>We &longs;hall therefore fir&longs;t lay <lb/>down, that the whole Art of Building con&longs;i&longs;ts <lb/>in the De&longs;ign, and in the Structure. </s> <s>The <lb/>whole Force and Rule of the De&longs;ign, con&longs;i&longs;ts <lb/>in a right and exact adapting and joining to­<lb/>gether the Lines and Angles which compo&longs;e <lb/>and form the Face of the Building. </s> <s>It is the <lb/>Property and Bu&longs;ine&longs;s of the De&longs;ign to appoint <lb/>to the Edifice and all its Parts their proper <lb/>Places, determinate Number, ju&longs;t Proportion <lb/>and beautiful Order; &longs;o that the whole Form <lb/>of the Structure be proportionable. </s> <s>Nor has <lb/>this De&longs;ign any thing that makes it in its Na­<lb/>ture in&longs;eparable from Matter; for we &longs;ee that <lb/>the &longs;ame De&longs;ign is in a Multitude of Buildings, <lb/>which have all the &longs;ame Form, and are exact­<lb/>ly alike as to the Situation of their Parts and <lb/>the Di&longs;po&longs;ition of their Lines and Angles; and <lb/>we can in our Thought and Imagination con­<lb/>trive perfect Forms of Buildings entirely &longs;epa­<lb/>rate from Matter, by &longs;ettling and regulating in <lb/>a certain Order, the Di&longs;po&longs;ition and Conjunc­<lb/>tion of the Lines and Angles. </s> <s>Which being <pb xlink:href="003/01/011.jpg" pagenum="2"/>granted, we &longs;hall call the De&longs;ign a firm and <lb/>graceful pre-ordering of the Lines and Angles, <lb/>conceived in the Mind, and contrived by an <lb/>ingenious Arti&longs;t. </s> <s>But if we would enquire <lb/>what a Building is in its own Nature, together <lb/>with the Structure thereof, it may not be ami&longs;s, <lb/>to con&longs;ider from what Beginnings the Habita­<lb/>tions of Men, which we call Edifices, took <lb/>their Ri&longs;e, and the Progre&longs;s of their Improve­<lb/>ment: Which unle&longs;s I am mi&longs;taken, may be <lb/>re&longs;olved as follows.</s></p><p type="head"> <s>CHAP II.</s></p><p type="head"> <s><emph type="italics"/>Of the fir&longs;t Occa&longs;ion of erecting Edifices; of how many Parts the Art of <lb/>Building con&longs;i&longs;ts, and what is nece&longs;&longs;ary to each of tho&longs;e Parts.<emph.end type="italics"/></s></p><p type="main"> <s>In the Beginning Men looked out for Set­<lb/>tlements in &longs;ome &longs;ecure Country; and ha­<lb/>ving found a convenient Spot &longs;uitable to their <lb/>Occa&longs;ions, they there made them&longs;elves a Ha­<lb/>bitation &longs;o contrived, that private and publick <lb/>Matters might not be confounded together in <lb/>the &longs;ame Place; but that they might have one <lb/>Part for Sleep, another for their Kitchen, and <lb/>others for their other nece&longs;&longs;ary U&longs;es. </s> <s>They <lb/>then began to think of a Covering to defend <lb/>them from Sun and Rain; and in order there­<lb/>to, they erected Walls to place this Covering <lb/>upon. </s> <s>By this means they knew they &longs;hould <lb/>be the more compleatly &longs;heltered from pierc­<lb/>ing Colds, and &longs;tormy Winds. </s> <s>La&longs;tly, in the <lb/>Sides of the Walls, from Top to Bottom, they <lb/>opened Pa&longs;&longs;ages and Windows, for going in and <lb/>out, and letting in Light and Air, and for the <lb/>Conveniency of di&longs;charging any Wet, or any <lb/>gro&longs;s Vapours, which might chance to get into <lb/>the Hou&longs;e. </s> <s>And who&longs;oever it was, whether <lb/>the Godde&longs;s <emph type="italics"/>Ve&longs;ta,<emph.end type="italics"/> Daughter of <emph type="italics"/>Saturn,<emph.end type="italics"/> or <lb/><emph type="italics"/>Euryalus<emph.end type="italics"/> and <emph type="italics"/>Hyperbius,<emph.end type="italics"/> the two Brothers, or <lb/><emph type="italics"/>Gellio,<emph.end type="italics"/> or <emph type="italics"/>Thra&longs;o,<emph.end type="italics"/> or the Cyclop <emph type="italics"/>Typhinchius,<emph.end type="italics"/><lb/>that fir&longs;t contrived the&longs;e Things: I am per­<lb/>&longs;uaded the fir&longs;t Beginnings of them were &longs;uch <lb/>as I have de&longs;cribed, and that U&longs;e and Arts have <lb/>&longs;ince improved them to &longs;uch a Pitch, that the <lb/>various Kinds of Buildings are become almo&longs;t <lb/>infinite: Some are publick, &longs;ome private, &longs;ome <lb/>&longs;acred, &longs;ome profane, &longs;ome &longs;erve for U&longs;e and <lb/>Nece&longs;&longs;ity, &longs;ome for the Ornament of our Cities, <lb/>or the Beauty of our Temples: But no body <lb/>will therefore deny, that they were all derived <lb/>from the Principles abovementioned: Which <lb/>being &longs;o, it is evident, that the whole Art of <lb/>Building con&longs;i&longs;ts in &longs;ix Things, which are the&longs;e: <lb/>The Region, the Seat or Platform, the Com­<lb/>partition, the Walling, the Covering and the <lb/>Apertures; and if the&longs;e Principles are fir&longs;t <lb/>thoroughly conceived, that which is to follow <lb/>will the more ea&longs;ily be under&longs;tood. </s> <s>We &longs;hall <lb/>therefore define them thus, the Region with <lb/>us &longs;hall be the whole large open Place in which <lb/>we are to build, and of which the Seat or Plat­<lb/>form &longs;hall be only a Part: But the Platform <lb/>&longs;hall be a determined Spot of the Region, cir­<lb/>cum&longs;cribed by Walls for U&longs;e and Service. </s> <s>But <lb/>under the Title of Platform, we &longs;hall likewi&longs;e <lb/>include all tho&longs;e Spaces of the Buildings, which <lb/>in walking we tread upon with our Feet. </s> <s>The <lb/>Compartition is that which &longs;ub-divides the <lb/>whole Platform of the Hou&longs;e into &longs;maller Plat­<lb/>forms, &longs;o that the whole Edifice thus formed <lb/>and con&longs;tituted of the&longs;e its Members, &longs;eems to <lb/>be full of le&longs;&longs;er Edifices: By Walling we &longs;hall <lb/>under&longs;tand all that Structure, which is carried <lb/>up from the Ground to the Top to &longs;upport <lb/>the Weight of the Roof, and &longs;uch al&longs;o as is <lb/>rai&longs;ed on the In&longs;ide of the Building, to &longs;epa­<lb/>rate the Apartments; Covering we &longs;hall call <lb/>not only that Part, which is laid over the Top <lb/>of the Edifice to receive the Rain, but any <lb/>Part too which is extended in length and <lb/>breadth over the Heads of tho&longs;e within; <lb/>which includes all Ceilings, hal&longs;-arched Roofs, <lb/>Vaults, and the like. </s> <s>Apertures are all tho&longs;e <lb/>Outlets, which are in any Part of the Build­<lb/>ing, for the Convenience of Egre&longs;s and Re­<lb/>gre&longs;s, or the Pa&longs;&longs;age of Things nece&longs;&longs;ary for <lb/>the Inmates. </s> <s>Of the&longs;e therefore we &longs;hall treat, <lb/>and of all the Parts of each, having fir&longs;t pre­<lb/>mi&longs;ed &longs;ome Things, which whether they are <lb/>Principles, or nece&longs;&longs;ary Concomitants of the <lb/>Principles of this Work which we have under­<lb/>taken, are certainly very much to our Purpo&longs;e: <lb/>For having con&longs;idered, whether there was any <lb/>Thing that might concern any of tho&longs;e Parts <lb/>which we have enumerated; we found three <lb/>Things by no means to be neglected, which <lb/>relate particularly to the Covering, the Wall­<lb/>ing, and the like: Namely, that each of them <lb/>be adapted to &longs;ome certain and determinate <lb/>Conveniency, and above all, be whole&longs;ome. <pb xlink:href="003/01/012.jpg" pagenum="3"/>That they be firm, &longs;olid, durable, in a Man­<lb/>ner eternal, as to Stability: And as to Grace­<lb/>fulne&longs;s and Beauty, delicately and ju&longs;tly adorn­<lb/>ed, and &longs;et off in all their Parts. </s> <s>Having laid <lb/>down the&longs;e Principles as the Foundations of <lb/>what we are to write, we proceed to our Subject.</s></p><p type="head"> <s>CHAP. III.</s></p><p type="head"> <s><emph type="italics"/>Of the Region, of the Climate or Air, of the Sun and Winds, which affect the Air.<emph.end type="italics"/></s></p><p type="main"> <s>The Ancients u&longs;ed the utmo&longs;t Caution <lb/>to &longs;ix upon a Region that had in it <lb/>nothing noxious, and was furni&longs;hed with all <lb/>Conveniences; and e&longs;pecially they took parti­<lb/>cular Care that the Air was not unwhole&longs;ome <lb/>or intemperate; in which they &longs;hewed a great <lb/>Deal of Prudence; for they knew that if the <lb/>Earth or Water had any Defect in them, Art <lb/>and Indu&longs;try might correct it; but they affirm­<lb/>ed, that neither Contrivance nor Multitude of <lb/>Hands was able &longs;ufficiently to correct and a­<lb/>mend the Air. </s> <s>And it mu&longs;t be allowed, that, <lb/>as what we breathe is &longs;o conducive to the <lb/>Nouri&longs;hment and Support of Life, the purer <lb/>it is, the more it mu&longs;t pre&longs;erve and main­<lb/>tain our Health. </s> <s>Be&longs;ides, how great an In­<lb/>fluence the Air has in the Generation, Pro­<lb/>duction, Aliment, and Pre&longs;ervation of Things, <lb/>is unknown to nobody. </s> <s>It is even ob&longs;erved, <lb/>that they who draw a pure Air, have better <lb/>Under&longs;tandings than tho&longs;e who breathe a heavy <lb/>moi&longs;t one: Which is &longs;uppo&longs;ed to be the Rea­<lb/>&longs;on that the <emph type="italics"/>Athenians<emph.end type="italics"/> had much &longs;harper Wits <lb/>than the <emph type="italics"/>Thebans.<emph.end type="italics"/></s><s> We know that the Air, <lb/>according to the different Situation and Po&longs;iti­<lb/>on of Places, affects us &longs;ometimes in one Man­<lb/>ner, and &longs;ometimes in another. </s> <s>Some of the <lb/>Cau&longs;es of this Variety we imagine we under­<lb/>&longs;tand; others by the Ob&longs;curity of their Natures <lb/>are altogether hidden and unknown to us. </s> <s>We <lb/>&longs;hall fir&longs;t &longs;peak of the manife&longs;t Cau&longs;es, and <lb/>con&longs;ider afterwards of the more occult; that <lb/>we may know how to chu&longs;e a Region com­<lb/>modious and healthful. </s> <s>The Ancient Theo­<lb/>logi&longs;ts called the Air <emph type="italics"/>Pallas. </s> <s>Homer<emph.end type="italics"/> makes <lb/>her a Godde&longs;s, and names her <emph type="italics"/>Glaucopis,<emph.end type="italics"/> which <lb/>&longs;ignifies an Air naturally clear and tran&longs;parent. <lb/></s> <s>And it is certain, that Air is the mo&longs;t healthy, <lb/>which is the mo&longs;t purged and purified, and <lb/>which may mo&longs;t ea&longs;ily be pierced by the Sight, <lb/>the cleare&longs;t and lighte&longs;t, and the lea&longs;t Subject <lb/>to Variations. </s> <s>And on the contrary we af­<lb/>firm the Air to be pe&longs;tiferous, where there is a <lb/>continued Collection of thick Clouds and &longs;tink­<lb/>ing Vapours, and which always hangs like a <lb/>great Weight upon the Eyes, and ob&longs;tructs <lb/>the Sight. </s> <s>The Occa&longs;ion of this Difference <lb/>proceeds from &longs;everal Cau&longs;es, but chiefly I <lb/>take it, from the Sun and Winds. </s> <s>But we are <lb/>not here to &longs;pend Time in the&longs;e phy&longs;ical En­<lb/>quiries, how the Vapours by the Power of the <lb/>Sun are rai&longs;ed from the mo&longs;t profound and <lb/>hidden Parts of the Earth, and drawn up to <lb/>the Sky, where gathering them&longs;elves together <lb/>in va&longs;t Bodies in the immen&longs;e Spaces of the <lb/>Air, either by their own huge Weight, or by <lb/>receiving the Rays of the Sun upon their rari­<lb/>fied Parts, they fall and thereby pre&longs;s upon the <lb/>Air and occa&longs;ion the Winds; and being after­<lb/>wards carried to the Ocean by their Drought, <lb/>they plunge, and having bathed and impregna­<lb/>ted them&longs;elves with Moi&longs;ture from the Sea, <lb/>they once more a&longs;cend through the Air, where <lb/>being pre&longs;&longs;ed by the Winds, and as it were <lb/>&longs;queezed like a Sponge, they di&longs;charge their <lb/>Burthen of Water in Rains, which again <lb/>create new Vapours. </s> <s>Whether the&longs;e Conjec­<lb/>tures be true, or whether the Wind be occa&longs;i­<lb/>oned by a dry Fumo&longs;ity of the Earth, or a hot <lb/>Evaporation &longs;tirred by the Pre&longs;&longs;ure of the Cold; <lb/>or that it be, as we may call it, the Breath of <lb/>the Air; or nothing but the Air it&longs;elf put into <lb/>Agitation by the Motion of the World, or by <lb/>the Cour&longs;e and Radiation of the Stars; or by <lb/>the generating Spirit of all Things in its own <lb/>Nature active, or &longs;omething el&longs;e not of a &longs;epa­<lb/>rate Exi&longs;tence, but con&longs;i&longs;ting in the Air it&longs;elf <lb/>acted upon and inflamed by the Heat of the <lb/>higher Air; or whatever other Opinion or <lb/>Way of accounting for the&longs;e Things be truer <lb/>or more ancient, I &longs;hall pa&longs;s it over as not <lb/>making to my Purpo&longs;e. </s> <s>However, unle&longs;s I am <lb/>mi&longs;taken, we may conceive from what has been <lb/>&longs;aid already, why &longs;ome Countries in the World <lb/>enjoy a plea&longs;ant chearful Air, while others, <lb/>clo&longs;e adjoyning to them, and as it were laid <lb/>by Nature in the &longs;ame Lap, are &longs;tupified and <lb/>afflicted with a heavy and di&longs;mal Climate. <lb/></s> <s>For I &longs;uppo&longs;e, that this happens from no other <lb/>Cau&longs;e, but their being ill di&longs;po&longs;ed for the O­<lb/>peration of the Sun and Winds. <emph type="italics"/>Cicero<emph.end type="italics"/> tells <lb/>us, that <emph type="italics"/>Syracu&longs;e<emph.end type="italics"/> was &longs;o placed, that the Inha­<lb/>bitants never mi&longs;&longs;ed &longs;eeing the Sun every Day <lb/>in the Year; a Situation very &longs;eldom to be met <pb xlink:href="003/01/013.jpg" pagenum="4"/>with, but when Nece&longs;&longs;ity or Opportunity will <lb/>allow of it to be de&longs;ired above all Things. <lb/></s> <s>That Region therefore is to be cho&longs;en, which <lb/>is mo&longs;t free from the Power of Clouds and all <lb/>other heavy thick Vapours. </s> <s>Tho&longs;e who ap­<lb/>ply them&longs;elves to the&longs;e Enquiries have ob&longs;erv­<lb/>ed, that the Rays and Heat of the Sun act <lb/>with more Violence upon clo&longs;e den&longs;e Bodies, <lb/>than upon tho&longs;e of a loo&longs;er Contexture, upon <lb/>Oil more than Water, Iron more than Wool; <lb/>for which Rea&longs;on they &longs;ay the Air is mo&longs;t <lb/>gro&longs;s and heavy in tho&longs;e Places, which are mo&longs;t <lb/>&longs;ubject to great Heats. </s> <s>The <emph type="italics"/>Ægyptians<emph.end type="italics"/> con­<lb/>tending for Nobility with all the other Nati­<lb/>ons in the World, boa&longs;ted, that the fir&longs;t Men <lb/>were created in their Country, becau&longs;e no <lb/>Place was &longs;o fit to plant the fir&longs;t Race of Men <lb/>in, as there, where they might live the mo&longs;t <lb/>healthily; and that they were ble&longs;&longs;ed by the <lb/>Gods with a Kind of perpetual Spring, and a <lb/>cón&longs;tant unchangeable Di&longs;po&longs;ition of Air above <lb/>all the Re&longs;t of the Word. </s> <s>And <emph type="italics"/>Herodotus<emph.end type="italics"/><lb/>writes, that among the <emph type="italics"/>Ægyptians,<emph.end type="italics"/> tho&longs;e chief­<lb/>ly who lived towards <emph type="italics"/>Libia,<emph.end type="italics"/> are the mo&longs;t <lb/>healthy, becau&longs;e they enjoy continual gentle <lb/>Breezes. </s> <s>And to me the Rea&longs;on why &longs;ome <lb/>Cities, both in <emph type="italics"/>Italy<emph.end type="italics"/> and in other Parts of the <lb/>World, are perpetually unhealthy and pe&longs;ti­<lb/>lential, &longs;eems plainly to be the &longs;udden Turns <lb/>and Changes in the Air, from Hot to Cold, <lb/>and from Cold to Hot. </s> <s>So that it very much <lb/>concerns us to be extremely careful in our Ob­<lb/>&longs;ervation, what and how much Sun the Regi­<lb/>on we pitch upon is expo&longs;ed to; that there be <lb/>neither more Sun nor more Shade than is ne­<lb/>ce&longs;&longs;ary. </s> <s>The <emph type="italics"/>Garamantes<emph.end type="italics"/> cur&longs;e the Sun, both <lb/>at it's Ri&longs;ing and it's Setting, becau&longs;e they are <lb/>&longs;corched with the long Continuation of it's <lb/>Beams. </s> <s>Other Nations look pale and wan, by <lb/>living in a Kind of perpetual Night. </s> <s>And <lb/>the&longs;e Things happen not &longs;o much, becau&longs;e &longs;uch <lb/>Places have the Pole more depre&longs;&longs;ed or oblique, <lb/>tho there is a great deal in that too, as becau&longs;e <lb/>they are aptly &longs;ituated for receiving the Sun and <lb/>Winds, or are skreened from them. </s> <s>I &longs;hould <lb/>chu&longs;e &longs;oft Breezes before Winds, but even <lb/>Winds, though violent and blu&longs;tering, before a <lb/>Calm, motionle&longs;s, and con&longs;equently, a heavy <lb/>Air. </s> <s>Water, &longs;ays <emph type="italics"/>Ovid,<emph.end type="italics"/> corrupts, if not mov­<lb/>ed: And it is certain the Air, to u&longs;e &longs;uch an <lb/>Expre&longs;&longs;ion, wonderfully exhilerated by Moti­<lb/>on: For I am per&longs;uaded, that thereby the Va­<lb/>pours which ri&longs;e from the Earth are either di&longs;­<lb/>&longs;ipated, or el&longs;e growing warm by Action are <lb/>concocted as they &longs;hould be. </s> <s>But then I <lb/>would have the&longs;e Winds come to me, broken <lb/>by the Oppo&longs;ition of Hills and Woods, or tir­<lb/>ed with a long Journey. </s> <s>I would take heed <lb/>that they did not bring any ill Qualities along <lb/>with them, gathered from any Places they <lb/>pa&longs;&longs;ed through. </s> <s>And for this Rea&longs;on we <lb/>&longs;hould be care&longs;ul to avoid all Neighbourhoods <lb/>from which any noxious Particles may be <lb/>brought: In the Number of which are all ill <lb/>Smells, and all gro&longs;s Exhalations from Mar&longs;hes, <lb/>and e&longs;pecially from &longs;tagnating Waters and <lb/>Ditches. </s> <s>The Naturali&longs;ts lay it down for cer­<lb/>tain, that all Rivers that u&longs;e to be &longs;upplied by <lb/>Snows, bring cold &longs;oggy Winds: But no Water <lb/>is &longs;o noi&longs;ome and pernicious, as that which <lb/>rots and putri<gap/>ies for want of Motion. </s> <s>And <lb/>the Contagion of &longs;uch a Neighbourhood will <lb/>be &longs;till more mi&longs;chievous, according as it is <lb/>more or le&longs;s expo&longs;ed to unwhole&longs;ome Winds: <lb/>For we are told, that the very Winds them­<lb/>&longs;elves are in their own Natures &longs;ome more <lb/>whole&longs;ome than others. </s> <s>Thus <emph type="italics"/>Pliny<emph.end type="italics"/> from <lb/><emph type="italics"/>Theophra&longs;tus<emph.end type="italics"/> and <emph type="italics"/>Hippocrates<emph.end type="italics"/> informs us, that <lb/>the <emph type="italics"/>North<emph.end type="italics"/> is the be&longs;t for re&longs;toring and pre&longs;erv­<lb/>ing of Health; and all the Naturali&longs;ts affirm, <lb/>that the <emph type="italics"/>South<emph.end type="italics"/> is the mo&longs;t noxious of all to <lb/>Mankind; nay further, that the very Bea&longs;ts <lb/>may not &longs;afely be left in the Fields while that <lb/>Wind blows; and they have ob&longs;erved, that at <lb/>&longs;uch Times the Stork never flies, and that the <lb/>Dolphins in a <emph type="italics"/>North<emph.end type="italics"/> Wind, if it &longs;tands fair to­<lb/>wards them, can hear any Voice, but in a <lb/><emph type="italics"/>South,<emph.end type="italics"/> they are more &longs;low in hearing it, and <lb/>mu&longs;t have it brought to them oppo&longs;ite to the <lb/>Wind. </s> <s>They &longs;ay too, that in a <emph type="italics"/>North<emph.end type="italics"/> Wind <lb/>an Eel will live &longs;ix Days out of Water, but <lb/>not &longs;o in a <emph type="italics"/>South,<emph.end type="italics"/> &longs;uch is the Gro&longs;&longs;ne&longs;s and un­<lb/>whole&longs;ome Property of that Wind; and that <lb/>as the <emph type="italics"/>South<emph.end type="italics"/> Wind brings Catarrhs and Rheums, <lb/>&longs;o the <emph type="italics"/>North-We&longs;t<emph.end type="italics"/> is apt to give Coughs. </s> <s>They <lb/>likewi&longs;e find Fault with the Neighbourhood of <lb/>the <emph type="italics"/>Mediterranean,<emph.end type="italics"/> upon this Account chiefly, <lb/>becau&longs;e they &longs;uppo&longs;e, that a Place expo&longs;ed to <lb/>the Reflection of the Sun's Rays, does in ef­<lb/>fect &longs;uffer two Suns, one &longs;corching them from <lb/>the Heavens, and the other from the Water; <lb/>and &longs;uch Places upon the Setting of the Sun <lb/>feel the greate&longs;t and mo&longs;t &longs;en&longs;ible Alrerations <lb/>in the Air when the cold Shadows of Night <lb/>come on. </s> <s>And there are &longs;ome who think, that <lb/>the <emph type="italics"/>We&longs;tern<emph.end type="italics"/> Reverberations or Reflections of <lb/>the Sun, either from the Sea or any other <lb/>Water, or from the Mountains, mole&longs;t us mo&longs;t <pb xlink:href="003/01/014.jpg" pagenum="5"/>of all: Becau&longs;e they double the Heat of a Place <lb/>already &longs;ufficiently warmed by whole Day's <lb/>Sun. </s> <s>And if it happens, that with all this Sun <lb/>the heavy gro&longs;s Winds have free Acce&longs;s to you, <lb/>what can be more annoying or intollerable? <lb/></s> <s>The early Morning Breezes too, which bring <lb/>the Vapours crude ju&longs;t as they are rai&longs;ed, are <lb/>certainly to be avoided. </s> <s>Thus we have briefly <lb/>&longs;poken of the Sun and Winds, by which the <lb/>Air is altered and made healthy and noxious, <lb/>as much as we thought nece&longs;&longs;ary here: And <lb/>in their Places we &longs;hall di&longs;cour&longs;e of them more <lb/>di&longs;tinctly.</s></p><p type="head"> <s>CHAP. IV.</s></p><p type="head"> <s><emph type="italics"/>Which Region is, and which is not commodious for Building.<emph.end type="italics"/></s></p><p type="main"> <s>In chu&longs;ing the Region it will be proper to <lb/>have it &longs;uch, that the Inhabitants may find <lb/>it convenient in all Re&longs;pects, both as to its na­<lb/>tural Properties, and as to the Neighbourhood <lb/>and its Corre&longs;pondence with the re&longs;t of Man­<lb/>kind. </s> <s>For certainly I would never build a City <lb/>upon a &longs;teep inacce&longs;&longs;ible Cliff of the <emph type="italics"/>Alps,<emph.end type="italics"/> as <lb/><emph type="italics"/>Caligula<emph.end type="italics"/> intended; unle&longs;s obliged by the ut­<lb/>mo&longs;t Extremity: Nor in a &longs;olitary De&longs;art, as <lb/><emph type="italics"/>Varro<emph.end type="italics"/> de&longs;cribes that Part of <emph type="italics"/>France<emph.end type="italics"/> to have <lb/>been which was beyond the <emph type="italics"/>Rhine,<emph.end type="italics"/> and as <emph type="italics"/>Cæ&longs;ar<emph.end type="italics"/><lb/>paints <emph type="italics"/>England<emph.end type="italics"/> in his Days. </s> <s>Neither &longs;hould I <lb/>be plea&longs;ed to live, as in <emph type="italics"/>Ægina,<emph.end type="italics"/> only upon the <lb/>Eggs of Birds, or upon Acorns, as they did in <lb/>&longs;ome Parts of <emph type="italics"/>Spain<emph.end type="italics"/> in <emph type="italics"/>Pliny<emph.end type="italics"/>'s Time. </s> <s>I would <lb/>if po&longs;&longs;ible have nothing be wanting that could <lb/>be of U&longs;e in Life. </s> <s>For this Rea&longs;on, more than <lb/>any other, <emph type="italics"/>Alexander<emph.end type="italics"/> was perfectly in the right <lb/>in not building a City upon Mount <emph type="italics"/>Athos<emph.end type="italics"/><lb/>(though the Invention and De&longs;ign of the Archi­<lb/>tect <emph type="italics"/>Policrates<emph.end type="italics"/> mu&longs;t needs have been wonder­<lb/>ful) becau&longs;e the Inhabitants could never have <lb/>been well &longs;upplied with Conveniences. <emph type="italics"/>Ari&longs;totle<emph.end type="italics"/><lb/>was indeed be&longs;t plea&longs;ed with a Region that was <lb/>difficult of Acce&longs;s, and e&longs;pecially to build a <lb/>City in: And we find there have been &longs;ome <lb/>Nations, which have cho&longs;e to have their Con­<lb/>fines quite &longs;tript and laid into a De&longs;art for a <lb/>great Way together, only in order to di&longs;tre&longs;s <lb/>their Enemies. </s> <s>Whether this Method is to be <lb/>approved or blamed, we &longs;hall examine in an­<lb/>other Place. </s> <s>If it is of Service in a publick <lb/>Regard, I cannot find Fault with it: But for <lb/>the Situation of other Buildings, I &longs;hould much <lb/>rather chu&longs;e a Region that had many and dif­<lb/>ferent Ways of Acce&longs;s, for the ea&longs;y bringing in <lb/>all Manner of Nece&longs;&longs;aries, both by Land-Car­<lb/>riage and Water-Carriage, as well in Winter <lb/>as in Summer. </s> <s>The Region it&longs;elf likewi&longs;e <lb/>&longs;hould neither be too moi&longs;t through too great <lb/>abundance of Water, nor too much parched <lb/>with Drought, but be kindly and temperate. <lb/></s> <s>And if we cannot find one exactly in all Re­<lb/>&longs;pects as we would have it, let us chu&longs;e it ra­<lb/>ther &longs;omewhat cold and dry, than warm and <lb/>moi&longs;t: For our Hou&longs;es, our Cloaths, Fires, <lb/>and Exerci&longs;e, will ea&longs;ily overcome the Cold; <lb/>neither is it believed, that the Dryne&longs;s of a Soil <lb/>can have any thing in it very noxious, either to <lb/>the Bodies or Mind, only that by Dryne&longs;s <lb/>Men's Bodies are hardened, and by Cold per­<lb/>haps made &longs;omewhat rougher: But it is held <lb/>for certain, that all Bodies corrupt with too <lb/>much Humidity, and are relaxed by Heat. <lb/></s> <s>And we find that Men either in cold Weather, <lb/>or that live in cold Places, are more healthy <lb/>and le&longs;s &longs;ubject to Di&longs;tempers; though it is al­<lb/>lowed, that in hot Climates Men have better <lb/>Wits, as they have better Con&longs;titutions in cold. <lb/></s> <s>I have read in <emph type="italics"/>Appian<emph.end type="italics"/> the Hi&longs;torian, that the <lb/><emph type="italics"/>Numidians<emph.end type="italics"/> are very long lived, becau&longs;e their <lb/>Winters are never too cold. </s> <s>That Region <lb/>therefore will be far the be&longs;t, which is ju&longs;t <lb/>moderately warm and moi&longs;t, becau&longs;e that will <lb/>produce lu&longs;ty hand&longs;ome Men, and not &longs;ubject <lb/>to Melancholy. </s> <s>Secondly, that Region will <lb/>be mo&longs;t eligible, which being placed among <lb/>Countries liable to Snow, enjoys more Sun <lb/>than its Neighbours; and among Countries <lb/>burnt by the Sun, that which has mo&longs;t Humi­<lb/>dity and Shade. </s> <s>But no Building, let it be <lb/>what it will, can be placed more un&longs;ightly or <lb/>inconveniently, than in a Valley down be­<lb/>tween two Hills; becau&longs;e, not to in&longs;i&longs;t upon <lb/>more manife&longs;t Rea&longs;ons, an Edifice &longs;o placed <lb/>has no Manner of Dignity, lying quite hid; <lb/>and it's Pro&longs;pect being interrupted can have <lb/>neither Plea&longs;ure nor Beauty. </s> <s>But what is this <lb/>to tho&longs;e greater Mi&longs;chiefs which will &longs;hortly <lb/>happen, when the Hou&longs;e is overwhelmed by <lb/>Floods and filled with Waters that pour in up­<lb/>on it from the adjoining Hills; and imbibing <pb xlink:href="003/01/015.jpg" pagenum="6"/>continual Wet, rots and decays, and always <lb/>exhales Vapours extreamly noxious to the <lb/>Health of its Inhabitants. </s> <s>In &longs;uch a Place, <lb/>the Under&longs;tanding can never be clear, the <lb/>Spirits being dampt and &longs;tupified; nor will <lb/>any Kind of Bodies endure long. </s> <s>The Books <lb/>will grow mouldy and rot; the Arms will <lb/>ru&longs;t, nothing in the Storehou&longs;e will keep, and <lb/>in &longs;hort, the Exce&longs;s of Moi&longs;ture will &longs;poil and <lb/>de&longs;troy every Thing. </s> <s>If the Sun &longs;hines in, <lb/>you will be &longs;corched in&longs;ufferably by the fre­<lb/>quent Reflection of his Rays, which will be <lb/>beat back upon you from every Side, and if it <lb/>does not, you will be dried and withered by <lb/>the continual Shade. </s> <s>Add to this, that if the <lb/>Winds gets in, being confined as it were in a <lb/>Channel, it will rage there with greater Fury <lb/>than in other Places; and if it never enters, <lb/>the Air for want of Motion will grow thick <lb/>and muddy; &longs;uch a Valley may not impro­<lb/>perly be called a Puddle, or Bog of Air. </s> <s>The <lb/>Form of the Place therefore in which we in­<lb/>tend to build, ought to be graceful and plea­<lb/>&longs;ant, not mean and low, as if it were buried <lb/>below the re&longs;t of the Earth, but lofty, and as <lb/>it were a Hawk to look clear round about, and <lb/>con&longs;tantly refre&longs;hed on every Side with de­<lb/>lightful Breezes. </s> <s>Be&longs;ides this, let there be <lb/>Plenty of every Thing nece&longs;&longs;ary, either to the <lb/>Convenience or Plea&longs;ure of Life, as Water, <lb/>Fire and Provi&longs;ions: But Care mu&longs;t be taken, <lb/>that there is nothing in any of the&longs;e Things <lb/>prejudicial to the Health. </s> <s>The Springs mu&longs;t <lb/>be opened and ta&longs;ted, and the Water tried by <lb/>Fire, that there be no Mixture in it of mucous, <lb/>vi&longs;cous or crude Particles, that may affect the <lb/>Con&longs;titutions of the Inhabitants. </s> <s>I omit the <lb/>ill Effects that often proceed from Water, as <lb/>breeding Wens in the Throat, and giving the <lb/>Stone; as likewi&longs;e tho&longs;e other more wonderful <lb/>Effects of Water, which <emph type="italics"/>Vitruvius<emph.end type="italics"/> the Archi­<lb/>tect has learnedly and elegantly &longs;ummed up. <lb/></s> <s>It is the Opinion of the Phy&longs;ician <emph type="italics"/>Hipocrates,<emph.end type="italics"/><lb/>that they who drink Water not well purged, <lb/>but heavy and ill-ta&longs;ted, grow Cholicky, and <lb/>to have large &longs;welled Bellies, while the re&longs;t of <lb/>their Members, their Arms, their Shoulders and <lb/>their Faces become thin and extenuated. </s> <s>Add <lb/>to this, that though the Fault of the Spleen ill <lb/>dige&longs;ting of the Blood, they fall into &longs;everal <lb/>Kinds of Diftempers, &longs;ome even pe&longs;tilential. <lb/></s> <s>In Summer, Fluxes of the Belly by the &longs;tir­<lb/>ring of the Choler, and the di&longs;&longs;olving of the <lb/>Humours wa&longs;te all their Strength; and all the <lb/>Year round they are continually liable to heavy <lb/>and tedious Infirmities, &longs;uch as the Drop&longs;y, <lb/>A&longs;thma and Pleuri&longs;y. </s> <s>The young lo&longs;e their <lb/>Sen&longs;es by melancholy Bile; the old are burnt <lb/>by the Inflammation of the Humours; the <lb/>Women with Difficulty conceive, and with <lb/>more Difficulty bring forth: In a Word, every <lb/>Age and every Sex will fall by early and un­<lb/>timely Deaths, de&longs;troyed and worn away by <lb/>Di&longs;ea&longs;es; nor will they enjoy a &longs;ingle Day <lb/>while they live, without being tormented with <lb/>Melancholy or black Humours, and fretted <lb/>with Spleen and Vapours; &longs;o that their Minds <lb/>will never be free from Vexation and Unea&longs;i­<lb/>ne&longs;s. </s> <s>Many other Things might be &longs;aid of <lb/>Water, which have been ob&longs;erved by the an­<lb/>cient Hi&longs;torians, very curious and remarkable, <lb/>and of extream Efficacy to the Health of Man­<lb/>kind; but they are uncommon, and might <lb/>&longs;eem rather intended to make a Shew of <lb/>Knowledge than for actual U&longs;e; be&longs;ides that <lb/>we &longs;hall &longs;peak more copiou&longs;ly of Waters in <lb/>their proper Place. </s> <s>Thus much certainly is <lb/>not to be neglected, and is mo&longs;t manife&longs;t, <lb/>namely, that Water gives Nouri&longs;hment to all <lb/>Plants, Seeds, and every Thing el&longs;e that has <lb/>the vegetative Life, with the Plenty of who&longs;e <lb/>Fruits Men are refre&longs;hed and &longs;upported. </s> <s>If <lb/>all this be granted, certainly we ought very <lb/>carefully to examine what Veins of Water the <lb/>Country is furni&longs;hed with, in which we intend <lb/>to dwell. <emph type="italics"/>Diodorus<emph.end type="italics"/> tells us, that the <emph type="italics"/>Indians<emph.end type="italics"/><lb/>are generally lu&longs;ty &longs;trong Men, and very &longs;harp <lb/>witted, which he imputes to their having a <lb/>whole&longs;ome Air and good Water. </s> <s>Now that <lb/>Water we conceive to be the be&longs;t ta&longs;ted which <lb/>has no Ta&longs;te, and that is be&longs;t coloured which <lb/>has no Colour at all. </s> <s>It is agreed, that the <lb/>be&longs;t Water is clear, tran&longs;parent and light, &longs;uch <lb/>as being poured upon a white Cloth leaves no <lb/>Stain; and upon boiling has no Sediment, and <lb/>which does not cover the Bed it flows in with <lb/>Mo&longs;s or Slime, nor e&longs;pecially the Stones which <lb/>it runs over. </s> <s>A further Proof of the Goodne&longs;s <lb/>of Water is, when boiling any Kind of Pul&longs;e in <lb/>it makes them tender, and when it makes good <lb/>Bread. </s> <s>Neither &longs;hould we be le&longs;s careful to ex­<lb/>amine and note, whether the Region ingenders <lb/>nothing pe&longs;tiferous or venemous, that the Inha­<lb/>bitants may be in no Danger. </s> <s>I pa&longs;s over <lb/>&longs;ome Things, which are recorded by the An­<lb/>cients, to wit, that in <emph type="italics"/>Colchos<emph.end type="italics"/> there di&longs;tills from <lb/>the Leaves of the Trees a Honey, which who­<lb/>&longs;oever ta&longs;tes falls &longs;en&longs;ele&longs;s, and for a whole Day <lb/>&longs;eems to be dead: As al&longs;o what is &longs;aid to have <lb/>happened in <emph type="italics"/>Antony<emph.end type="italics"/>'s Army, occa&longs;ioned by <pb xlink:href="003/01/016.jpg" pagenum="7"/>certain Herbs, which the Soldiers eating for <lb/>want of Bread, grew be&longs;otted, and employed <lb/>them&longs;elves in nothing but digging Stones out <lb/>of the Ground, till their Choler being &longs;tirred <lb/>they fell down dead; nor was any Remedy <lb/>found again&longs;t this Plague, as we are informed <lb/>by <emph type="italics"/>Plutarch,<emph.end type="italics"/> but drinking of Wine; the&longs;e <lb/>Things are commonly known. </s> <s>But good <lb/>Heavens! what &longs;hall we &longs;ay to what has hap­<lb/>pened in our own Days in <emph type="italics"/>Apulia<emph.end type="italics"/> in <emph type="italics"/>Italy;<emph.end type="italics"/><lb/>what incredible Effects of Poi&longs;on have we &longs;een <lb/>there! the Bite of a &longs;mall Earth Spider, com­<lb/>monly called a <emph type="italics"/>Tarantula,<emph.end type="italics"/> throwing Men into <lb/>various Kinds of Madne&longs;s, and even Fury; a <lb/>Thing &longs;trange to be told. </s> <s>No Swelling, no <lb/>livid Spot appearing in any Part of the Body <lb/>from the &longs;harp Bite or Sting of the venomous <lb/>Bea&longs;t; but &longs;uddenly lo&longs;ing their Sen&longs;es, they <lb/>fall piteou&longs;ly to bewail them&longs;elves, and if no <lb/>A&longs;&longs;i&longs;tance is given them they die. </s> <s>They cure <lb/>this Di&longs;temper with <emph type="italics"/>Theophra&longs;tus<emph.end type="italics"/>'s Remedy, <lb/>who &longs;ays, that Per&longs;ons bit by Vipers u&longs;ed to <lb/>be cured by the Sound of Pipes. </s> <s>The Mu&longs;i­<lb/>cians therefore with different Kinds of Har­<lb/>mony try to a&longs;&longs;wage the Pain, and when they <lb/>hit upon the Kind proper to the Patient, im­<lb/>mediately, as if he were &longs;uddenly awakened, <lb/>he &longs;tarts up, and tran&longs;ported with Joy, falls to <lb/>be&longs;tirring him&longs;elf to the Mu&longs;ick with all his <lb/>Strength, in whatever his Fancy prompts him <lb/>to. </s> <s>Some that are thus bit, you &longs;hall &longs;ee ex­<lb/>erci&longs;e them&longs;elves in Dancing, others in Singing, <lb/>and others &longs;tirring in other Motions, ju&longs;t as <lb/>their Inclination or Madne&longs;s guides them, till <lb/>through mere Wearine&longs;s they are forced to <lb/>give over. </s> <s>And thus without giving them­<lb/>&longs;elves the lea&longs;t Re&longs;t, they will &longs;weat them&longs;elves <lb/>for &longs;ome Days, and &longs;o recover their Health <lb/>merely by their Madne&longs;s having quite &longs;pent it­<lb/>&longs;elf. </s> <s>We read too of &longs;omething like this that <lb/>happened among the <emph type="italics"/>Albanians,<emph.end type="italics"/> who &longs;ought <lb/>again&longs;t <emph type="italics"/>Pompey<emph.end type="italics"/> with &longs;uch a Power of Hor&longs;e; <lb/>that there was a Sort of Cobweb among them, <lb/>which whoever touched &longs;urely died, &longs;ome <lb/>Laughing, and others on the contrary Weeping.</s></p><p type="head"> <s>CHAP. V.</s></p><p type="head"> <s><emph type="italics"/>By what Marks and Characters we are to know the Goodne&longs;s of the Region.<emph.end type="italics"/></s></p><p type="main"> <s>Nor are tho&longs;e Things alone &longs;ufficient for <lb/>the chu&longs;ing of the Region, which are <lb/>obvious and manife&longs;t of them&longs;elves; but we <lb/>mu&longs;t weigh every Circum&longs;tance, and con&longs;ider <lb/>the mo&longs;t occult Tokens. </s> <s>Thus it will be a <lb/>good Sign of an excelient Air and of good Wa­<lb/>ter, if the Country produces Plenty of good <lb/>Fruits, if it fo&longs;ters a good Number of Men of <lb/>a good old Age, if it abounds with lu&longs;ty hand­<lb/>&longs;ome Youth, if the People are fruitful, and if <lb/>the Births are natural and never mon&longs;trous. </s> <s>I <lb/>have my&longs;elf &longs;een &longs;ome Cities, which out of Re­<lb/>&longs;pect to the Times I forbear to name, where <lb/>there is &longs;carce a Woman, but what &longs;ees her&longs;elf <lb/>at the &longs;ame In&longs;tant, the Mother both of a Man <lb/>and of a Mon&longs;ter. </s> <s>Another City I know in <lb/><emph type="italics"/>Italy,<emph.end type="italics"/> where there are &longs;o many People Hump­<lb/>backed, Squint-eyed, Crooked and Lame, that <lb/>there is &longs;carce a Family, but what has Some­<lb/>body in it defective or di&longs;torted. </s> <s>And cer­<lb/>tainly, where we &longs;ee &longs;uch frequent and great <lb/>Inequalities of Pody to Body, and Member to <lb/>Member; we may well conclude, that it pro­<lb/>ceeds from &longs;ome Defect in the Climate or Air, <lb/>or from &longs;ome more hidden Cau&longs;e of the Cor­<lb/>ruption of Nature. </s> <s>Nor is it foreign to our <lb/>Purpo&longs;e what has been ob&longs;erved, that in a gro&longs;s <lb/>Air we are more inclined to Hunger, and in a <lb/>thin One to Thir&longs;t: and we may not impro­<lb/>bably draw &longs;ome Conjectures from the Shape <lb/>and Looks of other Animals, what Con&longs;tituti­<lb/>ons the Men will have in the &longs;ame Place; for <lb/>if the Cattle look lively, fat and large, you <lb/>may not unrea&longs;onably hope to have Children <lb/>that will be &longs;o too. </s> <s>Neither will it be ami&longs;s to <lb/>gather Notice of the Air and Winds, even <lb/>from other Bodies not endued with animal <lb/>Life; thus if the Walls of the neighbouring <lb/>Buildings are grown ru&longs;ty and rugged, it &longs;hews <lb/>that &longs;ome malignant Influence has Power <lb/>there. </s> <s>The Trees too bending all one Way, <lb/>as if by general Con&longs;ent, &longs;hew that they have <lb/>&longs;uffered the Force of high rough Winds; and <lb/>the very Stones, whether growing in their na­<lb/>tive Seats, or placed in Buildings, if their Tops <lb/>are any thing con&longs;iderably rotted, &longs;hew the <lb/>Intemperature of the Air, &longs;ometimes too hot <lb/>and &longs;ometimes over cold. </s> <s>A Region &longs;o ex­<lb/>po&longs;ed to the furious A&longs;&longs;aults of Tempe&longs;ts is to <lb/>be avoided, as the very wor&longs;t of all; for if the <lb/>Bodies of Men are &longs;eized with too exce&longs;&longs;ive <lb/>Cold or Heat, the whole Frame and Contex­<pb xlink:href="003/01/017.jpg" pagenum="8"/>ture of all the Parts is pre&longs;ently broken and <lb/>di&longs;&longs;olved, and &longs;alls into dangerous Di&longs;tempers <lb/>and immature old Age. </s> <s>A City &longs;tanding at <lb/>the Foot of a Hill, and looking towards the <lb/>&longs;etting Sun, is accounted unhealthy, more for <lb/>this Rea&longs;on than any other, that it feels too <lb/>&longs;uddenly the cold chilling Breezes of the Night. <lb/></s> <s>It may likewi&longs;e be convenient by looking back <lb/>into Times pa&longs;t, according to the Ob&longs;ervations <lb/>of the Wi&longs;e, to examine into Properties yet <lb/>more hidden, if there be &longs;uch in the Place: <lb/>For there are Countries which have in their <lb/>Nature &longs;ome Secret undi&longs;covered Qualities, <lb/>which confer Happine&longs;s or Unhappine&longs;s. <emph type="italics"/>Lo­<lb/>cris<emph.end type="italics"/> and <emph type="italics"/>Crotona<emph.end type="italics"/> are &longs;aid to have never been <lb/>infected with any Plague. </s> <s>In the I&longs;le of <lb/><emph type="italics"/>Candia<emph.end type="italics"/> there is no mi&longs;chievous Creature. </s> <s>In <lb/><emph type="italics"/>France<emph.end type="italics"/> very few Mon&longs;ters are born; in other <lb/>Places the Naturali&longs;ts &longs;ay, that in the Middle <lb/>either of Summer or Winter it never Thunders: <lb/>But in <emph type="italics"/>Campania,<emph.end type="italics"/> according to <emph type="italics"/>Pliny,<emph.end type="italics"/> it Thun­<lb/>ders at tho&longs;e very Times over tho&longs;e Cities that <lb/>&longs;tand to the South; and the Mountains near <lb/><emph type="italics"/>Albania<emph.end type="italics"/> are &longs;aid to be called <emph type="italics"/>Ceraunia,<emph.end type="italics"/> from <lb/>the frequent Lightnings that fall upon it. </s> <s>The <lb/>I&longs;le of <emph type="italics"/>Lemnos<emph.end type="italics"/> too being very &longs;ubject to Light­<lb/>ning, was the Rea&longs;on, <emph type="italics"/>Servius<emph.end type="italics"/> informs us, of <lb/>the Poets feigning that <emph type="italics"/>Vulcan<emph.end type="italics"/> fell there from <lb/>Heaven. </s> <s>About the Streights of <emph type="italics"/>Gallipoli<emph.end type="italics"/> and <lb/>the <emph type="italics"/>E&longs;&longs;edones,<emph.end type="italics"/> it was never known either to <lb/>Thunder or Lighten. </s> <s>If it Rains in <emph type="italics"/>Ægypt<emph.end type="italics"/><lb/>it is reckoned a Prodigy. </s> <s>Near the <emph type="italics"/>Hyda&longs;pes<emph.end type="italics"/><lb/>in the Beginning of Summer it Rains continu­<lb/>ally. </s> <s>They &longs;ay that in <emph type="italics"/>Lybia<emph.end type="italics"/> the Air is &longs;o &longs;eldom <lb/>&longs;tirred by Winds, that it grows &longs;o thick, that <lb/>&longs;everal Kinds of Vapours are vi&longs;ible in the Sky: <lb/>And on the Contrary, in mo&longs;t Parts of <emph type="italics"/>Gala­<lb/>tia,<emph.end type="italics"/> the Winds blow in Summer with &longs;o much <lb/>Violence, that it drives along the very Stones <lb/>like Sand. </s> <s>In <emph type="italics"/>Spain<emph.end type="italics"/> near the <emph type="italics"/>Ebro,<emph.end type="italics"/> they &longs;ay <lb/>the North-We&longs;t Wind blows &longs;o hard, that it <lb/>overturns Carts heavy laden: In <emph type="italics"/>Æthiopia<emph.end type="italics"/> we <lb/>are told the South never blows, and Hi&longs;torians <lb/>write, that this Wind in <emph type="italics"/>Arabia<emph.end type="italics"/> and the <lb/>Country of the <emph type="italics"/>Troglodites<emph.end type="italics"/> burns up every <lb/>Thing that is green: And <emph type="italics"/>Thucydides<emph.end type="italics"/> affirms, <lb/>that <emph type="italics"/>Delos<emph.end type="italics"/> was never troubled with Earth­<lb/>quakes, but always &longs;tood firm upon the &longs;ame <lb/>Rock, though the other I&longs;lands all about it <lb/>were often laid in Ruins by Earthquakes, We <lb/>our&longs;elves &longs;ee, that the Part of <emph type="italics"/>Italy,<emph.end type="italics"/> which <lb/>runs from the <emph type="italics"/>Selva dell' Aglio<emph.end type="italics"/> below <emph type="italics"/>Rome,<emph.end type="italics"/><lb/>all along the Ridge of Hills of the <emph type="italics"/>Campagna <lb/>di Roma<emph.end type="italics"/> quite to <emph type="italics"/>Capua,<emph.end type="italics"/> is perpetually &longs;tript <lb/>and almo&longs;t quite laid wa&longs;te by Earthquakes. <lb/></s> <s>Some believe <emph type="italics"/>Achaia<emph.end type="italics"/> was &longs;o called from its &longs;re­<lb/>quent Inundations of Water. </s> <s>I find that <emph type="italics"/>Rome<emph.end type="italics"/><lb/>was always &longs;ubject to Agues, and <emph type="italics"/>Galen<emph.end type="italics"/> takes <lb/>tho&longs;e Agues to be a new Kind of double Ter­<lb/>tian, which mu&longs;t have varions and almo&longs;t di­<lb/>rect Remedies applied to it at different Sea­<lb/>&longs;ons. </s> <s>It is an old Fable among the Poets, that <lb/><emph type="italics"/>Typho<emph.end type="italics"/> the Giant being buried in the I&longs;land of <lb/><emph type="italics"/>Prochyta,<emph.end type="italics"/> often turns him&longs;elf about, and with <lb/>his turning &longs;hakes the whole I&longs;land from its <lb/>very Foundation. </s> <s>The Rea&longs;on of this Ficti­<lb/>on of the Poets was, becau&longs;e that I&longs;land was &longs;o <lb/>tormented with Earthquakes and Eruptions, <lb/>that the <emph type="italics"/>Erythreans<emph.end type="italics"/> and <emph type="italics"/>Chalcidians,<emph.end type="italics"/> who in­<lb/>habited it, were forced to fly for it. </s> <s>And a­<lb/>gain, aftewards tho&longs;e who were &longs;ent by <emph type="italics"/>Hiero<emph.end type="italics"/> of <lb/><emph type="italics"/>Syracu&longs;e<emph.end type="italics"/> to build a new City there, frightened <lb/>with the continual Danger of De&longs;truction, de­<lb/>&longs;erted it too. </s> <s>Wherefore all Things of this <lb/>Nature are to be &longs;ifted out from long Ob&longs;er­<lb/>vation, and examined and compared by other <lb/>Places, in order to come at a clear and full <lb/>Knowledge of every Particular.</s></p><p type="head"> <s>CHAP. VI.</s></p><p type="head"> <s><emph type="italics"/>Of &longs;ome more hidden Conveniencies and Inconveniencies of the Region which a <lb/>wi&longs;e Man ought to enquire into.<emph.end type="italics"/></s></p><p type="main"> <s>We ought further to enquire carefully, <lb/>whether the Region is u&longs;ed to be mo­<lb/>le&longs;ted with any more hidden Inconveniency. <lb/><emph type="italics"/>Plato<emph.end type="italics"/> believed, that in &longs;ome Places the Influ­<lb/>ence of Spirits often reigned, and was at &longs;ome­<lb/>times mi&longs;chievous, and at others propitious to <lb/>the Inhabitants. </s> <s>It is certain there are &longs;ome <lb/>Places where Men are very &longs;ubject to run mad, <lb/>others where they are ca&longs;ily di&longs;po&longs;ed to do <lb/>them&longs;elves a Mi&longs;chief, and where they put an <lb/>End to their own Lives by Halters or Preci­<lb/>pices, Steel or Poi&longs;on. </s> <s>It is therefore very ne­<lb/>ce&longs;&longs;ary to examine by the mo&longs;t occult Traces <lb/>of Nature, every Thing that can be attended <lb/>with &longs;uch Effects. </s> <s>It was an ancient Cu&longs;tom <lb/>brought down even from <emph type="italics"/>Demetrius<emph.end type="italics"/>'s Time, <pb xlink:href="003/01/018.jpg" pagenum="9"/>not only in laying the Foundations of Cities <lb/>and Towns, but al&longs;o in marking out Camps <lb/>for the Armies, to in&longs;pect the Entrails of the <lb/>Bea&longs;t that grazed upon the Place, and to ob­<lb/>&longs;erve both their Condition and Colour. </s> <s>In <lb/>which if they chanced to find any Defect, they <lb/>avoided that Place as unhealthy. <emph type="italics"/>Varro<emph.end type="italics"/> in­<lb/>forms us of his own Knowledge, that in &longs;ome <lb/>Places the Air was full of minute Animalcules <lb/>as &longs;mall as Atoms, which being received toge­<lb/>ther with the Breath into the Lungs, fa&longs;tened <lb/>upon the Inte&longs;tines, and gnawing upon them, <lb/>cau&longs;ed dreadful raging Di&longs;ea&longs;es, and at length <lb/>Plagues and Death. </s> <s>Nor ought we to forget <lb/>that there are &longs;ome Places, which, though in <lb/>their own Nature, they are &longs;ubject to no In­<lb/>convenience or Mi&longs;chief what&longs;oever, yet are &longs;o <lb/>&longs;ituated, that by the Arrival of Foreigners they <lb/>will often be infected with pe&longs;tilential Di&longs;tem­<lb/>pers. </s> <s>And this &longs;hall happen, not only by <lb/>Means of Armies of Enemies endeavouring to <lb/>do you all the Mi&longs;chief they can, as befals tho&longs;e <lb/>Nations which are expo&longs;ed to inhuman Barba­<lb/>rians; but by a friendly Reception and Enter­<lb/>tainment of them you &longs;hall expo&longs;e your&longs;elf to <lb/>extreme Calamities. </s> <s>Others by having Neigh­<lb/>bours de&longs;irous of Innovations, have by their <lb/>Broils and De&longs;truction fallen into great Dangers <lb/>them&longs;elves. <emph type="italics"/>Pera<emph.end type="italics"/> a City upon the <emph type="italics"/>Pontus,<emph.end type="italics"/> a <lb/>Colony of the <emph type="italics"/>Genoe&longs;e,<emph.end type="italics"/> is continually afflicted <lb/>with the Plague, by their giving daily Admi&longs;­<lb/>&longs;ion to Slaves, both infirm in Mind, and almo&longs;t <lb/>quste rotten and worn away with mere Filth <lb/>and Na&longs;tine&longs;s. </s> <s>Some likewi&longs;e will have it, that <lb/>it is the Part of a prudent and wi&longs;e Man to en­<lb/>quire by Augury and the Ob&longs;ervation of the <lb/>Heavens, what Fortune he &longs;hall have in &longs;uch <lb/>a Place. </s> <s>Which Arts, provided they are not <lb/>incompatiable with our Religion, I own I do <lb/>not di&longs;pi&longs;e. </s> <s>Who can deny that what they <lb/>call Fortune, whatever &longs;he be, has a very great <lb/>Power over human Affairs? </s> <s>Can we venture <lb/>to affirm, that the publick Fortune of <emph type="italics"/>Rome<emph.end type="italics"/> had <lb/>not a great Share in the Enlargement of the <lb/>Empire? </s> <s>The City of <emph type="italics"/>Iolaus<emph.end type="italics"/> in <emph type="italics"/>Sardinia,<emph.end type="italics"/> built <lb/>by a Grand&longs;on of <emph type="italics"/>Hercules,<emph.end type="italics"/> though o&longs;ten at­<lb/>tacked both by the <emph type="italics"/>Carthaginians<emph.end type="italics"/> and the <emph type="italics"/>Ro­<lb/>mans,<emph.end type="italics"/> yet as <emph type="italics"/>Diodorus<emph.end type="italics"/> writes, always pre&longs;erved <lb/>its Liberty. </s> <s>Can we &longs;uppo&longs;e that the Temple <lb/>at <emph type="italics"/>Delphos,<emph.end type="italics"/> fir&longs;t burnt by <emph type="italics"/>Flegias,<emph.end type="italics"/> &longs;hould after­<lb/>wards in <emph type="italics"/>Sylla<emph.end type="italics"/>'s Time be con&longs;umed by Fire, <lb/>the third Time, without the particular ill For­<lb/>tune of that Place? </s> <s>What &longs;hall we &longs;ay of the <lb/>Capitol? </s> <s>How often has that been in Flames? <lb/></s> <s>The City of the <emph type="italics"/>Sybarites,<emph.end type="italics"/> after repeated Cala­<lb/>mities, often de&longs;erted and often re&longs;tored, at <lb/>length quite ruined, was utterly abandoned; <lb/>nay, tho&longs;e who fled from it were pur&longs;ued by ill <lb/>Fortune, nor could they, by removing their <lb/>Dwellings and leaving the ancient Name of <lb/>their City, ever &longs;ave them&longs;elves from Mi&longs;ery <lb/>and De&longs;truction: For new Inhabitants coming <lb/>in upon them, all their mo&longs;t ancient and prin­<lb/>cipal Families, their &longs;acred Edifices and their <lb/>whole City, were utterly laid wa&longs;te and de­<lb/>&longs;troyed with Fire and Sword. </s> <s>But we need <lb/>not dwell upon the&longs;e Things which Hi&longs;torians <lb/>are full of. </s> <s>Our whole De&longs;ign is to &longs;hew, that <lb/>it is the Part of a wi&longs;e Man to do every thing <lb/>which may make him &longs;ecure, that the Trouble <lb/>and Expence of his Building &longs;hall not be in <lb/>vain, and that his Work it&longs;elf may be perma­<lb/>nent. </s> <s>And certainly to omit no Precaution <lb/>which may effect &longs;o great a De&longs;ign, is the Bu­<lb/>&longs;ine&longs;s of every prudent Man. </s> <s>Or will you &longs;ay, <lb/>that it is not of the utmo&longs;t Importance both to <lb/>you and yours to execute an Undertaking, that <lb/>brings with it Health, Dignity and Plea&longs;ure, <lb/>and recommends your Name with Reputation <lb/>to Po&longs;terity? </s> <s>Here you are to apply your&longs;elves <lb/>to your Studies, here you are to breed <lb/>your dear Children and live with your Fa­<lb/>mily, here you are to &longs;pend your Days both <lb/>of Labour and Re&longs;t, here all the Schemes of <lb/>your whole Life are to be executed; &longs;o that <lb/>I do not think any Thing in the World can be <lb/>named, except Virtue, which can de&longs;erve more <lb/>Care and Application, than to fix a good and <lb/>convenient Habitation for your&longs;elf and Family. <lb/></s> <s>And who can be &longs;ure of having &longs;uch a one, <lb/>who de&longs;pi&longs;es the Precautions before-mention­<lb/>ed? </s> <s>but of the&longs;e enough. </s> <s>Come we now to <lb/>the Seat or Platform.</s></p><p type="head"> <s>CHAP. VII.</s></p><p type="head"> <s><emph type="italics"/>Of the Seat or Platform, and of the &longs;everal Sorts of Lines.<emph.end type="italics"/></s></p><p type="main"> <s>In chu&longs;ing the Platform, we ought to ob­<lb/>&longs;erve all the &longs;ame Rules that we have laid <lb/>down about the Region; for as the Region is <lb/>a determinate and &longs;elect Part of the whole <pb xlink:href="003/01/019.jpg" pagenum="10"/>Country, &longs;o the Platform is a certain determi­<lb/>nate Part of the Region taken up by the <lb/>Building; and for this Rea&longs;on, any Thing that <lb/>may annoy or be of Service to the Region, <lb/>may do the &longs;ame to the Platform. </s> <s>But though <lb/>this be &longs;o, yet our Di&longs;cu&longs;&longs;ion and Con&longs;iderati­<lb/>ons here will offer us &longs;ome Precepts, which <lb/>&longs;eem particularly to regard the Platform only; <lb/>and &longs;ome again which do not &longs;eem &longs;o proper­<lb/>ly to belong to the Seat as in a great Mea&longs;ure <lb/>to the Region; which are the&longs;e. </s> <s>It is nece&longs;­<lb/>&longs;ary to con&longs;ider what Work we are taking in <lb/>Hand, publick or private, &longs;acred or profane, <lb/>and &longs;o of the Re&longs;t, which we &longs;hall treat of di&longs;­<lb/>tinctly in their proper Places. </s> <s>For one Situa­<lb/>tion and one Space is to be allotted to an Ex­<lb/>change, another to a Theatre, another to a <lb/><emph type="italics"/>Palæ&longs;tra,<emph.end type="italics"/> or Place of Exerci&longs;e, and another to <lb/>a Temple; &longs;o that we mu&longs;t have regard to the <lb/>Quality and U&longs;e of every Edifice in the Deter­<lb/>mining of its Situation and Form. </s> <s>But to <lb/>proceed here only in a general Di&longs;cu&longs;&longs;ion of <lb/>the&longs;e Things as we began, we &longs;hall touch on­<lb/>ly upon tho&longs;e Points which we judge nece&longs;­<lb/>&longs;ary: Fir&longs;t &longs;aying &longs;omething of Lines, which <lb/>may be of Service for under&longs;tanding what fol­<lb/>lows. </s> <s>For being to treat of the De&longs;ign of the <lb/>Platform, it will not be inconvenient to explain <lb/>tho&longs;e Things fir&longs;t whereof that De&longs;ign con­<lb/>&longs;i&longs;ts. </s> <s>Every De&longs;ign therefore is compo&longs;ed of <lb/>Lines and Angles; the Lines are that extreme <lb/>De&longs;ign which includes the whole Space of the <lb/>Platform. </s> <s>That Part of the Superficies of this <lb/>De&longs;ign, which is contained between two Lines <lb/>touching at &longs;ome certain Point, is called an <lb/>Angle. </s> <s>The Inter&longs;ection therefore or cro&longs;&longs;ing <lb/>of two Lines over each other form four Angles. <lb/></s> <s>If each of the&longs;e Angles be equal to all and each <lb/>of the other three, they are called right Angles; <lb/>if they are le&longs;s, they are called acute, and the <lb/>greater obtu&longs;e. </s> <s>Of Lines too &longs;ome are &longs;trait <lb/>and others curve; of involved winding Lines <lb/>it is not nece&longs;&longs;ary to &longs;peak here. </s> <s>The &longs;trait <lb/>Line is a Line drawn from one Point to an­<lb/>other, the &longs;horte&longs;t Way that po&longs;&longs;ibly can be. <lb/></s> <s>The curve Line is Part of a Circle; a Circle <lb/>is a Draught made from one of two Points, <lb/>and turned upon the &longs;ame Superficies in &longs;uch a <lb/>Manner, that in its whole Circumference it is <lb/>never nearer nor farther from that immoveable <lb/>Point the Centre, than it was at the fir&longs;t Turn. <lb/></s> <s>But to this it is nece&longs;&longs;ary to add, that the curve <lb/>Line, which was &longs;aid to be Part of the Circle, <lb/>among us Architects, for its Similitude, is call­<lb/>ed an Arch. </s> <s>And the &longs;trait Line, which is <lb/>drawn from the two extreme Points of the <lb/>curve Line, for the &longs;ame Rea&longs;on is called <lb/>a Chord. </s> <s>And that Line, which goes from <lb/>the middle Point of the Chord up to the <lb/>Arch, leaving equal Angles on each Side, is <lb/>called the <emph type="italics"/>Sagitta.<emph.end type="italics"/></s><s> And that which is carried <lb/>from the fixed immoveable Point within the <lb/>Circle to the curve Line of the Circle, is call­<lb/>ed the <emph type="italics"/>Radius.<emph.end type="italics"/></s><s> And that immoveable Point <lb/>in the Middle is called the Centre. </s> <s>And the <lb/>Line which pa&longs;&longs;es through the Centre and <lb/>touches both Sides of the Circumference, is </s></p><p type="main"> <s><arrow.to.target n="marg1"/><lb/>called the Diameter. </s> <s>Arches too are different, <lb/>for &longs;ome are entire, &longs;ome are imperfect, and <lb/>&longs;ome are compo&longs;ite. </s> <s>The entire is that which <lb/>is the full Half of a Circle, or that who&longs;e <lb/>Chord is the Diameter of the whole Circle. <lb/></s> <s>The Imperfect is that who&longs;e Chord is le&longs;s than <lb/>a Diameter, &longs;o that this imperfect Arch is Part <lb/>of a Semi-circle. </s> <s>The compo&longs;ite Arch is <lb/>formed of two imperfect Arches, and &longs;o the <lb/>joyning of tho&longs;e two Arches, inter&longs;ecting each <lb/>other, makes an Angle at Top, which never <lb/>happens either in the entire or imperfect Arch. <lb/></s> <s>The&longs;e Things being premi&longs;ed, we proceed as <lb/>follows.</s></p><p type="margin"> <s><margin.target id="marg1"/>*</s></p><p type="head"> <s>CHAP. VIII.</s></p><p type="head"> <s><emph type="italics"/>Of the Kinds of Platforms, their Forms and Figures, and which are the mo&longs;t <lb/>&longs;erviceable and la&longs;ting.<emph.end type="italics"/></s></p><p type="main"> <s>Of Platforms, &longs;ome are angular and others <lb/>circular; of the angular, &longs;ome con&longs;i&longs;t <lb/>all of right Lines, and &longs;ome of right Lines <lb/>and curve mixed together. </s> <s>But I do not re­<lb/>member among the Buildings of the Ancients <lb/>to have met with any angular De&longs;ign, com­<lb/>po&longs;ed of &longs;everal curve Lines, without any Mix­<lb/>ture of &longs;trait Lines at all: But in this we <lb/>&longs;hould have regard to tho&longs;e Things, which be­<lb/>ing wanting in all Parts of the Structure, are <lb/>greatly blamed; and which, where they are, <lb/>make the Edifice hand&longs;ome and convenient. <lb/><pb xlink:href="003/01/020.jpg" pagenum="11"/>It is that the Angles, the Lines and all the <lb/>Parts have a certain Variety, but not too much <lb/>nor too little of it, but &longs;o ordered both for <lb/>U&longs;e and Beauty, that the entire Parts may an­<lb/>&longs;wer to the entire, and like Parts to like. </s> <s>Right <lb/>Angles are very convenient; the Acute are <lb/>never u&longs;ed even in mean incon&longs;iderable Plat­<lb/>forms, unle&longs;s upon ab&longs;olute Nece&longs;&longs;ity, or the <lb/>Con&longs;traint of the Nature and Manner of the <lb/>Situation, or to make &longs;ome other Part of the <lb/>Platform more graceful. </s> <s>The obtu&longs;e Angles, <lb/>have been thought very convenient, but it has <lb/>always been ob&longs;erved as a Rule never to place <lb/>them any where in unequal Numbers. </s> <s>The <lb/>circular Platform is e&longs;teemed to be the mo&longs;t <lb/>capacious of all, and the lea&longs;t expen&longs;ive to en­<lb/>clo&longs;e either with Wall or Rampart. </s> <s>The <lb/>neare&longs;t to this is &longs;aid to be that which has &longs;e­<lb/>veral Sides, but then they mu&longs;t be all alike and <lb/>an&longs;werable to each other, and equal through­<lb/>out the whole Platform. </s> <s>But tho&longs;e are com­<lb/>mended mo&longs;t of all, which are mo&longs;t conveni­<lb/>ent for rai&longs;ing the Wall to the ju&longs;t Heighth of <lb/>the Work, as are tho&longs;e which have &longs;ix and <lb/>eight Sides. </s> <s>I have &longs;een a Platform of ten <lb/>Angles very commodious and maje&longs;tick. </s> <s>You <lb/>may make them very well of twelve, nay, &longs;ix­<lb/>teen Angles. </s> <s>I my&longs;elf have &longs;een one of twenty­<lb/>four; but the&longs;e are very rare. </s> <s>The Side Lines <lb/>ought to be &longs;o ordered, that tho&longs;e which are <lb/>oppo&longs;ite may be equal to them, nor &longs;hould we <lb/>ever in any Work apply a long Line to corre&longs;­<lb/>pond to a &longs;hort one; but let there be a ju&longs;t <lb/>and rea&longs;onable Proportion, according to the <lb/>Degree of the Thing, among all the Parts. <lb/></s> <s>We would have the Angles &longs;et towards that <lb/>Side, which either any Weight of Earth, or the <lb/>Violence and A&longs;&longs;aults of Waters or Winds may <lb/>threaten and endanger; to the Intent that the <lb/>Force and Shock that beats upon the Edifice <lb/>may be broken and &longs;plit into &longs;everal Parts, re­<lb/>&longs;i&longs;ting the Attack (to u&longs;e &longs;uch an Expre&longs;&longs;ion) <lb/>with the &longs;tout Corner of the Wall, and not <lb/>with one of the weak Sides. </s> <s>But if the other <lb/>Lineaments of the Structure hinder you from <lb/>di&longs;po&longs;ing of &longs;uch an Angle in &longs;uch a Part as <lb/>you could de&longs;ire, at lea&longs;t make u&longs;e of a curve <lb/>Line; that being a Part of a Circle, and the <lb/>Circle it&longs;elf according to the Philo&longs;ophers be­<lb/>ing all Angles. </s> <s>Further, the Seat mu&longs;t be <lb/>either upon a Plain, or on the Side or Top of <lb/>a Hill; if it is on a Plain, it is nece&longs;&longs;ary to <lb/>rai&longs;e the Earth and make &longs;omething of an E­<lb/>minence; for be&longs;ides that, &longs;uch a Situation in <lb/>a Plain adds much of Dignity, if you neglect to <lb/>do it, you will find very great Inconveniences. <lb/></s> <s>For the overflowing of Rivers and Rains gene­<lb/>rally leaves Mud upon level Grounds, which by <lb/>degrees rai&longs;es the Earth higher and higher, <lb/>which &longs;till increa&longs;es, if through Negligence the <lb/>Rubbi&longs;h and Dirt, which gathers every Day be <lb/>not removed. <emph type="italics"/>Frontinus<emph.end type="italics"/> the Architect u&longs;ed to <lb/>&longs;ay, that &longs;everal Hills were ri&longs;en in <emph type="italics"/>Rome<emph.end type="italics"/> in his <lb/>Time by the continual Fires. </s> <s>But we in our <lb/>Days &longs;ee it in a Manner quite buried under <lb/>Ground with Filth and Rubbi&longs;h. </s> <s>In the <lb/>Dutchy of <emph type="italics"/>Spoletto,<emph.end type="italics"/> I have &longs;een a &longs;mall ancient <lb/>Temple, which at fir&longs;t was built in a Plain, <lb/>that is now almo&longs;t wholly buried by the rai&longs;­<lb/>ing of the Earth; that Plain reaching to the <lb/>Foot of the Hills. </s> <s>But why &longs;hould I menti­<lb/>on Buildings that &longs;tand under Mountains? <lb/></s> <s>That noble Temple by the Wall of <emph type="italics"/>Ravenna,<emph.end type="italics"/><lb/>which has for its Covering a Cup of Stone of <lb/>one &longs;ingle Piece, though it be near the Sea and <lb/>far enough from the Hills, is above a fourth <lb/>Part &longs;unk in the Earth, through the Injury of <lb/>Time. </s> <s>But how high this Eminence ought <lb/>to be rai&longs;ed for each Platform, &longs;hall be &longs;hewn <lb/>in due Time, when we come to treat of that <lb/>Subject more particularly, and not &longs;ummarily <lb/>as we do here. </s> <s>It is certain every Situation <lb/>&longs;hould be made &longs;trong, either by Nature or <lb/>Art. </s> <s>And therefore it is not ami&longs;s to follow <lb/>their Method, who advi&longs;e fir&longs;t to try the Good­<lb/>ne&longs;s of the Earth by digging in &longs;everal Places at <lb/>&longs;ome Di&longs;tance the one from the other, whe­<lb/>ther it be firm or loo&longs;e, or &longs;oft, fit or unfit to <lb/>bear the Weight of the Wall. </s> <s>For if it &longs;tands <lb/>upon a De&longs;cent, we mu&longs;t have a Care that the <lb/>upper Part does not lie too heavy and break <lb/>down the lower; or that the lower Part, if <lb/>any Accident &longs;hould &longs;hake it, does not pull <lb/>the upper down along with it. </s> <s>I would have <lb/>this Part of the Building, which is intended to <lb/>be the Ba&longs;is of all the Re&longs;t, particularly &longs;trong <lb/>and tightly knit together in all its Parts. </s> <s>If <lb/>the Seat be upon the Summit of an Hill, either <lb/>it &longs;hould be rai&longs;ed where it is not even, or el&longs;e <lb/>be made level by plaining away the Top. </s> <s>But <lb/>here we are to con&longs;ider, that we &longs;hould always <lb/>chu&longs;e that Way (though &longs;till with a due Re­<lb/>gard to the Dignity of the Work) which is lea&longs;t <lb/>trouble&longs;ome and expen&longs;ive. </s> <s>Perhaps it may be <lb/>proper to pare away &longs;ome of the Top of the <lb/>Hill, and enlarge and add to the Sides. </s> <s>For <lb/>which Rea&longs;on that Architect, whoever he was, <lb/>&longs;hewed a great deal of Contrivance, that built <lb/><emph type="italics"/>Alatro,<emph.end type="italics"/> a Town of the <emph type="italics"/>Campagna di Roma,<emph.end type="italics"/><lb/>&longs;eated upon a Rocky Hill; for he &longs;o ordered <pb xlink:href="003/01/021.jpg" pagenum="12"/>it, that the Foundations of the Citadel or Tem­<lb/>ple (whatever it was) which are all that now <lb/>remain, the Super&longs;tructure being quite demo­<lb/>li&longs;hed, &longs;hould be &longs;upported and &longs;ortified be­<lb/>neath by the Pieces of Stone cut off in plaining <lb/>the Top of the Rock. </s> <s>And there is another <lb/>Thing in that Work that I am extremely <lb/>plea&longs;ed with; namely, that he &longs;et the Angle <lb/>of the Platform towards that Side on which <lb/>the Rock has the mo&longs;t precipitate De&longs;cent, and <lb/>fortified that Angle with huge Pieces of the <lb/>Fragments piled up one upon the other, and <lb/>contrived by the joyning of the Stones to make <lb/>the Structure beautiful with a very little Ex­<lb/>pence. </s> <s>I am likewi&longs;e very much plea&longs;ed with <lb/>the Contrivance of that other Architect, who <lb/>not having a &longs;ufficient Quantity of Stone, in <lb/>order to keep up the Weight of the Hill, made <lb/>a Fence of a great Number of Semi-circles, <lb/>putting the Backs of the Curves within the <lb/>Hill; which be&longs;ides that it looked hand&longs;ome <lb/>to the Eye, was extremely &longs;trong and very <lb/>cheap; for it makes a Wall, which though not <lb/>&longs;olid, was as firm as if it had been &longs;olid, and of <lb/>the Thickne&longs;s of the <emph type="italics"/>Sagitta<emph.end type="italics"/> of tho&longs;e Curves. <lb/></s> <s>I like <emph type="italics"/>Vitruvius<emph.end type="italics"/>'s Method too, which I find <lb/>was ob&longs;erved by the ancient Archi ects all over <lb/><emph type="italics"/>Rome,<emph.end type="italics"/> and e&longs;pecially in <emph type="italics"/>Tarquin<emph.end type="italics"/>'s Wall, of <lb/>making u&longs;e of Buttre&longs;&longs;es; though they did not <lb/>every where mind to make the Di&longs;tance be­<lb/>tween one Buttre&longs;s and another, to be the &longs;ame <lb/>as the Heighth of the Wall; but as the <lb/>Strength or Weakne&longs;s of the Hill required it, <lb/>they placed them &longs;ometimes clo&longs;er and &longs;ome­<lb/>times further off. </s> <s>I have taken Notice too, <lb/>that the ancient Architects were not contented <lb/>with making one Slope for their Platform, but <lb/>rai&longs;ed &longs;everal like &longs;o many Steps, which <lb/>&longs;trengthened and &longs;ecured the Sides of the Hill <lb/>quite down to the very Root of it. </s> <s>Nor <lb/>can I di&longs;approve their Method herein. </s> <s>That <lb/>Stream at <emph type="italics"/>Perugia,<emph.end type="italics"/> which runs under Mount <lb/><emph type="italics"/>Lucino<emph.end type="italics"/> and the Hill the Town &longs;tands upon, <lb/>continually undermining and eating away the <lb/>Root of the Mountain, by degrees brings down <lb/>all the impending Weight; by which means a <lb/>great Part of the Town drops and falls to <lb/>Ruin. </s> <s>I am mightily plea&longs;ed with that Num­<lb/>ber of little Chapels, which are fixed about <lb/>the <emph type="italics"/>Area<emph.end type="italics"/> of the great Church in the Vatican; <lb/>for of the&longs;e, &longs;uch as are placed in the Hollows <lb/>of the Mountains clo&longs;e again&longs;t the Wall of the <lb/>Church, are of great Service both as to Strength <lb/>and Convenience, in &longs;upporting the Weight of <lb/>the Hill, which continually grows heavier and <lb/>heavier, and in intercepting the Wet, which <lb/>falls from the Top of the Cliff, and keeping it <lb/>from getting into the Church; by which means <lb/>the principal Wall of it keeps dry and &longs;ound. <lb/></s> <s>And tho&longs;e Chapels, which are placed on the <lb/>other Side at the lowe&longs;t Decline of the Hill, <lb/>&longs;erve with their Arches to clo&longs;e the Plain, <lb/>which is made above, and preventing the Earth <lb/>from crumbling keeps it from falling in. </s> <s>And <lb/>I have ob&longs;erved that the Architect, who built <lb/>the Temple of <emph type="italics"/>Latona<emph.end type="italics"/> in <emph type="italics"/>Rome,<emph.end type="italics"/> contrived his <lb/>Work and his Structure very ingeniou&longs;ly; for <lb/>he &longs;o placed the Angle of the Platform within <lb/>the impending Hill, that two upright Walls <lb/>&longs;upported the incumbent Weight, and divided <lb/>and broke the Pre&longs;&longs;ure by &longs;etting that Angle <lb/>again&longs;t it. </s> <s>But &longs;ince we have begun to cele­<lb/>brate the Prai&longs;es of the Ancients that contriv­<lb/>ed their Buildings prudently, I will not omit <lb/>one Thing which I recollect, and which is very <lb/>much to the pre&longs;ent Purpo&longs;e. </s> <s>In the Church <lb/>o&longs; St. <emph type="italics"/>Mark<emph.end type="italics"/> at <emph type="italics"/>Venice<emph.end type="italics"/> is a very u&longs;eful Precauti­<lb/>on of the Architect, who having made the <lb/>Foundation of the Temple very &longs;trong, le&longs;t <lb/>every here and there a Hole, that if by chance <lb/>any &longs;ubterraneous Vapour or Wind &longs;hould be <lb/>gathered there, it might ea&longs;ily find a Pa&longs;&longs;age <lb/>out. </s> <s>To conclude, all the Plains that you <lb/>make which are to be under any Covering, <lb/>mu&longs;t be laid exactly level, but tho&longs;e which are <lb/>to be left open, &longs;hould have ju&longs;t Slope enough <lb/>for the Rain to run off; but of this we have <lb/>&longs;aid enough, and perhaps more than was re­<lb/>qui&longs;ite in this Place; becau&longs;e mo&longs;t of the&longs;e <lb/>Things re&longs;pect the Walling. </s> <s>But as they happen­<lb/>ed to fall naturally together, we did not think <lb/>proper to &longs;eparate them in our Di&longs;cour&longs;e. </s> <s>It <lb/>remains that we treat of the Compartition.</s></p><pb xlink:href="003/01/022.jpg"/><p type="caption"> <s>PLATE 1. <emph type="italics"/>(Page 10)<emph.end type="italics"/></s></p><figure id="id.003.01.022.1.jpg" xlink:href="003/01/022/1.jpg"/><p type="caption"> <s>“<emph type="italics"/>Arco Composto” = composite arch. </s> <s>“Arco Scemo” = imperfect arch. </s> <s>“Arco Intiero” <lb/>= entire arch. </s> <s>“Raggio” = radius. </s> <s>“Corda” = chord. </s> <s>“Diametro” = diameter.<emph.end type="italics"/></s></p><pb xlink:href="003/01/023.jpg"/><p type="caption"> <s>PLATE 2. <emph type="italics"/>(Page 18)<emph.end type="italics"/></s></p><figure id="id.003.01.023.1.jpg" xlink:href="003/01/023/1.jpg"/><pb xlink:href="003/01/024.jpg" pagenum="13"/><p type="head"> <s>CHAP. IX.</s></p><p type="head"> <s><emph type="italics"/>Of the Compartition, and of the Origin of Building.<emph.end type="italics"/></s></p><p type="main"> <s>The whole Force of the Invention and <lb/>all our Skill and Knowledge in the Art <lb/>of Building, is required in the Compartition: <lb/>Becau&longs;e the di&longs;tinct Parts of the entire Building, <lb/>and, to u&longs;e &longs;uch a Word, the Entirene&longs;s of each <lb/>of tho&longs;e Parts, and the Union and Agreement of <lb/>all the Lines and Angles in the Work, duly <lb/>ordered for Convenience, Plea&longs;ure and Beauty, <lb/>are di&longs;po&longs;ed and mea&longs;ured out by the Com­<lb/>partition alone: for if a City, according to <lb/>the Opinion of Philo&longs;ophers, be no more than <lb/>a great Hou&longs;e, and, on the other Hand, a <lb/>Hou&longs;e be a little City; why may it not be <lb/>&longs;aid, that the Members of that Hou&longs;e are &longs;o <lb/>many little Hou&longs;es; &longs;uch as the Court-yard, <lb/>the Hall, the Parlour, the Portico, and the <lb/>like? </s> <s>And what is there in any of the&longs;e, <lb/>which, if omitted by Carele&longs;&longs;ne&longs;s or Negli­<lb/>gence, will not greatly take from the Prai&longs;e <lb/>and Dignity of the Work. </s> <s>Great Care and <lb/>Diligence therefore is to be u&longs;ed in well con­<lb/>&longs;idering the&longs;e Things, which &longs;o much con­<lb/>cern the whole Building; and in &longs;o ordering <lb/>it, that even the mo&longs;t incon&longs;iderable Parts <lb/>may not be uncomformable to the Rules of <lb/>Art, and good Contrivance. </s> <s>What has been <lb/>already &longs;aid above of the Region and Platform, <lb/>may be of no &longs;mall u&longs;e in doing of this aptly <lb/>and conveniently; and as the Members of the <lb/>Body are corre&longs;pondent to each other, &longs;o it is <lb/>fit that one Part &longs;hould an&longs;wer to another in <lb/>a Building; whence we &longs;ay, that great Edi­<lb/>fices require great Members. </s> <s>Which indeed <lb/>was &longs;o well ob&longs;erved by the Ancients, that <lb/>they u&longs;ed much larger Bricks, as well as other <lb/>Materials, about publick and large Buildings, <lb/>than in private ones. </s> <s>To every Member there­<lb/>fore ought to be allotted its fit Place and pro­<lb/>per Situation; not le&longs;s than Dignity requires, <lb/>not greater than Conveniency demands; not <lb/>in an impertinent or indecent Place, but in a <lb/>Situation &longs;o proper to it&longs;elf, that it could be <lb/>&longs;et no where el&longs;e more fitly. </s> <s>Nor &longs;hould the <lb/>Part of the Structure, that is to be of the <lb/>greate&longs;t Honour, be thrown into a remote <lb/>Corner; nor that which ought to be the mo&longs;t <lb/>publick, into a private Hole; nor that which <lb/>&longs;hould be mo&longs;t private, be &longs;et in too con&longs;pi­<lb/>cuous a Place. </s> <s>We &longs;hould be&longs;ides have re­<lb/>gard to the Sea&longs;ons of the Year, and make a <lb/>great deal of Difference between hot Places <lb/>and cold, both in Proportions and Situation. <lb/></s> <s>If Rooms for Summer are large and &longs;pacious, <lb/>and tho&longs;e for Winter more compact, it will <lb/>not be at all ami&longs;s; the Summer ones &longs;hady and <lb/>open to the Air, and the Winter ones to the <lb/>Sun. </s> <s>And here we &longs;hould provide, that the <lb/>Inhabitants may not be obliged to pa&longs;s out of <lb/>a cold Place into a hot one, without a Medium <lb/>of temperate Air; or out of a warm one into <lb/>one expo&longs;ed to Cold and Winds; becau&longs;e no­<lb/>thing is &longs;o prejudicial to human Bodies. </s> <s>And <lb/>the&longs;e ought to agree one Member with ano­<lb/>ther to perfect and compo&longs;e the main De&longs;ign <lb/>and Beauty of the whole; that we may not <lb/>&longs;o lay out our whole Study in adorning one <lb/>Part, as to leave the re&longs;t neglected and <lb/>homely in Compari&longs;on of it; but let them <lb/>bear that Proportion among them&longs;elves, that <lb/>they may appear to be an entire and perfect <lb/>Body, and not disjointed and unfini&longs;hed <lb/>Members. </s> <s>Moreover in the forming of the&longs;e <lb/>Members too, we ought to imitate the Mode&longs;ty <lb/>of Nature; becau&longs;e in this, as well as in other <lb/>Ca&longs;es, the World never commends a Modera­<lb/>tion, &longs;o much as it blames an extravagant In­<lb/>temperance in Building. </s> <s>Let the Members <lb/>therefore be mode&longs;tly proportioned, and ne­<lb/>ce&longs;&longs;ary for your U&longs;es. </s> <s>For all Building in <lb/>general, if you con&longs;ider it well, owes it's <lb/>Birth to Nece&longs;&longs;ity, was nur&longs;ed by Convenience, <lb/>and embelli&longs;hed by U&longs;e; Plea&longs;ure was the <lb/>la&longs;t Thing con&longs;ulted in it, which is never <lb/>truly obtained by Things that are immode­<lb/>rate. </s> <s>Let your Building therefore be &longs;uch, <lb/>that it may not want any Members which it <lb/>has not, and that tho&longs;e which it has, may <lb/>not in any Re&longs;pect de&longs;erve to be condemned. <lb/></s> <s>Nor would I have the Edifice terminated all <lb/>the Way with even continued Lines void of <lb/>all manner of Variety; for &longs;ome plea&longs;e us by <lb/>their Largene&longs;s, others with being little, and <lb/>others moderate. </s> <s>One Part therefore &longs;hould <lb/>be terminated with &longs;trait Lines, another with <lb/>curve, and another again with &longs;trait and curve <lb/>mixed together; provided you ob&longs;erve the <lb/>Caution I have &longs;o often given you, to avoid <lb/>falling into the Error of Exce&longs;s, &longs;o as to &longs;eem <pb xlink:href="003/01/025.jpg" pagenum="14"/>to have made a Mon&longs;ter with Limbs di&longs;pro­<lb/>portionable: Variety is without Di&longs;pute a very <lb/>great Beauty in every Thing, when it joins and <lb/>brings together, in a regular manner, Things <lb/>different, but proportionable to each other; <lb/>but it is rather &longs;hocking, if they are un&longs;uitable <lb/>and incoherent. </s> <s>For as in Mu&longs;ick, when the <lb/>Ba&longs;e an&longs;wers the Treble, and the Tenor agrees <lb/>with both, there ari&longs;es from that Variety of <lb/>Sounds an harmonious and wonderful Union <lb/>of Proportions which delights and enchants <lb/>our Sen&longs;es; &longs;o the like happens in every thing <lb/>el&longs;e that &longs;trikes and plea&longs;es our Fancy. </s> <s>La&longs;tly, <lb/>the&longs;e Things mu&longs;t be &longs;o executed, as U&longs;e or <lb/>Conveniency requires, or according to the <lb/>approved Practice of Men of Skill; becau&longs;e <lb/>deviating from e&longs;tabli&longs;hed Cu&longs;tom, generally <lb/>robs a Thing of its whole Beauty, as conform­<lb/>ing to it, is applauded and attended with Suc­<lb/>ce&longs;s. </s> <s>Neverthele&longs;s, tho' other famous Archi­<lb/>tects &longs;eem, by their Practice, to have deter­<lb/>mined this or that Compartition, whether <lb/><emph type="italics"/>Doric,<emph.end type="italics"/> or <emph type="italics"/>Ionic,<emph.end type="italics"/> or <emph type="italics"/>Corinthian,<emph.end type="italics"/> or <emph type="italics"/>Tu&longs;can,<emph.end type="italics"/> to <lb/>be the mo&longs;t convenient of any; yet they do <lb/>not thereby tie us down to follow them &longs;o <lb/>clo&longs;ely, as to tran&longs;cribe their very De&longs;igns into <lb/>this Work of ours; but only &longs;tir us up by <lb/>their In&longs;tructions to produce &longs;omething of <lb/>our own Invention, and to endeavour to ac­<lb/>quire equal or greater Prai&longs;e than they did. <lb/></s> <s>But of the&longs;e Things we &longs;hall &longs;peak more di­<lb/>&longs;tinctly in their proper Places, when we come <lb/>to con&longs;ider in what manner a City and its <lb/>Members ought to be di&longs;po&longs;ed, and every <lb/>thing nece&longs;&longs;ary for the Convenience of <lb/>each.</s></p><p type="head"> <s>CHAP. X.</s></p><p type="head"> <s><emph type="italics"/>Of the Columns and Walls, and &longs;ome Ob&longs;ervations relating to the Columns.<emph.end type="italics"/></s></p><p type="main"> <s>We are now to treat &longs;ummarily of the <lb/>Di&longs;po&longs;ition of the Wall. </s> <s>But here I <lb/>mu&longs;t not omit what I have ob&longs;erved among <lb/>the Ancients; namely, that they con&longs;tantly <lb/>avoided drawing any of the outer Lines of the <lb/>Platform quite &longs;trait, &longs;o as to let any great <lb/>Length go on without being interrupted by <lb/>the Concavity of &longs;ome curve Line, or the In­<lb/>ter&longs;ection of &longs;ome Angle; and the Rea&longs;on <lb/>why tho&longs;e wi&longs;e Men did this is plain, that the <lb/>Wall, having, as it were, Props joined to it to <lb/>re&longs;t again&longs;t, might be &longs;o much the &longs;tronger. <lb/></s> <s>In treating of the Walling, we &longs;hould begin <lb/>with the mo&longs;t noble Parts of it. </s> <s>This Place <lb/>there&longs;ore naturally leads us to &longs;peak of the Co­<lb/>lumns, and of the Things belonging to them; <lb/>a Row of Columns being indeed nothing el&longs;e <lb/>but a Wall open and di&longs;continued in &longs;everal <lb/>Places. </s> <s>And having occa&longs;ion to define a Co­<lb/>lumn, it would not be at all improper to &longs;ay, <lb/>that it is a certain &longs;trong continued Part of <lb/>the Wall, carried up perpendicular from the <lb/>Foundation to the Top, for &longs;upporting the <lb/>Covering. </s> <s>In the whole Compa&longs;s of the Art <lb/>of Building, you will find nothing, that either <lb/>for Workman&longs;hip, Expence or Beauty, de­<lb/>&longs;erves to be preferred before the Columns. <lb/></s> <s>But the&longs;e Columns having &longs;ome Particulars in <lb/>which they differ from one another; in this <lb/>Place we &longs;hall &longs;peak only of their Agreement; <lb/>becau&longs;e that regards the Genus of them; but <lb/>as to their Difference, which relates to their <lb/>Species, we &longs;hall handle it in its proper Place. <lb/></s> <s>To begin therefore as we may &longs;ay from the <lb/>Root, every Column has its Foundation; this <lb/>Foundation being brought up to a Level with <lb/>the Plane of the <emph type="italics"/>Area,<emph.end type="italics"/> it was u&longs;ual to rai&longs;e <lb/>thereupon a kind of little Wall, which we <lb/>&longs;hall call the Plinth, others perhaps may call <lb/>it the Dye; upon the Plinth &longs;tood the Ba&longs;e, <lb/>on the Ba&longs;e, the Column; and over the Co­<lb/>lumn the Capital; their Proportion was, that <lb/>from the middle downwards, they were &longs;ome­<lb/>what bigger, and from thence upwards grew <lb/>more and more taper, and that the Foot was <lb/>&longs;omething larger than the Top of all. </s> <s>I make <lb/>no doubt, that at fir&longs;t the Column was in­<lb/>vented to &longs;upport the Covering. </s> <s>Afterwards <lb/>Men's Thoughts being &longs;tirred up to worthy <lb/>Attempts, they &longs;tudied, tho' them&longs;elves were <lb/>mortal, to make their Buildings in a Manner <lb/>immortal and eternal; and for this Rea&longs;on <lb/>they made Columns, Architraves, Intabla­<lb/>tures, and Coverings all of Marble. </s> <s>And in <lb/>doing the&longs;e Things, the ancient Architects al­<lb/>ways kept &longs;o clo&longs;e to Nature, as to &longs;eem, if <lb/>po&longs;&longs;ible, never to have con&longs;ulted any Thing <lb/>but mere Convenience in Building, and at the <lb/>&longs;ame Time made it their Care, that their <lb/>Works &longs;hould be not only &longs;trong and u&longs;eful, <pb xlink:href="003/01/026.jpg" pagenum="15"/>but al&longs;o plea&longs;ant to the Sight. </s> <s>Nature at fir&longs;t <lb/>certainly gave us Columns made of Wood, <lb/>and of a round Figure, afterwards by U&longs;e they <lb/>came in &longs;ome Places to be cut &longs;quare. </s> <s>There­<lb/>upon, if I judge right, &longs;eeing in the&longs;e wooden <lb/>Columns certain Rings of Circles of Bra&longs;s or <lb/>Iron, fa&longs;ten'd about the Top and Bottom, that <lb/>the continual Weight which they are made to <lb/>bear, might not &longs;plit them; the Architects too <lb/>left at the Foot of their Columns of Marble, a <lb/>little Ring like a &longs;ort of Binding; whereby <lb/>they are defended from any Drops of Rain that <lb/>might da&longs;h up again upon them. </s> <s>And at the <lb/>Top too they left another little Band, and over <lb/>that an A&longs;tragal or Collar; with which helps <lb/>they ob&longs;erv'd the Columns of Wood to be <lb/>fortified. </s> <s>In the Ba&longs;es of their Columns it <lb/>was their Rule, that the under Part &longs;hould <lb/>con&longs;i&longs;t of &longs;trait Lines and right Angles, but <lb/>that their upper Superficies &longs;hould terminate <lb/>circularly to an&longs;wer to the Round of the Pil­<lb/>lar; and they made this Ba&longs;e on every Side <lb/>broader than high, and wider than the Column <lb/>by a determinate Part of it&longs;elf; and the under <lb/>Superficies of the Ba&longs;e they made broader than <lb/>the upper; the Plinth too they would have a <lb/>certain Proportion broader than the Ba&longs;e, and <lb/>the Foundation again a determinate Part wider <lb/>than the Plinth. </s> <s>And all the&longs;e Parts thus <lb/>placed one upon the other, they erected per­<lb/>pendicular from the Center of the Foundation. <lb/></s> <s>On the other hand, the Capitals all agree in <lb/>this, that their under Parts imitate their <lb/>Columns, but their upper End in a Square; <lb/>and con&longs;equently the upper Part of the Capital <lb/>mu&longs;t always be &longs;omewhat broader than the <lb/>under. </s> <s>This may &longs;uffice here as to the <lb/>Columns. </s> <s>The Wall ought to be rai&longs;ed with <lb/>the &longs;ame Proportions as the Columns; &longs;o that <lb/>if it is to be as high as the Column and its Ca­<lb/>pital, its Thickne&longs;s ought to be the &longs;ame with <lb/>that of the bottom of the Column. </s> <s>And they <lb/>al&longs;o ob&longs;erved this Rule, that there &longs;hou'd be <lb/>neither Pillar, nor Ba&longs;e, nor Capital, nor Wall, <lb/>but what &longs;hould in all re&longs;pects corre&longs;pond with <lb/>every thing el&longs;e of the &longs;ame Order, in Heighth, <lb/>Thickne&longs;s, Form and Dimen&longs;ion. </s> <s>But tho' both <lb/>are Faults, either to make the Wall too thin <lb/>or too thick, higher or lower than the Rule <lb/>and Proportion requires; yet of the two I <lb/>wou'd chu&longs;e to offend on that Side, where we <lb/>&longs;hou'd have occa&longs;ion to take away rather than <lb/>to add. </s> <s>And here I think it will not be ami&longs;s <lb/>to take notice of &longs;ome Errors in Buildings, <lb/>that we our &longs;elves may be the more circum­<lb/>&longs;pect: in as much as the chief Prai&longs;e is to be <lb/>exempt from Blame. </s> <s>I have ob&longs;erved there­<lb/>fore in St. <emph type="italics"/>Peter<emph.end type="italics"/>'s Church at <emph type="italics"/>Rome<emph.end type="italics"/> what indeed <lb/>the thing it&longs;elf demon&longs;trates, that it was ill ad­<lb/>vi&longs;ed to draw a very long and thick Wall over <lb/>&longs;o many frequent and continued Apertures, <lb/>without &longs;trength'ning it with any curve Lines <lb/>or any other Fortification what&longs;oever. </s> <s>And <lb/>what more de&longs;erves our Notice, all this Wing <lb/>of Wall, under which are too frequent and <lb/>continued Apertures, and which is rai&longs;ed to a <lb/>great Heighth, is expo&longs;ed as a Butt to the im­<lb/>petuous Bla&longs;ts of the North-Ea&longs;t: by which <lb/>means already thro' the continual Violence of <lb/>the Winds it is &longs;werved from its Direction <lb/>above two Yards: and I doubt not that in a <lb/>&longs;hort time, &longs;ome little accidental &longs;hock will <lb/>throw it down into Ruins; and if it were not <lb/>kept in by the Timber Frame of the Roof, it <lb/>mu&longs;t infallibly have fallen down before now. <lb/></s> <s>But the Architect may not be &longs;o much in <lb/>Fault, becau&longs;e con&longs;ulting only the Nece&longs;&longs;ity of <lb/>his Situation, he might perhaps imagine that <lb/>the Neighbourhood of the Mountain, which <lb/>overlooks the Church, might be a &longs;ufficient <lb/>Shelter again&longs;t the Winds. </s> <s>Neverthele&longs;s it is <lb/>certain, tho&longs;e Wings ought to have been more <lb/>&longs;trengthned on both Sides.</s></p><p type="head"> <s>CHAP. XI.</s></p><p type="main"> <s><emph type="italics"/>Of the great U&longs;efulne&longs;s of the Coverings both to the Inhabitants and the other <lb/>Parts of the Building, and that being various in their Natures, they mu&longs;t be <lb/>made of various Sorts.<emph.end type="italics"/></s></p><p type="main"> <s>The Covering for U&longs;efulne&longs;s far exceeds <lb/>any other Part of the Building. </s> <s>It <lb/>not only &longs;ecures the Health of the Inhabitants <lb/>by defending them from the Night, from the <lb/>Rain, and e&longs;pecially from the burning Rays of <lb/>the Sun; but it al&longs;o pre&longs;erves all the re&longs;t of the <lb/>Edifice. </s> <s>Take away the Covering and the <lb/>Materials rot, the Wall moulders and &longs;plits, <pb xlink:href="003/01/027.jpg" pagenum="16"/>and in &longs;hort the whole Structure falls to Ruin. <lb/></s> <s>The very Foundations them&longs;elves, which you <lb/>will hardly bèlieve, are &longs;ecured by the Pro­<lb/>tection of the Covering: nor have &longs;o many <lb/>Buildings been de&longs;troyed by Fire, Sword, War, <lb/>by Multitude of Enemies, and all other Ca­<lb/>lamities put together, as have gone to Ruin <lb/>by being left naked and uncovered thro Negli­<lb/>gence. </s> <s>It is certain the Coverings are the de­<lb/>fen&longs;ive Arms of the Building again&longs;t the <lb/>A&longs;&longs;aults and Violence of Storms and Tempe&longs;ts. <lb/></s> <s>Wherefore our Ance&longs;tors in this as in other <lb/>things acted very laudably, in a&longs;cribing &longs;o <lb/>much Honour to the Covering, that they <lb/>&longs;pent their whole Art and Study in adorning <lb/>and beautifying it. </s> <s>For &longs;ome of their Cover­<lb/>ings we &longs;ee of Bra&longs;s, others of Gla&longs;s, &longs;ome of <lb/>Gold with gilded Beams and Rafters, and <lb/>richly adorned with Corni&longs;hes of Flowers and <lb/>Statues. </s> <s>Of Coverings &longs;ome are open to the <lb/>Air, others not: the open are tho&longs;e which are <lb/>not for walking upon, but only for receiving <lb/>the Rain. </s> <s>Tho&longs;e not open to the Air, are <lb/>the Roofs and Coves that are between the <lb/>Covering and the Foundations, &longs;o that one <lb/>Hou&longs;e &longs;eems to &longs;tand upon another. </s> <s>By this <lb/>means it comes to pa&longs;s that the &longs;ame Work, <lb/>which is the Covering to the Apartments <lb/>below, is the <emph type="italics"/>Aréa<emph.end type="italics"/> to tho&longs;e above. </s> <s>Of the&longs;e <lb/>Coverings tho&longs;e above our Heads we call Roofs, <lb/>or Cielings; and tho&longs;e which we tread upon <lb/>with our Feet, <emph type="italics"/>Areas.<emph.end type="italics"/></s><s> Whether the uppermoft <lb/>Covering, which lies to the open Air, is to be <lb/>reckoned as an <emph type="italics"/>Area<emph.end type="italics"/> or Pavement, we &longs;hall <lb/>examine in another Place. </s> <s>But the Covering <lb/>to the open Air, tho' it be of a plain Super­<lb/>ficies, ought never to lie even with re&longs;pect to <lb/>the <emph type="italics"/>Area<emph.end type="italics"/> which it covers below; but &longs;hou'd <lb/>always incline of one Side to throw off the <lb/>Rain. </s> <s>But the Coverings within, that are of <lb/>a plain Superficies, &longs;hould be in all Parts <lb/>equally di&longs;tant from the Floor. </s> <s>All Coverings <lb/>mu&longs;t an&longs;wer in Lines and Angles to the Form <lb/>and Shape of the Platform and Wall which <lb/>they are to cover: And as tho&longs;e are various, <lb/>&longs;ome being all of curve Lines, others all of <lb/>&longs;trait, and others of both mixed together, the <lb/>Coverings too are therefore various, and of <lb/>&longs;everal kinds. </s> <s>But tho' they have this natural <lb/>Difference, and that &longs;ome are hemi&longs;pherical; <lb/>others made up of four Arches; others vaulted; <lb/>others con&longs;i&longs;ting of Parts of &longs;everal Arches; <lb/>&longs;ome &longs;loping or ridged like ordinary mean <lb/>Hou&longs;es: yet which-&longs;oever of the&longs;e Kinds we <lb/>chu&longs;e it is ab&longs;olutely nece&longs;&longs;ary, that all Cover­<lb/>ings &longs;hou'd be &longs;o di&longs;po&longs;ed as to &longs;helter and <lb/>&longs;hade the Pavement, and throw off all Water <lb/>and Rain, defending the whole Edifice upon <lb/>which it is placed for a Covering. </s> <s>For Rain <lb/>is always prepared to do Mi&longs;chief, and where­<lb/>ever there is the lea&longs;t Crack never fails to get <lb/>in and do &longs;ome Hurt or other: By its Subtility it <lb/>penetrates and makes its way by its Humidity <lb/>rots and de&longs;troys, by its Continuance loo&longs;ens <lb/>and unknits all the Nerves of the Building, and <lb/>in the End ruins and lays Wa&longs;te the whole <lb/>Structure to the very Foundations. </s> <s>And for <lb/>this Rea&longs;on prudent Architects have always <lb/>taken care that the Rain &longs;hould have a free <lb/>Slope to run off; and that the Water &longs;hould <lb/>never be &longs;top'd in any Place, or get into any <lb/>Part where it cou'd do Hurt. </s> <s>And therefore <lb/>they advi&longs;ed, that in Places &longs;ubject to much <lb/>Snow, the Coverings &longs;hould have a very &longs;teep <lb/>Slope, ri&longs;ing even to an acute Angle, that the <lb/>Snow might never re&longs;t and gather upon them, <lb/>but fall off ea&longs;ily; but in more Summeri&longs;h Cli­<lb/>mates (to u&longs;e &longs;uch an Expre&longs;&longs;ion) they laid <lb/>their Covering le&longs;s oblique. </s> <s>La&longs;tly we &longs;hould <lb/>endeavour if po&longs;&longs;ible, without Prejudice to the <lb/>Lights or Wall, to have the whole Structure <lb/>overlaid with one equal Covering in a manner <lb/>all of one Piece, and &longs;o far jutting out, that the <lb/>Water falling from the Gutters may not wet <lb/>or &longs;oak into the Wall: and all the Coverings <lb/>&longs;hould be &longs;o di&longs;po&longs;ed, where there are more than <lb/>one, that one may not &longs;pout upon the other. <lb/></s> <s>The Space of Covering too that the Water is <lb/>to run over &longs;hould never be too large, becau&longs;e <lb/>upon Rains the Water gathering in the Gut­<lb/>ters in too great Abundance would wa&longs;h back <lb/>again and flow into the Hou&longs;e; which would <lb/>greatly prejudice the whole Work. </s> <s>Where <lb/>the <emph type="italics"/>Area<emph.end type="italics"/> therefore is very large, the Covering <lb/>&longs;hould be divided into &longs;everal Slopes, and the <lb/>Rain flow off in different Places; and this is <lb/>not only attended with Convenience, but Beauty <lb/>too. </s> <s>If you are obliged in any Place to have <lb/>&longs;everal Coverings, let them join one to another <lb/>in &longs;uch a Manner, that when you are once <lb/>under one, you may pa&longs;s from that to all the <lb/>re&longs;t always under &longs;helter.</s></p><pb xlink:href="003/01/028.jpg" pagenum="17"/><p type="head"> <s>CHAP. XII.</s></p><p type="main"> <s><emph type="italics"/>Of the Apertures in the Building, that is to &longs;ay of the Windows and Doors, <lb/>and of tho&longs;e which do not take up the whole Thickne&longs;s of the Wall, and their <lb/>Number and Sizes.<emph.end type="italics"/></s></p><p type="main"> <s>We are now come to treat of the Aper­<lb/>tures, which are of two Sorts, the one <lb/>&longs;erving for the Admi&longs;&longs;ion of Light and Air, <lb/>and the other for the Entrance and Pa&longs;&longs;age of <lb/>the Inhabitants, and of all Manner of Con­<lb/>veniencies all thro' the Hou&longs;e. </s> <s>Tho&longs;e for <lb/>Light are the Windows; tho&longs;e for Pa&longs;&longs;age, the <lb/>Doors, Stairs, and the Spaces between the <lb/>Columns: Tho&longs;e too which are for the carrying <lb/>away of Water and Smoak, as Wells, Sinks, <lb/>the Gullets, as we may call them of Chimneys, <lb/>the Mouths of Ovens and Furnaces are al&longs;o <lb/>called Apertures. </s> <s>No Room ought to be <lb/>without a Window, by which the inclo&longs;ed <lb/>Air may be let out and renew'd, becau&longs;e el&longs;e <lb/>it will corrupt and grow unwhole&longs;ome. <emph type="italics"/>Capi­<lb/>tolinus<emph.end type="italics"/> the Hi&longs;torian relates, that in the Tem­<lb/>ple of <emph type="italics"/>Apollo<emph.end type="italics"/> at <emph type="italics"/>Babylon<emph.end type="italics"/> there was found a lit­<lb/>tle Gold Casket of very great Antiquity, upon <lb/>opening of which there i&longs;&longs;ued a Steam of Air, <lb/>corrupted by Length of Time, and &longs;o poi&longs;onous, <lb/>that &longs;preading it&longs;elf abroad, it not only killed <lb/>every body that was near, but infected all <emph type="italics"/>A&longs;ia<emph.end type="italics"/><lb/>with a mo&longs;t dreadful Plague quite as far as <emph type="italics"/>Par­<lb/>thia.<emph.end type="italics"/></s><s> In the Hi&longs;tory of <emph type="italics"/>Ammianus Marcellinus,<emph.end type="italics"/><lb/>we read, that in <emph type="italics"/>Seleucia<emph.end type="italics"/> in the Time of <emph type="italics"/>Mark <lb/>Anthony<emph.end type="italics"/> and <emph type="italics"/>Verus,<emph.end type="italics"/> after the Plunder and <lb/>Spoiling of the Temple, and carrying away <lb/>the Image of the <emph type="italics"/>Conic Apollo<emph.end type="italics"/> to <emph type="italics"/>Rome,<emph.end type="italics"/> they <lb/>di&longs;covered a little Hole which had been formerly <lb/>&longs;top'd up by the <emph type="italics"/>Chaldean<emph.end type="italics"/> Prie&longs;ts: Which being <lb/>opened by the Soldiers, out of a greedy De&longs;ire <lb/>of Plunder, &longs;ent forth a Vapour &longs;o dreadfully <lb/>pe&longs;tilential and infectious, that from the Con­<lb/>fines of <emph type="italics"/>Per&longs;ia<emph.end type="italics"/> quite to <emph type="italics"/>Gaul,<emph.end type="italics"/> the whole Coun­<lb/>try was tainted with a mortal and loath&longs;ome <lb/>Di&longs;temper. </s> <s>Every Room therefore &longs;hould <lb/>have Windows, not only to let in the Light, <lb/>but to renew the Air; and they ought to be <lb/>&longs;o accommodated to Convenience and the <lb/>Thickne&longs;s of the Wall, as not to admit more <lb/>remote than U&longs;e and Nece&longs;&longs;ity requires. <lb/></s> <s>Morevover we are to take notice what Winds <lb/>our Windows are to &longs;tand open to; becau&longs;e <lb/>tho&longs;e which look towards a healthy Air may <lb/>be allow'd to be large every Way; and it will not <lb/>be ami&longs;s to open them in &longs;uch Manner that the Air <lb/>may go clear round the Bodies of the Inhabitants; <lb/>which may ea&longs;ily be contrived, if the Jambs of <lb/>the Windows are made &longs;o low, that you may <lb/>both &longs;ee and be &longs;een &longs;rom the In&longs;ide into the <lb/>Street. </s> <s>But &longs;uch Windows as are expo&longs;ed to <lb/>Winds not altogether &longs;o healthy, ought to be <lb/>&longs;o proportion'd as to admit what Light is <lb/>requi&longs;ite, but not any Thing larger than is ju&longs;t <lb/>nece&longs;&longs;ary for that U&longs;e; and they &longs;hould like­<lb/>wife be &longs;et high, that the Wall may break the <lb/>Winds before they reach us: Becau&longs;e by this <lb/>means we &longs;hall have Wind enough to renew <lb/>our Air, but &longs;o interrupted as to take off from <lb/>the ill Effects of it. </s> <s>We &longs;hould al&longs;o ob&longs;erve <lb/>what Suns our Hou&longs;e &longs;tands to, and according <lb/>to various Conveniencies make the Windows <lb/>larger or &longs;maller. </s> <s>In Summer Apartments, if <lb/>the Windows are to the North, they &longs;hould be <lb/>made large every Way; but if they are to the <lb/>South Sun, it will be proper to make them low <lb/>and &longs;mall; &longs;uch being be&longs;t adapted for Re­<lb/>ception of the Air, and lea&longs;t liable to be of­<lb/>fended by the Sun's Rays; and there is no <lb/>Danger &longs;uch a Place &longs;hould ever want Light, <lb/>when the Sun lies in a Manner continually <lb/>upon it; &longs;o that Shade and not Light is what <lb/>is to be con&longs;ulted there. </s> <s>On the contrary in <lb/>Apartments for Winter, the Windows will be <lb/>be&longs;t contrived for admitting the Sun if they <lb/>are made large, and yet we may avoid being <lb/>troubled by the Winds at the &longs;ame Time, if we <lb/>place them high, &longs;o that the cold Air may not <lb/>blow directly upon the People within. </s> <s>La&longs;tly <lb/>from whatever Side we take in the Light, we <lb/>ought to make &longs;uch an Opening for it, as may <lb/>always give us a free Sight of the Sky, and the <lb/>Top of that Opening ought never to be too <lb/>low, becau&longs;e we are to &longs;ee the Light with our <lb/>Eyes; and not with our Heels; be&longs;ides the In­<lb/>convenience, that if one Man gets between <lb/>nother and the Window, the Light is inter­<lb/>cepted, and all the re&longs;t of the Room is <lb/>darken'd, which never happens when the Light <lb/>comes from above. </s> <s>The Doors &longs;hould imitate <lb/>the Windows, that is, be larger or &longs;maller, <lb/>more or fewer, according to the Frequency or <lb/>Nece&longs;&longs;ity of the Place. </s> <s>But I ob&longs;erve, that <pb xlink:href="003/01/029.jpg" pagenum="18"/>the Ancients in their Publick Buildings always <lb/>eft a great many of both the afore-mention'd <lb/>Kinds of Apertures. </s> <s>This appears from their <lb/>Theatres, which if we ob&longs;erve are extremely <lb/>full of Apertures, not only Stair-ca&longs;es, but <lb/>Windows and Doors. </s> <s>And we ought &longs;o to <lb/>order the Proportions of the&longs;e Openings, as <lb/>not to make very little ones in great Walls, <lb/>nor too large in &longs;mall ones. </s> <s>In the&longs;e Sorts of <lb/>Apertures various De&longs;igns have been com­<lb/>mended; but the be&longs;t Architects have never <lb/>made U&longs;e of any but Squares and &longs;trait Lines. <lb/></s> <s>However all have agreed in this, that let them <lb/>be of what Shape they will, they &longs;hould be ac­<lb/>modated to the Bigne&longs;s and Form of the <lb/><arrow.to.target n="marg2"/><lb/>Building. *The Doors, then they <lb/>fay &longs;hould always be more high than <lb/>broad; and the highe&longs;t be &longs;uch as <lb/>are capable of receiving two Circles [A] one <lb/>upon t'other, and the lowe&longs;t &longs;hould be of <lb/>the Heighth of the Diagonal of a Square [B] <lb/>whereof the Ground&longs;ell is one of the Sides. </s> <s>It <lb/>is al&longs;o convenient to place the Doors in &longs;uch a <lb/>Manner, that they may lead to as many Parts <lb/>of the Edifice as po&longs;&longs;ible: And in order to give <lb/>Beauty to &longs;uch Apertures, Care mu&longs;t be taken <lb/>that tho&longs;e of like Dimen&longs;ions corre&longs;pond with <lb/>each other both on the Right and Left. </s> <s>It was <lb/>u&longs;ual to leave the Windows and Doors in odd <lb/>Numbers, but &longs;o as for the Side ones to an&longs;wer <lb/>each other, and that in the Middle to be <lb/>&longs;omewhat larger than the re&longs;t. </s> <s>And particular <lb/>Regard was always had to the Strength of the <lb/>Building, for which Rea&longs;on they contrived to <lb/>&longs;et the Openings clear from the Corners and <lb/>from the Columns, in the weake&longs;t Parts of the <lb/>Wall, but not &longs;o weak as to be in&longs;ufficient to <lb/>&longs;upport the Weight: It being their Cu&longs;tom <lb/>to rai&longs;e as many Parts of the Wall as they <lb/>could plum, and as it were of one Piece <lb/>without any Interruption from the Foundation <lb/>quite up to the Covering. </s> <s>There is a certain <lb/>Kind of an Aperture, which in Form and <lb/>Po&longs;ition imitates the Doors and Windows, but <lb/>which does not penetrate the whole Thickne&longs;s <lb/>of the Wall, and &longs;o, as Niches leave very <lb/>hand&longs;ome and convenient Seats for Statues and <lb/>Paintings. </s> <s>But in what Parts the&longs;e are to be <lb/>left, as al&longs;o how frequent and large, will be <lb/>&longs;hewn more di&longs;tinctly when we come to treat <lb/>of the Ornaments of Edifices. </s> <s>We &longs;hall only <lb/>ob&longs;erve here, that they not only add to the <lb/>Beauty of the Work, but al&longs;o &longs;ave &longs;ome Ex­<lb/>pence, as they make le&longs;s Stone and Lime to <lb/>&longs;erve for the Walling. </s> <s>This chiefly is to be <lb/>taken Care of, that you make the&longs;e Niches in <lb/>convenient Numbers, not too big, and of a ju&longs;t <lb/>Form; and &longs;o as in their Order to imitate the <lb/>Windows. </s> <s>And let them be as you will, I <lb/>have remark'd in the Structures of the Ancients, <lb/>that they never u&longs;ed to &longs;uffer them to take up <lb/>above the &longs;eventh Part of the Front, nor le&longs;s <lb/>than the ninth. </s> <s>The Spaces between the <lb/>Columns are to be reckoned among the princi­<lb/>pal Apertures, and are to be le&longs;t variou&longs;ly ac­<lb/>cording to the Variety of Buildings. </s> <s>But we <lb/>&longs;hall &longs;peak of the&longs;e more clearly in their <lb/>proper Place, and chie&longs;ly when we treat of <lb/>Sacred Edifies. </s> <s>Let it be &longs;ufficient to premi&longs;e <lb/>here, that tho&longs;e Openings &longs;hould be left in &longs;uch <lb/>a Manner, as to have particular Re&longs;pect to the <lb/>Nature of the Columns, which are de&longs;ign'd <lb/>for the Support of the Covering; and fir&longs;t, that <lb/>tho&longs;e Columns be not too &longs;mall, nor &longs;tand too <lb/>thin, &longs;o as not to be duly able to bear the <lb/>Weight, nor too big, or &longs;et &longs;o thick as not to <lb/>leave open convenient Spaces for Pa&longs;&longs;age. <lb/></s> <s>La&longs;tly, the Apertures mu&longs;t be different, when <lb/>the Columns are frequent from what they are <lb/>when they &longs;tand thin, becau&longs;e over frequent <lb/>Columns we lay an Architrave, and over the <lb/>others we turn an Arch. </s> <s>But in all Openings <lb/>over which we make Arches, we &longs;hould con­<lb/>trive to have the Arch never le&longs;s than a half <lb/>Circle, with an Addition of the &longs;eventh Part <lb/>of half its Diameter: The mo&longs;t experienced <lb/>Workmen having found that Arch to be by <lb/>much the be&longs;t adapted for enduring in a <lb/>Manner to Perpetuity; all other Arches being <lb/>thought le&longs;s &longs;trong for &longs;upporting the Weight, <lb/>and more liable to ruin. </s> <s>It is moreover imagi­<lb/>ned, that the half Circle is the only Arch <lb/>which has no Occa&longs;ion either for Chain or any <lb/>other Fortification; and all others, if you <lb/>don't either chain them or place &longs;ome Weight <lb/>again&longs;t them for a Counterpoi&longs;e, are found by <lb/>their own Weight to bur&longs;t out and fall to ruin. <lb/></s> <s>I will not omit here what I have taken Notice <lb/>of among the Ancients, a Contrivance certainly <lb/>very excellent and Prai&longs;e-worthy: Their be&longs;t <lb/>Architects placed the&longs;e Apertures and the <lb/>Arches of the Roofs of their Temples in &longs;uch <lb/>a Manner, that even tho' you took away every <lb/>Column from under them, yet they would <lb/>&longs;till &longs;tand firm and not fall down, the Arches <lb/>on which the Roof was placed being drawn <lb/>quite down to the Foundation with wonderful <lb/>Art, known but to few: So that the Work <lb/>upheld it&longs;elf by being only &longs;et upon Arches; for <lb/>tho&longs;e Arches having the &longs;olid Earth for their <lb/>Chain, no Wonder they &longs;tood firm without any <lb/>other Support.</s></p><pb xlink:href="003/01/030.jpg" pagenum="19"/><p type="margin"> <s><margin.target id="marg2"/>☆ <emph type="italics"/>Plate 2. <lb/>(facing <lb/>page 13)<emph.end type="italics"/></s></p><p type="head"> <s>CHAP. XIII.</s></p><p type="main"> <s><emph type="italics"/>Of the Stair ca&longs;es, and their different Sorts, of the Steps of the Stairs which <lb/>ought to be in odd Numbers, and how many. </s> <s>Of the re&longs;ting Places, of the <lb/>Tunnels for carrying away the Smoke. </s> <s>Of Pipes and Conduits for carrying <lb/>off the Water, and of the proper Placing of Wells and Sinks.<emph.end type="italics"/></s></p><p type="main"> <s>The placing of the Stairs is a Work of <lb/>&longs;uch Nicety, that without deliberate <lb/>and mature Con&longs;ideration you can never place <lb/>them well: For in a Stair-ca&longs;e there meet <lb/>three Apertures: One, the Door by which you <lb/>enter upon the Stairs; another, the Window <lb/>that &longs;upplies you with Light to &longs;ee the Steps <lb/>by, and the third, the Opening in the Ceiling <lb/>which lets you into the <emph type="italics"/>Area<emph.end type="italics"/> above; and <lb/>therefore it is &longs;aid to be no Wonder, that the <lb/>Stairs &longs;hould perplex the De&longs;ign of a Structure; <lb/>but let him that is de&longs;irous to have the Stair <lb/>not hinder him, take Caré not to hinder the <lb/>Stair, but allow it a determinate and ju&longs;t Por­<lb/>tion of the Platform, in order to give its free <lb/>Cour&longs;e quite up to the Covering at the Top <lb/>of all. </s> <s>And do not let us repine that the <lb/>Stair-ca&longs;e &longs;hould take up &longs;o much of the <emph type="italics"/>Area,<emph.end type="italics"/><lb/>for it furni&longs;hes us with very many Conve­<lb/>niencies, and is no Inconvenience to the other <lb/>Parts of the Building. </s> <s>Add to this, that <lb/>tho&longs;e little Vaults and Spaces under the Stairs <lb/>are very &longs;erviceable for a great many Purpo&longs;es. <lb/></s> <s>Our Stair-ca&longs;es therefore are of two Sorts (for <lb/>as to tho&longs;e Steps or Ladders which belong to <lb/>military Expeditions, I &longs;hall not &longs;peak of them <lb/>here.) The fir&longs;t is that which has no Steps, but <lb/>is mounted by a &longs;loping A&longs;cent, and the other <lb/>is that which is mounted by Steps. </s> <s>The An­<lb/>cients u&longs;ed to make the &longs;loping one as ea&longs;y <lb/>and as little &longs;teep as po&longs;&longs;ible, and as I have <lb/>ob&longs;erved from their Works, thought it a con­<lb/>venient A&longs;cent when the highe&longs;t Part of its <lb/>Perpendicular was rai&longs;ed one &longs;ixth Part of the <lb/>Line at Bottom. </s> <s>In making of Stair-ca&longs;es <lb/>with Steps, they recommend the making of <lb/>the Steps in odd Numbers, and e&longs;pecially in <lb/>their Temples: Becau&longs;e they &longs;aid that by this <lb/>Means we always &longs;et our right Foot into the <lb/>Temple fir&longs;t; which was accounted a Point <lb/>of Religion. </s> <s>And I have ob&longs;erved, that the <lb/>be&longs;t Architects never put above &longs;even, or at <lb/>mo&longs;t nine Steps together in one Flight; imita­<lb/>ting I &longs;uppo&longs;e, the Number either of the <lb/>Planets or of the Heavens; but at the End of <lb/>the&longs;e &longs;even or nine Steps, they very con&longs;ider­<lb/>ately made a Plain, that &longs;uch as were weak or <lb/>tired with the Fatigue of the A&longs;cent, might <lb/>have Lei&longs;ure to re&longs;t them&longs;elves, and that if they <lb/>&longs;hould chance to &longs;tumble, there might be a <lb/>Place to break their Fall, and give them Means <lb/>to recover them&longs;elves. </s> <s>And I am thoroughly <lb/>of Opinion, that the Stairs ought to be <lb/>frequently interrupted by the&longs;e landing Places, <lb/>and that they &longs;hould be well lighted, and be <lb/>ample and &longs;pacious according to the Dignity <lb/>of the Place. </s> <s>The Steps they never made <lb/>higher than nine Inches, nor lower than fix, <lb/>and in Breadth never le&longs;s than a Foot and a <lb/>half, nor more than a Yard, The fewer Stair­<lb/>ca&longs;es that are in a Hou&longs;e, and the le&longs;s Room <lb/>they take up, the more convenient they are <lb/>e&longs;teem'd. </s> <s>The I&longs;&longs;ues for Smoak and Water <lb/>ought to be as direct as po&longs;&longs;ible, and &longs;o built, <lb/>that they may not lie and gather within, or <lb/>&longs;oil, or offend, or endanger the Building For <lb/>this Rea&longs;on too the Tunnels of the Chimnies <lb/>&longs;hould be carried quite clear from all Manner <lb/>of Wood-work, for fear &longs;ome Spark, or their <lb/>meer Heat &longs;hould &longs;et Fire to the Beams or <lb/>Rafters that are near them. </s> <s>The Drains al&longs;o <lb/>for carrying off the Water &longs;hould be &longs;o con­<lb/>trived, as to convey away all Super&longs;luities, and <lb/>in their Pa&longs;&longs;age not to do any Harm to the <lb/>Hou&longs;e, either by &longs;apping or dirtying it. </s> <s>For <lb/>if any of the&longs;e Things do Mi&longs;chief, let it be <lb/>ever &longs;o little, yet by Length of Time and con­<lb/>tinuation, they will in the End be of the utmo&longs;t <lb/>ill Con&longs;equence; and I have ob&longs;erved, that <lb/>the be&longs;t Architects have contrived either to <lb/>throw off the Rain by Spouts, &longs;o as not to wet <lb/>any body that is going into the Hou&longs;e, or car­<lb/>ried it thro Pipes into Ci&longs;terns to &longs;erve for U&longs;e, <lb/>or el&longs;e brought it together to &longs;ome Place <lb/>where it might wa&longs;h away all the Filth, &longs;o that <lb/>the Eyes and No&longs;es of the Inhabitants might <lb/>not be offended with it. </s> <s>Indeed they &longs;eem <lb/>to have been particularly careful to throw the <lb/>Rain Water clear away from the Building, <lb/>that it might not &longs;ap the Foundations, as well <pb xlink:href="003/01/031.jpg" pagenum="20"/>as for &longs;everal other Rea&longs;ons. </s> <s>In a Word, <lb/>they were very ob&longs;ervant to make all their <lb/>Apertures in the mo&longs;t convenient Places, and <lb/>where they might be mo&longs;t &longs;erviceable. </s> <s>I am <lb/>particularly for having the Wells &longs;et in the <lb/>mo&longs;t publick and open Part of the Structure, <lb/>&longs;o that they do not take off from the Dignity <lb/>of the Work, by being &longs;et in a Place improper <lb/>for them; and the Naturali&longs;ts affirm, that <lb/>Water mo&longs;t expo&longs;ed and open is be&longs;t and mo&longs;t <lb/>purified. </s> <s>But in whatever Part of the Building <lb/>you make either Wells or Drains, or any other <lb/>Conveyance for the Water, they ought to <lb/>have &longs;uch Apertures, as to admit a good <lb/>Quantity of Air, that the Pavement may be <lb/>kept dry from the damp Exhalations, which <lb/>will be purged and carried off by the Pa&longs;&longs;age <lb/>of the Winds, and the Motion of the Air. <lb/></s> <s>We have now taken a &longs;ufficient Review of the <lb/>De&longs;igns of Buildings, as far as they &longs;eem to <lb/>relate to the Work in general, noting each Par­<lb/>ticular by it&longs;elf that we intend to &longs;peak of. <lb/></s> <s>We are now to treat of the Work it&longs;elf and <lb/>of the Structure of Edifies. </s> <s>But fir&longs;t we will <lb/>con&longs;ider of the Materials, and of the Prepara­<lb/>tions nece&longs;&longs;ary for the Materials.</s></p><p type="head"> <s><emph type="italics"/>End of the Fir&longs;t Book.<emph.end type="italics"/><lb/><figure id="id.003.01.031.1.jpg" xlink:href="003/01/031/1.jpg"/></s></p><pb xlink:href="003/01/032.jpg"/><figure id="id.003.01.032.1.jpg" xlink:href="003/01/032/1.jpg"/><p type="head"> <s>THE <lb/><emph type="bold"/>ARCHITECTURE<emph.end type="bold"/><lb/>OF <lb/><emph type="bold"/><emph type="italics"/>Leone Bati&longs;ta Alberti.<emph.end type="italics"/><emph.end type="bold"/></s></p><p type="head"> <s>BOOK II. CHAP. I.</s></p><p type="main"> <s><emph type="italics"/>Treating of the Materials. </s> <s>That no Man ought to begin a Building ha&longs;tily <lb/>but &longs;hould fir&longs;t take a good deal of Time to con&longs;ider, and revolve in his Mind <lb/>all the Qualities and Requi&longs;ites of &longs;uch a Work: And that he &longs;hould carefull <lb/>review and examine, with the Advice of proper Judges, the whole Structuly <lb/>in it&longs;elf, and the Proportions and Mea&longs;ures of every di&longs;tinct Part, not o re <lb/>in Draughts or Paintings, but in actual Models of Wood or &longs;ome othe Sunly <lb/>&longs;tance, that when he has fini&longs;h'd his Building, he may not repent of his Labour.<emph.end type="italics"/></s></p><p type="main"> <s>I do not think the Labour and <lb/>Expence of a Building to be en­<lb/>ter'd upon in a hurry; as well <lb/>for &longs;everal other Rea&longs;ons, as <lb/>al&longs;o becau&longs;e a Man's Honour and <lb/>Reputation &longs;uffers by it. </s> <s>For as a De&longs;ign <lb/>well and compleatly fini&longs;h'd brings Prai&longs;e to <lb/>him that has employ'd his Pains and Study in <lb/>the Work; &longs;o if in any particular the Author <lb/>&longs;eems to have been wanting, either of Art or <lb/>Prudence, it detracts very much from that <lb/>Prai&longs;e, and from his Reputation. </s> <s>And indeed <lb/>the Beauties or Faults of Edifices, e&longs;pecially <lb/>publick ones, are in a Manner clear and mani­<lb/>fe&longs;t to every body; and (I know not how it <lb/>happens) any Thing ami&longs;s &longs;ooner draws Con­<lb/>tempt, than any Thing hand&longs;ome or well <lb/>fini&longs;h'd does Commendation. </s> <s>It is really won­<lb/>derful, how, by a Kind of natural In&longs;tinct, all <lb/>of us knowing or ignorant, immediately hit upon <lb/>what is right or wrong in the Contrivance or <lb/>Execution of Things, and what a &longs;hrewd Judg­<lb/>ment the Eye has in Works of this Nature <lb/>above all the other Sen&longs;es. </s> <s>Whence it happens, <lb/>that if any Thing offers it&longs;elf to us that is <lb/>lame or too little, or unnece&longs;&longs;ary, or un­<lb/>graceful, we pre&longs;ently find our&longs;elves moved <lb/>and de&longs;irous to have it hand&longs;omer. </s> <s>The Rea­<lb/>&longs;ons of tho&longs;e Faults perhaps we may not all of <lb/>us be acquainted with, and yet if we were to <pb xlink:href="003/01/033.jpg" pagenum="22"/>be ask'd, there is none of us but would readily <lb/>&longs;ay, that &longs;uch a Thing might be remedied and <lb/>corrected. </s> <s>Indeed every one cannot propo&longs;e <lb/>the Remedy, but only &longs;uch as are well practi­<lb/>ced and experienced that Way. </s> <s>It is therefore <lb/>the Part of a wi&longs;e Man to weigh and review <lb/>every particular thoroughly in his Mind: That <lb/>he may not afterwards be forced to &longs;ay, either <lb/>in the Middle or at the End of this Work, I <lb/>wi&longs;h this, or I wi&longs;h that were otherwi&longs;e. </s> <s>And <lb/>it is really &longs;urprizing, what a hearty Puni&longs;h­<lb/>ment a Man &longs;uffers for a Work ill managed: <lb/>For in Proce&longs;s of Time, he him&longs;elf at Length <lb/>finds out the Mi&longs;takes he fooli&longs;hly made in the <lb/>Beginning for want of due Reflection: And <lb/>then, unle&longs;s he pulls it to pieces and reforms <lb/>it, he is continually repenting and fretting at <lb/>the Eye-&longs;ore; or if he pulls it down, he is <lb/>blamed upon Account of the Lo&longs;s and Expence, <lb/>and accu&longs;ed of Levity and In&longs;tability of Mind. <lb/><emph type="italics"/>Suetonius<emph.end type="italics"/> tells us, that <emph type="italics"/>Julius Cæ&longs;ar<emph.end type="italics"/> having <lb/>begun a Structure at the Lake <emph type="italics"/>Nemoren&longs;is<emph.end type="italics"/> from <lb/>the very Foundations, and compleated it at <lb/>va&longs;t Expence, pull'd it all down again, becau&longs;e <lb/>it was not exactly in all re&longs;pects to his Mind. <lb/></s> <s>For which he is certainly very much to be <lb/>blamed, even by us his Po&longs;terity, either for <lb/>not &longs;ufficiently con&longs;idering what was requi&longs;ite <lb/>at fir&longs;t, or el&longs;e afterwards for di&longs;liking thro' <lb/>Levity what might really not be ami&longs;s. </s> <s>I <lb/>therefore always highly commend the ancient <lb/>Cu&longs;tom of Builders, who not only in Draughts <lb/>and Paintings, but in real Models of Wood or <lb/>other Sub&longs;tance, examin'd and weigh'd over <lb/>and over again, with the Advice of Men of the <lb/>be&longs;t Experience, the whole Work and the Ad­<lb/>mea&longs;urements of all its Parts, before they put <lb/>them&longs;elves to the Expence or Trouble. </s> <s>By <lb/>making a Model you will have an Opportunity, <lb/>thoroughly to weigh and con&longs;ider the Form <lb/>and Situation of your Platform with re&longs;pect to <lb/>the Region, what Extent is to be allow'd to <lb/>it, the Number and Order of the Parts, how <lb/>the Walls are to be made, and how &longs;trong and <lb/>firm the Covering; and in a Word all tho&longs;e <lb/>Particulars which we have &longs;poken of in the <lb/>preceding Book: And there you may ea&longs;ily <lb/>and freely add, retrench, alter, renew, and in <lb/>&longs;hort change every Thing from one End to <lb/>t'other, till all and every one of the Parts are <lb/>ju&longs;t as you would have them, and without Fault. <lb/></s> <s>Add likewi&longs;e, that you may then examine and <lb/>compute (what is by no means to be neglected) <lb/>the Particulars and Sum of your future Ex­<lb/>pence, the Size, Heighth, Thickne&longs;s, Num­<lb/>ber, Extent, Form, Species and Quality of <lb/>all the Parts, how they are to be made, and <lb/>by what Artificers; becau&longs;e you will thereby <lb/>have a clear and di&longs;tinct Idea of the Numbers <lb/>and Forms of your Columns, Capitals, Ba&longs;es, <lb/>Corni&longs;hes, Pediments, Incru&longs;tations, Pave­<lb/>ments, Statues and the like, that relates either <lb/>to the Strength or Ornament. </s> <s>I mu&longs;t not <lb/>omit to ob&longs;erve, that the making of curious, <lb/>poli&longs;h'd Models, with the Delicacy of Painting, <lb/>is not required from an Architect that only <lb/>de&longs;igns to &longs;hew the real Thing it&longs;elf; but is <lb/>rather the Part of a vain Architect, that makes <lb/>it his Bu&longs;ine&longs;s by charming the Eye and <lb/>&longs;triking the Fancy of the Beholder, to divert <lb/>him from a rigorous Examination of the Parts <lb/>which he ought to make, and to draw him <lb/>into an Admiration of him&longs;elf. </s> <s>For this Rea­<lb/>&longs;on I would not have the Models too exactly <lb/>fini&longs;h'd, nor too delicate and neat, but plain <lb/>and &longs;imple, more to be admired for the Con­<lb/>trivance of the Inventor, than the Hand of <lb/>the Workman. </s> <s>Between the De&longs;ign of the <lb/>Painter and that of the Architect, there is this <lb/>Difference, that the Painter by the Exactne&longs;s <lb/>of his Shades, Lines and Angles, endeavours <lb/>to make the Parts &longs;eem to ri&longs;e from the Can­<lb/>va&longs;s, whereas the Architect, without any Re­<lb/>gard to the Shades, makes his Relieves from <lb/>the De&longs;ign of his Platform, as one that would <lb/>have his Work valued, not by the apparent <lb/>Per&longs;pective, but by the real Compartments <lb/>founded upon Rea&longs;on. </s> <s>In a Word, you ought <lb/>to make &longs;uch Models, and con&longs;ider them by <lb/>your&longs;elf, and with others &longs;o diligently, and <lb/>examine them over and over &longs;o often, that <lb/>there &longs;hall not be a &longs;ingle Part in your whole <lb/>Structure, but what you are thoroughly ac­<lb/>quainted with, and know what Place and how <lb/>much Room it is to po&longs;&longs;e&longs;s, and to what U&longs;e to <lb/>be applied. </s> <s>But above all, nothing requires <lb/>our Attention &longs;o much as the Covering, which <lb/>&longs;eems in its Nature, if I mi&longs;take not, beyond <lb/>any Thing el&longs;e in Architecture to have been <lb/>of the greate&longs;t and fir&longs;t Convenience to Man­<lb/>kind; &longs;o that indeed it mu&longs;t be own'd, that <lb/>it was upon the Account of this Covering that <lb/>they invented not only the Wall and tho&longs;e <lb/>other Parts which are carried up with the Wall <lb/>and nece&longs;&longs;arily accompany it, but al&longs;o tho&longs;e <lb/>Parts which are made under Ground, &longs;uch as <lb/>Conduits, Channels, Receptacles of Rain <lb/>Water, Sewers and the like. </s> <s>For my Part, <lb/>that have had no &longs;mall Experience in Things of <lb/>this Nature, I indeed know the Difficulty of <pb xlink:href="003/01/034.jpg" pagenum="23"/>performing a Work, wherein the Parts are <lb/>join'd with Dignity, Convenience and Beauty, <lb/>having not only other Things prai&longs;e-worthy, <lb/>but al&longs;o a Variety of Ornaments, &longs;uch as <lb/>Decency and Proportion requires; and this no <lb/>Que&longs;tion is a very great Matter; but to cover <lb/>all the&longs;e with a proper, convenient and apt <lb/>Covering, is the Work of none but a very <lb/>great Ma&longs;ter. </s> <s>To conclude, when the whole <lb/>Model and the Contrivance of all the Parts <lb/>greatly plea&longs;es both your&longs;elf and others of <lb/>good Experience, &longs;o that you have not the <lb/>lea&longs;t Doubt remaining within your&longs;elf, and do <lb/>not know of any Thing that wants the lea&longs;t <lb/>Re-examination; even then I would advi&longs;e <lb/>you not to run furiou&longs;ly to the Execution out <lb/>of a Pa&longs;&longs;ion for Building, demoli&longs;hing old <lb/>Structures, or laying mighty Foundations of <lb/>the whole Work, which ra&longs;h and incon&longs;iderate <lb/>Men are apt to do; but if you will hearken <lb/>to me, lay the Thoughts of it a&longs;ide for &longs;ome <lb/>Time, till this favourite Invention grows old. <lb/></s> <s>Then take a fre&longs;h Review of every Thing, <lb/>when not being guided by a Fondne&longs;s for your <lb/>Invention, but by the Truth and Rea&longs;on of <lb/>Things you will be capable of judging more <lb/>clearly. </s> <s>Becau&longs;e in many Ca&longs;es Time will <lb/>di&longs;cover a great many Things to you, worth <lb/>Con&longs;ideration and Reflection, which, be you <lb/>ever &longs;o accurate, might before e&longs;cape you.</s></p><p type="head"> <s>CHAP. II.</s></p><p type="main"> <s><emph type="italics"/>That we ought to undertake nothing above our Abilities, nor &longs;trive again&longs;t <lb/>Nature, and that we ought al&longs;o not only to con&longs;ider what we can do, <lb/>but what is &longs;it for us to do, and in what Place it is that we are to <lb/>build.<emph.end type="italics"/></s></p><p type="main"> <s>On examining your Model, among other <lb/>Points to be con&longs;ider'd, you mu&longs;t take <lb/>Care not to forget the&longs;e. </s> <s>Fir&longs;t, not to under­<lb/>take a Thing, which is above the Power of <lb/>Man to do, and not to pretend to &longs;trive directly <lb/>contrary to the Nature of Things. </s> <s>For Na­<lb/>ture, if you force or wre&longs;t her out of her Way, <lb/>whatever Strength you may do it with, will <lb/>yet in the End overcome and break thro' all <lb/>Oppo&longs;ition and Hindrance; and the mo&longs;t ob­<lb/>&longs;tinate Violence (to u&longs;e &longs;uch an Expre&longs;&longs;ion) <lb/>will at la&longs;t be forced to yield to her daily and <lb/>continual Per&longs;everence a&longs;&longs;i&longs;ted by Length of <lb/>Time. </s> <s>How many of the mighty Works of <lb/>Men do we read of, and know our&longs;elves to <lb/>have been de&longs;troy'd by no other Cau&longs;e than <lb/>that they contended again&longs;t Nature? </s> <s>Who <lb/>does not laugh at him, that having made a <lb/>Bridge upon Ships, intended to ride over the <lb/>Sea? </s> <s>or rather, who does not hate him for his <lb/>Folly and In&longs;olence? </s> <s>The Haven of <emph type="italics"/>Claudius<emph.end type="italics"/><lb/>below <emph type="italics"/>O&longs;tia,<emph.end type="italics"/> and that of <emph type="italics"/>Hadrian<emph.end type="italics"/> near <emph type="italics"/>Terra­<lb/>cina,<emph.end type="italics"/> Works in all other Re&longs;pects likely to la&longs;t <lb/>to Eternity, yet now having their Mouths <lb/>&longs;top'd with Sand, and their Beds quite choak'd <lb/>up, they have been long &longs;ince totally de&longs;troy'd <lb/>by the continual A&longs;&longs;aults of the Sea, which in­<lb/>ce&longs;&longs;antly wa&longs;hing again&longs;t it gains from it daily. <lb/></s> <s>What then think ye will happen in any Place, <lb/>where you pretend to oppo&longs;e or entirely repel <lb/>the Violence of Water, or the enormous <lb/>Weight of Rocks tumbling down on you in <lb/>Ruins? </s> <s>This being con&longs;ider'd, we ought never <lb/>to undertake any Thing that is not exactly <lb/>agreeable to Nature; and moreover we &longs;hould <lb/>take Care not to enter upon a Work in which <lb/>we may be &longs;o much wanting to our&longs;elves as to <lb/>be forced to leave it imperfect. </s> <s>Who would <lb/>not have blamed <emph type="italics"/>Tarquin,<emph.end type="italics"/> King of the <emph type="italics"/>Romans,<emph.end type="italics"/><lb/>if the Gods had not favoured the Greatne&longs;s of <lb/>the City, and if by the Enlargement of the <lb/>Empire he had not received an Acce&longs;&longs;ion of <lb/>Wealth &longs;ufficient to compleat the Magnificence <lb/>of his Beginning, for throwing away the whole <lb/>Expence of his future Work in laying the <lb/>Foundations of his Temple. </s> <s>Be&longs;ides it is not <lb/>ami&longs;s to con&longs;ider, and that not in the la&longs;t <lb/>Place, not only what you are able, but al&longs;o <lb/>what is decent for you to do. </s> <s>I do not com­<lb/>mend <emph type="italics"/>Rhodope<emph.end type="italics"/> of <emph type="italics"/>Thrace,<emph.end type="italics"/> the famous Courtezan, <lb/>and the Wonder of her Days, for building her­<lb/>&longs;elf a Sepulcher of incredible Expence: For <lb/>though &longs;he might po&longs;&longs;ibly by her Whoredom <lb/>have acquired the Riches of a Queen, yet &longs;he <lb/>was by no means worthy of a Royal Sepulcher. <lb/></s> <s>But on the other Hand I do not blame <emph type="italics"/>Arte­<lb/>mi&longs;ia,<emph.end type="italics"/> Queen of <emph type="italics"/>Caria,<emph.end type="italics"/> for having built her <lb/>beloved and worthy Con&longs;ort a mo&longs;t &longs;tately <pb xlink:href="003/01/035.jpg" pagenum="24"/><emph type="italics"/>Mau&longs;oleum:<emph.end type="italics"/> Though in Things of that Nature, <lb/>I think Mode&longs;ty is be&longs;t. <emph type="italics"/>Horace<emph.end type="italics"/> blamed <lb/><emph type="italics"/>Mæcenas<emph.end type="italics"/> for having too furious a Pa&longs;&longs;ion for <lb/>Building. </s> <s>I commend him, who according to <lb/><emph type="italics"/>Cornelius Tacitus,<emph.end type="italics"/> built <emph type="italics"/>Otho<emph.end type="italics"/>'s Sepulcher, mode&longs;t, <lb/>but extremely durable. </s> <s>And though it be <lb/>true that private Monuments require Mode&longs;ty <lb/>and publick ones Magnificence; yet publick <lb/>ones too are &longs;ometimes prai&longs;ed for being as <lb/>mode&longs;t as the others. </s> <s>We admire <emph type="italics"/>Pompey<emph.end type="italics"/>'s <lb/>Theatre for the &longs;urprizing Greatne&longs;s and Dig­<lb/>nity of the Work: A Work truly worthy of <lb/><emph type="italics"/>Pompey<emph.end type="italics"/> and of <emph type="italics"/>Rome<emph.end type="italics"/> in the Mid&longs;t of her <lb/>Victories: but <emph type="italics"/>Nero<emph.end type="italics"/>'s unadvi&longs;edly Fondne&longs;s for <lb/>Building, and mad Pa&longs;&longs;ion for Undertaking im­<lb/>men&longs;e De&longs;igns, is commended by nobody. <lb/></s> <s>And be&longs;ides, who would not rather have <lb/>wi&longs;h'd, that he who employ'd &longs;o many thou­<lb/>&longs;and Men to bore through the Hill near <emph type="italics"/>Poz­<lb/>zuolo,<emph.end type="italics"/> had taken the &longs;ame Pains, and be&longs;towed <lb/>the &longs;ame Expence upon &longs;ome Work of greater <lb/>U&longs;e? </s> <s>Who will not dete&longs;t the mon&longs;trous Folly <lb/>and Vanity of <emph type="italics"/>Heliogabalus?<emph.end type="italics"/> who had Thoughts <lb/>of erecting a huge Column with Stairs on the <lb/>In&longs;ide of it to mount to the Top, whereon <lb/><emph type="italics"/>Heliogabalus<emph.end type="italics"/> him&longs;elf was to be &longs;et as a God, <lb/>which he pretended to make him&longs;elf. </s> <s>But not <lb/>being able to find a Stone of that Bigne&longs;s, tho' <lb/>he &longs;ought for it quite to <emph type="italics"/>Thebais,<emph.end type="italics"/> he de&longs;i&longs;ted <lb/>from his wild De&longs;ign. </s> <s>Hereunto we may add, <lb/>that we ought not to begin a Thing, which <lb/>though in &longs;ome Re&longs;pects worthy and u&longs;eful, <lb/>and not altogether &longs;o difficult of Execution, <lb/>&longs;ome particular Opportunity or Means &longs;avouring <lb/>it at that Time, that yet is of a Nature to &longs;all <lb/>&longs;oon to decay, either thro' the Neglience of <lb/>Succe&longs;&longs;ors, or Di&longs;like of the Inhabitants. </s> <s>I <lb/>therefore find Fault with the Canal which <emph type="italics"/>Nero<emph.end type="italics"/><lb/>made navigable for Callies with five Rows of <lb/>Oars from <emph type="italics"/>Avernus<emph.end type="italics"/> to <emph type="italics"/>O&longs;tia,<emph.end type="italics"/> as well as <lb/>other Accounts, as becau&longs;e the Maintaining of <lb/>it &longs;eem'd to require perpetual and eternal <lb/>Felicity of the Empire, and a Succe&longs;&longs;ion of <lb/>Princes all inclined to the &longs;ame Works. </s> <s>The&longs;e <lb/>Con&longs;iderations being granted, we ought to re­<lb/>flect duly upon all the Particulars before­<lb/>mention'd, that is to &longs;ay, what Work we un­<lb/>dertake, the Place we are to build in, and <lb/>what the Per&longs;on is that is to build; and to con­<lb/>trive every Thing according to his Dignity and <lb/>Nece&longs;&longs;ities, is the Part of a di&longs;creet and pru­<lb/>dent Architect.</s></p><p type="head"> <s>CHAP. XII.</s></p><p type="main"> <s><emph type="italics"/>That having con&longs;ider'd the whole Di&longs;po&longs;ition of the Building in all the Parts <lb/>of the Model, we ought to take the Advice of prudent and under&longs;tanding Men, <lb/>and before we begin our Work, it will not only be proper to know how to <lb/>rai&longs;e Money for the Expence, but al&longs;o long before hand to provide all the <lb/>Materials for compleating &longs;uch an Undertaking.<emph.end type="italics"/></s></p><p type="main"> <s>Having weigh'd and con&longs;ider'd the&longs;e <lb/>Things you mu&longs;t proceed to the Ex­<lb/>amination of the Re&longs;t, whether each of them <lb/>be perfectly contrived and conveniently di&longs;­<lb/>po&longs;ed in its proper Place. </s> <s>And to do this ef­<lb/>fectually, it is nece&longs;&longs;ary you &longs;hould be full of <lb/>this Per&longs;ua&longs;ion, all the while you are medita­<lb/>ting upon the&longs;e Things, that it will be a Scandal <lb/>to you, if as far as in you lies, you &longs;uffer any <lb/>other Building with the &longs;ame Expence or Ad­<lb/>vantages to gain more Prai&longs;e and Approbation <lb/>than your own. </s> <s>Nor is it &longs;ufficient in the&longs;e <lb/>Ca&longs;es to be only not de&longs;pi&longs;ed, unle&longs;s you are <lb/>highly and principally commended, and then <lb/>imitated. </s> <s>Therefore we ought to be as &longs;evere <lb/>and diligent as po&longs;&longs;ible in our Scrutiny of every <lb/>Particular, as well to &longs;uffer nothing but what <lb/>is excellent and elegant, as to have all Things <lb/>mutually concur to make the whole Hand&longs;ome <lb/>and Beautiful, in&longs;omuch that whatever you at­<lb/>tempted to add, or retrench, or alter, &longs;hould <lb/>be for the Wor&longs;e and make a Defect. </s> <s>But <lb/>herein, I repeat my Advice, let your Mode­<lb/>rator be the Prudence and Coun&longs;el of the mo&longs;t <lb/>experienced Judges, who&longs;e Approbation is <lb/>founded upon Knowledge and Sincerity: Be­<lb/>cau&longs;e by their Skill and Directions you will be <lb/>much more likely, than by your own private <lb/>Will and Opinion, to attain to Perfection or <lb/>Something very near it. </s> <s>And be&longs;ides, the <lb/>Prai&longs;e of good Judges is the highe&longs;t Satisfaction; <lb/>and as for others they prai&longs;e you &longs;ufficiently, and <lb/>indeed too much in not doing Something bet­<lb/>ter them&longs;elves. </s> <s>So that you will be &longs;ure of <pb xlink:href="003/01/036.jpg" pagenum="25"/>the Plea&longs;ure of having the Approbation of all <lb/>that under&longs;tand the&longs;e Matters. </s> <s>And you may <lb/>find your Advantage in hearkning to every <lb/>Body; for &longs;ometimes it happens, that Per&longs;ons <lb/>of no Skill make Ob&longs;ervations by no Means to <lb/>be de&longs;pi&longs;ed. </s> <s>When therefore you have well <lb/>weigh'd, review'd, and examin'd all the Parts <lb/>of your Model, and all the Proportions of the <lb/>whole Building, &longs;o that there is not the lea&longs;t <lb/>Particular any where about it, which you have <lb/>not con&longs;ider'd and reflected upon, and that <lb/>you are fully re&longs;olved to build in that Man­<lb/>ner in every Re&longs;pect, and can rai&longs;e the Money <lb/>conveniently for bearing the Expence; then <lb/>prepare the other Things nece&longs;&longs;ary for the Ex­<lb/>ecution of your Work, that when you have <lb/>begun, nothing may be wanting &longs;o as to pre­<lb/>vent your fini&longs;hing your Structure expeditiou&longs;ly. <lb/></s> <s>For as you will have Occa&longs;ion for a great Num­<lb/>ber of Things for carrying on the Bu&longs;ine&longs;s, and <lb/>as if but one is unprovided, it may &longs;top or &longs;poil <lb/>the whole Work, it is your Care to have every <lb/>Thing at Hand that may be of U&longs;e to you, if <lb/>provided, or a Detriment, if wanting. </s> <s>The <lb/>Kings of <emph type="italics"/>Judea, David<emph.end type="italics"/> and <emph type="italics"/>Solomon,<emph.end type="italics"/> when <lb/>they had undertaken to build the Temple of <lb/><emph type="italics"/>Jeru&longs;alem,<emph.end type="italics"/> having ama&longs;s'd great Quantities of <lb/>Gold, Silver, Bra&longs;s, Timber, Stone and the <lb/>like Materials, that they might want Nothing <lb/>that could be &longs;erviceable in the ea&longs;y and &longs;peedy <lb/>Execution of the Work (as <emph type="italics"/>Eu&longs;ebius Pamphilus<emph.end type="italics"/><lb/>tells us) &longs;ent to the neighbouring Kings for <lb/>&longs;everal Thou&longs;ands of Workmen and Architects. <lb/></s> <s>Which I highly commend: Becau&longs;e it cer­<lb/>tainly adds Dignity to the Work, and encrea&longs;es <lb/>the Glory of the Author; and Structures that <lb/>have been hand&longs;omely contrived and &longs;peedily <lb/>fini&longs;h'd be&longs;ides, have been very much celebra­<lb/>ted by ancient Writers. <emph type="italics"/>Quintus Curtius<emph.end type="italics"/> re­<lb/>lates that <emph type="italics"/>Alexander<emph.end type="italics"/> the Great, in Building a <lb/>City, and that no very &longs;mall one, near the <lb/><emph type="italics"/>Tanais,<emph.end type="italics"/> &longs;pent but &longs;even Days; and <emph type="italics"/>Jo&longs;ephus<emph.end type="italics"/><lb/>the Hi&longs;torian tells us, that <emph type="italics"/>Nebuchadnezzer<emph.end type="italics"/><lb/>built the Temple of <emph type="italics"/>Belus<emph.end type="italics"/> in fifteen, and in the <lb/>&longs;ame Space of Time girt the City of <emph type="italics"/>Babylon<emph.end type="italics"/><lb/>with three Circuits of Walls. </s> <s>That <emph type="italics"/>Titus<emph.end type="italics"/><lb/>made a Wall little le&longs;s than five Miles long, <lb/>and <emph type="italics"/>Semiramis<emph.end type="italics"/> near <emph type="italics"/>Babylon<emph.end type="italics"/> built the eighth <lb/>Part of a Mile of a prodigious Wall every <lb/>Day; and that &longs;he erected another of above <lb/>five and twenty Miles in Length, very High <lb/>and Thick, to confine the Lake, and in no <lb/>more than &longs;even Days. </s> <s>But of the&longs;e in <lb/>another Place.</s></p><p type="head"> <s>CHAP. VI.</s></p><p type="main"> <s><emph type="italics"/>What Materials are to be provided for the Building, what Workmen to be <lb/>cho&longs;e, and in what Sea&longs;ons, according to the Opinions of the Ancients, to cut <lb/>Timber.<emph.end type="italics"/></s></p><p type="main"> <s>The Things to be prepared are the&longs;e, <lb/>Lime, Timber, Sand, Stone, as al&longs;o <lb/>Iron, Bra&longs;s, Lead, Gla&longs;s and the like. </s> <s>But <lb/>the Thing of greate&longs;t Con&longs;equence is to <lb/>chu&longs;e skilful Workmen, not light or incon­<lb/>&longs;tant, whom you may tru&longs;t with the Care <lb/>and Management of an Edifice well de&longs;ign'd, <lb/>and who will compleat it with all Expedition. <lb/></s> <s>And in fixing upon all the&longs;e, it will be of U&longs;e <lb/>to you to be &longs;omewhat guided by the Con&longs;idera­<lb/>tion of other Works already fini&longs;h'd in your <lb/>Neighbourhood, and by the Information you <lb/>receive from them to determine what to do in <lb/>your own Ca&longs;e. </s> <s>For by ob&longs;erving the Faults <lb/>and Beauties in them, you will con&longs;ider that <lb/>the &longs;ame may happen in yours. <emph type="italics"/>Nero<emph.end type="italics"/> the <lb/>Emperor having form'd a De&longs;ign of dedica­<lb/>cating a huge Statue of an hundred and twenty <lb/>Foot high in Honour of the Sun at <emph type="italics"/>Rome,<emph.end type="italics"/> ex­<lb/>ceeding any Thing that had been done before <lb/>in Greatne&longs;s and Magnificence, as <emph type="italics"/>Pliny<emph.end type="italics"/> re­<lb/>lates, before he gave final Orders for the <lb/>Work to <emph type="italics"/>Zenodarus,<emph.end type="italics"/> a famous and excellent <lb/>Sculptor in tho&longs;e Days, would fir&longs;t &longs;ee his Ca­<lb/>pacity for &longs;uch a Work by a <emph type="italics"/>Colo&longs;&longs;us<emph.end type="italics"/> of ex­<lb/>traordinary Weight, which he had made in <lb/>the Country of <emph type="italics"/>Auvergne<emph.end type="italics"/> in <emph type="italics"/>France.<emph.end type="italics"/></s><s> The&longs;e <lb/>Things duly con&longs;ider'd, we proceed to the <lb/>others. </s> <s>We intend, then, in treating of the <lb/>Materials nece&longs;&longs;ary for Building, to repeat <lb/>tho&longs;e Things which have been taught us by the <lb/>mo&longs;t learned among the Ancients, and particu­<lb/>larly <emph type="italics"/>Theophra&longs;tus, Ari&longs;otle, Cato, Varro, <lb/>Pliny<emph.end type="italics"/> and <emph type="italics"/>Virgil,<emph.end type="italics"/> becau&longs;e they have learned <lb/>more from long Ob&longs;ervation than from any <lb/>Quickne&longs;s of Genius; &longs;o that they are be&longs;t <lb/>gathered from tho&longs;e who have ob&longs;erved them <lb/>with the greate&longs;t Diligence. </s> <s>We &longs;hall there­<pb xlink:href="003/01/037.jpg" pagenum="26"/>fore go on to collect tho&longs;e Rules which the <lb/>mo&longs;t approved Ancients have left us in many <lb/>and various Places, and to the&longs;e, according to <lb/>our Cu&longs;tom, we &longs;hall add whatever we our­<lb/>&longs;elves have deduced from antique Works, or <lb/>the In&longs;tructions of mo&longs;t experienced Artificers, <lb/>if we happen to know any Thing that may be <lb/>&longs;erviceable to our Purpo&longs;e. </s> <s>And I believe it <lb/>will be the be&longs;t Method, following Nature <lb/>her&longs;elf, to begin with tho&longs;e Things which were <lb/>&longs;ir&longs;t in U&longs;e among Men in their Buildings; <lb/>which, if we mi&longs;take not, were Timber Trees <lb/>which they fell'd in the Woods: Though <lb/>among Authors, I find, &longs;ome are divided <lb/>upon this very Subject. </s> <s>Some will have it, <lb/>that Men at fir&longs;t dwelt in Caves, and that <lb/>they and their Cattle were both &longs;heltered <lb/>under the &longs;ame Roof; and therefore they <lb/>believe what <emph type="italics"/>Pliny<emph.end type="italics"/> tells us, that one <emph type="italics"/>Gellius <lb/>Texius<emph.end type="italics"/> was the fir&longs;t, that, in Imitation of Na­<lb/>ture built him&longs;elf a Hou&longs;e of Mud. <emph type="italics"/>Diodorus<emph.end type="italics"/><lb/>&longs;ays that <emph type="italics"/>Ve&longs;ta,<emph.end type="italics"/> the Daughter of <emph type="italics"/>Saturn,<emph.end type="italics"/> was <lb/>the fir&longs;t that invented Hou&longs;es. <emph type="italics"/>Eu&longs;ebius <lb/>Pamphilus,<emph.end type="italics"/> an excellent Searcher into Antiqui­<lb/>ty, tells us from the Te&longs;timony of the Ancients, <lb/>that the Grand&longs;ons of <emph type="italics"/>Protogenes<emph.end type="italics"/> fir&longs;t taught <lb/>Men the Building of Hou&longs;es, which they <lb/>patch'd up of Reeds and Bullru&longs;hes: But to <lb/>return to our Subject. </s> <s>The Ancients, then, <lb/>and particularly <emph type="italics"/>Theophra&longs;tus,<emph.end type="italics"/> inform us, that <lb/>mo&longs;t Trees, and e&longs;pecially the Fir, the Pitch­<lb/>tree and the Pine, ought to be cut immediately, <lb/>when they begin to put forth their young <lb/>Shoots, when through their abundance of Sap <lb/>you mo&longs;t ea&longs;ily &longs;trip off the Bark. </s> <s>But that <lb/>there are &longs;ome Trees, as the Maple, the Elm, <lb/>the A&longs;h, and the Linden, which are be&longs;t cut <lb/>after Vintage. </s> <s>The Oak if cut in Summer, <lb/>they ob&longs;erve is apt to breed Worms; but if in <lb/>Winter, it will keep &longs;ound and not &longs;plit. <lb/></s> <s>And it is not foreign to our Purpo&longs;e what they <lb/>remark, that Wood which is cut in Winter, in <lb/>a North Wind, though it be green, will never­<lb/>thele&longs;s burn extremely well, and in a Manner <lb/>without Smoak; which manife&longs;tly &longs;hews that <lb/>their Juices are not crude, but well dige&longs;ted. <lb/><emph type="italics"/>Vitruvius<emph.end type="italics"/> is for cutting Timber from the be­<lb/>ginning of Autumn, till &longs;uch Time as the &longs;oft <lb/>We&longs;terly Winds begin to blow. </s> <s>And <emph type="italics"/>He&longs;iod<emph.end type="italics"/><lb/>&longs;ays, that when the Sun darts his burning Rays <lb/>directly upon our Heads, and turns Mens Com­<lb/>plections to brown, then is the Time for Har­<lb/>ve&longs;t, but that when the Trees drop their <lb/>Leaves, then is the Sea&longs;on for cutting of Tim­<lb/>ber. <emph type="italics"/>Cato<emph.end type="italics"/> moderates the Matter thus; let the <lb/>Oak, &longs;ays he, be felled during the Sol&longs;tice, be­<lb/>cau&longs;e in Winter it is always out of Sea&longs;on; other <lb/>Woods that bear Seed may be cut when that <lb/>is mature; tho&longs;e that bear none, when you <lb/>plea&longs;e. </s> <s>Tho&longs;e that have their Seeds green and <lb/>ripe at the &longs;ame Time, &longs;hould be cut when <lb/>that is fallen, but the Elm when the Leaves <lb/>drop. </s> <s>And they &longs;ay it is of very great Im­<lb/>portance, what Age the Moon is of when you <lb/>fell your Timber: For they are all of Opini­<lb/>on, and e&longs;pecially <emph type="italics"/>Varro,<emph.end type="italics"/> that the Influence of <lb/>the Moon is &longs;o powerful over Things of this <lb/>Nature, that even they who cut their Heir in <lb/>the Wane of the Moon, &longs;hall &longs;oon grow bald; <lb/>and for this Rea&longs;on, they tell us, <emph type="italics"/>Tiberius<emph.end type="italics"/> ob­<lb/>&longs;erved certain Days for cutting his Hair. </s> <s>The <lb/>A&longs;trologers affirm, that your Spirits will al­<lb/>ways be oppre&longs;&longs;ed with Melancholly, if you <lb/>cut your Nails or Hair while the Moon is op­<lb/>pre&longs;&longs;ed or ill di&longs;po&longs;ed. </s> <s>It is to our pre&longs;ent <lb/>Purpo&longs;e what they &longs;ay, that &longs;uch Things as <lb/>are de&longs;igned in their U&longs;es to be moveable, <lb/>ought to be cut and wrought when the Moon <lb/>is in <emph type="italics"/>Libra<emph.end type="italics"/> or <emph type="italics"/>Cancer;<emph.end type="italics"/> but &longs;uch as are to be <lb/>fixed and immoveable, when &longs;he is in <emph type="italics"/>Leo, <lb/>Taurus,<emph.end type="italics"/> or the like. </s> <s>But that Timber ought <lb/>to be cut in the Wane of the Moon, all the <lb/>Learned are agreed, becau&longs;e they hold that the <lb/>flegmatick Moi&longs;ture, &longs;o very liable to immedi­<lb/>ate Putrefaction, is then almo&longs;t quite dried up, <lb/>and it is certain, that when it is cut in &longs;uch a <lb/>Moon, it is never apt to breed Worms. </s> <s>Hence <lb/>they &longs;ay you ought to reap the Corn which <lb/>you intend to &longs;ell, at full Moon; becau&longs;e then <lb/>the Ears are full; but that which you intend <lb/>to keep in the Wane. </s> <s>It is al&longs;o evident, that <lb/>the Leaves of Trees cropt in the Wane of the <lb/>Moon do not rot. <emph type="italics"/>Columella<emph.end type="italics"/> thinks it be&longs;t to <lb/>fell Timber from the twentieth to the thirtieth <lb/>Day of the Moon's Age; <emph type="italics"/>Vegetius,<emph.end type="italics"/> from the <lb/>fifteenth to the two and twentieth; and hence <lb/>he &longs;uppo&longs;es the religious Ceremony to ari&longs;e, of <lb/>celebrating all My&longs;teries relating to Eternity <lb/>only on tho&longs;e Days, becau&longs;e Wood cut then <lb/>la&longs;ted in a Manner for ever. </s> <s>They add, that <lb/>we &longs;hould likewi&longs;e ob&longs;erve the Setting of the <lb/>Moon. </s> <s>But <emph type="italics"/>Pliny<emph.end type="italics"/> thinks it a proper Time to <lb/>fell Trees when the Dog-&longs;tar reigns, and when <lb/>the Moon is in Conjunction with the Sun, <lb/>which Day is called an <emph type="italics"/>Interlunium,<emph.end type="italics"/> and &longs;ays <lb/>it is good to wait for the Night of that Day <lb/>too, till the Moon is &longs;et. </s> <s>The A&longs;tronomers <lb/>&longs;ay, the Rea&longs;on of this is, becau&longs;e the Action <lb/>of the Moon puts the Fluids of all Bodies into <lb/>Motion; and that therefore when tho&longs;e Fluids <pb xlink:href="003/01/038.jpg" pagenum="27"/>are drawn down, or left by the Moon in the <lb/>lowe&longs;t Roots, the Re&longs;t of the Timber is clearer <lb/>and &longs;ounder. </s> <s>Moreover they think that the <lb/>Tree will be much more &longs;erviceable, if it is not <lb/>cut quite down immediately, but chopt round <lb/>about, and &longs;o left &longs;tanding upon the Stump to <lb/>dry. </s> <s>And they &longs;ay, that if the Fir (which is <lb/>not the mo&longs;t unapt to &longs;uffer by Moi&longs;ture) be <lb/>barked in the Wane of the Moon, it will never <lb/>afterwards be liable to be rotted by Water. <lb/></s> <s>There are &longs;ome who affirm that if the Oak, <lb/>which is &longs;o heavy a Wood that naturally it <lb/>&longs;inks in the Water, be chopt round the Bot­<lb/>tom in the Beginning of Spring, and cut down <lb/>when it has lo&longs;t its Leaves, it will have &longs;uch <lb/>an Effect upon it, that it will float for the <lb/>Space of ninety Days and not &longs;ink. </s> <s>Others <lb/>advi&longs;e to chop the Trees which you leave thus <lb/>upon their Stumps, half way through, that the <lb/>Corruption and bad Juices may di&longs;til through, <lb/>and be carried off. </s> <s>They add, that the Trees, <lb/>which are de&longs;igned to be &longs;awed or planed, <lb/>&longs;hould not be cut down till they have brought <lb/>their Fruits and ripened their Seeds; and that <lb/>Trees &longs;o cut, e&longs;pecially Fruit-bearers, &longs;hould <lb/>be barked, becau&longs;e while they are covered with <lb/>the Bark, Corruption is very apt to gather be­<lb/>tween the Rind and the Tree.</s></p><p type="head"> <s>CHAP. V.</s></p><p type="main"> <s><emph type="italics"/>Of pre&longs;erving the Trees after they are cut, what to plai&longs;ter or anoint them with, <lb/>of the Remedies again&longs;t their Infirmities, and of allotting them their proper <lb/>Places in the Building.<emph.end type="italics"/></s></p><p type="main"> <s>After the Timber is cut, it mu&longs;t be <lb/>laid where the &longs;corching Heat of the <lb/>Sun or rude Bla&longs;ts of Winds never come; and <lb/>e&longs;pecially, that which falls of it&longs;elf, ought to <lb/>be very well protected with Shade. </s> <s>And for <lb/>this Rea&longs;on, the ancient Architects u&longs;ed to <lb/>plai&longs;ter it over with Ox-Dung; which <emph type="italics"/>Theo­<lb/>phra&longs;tus<emph.end type="italics"/> &longs;ays they did, becau&longs;e by that Means <lb/>all the Pores being &longs;topped up, the &longs;uperfluous <lb/>Flegm and Humidity concreting within, di&longs;­<lb/>tils and vents it&longs;elf by Degrees through the <lb/>Heart, by which Means the Dryne&longs;s of the <lb/>other Parts of the Wood is conden&longs;ed by its <lb/>drying equally throughout. </s> <s>And they are of <lb/>Opinion that Trees dry better, if &longs;et with their <lb/>Heads downward. </s> <s>Moreover, they pre&longs;cribe <lb/>various Remedies again&longs;t their decaying and <lb/>other Infirmities. <emph type="italics"/>Theophra&longs;tus<emph.end type="italics"/> thinks that <lb/>burying of Timber hardens it extremely. <emph type="italics"/>Cato<emph.end type="italics"/><lb/>advi&longs;es to anoint it with Lees of Oil, to pre­<lb/>&longs;erve it from all Manner of Worms; and we <lb/>all know that Pitch is a Defence to it again&longs;t <lb/>Water. </s> <s>They &longs;ay that Wood, which has been <lb/>&longs;oaked in the Dregs of Oil, will burn without <lb/>the Offence of Smoak. <emph type="italics"/>Pliny<emph.end type="italics"/> writes, that in <lb/>the Labyrinth of <emph type="italics"/>Egypt,<emph.end type="italics"/> there are a great <lb/>many Beams made of the <emph type="italics"/>Egyptian<emph.end type="italics"/> Thorn <lb/>rubed over with Oil, and <emph type="italics"/>Theophra&longs;tus<emph.end type="italics"/> &longs;ays, <lb/>that Timber dawbed over with Glue will <lb/>not burn. </s> <s>Nor will I omit what we read in <lb/><emph type="italics"/>Aulus Gellius,<emph.end type="italics"/> taken out of the Annals of <emph type="italics"/>Quin­<lb/>tus Claudius,<emph.end type="italics"/> that <emph type="italics"/>Archelaus, Mithridates<emph.end type="italics"/>'s Præ­<lb/>fect, having thoroughly debawbed a wooden <lb/>Tower in the Piræum with Allum, when <lb/><emph type="italics"/>Sylla<emph.end type="italics"/> be&longs;ieged it, it would not take Fire. </s> <s>Se­<lb/>veral Woods are hardened and &longs;trengthened a­<lb/>gain&longs;t the A&longs;&longs;aults of Storms in various Man­<lb/>ners. </s> <s>They bury the Citron-wood under <lb/>Ground, plai&longs;tered over with Wax, for &longs;even <lb/>Days, and after an Intermi&longs;&longs;ion of as many <lb/>more, lay it under Heaps of Corn for the &longs;ame <lb/>Space of Time, whereby it becomes not only <lb/>&longs;tronger but ea&longs;ier to be wrought, becau&longs;e it <lb/>takes away a very con&longs;iderable Part of its <lb/>Weight; and they &longs;ay too, that the &longs;ame <lb/>Wood thus dryed, being afterwards laid &longs;ome <lb/>time in the Sea, acquires a Hardne&longs;s incredibly <lb/>&longs;olid and incorruptible. </s> <s>It is certain the Che&longs;­<lb/>nut Tree is purged by the Sea-water. <emph type="italics"/>Pliny<emph.end type="italics"/><lb/>writes, the <emph type="italics"/>Ægyptian<emph.end type="italics"/> Fig-tree is laid under <lb/>Water to dry and grow lighter, for at fir&longs;t it <lb/>will &longs;ink to the Bottom. </s> <s>We &longs;ee that our <lb/>Workmen lay their Timber under Water or <lb/>Dung for thirty Days, e&longs;pecially &longs;uch as they <lb/>de&longs;ign for turning, by which Means they think <lb/>it is better dried and more ea&longs;ily worked for <lb/>all Manner of U&longs;es. </s> <s>There are &longs;ome who af­<lb/>firm, that all Manner of Woods agree in this, <lb/>that if you bury them in &longs;ome moi&longs;t Place <lb/>while they are green, they will endure for ever; <lb/>but whether you pre&longs;erve it in Woods, or bury, <lb/>or anoint it, the Experienced are univer&longs;ally of <lb/>this Opinion, that you mu&longs;t not meddle with <lb/>it under three Months: The Timber mu&longs;t have <pb xlink:href="003/01/039.jpg" pagenum="28"/>Time to harden and to get a Kind of Matu­<lb/>rity of Strength before it is applied to U&longs;e. <lb/></s> <s>After it is thus prepared, <emph type="italics"/>Cato<emph.end type="italics"/> directs, that it <lb/>mu&longs;t not be brought out into the Air but in <lb/>the Wane of the Moon, and after Mid-day, and <lb/>even in the Wane of the Moon he condemns <lb/>the four Days next after the fi&longs;teenth, and pre­<lb/>cautions us again&longs;t bringing it out in a South <lb/>Wind. </s> <s>And when we bring it out, we mu&longs;t <lb/>take Care not to draw it through the Dew, <lb/>nor to &longs;aw or cut it when it is covered with <lb/>Dew or Fro&longs;t, but only when it is perfectly dry <lb/>in all Re&longs;pects.</s></p><p type="head"> <s>CHAP. VI.</s></p><p type="main"> <s><emph type="italics"/>What Woods are mo&longs;t proper for Building, their Natures and U&longs;es, how they <lb/>are to be employed, and what Part of the Edifice each Kind is mo&longs;t fit for.<emph.end type="italics"/></s></p><p type="main"> <s><emph type="italics"/>Theophra&longs;tus<emph.end type="italics"/> thinks that Timber is not dry <lb/>enough for the making of Planks, e&longs;peci­<lb/>ally for Doors, in le&longs;s than three Years. </s> <s>The <lb/>Trees of mo&longs;t U&longs;e for Building were reckoned <lb/>to be the&longs;e; the Holm, and all other Sorts of <lb/>Oaks, the Beech, the Poplar, the Linden, the <lb/>Willow, the Alder, the A&longs;h, the Pine, the Cy­<lb/>pre&longs;s, the Olive, both Wild and Garden, the <lb/>Che&longs;nut, the Larch Tree, the Box, the Cedar, <lb/>the Ebony, and even the Vine: But all the&longs;e <lb/>are various in their Natures, and therefore mu&longs;t <lb/>be applied to various U&longs;es. </s> <s>Some are better <lb/>than others to be expo&longs;ed without Doors, <lb/>others mu&longs;t be u&longs;ed within; &longs;ome delight in <lb/>the open Air, others harden in the Water, and <lb/>will endure almo&longs;t for ever under Ground; <lb/>&longs;ome are good to make nice Boards, and for <lb/>Sculptures, and all Manner of Joyner's Work; <lb/>&longs;ome for Beams and Rafters; others are &longs;tronger <lb/>for &longs;upporting open Terra&longs;&longs;es, and Coverings; <lb/>and the Alder, for Piles to make a Foundation <lb/>in a River or mar&longs;hy Ground, exceeds all other <lb/>Trees, and bears the Wet incomparably well, <lb/>but will not la&longs;t at all in the Air or Sun. </s> <s>On <lb/>the contrary, the Beech will not endure the <lb/>Wet at all. </s> <s>The Elm, &longs;et in the open Air, <lb/>hardens extremely; but el&longs;e it &longs;plits and will <lb/>not la&longs;t. </s> <s>The Pitch Tree and Pine, if buried <lb/>under Ground, are wonderfully durable. </s> <s>But <lb/>the Oak, being hard, clo&longs;e, and nervous, and <lb/>of the &longs;malle&longs;t Pores, not admitting any Moi&longs;­<lb/>ture, is the propere&longs;t of any for all Manner of <lb/>Works under Ground, capable of &longs;upporting <lb/>the greate&longs;t Weights, and is the &longs;tronge&longs;t of <lb/>Columns. </s> <s>But though Nature has endued it <lb/>with &longs;o much Hardne&longs;s that it cannot be bored <lb/>unle&longs;s it be &longs;oaked, yet above Ground it is <lb/>reckoned incon&longs;tant, and to warp and grow <lb/>unmanageable, and in the Sea-water quickly <lb/>rots; which does not happen to the Olive, nor <lb/>Holm Oak, nor Wild Olive, though in other <lb/>Things they agree with the Oak. </s> <s>The Ma&longs;t­<lb/>Holm never con&longs;umes with Age, becau&longs;e it's <lb/>In&longs;ide is juicy, and as it were always green. <lb/></s> <s>The Beech likewi&longs;e and the Che&longs;nut do not <lb/>rot in the Water, and are reckoned among the <lb/>principal Trees for Works under Ground. </s> <s>The <lb/>Cork Tree al&longs;o, and the wild Pine, the Mul­<lb/>berry, the Maple, and the Elm are not ami&longs;s <lb/>for Columns. <emph type="italics"/>Theophra&longs;tus<emph.end type="italics"/> recommends the <lb/><emph type="italics"/>Negropont<emph.end type="italics"/> Nut Tree for Beams and Rafters, <lb/>becau&longs;e before it breaks it gives Notice by a <lb/>Crack, which formerly &longs;aved the Lives of a <lb/>great many People, who, upon the falling of <lb/>the publick Baths at <emph type="italics"/>Andros,<emph.end type="italics"/> by Means of that <lb/>Warning had Time to make their E&longs;cape. </s> <s>But <lb/>the Fir is much the Be&longs;t for that U&longs;e; for as it <lb/>is one of the Bigge&longs;t and Thicke&longs;t of Trees, &longs;o <lb/>it is endued with a natural Stiffne&longs;s, that will <lb/>not ea&longs;ily give way to the Weight that is laid <lb/>upon it, but &longs;tands firm and never yields. </s> <s>Add <lb/>be&longs;ides, that it is ea&longs;y to work, and does not <lb/>lie too heavy upon the Wall. </s> <s>In &longs;hort, many <lb/>Perfections, and U&longs;es, and great Prai&longs;es are a&longs;­<lb/>cribed to this &longs;ingle Wood; neverthele&longs;s we <lb/>cannot di&longs;own that it has one Fault, which is, <lb/>that it is too apt to catch Fire. </s> <s>Not inferior <lb/>to this for Roofs, is the Cypre&longs;s, a Tree, in <lb/>many other Re&longs;pects &longs;o u&longs;eful, that it claims a <lb/>principal Rank among the mo&longs;t excellent. </s> <s>The <lb/>Ancients reckoned it as one of the Be&longs;t, and <lb/>not inferior to Cedar or Ebony. </s> <s>In <emph type="italics"/>India<emph.end type="italics"/> the <lb/>Cypre&longs;s is valued almo&longs;t equal with the Spice <lb/>Trees, and with good Rea&longs;on; for whatever <lb/>Prai&longs;es may be be&longs;towed upon the Ammony or <lb/>Cirenaic Field Pine, which <emph type="italics"/>Theophra&longs;tus<emph.end type="italics"/> &longs;ays is <lb/>everla&longs;ting, yet if you con&longs;ult either Smell, <lb/>Beauty, Strength, Bigne&longs;s, Straitne&longs;s, or Du­<lb/>ration, or all the&longs;e together, what Tree can you <lb/>put in Competition with the Cypre&longs;s? </s> <s>It is <pb xlink:href="003/01/040.jpg" pagenum="29"/>affirmed that the Cypre&longs;s never &longs;uffers either <lb/>by Worms or Age, and never &longs;plits of its own <lb/>accord. </s> <s>For this Rea&longs;on <emph type="italics"/>Plato<emph.end type="italics"/> was of Opinion, <lb/>that the publick Laws and Statutes &longs;hould be <lb/>carved in &longs;acred Tables of Cypre&longs;s, believing <lb/>they would be more la&longs;ting than Tables of <lb/>Bra&longs;s. </s> <s>This Topick naturally leads me to give <lb/>an Account of what I my&longs;elf remember to <lb/>have read and ob&longs;erv'd of this Wood. </s> <s>It is re­<lb/>lated that the Gates of the Temple of <emph type="italics"/>Diana,<emph.end type="italics"/><lb/>at <emph type="italics"/>Ephe&longs;us,<emph.end type="italics"/> being of Cypre&longs;s, la&longs;ted four hun­<lb/>dred Years, and pre&longs;erved their Beauty in &longs;uch <lb/>a Manner that they always &longs;eemed to be new. <lb/></s> <s>In the Church of St. <emph type="italics"/>Peter<emph.end type="italics"/> at <emph type="italics"/>Rome,<emph.end type="italics"/> upon the <lb/>repairing of the Gates by Pope <emph type="italics"/>Eugenius,<emph.end type="italics"/> I <lb/>found, that where they had not been injured <lb/>by the Violence of the Enemy in &longs;tripping a­<lb/>way the Silver with which they were formerly <lb/>covered, they had continued whole and &longs;ound <lb/>above five hundred and fifty Years; for if we <lb/>examing the Annals of the <emph type="italics"/>Roman<emph.end type="italics"/> Pontiffs, &longs;o <lb/>long it is from the Time of <emph type="italics"/>Hadrian<emph.end type="italics"/> the Third, <lb/>who &longs;et them up, to <emph type="italics"/>Eugene<emph.end type="italics"/> the Fourth. </s> <s>There­<lb/>fore, though the Fir is very much commended <lb/>for making Rafters, yet the Cypre&longs;s is prefer­<lb/>red before it, perhaps only upon this one Ac­<lb/>count, namely, that it is more la&longs;ting; but <lb/>then it is heavier than the Fir. </s> <s>The Pine and <lb/>Pitch Trees al&longs;o are valued, for the Pine is <lb/>&longs;uppo&longs;ed to have the &longs;ame Quality as the Fir, <lb/>of ri&longs;ing again&longs;t the Weight that is laid upon <lb/>it: But between the Fir and the Pine there is <lb/>this Difference, among others, that the Firs is <lb/>le&longs;s injured by Worms, becau&longs;e the Pine is of a <lb/>&longs;weeter Juice than the Fir. </s> <s>I do not know <lb/>any Wood that is to be preferred to the Larch, <lb/>or Turpentine Tree, which, within my Ob&longs;er­<lb/>vation, has &longs;upported Buildings perfectly &longs;trong, <lb/>and to a very great Age, in many Places, and <lb/>particularly in tho&longs;e very ancient Structures in <lb/>the Market-place at <emph type="italics"/>Venice,<emph.end type="italics"/> and indeed this one <lb/>Tree is reckoned to be furni&longs;hed with the Con­<lb/>veniences of all the Re&longs;t; it is nervous, tena­<lb/>cious of its Strength, unmoveable in Storms, <lb/>not mole&longs;ted with Worms; and it is an anci­<lb/>ent Opinion, that again&longs;t the Injuries of Fire <lb/>it remains invincible, and in a Manner unhurt, <lb/>in&longs;omuch that they advi&longs;e us, on whatever Side <lb/>we are apprehen&longs;ive of Fire, to place Beams of <lb/>Larch by Way of Security. </s> <s>It is true I have <lb/>&longs;een it take Fire and burn, but yet in &longs;uch a <lb/>Manner that it &longs;eemed to di&longs;dain the Flames, <lb/>and to threaten to drive them away. </s> <s>It has <lb/>indeed one Defect, which is, that in Sea-wa­<lb/>ter it is very apt to breed Worms. </s> <s>For Beams <lb/>the Oak and Olive are accounted improper, <lb/>becau&longs;e of their Heavine&longs;s, and that they give <lb/>Way beneath the Weight that is laid upon <lb/>them, and are apt to warp even of them&longs;elves; <lb/>be&longs;ides, all Trees that are more inclinable to <lb/>break into Shivers than to &longs;plit, are unfit for <lb/>Beams; &longs;uch are the Olive, the Fig, the Lin­<lb/>den, the Sallow, and the like. </s> <s>It is a &longs;urpriz­<lb/>ing Property which they relate of the Palm <lb/>Tree, that it ri&longs;es again&longs;t the Weight that is <lb/>laid upon it, and bends upwards in &longs;pite of all <lb/>Re&longs;i&longs;tance. </s> <s>For Beams and Coverings ex­<lb/>po&longs;ed to the open Air, the Juniper is greatly <lb/>commended; and <emph type="italics"/>Pliny<emph.end type="italics"/> &longs;ays it has the &longs;ame <lb/>Properties as the Cedar, but is &longs;ounder. </s> <s>The <lb/>Olive too is reckoned extreamly durable, and <lb/>the Box is e&longs;teemed as one of the Be&longs;t of all. <lb/></s> <s>Nor is the Che&longs;nut, though apt to cleave and <lb/>&longs;plit, rejected for Works to the open Air. </s> <s>But <lb/>the wild Olive they particularly e&longs;teem &longs;or the <lb/>&longs;ame Rea&longs;on as the Cypre&longs;s, becau&longs;e it never <lb/>breeds Worms, which is the Advantage of all <lb/>Trees that have oily and gummy Juices, e&longs;pe­<lb/>cially if tho&longs;e Juices are bitter. </s> <s>The Worm <lb/>never enters into &longs;uch Trees, and it is certain <lb/>they exclude all Moi&longs;ture from without. </s> <s>Con­<lb/>trary to the&longs;e are &longs;uppo&longs;ed to be all Woods <lb/>that have Juices of a &longs;weet Ta&longs;te, and which <lb/>ea&longs;ily take Fire; out of which, neverthele&longs;s, <lb/>they except the &longs;weet as well as the wild Olive. <lb/><emph type="italics"/>Vitruvius<emph.end type="italics"/> &longs;ays, that the Holm Oak and Beech <lb/>are very weak in their Nature again&longs;t Storms, <lb/>and do not endure to a great Age. <emph type="italics"/>Pliny<emph.end type="italics"/> &longs;ays, <lb/>that the Ma&longs;t-holm &longs;oon rots. </s> <s>But the Fir, <lb/>and particularly that which grows in the <emph type="italics"/>Alps,<emph.end type="italics"/><lb/>for U&longs;es within Doors, as for Bed&longs;teads, Ta­<lb/>bles, Doors, Benches, and the like, is excel­<lb/>lent; becau&longs;e it is, in its Nature, very dry, and <lb/>very tenacious of the Glue. </s> <s>The Pitch-Tree <lb/>and Cypre&longs;s al&longs;o are very good for &longs;uch U&longs;es; <lb/>the Beech for other Service is too brittle, but <lb/>does mighty well for Coffers and Beds, and <lb/>will &longs;aw into extreme thin Planks, as will like­<lb/>wi&longs;e the Scarlet-Oak. </s> <s>The Che&longs;nut, on the <lb/>Contrary, the Elm, and the A&longs;h are reckoned <lb/>very unfit for Planks, becau&longs;e they ea&longs;ily &longs;plit, <lb/>and though they &longs;plit &longs;lowly, they are very in­<lb/>clinable to it; though el&longs;e the A&longs;h is account­<lb/>ed very obedient in all Manner of Works. </s> <s>But <lb/>I am &longs;urprized the Ancients have not celebra­<lb/>ted the Nut Tree; which, as Experience &longs;hews <lb/>us, is extremely tractable, and good for mo&longs;t <lb/>U&longs;es, and e&longs;pecially for Boards or Planks, <lb/>They commend the Mulberry-Tree, both for <lb/>its Durablene&longs;s, and becau&longs;e by Length of <pb xlink:href="003/01/041.jpg" pagenum="30"/>it grows blacker and hand&longs;omer. <emph type="italics"/>Theophra&longs;tus<emph.end type="italics"/><lb/>tells us, that the Rich u&longs;ed to make their <lb/>Doors of the Lote-Tree, the Scarlet-Oak, and <lb/>of Box. </s> <s>The Elm, becau&longs;e it firmly main­<lb/>tains its Strength, is &longs;aid to be very proper for <lb/>Jambs of Doors, but it &longs;hould be &longs;et with its <lb/>Head downwards. <emph type="italics"/>Cato<emph.end type="italics"/> &longs;ays, that Levers <lb/>ought to be made of Holly, Laurel, and Elm: <lb/>For Bars and Bolts, they recommend the Cor­<lb/>nel-Tree; for Stairs, the wild A&longs;h or the <lb/>Maple. </s> <s>They hollowed the Pine, the Pitch­<lb/>Tree and the Elm for Aqueducts, but they &longs;ay <lb/>unle&longs;s they are buried under Ground they pre­<lb/>&longs;ently decay. </s> <s>La&longs;tly, the Female Larch-Tree, <lb/>which is almo&longs;t of the Colour of Honey, for <lb/>the Ornaments of Edifices and for Tables for <lb/>Painting, they found to be in a Manner eternal <lb/>and never crack or &longs;plit; and be&longs;ides, as its <lb/>Veins run &longs;hort, not long, they u&longs;ed it for the <lb/>Images of their Gods, as they did al&longs;o the <lb/>Lote, the Box, the Cedar, and the Cypre&longs;s <lb/>too, and the large Roots of the Olive, and the <lb/><emph type="italics"/>Egyptian<emph.end type="italics"/> Peach-Tree, which they &longs;ay is like <lb/>the Lote-Tree.</s></p><p type="main"> <s>IF they had Occa&longs;ion to turn any Thing <lb/>long and round, they u&longs;ed the Beech, the <lb/>Mulberry, the Tree that yields the Turpentine, <lb/>but e&longs;pecially the mo&longs;t clo&longs;e bodied Box, mo&longs;t <lb/>excellent for Turning; and for very curious <lb/>Works, the Ebony. </s> <s>Neither for Statues or <lb/>Pictures did they de&longs;pi&longs;e the Poplar, both <lb/>white and black, the Sallow, the Hornbeam, <lb/>the Service-Tree, the Elder, and the Fig; <lb/>which Woods, by their Dryne&longs;s and Evenne&longs;s, <lb/>are not only good for receiving and pre&longs;erving <lb/>the Gums and Colours of the Painter, but are <lb/>wonderfully &longs;oft and ea&longs;y under the Carver's <lb/>Tool for expre&longs;&longs;ing all Manner of Forms. <lb/></s> <s>Though it is certain that none of the&longs;e for <lb/>Tractablene&longs;s can compare with the Linden. <lb/></s> <s>Some there are that for Statues chu&longs;e the Jubol­<lb/>Tree. </s> <s>Contrary to the&longs;e is the Oak, which <lb/>will never join either with it&longs;elf or any other <lb/>Wood of the &longs;ame Nature, and de&longs;pi&longs;es all <lb/>Manner of Glue: The &longs;ame Defect is &longs;uppos'd <lb/>to be in all Trees that are grained, and in­<lb/>clin'd to di&longs;til. </s> <s>Wood that is ea&longs;ily plain'd, <lb/>and has a clo&longs;e Body, is never well to be <lb/>fa&longs;ten'd with Glue; and tho&longs;e al&longs;o that are of <lb/>different Natures, as the Ivy, the Laurel and <lb/>the Linden, which are hot, if glued to tho&longs;e <lb/>that grow in moi&longs;t Places, which are all in <lb/>their Natures cold, never hold long together. <lb/></s> <s>The Elm, the A&longs;h, the Mulberry, and the <lb/>Cherry-Tree, being dry, do not agree with the <lb/>Plane Tree or the Alder, which are Moi&longs;t. <lb/></s> <s>Nay, the Ancients were &longs;o far from joining <lb/>together Woods different in their Natures, that <lb/>they would not &longs;o much as place them near <lb/>one another. </s> <s>And for this Rea&longs;on <emph type="italics"/>Vitruvius<emph.end type="italics"/><lb/>advi&longs;es us again&longs;t joining Planks of Beech and <lb/>Oak together.</s></p><p type="head"> <s>CHAP. VII.</s></p><p type="head"> <s><emph type="italics"/>Of Trees more &longs;ummarily.<emph.end type="italics"/></s></p><p type="main"> <s>But to &longs;peak of all the&longs;e more &longs;um­<lb/>marily. </s> <s>All Authors are agreed that <lb/>Trees which do not bear Fruit are &longs;tronger and <lb/>&longs;ounder than tho&longs;e which do; and that the <lb/>wild ones, which are not cultivated either with <lb/>Hand or Steel, are harder than the Dome&longs;tick. <lb/><emph type="italics"/>Theophra&longs;tus<emph.end type="italics"/> &longs;ays, that the wild ones never fall <lb/>into any Infirmities that kill them, whereas the <lb/>Dome&longs;tick and Fruit-bearers are &longs;ubject to <lb/>very con&longs;iderable Infirmities; and among the <lb/>Fruit-bearers tho&longs;e which bear early are <lb/>weaker than tho&longs;e which bear late, and the <lb/>Sweet than the Tart; and among the tart ones, <lb/>&longs;uch are accounted the Firme&longs;t, that have the <lb/>Sharpe&longs;t and the lea&longs;t Fruit. </s> <s>Tho&longs;e that bear Fruit <lb/>only once in two Years, and tho&longs;e which are <lb/>entirely barren, have more Knots in them than <lb/>tho&longs;e which bear every Year; the Shorte&longs;t <lb/>likewi&longs;e are the Harde&longs;t, and the Barren grow <lb/>fa&longs;ter than the Fruitful. </s> <s>They &longs;ay likewi&longs;e <lb/>that &longs;uch Trees as grow in an open Place, un­<lb/>&longs;helter'd either by Woods or Hills, but &longs;haken <lb/>by frequent Storms and Winds, are &longs;tronger <lb/>and thicker, but at the &longs;ame Time &longs;horter and <lb/>more knotty than &longs;uch as grow down in a Val­<lb/>ley, or in any other Place defended from the <lb/>Winds. </s> <s>They al&longs;o believe that Trees which <lb/>grow in moi&longs;t &longs;hady Places are more tender <lb/>than tho&longs;e which grow in a dry open Situation, <lb/>and that tho&longs;e which &longs;tand expo&longs;ed to the <lb/>North are more &longs;erviceable than tho&longs;e which <lb/>grow to the South. </s> <s>They reject, as abortive <lb/>all Trees that grow in Places not agreeable to <lb/>their Natures, and though &longs;uch as &longs;tand to the <pb xlink:href="003/01/042.jpg" pagenum="31"/>South are very hard, yet they are apt to warp <lb/>in their Sap, &longs;o that they are not &longs;trait and <lb/>even enough for Service, Moreover, tho&longs;e <lb/>which are in their Natures dry and &longs;low growers, <lb/>are &longs;tronger than tho&longs;e which are moi&longs;t and <lb/>fruitful; wherefore <emph type="italics"/>Varro<emph.end type="italics"/> &longs;uppos'd that the <lb/>one were Male and the other Female, and that <lb/>white Timber was le&longs;s clo&longs;e and more tractable <lb/>than that which has any other Colour in it. <lb/></s> <s>It is certain that heavy Wood is harder and <lb/>clo&longs;er than light; and the Lighter it is, the <lb/>more Brittle; and the more Knotty the &longs;tronger. <lb/></s> <s>Trees likewi&longs;e which Nature has endu'd with <lb/>the longe&longs;t Life, &longs;he has always endu'd with <lb/>the Property of keeping longe&longs;t from Decay <lb/>when cut down, and the le&longs;s Sap they have, &longs;o <lb/>much they are the Stronger and more Hardy. <lb/></s> <s>The Parts neare&longs;t to the Sap are indeed <lb/>harder and clo&longs;er than the re&longs;t; but tho&longs;e next <lb/>the Bark have more binding Nerves, for it is <lb/>&longs;uppos'd, in Trees ju&longs;t as in Animals, the Bark <lb/>is the Skin, the Parts next under the Bark are <lb/>the Fle&longs;h, and that which enclo&longs;es the Sap, the <lb/>Bone; and <emph type="italics"/>Ari&longs;totle<emph.end type="italics"/> thought the Knots in Plants <lb/>were in the Nature of Nerves. </s> <s>Of all the Parts <lb/>of the Tree, the wor&longs;t is the Alburnum, or <lb/>Juice, that nouri&longs;hes it, both becau&longs;e it is very <lb/>apt to breed Worms, and upon &longs;everal other <lb/>Accounts. </s> <s>To the&longs;e Ob&longs;ervations we may <lb/>add, that the Part of the Tree which, while <lb/>it was &longs;tanding, was towards the South, will <lb/>be dryer than the re&longs;t, and thinner, and more <lb/>extenuated, but it will be firmer and clo&longs;er; <lb/>and the Sap will be nearer to the Bark on that <lb/>Side than on the other. </s> <s>Tho&longs;e Parts al&longs;o <lb/>which are neare&longs;t to the Ground and to the <lb/>Roots, will be heavier than any of the re&longs;t; a <lb/>Proof whereof is that they will hardly float <lb/>upon the Water; and the Middle of all Trees <lb/>is the mo&longs;t knotty. </s> <s>The Veins too, the nea­<lb/>rer they are to the Roots, the more they are <lb/>wreath'd and contorted; neverthele&longs;s the <lb/>lower Parts are reckoned always &longs;tronger and <lb/>more u&longs;eful than the Upper. </s> <s>But I find in <lb/>good Authors &longs;ome very remarkable Things <lb/>of &longs;ome Trees; they &longs;ay that the Vine exceeds <lb/>even the Eternity of Time it&longs;elf. </s> <s>In <emph type="italics"/>Popolonia,<emph.end type="italics"/><lb/>near <emph type="italics"/>Piombino,<emph.end type="italics"/> there was a Statue of <emph type="italics"/>Jupiter<emph.end type="italics"/><lb/>made of that Wood to be &longs;een in <emph type="italics"/>Cœ&longs;ar<emph.end type="italics"/>'s Days, <lb/>which had la&longs;ted for a va&longs;t Number of Years <lb/>without the lea&longs;t Decay; and indeed it is uni­<lb/>ver&longs;ally allow'd that there is no Wood what­<lb/>&longs;oever more durable. </s> <s>In <emph type="italics"/>Ariana,<emph.end type="italics"/> a Province <lb/>of <emph type="italics"/>India,<emph.end type="italics"/> there are Vines &longs;o large, as <emph type="italics"/>Strabo<emph.end type="italics"/><lb/>informs us, that two Men can hardly embrace <lb/>its Trunk. </s> <s>They tell us of a Roof of Cedar <lb/>in <emph type="italics"/>Utica<emph.end type="italics"/> that la&longs;ted twelve Hundred and <lb/>&longs;eventy eight Years. </s> <s>In a Temple of <emph type="italics"/>Diana<emph.end type="italics"/><lb/>in <emph type="italics"/>Spain<emph.end type="italics"/> they &longs;peak of Rafters of Juniper, that <lb/>la&longs;ted from two Hundred Years before the <lb/>Siege of <emph type="italics"/>Troy<emph.end type="italics"/> quite to the Days of <emph type="italics"/>Hanibal.<emph.end type="italics"/><lb/>The Cedar too is of a mo&longs;t wonderful Nature, <lb/>if as they &longs;ay it is the only Wood that will <lb/>not retain the Nails. </s> <s>In the Mountains near <lb/>the Lake <emph type="italics"/>Benacus,<emph.end type="italics"/> or the <emph type="italics"/>Lago di Garda,<emph.end type="italics"/><lb/>grows a Kind of Fir, which, if you make <lb/>Ve&longs;&longs;els of it, will not hold the Wine, unle&longs;s <lb/>you fir&longs;t anoint them with Oil. </s> <s>Thus much <lb/>for Trees.</s></p><p type="head"> <s>CHAP. VIII.</s></p><p type="head"> <s><emph type="italics"/>Of Stones in general, when they are to be dug, and when u&longs;ed; which are the <lb/>&longs;ofte&longs;t and which the harde&longs;t, and which be&longs;t and mo&longs;t durable.<emph.end type="italics"/></s></p><p type="main"> <s>We mu&longs;t likewi&longs;e make Provi&longs;ion of the <lb/>Stone which is to be u&longs;ed in our <lb/>Walls, and this is of two Sorts; the one proper <lb/>only &longs;or making the Lime and the Cement, <lb/>the other for erecting the Building. </s> <s>Of <lb/>this latter we &longs;hall treat fir&longs;t, omitting many <lb/>Particulars, both for the Sake of Brevity, and <lb/>becau&longs;e they are already &longs;ufficiently known. <lb/></s> <s>Neither &longs;hall we &longs;pend any Time here in phi­<lb/>lo&longs;ophical Enquiries about the Principle and <lb/>Origin of Stones; as, whether their fir&longs;t Par­<lb/>ticles, made vi&longs;cous by a Mixture of Earth and <lb/>Water, harden fir&longs;t into Slime, and afterwards <lb/>into Stone; or what is &longs;aid of Gems, that <lb/>they are collected and concreted by the Heat <lb/>and Power of the Rays of the Sun, or rather <lb/>that there is in the Bo&longs;om of the Earth certain <lb/>natural Seeds as of other Things, &longs;o al&longs;o of <lb/>Stones: And whether their Colour is owing <lb/>to a certain proper blending of the Particles of <lb/>Water with very minute ones of Earth; or to <lb/>&longs;ome innate Quality of its own Seed, or to an <lb/>Impre&longs;&longs;ion receiv'd from the Sun's Rays. </s> <s>And <lb/>though the&longs;e Di&longs;qui&longs;itions might perhaps help <pb xlink:href="003/01/043.jpg" pagenum="32"/>to adorn our Work, I &longs;hall omit them, and <lb/>proceed to treat of the Method of Building as <lb/>addre&longs;&longs;ing my&longs;elf to Artificers approv'd for <lb/>Skill and Experience, with more Freedom <lb/>than perhaps would be allow'd by tho&longs;e who <lb/>are &longs;or more exact philo&longs;ophi&longs;ing. <emph type="italics"/>Cato<emph.end type="italics"/> advi&longs;es <lb/>to dig the Stone in Summer, to let it lie in the <lb/>open Air, and not to u&longs;e it under two Years: <lb/>In Summer, to the Intent that it may grow <lb/>accu&longs;tom'd by Degrees to Wind, Rain, and <lb/>Fro&longs;t, and other Inclemencies of the Weather, <lb/>which it had not felt before. </s> <s>For if Stone, <lb/>immediately upon its being dug out of the <lb/>Quarry, while it is full of its native Juice and <lb/>Humidity, is expos'd to &longs;evere Winds and <lb/>&longs;udden Fro&longs;ts, it will &longs;plit and break to Pieces. <lb/></s> <s>It &longs;hould be kept in the open Air, in order to <lb/>prove the Goodne&longs;s of each particular Stone, <lb/>and how well it is able to re&longs;i&longs;t the Accidents <lb/>that injure it, making Experiment by this &longs;mall <lb/>Trial, how long they are likely to hold again&longs;t <lb/>the A&longs;&longs;aults of Time. </s> <s>They &longs;hould not be <lb/>u&longs;ed under two Years, to the Intent that you <lb/>may have Time to find out &longs;uch among them <lb/>as are weak in their Nature, and likely to dam­<lb/>age the Work, and to &longs;eperate them from the <lb/>good ones; for it is certain, in one and the <lb/>&longs;ame Kind of Stones there is a Difference in <lb/>Goodne&longs;s of any Sort of Stone, and its Fit­<lb/>ne&longs;s for this or that particular Situation, is be&longs;t <lb/>learnt from U&longs;e and Experience; and you <lb/>may much &longs;ooner come at their Values and <lb/>Properties from old Buildings, than from the <lb/>Writings and Precepts of Philo&longs;phers. </s> <s>How­<lb/>ever, to &longs;ay &longs;omething briefly of Stones in ge­<lb/>neral, we will beg Leave to offer the follow­<lb/>ing Ob&longs;ervations.</s></p><p type="main"> <s>ALL white Stone is &longs;ofter than red, the clear <lb/>is more ea&longs;ily wrought than the Cloudy, and <lb/>the more like Salt it looks, the harder it is to <lb/>work. </s> <s>Stone that looks as if it were &longs;trew'd <lb/>over with a bright &longs;hining Sand, is har&longs;h; if <lb/>little Sparks, as it were, of Gold are intermix'd, <lb/>it will be &longs;tubborn; if it has a Kind of little <lb/>black Points in it, it will be hard to get out <lb/>of the Quarry: That which is &longs;potted with <lb/>angular Drops is &longs;tronger than that which has <lb/>round ones, and the &longs;maller tho&longs;e Drops are, <lb/>the harder it will be; and the finer and clearer <lb/>the Colour is, the longer it will la&longs;t. </s> <s>The <lb/>Stone that has fewe&longs;t Veins, will be mo&longs;t <lb/>entire, and when the Veins come neare&longs;t in <lb/>Colour to the adjoining Parts of the Stone, it <lb/>will prove mo&longs;t equal throughout: The &longs;maller <lb/>the Veins, the hand&longs;omer; the more winding <lb/>they run, the more untoward; and the more <lb/>knotty, the wor&longs;e, Of the&longs;e Veins that is <lb/>mo&longs;t apt to &longs;plit which has in the Middle a <lb/>reddi&longs;h Streak, or of the Colour of rotten <lb/>Oker. </s> <s>Much of the &longs;ame Nature is that which <lb/>is &longs;tain'd here and there with the Colour of <lb/>faded Gra&longs;s, but the mo&longs;t difficult of all is <lb/>&longs;uch as looks like a cloudy Piece of Ice. </s> <s>A <lb/>Multitude of Veins &longs;hews the Stone to be de­<lb/>ceitful and apt to crack; and the &longs;traiter they <lb/>are, the more un&longs;aithful. </s> <s>Upon breaking a <lb/>Stone, the more fine and poli&longs;h'd the Frag­<lb/>ments appear, the clo&longs;er bodied it is; and that <lb/>which when broken has its Out&longs;ide the lea&longs;t <lb/>rugged, will be more manageable than tho&longs;e <lb/>which are rough. </s> <s>Of the Rough ones, tho&longs;e <lb/>which are white&longs;t will be wor&longs;t for working; <lb/>whereas, on the Contrary, in brown Stones, <lb/>tho&longs;e of the &longs;malle&longs;t and fine&longs;t Grain are lea&longs;t <lb/>obedient to the Tool. </s> <s>All mean ordinary <lb/>Stones are the Harder for being &longs;pungy, and <lb/>that which being &longs;prinkled with Water is long­<lb/>e&longs;t in drying, is the mo&longs;t crude.</s></p><p type="main"> <s>ALL heavy Stones are more &longs;olid and ea&longs;ier <lb/>to poli&longs;h than light ones, which upon rubbing <lb/>is much more apt to come off in Flakes than <lb/>&longs;uch as are heavy. </s> <s>That which upon being <lb/>&longs;truck gives the be&longs;t Sound, is clo&longs;er made than <lb/>that which &longs;ounds dull; and that which upon <lb/>&longs;trong Friction &longs;mells of Sulphur, is &longs;tronger <lb/>than that which yields no Smell at all. </s> <s>La&longs;t­<lb/>ly, that which makes the mo&longs;t Re&longs;i&longs;tance again&longs;t <lb/>the Chizzel will be mo&longs;t firm and rigid again&longs;t <lb/>the Violence of Storms. </s> <s>They &longs;ay, that tho&longs;e <lb/>Stones which hold together in the large&longs;t Scant­<lb/>lings at the Mouth of the Quarry, are firme&longs;t <lb/>again&longs;t the Weather. </s> <s>All Stone too is &longs;ofter <lb/>when it is ju&longs;t dug up, than after it has been <lb/>&longs;ome Time in the Air, and when it is wetted, <lb/>or &longs;o&longs;tened with Water, is more yielding to the <lb/>Tool than when it is dry. </s> <s>Al&longs;o &longs;uch Stones as <lb/>are dug out of the moi&longs;te&longs;t Part of the Quarry, <lb/>will be the clo&longs;e&longs;t when they come to be dry; <lb/>and it is thought that Stones are ea&longs;ier wrought <lb/>in a South-wind than in a North, and are more <lb/>apt to &longs;plit in a North-wind than in a South. <lb/></s> <s>But if you have a Mind to make an Experi­<lb/>ment how your Stone will hold out again&longs;t <lb/>Time, you may judge from hence: If a Piece <lb/>of it, which you &longs;oak in Water, increa&longs;es much <lb/>of its Weight, it will be apt to be rotted by <lb/>Moi&longs;ture; and that which flies to Pieces in <lb/>Fire, will bear neither Sun nor Heat. </s> <s>Neither <lb/>do I think that we ought to omit here &longs;ome <lb/>Things worthy Memorial, which the Ancients <lb/>relate of &longs;ome Stones.</s></p><pb xlink:href="003/01/044.jpg" pagenum="33"/><p type="head"> <s>CHAP. IX.</s></p><p type="head"> <s><emph type="italics"/>Some Things worthy Memorial, relating to Stones, left us by the Ancients.<emph.end type="italics"/></s></p><p type="main"> <s>It will not be foreign to our Purpo&longs;e to hear <lb/>what a Variety there is in Stones, and <lb/>what admirable Qualities &longs;ome are endued <lb/>with, that we may be able to apply each to its <lb/>propere&longs;t U&longs;e. </s> <s>In the Territory of <emph type="italics"/>Bol&longs;ena<emph.end type="italics"/> and <lb/><emph type="italics"/>Stratone,<emph.end type="italics"/> they tell us there is a Stone extremely <lb/>proper for all Manner of Buildings, which nei­<lb/>ther Fire nor any Injuries of Weather ever af­<lb/>fects, and which pre&longs;erves the Lineaments of <lb/>Statues beyond any other. <emph type="italics"/>Tacitus<emph.end type="italics"/> writes, that <lb/>when <emph type="italics"/>Nero<emph.end type="italics"/> repaired the City, which lay in <lb/>Ruins by the Flames, he made u&longs;e of the <emph type="italics"/>Al­<lb/>banian<emph.end type="italics"/> and <emph type="italics"/>Gabinian<emph.end type="italics"/> Stone for Beams, becau&longs;e <lb/>the Fire never hurts that Stone.</s></p><p type="main"> <s>IN the Territory of the <emph type="italics"/>Genoe&longs;e<emph.end type="italics"/> and of <emph type="italics"/>Ve­<lb/>nice,<emph.end type="italics"/> in the Dutchy of <emph type="italics"/>Spoletto,<emph.end type="italics"/> in the March <lb/>of <emph type="italics"/>Anconia,<emph.end type="italics"/> and near <emph type="italics"/>Burgundy,<emph.end type="italics"/> they find a <lb/>white Stone, which is ea&longs;ily cut with a Saw <lb/>and poli&longs;h'd, which if it were not for the <lb/>Weakne&longs;s and Brittlene&longs;s of its Nature, would <lb/>be u&longs;ed by every body; but any thing of <lb/>Fro&longs;t or Wet rots and breaks it, and it is not <lb/>&longs;trong enough to re&longs;i&longs;t the Winds from the <lb/>Sea. <emph type="italics"/>I&longs;tria<emph.end type="italics"/> produces a Stone very like Marble, <lb/>but if touch'd either by Flame or Vapour, it <lb/>immediately flies in Pieces, which indeed is <lb/>&longs;aid to be the Ca&longs;e of all Stones, e&longs;pecially of <lb/>Flint both white and black, that they cannot <lb/>endure Fire.</s></p><p type="main"> <s>IN the <emph type="italics"/>Campagna di Roma<emph.end type="italics"/> is a Stone of the <lb/>Colour of black A&longs;hes, in which there &longs;eems <lb/>to be Coals mix'd and inter&longs;pers'd, which is <lb/>beyond Imagination ea&longs;y to be wrought with <lb/>Iron, thoroughly &longs;ound, and not weak again&longs;t <lb/>Fire or Weather; but it is &longs;o dry and thir&longs;ty, <lb/>that it pre&longs;ently drinks and burns up the Moi­<lb/>&longs;ture of the Cement, and reduces it perfectly <lb/>into Powder, &longs;o that the Junctures opening, <lb/>the Work pre&longs;ently decays and falls to Ruins. <lb/></s> <s>But round Stones, and e&longs;pecially tho&longs;e which <lb/>are found in Rivers, are of a Nature directly <lb/>contrary; for being always moi&longs;t, they never <lb/>bind with the Cement. </s> <s>But what a &longs;urprizing <lb/>Di&longs;covery is this which has been made, name­<lb/>ly, that the Marble in the Quarry grows! in <lb/>the&longs;e our Days they have found at <emph type="italics"/>Rome<emph.end type="italics"/> under <lb/>Ground a Number of &longs;mall Pieces of <emph type="italics"/>Trever­<lb/>tine<emph.end type="italics"/> Stone, very porous and &longs;pungy, which by <lb/>the Nouri&longs;hment (if we may &longs;o call it) given <lb/>it by the Earth and by Time, are grown to­<lb/>gether into one Piece.</s></p><p type="main"> <s>IN the Lake <emph type="italics"/>di pie di Luco,<emph.end type="italics"/> in that Part <lb/>where the Water tumbles down a broken Pre­<lb/>cipice into the River <emph type="italics"/>Nera,<emph.end type="italics"/> you may perceive <lb/>that the upper Edge of the Bank has grown <lb/>continually, in&longs;omuch that &longs;ome have believ'd <lb/>that this Encrea&longs;e and Growth of the Stone <lb/>has in Length of Time clo&longs;ed up the Mouth <lb/>of the Valley and turn'd it into a Lake.</s></p><p type="main"> <s>BELOW <emph type="italics"/>la Ba&longs;ilicata,<emph.end type="italics"/> not far from the River <lb/><emph type="italics"/>Silari,<emph.end type="italics"/> on that Side where the Water flows <lb/>from &longs;ome high Rocks towards the Ea&longs;t, there <lb/>are daily &longs;een to grow huge Pieces of hanging <lb/>Stone, of &longs;uch a Magnitude, that any one of <lb/>them would be a Load for &longs;everal Carts. </s> <s>This <lb/>Stone while it is fre&longs;h and moi&longs;t with its natu­<lb/>ral Juices, is very &longs;oft; but when it is dry, it <lb/>grows extremely hard, and very good for all <lb/>Manner of U&longs;es. </s> <s>I have known the like hap­<lb/>pen in ancient Aqueducts, who&longs;e Mouths, <lb/>having contracted a Kind of Gummine&longs;s, have <lb/>&longs;eem'd incru&longs;ted all over with Stone. </s> <s>There <lb/>are two very remarkable Things to be &longs;een at <lb/>this Day in <emph type="italics"/>Romania:<emph.end type="italics"/> In the Country of <lb/><emph type="italics"/>Imola<emph.end type="italics"/> is a very &longs;teep Torrent, which daily <lb/>throws out, &longs;ometimes in one Place and &longs;ome­<lb/>times in another, a great Number of round <lb/>Stones, generated within the Bowels of the <lb/>Earth: In the Territory of <emph type="italics"/>Faenza,<emph.end type="italics"/> on the <lb/>Banks of the River <emph type="italics"/>Lamona,<emph.end type="italics"/> there are found a <lb/>great many Stones, naturally long and large, <lb/>which continually throw out a con&longs;iderable <lb/>Quantity of Salt, which in Proce&longs;s of Time is <lb/>thought to grow into Stone too. </s> <s>In that of <lb/><emph type="italics"/>Florence,<emph.end type="italics"/> near the River <emph type="italics"/>Chiane,<emph.end type="italics"/> there is a Piece <lb/>of Ground all &longs;trew'd over with hard Stones, <lb/>which every &longs;even Years di&longs;&longs;olve into Clods of <lb/>Earth.</s></p><p type="main"> <s><emph type="italics"/>Pliny<emph.end type="italics"/> relates, that near <emph type="italics"/>Cizicus,<emph.end type="italics"/> and about <lb/><emph type="italics"/>Ca&longs;&longs;andra,<emph.end type="italics"/> the Clods of Earth turn into Stone. <lb/></s> <s>In <emph type="italics"/>Pozzuolo<emph.end type="italics"/> there is a Du&longs;t which hardens into <lb/>Stone, if mix'd with Sea-water. </s> <s>All the Way <lb/>upon the Shore from <emph type="italics"/>Oropus<emph.end type="italics"/> to <emph type="italics"/>Aulis,<emph.end type="italics"/> every <lb/>thing that is wa&longs;h'd by the Sea is petrified. <lb/><emph type="italics"/>Diodorus<emph.end type="italics"/> writes, that in <emph type="italics"/>Arabia<emph.end type="italics"/> the Clods dug <lb/>out of the Ground have a &longs;weet Smell, and <pb xlink:href="003/01/045.jpg" pagenum="34"/>will melt in Fire like Metal, and run into Stone; <lb/>and he adds, that this Stone is of &longs;uch a Na­<lb/>ture, that when the Rain falls upon it in any <lb/>Building, the Cement all di&longs;&longs;olves, and the <lb/>Wall grows to be all of a Piece.</s></p><p type="main"> <s>WE are told, that they find in <emph type="italics"/>Troas,<emph.end type="italics"/> a <lb/>Stone very apt to cleave, call'd the <emph type="italics"/>Sarcopha­<lb/>gus,<emph.end type="italics"/> in which any dead Corp&longs;e buried, is in­<lb/>tirely con&longs;um'd in le&longs;s than forty Days, all <lb/>but the Teeth; and which is mo&longs;t &longs;urprizing, <lb/>all the Habits, and every Thing buryed with <lb/>the Body, turns into Stone. </s> <s>Of a contrary <lb/>Nature to this is the Stone called <emph type="italics"/>Chernites,<emph.end type="italics"/><lb/>in which <emph type="italics"/>Darius<emph.end type="italics"/> was buried, for that pre&longs;erves <lb/>the Body entire for a long Time. </s> <s>But of this <lb/>Subject enough.</s></p><p type="head"> <s>CHAP. X.</s></p><p type="main"> <s><emph type="italics"/>Of the Origin of the U&longs;e of Bricks, in what Sea&longs;on they ought to be made, <lb/>aud in what Shapes, their different Sorts, and the U&longs;efulne&longs;s of triangular <lb/>Ones; and briefly, of all other Works made of baked Earth.<emph.end type="italics"/></s></p><p type="main"> <s>It is certain the Ancients were very fond of <lb/>u&longs;ing Bricks in&longs;tead of Stone. </s> <s>I confe&longs;s, <lb/>I believe that at fir&longs;t Men were put upon mak­<lb/>ing Bricks to &longs;upply the Place of Stone in <lb/>their Buildings, thro' Scarcity and Want of it; <lb/>but afterwards finding how ready they were <lb/>in working, how well adapted both to U&longs;e <lb/>and Beauty, how &longs;trong and durable, they pro­<lb/>ceeded to make not only their ordinary Struc­<lb/>tures, but even their Palaces of Brick. </s> <s>At <lb/>la&longs;t, either by Accident or Indu&longs;try, di&longs;cover­<lb/>ing what U&longs;e Fire was of in hardening and <lb/>&longs;trengthening them, they began in mo&longs;t Places <lb/>to bake the Bricks they built with. </s> <s>And &longs;rom <lb/>my own Ob&longs;ervations upon the ancient Struc­<lb/>tures, I will be bold to &longs;ay, that there is not a <lb/>better Material for any Sort of Edifice than <lb/>Brick, not crude but baked; provided a right <lb/>Method be u&longs;ed in baking them. </s> <s>But we will <lb/>re&longs;erve the Prai&longs;es of Works make of Bricks <lb/>for another Place.</s></p><p type="main"> <s>OUR Bu&longs;ine&longs;s is to ob&longs;erve here, that a <lb/>whiti&longs;h chalky Earth is very much recom­<lb/>mended for making them. </s> <s>The reddi&longs;h al&longs;o <lb/>is approved of, and that which is call'd male <lb/>Sand. </s> <s>That which is ab&longs;olutely &longs;andy and <lb/>gravelly is to be avoided, and the &longs;tony mo&longs;t <lb/>of all; becau&longs;e in baking it is &longs;ubject to warp <lb/>and crack, and if over baked will fret away of <lb/>it&longs;elf. </s> <s>We are advi&longs;ed not to make our Bricks <lb/>of Earth fre&longs;h dug, but to dig it in the Au­<lb/>tumn, and leave it to dige&longs;t all Winter, and to <lb/>make it into Brick early in the Spring; for if <lb/>you make it in Winter, it is obvious that the <lb/>Fro&longs;t will crack it, and if you make it in the <lb/>Middle of Summer, the exce&longs;&longs;ive Heat will <lb/>make it &longs;cale off in drying. </s> <s>But if Nece&longs;&longs;ity <lb/>obliges you to make it in Winter, in extreme <lb/>cold Weather, cover it immediately over with <lb/>very dry Sand, and if in Summer, with wet <lb/>Straw; for being &longs;o kept, it will neither crack <lb/>nor warp. </s> <s>Some are for having their Bricks <lb/>glazed; if &longs;o, you mu&longs;t take Care not to make <lb/>them of Earth that is either &longs;andy, or too lean <lb/>or dry; &longs;or the&longs;e will &longs;uck and eat away the <lb/>Glazing: But you mu&longs;t make them of a whiti&longs;h <lb/>fat Clay, and you mu&longs;t make them thin, for <lb/>if they are too thick they will not bake tho­<lb/>rowly, and it is a great Chance but they &longs;plit; <lb/>if you are oblig'd to have them thick, you may <lb/>in a great Mea&longs;ure prevent that Inconveniency, <lb/>if you make one or more little Holes in them <lb/>about half Way through, whereby the Damp <lb/>and Vapour having proper Vents, they will <lb/>both dry and bake the better.</s></p><p type="main"> <s>THE Petters rub their Ve&longs;&longs;els over with <lb/>Chalk, by which Means, the Glazing, when <lb/>it is melted over it, makes an even Surface; <lb/>the &longs;ame Method may be u&longs;ed in making <lb/>Bricks. </s> <s>I have ob&longs;erv'd in the Works of the <lb/>Ancients, that their Bricks have a Mixture of a <lb/>certain Proportion of Sand, and e&longs;pecially of <lb/>the red Sort, and I find they al&longs;o mix'd them <lb/>with red Earth, and even with Marble. </s> <s>I know <lb/>by Experience that the very &longs;ame Earth will <lb/>make harder and &longs;tronger Brick, if we take the <lb/>Pains to knead every Lump two or three Times <lb/>over, as if we were making of Bread, till it <lb/>grows like Wax, and is per&longs;ectly clear of the <lb/>lea&longs;t Particle of Stone. </s> <s>The&longs;e, when they have <lb/>pa&longs;s'd the Fire will attain the Hardne&longs;s even <lb/>of a Flint, and whether owing to the Heat in <lb/>baking, or the Air in drying, will get a Sort <lb/>of a &longs;trong Cru&longs;t, as Bread does. </s> <s>It will there­<lb/>fore be be&longs;t to make them thin, that they <lb/>may have the more Cru&longs;t and the le&longs;s Crum: </s></p><pb xlink:href="003/01/046.jpg"/><p type="caption"> <s>PLATE 3. <emph type="italics"/>(Page 35)<emph.end type="italics"/></s></p><figure id="id.003.01.046.1.jpg" xlink:href="003/01/046/1.jpg"/><p type="caption"> <s><emph type="italics"/>“Muraglia etc.” = wall of triangular bricks.<emph.end type="italics"/><pb xlink:href="003/01/047.jpg" pagenum="35"/>And we &longs;hall find, that if they are well rubb'd <lb/>and poli&longs;hed, they will defy the Fury of the <lb/>Weather. </s> <s>The &longs;ame is true of Stones that are <lb/>poli&longs;hed, which thereby e&longs;cape being eaten <lb/>with Ru&longs;t. </s> <s>And it is thought that Bricks <lb/>&longs;hould be rubbed and ground either immedi­<lb/>ately upon their being taken out of the Kiln, <lb/>before they are wetted; or when they have <lb/>been wetted, before they are dry again; be­<lb/>cau&longs;e when once they have been wetted and <lb/>afterwards dryed, they grow &longs;o hard that they <lb/>will turn and break the Edge of the Tool; <lb/>but they are ea&longs;ier to grind when they are new, <lb/>and hardly cold. </s> <s>There were three Sorts of <lb/>Bricks among the Ancients; the Fir&longs;t was a <lb/>Foot and an Half Long, and a Foot Bread, the <lb/>Second fifteen Inches every Way, the Third a <lb/>Foot. </s> <s>We &longs;ee in &longs;ome of their Buildings, and <lb/>e&longs;pecially in their Arches and <emph type="italics"/>Mo&longs;aick<emph.end type="italics"/> Works, <lb/>Bricks two Foot every Way. </s> <s>We are told that <lb/>the Ancients did not u&longs;e the &longs;ame Sort of Brick <lb/>in their publick as in their private Edifices. </s> <s>I <lb/>have ob&longs;erved in &longs;everal of their Structures, and <lb/>particularly in the <emph type="italics"/>Appian<emph.end type="italics"/> Way, &longs;everal dif­<lb/>ferent Sorts of Bricks, &longs;ome bigger, &longs;ome &longs;mall­<lb/>er; &longs;o that I &longs;uppo&longs;e they u&longs;ed them indiffe­<lb/>rently, and put in Practice not only what was <lb/>ab&longs;olutely nece&longs;&longs;ary for U&longs;e, but any Thing <lb/>that came into their Fancy, or which they <lb/>thought would conduce to the Beauty of the <lb/>Work. </s> <s>But, not to mention others, I have <lb/>&longs;een &longs;ome not longer than &longs;ix Inches, and not <lb/>thicker than one, nor broader than three; but <lb/>the&longs;e they chiefly u&longs;ed in their Pavements, <lb/><arrow.to.target n="marg3"/><lb/>where they were laid edgeways. </s> <s>I am be&longs;t <lb/>plea&longs;ed with their triangular ones, which they <lb/>made in this Manner; they made one large <lb/>Brick, a Foot Square, and an Inch and an <lb/>Half Thick; and while it was fre&longs;h they cut <lb/>it in two Lines cro&longs;&longs;ways from one Angle to <lb/>the other, which divided it into four equal <lb/>Triangles. </s> <s>The&longs;e Bricks had the follow­<lb/>ing Advantages, they took up le&longs;s Clay, they <lb/>were ea&longs;ier to di&longs;po&longs;e in the Kiln and to take <lb/>out again, they were more convenient for <lb/>working, becau&longs;e the Bricklayer could hold <lb/>four of them in one Hand, and with a &longs;mail <lb/>Stroke divide the one &longs;rom the other; when <lb/>placed in the Wall, with their Fronts &longs;oremo&longs;t <lb/>and their Angles inward, they appeared like <lb/>compleat Bricks of a Foot Long: This made <lb/>the Expence le&longs;s, the Work more graceful, and <lb/>the Wall &longs;tronger; for as there &longs;eemed to be <lb/>none but entire Bricks in the Wall, the Angles <lb/>being &longs;et like Teeth in the Rubbi&longs;h that was <lb/>laid in the Middle, made it extremely &longs;trong <lb/>and durable. </s> <s>After the Bricks are moulded, <lb/>they direct that they &longs;hould not be put into the <lb/>Kiln till they are perfectly dry, and they &longs;ay <lb/>they never are &longs;o under two Years; and they <lb/>are reckoned to dry better in the Shade than in <lb/>the Sun: But of the&longs;e too enough, unle&longs;s we <lb/>will add that in all this Sort of Works, which <lb/>are called Pla&longs;tick, they reckon excellent, <lb/>among others, the Earth that is called <emph type="italics"/>Samian,<emph.end type="italics"/><lb/>the <emph type="italics"/>Aretinian,<emph.end type="italics"/> and the <emph type="italics"/>Modeneze;<emph.end type="italics"/> in <emph type="italics"/>Spain,<emph.end type="italics"/><lb/>the <emph type="italics"/>Saguntan;<emph.end type="italics"/> and the <emph type="italics"/>Pergamean<emph.end type="italics"/> in <emph type="italics"/>A&longs;ia.<emph.end type="italics"/><lb/>Nor will I con&longs;ult Brevity &longs;o much as to omit, <lb/>that whatever I have here &longs;aid of Bricks, will <lb/>hold good of all Sorts of Tiles for Roofs of <lb/>Hou&longs;es or Gutters, and in a Word, of all Man­<lb/>ner of Works made of baked Earth. </s> <s>We have <lb/>treated of Stone, let us now proceed to &longs;peak <lb/>of Lime.</s></p><p type="margin"> <s><margin.target id="marg3"/>*</s></p><p type="head"> <s>CHAP. XI.</s></p><p type="main"> <s><emph type="italics"/>Of the Nature of Lime and Plai&longs;ter of Paris, their U&longs;es and Kinds, wherein <lb/>they agree and wherein they differ, and of &longs;ome Things not unworthy of <lb/>Memory.<emph.end type="italics"/></s></p><p type="main"> <s><emph type="italics"/>Cato<emph.end type="italics"/> the Cen&longs;or, condemns Lime made <lb/>of different Sorts of Stone, and takes that <lb/>which is made of Flint to be good for no Man­<lb/>ner of Work what&longs;oever; be&longs;ides, in making <lb/>of Lime all Stone is extremely improper that <lb/>is dry and exhau&longs;ted, or rotten, and which in <lb/>burning has nothing in it for the Fire to con­<lb/>&longs;ume, as all mouldering Stone, and the reddi&longs;h <lb/>and pale ones, which are found near <emph type="italics"/>Rome<emph.end type="italics"/> in <lb/>the Country of the <emph type="italics"/>Fidenates<emph.end type="italics"/> and <emph type="italics"/>Albanians.<emph.end type="italics"/><lb/>The Lime commended by the be&longs;t Judges, is <lb/>that which lo&longs;es a third Part of its Weight by <lb/>burning; be&longs;ides, Stone that is too moi&longs;t in its <lb/>Nature, is apt to vitrify in the Fire, &longs;o as to be <lb/>of no U&longs;e for making of Lime. <emph type="italics"/>Pliny<emph.end type="italics"/> &longs;ays, <lb/>that the green, or <emph type="italics"/>Serpentine<emph.end type="italics"/>-&longs;tone mightily <lb/>re&longs;i&longs;ts the Fire; but we know very well that <lb/>the <emph type="italics"/>Porphiry<emph.end type="italics"/> will not only not burn it&longs;elf, but <lb/><pb xlink:href="003/01/048.jpg" pagenum="36"/>will hinder the other Stones that are near it <lb/>in the Kiln, from burning too. </s> <s>They al&longs;o <lb/>di&longs;like all carthy Stone, becau&longs;e it makes the <lb/>Lime &longs;oul. </s> <s>But the ancient Architects greatly <lb/>prai&longs;e the Lime made of very hard clo&longs;e Stone, <lb/>e&longs;pecially white, which they &longs;ay is not im­<lb/>proper for any Sort of Work, and is extremely <lb/>&longs;trong in Arches. </s> <s>In the &longs;econd Place, they <lb/>commend Lime made of Stone, not indeed <lb/>light or rotten, but &longs;pungy; which they think <lb/>for plai&longs;tering is better, and more tractable <lb/>than any other, and gives the be&longs;t Varni&longs;h to <lb/>the Work; and I have ob&longs;erved the Architects <lb/>in <emph type="italics"/>France,<emph.end type="italics"/> to u&longs;e no other Sort of Lime but <lb/>what was made of the common Stones they <lb/>found in Rivers or Torrents, blacki&longs;h, and &longs;o <lb/>very hard, that you would take them for <lb/>Flints; and yet it is certain, both in Stone <lb/>and Brickwork, it has pre&longs;erved an extraordi­<lb/>nary Strength to a very great Age. </s> <s>We read <lb/>in <emph type="italics"/>Pliny,<emph.end type="italics"/> that Lime made of the Stone of <lb/>which they make Mill-&longs;tones, is excellent for <lb/>all manner of U&longs;es; but I find upon Experi­<lb/>ence, that &longs;uch of them as &longs;eem &longs;potted with <lb/>Drops of Salt, being too rough and dry, will <lb/>not do for this U&longs;e; but that which is not &longs;o <lb/>&longs;potted, but is clo&longs;er, and when it is ground, <lb/>makes a finer Du&longs;t, &longs;ucceeds extremely well. <lb/></s> <s>However, let the Nature of the Stone be what <lb/>it will, that of the Quarry will be much bet­<lb/>ter for making of Lime, than that which we <lb/>pick up; and that dug out of a &longs;hady, moi&longs;t <lb/>Quarry, better than out of a dry one; and <lb/>made of white Stone, more tractable than of <lb/>black. </s> <s>In <emph type="italics"/>France,<emph.end type="italics"/> near the Sea-&longs;hore about <lb/><emph type="italics"/>Vannes,<emph.end type="italics"/> for Want of Stone, they make their <lb/>Lime of Oy&longs;ter and Cockle-Shells. </s> <s>There is <lb/>moreover a kind of Lime which we call Plai­<lb/>&longs;ter of Paris, which too is made of burnt <lb/>Stone; tho' we are told that in <emph type="italics"/>Cyprus,<emph.end type="italics"/> and <lb/>about <emph type="italics"/>Thebes,<emph.end type="italics"/> this Sort of Plai&longs;ter is dug out <lb/>of the Surface of the Earth, ready baked by <lb/>the Heat of the Sun. </s> <s>But the Stone that <lb/>makes the Plai&longs;ter of Paris, is different from <lb/>that which makes the Lime; for it is very <lb/>&longs;oft, and will ea&longs;ily rub to Pieces, except one <lb/>found in <emph type="italics"/>Syria,<emph.end type="italics"/> which is very hard. </s> <s>It differs <lb/>likewi&longs;e in this, that the Plai&longs;ter of Paris <lb/>Stone requires but twenty Hours; and the <lb/>Lime Stone takes three&longs;core Hours in burning. <lb/></s> <s>I have ob&longs;erved, that in <emph type="italics"/>Italy<emph.end type="italics"/> there are four <lb/>Sorts of Plai&longs;ter of Paris, two of which are <lb/>tran&longs;parent, and two which are not: Of the <lb/>tran&longs;parent, one is like Lumps of Allum, or <lb/>rather of Alaba&longs;ter, and they called it the <lb/>Scaly Sort, becau&longs;e it con&longs;its of extreme <lb/>thin Scales, one over the other, like the Coats <lb/>of an Onion. </s> <s>The other is &longs;caly too, but is <lb/>more like a blacki&longs;h Salt than Allum. </s> <s>The <lb/>Sorts that are not tran&longs;parent are both like a <lb/>very clo&longs;e Sort of Chalk, but one is pale and <lb/>whiti&longs;h, and the other with that Palene&longs;s has <lb/>a Tincture of red; which la&longs;t is firmer and <lb/>clo&longs;er than the fir&longs;t. </s> <s>Of the la&longs;t, the redde&longs;t <lb/>is the mo&longs;t tenacious. </s> <s>Of the fir&longs;t, that which <lb/>is the cleare&longs;t and white&longs;t is u&longs;ed in Stuc Work <lb/>for Figures and Corni&longs;hes.</s></p><p type="main"> <s>NEAR <emph type="italics"/>Rimini<emph.end type="italics"/> they find a Plai&longs;ter of Paris &longs;o <lb/>&longs;olid that you would take it for Marble or Ala­<lb/>ba&longs;ter, which I had had cut with a Saw into <lb/>large thin Pieces, extremely convenient for In­<lb/>cru&longs;tations. </s> <s>That I may omit nothing that is <lb/>nece&longs;&longs;ary, all Plai&longs;ter of Paris mu&longs;t be broken <lb/>and pounded with wooden Mallets, till it is <lb/>reduced to Powder, and &longs;o kept in Heaps in <lb/>&longs;ome very dry Place, and as &longs;oon as ever it is <lb/>brought out, it mu&longs;t be watered and u&longs;ed im­<lb/>mediately.</s></p><p type="main"> <s>BUT Lime on the Contrary need not be <lb/>pounded, but may be &longs;oak'd in the Lumps, <lb/>and mu&longs;t be plentifully &longs;oak'd with Water a <lb/>good while before you u&longs;e it, e&longs;pecially if it is <lb/>for Plai&longs;tering; to the Intent that if there <lb/>&longs;hould be any Lumps not enough burnt, it <lb/>may be di&longs;&longs;olv'd and liquify'd by long lying <lb/>in the Water: Becau&longs;e, when it is u&longs;ed too <lb/>&longs;oon, before it is duly &longs;oak'd, there will be &longs;ome <lb/>&longs;mall unconcocted Stones in it, which afterwards <lb/>coming to rot, throw out little Pu&longs;tules, which <lb/>&longs;poil the Neatne&longs;s of the Work. </s> <s>Add here­<lb/>unto, that you need not give your Lime a <lb/>Flood, as I may call it, of Water at once, but <lb/>wet it by little and little, &longs;prinkling it &longs;everal <lb/>Times over, till it is in all Parts thoroughly <lb/>impregnated with it; afterwards it mu&longs;t be <lb/>kept in &longs;ome &longs;hady Place, moderately moi&longs;t, <lb/>clear from all Mixture, and only cover'd over <lb/>with a little Sand, till by Length of Time it is <lb/>better fermented; and it has been found that <lb/>Lime by this thorough Fermentation acquires <lb/>inconceivable Virtue. </s> <s>I have known &longs;ome <lb/>found in an old neglected Ditch, that, as <lb/>plainly appear'd by the &longs;tronge&longs;t Conjectures, <lb/>was left there above five hundred Years; <lb/>which when it was di&longs;cover'd was &longs;o moi&longs;t and <lb/>liquid, and, to u&longs;e the Expre&longs;&longs;ion, &longs;o mature, <lb/>that it far exceeded Honey or Marrow it&longs;elf in <lb/>Softne&longs;s; and nothing in Nature can be ima­<lb/>gin'd more &longs;erviceable for all Manner of U&longs;es. <lb/></s> <s>It requires double the Sand if prepared thus, <pb xlink:href="003/01/049.jpg" pagenum="37"/>than if you mix it immediately. </s> <s>In this, <lb/>therefore, Lime and Plai&longs;ter of Paris do not <lb/>agree; but in other Things they do. </s> <s>Carry <lb/>your Lime, therefore, immediately out of the <lb/>Kiln into a &longs;hady, dry Place, and water it; for <lb/>if you keep it either in the Kiln it&longs;elf, or any <lb/>where el&longs;e in the Air, or expos'd to the Moon <lb/>or Sun, e&longs;pecially in Summer, it would &longs;oon <lb/>crumble to Powder, and be totally u&longs;ele&longs;s. <lb/></s> <s>But of this &longs;ufficient. </s> <s>They advi&longs;e us not to <lb/>put our Stone into the Kiln till we have bro­<lb/>ken it into Pieces, not &longs;maller than the Clods; <lb/>for, not to mention that they will burn the <lb/>ea&longs;ier, it has been ob&longs;erved that in the middle <lb/>of &longs;ome Stones, and e&longs;pecially of round ones, <lb/>there are &longs;ometimes certain Concavities, in <lb/>which the Air being inclo&longs;ed often does a great <lb/>deal of Mi&longs;chief: For when they come to <lb/>feel the Fire in the Kiln, this Air is either <lb/>compre&longs;&longs;ed by the cold retiring inwards, or <lb/>el&longs;e when the Stone grows hot it turns to Va­<lb/>pour, which makes it &longs;well till it bur&longs;ts the <lb/>Pri&longs;on wherein it is confined, and breaks out <lb/>with a dreadful Noi&longs;e and irre&longs;i&longs;tible Force, <lb/>and blows up the whole Kiln. </s> <s>Some in the <lb/>middle of &longs;uch Stones have &longs;een living Crea­<lb/>tures, of various kinds, and particularly Worms <lb/>with a hairy Back, and a great Number of <lb/>Feet, which do a great deal of Harm to the <lb/>Kiln. </s> <s>And I will here add &longs;ome Things worthy <lb/>to be recorded, which have been &longs;een in our <lb/>Days, &longs;ince I do not write only for the U&longs;e of <lb/>Workmen, but al&longs;o for all &longs;uch as are &longs;tudious <lb/>of curious Enquiries; for which Rea&longs;on, I <lb/>&longs;hall not &longs;cruple, now and then, to intermix <lb/>any thing that is delightful, provided it is not <lb/>ab&longs;olutely foreign to my Purpo&longs;e.</s></p><p type="main"> <s>THERE was brought to Pope <emph type="italics"/>Martin<emph.end type="italics"/> V. a <lb/>Serpent found by the Miners in a Quarry in <lb/><emph type="italics"/>la Romagna,<emph.end type="italics"/> which lived pent up in the Hol­<lb/>low of a great Stone, without the lea&longs;t Crack <lb/>or Hole in it for Admi&longs;&longs;ion of Air; in like <lb/>Manner Toads too have been found and Crabs, <lb/>but dead. </s> <s>I my&longs;elf have been Witne&longs;s to the <lb/>finding of the Leaves of Trees in the Middle <lb/>of a very white Piece of Marble. </s> <s>All the <lb/>Summit of Mount <emph type="italics"/>Vellino,<emph.end type="italics"/> one of tho&longs;e which <lb/>divide the Country of <emph type="italics"/>Abruzzo<emph.end type="italics"/> from <emph type="italics"/>Mar&longs;i,<emph.end type="italics"/><lb/>and is higher than any of the re&longs;t, is covered <lb/>over with a white Stone, &longs;o that the very <lb/>Mountain looks white with it, among which, <lb/>e&longs;pecially on that Side, which looks towards <lb/><emph type="italics"/>Abruzzo,<emph.end type="italics"/> are a great many broken Pieces with <lb/>Figures upon them, exactly like Sea-&longs;hells, not <lb/>bigger than the Palm of a Man's Hand. </s> <s>But, <lb/>what is more extraordinary, in the <emph type="italics"/>Veroneze,<emph.end type="italics"/><lb/>they daily find Stones upon the Ground marked <lb/>with the Figure of the Cinquefoil, with every <lb/>Line and Vein drawn &longs;o exactly and regularly, <lb/>by the Hand of Nature, that the nice&longs;t Arti&longs;t <lb/>cannot pretend to come up to it; and which <lb/>is mo&longs;t curious of all, every one of the&longs;e Stones <lb/>are found with the Impre&longs;&longs;ion turned down­<lb/>wards, and hid by the Stone, as if Nature had <lb/>not been at the Pains of &longs;uch fine Sculptures <lb/>to gain the Approbation of Men, but for her <lb/>own Diver&longs;ion. </s> <s>But to return to our Subject.</s></p><p type="main"> <s>I SHALL not &longs;pend Time here to &longs;hew how <lb/>to make the Mouth of the Kiln, and its Co­<lb/>vering, and the inward Seat of the Fire, and <lb/>how to give Vent to the Flame when it grows <lb/>hot, and to keep it, as it were, within its <lb/>own Confines, &longs;o as to direct the whole uni­<lb/>ted Strength and Power of the Fire to the <lb/>burning of the Lime. </s> <s>Nor will I proceed to <lb/>teach how the Fire is to be kindled by little <lb/>and little, and never left till the Flame burns <lb/>out at the Top of the Furnace perfectly clear, <lb/>and without the lea&longs;t Smoke, and till the very <lb/>uppermo&longs;t Stones are red hot; and that the <lb/>Stone is not burnt enough, till the Kiln, <lb/>which had been &longs;welled and cracked by the <lb/>Fire, afterwards &longs;ettles and clo&longs;es it&longs;elf again. <lb/></s> <s>It is a &longs;urprizing Thing to ob&longs;erve the Nature <lb/>of this Element; for if you take away the Fire, <lb/>the Kiln will grow cooler and cooler by De­<lb/>grees at the Bottom, while it continues burn­<lb/>ing hot at Top. </s> <s>But as in Building, we have <lb/>Occa&longs;ion not only for Lime, but Sand, we will <lb/>now &longs;ay &longs;omething about that.</s></p><p type="head"> <s>CHAP. XII.</s></p><p type="head"> <s><emph type="italics"/>Of the three different Kinds of Sands, and of the various Materials in Build­<lb/>ing, in different Places.<emph.end type="italics"/></s></p><p type="main"> <s>There are three Sorts of Sand, Pit­<lb/>&longs;and, River-&longs;and, and Sea-&longs;and; the <lb/>be&longs;t of all the&longs;e is the Pit-&longs;and; and this is of <lb/>&longs;everal Kinds; black, white, red, the car­<lb/>buncly, and the gritty. </s> <s>But if any &longs;hould ask <lb/>what I take Sand to be, I might perhaps an­<pb xlink:href="003/01/050.jpg" pagenum="38"/>&longs;wer, that it is nothing but a Compo&longs;ition of <lb/>the &longs;malle&longs;t Stones, the large ones being all bro­<lb/>ken to Pieces; tho' it is <emph type="italics"/>Vitruvius<emph.end type="italics"/>'s Opinion, <lb/>that Sand, e&longs;pecially that which in <emph type="italics"/>Tu&longs;cany<emph.end type="italics"/><lb/>they call the carbuncly Sort, is a Kind of <lb/>Earth burnt by the Fire inclo&longs;ed by Nature <lb/>within the Hills, and made &longs;omewhat harder <lb/>than Earth unburnt, but &longs;ofter than any Stone. <lb/></s> <s>Of all the&longs;e they mo&longs;t commend the carbuncly <lb/>Sort. </s> <s>I have ob&longs;erved, that in the publick <lb/>Buildings in <emph type="italics"/>Rome,<emph.end type="italics"/> they u&longs;ed the red as none <lb/>of the wor&longs;t. </s> <s>Of all the Pit-&longs;and the white is <lb/>the wor&longs;t. </s> <s>The gritty is of U&longs;e in filling up <lb/>of Foundations; but among the be&longs;t, they <lb/>give the &longs;econd Place to the fine&longs;t of the <lb/>gritty, and e&longs;pecially to the &longs;harp angular Sort, <lb/>without the lea&longs;t Mixture of Earth in it, as is <lb/>that which they find in the Territory of the <lb/><emph type="italics"/>Vilumbrians.<emph.end type="italics"/></s><s> Next to this they e&longs;teem the <lb/>River Sand, which is dug after the uppermo&longs;t <lb/>Layer is taken off; and next to the River­<lb/>&longs;and that of the Torrent, e&longs;pecially of &longs;uch <lb/>Torrents as run between Hills, where the <lb/>Water has the greate&longs;t De&longs;cent. </s> <s>In the la&longs;t <lb/>Place comes the Sea-&longs;and, and of this Sort, <lb/>the blacke&longs;t and mo&longs;t glazed is not wholly to <lb/>be de&longs;pi&longs;ed. </s> <s>In the Country, near <emph type="italics"/>Salerno,<emph.end type="italics"/><lb/>they e&longs;teem their Sea-&longs;and not inferior to Pit­<lb/>&longs;and, but they &longs;ay it is not to be dug in all <lb/>Parts of the Shore alike; for they find it wor&longs;t <lb/>of all where it is expo&longs;ed to the South Wind; <lb/>but it is not bad in tho&longs;e Places which look to <lb/>the South-we&longs;t. </s> <s>But of Sea-&longs;ands, it is certain <lb/>the be&longs;t is that which lies under Rocks, and <lb/>which is of the coar&longs;e&longs;t Grain. </s> <s>There is a <lb/>great deal of Difference in Sands, for that of <lb/>the Sea is very &longs;low in drying, and is continu­<lb/>ally moi&longs;t and apt to di&longs;&longs;olve, by Rea&longs;on of its <lb/>Salt, and is therefore very improper and un­<lb/>faithful in &longs;upporting of great Weights. </s> <s>That <lb/>of the River too is &longs;omewhat moi&longs;ter than the <lb/>Pit-&longs;and, and therefore is more tractable and <lb/>better for Plai&longs;tering-work. </s> <s>The Pit-&longs;and, by <lb/>means of its Fatne&longs;s, is mo&longs;t tenacious, but is <lb/>apt to crack, for which Rea&longs;on they u&longs;e it in <lb/>Vault-work, but not in plai&longs;tering. </s> <s>But of <lb/>each Sort, that is always be&longs;t, which being <lb/>rubbed with the Hand creeks the mo&longs;t, and <lb/>being laid upon a white Cloth, makes the <lb/>lea&longs;t Soil, and leaves the lea&longs;t Earth behind it. <lb/></s> <s>On the contrary, that is the wor&longs;t, which feels <lb/>mealy in&longs;tead of &longs;harp, and which in Smell and <lb/>Colour re&longs;embles red Earth, and being mixed <lb/>with Water makes it foul and muddy, and if <lb/>le&longs;t abroad in the Air, pre&longs;ently brings forth <lb/>Gra&longs;s. </s> <s>Neither will that be good, which af­<lb/>ter it is dug, is left for any Time expo&longs;ed to <lb/>the Sun, or Moon, or to Fro&longs;ts; becau&longs;e it <lb/>turns it in a Manner to Earth, and makes it <lb/>very apt to rot; or when it is inclined to <lb/>bring &longs;orth Shrubs, or wild Figs, it is ex­<lb/>tremly bad for cementing of Walls. </s> <s>We have <lb/>now treated of Timber, Stone, Lime, and <lb/>Sand, &longs;uch as are approved of by the Anci­<lb/>ents; but in all Places the&longs;e Things are not <lb/>to be found with all the Qualifications which <lb/>we require. <emph type="italics"/>Tully<emph.end type="italics"/> &longs;ays, that <emph type="italics"/>A&longs;ia,<emph.end type="italics"/> by means <lb/>of its Abundance of Marble, always flouri&longs;hed <lb/>in fine Buildings and Statues; but Marble is <lb/>not to be got every where. </s> <s>In &longs;ome Places <lb/>there is either no Stone at all, or what there is, <lb/>is good for no manner of U&longs;e. </s> <s>In all the <lb/>Southern Parts of <emph type="italics"/>Italy,<emph.end type="italics"/> they &longs;ay there is no <lb/>Want of Sand-Pits, but on the other Side of <lb/>the <emph type="italics"/>Appenine<emph.end type="italics"/> there are none. <emph type="italics"/>Pliny<emph.end type="italics"/> &longs;ays, the <lb/><emph type="italics"/>Babylonians<emph.end type="italics"/> made U&longs;e of Slime, and the <emph type="italics"/>Car­<lb/>thaginians<emph.end type="italics"/> of Mud. </s> <s>In &longs;ome Places, not ha­<lb/>ving any Sort of Stone, they build with <lb/>Hurdles and Potters Earth. <emph type="italics"/>Herodotus<emph.end type="italics"/> tells us, <lb/>that the <emph type="italics"/>Budini<emph.end type="italics"/> make all their Structures, as <lb/>well publick as private, of nothing but Wood, <lb/>even to the Walls of their City, and the Sta­<lb/>tues of their Gods. <emph type="italics"/>Mela<emph.end type="italics"/> &longs;ays, that the <emph type="italics"/>Nervi<emph.end type="italics"/><lb/>have no Wood at all; and that for Want of it <lb/>they are obliged to make their Fires of Bones. <lb/></s> <s>In <emph type="italics"/>Ægypt<emph.end type="italics"/> their Fuel is the Dung of their Cat­<lb/>tle. </s> <s>For this Rea&longs;on, the Habitations of Men <lb/>are different, according to the different Conve­<lb/>niencies of the Country. </s> <s>Among the <emph type="italics"/>Ægyp­<lb/>tians<emph.end type="italics"/> there are Royal Palaces built of Ru&longs;hes; <lb/>and in <emph type="italics"/>India,<emph.end type="italics"/> of the Ribs of Whales. </s> <s>In <emph type="italics"/>Car­<lb/>ræ,<emph.end type="italics"/> a Town in <emph type="italics"/>Arabia,<emph.end type="italics"/> they build with Lumps <lb/>of Salt: But of the&longs;e el&longs;ewhere. </s> <s>So that as <lb/>we have already ob&longs;erved, there is not the &longs;ame <lb/>Plenty of Stone, Sand, and the like, every <lb/>where, but in different Places there are diffe­<lb/>rent Accommodations and Conveniencies: <lb/>Therefore we are to make U&longs;e of &longs;uch as of­<lb/>fer them&longs;elves; and out of tho&longs;e we &longs;hould, <lb/>in the fir&longs;t Place, make it our Bu&longs;ine&longs;s, always <lb/>to &longs;elect and provide the be&longs;t and propere&longs;t, <lb/>and, &longs;econdly, in building with them, we <lb/>&longs;hould carefully allot to each its proper Place <lb/>and Situation.</s></p><pb xlink:href="003/01/051.jpg" pagenum="39"/><p type="head"> <s>CHAP. XIII.</s></p><p type="main"> <s><emph type="italics"/>Whether the Ob&longs;ervation of Times and Sea&longs;ons is of any U&longs;e in beginning a <lb/>Building; what Sea&longs;on is mo&longs;t convenient; as al&longs;o, with what Auguries or <lb/>Prayers we ought to &longs;et out upon our Work.<emph.end type="italics"/></s></p><p type="main"> <s>Having got ready the Materials before <lb/>&longs;poken of, it remains now that we pro­<lb/>ceed to treat of the Work it&longs;elf. </s> <s>For as to the <lb/>providing of Iron, Bra&longs;s, Lead, Gla&longs;s, and the <lb/>like, it requires no Care, but merely the Buy­<lb/>ing, and having them in Readine&longs;s, that your <lb/>Building may not &longs;tand &longs;till for them; tho' <lb/>we &longs;hall in due Time lay down &longs;ome In&longs;truc­<lb/>tions about the Choice and Di&longs;tribution of <lb/>them, which is of Con&longs;equence to the com­<lb/>pleating and adorning the Work. </s> <s>And we <lb/>&longs;hall take and con&longs;ider the Structure from the <lb/>Foundation, in the &longs;ame Manner as if we were <lb/>actually about doing the Work our&longs;elves. </s> <s>But <lb/>here I mu&longs;t again admoni&longs;h you to con&longs;ider <lb/>the Times, both with Relation to the Publick, <lb/>and to your&longs;elf and Family, whether they are <lb/>trouble&longs;ome or peaceable, pro&longs;perous or cala­<lb/>mitous, le&longs;t we expo&longs;e our&longs;elve<emph type="italics"/>s<emph.end type="italics"/> to Envy, if we <lb/>go on with our Undertaking, or to Lo&longs;s if we <lb/>give it over. </s> <s>We &longs;hould al&longs;o have a particu­<lb/>lar Regard to the Sea&longs;on of the Year; for we <lb/>&longs;ee that Buildings begun and pro&longs;ecuted <lb/>in Winter, e&longs;pecially in a cold Climate, <lb/>are taken with the Fro&longs;t, or in Summer, <lb/>in a hot Climate, dry'd up with the Heat before <lb/>ever they have fa&longs;ten'd. </s> <s>For this Rea&longs;on it <lb/>was that <emph type="italics"/>Frontinus,<emph.end type="italics"/> the Architect, advis'd us <lb/>never to undertake &longs;uch a Work but in a pro­<lb/>per Sea&longs;on of the Year, which is from the Be­<lb/>ginning of <emph type="italics"/>April<emph.end type="italics"/> to the Beginning of <emph type="italics"/>Novem­<lb/>ber,<emph.end type="italics"/> re&longs;ting, however, in the greate&longs;t Heat <lb/>of Summer. </s> <s>But I am for ha&longs;tening or delay­<lb/>ing the Work ju&longs;t according to the Difference <lb/>of the Climate and of the Weather; and there­<lb/>fore if you are prepar'd with all the Things before <lb/>recited, and your Convenience &longs;uits, you have <lb/>nothing to do but to mark out the Area of <lb/>your Structure in the Ground, with all its <lb/>Lines, Angles and Dimen&longs;ions. </s> <s>But there are <lb/>&longs;ome who tell us that in Building we &longs;hould <lb/>ob&longs;erve and wait for happy Au&longs;pices, and that <lb/>it is of the utmo&longs;t Importance from what par­<lb/>ticular Point of Time the Structure is to date <lb/>its Being. </s> <s>They relate, that <emph type="italics"/>Lucius Tarutius<emph.end type="italics"/><lb/>found out the exact Nativity of <emph type="italics"/>Rome,<emph.end type="italics"/> only <lb/>by the Ob&longs;ervation of the Turns in its For­<lb/>tune. </s> <s>The wi&longs;e&longs;t Men among the Ancients <lb/>had &longs;uch an Opinion of the Con&longs;equence of <lb/>the Moment of the Beginning a Thing might <lb/>have as to its future Succe&longs;s, that <emph type="italics"/>Julius Fer­<lb/>micus Maturnus<emph.end type="italics"/> tells us of &longs;ome Mathematici­<lb/>ans that pretended to have di&longs;cover'd the very <lb/>in&longs;tant when the World had its Beginning, <lb/>and that wrote very accurately about it: For <lb/><emph type="italics"/>Æ&longs;culapius,<emph.end type="italics"/> and <emph type="italics"/>Anubius,<emph.end type="italics"/> and <emph type="italics"/>Peto&longs;iris,<emph.end type="italics"/> and <lb/><emph type="italics"/>Necep&longs;o,<emph.end type="italics"/> who only wrote from them, &longs;ay that <lb/>it begun ju&longs;t at the Ri&longs;ing of the <emph type="italics"/>Crab,<emph.end type="italics"/> when <lb/>the Moon was fourteen Days old, the Sun <lb/>being in <emph type="italics"/>Leo, Saturn<emph.end type="italics"/> in <emph type="italics"/>Capricorn, Jupiter<emph.end type="italics"/> in <lb/><emph type="italics"/>Sagittary, Mars<emph.end type="italics"/> in <emph type="italics"/>Scorpio, Venus<emph.end type="italics"/> in <emph type="italics"/>Libra,<emph.end type="italics"/><lb/>and <emph type="italics"/>Mercury<emph.end type="italics"/> in <emph type="italics"/>Virgo.<emph.end type="italics"/></s><s> And indeed, if we <lb/>rightly con&longs;ider them, the Times may have a <lb/>great Influence in Things. </s> <s>For how is it el&longs;e, <lb/>that in the &longs;horte&longs;t Day of the Year, the <lb/>Penny-royal, tho' quite dry, &longs;prouts and flou­<lb/>ri&longs;hes; Bladders that are blown up bur&longs;t; the <lb/>Leaves of Willows, and the Kernels of Apples <lb/>turn and change Sides; and that the &longs;mall <lb/>Fibres of a Shell-fi&longs;h corre&longs;pond, increa&longs;e and <lb/>decrea&longs;e with the Increa&longs;e and Decrea&longs;e of <lb/>the Moon. </s> <s>I mu&longs;t confe&longs;s, though I have <lb/>not &longs;o much Faith in the Profe&longs;&longs;ors of this <lb/>Science, and the Ob&longs;ervers of Times and Sea­<lb/>&longs;ons, as to believe their Art can influence the <lb/>Fortune of any Thing, yet I think they are not <lb/>to be de&longs;pi&longs;ed when they argue for the Happi­<lb/>ne&longs;s or Adver&longs;ity of &longs;uch &longs;tated Times as the&longs;e <lb/>from the Di&longs;po&longs;ition of the Heavens. </s> <s>But let <lb/>this be as it will, the following their In&longs;tructi­<lb/>ons may be of great Service, if true; and can <lb/>do little harm, if fal&longs;e. </s> <s>I might here add &longs;ome <lb/>ridiculous Circum&longs;tances which the Ancients <lb/>ob&longs;erved in the Beginning of their Undertakings; <lb/>but I would not have them interpreted in a <lb/>wrong Sen&longs;e; and indeed they de&longs;erve only to <lb/>be laughed at, who would per&longs;wade us that <lb/>the very Marking out of the Platform ought <lb/>to be done under proper Au&longs;pices. </s> <s>The An­<lb/>cients were &longs;o governed by the&longs;e Super&longs;titions, <lb/>that in making out the Li&longs;ts of their Armies, <pb xlink:href="003/01/052.jpg" pagenum="40"/>they took great Care that the fir&longs;t Soldier had <lb/>not an unlucky Name; which was a Rule they <lb/>al&longs;o ob&longs;erved in the Ceremony of purifying their <lb/>Soldiers and their Colonies, wherein, the Per­<lb/>&longs;on that was to lead the Bea&longs;t to the Sacrifice <lb/>mu&longs;t have a fortunate Name. </s> <s>And the Cen­<lb/>&longs;ors, in framing out the publick Revenues and <lb/>E&longs;tates, always began with the Lake <emph type="italics"/>Lucrinus,<emph.end type="italics"/><lb/>becau&longs;e of the Lucrativene&longs;s of its Name, So <lb/>likewi&longs;e, being terrified with the di&longs;mal Name <lb/>of <emph type="italics"/>Epidamnus,<emph.end type="italics"/> that &longs;uch as went thither might <lb/>not be &longs;aid to be gone a damnable Voyage, <lb/>they changed its Name into <emph type="italics"/>Dyrraehium;<emph.end type="italics"/> &longs;o <lb/>likewi&longs;e they &longs;erved <emph type="italics"/>Beneventum,<emph.end type="italics"/> which before <lb/>was called <emph type="italics"/>Maleventum.<emph.end type="italics"/></s><s> Neither, on the other <lb/>Hand, can I forbear laughing at their Conceit, <lb/>that in beginning Undertakings of this Sort it <lb/>was good to repeat certain favourable Words <lb/>and Charms.</s></p><p type="main"> <s>AND there are &longs;ome that affirm, that Men's <lb/>Words are &longs;o powerful, that they are obey'd <lb/>even by Bea&longs;ts and Things inanimate. </s> <s>I omit <lb/><emph type="italics"/>Cato<emph.end type="italics"/>'s Fancy, that Oxen when fatigued may <lb/>be refre&longs;h'd by certain Words. </s> <s>They tell us <lb/>too, that they u&longs;ed with certain Prayers and <lb/>Forms of Words to entreat and be&longs;eech their <lb/>Mother Earth to give Nouri&longs;hment to foreign <lb/>Trees, and &longs;uch as &longs;he was not accu&longs;tom'd to <lb/>bear; and that the Trees al&longs;o were to be <lb/>humbly pray'd to &longs;uffer them&longs;elves to be re­<lb/>mov'd, and to thrive in another Ground. </s> <s>And <lb/>&longs;ince we are got into this fooli&longs;h Strain of re­<lb/>cording the Follies of other Men, I will al&longs;o <lb/>mention, for Diver&longs;ion Sake, what they tell us, <lb/>that the Words of Mankind are of &longs;uch Effect, <lb/>that Turnips will grow incredibly, if when we <lb/>&longs;ow them we at the &longs;ame Time pray them to <lb/>be gracious and lucky to us, our Families, and <lb/>our Neighbourhood. </s> <s>But if the&longs;e be &longs;o, I can't <lb/>imagine why the Ba&longs;ilico-root &longs;hould, as they <lb/>&longs;ay, grow the fa&longs;ter for being cur&longs;t and abu&longs;ed <lb/>when it is &longs;own. </s> <s>But let us leave this idle Sub­<lb/>ject. </s> <s>It is undoubtedly proper, omitting all <lb/>the&longs;e uncertain Super&longs;titions, to &longs;et about our <lb/>Work with a holy and religious Preparation.</s></p><p type="main"> <s><emph type="italics"/>Ab Jove principium, Mu&longs;æ;— <lb/>Jovis omnia plena.<emph.end type="italics"/></s></p><p type="main"> <s>We ought therefore to begin our Undertaking <lb/>with a clean Heart, and with devout Oblati­<lb/>ons, and with Prayers to Almighty God to <lb/>implore his A&longs;&longs;i&longs;tance, and Ble&longs;&longs;ing upon the <lb/>Beginnings of our Labours, that it may have <lb/>a happy and pro&longs;perous Ending, with Strength <lb/>and Happine&longs;s to it and its Inhabitants, with <lb/>Content of Mind, Encrea&longs;e of Fortune, Succe&longs;s <lb/>of Indu&longs;try, Acqui&longs;ition of Glory, and a Suc­<lb/>ce&longs;&longs;ion and Continuance of all good Things. <lb/></s> <s>So much for our Preparation.</s></p><p type="head"> <s><emph type="italics"/>The End of Book<emph.end type="italics"/> II.<lb/><figure id="id.003.01.052.1.jpg" xlink:href="003/01/052/1.jpg"/></s></p><pb xlink:href="003/01/053.jpg"/><figure id="id.003.01.053.1.jpg" xlink:href="003/01/053/1.jpg"/><p type="head"> <s>THE <lb/>ARCHITECTURE <lb/>OF <lb/><emph type="italics"/>Leone Bati&longs;ta Alberti.<emph.end type="italics"/></s></p><p type="head"> <s>BOOK III. CHAP. I.</s></p><p type="main"> <s><emph type="italics"/>Of the Work. </s> <s>Wherein lies the Bu&longs;ine&longs;s of the Work; the different Parts of <lb/>the Wall, and what they require. </s> <s>That the Foundation is no Part of the <lb/>Wall; what Soil makes the be&longs;t Foundation.<emph.end type="italics"/></s></p><p type="main"> <s>The whole Bu&longs;ine&longs;s of the working <lb/>Part of Building is this; by a re­<lb/>gular and artful Conjunction of <lb/>different Things, whether &longs;quare <lb/>Stone, or uneven Scantlings, or <lb/>Timber, or any other &longs;trong Material, to form <lb/>them as well as po&longs;&longs;ible into a &longs;olid, regular, <lb/>and con&longs;i&longs;tent Structure. </s> <s>We call it regular <lb/>and con&longs;i&longs;tent when the Parts are not incon­<lb/>gruous and disjointed, but are di&longs;po&longs;ed in their <lb/>proper Places, and are an&longs;werable one to the <lb/>other, and conformable to a right Ordinance of <lb/>Lines. </s> <s>We are therefore to con&longs;ider what are <lb/>the principal e&longs;&longs;ential Parts in the Wall, and <lb/>what are only the Lines and Di&longs;po&longs;ition of <lb/>tho&longs;e Parts. </s> <s>Nor are the Parts of the Wall <lb/>any Thing difficult to find out; for the Top, <lb/>the Bottom, the right Side, the Left, the re­<lb/>mote Parts, the Near, the Middle are obvious <lb/>of them&longs;elves; but the particular Nature of <lb/>each of the&longs;e, and wherein they differ, is not <lb/>&longs;o ea&longs;ily known. </s> <s>For the rai&longs;ing a Building is <lb/>not, as the Ignorant imagine, merely laying <lb/>Stone upon Stone, or Brick upon Brick; but <lb/>as there is a great Diver&longs;ity of Parts, &longs;o there <lb/>requires a great Diver&longs;ity of Materials and Con­<lb/>trivance. </s> <s>For one Thing is proper in the <lb/>Foundation, another in the naked Wall and in <lb/>the Corni&longs;h, another for the Coins, and for the <lb/>Lips of the Apertures, one for the outward <lb/>Face of the Wall, another for the cramming <lb/>and filling up the middle Parts: Our Bu&longs;ine&longs;s <lb/>here is to &longs;hew what is requi&longs;ite in each of <lb/>the&longs;e. </s> <s>In doing this, therefore, we &longs;hall begin <lb/>at the Foundation, imitating, as we &longs;aid before, <lb/>tho&longs;e that are actually going to rai&longs;e the Struc­<lb/>ture. </s> <s>The Foundation, if I mi&longs;take not, is <lb/>not properly a Part of the Wall, but the Place <lb/>and Seat on which the Wall is reared. </s> <s>For <lb/>if we can find a Seat perfectly firm and &longs;olid, <lb/>con&longs;i&longs;ting perhaps of nothing but Stone, what <lb/>Foundation are we obliged to make? </s> <s>None, <pb xlink:href="003/01/054.jpg" pagenum="42"/>certainly, but to begin immediately from <lb/>thence to erect our Wall. </s> <s>At <emph type="italics"/>Siena<emph.end type="italics"/> there are <lb/>huge Towers rai&longs;ed immediately from the na­<lb/>ked Earth, becau&longs;e the Hill is lined with a <lb/>&longs;olid Rock. </s> <s>Making a Foundation, that is <lb/>to &longs;ay, digging up the Ground, and making a <lb/>Trench, is nece&longs;&longs;ary in tho&longs;e Places, where <lb/>you cannot find firm Ground without digging; <lb/>which, indeed, is the Ca&longs;e almo&longs;t every where, <lb/>as will appear hereafter. </s> <s>The Marks of a good <lb/>Soil for a Foundation are the&longs;e; if it does not <lb/>produce any kind of Herb that u&longs;ually grows <lb/>in moi&longs;t Places; if it bears either no Tree at <lb/>all, or only &longs;uch as delight in a very hard, <lb/>clo&longs;e Earth; if every Thing round about is <lb/>extremely dry, and, as it were, quite parched <lb/>up; if the Place is &longs;tony, not with &longs;mall round <lb/>Pebbles, but large &longs;harp Stones, and e&longs;pecially <lb/>Flints; if there are no Springs nor Veins of <lb/>Water running under it; becau&longs;e the Nature <lb/>of all Streams is either to be perpetually car­<lb/>rying away, or bringing &longs;omething along with <lb/>them: And therefore it is that in all flat <lb/>Grounds, lying near any River, you can never <lb/>meet with any firm Soil, till you dig below <lb/>the Level of the Channel. </s> <s>Before you begin <lb/>to dig your Foundations, you &longs;hould once <lb/>again carefully review and con&longs;ider all the <lb/>Lines and Angles of your Platform, what Di­<lb/>men&longs;ions they are to be of, and how they are <lb/>to di&longs;po&longs;ed. </s> <s>In making the&longs;e Angles we mu&longs;t <lb/>u&longs;e a &longs;quare Rule, not of a &longs;mall but of a <lb/>very large Size, that our &longs;trait Lines may be <lb/>the truer. </s> <s>The Ancients made their &longs;quare <lb/>Rule of three &longs;trait ones joined together in a <lb/>Triangle, whereof one was of three Cubits, <lb/>the other of four, and the third of five. </s> <s>The <lb/>Ignorant do not know how to make the&longs;e <lb/>Angles till they have fir&longs;t cleared away every <lb/>Thing that incumbers the Area, and have it <lb/>all per&longs;ectly open, almo&longs;t level before them: <lb/>For which Rea&longs;on, laying furiou&longs;ly hold of <lb/>their Tools, they fall like &longs;o many Ravagers <lb/>to demoli&longs;hing and levelling every Thing be­<lb/>fore them; which would become them much <lb/>better in the Country of an Enemy. </s> <s>But the <lb/>Error of the&longs;e Men ought to be corrected; <lb/>for a Change of Fortune, or the Adver&longs;ity of <lb/>the Times, or &longs;ome unfore&longs;een Accident, or <lb/>Nece&longs;&longs;ity, may po&longs;&longs;ibly oblige you to lay a&longs;ide <lb/>the Thoughts of the Undertaking you have <lb/>begun. </s> <s>And it is certainly very un&longs;eemly, in <lb/>the mean while, to have no Regard to the <lb/>Labours of your Ance&longs;tors, or to the Conve­<lb/>niencies which your Fellow-Citizens find in <lb/>the&longs;e paternal Habitations, which they have <lb/>been long accu&longs;tomed to; and as for pulling <lb/>down and demoli&longs;hing, that is in your Power <lb/>at any Time. </s> <s>I am therefore for pre&longs;erving <lb/>the old Structures untouched, till &longs;uch Time <lb/>as it is ab&longs;olutely nece&longs;&longs;ary to remove them <lb/>to make Way for the new.</s></p><p type="head"> <s>CHAP. II.</s></p><p type="head"> <s><emph type="italics"/>That the Foundation chiefly is to be marked out with Lines; and by what <lb/>Tokens we may know the Goodne&longs;s of the Ground.<emph.end type="italics"/></s></p><p type="main"> <s>In marking out your Foundations, you are <lb/>to remember, that the &longs;ir&longs;t Ground-work <lb/>of your Wall, and the Soccles, which are <lb/>called Foundations too, mu&longs;t be a determinate <lb/>Proportion broader than the Wall that is to be <lb/>erected upon it; in Imitation of tho&longs;e who <lb/>walk over the Snow in the <emph type="italics"/>Alps<emph.end type="italics"/> of <emph type="italics"/>Tu&longs;cany,<emph.end type="italics"/><lb/>who wear upon their Feet Hurdles made of <lb/>Twigs and &longs;mall Ropes, plaited together for <lb/>that very Purpo&longs;e, the Broadne&longs;s of which <lb/>keeps them from &longs;inking in the Snow. </s> <s>How <lb/>to di&longs;po&longs;e the Angles, is not ea&longs;y to teach <lb/>clearly with Words alone; becau&longs;e the Method <lb/>of drawing them, is borrowed &longs;rom the Ma­<lb/>thematicks, and &longs;tands in Need of the Ex­<lb/>ample of Lines, a Thing &longs;oreign to our De&longs;ign <lb/>here, and which we have treated of in another <lb/>Place, in our Mathematical Commentaries. <lb/></s> <s>However, I will endeavour, as far as is nece&longs;­<lb/>&longs;ary here, to &longs;peak of them in &longs;uch a Manner, <lb/>that if you have any Share of Ingenuity, you <lb/>may ea&longs;ily comprehend many Things, by <lb/>Means of which you may afterwards make <lb/>your&longs;elf Ma&longs;ter of all the re&longs;t. </s> <s>Whatever may <lb/>chance to &longs;eem more ob&longs;cure, if you have a <lb/>Mind to under&longs;tand it thoroughly, you may <lb/>apply to tho&longs;e Commentaries. </s> <s>My Method, <lb/>then, in de&longs;cribing the Foundations, is to draw <lb/><arrow.to.target n="marg4"/><lb/>&longs;ome Lines, which I call radical ones, <lb/>in this Manner*. From the Middle <lb/>of the Fore-front of the Work, I draw a Line <lb/>quite thro' to the Back-front, in the Middle <pb xlink:href="003/01/055.jpg" pagenum="43"/>of this Line I &longs;ix a Nail in the Ground, from <lb/>which I rai&longs;e, and let fall Perpendiculars, ac­<lb/>cording to the Method of the Geometers; and <lb/>to the&longs;e two Lines I reduce every Thing <lb/>that I have Occa&longs;ion to mea&longs;ure; which &longs;uc­<lb/>ceeds per&longs;ectly well in all Re&longs;pects; for the <lb/>Parallel Lines are obvious; you &longs;ee exactly <lb/>where to make your Angles corre&longs;pondent, <lb/>and to di&longs;po&longs;e every Part con&longs;i&longs;tently, and <lb/>agreeably, with the others. </s> <s>But if it &longs;o hap­<lb/>pens, that any old Buildings ob&longs;truct your <lb/>Sight from di&longs;covering and fixing upon the <lb/>exact Seat of every Angle; your Bu&longs;ine&longs;s <lb/>then is to draw Lines, at equal Di&longs;tances, in <lb/>tho&longs;e Places which are clear and free; then <lb/>having marked the Point of Inter&longs;ection, by <lb/>the A&longs;&longs;i&longs;tance of the Diameter and Gnomon, <lb/>and by drawing other Lines at equal Di&longs;tances, <lb/>fitted to the Square, we may compleatly effect <lb/>our Purpo&longs;e: And it will be of no &longs;mall Con­<lb/>venience to terminate the Ray of Sight with a <lb/>Line in tho&longs;e Places which lie higher than the <lb/>re&longs;t; whence letting fall a Perpendicular, we <lb/>may find the right Direction and Production of <lb/>our Lines. </s> <s>Having marked out the Lines <lb/>and Angles of our Trenches, we ought to <lb/>have, if po&longs;&longs;ible, as &longs;harp and clear a Sight as <lb/>a certain <emph type="italics"/>Spaniard<emph.end type="italics"/> in our Days was fabulou&longs;ly <lb/>&longs;aid to have, who they tell us, could &longs;ee the <lb/>lowe&longs;t Veins of Water that run under Ground, <lb/>as plainly as if they were above Ground. </s> <s>So <lb/>the many Things happen under the Surface of <lb/>Earth, which we know nothing of, as makes it <lb/>un&longs;afe to tru&longs;t the Weight and Expence of a <lb/>Building to it. </s> <s>And, certainly, as in all the <lb/>re&longs;t of the Structure, &longs;o e&longs;pecially in the Foun­<lb/>dations, we ought to neglect no Precaution <lb/>which it becomes an accurate and diligent <lb/>Architect to take; for an Error in any other <lb/>Part does le&longs;s Mi&longs;chief, and is more ea&longs;ily re­<lb/>medied, or better borne, than in the Founda­<lb/>tion; in which, a Mi&longs;take is inexcu&longs;able. </s> <s>But <lb/>the Ancicnts u&longs;ed to &longs;ay, dig on, and good <lb/>Fortune attend you, till you find a &longs;olid Bot­<lb/>tom; for the Earth has &longs;everal Strata, and <lb/>tho&longs;e of different Natures; &longs;ome &longs;andy, others <lb/>gravelly, &longs;ome &longs;tony, and the like; under <lb/>which, at certain Depths, is a hard, firm <lb/>Bank, fit to &longs;upport the heavie&longs;t Structure. <lb/></s> <s>This al&longs;o is various, and hardly like any thing of <lb/>its own kind in any Particular; in &longs;ome Places <lb/>it is exce&longs;&longs;ively hard, and &longs;carce penetrable with <lb/>Iron; in others, fatter and &longs;ofter; in &longs;ome <lb/>Places blacker, in others whiter; which la&longs;t <lb/>is reckoned the weake&longs;t of all; in &longs;ome Places <lb/>chalky, in others, &longs;tony; in others, a Kind <lb/>of Potters Clay mixed with Gravel; of all <lb/>which, no other certain Judgment can be <lb/>made, but that the be&longs;t is reckoned to be that <lb/>which is harde&longs;t to the Pick-axe, and which <lb/>when wetted does not di&longs;&longs;olve. </s> <s>And for this <lb/>Rea&longs;on, none is thought firmer and &longs;tronger, <lb/>or more durable, than that which &longs;erves as a <lb/>Bottom to any Springs of Water in the Bowels <lb/>of the Earth. </s> <s>But it is my Opinion, that the <lb/>be&longs;t Way is to take Coun&longs;el with di&longs;ereet and <lb/>experienced Men of the Country, and with <lb/>the neighbouring Architects; who, both from <lb/>the Example of old Structures, and from their <lb/>daily Practice in actual Building, mu&longs;t be the <lb/>be&longs;t Judges of the Nature of the Soil, and <lb/>what Weight it is able to bear. </s> <s>There are <lb/>al&longs;o Methods of proving the Firmne&longs;s of the <lb/>Soil. </s> <s>If you roll any great Weight along the <lb/>Ground, or let it fall down from any Heighth, <lb/>and it does not make the Earth &longs;hake, nor <lb/>&longs;tir the Water &longs;et there on Purpo&longs;e in a Ba&longs;on; <lb/>you may &longs;afely promi&longs;e your&longs;elf a good, &longs;ound <lb/>Foundation in that Place. </s> <s>But in &longs;ome Coun­<lb/>tries there is no &longs;olid Bottom to be found any <lb/>where; as near the <emph type="italics"/>Adriatic,<emph.end type="italics"/> and about <emph type="italics"/>Ve­<lb/>nice,<emph.end type="italics"/> where, generally, there is nothing to be <lb/>met with but a loo&longs;e, &longs;oft Mud.</s></p><p type="margin"> <s><margin.target id="marg4"/>* Plate 4. <lb/><emph type="italics"/>(facing <lb/>page 44)<emph.end type="italics"/></s></p><p type="head"> <s>CHAP. III.</s></p><p type="main"> <s><emph type="italics"/>That the Nature of Places is various, and therefore we ought not to tru&longs;t any <lb/>Place too ha&longs;tily, till we have fir&longs;t dug Wells, or Re&longs;ervoirs; but that in <lb/>mar&longs;hy Places, we mu&longs;t make our Foundation with Piles burnt at the Ends, <lb/>and driven in with their Heads downward with light Beetles, and many <lb/>repeated Blows, till they are driven quite into the Head.<emph.end type="italics"/></s></p><p type="main"> <s>You mu&longs;t therefore u&longs;e different Me­<lb/>thods for your Foundations, according <lb/>to the Diver&longs;ity of Places, whereof &longs;ome are <lb/>lofty, &longs;ome low, others between both, as the <lb/>Sides of Hills: Some again are parcht and <lb/>dry, as generally the Summits and Ridges of <pb xlink:href="003/01/056.jpg" pagenum="44"/>Mountains; others damp and wa&longs;hy, as are <lb/>tho&longs;e which lie near Seas or Lakes, or in Bot­<lb/>toms between Hills. </s> <s>Others are &longs;o &longs;ituated as <lb/>to be neither always dry nor always wet, which <lb/>is the Nature of ca&longs;y A&longs;cents, where the <lb/>Water does not lie and &longs;oak, but runs gently <lb/>off. </s> <s>We mu&longs;t never tru&longs;t too ha&longs;tily to any <lb/>Ground, tho' it does re&longs;i&longs;t the Pick-axe, for <lb/>it may be in a Plain, and be infirm, the Con­<lb/>&longs;equence of which might be the Ruin of the <lb/>whole Work. </s> <s>I have &longs;een a Tower at <emph type="italics"/>Me&longs;tri,<emph.end type="italics"/><lb/>a Place belonging to the <emph type="italics"/>Venetians,<emph.end type="italics"/> which in <lb/>a few Years after it was built, made its Way <lb/>thro' the Ground it &longs;tood upon, which, as <lb/>the Fact evinced, was a loo&longs;e weak Soil, and <lb/>bury'd it&longs;elf in Earth, up to the very Battle­<lb/>ments. </s> <s>For this Rea&longs;on they are very much <lb/>to be blamed, who not being provided by Na­<lb/>ture with a Soil fit to &longs;upport the Weight of <lb/>an Edifice, and Lightning upon the Ruins or <lb/>Remains of &longs;ome old Structure, do not take <lb/>the Pains to examine the Goodne&longs;s of its Foun­<lb/>dation, but incon&longs;iderately rai&longs;e great Piles of <lb/>Building upon it, and out of the Avarice of <lb/>&longs;aving a little Expence, throw away all the <lb/>Money they lay out in the Work. </s> <s>It is there­<lb/>fore excellent Advice, the fir&longs;t Thing you do <lb/>to dig Wells, for &longs;everal Rea&longs;ons, and e&longs;peci­<lb/>ally in order to get acquainted with the Strata <lb/>of the Earth, whether &longs;ound enough to bear <lb/>the Super&longs;tructure, or likely to give way. </s> <s>Add, <lb/>likewi&longs;e, that the Water you find in them, and <lb/>the Stuff you dig out, will be of great Service <lb/>to you in &longs;everal Parts of your Work; and <lb/>moreover, that the Opening &longs;uch Vents will be <lb/>a great Security to the Firmne&longs;s of the Build­<lb/>ing, and prevent its being injured by &longs;ubter­<lb/>rancous Exhalations. </s> <s>Having therefore, either <lb/>by digging a Well, or a Ci&longs;tern, or a Shoar, or <lb/>any other Hole of that Nature, made your&longs;elf <lb/>thoroughly acquainted with the Veins or <lb/>Layers of the Earth, you are to make Choice <lb/>of that which you may mo&longs;t &longs;afely tru&longs;t with <lb/>your Super&longs;tructure. </s> <s>In Eminences, or where­<lb/>ever el&longs;e the Water is running down wa&longs;hes <lb/>away the Ground, the deeper you make your <lb/>Trench, the better. </s> <s>And that the Hills are <lb/>actually eaten and wa&longs;h'd away, and wa&longs;ted <lb/>more and more daily by continual Rains, is <lb/>evident &longs;rom the Caverns and Rocks which <lb/>every Day grow more vi&longs;ible, whereas at fir&longs;t <lb/>they were &longs;o cover'd with Earth that we could <lb/>hardly perceive them. </s> <s>Mount <emph type="italics"/>Morello,<emph.end type="italics"/> which <lb/>is about <emph type="italics"/>Florence,<emph.end type="italics"/> in the Days of our Fathers <lb/>was all over cover'd with Firs; and now it is <lb/>quite wild and naked; occa&longs;ion'd, as I &longs;up­<lb/>po&longs;e, by the Wa&longs;hing of the Rain In Situ­<lb/>ations upon Slopes, <emph type="italics"/>Columella<emph.end type="italics"/> directs us to be­<lb/>gin our Foundations at the lowe&longs;t Part of the <lb/>Slope fir&longs;t; which is certainly very right, for <lb/>be&longs;ides that whatever you lay there will always <lb/>&longs;tand firm and unmoveable in its Place, it will <lb/>al&longs;o &longs;erve as a Prop or Buttre&longs;s, to whatever <lb/>you add to the upper Parts, if you aftewards <lb/>think fit to enlarge your Structure. </s> <s>You will <lb/>al&longs;o thereby di&longs;cover and provide again&longs;t tho&longs;e <lb/>Defects which &longs;ometimes happen in &longs;uch Tren­<lb/>ches by the cracking or falling in of the Earth. </s> <s>In <lb/>mar&longs;hy Grounds, you &longs;hould make your Trench <lb/>very wide, and fortify both Sides of it with <lb/>Stakes, Hurdles, Planks, Sea-weeds, and Clay, <lb/>&longs;o &longs;trongly that no Water may get in; then <lb/>you mu&longs;t draw off every drop of Water that <lb/>happens to be left within your Frame-work, <lb/>and dig out the Sand, and clear away the Mud <lb/>from the Bottom till you have firm dry Ground <lb/>to &longs;et your Foot upon. </s> <s>The &longs;ame you are to <lb/>do in &longs;andy Ground, as far as Nece&longs;&longs;ity requires. <lb/></s> <s>Moreover, the Bottom of the Trench <lb/>mu&longs;t be laid exactly level, not &longs;loping on <lb/>either Side, that the Materials laid upon it may <lb/>be equally balanced. </s> <s>There is a natural in­<lb/>&longs;tinct in all heavy Bodies to lean and pre&longs;s <lb/>upon the lowe&longs;t Parts. </s> <s>There are other <lb/>Things which they direct us to do in mar&longs;hy <lb/>Situations, but they belong rather to the Wal­<lb/>ling than to the Foundations. </s> <s>They order us to <lb/>drive into the Ground a great Number of <lb/>Stakes and Piles burnt at the End, and &longs;et <lb/>with their Heads downwards, &longs;o as to have <lb/>a Surface of twice the Breadth that we intend <lb/>for our Wall; that the&longs;e Piles &longs;hould never be <lb/>le&longs;s in length than the eighth Part of the <lb/>Heighth of the Wall to be built upon them, <lb/>and for their Thickne&longs;s, it &longs;hould be the <lb/>twel&longs;th Part of their Length, and no le&longs;s. </s> <s>La&longs;tly <lb/>they &longs;hould be drove in &longs;o clo&longs;e that their is <lb/>not room for one more. </s> <s>The In&longs;trument we <lb/>u&longs;e for driving in the&longs;e Piles, whatever Sort it <lb/>it is of, &longs;hould do its Bu&longs;ine&longs;s by a great many <lb/>repeated Strokes; for when it is too heavy, <lb/>coming down with an immen&longs;e and intolerable <lb/>Force, it breaks and &longs;plits the Timber; but the <lb/>continual Repetition of gentle Strokes wearies <lb/>and overcomes the greate&longs;t Hardne&longs;s and Ob&longs;ti­<lb/>nacy of the Ground. </s> <s>You have an In&longs;tance of this <lb/>when you go to drive a &longs;mall Nail into a hard <lb/>Piece of Timber; if you u&longs;e a great heavy <lb/>Hammer, it won't do; but if you work with <lb/>a manageable light one, it penetrates imme-</s></p><pb xlink:href="003/01/057.jpg"/><p type="caption"> <s>PLATE 4. <emph type="italics"/>(Pages 42-43)<emph.end type="italics"/></s></p><figure id="id.003.01.057.1.jpg" xlink:href="003/01/057/1.jpg"/><p type="caption"> <s><emph type="italics"/>Leoni delin.<emph.end type="italics"/></s></p><p type="caption"> <s><emph type="italics"/>“Facciata di Dietro” = back-front [rear facade]. “Facciata d'Inanzi” = fore-front. <lb/></s> <s>“Linea Prima” = first line. </s> <s>“Linea Seconda” = second line. </s> <s>“Chiodo” = nail.<emph.end type="italics"/></s></p><pb xlink:href="003/01/058.jpg"/><p type="caption"> <s>PLATE 5. <emph type="italics"/>(A: Page 45; B: Page 47)<emph.end type="italics"/></s></p><figure id="id.003.01.058.1.jpg" xlink:href="003/01/058/1.jpg"/><pb xlink:href="003/01/059.jpg" pagenum="45"/><p type="main"> <s>What has been &longs;aid may &longs;uffice, with relation <lb/>to our Trench, unle&longs;s we would add, that <lb/>&longs;ometimes, either to &longs;ave Money, or to avoid <lb/>an intermediate Piece of rotten Ground, it may <lb/>not be ami&longs;s to make a Foundation not con­<lb/>tinued entire all the way, but with Intervals <lb/>left between, as if we were only making <lb/><arrow.to.target n="marg5"/><lb/>Columns or Pila&longs;ters, then turning Arches <lb/><arrow.to.target n="marg6"/><lb/>from one Pila&longs;ter to the other, to <lb/>lay over them the re&longs;t of the Wall <lb/>In the&longs;e we are to ob&longs;erve the &longs;ame <lb/>Directions as we gave before; but the greater <lb/>Weight you are to rai&longs;e upon them, the large. <lb/></s> <s>and &longs;tronger Pila&longs;ters and Ba&longs;es you mu&longs;t <lb/>make. </s> <s>But of the&longs;e enough.</s></p><p type="margin"> <s><margin.target id="marg5"/>*</s></p><p type="margin"> <s><margin.target id="marg6"/>* A. </s> <s>Plate 5. <lb/><emph type="italics"/>(facing page 45)<emph.end type="italics"/></s></p><p type="head"> <s>CHAP. IV.</s></p><p type="head"> <s><emph type="italics"/>Of the Nature, Forms and Qualities of Stones, and of the Tempering of <lb/>Mortar.<emph.end type="italics"/></s></p><p type="main"> <s>We now come to begin our Wall; but <lb/>as the Workman's Art and Manner <lb/>of Building depends partly upon the Nature, <lb/>Form and Quality of his Stone, and partly <lb/>upon the Tempering of his Mortar, we are <lb/>therefore fir&longs;t to treat briefly of the&longs;e. </s> <s>Of <lb/>Stones, &longs;ome are living, juicy, and &longs;trong, &longs;uch <lb/>as Flint, Marble, and the like, which by Na­<lb/>ture are heavy and &longs;onorous; others are ex­<lb/>hau&longs;ted, light, and dead &longs;ounding, as are all <lb/>Stones that are &longs;oft and &longs;andy. </s> <s>Again, &longs;ome <lb/>have even Superficies, &longs;trait Lines, and equal <lb/>Angles, which are call'd Squared Stones; <lb/>others have uneven Superficies, of various <lb/>Lines, and unequal Angles, which we call <lb/>Rough. </s> <s>Of Stones al&longs;o, &longs;ome are big and <lb/>unweildy, &longs;o that a Man's Hand cannot <lb/>manage them at Plea&longs;ure, without the A&longs;&longs;i&longs;tance <lb/>of Sleds, Leavers, Rowlers, Pullies, or the <lb/>like Engines; others &longs;mall, &longs;o as you may <lb/>rai&longs;e and manage them with one &longs;ingle Hand <lb/>ju&longs;t as you plea&longs;e. </s> <s>The third Sort is between <lb/>both, of a moderate Size and Weight, which <lb/>are call'd &longs;izeable. </s> <s>All Stone &longs;hould be En­<lb/>tire, not Muddy, and well wa&longs;h'd; you may <lb/>know whether it is Entire or Crack'd, by the <lb/>Sound it gives when you Strike upon it. </s> <s>You <lb/>can wa&longs;h them no where better than in a <lb/>River; and it is certain that the Middling <lb/>&longs;izeable Sort are not &longs;oak'd enough under nine <lb/>Days, and the large ones under more. </s> <s>That <lb/>which is fre&longs;h dug out of the Quarry is better <lb/>than that which has been long kept; and that <lb/>which has been once cemented with Mortar <lb/>will not cement well again a &longs;econd Time. <lb/></s> <s>So much may &longs;uffice as to Stone. </s> <s>As for <lb/>Lime, they condemn that which when it <lb/>comes from the Kiln is not in entire Lumps, <lb/>but in broken Pieces, and as it were in Pow­<lb/>der, and they &longs;ay it will never prove &longs;ervice­<lb/>able. </s> <s>They commend that which purges and <lb/>grows white in the Fire, and which is light <lb/>and &longs;onorous, and when you water it, bur&longs;ts, <lb/>and throws out a &longs;trong thick Smoke high into <lb/>the Air. </s> <s>The former, being weak, mu&longs;t of <lb/>Cour&longs;e require le&longs;s Sand; but this latter, being <lb/>&longs;trong, requires more. <emph type="italics"/>Cato<emph.end type="italics"/> directs, that to <lb/>every two Foot of Work, we &longs;hould allow one <lb/>Bu&longs;hel of Lime and two of Sand: Others <lb/>pre&longs;cribe different Proportions. <emph type="italics"/>Vitruvius<emph.end type="italics"/> and <lb/><emph type="italics"/>Pliny<emph.end type="italics"/> are for mixing the Sand thus; namely <lb/>to give to each Bu&longs;hel of Lime three of Pit­<lb/>&longs;and, or two of River or Sea-&longs;and. </s> <s>La&longs;tly, <lb/>when the Quality and Nature of your Stone <lb/>requires your Mortar to be more liquid or <lb/>tractable (which we &longs;hall &longs;peak of more clearly <lb/>below) your Sand mu&longs;t be &longs;ifted through a <lb/>Sieve; but when it is to be &longs;tiffer, then mix it <lb/>with half Gravel and broken Fragments of <lb/>Stone. </s> <s>All agree, that if you mix it with <lb/>one third of broken Tile or Brick pounded, it <lb/>will be much more tenacious. </s> <s>However, mix <lb/>it as you will, you mu&longs;t &longs;tir it about often, till <lb/>the &longs;malle&longs;t Pieces are incorparated; and &longs;ome, <lb/>for this Purpo&longs;e, and that it may be well <lb/>mingled together, &longs;tir it about and beat it a <lb/>great while in a Mortar. </s> <s>But we &longs;hall &longs;ay <lb/>no more here of the Cement, only thus much, <lb/>that Lime takes better hold with Stone of its <lb/>own Kind, and e&longs;pecially out of the &longs;ame <lb/>Quarry, than with a Stranger.<lb/></s></p><pb xlink:href="003/01/060.jpg" pagenum="46"/><p type="head"> <s>CHAP. V.</s></p><p type="head"> <s><emph type="italics"/>Of the lower Cour&longs;es or Foundations, according to the Precepts and Example <lb/>of the Ancients.<emph.end type="italics"/></s></p><p type="main"> <s>For making the lower Cour&longs;es, that is to <lb/>&longs;ay, rai&longs;ing the Foundations up to the <lb/>Level of the Ground, I do not find any Precepts <lb/>among the Ancients, except this one, that all <lb/>Stones which, after being in the Air two Years, <lb/>di&longs;cover any Defect, mu&longs;t be bani&longs;h'd into the <lb/>Foundation. </s> <s>For as in an Army, the &longs;luggi&longs;h <lb/>and weak who cannot endure the Sun and <lb/>Du&longs;t, are &longs;ent home with Marks of Infamy, <lb/>&longs;o the&longs;e &longs;oft enervated Stones ought to be re­<lb/>jected, and left to an inglorious Repo&longs;e in their <lb/>primitive Ob&longs;curity. </s> <s>Indeed I find by Hi&longs;torians, <lb/>that the Ancients took as much Care of the <lb/>Strength and Soundne&longs;s of their Foundation in <lb/>all its Parts as of any other Part of the Wall. <lb/><emph type="italics"/>A&longs;ithis,<emph.end type="italics"/> the Son of <emph type="italics"/>Nicerinus,<emph.end type="italics"/> King of <emph type="italics"/>Ægypt,<emph.end type="italics"/><lb/>(the Author of the Law, that whoever was <lb/>&longs;ued for Debt &longs;hould give the Corp&longs;e of his <lb/>Father in Pawn) when he built a Pyramid of <lb/>Bricks to make his Foundations, drove Piles <lb/>into the Mar&longs;h, and laid his Bricks upon them. <lb/></s> <s>And we are inform'd that <emph type="italics"/>Cte&longs;ipho,<emph.end type="italics"/> the excel­<lb/>lent Architect that built the famous Temple <lb/>of <emph type="italics"/>Diana<emph.end type="italics"/> at <emph type="italics"/>Ephe&longs;us,<emph.end type="italics"/> having made Choice of <lb/>a level Piece of Ground, thoroughly drain'd, <lb/>and likely to be free from Earthquakes; that <lb/>he might not lay the Foundations of &longs;uch a <lb/>huge Pile in &longs;o loo&longs;e and unfaithful a Soil <lb/>without due Precautions, fir&longs;t made a Bottom <lb/>of Coals pounded to Du&longs;t; then drove in Piles <lb/>with Fleeces and Coals wedged in between <lb/>Pile and Pile; and over the&longs;e a Cour&longs;e of <lb/>Stone with very long Junctures.</s></p><p type="main"> <s>WE find that about <emph type="italics"/>Jeru&longs;alem,<emph.end type="italics"/> in the <lb/>Foundations of their Publick Works, they <lb/>&longs;ometimes u&longs;ed Stones thirty Feet long, and <lb/>not le&longs;s than fifteen high. </s> <s>But I have ob­<lb/>&longs;erved, that in other Places, the Ancients, <lb/>who were wonderfully expert in managing of <lb/>great Works, followed different Rules and <lb/>Methods in filling up the Foundations. </s> <s>In <lb/>the Sepulchre of the <emph type="italics"/>Antonini<emph.end type="italics"/> they filled them <lb/>up with little Pieces of very hard Stone, each <lb/>not bigger than a Handful, and which they <lb/>perfectly drowned in Mortar. </s> <s>In the <emph type="italics"/>Forum <lb/>Argentarium,<emph.end type="italics"/> with Fragments of all Sorts of <lb/>broken Stones; in the <emph type="italics"/>Comitia,<emph.end type="italics"/> with Bits of <lb/>the very wor&longs;t Sort of &longs;oft Stuff. </s> <s>But I am <lb/>mightily plea&longs;ed with tho&longs;e who in the <emph type="italics"/>Tarpeia<emph.end type="italics"/><lb/>imitated Nature, in a Contrivance particularly <lb/>well adapted to Hills; for as &longs;he, in the For­<lb/>mation of Mountains, mixes the &longs;ofte&longs;t Mate­<lb/>rials with the harde&longs;t Stone, &longs;o the&longs;e Work­<lb/>men &longs;ir&longs;t laid a Cour&longs;e of &longs;quared Stone, as <lb/>&longs;trong as they could get, to the Heighth of <lb/>two Feet; over the&longs;e they made a Kind of <lb/>Plai&longs;ter of Mortar, and broken Fragments, <lb/>then another Cour&longs;e of Stone, and with another <lb/>of Plai&longs;ter they fini&longs;hed their Foundation. </s> <s>I <lb/>have known other In&longs;tances, where the An­<lb/>cients have made much the &longs;ame Sort of Foun­<lb/>dations and Structures too, of coar&longs;e Pit-gra­<lb/>vel, and common Stone that they have picked <lb/>up by chance, which have la&longs;ted many Ages. <lb/></s> <s>Upon pulling down a very high and &longs;trong <lb/>Tower at <emph type="italics"/>Bologna,<emph.end type="italics"/> they di&longs;covered that the <lb/>Foundations were filled with nothing but <lb/>round Stones and Chalk, to the Heighth of <lb/>nine Feet; the other Parts were built with <lb/>Mortar. </s> <s>We find therefore that very different <lb/>Methods have been u&longs;ed, and which to ap­<lb/>prove mo&longs;t I confe&longs;s my&longs;elf at a Lo&longs;s, all of <lb/>them have &longs;o long endured firm and &longs;ound. <lb/></s> <s>So that I think we ought to chu&longs;e that which <lb/>is lea&longs;t expen&longs;ive, provided we do not throw <lb/>in all manner of old Rubbi&longs;h, and any thing <lb/>apt to moulder. </s> <s>There are al&longs;o other Sorts <lb/>of Foundations; one belongs to Porticoes, <lb/>and all other Places where Rows of Columns <lb/>are to be &longs;et; the other to Maritime Places, <lb/>where we cannot pick and chu&longs;e the Good­<lb/>ne&longs;s of our Bottom as we could wi&longs;h. </s> <s>Of <lb/>the Maritime we will con&longs;ider when we come <lb/>to treat of making of Ports, and running Moles <lb/>out into the Sea; becau&longs;e the&longs;e do not relate <lb/>to the general Work of all manner of Build­<lb/>ings, which is the Subject of our Di&longs;cour&longs;e here, <lb/>but only to one particular Part of the City, <lb/>which we &longs;hall treat of together with other <lb/>Things of the like Nature, when we give an <lb/>Account of all Publick Works, Member by <lb/>Member. </s> <s>In laying Foundations under Rows <lb/>of Columns, there is no Occa&longs;ion to draw an <lb/>even continued Line of Work all the Way <pb xlink:href="003/01/061.jpg" pagenum="47"/>without Interruption; but only fir&longs;t to <lb/>&longs;trengthen the Places you intend for the Seats <lb/>or Beds of your Columns, and then from one <lb/>to the other draw Arches with their Backs <lb/>downwards, &longs;o that the Plane or Level of the <lb/>Area will be the Chord of tho&longs;e Arches; as <lb/><arrow.to.target n="marg7"/><lb/>you may &longs;ee by the Plate of the Page 41. let <lb/>B. </s> <s>For &longs;tanding thus, they will be le&longs;s apt to <lb/>force their Way into the Earth in any one <lb/>Place, the Weight being counterpos'd and <lb/>thrown equally on both Sides on the Props of <lb/>the Arches. </s> <s>And how apt Columns are to <lb/>drive into the Ground, by means of the great <lb/>Pre&longs;&longs;ure of the Weight laid upon them, is <lb/>manife&longs;t from that Corner of the noble Tem­<lb/>ple of <emph type="italics"/>Ve&longs;pa&longs;ian<emph.end type="italics"/> that &longs;tands to the North­<lb/>We&longs;t. </s> <s>For being de&longs;irous to leave the publick <lb/>Way, which was interrupted by that Angle, a <lb/>free and open Pa&longs;&longs;age underneath, they broke <lb/>the Area of their Platform and turn'd an Arch <lb/>again&longs;t the Wall, leaving that Corner as a Sort <lb/>of Plai&longs;ter on the other Side of the Pa&longs;&longs;age, <lb/>and fortifying it, as well as po&longs;&longs;ible, with &longs;tout <lb/>Work, and with the A&longs;&longs;i&longs;tance of a Buttre&longs;s. <lb/></s> <s>Yet this at la&longs;t, by the va&longs;t Weight of &longs;o great <lb/>a Building, and the giving Way of the Earth, <lb/>became ruinous. </s> <s>But let this &longs;uffice upon this <lb/>Head.</s></p><p type="margin"> <s><margin.target id="marg7"/>*</s></p><p type="head"> <s>CHAP. VI.</s></p><p type="main"> <s><emph type="italics"/>That there ought to be Vents left open in thick Walls from the Bottom to the <lb/>Top; the Difference between the Wall and the Foundation; the principal <lb/>Parts of the Wall; the three Methods of Walling; the Materials and <lb/>Form of the fir&longs;t Cour&longs;e or Layer.<emph.end type="italics"/></s></p><p type="main"> <s>The Foundations being laid, we come <lb/>next to the Wall. </s> <s>But I will not omit <lb/>here a Precaution which belongs as well to the <lb/>Compleating of the Foundation as to the <lb/>Structure of the Wall. </s> <s>In large Buildings, <lb/>where the Wall is to be very thick, we ought <lb/>to leave Vents and Tunnels in the Body of the <lb/>Wall, at moderate Di&longs;tances one from the other, <lb/>from the Foundation quite to the Top, through <lb/>which any Vapour or Damp that may happen <lb/>to engender or gather under Ground may have <lb/>free Pa&longs;&longs;age without damaging the Work. </s> <s>The <lb/>Ancients in &longs;ome of the&longs;e Vents were u&longs;ed to <lb/>make winding Stairs, as well for the Sake of the <lb/>Beauty of the Contrivance it&longs;elf, as for the <lb/>Convenience of pa&longs;&longs;ing up to the Top of the <lb/>Edifice, and perhaps too for the Saving of &longs;ome <lb/>Expence. </s> <s>But to return to our Subject; be­<lb/>tween the Foundation and the naked Wall there <lb/>is this Difference, that the former having the <lb/>Support of the Sides of the Trench, may be made <lb/>of nothing but Rubbi&longs;h, whereas the Latter con­<lb/>&longs;i&longs;ts of Variety of Parts, as we &longs;hall hereafter <lb/>&longs;hew. </s> <s>The principal Parts of the Wall are <lb/>the&longs;e; fir&longs;t, the bottom Part, which begins <lb/>immediately from the Level of the Foundati­<lb/>ons; this we call the fir&longs;t Cour&longs;e laid upon the <lb/>Level, or the Cour&longs;e ri&longs;ing from the Ground: <lb/>The middle Parts, which girt and &longs;urround <lb/>the Wall, we &longs;hall call the &longs;econd Cour&longs;e: The <lb/>highe&longs;t Parts, la&longs;tly, that is to &longs;ay, tho&longs;e which <lb/>&longs;upport the top Roof, we call Cornices. </s> <s>Some <lb/>of the principal Parts or rather the prin­<lb/>cipal Parts of all are the Corners of the <lb/>Wall, and the Pila&longs;ters, or Columns, or any <lb/>thing el&longs;e in their &longs;tead &longs;et in the Wall to &longs;up­<lb/>port the Beams and Arches of the Covering; <lb/>all which are comprized under the Name of <lb/>Bones or Ribs. </s> <s>Likewi&longs;e the Jambs on each <lb/>Side of all Openings partake of the Nature both <lb/>of Corners and of Columns. </s> <s>Moreover, the <lb/>Coverings of Openings, that is to &longs;ay, the Lin­<lb/>tels or Tran&longs;oms, whether &longs;trait or arched, are <lb/>al&longs;o reckoned among the Bones. </s> <s>And indeed <lb/>I take an Arch to be nothing more than a Beam <lb/>bent, and the Beam or Tran&longs;om to be only a <lb/>Column laid cro&longs;&longs;ways. </s> <s>Tho&longs;e Parts which <lb/>interfere or lie between the&longs;e principal Parts, <lb/>are very properly called Fillers up. </s> <s>There are <lb/>&longs;ome Things throughout the whole Wall <lb/>which agree each with &longs;ome one of the Parts <lb/>we have here &longs;poken of; that is to &longs;ay, the fill­<lb/>ing up or cramming of the Middle of the Wall, <lb/>and the two Barks or Shells of each Side, <lb/>whereof that without is to bear the Sun and <lb/>Weather, and that within is to give Shade and <lb/>Shelter to the In&longs;ide of the Platform. </s> <s>The <lb/>Rules for the&longs;e Shells and for their &longs;tuffing are <lb/>various, according to the Variety of Structures. <lb/></s> <s>The different Sorts of Structures are the&longs;e; the <lb/>ordinary Sort, the chequer Sort and the Irregu­<lb/>lar: And here it may not be ami&longs;s to take <lb/><pb xlink:href="003/01/062.jpg" pagenum="48"/>Notice of what <emph type="italics"/>Varro<emph.end type="italics"/> &longs;ays, that the <emph type="italics"/>Tu&longs;cans<emph.end type="italics"/><lb/>u&longs;ed to build their Country Hou&longs;es of Stone, <lb/>but the <emph type="italics"/>Gauls<emph.end type="italics"/> of baked Brick, the <emph type="italics"/>Sabines<emph.end type="italics"/> of <lb/>Brick unbaked, the <emph type="italics"/>Spaniards<emph.end type="italics"/> of Mud and lit­<lb/>tle Stones mixed together. </s> <s>But of the&longs;e we <lb/>&longs;hall &longs;peak el&longs;ewhere. </s> <s>The ordinary Sort of <lb/>Structure, is that in which &longs;quared Stones, <lb/>either the middling or rather the large Sort, are <lb/>placed with their Fronts exactly an&longs;wering to <lb/>the &longs;quare level and plumb Line; which is the <lb/>&longs;tronge&longs;t and mo&longs;t la&longs;ting Way of all. </s> <s>The <lb/>chequered Way is when &longs;quared Stones, either <lb/>the middle &longs;ized, or rather very &longs;mall ones, are <lb/>placed not on their Sides, but on their Corners, <lb/>and lie with their Fronts an&longs;wering to the <lb/>&longs;quare and plumb Line. </s> <s>The irregular Way <lb/>is where ordinary rough Stones are placed with <lb/>their Sides an&longs;wering, as well as the Inequality <lb/>of their Forms will permit, one to the other; <lb/>and this is the Method u&longs;ed in the Pavement <lb/>of the publick Ways. </s> <s>But the&longs;e Methods mu&longs;t <lb/>be u&longs;ed differently in different Places; for in <lb/>the Ba&longs;es, or fir&longs;t Cour&longs;e above the Ground, we <lb/>mu&longs;t make our Shell of nothing but very large <lb/>and very hard &longs;quare Stones; for as we ought <lb/>to make the whole Wall as firm and entire as <lb/>po&longs;&longs;ible, &longs;o there is no Part of it that requires <lb/>more Strength and Soundne&longs;s than this; in&longs;o­<lb/>much that if it were po&longs;&longs;ible for you to make <lb/>it all of one &longs;ingle Stone you &longs;hould do it, or <lb/>at lea&longs;t make it only of &longs;uch a Number as may <lb/>come as near as may be to the Firmne&longs;s and <lb/>Durablene&longs;s of one &longs;ingle Stone. </s> <s>How the&longs;e <lb/>great Stones are to be mov'd and manag'd, <lb/>belonging properly to the Article of Ornaments, <lb/>we &longs;hall con&longs;ider of it in another Place.</s></p><p type="main"> <s>RAISE your Wall &longs;ays <emph type="italics"/>Cato,<emph.end type="italics"/> of hard Stone <lb/>and good Mortar to at lea&longs;t a Foot high above <lb/>the Ground, and it matters not if you build <lb/>the re&longs;t even of Brick unbak'd. </s> <s>His Rea&longs;on <lb/>for this Admonition is plainly becau&longs;e the Rain­<lb/>Water falling from the Roof might not rot <lb/>this Part of the Wall. </s> <s>But when we examine <lb/>the Works of the Ancients, and find that not <lb/>only in our own Country the lower Parts of <lb/>all good Buildings are compos'd of the harde&longs;t <lb/>Stone, but that even among tho&longs;e Nations <lb/>which are under no Apprehen&longs;ions from Rain, <lb/>as in <emph type="italics"/>Ægypt,<emph.end type="italics"/> they u&longs;ed to make the Ba&longs;es of <lb/>their Pyramids of a black Stone of an extreme <lb/>Hardne&longs;s; we are obliged to look more nearly <lb/>into this Matter. </s> <s>We &longs;hould therefore con­<lb/>&longs;ider that as Iron, Bra&longs;s, and the like hard <lb/>Metals, if bent &longs;everal Times fir&longs;t this way <lb/>and then that, will at la&longs;t crack and break; &longs;o <lb/>other Bodies, if wearied with a repeated Change <lb/>of Injuries, will &longs;poil and corruptinconceivably; <lb/>which is what I have ob&longs;erved in Bridges, <lb/>e&longs;pecially of Wood: Tho&longs;e Parts of them <lb/>which &longs;tand all the Changes of Weather, &longs;ome­<lb/>times burnt with the Rays of the Sun, and <lb/>&longs;harp Bla&longs;ts of Wind, at other Times &longs;oak'd <lb/>with Night-dews or Rains, very &longs;oon decay <lb/>and are quite eaten away by the Worms. </s> <s>The <lb/>&longs;ame holds good of tho&longs;e Parts of the Wall <lb/>which are near to the Ground, which by theal­<lb/>ternate injuries of Du&longs;t and Wet are very apt to <lb/>moulder and rot. </s> <s>I therefore lay it down as an <lb/>indi&longs;pen&longs;ible Rule, that all the fir&longs;t Cour&longs;e of <lb/>Work from the Level, &longs;hould be compos'd of <lb/>the harde&longs;t, &longs;ounde&longs;t, and large&longs;t Stones, to <lb/>&longs;ecure it again&longs;t the frequent A&longs;&longs;aults of con­<lb/>trary Injuries: Which Stone is harde&longs;t and be&longs;t, <lb/>we have &longs;hewn &longs;ufficiently in the Second Book.</s></p><p type="head"> <s>CHAP. VII.</s></p><p type="head"> <s><emph type="italics"/>Of the Generation of Stones; how they are to be di&longs;pos'd and join'd together, as <lb/>al&longs;o, which are the Stronge&longs;t and which the Weake&longs;t.<emph.end type="italics"/></s></p><p type="main"> <s>It is certainly of very great Con&longs;equence in <lb/>what Manner we di&longs;po&longs;e and join our <lb/>Stone in the Work, either in this or any other <lb/>Part; for as in Wood &longs;o al&longs;o in Stone, there <lb/>are Veins and Knots, and other Parts, of <lb/>which &longs;ome are weaker than others, in&longs;omuch <lb/>that Marble it&longs;elf will warp and &longs;plit. </s> <s>There <lb/>is in Stones a Kind of Impo&longs;tumes, or Collections <lb/>of putrid Matter, which in Time &longs;well and <lb/>grow, by means, as I &longs;uppo&longs;e of the Humidity <lb/>of the Air, which they &longs;uck in and imbibe <lb/>which breeds larger Pu&longs;tules, and eats away <lb/>the Building. </s> <s>For be&longs;ides what we have <lb/>already &longs;aid of Stones in their proper Place, it <lb/>is nece&longs;&longs;ary to con&longs;ider here that they are <lb/>created by Nature, lying flat as we &longs;ee them <lb/>in the Ground, of a liquid and fluxible Sub­<lb/>&longs;tance, which, as we are told, when it is af­<lb/>terwards harden'd and grown, re&longs;erves in the <lb/>Ma&longs;s the original Figure of its Parts. </s> <s>Hence <pb xlink:href="003/01/063.jpg" pagenum="49"/>it proceeds, that the lower Part of Stones is of <lb/>a more &longs;olid and weighty Con&longs;i&longs;tence than the <lb/>Upper, and that they interrupted with Veins, <lb/>ju&longs;t according as their Sub&longs;tances happened to <lb/>unite and conglutinate. </s> <s>That Matter which is <lb/>found within the Veins, whether it be the Scum <lb/>of the fir&longs;t congealed Sub&longs;tance mix'd with the <lb/>Dregs of the adventitious Matter, or whatever <lb/>el&longs;e it be, as it is plainly of &longs;o different a Con­<lb/>&longs;i&longs;tence, that Nature will not permit it to <lb/>unite with the re&longs;t, it is no Wonder that it is <lb/>the Part in Stone which is apt to crack. </s> <s>And <lb/>indeed, as Experience teaches us, the Deva­<lb/>&longs;tations of Time too evidently demon&longs;trate, <lb/>without &longs;earching into Cau&longs;es more remote, <lb/>that all vegetative and compound Bodies con­<lb/>&longs;ume and decay; &longs;o in Stones, the Parts ex­<lb/>pos'd to the Weather are &longs;oone&longs;t rotted. </s> <s>This <lb/>being the Ca&longs;e, we are advi&longs;ed in Placing our <lb/>Stone to &longs;et tho&longs;e Parts of it which are the <lb/>&longs;tronge&longs;t, and lea&longs;t apt to putrify, again&longs;t the <lb/>Violence of the alternate Injuries of the Wea­<lb/>ther, e&longs;pecially in tho&longs;e Parts of the Building <lb/>where mo&longs;t Strength is requir'd. </s> <s>For this Rea­<lb/>&longs;on we &longs;hould not &longs;et the Veins upright, le&longs;t <lb/>the Weather &longs;hould make the Stone crack and <lb/>&longs;cale off; but they &longs;hould be laid flat down­<lb/>wards that the Pre&longs;&longs;ure of the incumbant <lb/>Weight may hinder them from opening. </s> <s>The <lb/>Side which in the Quarry lay mo&longs;t hid, &longs;hould <lb/>be placed again&longs;t the Air; becau&longs;e it is always <lb/>the &longs;tronge&longs;t and mo&longs;t unctious. </s> <s>But of all <lb/>Stone, none will prove &longs;o hardy as that which <lb/>has its Veins not running in parellel Lines with <lb/>tho&longs;e of the Quarry, but cro&longs;&longs;way and directly <lb/>tran&longs;ver&longs;e. </s> <s>Moreover the Corners throughout <lb/>the whole Building, as they require the <lb/>greate&longs;t Degree of Strength, ought to be par­<lb/>ticularly well fortify'd; and, if I mi&longs;take not, <lb/>each Corner is in effect the half of the whole <lb/>Structure; for if one of them happens to fail, <lb/>it occa&longs;ions the Ruin of both the Sides to <lb/>which it an&longs;wers. </s> <s>And if you will take the <lb/>Pains to examine, I dare &longs;ay you will find that <lb/>hardly any Building ever begins to decay, but <lb/>by the Fault of one of its Corners. </s> <s>It there­<lb/>fore &longs;hew'd great Di&longs;cretion in the Ancients, <lb/>to make their Corners much thicker than the <lb/>re&longs;t of the Wall, and in Porticoes of Columns <lb/>to &longs;trengthen their Angles in a particular Man­<lb/>ner. </s> <s>This Strength in the Corners is not re­<lb/>quired upon Account of its Supporting the <lb/>Covering (for that is rather the Bu&longs;ine&longs;s of the <lb/>Columns) but only to keep the Wall up to its <lb/>Duty, and hinder it from leaning any Way <lb/>from its perpendicular. </s> <s>Let the Corners there­<lb/>fore be of the harde&longs;t and longe&longs;t Stones, <lb/>which may embrace both Sides of the Wall, as <lb/>it were, like Arms; and let them be full as <lb/>broad as the Wall, that there may be no need <lb/>to &longs;tuff the Middle with Rubbi&longs;h. </s> <s>It is al&longs;o <lb/>nece&longs;&longs;ary, that the Ribs in the Wall and the <lb/>Jambs or Sides of the Apertures, &longs;hould be <lb/>fortify'd like the Corners, and made &longs;trong in <lb/>proportion to the Weight they are de&longs;ign'd to <lb/>&longs;upport. </s> <s>And above all we &longs;hould leave Bits, <lb/>that is to &longs;ay, Stones left every other Row jut­<lb/>ting out at the Ends of the Wall, like Teeth, <lb/>for the Stones of the other Front of the Wall <lb/>to fa&longs;ten and catch into.</s></p><p type="head"> <s>CHAP. VIII.</s></p><p type="head"> <s><emph type="italics"/>Of the Parts of the Fini&longs;hing; of the Shells, the Stuffing, and their different <lb/>Sorts.<emph.end type="italics"/></s></p><p type="main"> <s>The Parts of the Fini&longs;hing are tho&longs;e <lb/>which, as we &longs;aid before, are common <lb/>to the whole Wall; that is, the Shell and the <lb/>Stuffing; but there are two Shells, one out­<lb/>ward and the other inward; if you make the <lb/>outward of the harde&longs;t Stone you can get, the <lb/>Building will be the more durable. </s> <s>And indeed <lb/>in all Sorts of Fini&longs;hing, let it be of what <lb/>Kind of Work you will, either chequer'd, or <lb/>of rough Stones, it is indifferent, provided you <lb/>&longs;et again&longs;t the continual mi&longs;chievous Violence <lb/>either of Sun, or Wind, or of Fire, or Fro&longs;t, <lb/>&longs;uch Stones as are in their Nature be&longs;t fitted <lb/>for re&longs;i&longs;ting either Force, Weight, or Injuries; <lb/>and we &longs;hould take Care to let our Materials be <lb/>particularly Sound where-ever the Rain in its <lb/>Fall from the Roof or Gutters is driven by the <lb/>Wind again&longs;t the Wall; &longs;ince we often find in <lb/>old Buildings, that &longs;uch Sprinklings will rot <lb/>and eat into Marble it&longs;elf. </s> <s>Though all prudent <lb/>Architects, to provide again&longs;t this Mi&longs;chief, <lb/>have taken Care to bring all the Water on the <lb/>Roof together into Gutters and Pipes, and &longs;o <lb/>carry it clear away. </s> <s>Moreover, the Ancients <pb xlink:href="003/01/064.jpg" pagenum="50"/>ob&longs;erv'd that in Autumn the Leaves of Trees <lb/>always began to fall to the South-&longs;ide &longs;ir&longs;t; <lb/>and in Buildings ruinated by Time, I have <lb/>taken Notice that they always began to decay <lb/>fir&longs;t towards the South. </s> <s>The Rea&longs;on of this <lb/>may perhaps be that the Heat and Force of the <lb/>Sun lying upon the Work while it was &longs;till <lb/>in Hand might exhau&longs;t the Strength of the <lb/>Cement; and the Stone it&longs;elf being frequently <lb/>moi&longs;ten'd by the South-wind, and then again <lb/>dry'd and burnt by the Rays of the Sun, <lb/>rots and moulders. </s> <s>Again&longs;t the&longs;e and the like <lb/>Injuries therefore, we &longs;hould oppo&longs;e our be&longs;t <lb/>and &longs;toute&longs;t Materials. </s> <s>What I think too is <lb/>principally to be ob&longs;erv'd, is to let every Row <lb/>or Cour&longs;e of Stone throughout the Wall be <lb/>even and equally proportion'd, not patch'd up <lb/>of great Stones on the right Hand and little <lb/>ones on the left; becau&longs;e we are told that the <lb/>Wall by the Addition of any new Weight is <lb/>&longs;queezed clo&longs;er together, and the Mortar in <lb/>drying is hinder'd by this Pre&longs;&longs;ure from taking <lb/>due hold, which mu&longs;t of Cour&longs;e make Cracks <lb/>and Defects in the Work. </s> <s>But you may be <lb/>&longs;afely allow'd to make the inward Shell, and <lb/>all the Front of the Wall of that Side, of a <lb/>&longs;ofter and weaker Stone; but whatever Shell <lb/>you make, whether inward or outward, it <lb/>mu&longs;t be always perpendicular, and its Line <lb/>exactly even. </s> <s>Its Line mu&longs;t always an&longs;wer <lb/>ju&longs;tly to the Line of the Platform, &longs;o as not in <lb/>any Part to &longs;well out or &longs;ink in, or to be <lb/>wavy, or not exactly plum, and perfectly well <lb/>compacted and fini&longs;hed. </s> <s>If you rough. </s> <s>Ca&longs;t <lb/>your Wall as you build it, or while it is fre&longs;h, <lb/>whatever Plai&longs;tering or Whitening you do it <lb/>over with afterwards will la&longs;t, in a Manner, for <lb/>ever. </s> <s>There are two Sorts of Stuffing; the <lb/>one is that with which we fill the Hollow that <lb/>is left between the two Shells, con&longs;i&longs;ting of <lb/>Mortar and broken Fragments of Stone thrown <lb/>in together without any Order; the other con­<lb/>&longs;i&longs;ting of ordinary rough Stone, with which <lb/>we may be &longs;aid rather to wall than only to fill <lb/>up. </s> <s>Both plainly appears to have been in­<lb/>vented by good-husbandry, becau&longs;e any &longs;mall <lb/>Coar&longs;e Stuff is u&longs;ed in this Kind of Work. <lb/></s> <s>But if there was Plenty of large &longs;quare Stone <lb/>ea&longs;ily to be had, who I wonder, would choo&longs;e <lb/>to make U&longs;e of &longs;mall Fragments? </s> <s>And indeed <lb/>herein alone the Ribs of the Wall differ from <lb/>what we call the Fini&longs;hing, that between the <lb/>two Shells of this latter we &longs;tuff in coar&longs;e Rub­<lb/>bi&longs;h or broken Pieces that come to Hand; <lb/>whereas, in the Former we admit very &longs;ew <lb/>or no unequal Stones, but make tho&longs;e Parts of <lb/>the Wall quite through, of what we have <lb/>call'd the <emph type="italics"/>ordinary<emph.end type="italics"/> Sort of Work. </s> <s>If I were to <lb/>choo&longs;e, I would have the Wall throughout <lb/>made of nothing but regularCour&longs;es of &longs;quared <lb/>Stone, that it might be as la&longs;ting as po&longs;&longs;ible; <lb/>but whatever hollow you leave between the <lb/>Shells to be filled up with Rubbi&longs;h, you &longs;hould <lb/>take Care to let the Cour&longs;es of each Side be <lb/>as even as po&longs;&longs;ible and it will be proper be­<lb/>&longs;ides to lay a good many large Stones, at con­<lb/>venient Di&longs;tances, that may go quite through <lb/>the Wall to both Shells, in order to bind and <lb/>gird them together, that the Rubbi&longs;h you <lb/>&longs;tuff them with may not bur&longs;t them out. <lb/></s> <s>The Ancients made it a Rule in &longs;tuffing their <lb/>Walls, not to continue the Stuffing uninterrup­<lb/>ted to the Heigth of above five Foot, and then <lb/>they laid over it a Cour&longs;e of whole Stone. </s> <s>This <lb/>fa&longs;ten'd and bound the Wall, as it were, with <lb/>Nerves and Ligaments; &longs;o that if any Part of <lb/>the Stuffing, either through the Fault of the <lb/>Workman, or by Accident, happen'd to &longs;ink, <lb/>it could not pull every Thing el&longs;e along with <lb/>it, but the Weight above had in a Manner <lb/>a new Ba&longs;is to re&longs;t upon. </s> <s>La&longs;tly, we are <lb/>taught what I find con&longs;tantly ob&longs;erved <lb/>among the Ancients, never to admit any Stone <lb/>among our Stuffing that weighs above a Pound, <lb/>becau&longs;e they &longs;uppo&longs;e that &longs;mall ones unite <lb/>more ea&longs;ily, and knit bettter with the Cement <lb/>than large ones.</s></p><p type="main"> <s>IT is not altogether foreign to our Pur­<lb/>po&longs;e, what we read in <emph type="italics"/>Plutarch<emph.end type="italics"/> of King <emph type="italics"/>Minos,<emph.end type="italics"/><lb/>that he divided the Plebeans into &longs;everal Cla&longs;­<lb/>&longs;es, according to their &longs;everal Profe&longs;&longs;ions, upon <lb/>this Principle, that the &longs;maller the Parts are <lb/>a Body is &longs;plit into, the more ea&longs;ily it may <lb/>be governed and managed. </s> <s>It is al&longs;o of no <lb/>little Con&longs;equence to have the Hollow com­<lb/>pletly fill'd up, and every the lea&longs;t Crevice <lb/>clo&longs;e &longs;topt, not only upon the Account of <lb/>Strength, but likewi&longs;e to hinder any Animals <lb/>from getting in and making their Ne&longs;ts there, <lb/>and to prevent the Gathering of Dirt and <lb/>Seeds, which might make Weeds grow in the <lb/>Wall. </s> <s>It is almo&longs;t incredible what huge <lb/>Weights of Stone, and what va&longs;t Piles I have <lb/>known moved and opened by the &longs;ingle Root <lb/>of one Plant. </s> <s>You mu&longs;t take Care therefore <lb/>to let your whole Structure be girt and fill'd <lb/>compleatly.</s></p><pb xlink:href="003/01/065.jpg" pagenum="51"/><p type="head"> <s>CHAP. IX.</s></p><p type="head"> <s><emph type="italics"/>Of the Girders of Stone, of the Ligament and Fortification of the Cornices, <lb/>and how to unite &longs;everal Stones for the &longs;trengthening of the Wall.<emph.end type="italics"/></s></p><p type="main"> <s>A mong the Girders we reckon tho&longs;e Cour­<lb/>&longs;es of large Stone which tie the out­<lb/>ward Shell to the Inward, and which bind the <lb/>Ribs one into the other, &longs;uch as are tho&longs;e <lb/>which we &longs;aid in the la&longs;t Chapter ought to be <lb/>made every five Foot. </s> <s>But there are other <lb/>Girders be&longs;ides, and tho&longs;e principal ones, <lb/>which run the whole Length of the Wall to <lb/>embrace the Corners and &longs;trengthen the whole <lb/>Work: But the&longs;e latter are not &longs;o frequent, <lb/>and I do not remember ever to have &longs;een <lb/>above two, or at mo&longs;t three in one Wall. <lb/></s> <s>Their Place is the Summit of the Wall, to be <lb/>as it were a Crown to the Whole, and to per­<lb/>form the &longs;ame Service at the Top which the <lb/>other more frequent Girders at the Di&longs;tance <lb/>of every five Foot do in the Middle, where <lb/>&longs;maller Stones are allow'd; but in the&longs;e other <lb/>Girders, which we call Cornices, as they are <lb/>fewer and of more Importance, &longs;o much the <lb/>larger and the &longs;tronger Stones they require. </s> <s>In <lb/>both according to their different Offices, the <lb/>be&longs;t, the longe&longs;t, and the thicke&longs;t Stones are <lb/>nece&longs;&longs;ary. </s> <s>The &longs;maller Girders are made to <lb/>an&longs;wer to the Rule and Plum-line with the <lb/>re&longs;t of the Shell of the Wall: but the&longs;e great <lb/>ones, like a Crown, project &longs;omewhat forwards. <lb/></s> <s>The&longs;e long, thick Stones mu&longs;t be laid exactly <lb/>plum, and be well link'd with the under <lb/>Cour&longs;es, &longs;o as to make a Kind of Pavement <lb/>at Top to &longs;hadow and protect the Sub&longs;truc­<lb/><arrow.to.target n="marg8"/><lb/>ture. </s> <s>The Way of placing the&longs;e Stones one <lb/>upon the other, is to let the Middle of the <lb/>Stone above an&longs;wer exactly to the Juncture of <lb/>the two in the Cour&longs;e below, &longs;o that its Weight <lb/>is equally pois'd upon them both; as (A.) <lb/>Which way of Working, as it ought not in­<lb/>deed to be neglected in any Part of the Wall, <lb/>ought to be particularly followed in the Gir­<lb/>ders. </s> <s>I have ob&longs;erved that the Ancients in <lb/>their checquer'd Works u&longs;ed to make their <lb/>Girders of five Cour&longs;es of Bricks, or at lea&longs;t of <lb/>three, and that all of them, or at lea&longs;t one <lb/>Cour&longs;e was of Stone, not thicker than the re&longs;t, <lb/>but longer and broader; as (B.) But in their <lb/>ordinary Sort of Brick-work, I find they were <lb/>content for Girders to make at every five Foot <lb/>a Cour&longs;e of Bricks two Foot thick as (C)</s></p><p type="margin"> <s><margin.target id="marg8"/>*</s></p><p type="main"> <s>I KNOW &longs;ome too have inter&longs;pers'd Plates or <lb/>Cramps of Lead of a con&longs;iderable Length, <lb/>and as broad as the Wall was thick, in order <lb/>to bind the Work. </s> <s>But when they built with <lb/>very large Stone, I find they were contented <lb/>with fewer Girders, or even only with the <lb/>Cornices. </s> <s>In making the Cornices, which are <lb/>to girt in the Wall with the &longs;tronge&longs;t Liga­<lb/>ture, we ought to neglect none of the Rules <lb/>which we have laid down about the Girders; <lb/>namely, we &longs;hould u&longs;e in them none but the <lb/>longe&longs;t, thicke&longs;t, and &longs;tronge&longs;t Stones, which <lb/>we &longs;hould put together in the mo&longs;t exact and <lb/>regular Order, each laid nicely even and level <lb/>by the Square and Plum-line. </s> <s>And we ought <lb/>to be more diligent and careful in this Part of <lb/>the Work, becau&longs;e it is to gird in the Whole <lb/>Wall, which is more apt to ruinate in this Part <lb/>than in any other. </s> <s>The Covering too has its <lb/>Office with relation to the Wall; whence it <lb/>is laid down as a Rule, that to a Wall of crude <lb/>Bricks we are to make a Cornice of baked <lb/>ones, to the Intent that if any Water &longs;hould <lb/>chance to fall from the End of the Covering, <lb/>or from the Gutters, it may be it may do no <lb/>Mi&longs;chief, but that the Wall may be defended <lb/>by the Projecting of the Cornice. </s> <s>For which <lb/>Rea&longs;on we ought to take Care that every Part <lb/>of the Wall have a Cornice over it for a <lb/>Covering to it, which ought to be firmly <lb/>wrought and well &longs;tucco'd over to repel all the <lb/>Injuries of the Weather. </s> <s>We are here again <lb/>to con&longs;ider in what Manner we are to unite <lb/>and con&longs;olidate a Number of &longs;eperate Stones <lb/>into one Body of Wall; and the principal <lb/>Thing that offers it&longs;elf to our Thoughts as <lb/>nece&longs;&longs;ary, is good Lime; though I do not <lb/>take it to be the proper Cement for every Sort <lb/>of Stone: Marble, for In&longs;tance, if touch'd <lb/>with Lime, will not only loo&longs;e its Whitene&longs;s, <lb/>but will contract foul bloody Spots. </s> <s>But Mar­<lb/>ble, is &longs;o delicate and &longs;o coy of its Whitene&longs;s, <lb/>that it will hardly bear the Touch of any <lb/>Thing but it&longs;elf; it di&longs;dains Smoke; &longs;mear'd <lb/><pb xlink:href="003/01/066.jpg" pagenum="52"/>with Oil, it grows pale; wa&longs;h'd with Red <lb/>Wine, it turns of a dirty brown; with Water, <lb/>kept &longs;ome time in Che&longs;&longs;nut-wood, it changes <lb/>quite thro' to black, and is &longs;o totally &longs;tain'd, <lb/>that no &longs;craping will fetch out the Spots. </s> <s>For <lb/>this Rea&longs;on the Ancients u&longs;ed Marble in their <lb/>Works naked, and if po&longs;&longs;ible without the <lb/>lea&longs;t Mortar: But of the&longs;e hereafter.</s></p><p type="head"> <s>CHAP. X.</s></p><p type="head"> <s><emph type="italics"/>Of the true Manner of Working the Wall, and of the Agreement there is be­<lb/>tween Stone and Sand.<emph.end type="italics"/></s></p><p type="main"> <s>Now as it is the Bu&longs;ine&longs;s of an expert <lb/>Workman, not &longs;o much to make <lb/>Choice of the fitte&longs;t Materials, as to put tho&longs;e <lb/>which he is &longs;upplied with to the be&longs;t and <lb/>propere&longs;t U&longs;es; we will proceed on our Sub­<lb/>ject in this Manner. </s> <s>Lime is well burnt, when <lb/>after it has been water'd, and the Heat gone <lb/>out of it, it ri&longs;es up like the Froth of Milk, <lb/>and &longs;wells all the Clods. </s> <s>Its not having been <lb/>long enough &longs;oak'd you may know by the little <lb/>Stones you will find in it when you mix the <lb/>Sand with it. </s> <s>If you put too much Sand to it, <lb/>it will be too &longs;harp to cement well; if you <lb/>put le&longs;s than its Nature and Strength requires, <lb/>it will be as &longs;tiff as Glue, and is not to be <lb/>managed. </s> <s>Such as is not thoroughly &longs;oak'd, <lb/>or that is weaker upon any other Account, <lb/>may be u&longs;ed with le&longs;s Danger in the Foundation <lb/>than in the Wall, and in the Stuffing than in <lb/>Shells. </s> <s>But the Corners, the Ribs, and the <lb/>Band-&longs;tones mu&longs;t be entirely free from Mortar <lb/>that has the lea&longs;t Defect; and Arches e&longs;peci­<lb/>ally require the very be&longs;t of all. </s> <s>The Corners, <lb/>and Ribs, and the Band-&longs;tones, and Cornices <lb/>require the fine&longs;t, &longs;malle&longs;t and cleare&longs;t Sand, <lb/>particularly when they are built of poli&longs;hed <lb/>Stone. </s> <s>The Stuffing may be done with <lb/>coar&longs;er Stone.</s></p><p type="main"> <s>STONE in its Nature dry and thir&longs;ty, agrees <lb/>not ill with River-&longs;and. </s> <s>Stone in its Nature <lb/>moi&longs;t and watery, delights in Pit-&longs;and. </s> <s>I <lb/>would not have Sea-&longs;and u&longs;ed towards the <lb/>South; it may perhaps do better again&longs;t the <lb/>Northern Winds. </s> <s>For &longs;mall Stones, a thick <lb/>lean Mortar is be&longs;t; to a dry exhau&longs;ted Stone, <lb/>we &longs;hould u&longs;e a fat Sort; though the Ancients <lb/>were of Opinion that in all Parts of the Walls <lb/>the fatti&longs;h Sort is more tenacious than the lean. <lb/></s> <s>Great Stones they always lay upon a very &longs;oft <lb/>fluid Mortar, &longs;o that it rather &longs;eems de&longs;ign'd <lb/>to lubricate and make the Bed they are laid <lb/>upon &longs;lippery, to the Intent, that while they <lb/>are fixing in their Places they may be ea&longs;y to <lb/>move with the Hand, then to cement and <lb/>fa&longs;ten them together. </s> <s>But it is certainly proper <lb/>to lay a &longs;oft Stuff underneath in this Manner, <lb/>like a Pillow, to prevent the Stones, which <lb/>have a great Weight lying upon them, from <lb/>breaking. </s> <s>There are &longs;ome, who ob&longs;erving <lb/>here and there in the Works of the Ancients, <lb/>large Stones, which where they join &longs;eem <lb/>dawb'd over with red Earth, imagine that the <lb/>Ancients u&longs;ed that in&longs;tead of Mortar. </s> <s>I do <lb/>not think this probable, becau&longs;e we never find <lb/>both Sides, but only one of them, &longs;mear'd <lb/>with this Sort of Stuff. </s> <s>There are &longs;ome other <lb/>Rules concerning the Working of our Walls, <lb/>not to be neglected. </s> <s>We ought never to fall <lb/>upon our Work with a violent Ha&longs;te, heaping <lb/>one Stone upon another, in a Kind tumul­<lb/>tuousHurry, without the lea&longs;t Re&longs;pite: Neither <lb/>ought we, after we have began to build, to <lb/>delay it with a &longs;luggi&longs;h Heavine&longs;s, as if we had <lb/>no Stomach to what we are about; but we <lb/>ought to follow our Work with &longs;uch a rea&longs;on­<lb/>able Di&longs;patch, that Speed and Con&longs;ideration <lb/>may appear to go Hand in Hand together. <lb/></s> <s>Experienced Workmen forewarn us again&longs;t <lb/>rai&longs;ing the Structure too high, before what we <lb/>have already done is thoroughly &longs;ettled; be­<lb/>cau&longs;e the Work, while it is fre&longs;h and &longs;oft, is <lb/>too weak and pliable to bear a Super&longs;tructure. <lb/></s> <s>We may take Example from the Swallows, <lb/>taught by Nature, which when they build <lb/>their Ne&longs;ts, fir&longs;t dawb or glue over the Beams <lb/>which are to be the Foundation and Ba&longs;is of <lb/>their Edifice, and then are not too ha&longs;ty to <lb/>lay the &longs;econd dawbing over this, but inter­<lb/>mit the Work till the fir&longs;t is &longs;ufficiently dry'd; <lb/>after which they continue their Building rea&longs;on­<lb/>ably and properly. </s> <s>They &longs;ay the Mortar has <lb/>taken &longs;ufficient hold when it puts forth a Kind <lb/>of Mo&longs;s or little Flower well known to Ma&longs;ons. <lb/></s> <s>At what Di&longs;tances it is proper to re&longs;pite the <lb/>we may gather from the Thickne&longs;s of the <lb/>Wall it&longs;elf, and from the Temperature of the </s></p><pb xlink:href="003/01/067.jpg"/><p type="caption"> <s>PLATE 6. <emph type="italics"/>(Page 51)<emph.end type="italics"/><lb/><figure id="id.003.01.067.1.jpg" xlink:href="003/01/067/1.jpg"/></s></p><pb xlink:href="003/01/068.jpg"/><p type="caption"> <s>PLATE 7. <emph type="italics"/>(Page 56)<emph.end type="italics"/><lb/><figure id="id.003.01.068.1.jpg" xlink:href="003/01/068/1.jpg"/><pb xlink:href="003/01/069.jpg" pagenum="53"/>Place and of the Climate. </s> <s>When you think <lb/>it Time for a Re&longs;pite, cover the Top of the <lb/>Wall over with Straw, that the Wind and Sun <lb/>may not exhau&longs;t the Strength of the Cement, <lb/>and make it rather u&longs;ele&longs;s than dry and binding. <lb/></s> <s>When you re&longs;ume your Work, pour a con­<lb/>&longs;iderable Quantity of clean Water upon it, <lb/>till it is thoroughly &longs;oak'd and wa&longs;h'd from <lb/>all Manner of Dirt, that no Seeds may be left <lb/>to engender Weeds. </s> <s>There is nothing that <lb/>makes the Work &longs;tronger and more durable <lb/>than moi&longs;tening the Stone &longs;ufficiently with <lb/>Water; and they &longs;ay the Stone is never <lb/>&longs;oak'd as it &longs;hould be, if upon breaking, the <lb/>In&longs;ide all through is not moi&longs;t and turned black. <lb/></s> <s>Add to what has been &longs;aid, that in erecting <lb/>our Wall we ought, in &longs;uch Places where it <lb/>is po&longs;&longs;ible new Openings may afterwards be <lb/>wanting either for Conveniency or Plea&longs;ure, to <lb/>turn Arches in the Wall, that if you after­<lb/>wards take out any of the Work from beneath <lb/>tho&longs;e Arches, for the afore&longs;aid Purpo&longs;es, the <lb/>Wall may have a good Arch, built at the <lb/>&longs;ame Time with it&longs;elf, to re&longs;t upon. </s> <s>It is <lb/>hardly to be conceiv'd how much the Strength <lb/>of a Building is impair'd only by taking out <lb/>one &longs;ingle Stone, be it ever &longs;o little; and <lb/>there is no &longs;uch Thing as &longs;etting a new Struc­<lb/>ture upon an old one, but that they will open <lb/>and part one from the other; and how much <lb/>&longs;uch a Crack mu&longs;t di&longs;po&longs;e the Wall to ruin, <lb/>need not be mention'd. </s> <s>A very thick Wall <lb/>has no need of Scaffolding, becau&longs;e it is broad <lb/>enough for the Ma&longs;on to &longs;tand upon the Wall <lb/>it&longs;elf.</s></p><p type="head"> <s>CHAP. XI.</s></p><p type="main"> <s><emph type="italics"/>Of the Way of Working different Materials; of Plai&longs;tering; of Cramps, <lb/>and how to pre&longs;erve them; the mo&longs;t ancient In&longs;tructions of Architects; and <lb/>&longs;ome Methods to prevent the Mi&longs;chiefs of Lightening.<emph.end type="italics"/></s></p><p type="main"> <s>We have treated of the be&longs;t Manner of <lb/>Building, what Stone we are to <lb/>choo&longs;e, and how we are to prepare our Mor­<lb/>tar: But as we &longs;hall &longs;ometimes be obliged to <lb/>make u&longs;e of other Sorts of Stone, whereof &longs;ome <lb/>are not cemented with Mortar, but only with <lb/>Slime; and others which are join'd without <lb/>any Cement at all: And there are al&longs;o Buildings <lb/>con&longs;i&longs;ting only of Stuffing, or rough Work, <lb/>and others again only of the Shells; of all <lb/>the&longs;e we &longs;hall &longs;ay &longs;omething as briefly as <lb/>po&longs;&longs;ible. </s> <s>Stones that are to be cemented with <lb/>Slime, ought to be &longs;quared, and very arid; and <lb/>nothing is more proper for this than Bricks, <lb/>either burnt, or rather crude, but very well <lb/>dried. </s> <s>A Building made of crude Bricks is <lb/>extremely healthy to the Inhabitants, very <lb/>&longs;ecure again&longs;t Fire, and but little affected by <lb/>Earthquakes; But then if it is not of a good <lb/>Thickne&longs;s, it will not &longs;upport the Roof; for <lb/>which Rea&longs;on <emph type="italics"/>Cato<emph.end type="italics"/> directs the Rai&longs;ing of <lb/>Pila&longs;ters of Stone to perform that Office. </s> <s>Some <lb/>tell us, that the Slime which is u&longs;ed for <lb/>Cement ought to be like Pitch, and that the <lb/>be&longs;t is that which being &longs;teep'd in Water is <lb/>&longs;lowe&longs;t in di&longs;&longs;olving, and will not ea&longs;ily rub <lb/>off from one's Hand, and which conden&longs;es <lb/>mo&longs;t in drying. </s> <s>Others commend the Sandy <lb/>as be&longs;t, becau&longs;e it is mo&longs;t tractable. </s> <s>This Sort <lb/>of Work ought to be cloathed with a Cru&longs;t of <lb/>Mortar on the Out&longs;ide, and within, if you think <lb/>fit, with Plai&longs;ter of <emph type="italics"/>Paris,<emph.end type="italics"/> or white Earth. <lb/></s> <s>And for the better Sticking the&longs;e on, you mu&longs;t <lb/>in Building your Wall, &longs;et little Pieces of Tile <lb/>here and there in the Cracks of the Joining, <lb/>jutting out like Teeth, for the Plai&longs;ter to <lb/>cleave to. </s> <s>When the Structure is to be com­<lb/>po&longs;ed of naked Stones, they ought to be <lb/>&longs;quared and much bigger than the other, <lb/>and very &longs;ound and &longs;trong; and in this Sort <lb/>of Work we allow of no &longs;tuffing; the Cour&longs;es <lb/>mu&longs;t be regular and even, the Junctures con­<lb/>trived with frequent Ligatures of Cramps and <lb/>Pins. </s> <s>Cramps are what fa&longs;ten together with <lb/>two Stones &longs;ideways that lie even with one <lb/>another, and unite them into a Row: Pins <lb/>are fix'd into an upper Stone and an under one, <lb/>to prevent the Row from being by any Violence <lb/>driven out from the re&longs;t. </s> <s>Cramps and Pins <lb/>of Iron are not reckoned ami&longs;s; but I have <lb/>ob&longs;erved in the Works of the Ancients, that <lb/>Iron ru&longs;ts, and will not la&longs;t; But Bra&longs;s will <lb/>almo&longs;t endure for ever. </s> <s>Be&longs;ides, I find that <lb/>Marble is tainted by the Ru&longs;t of the Iron, and <lb/>breaks all round it. </s> <s>We likewi&longs;e meet with <lb/>Cramps made of Wood in very ancientStructures; <pb xlink:href="003/01/070.jpg" pagenum="54"/>and indeed, I do not think them inferior to <lb/>tho&longs;e of Iron. </s> <s>The Cramps of Bra&longs;s and Iron <lb/>are &longs;a&longs;tened in with Lead: But tho&longs;e of Wood <lb/>are &longs;ufficiently &longs;ecured by their Shape, which <lb/>is made in &longs;uch Manner, that for Re&longs;emblance, <lb/>they are called Swallow, or Dove-tailed. </s> <s>The <lb/>Cramps mu&longs;t be &longs;o placed that no Drops of <lb/>Rain may penetrate to them; and it is <lb/>Thought that the Bra&longs;s ones are yet more <lb/>&longs;trengthened again&longs;t old Age, if in Ca&longs;ting <lb/>they are mixed with one thirtieth Part of Tin: <lb/>They will be le&longs;s liable to ru&longs;t if they are <lb/>anointed with Pitch, or Oil. </s> <s>It is affirmed <lb/>that Iron may be &longs;o tempered by White-lead, <lb/>Plai&longs;ter, and Liquid Pitch, as not to ru&longs;t. <lb/></s> <s>Wooden Cramps done over with Maiden-wax <lb/>and Lees of Oil, will never rot. </s> <s>I have <lb/>known them pour &longs;o much Lead upon Cramps, <lb/>and that &longs;o boyling Hot, that it has bur&longs;t the <lb/>Stones. </s> <s>In ancient Structures we often meet <lb/>with very &longs;trong Walls made of nothing but <lb/>Rubbi&longs;h and broken Stuff; the&longs;e are built like <lb/>the Mud-Walls common in <emph type="italics"/>Spain<emph.end type="italics"/> and <emph type="italics"/>Africa,<emph.end type="italics"/><lb/>by fa&longs;tening on each Side Planks or Hurdles, <lb/>in&longs;tead of Shells, to keep the Stuff together till <lb/>it is dry and &longs;ettled: But herein they differ, <lb/>that the Ancients filled up their Work with <lb/>Mortar liquid, and in a Manner floating; <lb/>whereas, the other only took a clammy Sort <lb/>of Earth which they trod and rammed with <lb/>their Feet, and with Beetles, after having fir&longs;t <lb/>made it tractable by thorough wetting and <lb/>kneading. </s> <s>The Ancients al&longs;o in tho&longs;e rough <lb/>Works of theirs, at the Di&longs;tance of every three <lb/>Foot made a Kind of Band of Pieces of large <lb/>Stone, e&longs;pecially of the ordinary Sort, or at <lb/>lea&longs;t angular; becau&longs;e round Stones, though <lb/>they are very hardy again&longs;t all Sorts of Injuries, <lb/>yet if they are not &longs;urrounded with &longs;trong Sup­<lb/>ports, are very unfaithful in any Wall. </s> <s>In <lb/>the&longs;e other Works, that is to &longs;ay, in the <emph type="italics"/>African<emph.end type="italics"/><lb/>Buildings of Earth, they mixed with their Clay <lb/>the <emph type="italics"/>Spani&longs;h<emph.end type="italics"/>-Broom, or Sea-Bullru&longs;h, which <lb/>made a Stuff admirably good for Working, <lb/>and which remained unhurt either by Wind or <lb/>Weather. </s> <s>In <emph type="italics"/>Pliny<emph.end type="italics"/>'s Time there was to be <lb/>&longs;een upon the Ridges of Mountains &longs;everal <lb/>little Towers for viewing the Country built of <lb/>Earth, which had endured quite from the Days <lb/>of <emph type="italics"/>Hanibal.<emph.end type="italics"/></s><s> We make this Sort of Cru&longs;t <lb/>(which is a fitter Name for it than Shell) with <lb/>Hurdles and Mats, made of Reeds not fre&longs;h <lb/>gathered; a Work indeed not very magni­<lb/>ficent, but generally u&longs;ed by the Old <emph type="italics"/>Plebeian <lb/>Romans.<emph.end type="italics"/></s><s> They rough Ca&longs;t the Hurdles over <lb/>with Clay, beat up for three Days running <lb/>with the Reeds, and then (as we &longs;aid before) <lb/>cloath it with Mortar, or Plai&longs;ter of <emph type="italics"/>Paris,<emph.end type="italics"/><lb/>which they afterwards adorn with Painting <lb/>and Statues. </s> <s>If you mix your Plai&longs;ter up with <lb/>a third Part of broken Tile, or Brick pounded, <lb/>it will be the le&longs;s injured by wet: If you mix <lb/>it with Lime, it will be the Stronger: But in <lb/>damp Places, or &longs;uch as are expo&longs;ed to Cold and <lb/>Fro&longs;t, Plai&longs;ter of <emph type="italics"/>Paris<emph.end type="italics"/> is very un&longs;erviceable. <lb/></s> <s>I will now, by Way of Epilogue, give you a <lb/>Law of very great Antiquity among Arch­<lb/>itects, which in my Opinion ought no le&longs;s to <lb/>be ob&longs;erved than the An&longs;wers of Oracles: And <lb/>it is this. </s> <s>Make your Foundation as &longs;trong as <lb/>po&longs;&longs;ible: Let the Super&longs;tructure lie exactly <lb/>plum to its Centre: Fortify the Corners and <lb/>Ribs of the Wall from the Bottom to the Top <lb/>with the large&longs;t and the &longs;tronge&longs;t Stones: Soak <lb/>your Lime well: Do not u&longs;e your Stone till <lb/>it is thoroughly watered: Set the harde&longs;t Sort <lb/>to that Side which is mo&longs;t expo&longs;ed to Injuries: <lb/>Rai&longs;e your Wall exactly by the Square, Level <lb/>and Plum-line: Let the Middle of the upper <lb/>Stone lie directly upon the Meeting of the two <lb/>below it: Lay the entire Stones in the Cour&longs;es, <lb/>and fill up the Middle with the broken Pieces: <lb/>Bind the inward and out&longs;ide Shells to one <lb/>another by frequent Cro&longs;s or Band-&longs;tones. </s> <s>Let <lb/>this &longs;uffice with Relation to the Wall; we <lb/>come now to the Covering. </s> <s>But I will not <lb/>pa&longs;s over one Thing which I find the Ancients <lb/>ob&longs;erved very religiou&longs;ly. </s> <s>There are &longs;ome <lb/>Things in Nature which are endued with <lb/>Properties by no means to be neglected; par­<lb/>ticularly, that the Lawrel-tree, the Eagle, and <lb/>the Sea-calf, are never to be touched by <lb/>Lightening. </s> <s>There are &longs;ome therefore who <lb/>&longs;uppo&longs;e that if the&longs;e are inclo&longs;ed in the Wall, <lb/>the Lightening will never hurt it. </s> <s>This I take <lb/>to be ju&longs;t as probable as another wonderful <lb/>Thing which we are told, that the Land-toad, <lb/>or Rudduck, if &longs;hut up in an earthen Pot, <lb/>and burned in a Field, will drive away the <lb/>Birds from devouring the Seeds; and that the <lb/>Tree <emph type="italics"/>O&longs;trys,<emph.end type="italics"/> or <emph type="italics"/>O&longs;trya<emph.end type="italics"/> brought into a Hou&longs;e, <lb/>will ob&longs;truct a Woman's Delivery; and that <lb/>the Leaves of the Lesbian Oemony kept but <lb/>under the Roof, will give a Flux of the Belly <lb/>and an Evacuation that will certainly prove <lb/>Mortal. </s> <s>Let us now return to our Subject, <lb/>for the better under&longs;tanding of which, it will <lb/>be proper to look back to what we have <lb/>formerly &longs;aid of the Lines of Building</s></p><pb xlink:href="003/01/071.jpg" pagenum="55"/><p type="head"> <s>CHAP. XII.</s></p><p type="head"> <s><emph type="italics"/>Of Coverings of &longs;trait Lines; of the Beams and Rafters, and of the uniting <lb/>the Ribs.<emph.end type="italics"/></s></p><p type="main"> <s>Of Coverings, &longs;ome are to the open Air, <lb/>and &longs;ome are within; &longs;ome con&longs;i&longs;t of <lb/>&longs;trait Lines, others of curve, and &longs;ome of both: <lb/>We may add, not improperly, that &longs;ome are <lb/>of Wood, and &longs;ome of Stone. </s> <s>We will fir&longs;t, <lb/>according to our Cu&longs;tom, mention one Ob&longs;er­<lb/>vation which relates in general to all Sorts of <lb/>Coverings; which is this: That all manner of <lb/>Roofs, or Coverings have their Ribs, Nerves, <lb/>Fini&longs;hings, and Shells, or Cru&longs;ts, ju&longs;t the &longs;ame <lb/>as the Wall: Which will appear from the <lb/>Con&longs;ideration of the Thing it&longs;elf. </s> <s>To begin <lb/>with tho&longs;e of Wood, and con&longs;i&longs;ting of &longs;trait <lb/>Lines; it is nece&longs;&longs;ary for &longs;upporting the Cover <lb/>to lay very &longs;trong Beams acro&longs;s from one Wall <lb/>to the other; which, as we took Notice be­<lb/>fore, are Columns laid tran&longs;ver&longs;e: The&longs;e <lb/>Beams therefore, are a Sort of Ribs; and if <lb/>it were not for the Expences, who would not <lb/>wi&longs;h to have the whole Building con&longs;i&longs;t, if we <lb/>may u&longs;e the Expre&longs;&longs;ion, of nothing but Ribs <lb/>and &longs;olid Work; that is to &longs;ay, of continued <lb/>Columns and Beams clo&longs;e compacted? </s> <s>but we <lb/>here con&longs;ult Oeconomy, and &longs;uppo&longs;e every <lb/>Thing to be &longs;uperfluous, that without Pre­<lb/>judice to the Strength of the Work, may be <lb/>po&longs;&longs;ibly retrenched; and for this Rea&longs;on, we <lb/>leave Spaces between the Beams. </s> <s>Between <lb/>the&longs;e we lay the Cro&longs;s-beams, Rafters, and the <lb/>like; which may not at all improperly be <lb/>reckoned the Ligatures: To the&longs;e we fit and <lb/>joyn Boards and Planks of greater Breadth, <lb/>which there is no Rea&longs;on why we &longs;hould not <lb/>call theFini&longs;hing; and in the &longs;ame Way of think­<lb/>ing, the Pavement and Tiling is the Outward <lb/>Shell, and the Ceiling, or Roof, which is over <lb/>our Head the Inward. </s> <s>If this be granted, let <lb/>us con&longs;ider whether there is any Thing ne­<lb/>ce&longs;&longs;ary to be ob&longs;erved with Relation to any of <lb/>the&longs;e Parts, that having duly examined it, we <lb/>may the more ea&longs;ily under&longs;tand what belongs <lb/>to Coverings of Stone. </s> <s>We will &longs;peak of them <lb/>therefore as briefly as po&longs;&longs;ible: Fir&longs;t, taking <lb/>Notice of one Thing not foreign to our Pur­<lb/>po&longs;e. </s> <s>There is a very vicious Practice among <lb/>our modern Architects; which is, that in <lb/>order to make their Ceilings, they leave great <lb/>Holes in the very Ribs of the Building to let <lb/>the Heads of the Beams into after the Wall is <lb/>fini&longs;hed; which not only weakens the Struc­<lb/>ture, but al&longs;o makes it more expo&longs;ed to Fire; <lb/>becau&longs;e by the&longs;e Holes the Flames find a <lb/>Pa&longs;&longs;age from one Apartment to another. </s> <s>For <lb/>which Rea&longs;on, I like the Method u&longs;ed among <lb/>the Ancients, of &longs;etting in the Wall &longs;trong <lb/>Tables of Stone called Corbels, upon which <lb/>they laid the Heads of their Beams. </s> <s>If you <lb/>would bind the Wall, and the Beams together, <lb/>you have Bra&longs;s Cramps, and Braces, and <lb/>Catches or Notches in the Corbel it&longs;elf, which <lb/>will &longs;erve for that Purpo&longs;e. </s> <s>The Beams ought <lb/>to be perfectly &longs;ound and clear; and e&longs;peci­<lb/>ally about the Middle of its Length it ought <lb/>to be free from the lea&longs;t Defect, placing your <lb/>Ear at one End of it while the other is &longs;truck, <lb/>if the Sound come to you dead, and flat, it is <lb/>a Sign of &longs;ome private Infirmity. </s> <s>Beams that <lb/>have Knots in them are ab&longs;olutely to be re­<lb/>jected, e&longs;pecially if there are many, or if they <lb/>are crouded together in a Clu&longs;ter. </s> <s>The Side <lb/>of the Timber that lies neare&longs;t the Heart, <lb/>mu&longs;t be planed, and laid uppermo&longs;t in the <lb/>Building; but the Part that is to lie under­<lb/>mo&longs;t, mu&longs;t be planed very &longs;uperficially, only <lb/>the Bark, nay, and of that hardly any, or as <lb/>little as po&longs;&longs;ible. </s> <s>Which-&longs;oever Side has a <lb/>Defect that runs cro&longs;&longs;ways of the Beam, lay <lb/>uppermo&longs;t; if there is a Crak longways, ne­<lb/>&vring;er venture it of the Side, but lay it either <lb/>uppermo&longs;t, or rather undermo&longs;t. </s> <s>If you hap­<lb/>pen to have Occa&longs;ion to bore a Hole in it, or <lb/>any Opening, never meddle with the Middle <lb/>of its length, nor its lower Superficies. </s> <s>If, as in <lb/>Churches, the Beams are to be laid in Couples; <lb/>leave a Space of &longs;ome Inches between them, <lb/>that they may have Room to exhale, and not <lb/>be &longs;poyled by heating one another: And it <lb/>will not be ami&longs;s to lay the two Beams of the <lb/>&longs;ame Couple different Ways, that both their <lb/>Heads may not lie upon the &longs;ame Pillow; <lb/>but where one has its Head, the other may <lb/>have its Foot: For by this Means the Strength <lb/>of the one's Foot will a&longs;&longs;i&longs;t the Weakne&longs;s <lb/>of the other's Head; and &longs;o <emph type="italics"/>vice ver&longs;a.<emph.end type="italics"/></s><s> The <pb xlink:href="003/01/072.jpg" pagenum="56"/>Beams ought al&longs;o to be related to one another; <lb/>that is, they &longs;hould be of the &longs;ame Kind of <lb/>Timber, and rai&longs;ed in the &longs;ame Wood, ex­<lb/>po&longs;ed if po&longs;&longs;ible to the &longs;ame Winds, and fell'd <lb/>the &longs;ame Day; that being endued with the <lb/>&longs;ame natural Strength, they may bear their <lb/>Shares equally in the Service. </s> <s>Let the Beds for <lb/>the Beams be exactly level, and perfectly firm <lb/>and &longs;trong; and in laying them take care <lb/>that the Timber does not touch any Lime, <lb/>and let it have clear and open Vents all about <lb/>it, that it may not be tainted by the Contact <lb/>of any other Materials, nor decay by being <lb/>too clo&longs;e &longs;hut up. </s> <s>For a Bed for the Beams, <lb/>&longs;pread under them either Fern, a very dry <lb/>Kind of Herb, or A&longs;hes, or rather Lees of <lb/><arrow.to.target n="marg9"/><lb/>Oil with the brui&longs;ed Olives. </s> <s>But if your Tim­<lb/>ber is &longs;o &longs;hort, that you cannot make a Beam <lb/>of one Piece, you mu&longs;t join two or more to­<lb/>gether, in &longs;uch a Manner as to give them the <lb/>Strength of an Arch; that is to &longs;ay, &longs;o that <lb/>the upper Line of the compacted Beam, can­<lb/>not po&longs;&longs;ibly by any Pre&longs;&longs;ure become &longs;horter; <lb/>and on the contrary, that the lower Line can­<lb/>not grow longer: And there mu&longs;t be a Sort <lb/>of Cord to bind the two Beams together, <lb/>which &longs;hove one another with their Heads, <lb/>with a &longs;trong Ligature. </s> <s>The Rafters, and all <lb/>the re&longs;t of the Wood-work, depend upon the <lb/>Goodne&longs;s and Soundne&longs;s of the Beams; being <lb/>nothing el&longs;e but Beams &longs;plit. </s> <s>Boards or Planks <lb/>are thought to be inconvenient if too thick, be­<lb/>cau&longs;e whenever they begin to warp they throw <lb/>out the Nails; and thin Boards, e&longs;pecially in <lb/>Coverings expo&longs;ed to the Air, they &longs;ay, mu&longs;t <lb/>be fa&longs;tened with Nails in Pairs, &longs;o as to &longs;e­<lb/>cure the Corners, the Sides and the Middle. <lb/></s> <s>They tell us, that &longs;uch Nails as are to bear any <lb/>tran&longs;ver&longs;e Weight, mu&longs;t be made thick; but as <lb/>for others, it matters not if they are thinner; <lb/>but then they mu&longs;t be longer, and have <lb/>broader Heads.</s></p><p type="margin"> <s><margin.target id="marg9"/>*</s></p><p type="main"> <s>BRASS Nails are mo&longs;t durable in the Air, or <lb/>in wet; but I have found the Iron ones to be <lb/>&longs;tronger under Cover. </s> <s>For fattening of the <lb/>Rafters together, wooden Pins are much u&longs;ed. <lb/></s> <s>Whatever we have here &longs;aid of Coverings of <lb/>Wood, mu&longs;t be ob&longs;erved al&longs;o with relation to <lb/>tho&longs;e of Stone; for &longs;uch Stones as have Veins, <lb/>or Faults running cro&longs;&longs;ways, mu&longs;t be rejected <lb/>for the making of Beams, and u&longs;ed in Columns; <lb/>or if there are any &longs;mall incon&longs;iderable Faults, <lb/>the Side of the Stone in which it appears, <lb/>when it is u&longs;ed, mu&longs;t be laid downwards, <lb/>Veins running longways in Beams of any Sort, <lb/>are more excu&longs;able than tran&longs;ver&longs;e ones. <lb/></s> <s>Tables, or Scantlings of Stones al&longs;o, as well <lb/>for other Rea&longs;ons, as upon Account of their <lb/>Weight, mu&longs;t not be made too thick. </s> <s>La&longs;tly, <lb/>the Beams, Rafters, and Planks that are u&longs;ed <lb/>in Coverings, whether of Wood, or Stone, <lb/>mu&longs;t be neither &longs;o thin, nor &longs;o few as not to <lb/>be &longs;ufficient for upholding them&longs;elves, and their <lb/>Burthens; nor &longs;o thick, or &longs;o crouded as to <lb/>take from the Beauty, and Symmetry of the <lb/>Work; but tho&longs;e are things we &longs;hall &longs;peak of <lb/>el&longs;ewhere. </s> <s>And thus much for Coverings of <lb/>&longs;traight Lines; unle&longs;s it may be proper to men­<lb/>tion one Thing which is in my Opinion tobe neg­<lb/>lected in no Sort of Structure. </s> <s>The Philo&longs;ophers <lb/>have ob&longs;erved, that Nature in forming the Bo­<lb/>dies of Animals, always takes care to fini&longs;h her <lb/>Work in &longs;uch a Manner, that the Bones &longs;hould <lb/>all communicate, and never be &longs;eperate one <lb/>from the other: So we al&longs;o &longs;hould connect the <lb/>Ribs togther, and fa&longs;ten them together well <lb/>with Nerves and Ligatures; &longs;o that the Com­<lb/>munication among the Ribs &longs;hould be &longs;o con­<lb/>tinued, that if all the re&longs;t of the Structure <lb/>failed, the Frame of the Work &longs;hould yet <lb/>&longs;tand firm and &longs;trong with all its Parts and <lb/>Members.</s></p><p type="head"> <s>CHAP. XIII.</s></p><p type="head"> <s><emph type="italics"/>Of Coverings, or Roofs of Curve Lines; of Arches, their Difference and Con­<lb/>&longs;truction, and how to &longs;et the Stones in an Arch.<emph.end type="italics"/></s></p><p type="main"> <s>We come now to &longs;peak of Roofs made <lb/>of Curve Lines, and we are fir&longs;t to <lb/>con&longs;ider tho&longs;e Particulars wherein they exactly <lb/>agree with Coverings of &longs;trait Lines. </s> <s>A curvili­<lb/>near Roof is compo&longs;ed of Arches; and we have <lb/>already &longs;aid that an Arch is nothing but a <lb/>Beam bent. </s> <s>We might al&longs;o here mention the <lb/>Ligatures, and tho&longs;e Things which mu&longs;t be <lb/>u&longs;ed for filling up the Vacuities; but I would <lb/>be under&longs;tood more clearly, by explaining <lb/>what I take to be the Nature of an Arch, and <lb/>of what Parts it con&longs;i&longs;ts.</s></p><p type="main"> <s>I SUPPOSE then, that Men learnt at fir&longs;t to turn <lb/>Arches from this: They &longs;aw that two Beams <lb/><pb xlink:href="003/01/073.jpg" pagenum="57"/>&longs;et with their Heads one again&longs;t the other, and <lb/>their Feet &longs;et wide, would, if fa&longs;tened at Top, <lb/>&longs;tand, very firm, by means of the Equalne&longs;s <lb/>of their Weight: They were plea&longs;ed with this <lb/>Invention, and began to make their Roofs <lb/>in the &longs;ame Manner, to throw off the Rain, <lb/>both Ways. </s> <s>Afterwards, perhaps, not being <lb/>able to cover a wider Space for want of Beams <lb/>long enough, they put between the Heads of <lb/>the&longs;e two Beams another cro&longs;&longs;ways at Top, <lb/>&longs;o that they made a Figure much like that of <lb/>the Greek Letter <foreign lang="greek">p,</foreign> and this middle Beam <lb/>they might call a Wedge; and as this &longs;uc­<lb/>ceeded very well, they multiplyed the Wedges, <lb/>and thus made a Kind of Arch, who&longs;e Figure <lb/>mightily delighted them. </s> <s>Then transferring <lb/>the &longs;ame Method to their Works of Stone, con­<lb/>tinuing to multiply the Wedges, they made <lb/>an entire Arch, which mu&longs;t be allowed to be <lb/>nothing el&longs;e but a Conjunction of a Number <lb/>of Wedges, whereof &longs;ome &longs;tanding with their <lb/>Heads below the Arch, are called the Foot of <lb/>the Arch, tho&longs;e in the Middle above, the Key <lb/>of the Arch, and tho&longs;e on the Sides, the Turn, <lb/>or Ribs of the Arch. </s> <s>It will not be improper <lb/>here to repeat what we &longs;aid in the fir&longs;t Book <lb/>upon this Subject: There are different Sorts <lb/>of Arches, the Entire, is the full half of a <lb/>Circle, or that who&longs;e Chord runs through the <lb/>Centre of the Circle; there is another which <lb/>approaches more to the Nature of a Beam than <lb/>of an Arch, which we call the Imperfect, or <lb/>dimini&longs;hed Arch, becau&longs;e it is not a compleat <lb/>Semi-circle; but a determinate Part le&longs;s, <lb/>having its Chord above the Centre, and at <lb/>&longs;ome Di&longs;tance from it. </s> <s>There is al&longs;o the <lb/>Compo&longs;ite Arch, called by &longs;ome the Angular, <lb/>and by others an Arch comp&longs;ed of two Arches <lb/>le&longs;s than Semi-circles; and its Chord has the <lb/>two Centres of two Curve Lines, which <lb/>mutually inter&longs;ect each other. </s> <s>That the Entire <lb/>Arch is the Stronge&longs;t of all, appears not only <lb/>from Experience, but Rea&longs;on; for I do not <lb/>&longs;ee how it can po&longs;&longs;ibly di&longs;unite of it&longs;elf, unle&longs;s <lb/>one Wedge &longs;hoves out another, which they are <lb/>&longs;o far from doing, that they a&longs;&longs;i&longs;t and &longs;upport <lb/>one another. </s> <s>And indeed, if they were to go <lb/>about any &longs;uch Violence, they would be pre­<lb/>vented by the very Nature of Pondero&longs;ity, by <lb/>which they are pre&longs;&longs;ed downwards, either by <lb/>&longs;ome Super&longs;tructure, or by that which is in the <lb/>Wedges them&longs;elves. </s> <s>This makes <emph type="italics"/>Varro<emph.end type="italics"/> &longs;ay, <lb/>that in Arches, the Work on the right Hand <lb/>is keptup no le&longs;s by that on the Left, than the <lb/>Work on the Left is by that on the Right. </s> <s>And <lb/>if we look only into the Thing it&longs;elf; how is <lb/>it po&longs;&longs;ible for the middle Wedge at Top, which <lb/>is the Key-&longs;tone to the Whole, to thru&longs;t out <lb/>either of the two next Side Wedges, or how <lb/>can that be driven out of its Place by them? <lb/></s> <s>The next Wedges al&longs;o in the Turn of the <lb/>Arch, being ju&longs;tly counterpoi&longs;ed, will &longs;urely <lb/>&longs;tand to their Duty; and la&longs;tly, how can the <lb/>two Wedges under the two Feet of the Arch, <lb/>ever be moved while the upper ones &longs;tand firm? <lb/></s> <s>Therefore we have no need of a Cord, or Bar <lb/>in an entire Arch, becau&longs;e it &longs;upports it&longs;elf <lb/>by its own Strength; but in dimini&longs;h'd <lb/>Arches there is Occa&longs;ion either for an Iron <lb/>Chain or Bar, or for an Exten&longs;ion of Wall on <lb/>both Sides, that may have the Effect of a Bar <lb/>to &longs;upply the Want of Strength, that there is <lb/>in the dimini&longs;h'd Arch, and make it equal to <lb/>the Entire. </s> <s>The ancient Architects always <lb/>u&longs;e the&longs;e Precautions, and where-ever it was <lb/>po&longs;&longs;ible, con&longs;tantly &longs;ecured their dimini&longs;h'd <lb/>Arches, by &longs;etting them in a good Body of <lb/>Wall. </s> <s>They al&longs;o endeavour'd, if they had an <lb/>Opportunity, to turn their imperfect Arches <lb/>upon a &longs;trait Beam; and over the&longs;e imperfect <lb/>ones, they u&longs;ed to turn entire Arches, which <lb/>protected the dimini&longs;hed ones which were <lb/>within them, and took upon them&longs;elves the <lb/>Burthen of the Super&longs;tructure. </s> <s>As for Com­<lb/>po&longs;ite Arches, we do not find any of them in <lb/>the Buildings of the Ancients; &longs;ome think <lb/>them not ami&longs;s for the Apertures in Towers; <lb/>becau&longs;e they &longs;uppo&longs;e they will cleave <lb/>the great Weight that is laid upon <lb/>them, as the Prow of a Ship does the Water, <lb/>and that they are rather &longs;trengthened than op­<lb/>pre&longs;s'd by it.</s></p><p type="main"> <s>THE Stones u&longs;ed in Building an Arch, <lb/>&longs;hould be every Way the bigge&longs;t that can be <lb/>got; becau&longs;e the Parts of any Body that are <lb/>united and compacted by Nature, are more <lb/>in&longs;eparable than tho&longs;e which are join'd and <lb/>cemented by Art. </s> <s>The Stones al&longs;o ought to <lb/>be equal on both Sides, as if they were balan­<lb/>ced with re&longs;pect to their Fronts, Sizes, Weight, <lb/>and the like. </s> <s>If you are to make a Portico, and <lb/>to draw &longs;everal Arches over continued Aper­<lb/>tures, from the Capitals of Columns, never let <lb/>the Seat from which two or more Arches are <lb/>to ri&longs;e, be made of two Pieces, or of as many <lb/>as there are to be Arches, but only of one <lb/>&longs;ingle Stone, and that as &longs;trong as may be, to <lb/>hold together the Feet of all the Arches. </s> <s>The <lb/>&longs;econd Stones in the Arch, which ri&longs;e next to <lb/>the&longs;e, if they are large Pieces, mu&longs;t be &longs;et <pb xlink:href="003/01/074.jpg" pagenum="58"/>with their Backs again&longs;t each other, joining <lb/>perpendicularly. </s> <s>The third Stone which is <lb/>laid upon the&longs;e &longs;econd ones, mu&longs;t be &longs;et <lb/>by the Plum-lines, as we directed in rai&longs;ing <lb/>the Wall, with even Joinings, &longs;o that they <lb/>may &longs;erve both the Arches, and be a Binding <lb/>to both their Wedges. </s> <s>Let the Lines of the <lb/>Joinings of all the Stones in the Arch point <lb/>exactly to the Centre of that Arch.</s></p><p type="main"> <s>THE mo&longs;t skillful Workmen always make <lb/>the Key-&longs;tone of one &longs;ingle Piece, very large <lb/>and &longs;trong; and if the Breadth of the Top is <lb/>&longs;o great, that no one Stone will &longs;uffice, it will <lb/>then be no longer only an Arch, but a vaul­<lb/>ted Roof.</s></p><p type="head"> <s>CHAP. XIV.</s></p><p type="head"> <s><emph type="italics"/>Of the &longs;everal Sorts of Vaults, and wherein they differ; of what Lines they <lb/>are compo&longs;ed, and the Method of letting them &longs;ettle.<emph.end type="italics"/></s></p><p type="main"> <s>There are &longs;everal Sorts of Vaults; &longs;o <lb/>that it is our Bu&longs;ine&longs;s here to enquire <lb/>wherein they differ, and of what Lines they <lb/>are compo&longs;ed; in doing of which, I &longs;hall be <lb/>obliged to invent new Names, to make my&longs;elf <lb/>clear and per&longs;picuous, which is what I have <lb/>principally &longs;tudied in the&longs;e Books. </s> <s>I know <lb/><emph type="italics"/>Ennius<emph.end type="italics"/> the Poet calls the Arch of the Heavens <lb/>the mighty Vaults; and <emph type="italics"/>Servius<emph.end type="italics"/> calls all Vaults <lb/>made like the Keel of a Ship, Caverns: But I <lb/>claim this Liberty; that whatever in this Work, <lb/>is expre&longs;&longs;ed aptly, clearly, and properly, &longs;hall <lb/>be allowed to be expre&longs;&longs;ed right. </s> <s>The differ­<lb/>ent Sorts of Vaults are the&longs;e, the plain Vault, <lb/>the Camerated, or mixed Vault, and the he­<lb/>mi&longs;pherical Vault, or Cupola; be&longs;ides tho&longs;e <lb/>others which partake of the Kind of &longs;ome of <lb/>the&longs;e. </s> <s>The Cupola in its Nature is never <lb/>placed but upon Walls that ri&longs;e from a cir­<lb/>cular Platform: The Camerated are proper for <lb/>a &longs;quare one; the plain Vaults are made over <lb/>any quadrangular Platform, whether long or <lb/>&longs;hort, as we &longs;ee in all &longs;ubterraneous Porticoes. <lb/></s> <s>Tho&longs;e Vaults too which are like a Hill bored <lb/>through, we al&longs;o call plain Vaults; the plain <lb/>Vault therefore, is like a Number of Arches <lb/>join'd together Sideways; or like a bent Beam <lb/>extended out in Breadth, &longs;o as to make a Kind <lb/>of a Wall turn'd with a Sweep over our <lb/>Heads for a Covering. </s> <s>But if &longs;uch a Vault <lb/>as this, running from North to South, hap­<lb/>pens to be cro&longs;s'd by another which runs from <lb/>Ea&longs;t to We&longs;t, and inter&longs;ects it with equal <lb/>Lines meeting at the Angles like crooked <lb/>Horns, this will make a Vault of the Camer­<lb/>ated Sort. </s> <s>But if a great Number of equal <lb/>Arches meet at the Top exactly in the Centre, <lb/>they con&longs;titute a Vault like the Sky, which <lb/>therefore we call the Hemi&longs;pherical, or com­<lb/>pleat Cupola. </s> <s>The Vaults made of Part of <lb/>the&longs;e, are as follows: If Nature with an even <lb/>and perpendicular Section, were to divide the <lb/>Hemi&longs;phere of the Heavens in two Parts, from <lb/>Ea&longs;t to We&longs;t, it would make two Vaults, <lb/>which would be proper Coverings for any <lb/>&longs;emi-circular Building. </s> <s>But if from the Angle <lb/>at the Ea&longs;t, to that at the South, and from the <lb/>South to the We&longs;t, thence to the North, and <lb/>&longs;o back again to the Ea&longs;t, if Nature were to <lb/>break and interrupt this Hemi&longs;phere by &longs;o <lb/>many Arches turn'd from Angle to Angle, <lb/>&longs;he would then leave a Vault in the Middle, <lb/>which for its Re&longs;emblance to a &longs;welling Sail, <lb/>we will venture to call a Velar Cupola. </s> <s>But <lb/>that Vault which con&longs;i&longs;ts of a Number of <lb/>plain Vaults meeting in a Point at Top, we <lb/>&longs;hall call an Angular Cupola.</s></p><p type="main"> <s>IN the Con&longs;truction of Vaults, we mu&longs;t <lb/>ob&longs;erve the &longs;ame Rules as in that of the Walls, <lb/>carrying on the Ribs of the Wall clear up to <lb/>the Summit of the Vault; and according to <lb/>the Method pre&longs;cribed for the Former, ob&longs;erv­<lb/>ing the &longs;ame Proportions and Di&longs;tances: From <lb/>Rib to Rib, we mu&longs;t draw Ligatures cro&longs;&longs;ways, <lb/>and the Inter&longs;paces we mu&longs;t fill up with Stuf­<lb/>fing. </s> <s>But the Difference between the Work­<lb/>ing of a Vault and a Wall, lies in this; that <lb/>in the Wall the Cour&longs;es of Stone are laid even <lb/>and perpendicular by the Square and Plum­<lb/>line; whereas, in the Vault the Cour&longs;es are <lb/>laid by a curve Line, and the Joints all point <lb/>to the Centre of their Arch.</s></p><p type="main"> <s>THE Ancients hardly ever made their Ribs <lb/>of any but burnt Bricks, and tho&longs;e generally <lb/>about two Foot long, and advi&longs;e to fill up the <lb/>Inter&longs;paces of our Vaults with the lighte&longs;t <lb/>Stone, that they might not oppre&longs;s the Wall <lb/>with too great a Weight. </s> <s>But I have ob&longs;erved <lb/>that &longs;ome have not always thought them&longs;elves <lb/>obliged to make continued &longs;olid Ribs, but in <lb/>their &longs;tead, have at certain Di&longs;tances, &longs;et Bricks <lb/>lying Sideways, with their Heads jointing into </s></p><pb xlink:href="003/01/075.jpg"/><p type="caption"> <s>PLATE 8. <emph type="italics"/>(Page 59)<emph.end type="italics"/><lb/><figure id="id.003.01.075.1.jpg" xlink:href="003/01/075/1.jpg"/><pb xlink:href="003/01/076.jpg" pagenum="59"/>each other, like the Teeth of a Comb; as a Man <lb/>locks his right Hand Fingers into his left; and <lb/>the Inter&longs;paces they filled up with any common <lb/>Stone, and e&longs;pecially with Pumice Stone, which <lb/>is univer&longs;ally agreed to be the propere&longs;t of all, <lb/>for the &longs;tuffing Work of Vaults. </s> <s>In building <lb/>either Arches or Vaults, we mu&longs;t make u&longs;e of <lb/>Centres. </s> <s>The&longs;e are a Kind of Frames made <lb/>with the Sweep of an Arch of any rough Boards <lb/>ju&longs;t clapt together for a &longs;hort Service, and <lb/>covered either with Hurdles, Ru&longs;hes, or any <lb/>&longs;uch common Stuff, in order to &longs;upport the <lb/>Work till it is &longs;ettled and hardened. </s> <s>Yet there <lb/>is one &longs;ort of Vault which &longs;tands in no Need <lb/>of the&longs;e Machines, and that is the <emph type="italics"/>perfect <lb/>Cupola;<emph.end type="italics"/> becau&longs;e it is compo&longs;ed not only of <lb/>Arches, but al&longs;o, in a Manner, of Cornices. <lb/></s> <s>And who can conceive the innumerable Liga­<lb/>tures that there are in the&longs;e, which all wedge <lb/>together, and inter&longs;ect one another both with <lb/>equal and unequal Angles? </s> <s>So that in what&longs;o­<lb/>ever Part of the whole Cupola you lay a Stone, <lb/>or a Brick, you may be &longs;aid at the &longs;ame time <lb/>to have laid a Key-&longs;tone to an infinite Number, <lb/>both of Arches, and Cornices. </s> <s>And when <lb/>the&longs;e Cornices, or Arches are thus built one <lb/>upon the other, if the Work were inclined to <lb/>ruinate, where &longs;hould it begin, when the Joints <lb/>of every Stone are directed to one Centre with <lb/>equal Force and pre&longs;&longs;ure? </s> <s>Some of the Ancients <lb/>tru&longs;ted &longs;o much to the Firmne&longs;s of this Sort of <lb/>Structure, that they only made plain Cornices <lb/>of Brick at &longs;tated Di&longs;tances, and filled up the <lb/>Inter&longs;paces with Rubble. </s> <s>But I think, tho&longs;e <lb/>acted much more prudently, who in rai&longs;ing <lb/>this Sort of Cupola, u&longs;ed the &longs;ame Methods as <lb/>in Walling, to cramp and fa&longs;ten the under <lb/>Cornices to the next above, and the Arches <lb/>too in &longs;everal Places, e&longs;pecially if they had not <lb/>plenty of Pit Sand to make very good Cement, <lb/>or if the Building was expo&longs;ed to South Winds, <lb/>or Bla&longs;ts from the Sea. </s> <s>You may likewi&longs;e <lb/>turn the Angular Cupolas without a Centre, <lb/>if you make a perfect one in the Middle of the <lb/>Thickne&longs;s of the Work. </s> <s>But here you will <lb/>have particular Occa&longs;ion for Ligatures to fa&longs;ten <lb/>the weaker Parts of the outer one tightly to <lb/>the &longs;tronger Parts of that within. </s> <s>Yet it will <lb/>be nece&longs;&longs;ary when you have laid one or two <lb/>Rows of Stone to make little light Stays, or <lb/>Catchers jutting out, on which, when tho&longs;e <lb/>Rows are &longs;ettled, you may &longs;et ju&longs;t Frame-work <lb/>enough to &longs;upport the next Cour&longs;es above, to <lb/>the Height of a few Feet, till they are &longs;ufficiently <lb/>hardened; and then you may remove the&longs;e <lb/>Frames, or Supports, higher and higher to <lb/>the other Cour&longs;es till you have fini&longs;h'd the <lb/><arrow.to.target n="marg10"/><lb/>whole Work. </s> <s>The other Vaults, both plain and <lb/>mixed, or camerated, mu&longs;t needs be turn'd <lb/>upon Centres. </s> <s>But I would have the fir&longs;t <lb/>Cour&longs;es, and the Heads of their Arches be <lb/>placed upon very &longs;trong Seats; nor can I ap­<lb/>prove the Method of tho&longs;e who carry the <lb/>Wall clear up fir&longs;t, only leaving &longs;ome Mould­<lb/>ings, or Corbels, upon which, after a Time, <lb/>they turn their Arches; which mu&longs;t be a very <lb/>infirm and peri&longs;hable Sort of Work. </s> <s>The <lb/>true Way is to turn the Arch immediately, <lb/>and equally with the Cour&longs;es of the Wall <lb/>which is to &longs;upport it, that the Work may <lb/>have the &longs;tronge&longs;t Ligatures that is po&longs;&longs;ible, <lb/>and grow in a Manner all of one Piece. </s> <s>The <lb/>Vacuities which are left between the Back of <lb/>the Sweep of the Arch, and the Upright of <lb/>the Wall it is turn'd from, call'd by Work­<lb/>men, the <emph type="italics"/>Hips<emph.end type="italics"/> of the Arch, &longs;hould be fill'd <lb/>up, not with Dirt, or old Rubbi&longs;h, but rather <lb/>with &longs;trong ordinary Work, frequently knit <lb/>and jointed into the Wall.</s></p><p type="margin"> <s><margin.target id="marg10"/>*</s></p><p type="main"> <s>I AM plea&longs;ed with tho&longs;e who, to avoid over­<lb/>burthening the Arch, have &longs;tuffed up the&longs;e <lb/>Vacuities with earthen Pots, turn'd with their <lb/>Mouths downwards, that they might not con­<lb/>tain any wet, if it &longs;hould gather there, and <lb/>over the&longs;e thrown in Fragments of Stone not <lb/>heavy, but perfecty &longs;ound. </s> <s>La&longs;tly, in all Man­<lb/>ner of Vaults, let them be of what Kind they <lb/>will, we ought to imitate Nature, who, when <lb/>&longs;he has knit the Bones, fa&longs;tens the Fle&longs;h with <lb/>Nerves, interweaving it every where with Li­<lb/>gatures running in Breadth, Length, Height <lb/>and circularly. </s> <s>This artful Contexture is what <lb/>we ought to imitate in the joining of Stones <lb/>in Vaults. </s> <s>The&longs;e Things being compleated, <lb/>the next, and la&longs;t Bu&longs;ine&longs;s is to cover them <lb/>over; a Work of the greate&longs;t Con&longs;equence in <lb/>Building, and no le&longs;s difficult than nece&longs;&longs;ary; <lb/>in effecting, and compleating of which, the <lb/>utmo&longs;t Care and Study has been over and over <lb/>employed. </s> <s>Of this we are to treat; but fir&longs;t, <lb/>it will be proper to mention &longs;omething nece&longs;­<lb/>&longs;ary to be ob&longs;erved in working of Vaults; for <lb/>different Methods are to be taken in the Exe­<lb/>cution of different Sorts: Tho&longs;e which are <lb/>turn'd upon Centres mu&longs;t be fini&longs;h'd out of <lb/>hand, without Intermi&longs;&longs;ion; but tho&longs;e which <lb/>are wrought without Centres mu&longs;t be di&longs;con­<lb/>tinued, and left to &longs;ettle Cour&longs;e by Cour&longs;e, <lb/>left new Work being added to the fir&longs;t before <lb/>it is dry, &longs;hould ruin the Whole. </s> <s>As to tho&longs;e <lb/><pb xlink:href="003/01/077.jpg" pagenum="60"/>which are turned upon Centres, when they are <lb/>clo&longs;ed with their Key-&longs;tones, it will be proper <lb/>immediately to ea&longs;e the Props a little, that <lb/>tho&longs;e Centres re&longs;t upon; not only to prevent <lb/>the Stones fre&longs;h laid from floating in the Beds <lb/>of Mortar they are &longs;et in, but that the whole <lb/>Vault may &longs;ink and clo&longs;e by its own Weight <lb/>epually, into its right Seat: Otherwi&longs;e in drying, <lb/>the Work would not compact it&longs;elf as it ought, <lb/>but would be apt to leave Cracks when it came <lb/>afterwards to &longs;ettle. </s> <s>And therefore you mu&longs;t <lb/>not quite take away the Centre immediately, <lb/>but let it down ea&longs;ily Day after Day, by little <lb/>and little, for Fear, if you &longs;hould take it away <lb/>too &longs;oon, the Building &longs;hould never duly cement. <lb/></s> <s>But after a certain Number of Days, according <lb/>to the Greatne&longs;s of the Work, ea&longs;eit a little, and <lb/>&longs;o go on gradually, till the Wedges all compact <lb/>them&longs;elves in their Places, and are perfectly <lb/>&longs;ettled. </s> <s>The be&longs;t Way of letting down the <lb/>Frame is this: When you place your Centre <lb/>upon the Pila&longs;ters, or whatever el&longs;e it is to <lb/>re&longs;t upon, put under each of its Feet two <lb/>Wedges of Wood; aud when afterwards you <lb/>want to let it down, you may with a Ham­<lb/>mer &longs;afely drive out the&longs;e Wedges by little <lb/>and little, as you &longs;hall judge proper.</s></p><p type="main"> <s>LASTLY, it is my Opinion, that the Centres <lb/>ought not to be taken away till after Winter, <lb/>as well for other Rea&longs;ons, as becau&longs;e the <lb/>Wa&longs;hing of the Rains may weaken and de­<lb/>moli&longs;h the whole Structure; though el&longs;e we <lb/>cannot do greater Service to a Vault than to <lb/>give it Water enough, and to let it be <lb/>thoroughly &longs;oak'd, that it may never feel Thir&longs;t. <lb/></s> <s>But of this Subject we have &longs;aid enough.</s></p><p type="head"> <s>CHAP. XV.</s></p><p type="head"> <s><emph type="italics"/>Of the Shell of the Covering, and its U&longs;efulne&longs;s; the different Sorts and <lb/>Shapes of Tiles, and what to make them of.<emph.end type="italics"/></s></p><p type="main"> <s>I now come to cover the Roof. </s> <s>And cer­<lb/>tainly, if we weigh the Matter duly, there <lb/>is no Convenience in the whole Building <lb/>greater than the having Shelter from the burn­<lb/>ing Sun, and the inclement Sea&longs;ons; and this <lb/>is a Benefit which you owe the Continuance <lb/>of, not to the Wall, nor to Area, nor any of <lb/>the&longs;e; but principally to the outward Shell of <lb/>the Roof; which all the Art and Indu&longs;try of <lb/>Man, though they have tried all Means, has <lb/>not yet been able to make &longs;o &longs;trong and im­<lb/>penetrable again&longs;t the Weather as might be <lb/>wi&longs;h'd: Nor do I think, it will be an ea&longs;y <lb/>Matter to do it; for where, not only Rains, <lb/>but Extremes of Heat and Cold, and above <lb/>all, blu&longs;tering Storms of Wind, are continu­<lb/>ally a&longs;&longs;aulting the &longs;ame Place; what Mate­<lb/>rials are &longs;trong enough to re&longs;i&longs;t &longs;uch unwearied <lb/>and powerful Adver&longs;aries? </s> <s>Hence it happens, <lb/>that &longs;ome Coverings pre&longs;ently rot, others open, <lb/>others oppre&longs;s the Wall, &longs;ome crack, or break, <lb/>others are wa&longs;hed away; in&longs;omuch, that even <lb/>Metals, which are &longs;o hardy again&longs;t the Wea­<lb/>ther, in other Places, are not here able to hold <lb/>out again&longs;t &longs;uch frequent A&longs;&longs;aults. </s> <s>But Men <lb/>not de&longs;pi&longs;ing &longs;uch Materials as Nature furni&longs;h­<lb/>ed them with in their re&longs;pective Countries, <lb/>have provided again&longs;t the&longs;e Inconveniences as <lb/>well as they were able; and hence aro&longs;e various <lb/>Methods of Covering in a Building. <emph type="italics"/>Vitruvi­<lb/>us<emph.end type="italics"/> tells us, that the <emph type="italics"/>Pyrgen&longs;es<emph.end type="italics"/> covered their <lb/>Hou&longs;es with Reeds, and the People of <emph type="italics"/>Mar­<lb/>&longs;eilles<emph.end type="italics"/> with Clay kneaded, and mixed with <lb/>Straw. </s> <s>The <emph type="italics"/>Chelonophagi,<emph.end type="italics"/> near the <emph type="italics"/>Garaman­<lb/>tes, Pliny<emph.end type="italics"/> tells us, cover'd theirs with the <lb/>Shells of Tortoi&longs;es. </s> <s>The greate&longs;t Part of <emph type="italics"/>Ger­<lb/>many<emph.end type="italics"/> u&longs;e Shingles. </s> <s>In <emph type="italics"/>Flanders<emph.end type="italics"/> and <emph type="italics"/>Picardy,<emph.end type="italics"/><lb/>they cut a white Sort of Stone which they <lb/>have (which Saws ea&longs;ier than Wood it&longs;elf) in­<lb/>to their Scantlings, which they u&longs;e in&longs;tead of <lb/>Tiles. </s> <s>The <emph type="italics"/>Genoueze,<emph.end type="italics"/> and <emph type="italics"/>Florentines<emph.end type="italics"/> u&longs;e thin <lb/>Pieces of a &longs;caly Sort of Stone. </s> <s>Others have <lb/>tried the Pargets, which we &longs;hall &longs;peak of by <lb/>and by. </s> <s>But after having made Experiment of <lb/>every Thing, the Wit and Invention of Man <lb/>has found out nothing yet more convenient <lb/>than Tiles of baked Clay. </s> <s>For all Sorts of <lb/>Parget grow rugged in Fro&longs;ts, and &longs;o crack and <lb/>break: Lead is melted by the Sun's Heat: <lb/>Bra&longs;s, if laid in thick Plates, is very co&longs;tly; <lb/>and if it is thin, it is apt to warp, and to be <lb/>eaten and con&longs;umed with Ru&longs;t.</s></p><p type="main"> <s>ONE <emph type="italics"/>Grinias<emph.end type="italics"/> of <emph type="italics"/>Cyprus,<emph.end type="italics"/> the Son of a Pea­<lb/>&longs;ant, is &longs;aid to be the Inventer of Tiles, which <lb/>are of two Sorts, the one broad and flat, one <lb/>Foot broad, and a Foot and a half long, <pb xlink:href="003/01/078.jpg" pagenum="61"/>with Rims of each Side, a ninth Part of its <lb/>Breadth, which is call'd a Gutter-tile; the <lb/>other round, like Greaves, (a Piece of Armour <lb/>for the Legs,) which is called a Ridge-tile; <lb/>both broader in that Part which is to receive <lb/>the Rain, and narrower in that from which <lb/>they are to di&longs;charge it. </s> <s>But the Plain, or <lb/>Gutter-tiles are the mo&longs;t Commodius, pro­<lb/>vided they are laid exactly even, &longs;o as not to <lb/>lean of either Side, nor to make either Vallies <lb/>or Hilocks to &longs;top the Current of the Water, <lb/>or to let it &longs;ettle in, nor to leave any Cranny <lb/>uncover'd. </s> <s>If the Superficies of the Roof is <lb/>very large, it requires bigger Gutter-tiles, that <lb/>the Rain may not overflow them for want of <lb/>a &longs;ufficient Receptacle. </s> <s>To prevent the Fury <lb/>of the Wind from ripping off the Tiles, I <lb/>would have them all fa&longs;tened with Mortar; <lb/>e&longs;pecially in publick Buildings: But in private <lb/>Ones, it will be enough if you &longs;ecure only the <lb/>Gutter-tiles from that Violence, becau&longs;e what­<lb/>ever Mi&longs;chief is done, is ea&longs;ily repair'd. </s> <s>There <lb/>is another very convenient Way of Tiling, in <lb/>this Manner: If in Timber Roofs, in&longs;tead of <lb/>Planks, you lay along the Girders Squares of <lb/>baked Clay, fa&longs;ten'd with Plai&longs;ter of <emph type="italics"/>Paris,<emph.end type="italics"/> and <lb/>over the&longs;e Squares lay your Tiles with Mortar, <lb/>it will be a Covering very &longs;ecure again&longs;t Fire, <lb/>and very commodious to the Inhabitants; and <lb/>it will be le&longs;s expen&longs;ive, if, in&longs;tead of Squares, <lb/>you underlay it with Reeds, bound with Mor­<lb/>tar. </s> <s>I would not have you u&longs;e your Tiles, <lb/>and e&longs;pecially tho&longs;e which you lay with Mor­<lb/>tar, in publick Works, till they have &longs;upported <lb/>the Fro&longs;t and Sun two Years; becau&longs;e, if you <lb/>happen to u&longs;e any bad ones, there is no taking <lb/>them out again without a good deal of <lb/>Trouble and Expence. </s> <s>It may not be ami&longs;s <lb/>here to mention what I have read in <emph type="italics"/>Diodorus<emph.end type="italics"/><lb/>the Hi&longs;torian, relating to the famous hanging <lb/>Gardens in <emph type="italics"/>Syria,<emph.end type="italics"/> which were contrived with <lb/>a new, and not unu&longs;eful Invention: For upon <lb/>the Beams they laid Ru&longs;hes dawb'd over with <lb/>Pitch, and on the&longs;e two Rows of baked <lb/>Bricks, one above the other, cemented with <lb/>Mortar; and in the third Place, they laid <lb/>Plates of Lead &longs;o di&longs;po&longs;ed, and fa&longs;ten'd to­<lb/>gether, that not the lea&longs;t wet could penetrate <lb/>to the Brick.</s></p><p type="head"> <s>CHAP. XVI.</s></p><p type="main"> <s><emph type="italics"/>Of Pavements according to the Opinion of<emph.end type="italics"/> Pliny <emph type="italics"/>and<emph.end type="italics"/> Vitruvius, <emph type="italics"/>and the Works <lb/>of the Ancients; and of the proper Sea&longs;ons for Beginning and Fini&longs;hing <lb/>the &longs;everal Parts of Building.<emph.end type="italics"/></s></p><p type="main"> <s>We come now to treat of Pavements, <lb/>which al&longs;o partake &longs;omewhat of the <lb/>Nature of Coverings. </s> <s>Of the&longs;e, &longs;ome are <lb/>open to the Air; others are laid upon Rafters <lb/>and Boards, others not: All require for their <lb/>Foundation a &longs;olid, and even Superficies, laid <lb/>exactly according to their proper Lines. </s> <s>Tho&longs;e <lb/>which are open to the Air ought to be rai&longs;ed <lb/>in &longs;uch a Manner, that every ten Foot may <lb/>have a Declivity of, at lea&longs;t, two Inches, to <lb/>throw off the Water, which ought to be con­<lb/>veyed from thence either into Ci&longs;terns or <lb/>Sinks. </s> <s>If from the&longs;e Sinks you have not the <lb/>Conveniency of a Drain, either into the Sea, <lb/>or &longs;ome River, dig Pits for the Soil in conve­<lb/>nient Places, &longs;o deep as to come to &longs;ome Spring <lb/>of Water, and then fill up tho&longs;e Pits with <lb/>round Pebbles.</s></p><p type="main"> <s>LASTLY, if you have no Opportunity to <lb/>do this, make good large Sinks, and fling <lb/>Coals into them, and then fill them up with <lb/>Sand, which will &longs;uck up, and dry away the <lb/>&longs;uperfluous Moi&longs;ture. </s> <s>If the Superficies that <lb/>your Pavement is to be laid upon, is a &longs;oft <lb/>loo&longs;e Earth, ram it &longs;oundly, and lay it over <lb/>with broken Fragments of Stone, well beat in <lb/>with the Rammer al&longs;o: But if the Pavement <lb/>is to be upon Rafters, cover them over with <lb/>Boards, and upon them lay your Rubbi&longs;h or <lb/>Fragments of Stone a Foot high, and beaten <lb/>together, and con&longs;olidated with the Rammer. <lb/></s> <s>Some are of Opinion, that under the&longs;e we <lb/>ought to lay Fern, or Spart, to keep the Mor­<lb/>tar from rotting the Timber. </s> <s>If your Rub­<lb/>bi&longs;h is of new Stone, allow one Part of Mortar <lb/>to three of Rubbi&longs;h; if it is of old, you mu&longs;t <lb/>allow two Parts in five; and when it is laid, <lb/>the Way to &longs;tiffen it, is to pound it heartily <lb/>with the Rammer. </s> <s>Over the&longs;e you lay a <lb/>Plai&longs;ter &longs;ix Inches high, made of broken <lb/>Tiles, or Bricks pounded, mix'd with one <lb/>fourth Part of Mortar; and upon this, la&longs;tly, <lb/>you lay your Pavement, of what&longs;oever Sort it <lb/>is, whether of Brick or Tile, exactly by Rule <pb xlink:href="003/01/079.jpg" pagenum="62"/>and Level. </s> <s>The Work will be more &longs;ecure <lb/>&longs;till, if between the Rubbi&longs;h, and the Plai&longs;ter <lb/>you lay a Row of plain Tiles cemented with <lb/>Mortar, mixed up with Oil. </s> <s>As for Pave­<lb/>ments which are not to be expo&longs;ed to the open <lb/>Air. <emph type="italics"/>Varro<emph.end type="italics"/> directs us to make them in the <lb/>following Manner, which he tells us will be <lb/>very &longs;erviceable by means of its extraordinary <lb/>Dryne&longs;s: Dig two Foot deep into the Ground, <lb/>then ram the Bottom &longs;oundly, and lay a Pave­<lb/>ment, either of Rubbi&longs;h, or broken Brick, <lb/>leaving Vent-holes for the Vapours to di&longs;charge <lb/>them&longs;elves; over this lay Coals well levell'd, <lb/>and ramm'd down, and over all a Cru&longs;t made <lb/>of Sand, Mortar, and A&longs;hes. </s> <s>The&longs;e Things <lb/>already mention'd, we have gathered from <lb/><emph type="italics"/>Pliny<emph.end type="italics"/> and <emph type="italics"/>Vitruvius<emph.end type="italics"/> e&longs;pecially: I will now &longs;et <lb/>down what I have with great Pains and Labour <lb/>di&longs;covered relating to Pavements from the <lb/>actual Works of the Ancients; from whence, <lb/>I con&longs;e&longs;s, I have learnt much more than from <lb/>their Writings. </s> <s>We will begin with the Out­<lb/>ward Shell, which it is very difficult to make, <lb/>&longs;o as it &longs;hall not rot, or crack: For when once <lb/>it has been thoroughly &longs;oak'd with wet, and <lb/>comes to dry again, either by Sun, or Wind, <lb/>it dries by Scales, and as we &longs;ee in Mud left <lb/>after Floods, the upper Coat &longs;hrinks, and <lb/>leaves Cracks which cannot be filled up; for <lb/>tho&longs;e Parts which are dried and hardened, <lb/>cannot be made to cohere again by any Art <lb/>what&longs;oever, and tho&longs;e which are &longs;till moi&longs;t, <lb/>yield and give Way to the lea&longs;t Violence. </s> <s>I <lb/>find the Ancients made their Shell either of <lb/>baked Earth, or of Stone; and where Mens <lb/>Feet were not to tread, they made their Tiles <lb/>&longs;ometimes a Foot and a half every Way, ce­<lb/>mented with Mortar mixed up with Oil; we <lb/>al&longs;o &longs;ometimes meet with &longs;mall Bricks one <lb/>Inch in Thickne&longs;s, two in Breadth, and four in <lb/>Length, join'd Sideways like a Fi&longs;h's Back­<lb/>bone. </s> <s>We often find Pavements of very large <lb/>Slabs of Marble, and others again of &longs;maller <lb/>Pieces, and little Squares. </s> <s>There are other An­<lb/>cient Pavements made all of one Piece, which <lb/>I &longs;uppo&longs;e, was a Mixture of Lime, Sand, and <lb/>pounded Brick, of each a third Part: which <lb/>may be made more &longs;trong and la&longs;ting yet, by <lb/>the Addition of one fourth Part of <emph type="italics"/>Tyber<emph.end type="italics"/>­<lb/>Stone, beat to Powder. </s> <s>Others in this Sort of <lb/>Plai&longs;ter mightily commend the Sand of <emph type="italics"/>Poz­<lb/>zuolo,<emph.end type="italics"/> which they call <emph type="italics"/>Rapillo.<emph.end type="italics"/></s><s> Plai&longs;ter that is <lb/>de&longs;igned for Pavements mu&longs;t be tried by con­<lb/>tinual beating, whereby it will daily acquire <lb/>greater Stiffne&longs;s and Hardne&longs;s, till it comes to be <lb/>in a Manner firmer than Stone it&longs;elf. <!--neuer Satz-->And it <lb/>is certain, that if this Plai&longs;ter is &longs;prinkled with <lb/>Lime-water, and Lin&longs;eed-oil, it will grow <lb/>almo&longs;t as hard as Gla&longs;s, and de&longs;y all Manner of <lb/>Weather. </s> <s>Mortar worked up with Oil, is &longs;aid <lb/>in Pavements to keep out every Thing that is <lb/>noxious. </s> <s>Under the Shell I ob&longs;erve they made <lb/>a Layer of Mortar, and &longs;mall Pieces of broken <lb/>Brick, of the Thickne&longs;s of two or three Inches. <lb/></s> <s>Next to this we find a Cour&longs;e of Rubbi&longs;h, of <lb/>Bits of Bricks and Chippings of Stone, &longs;uch as <lb/>the Ma&longs;ons cut off with their Chizzel, and this <lb/>is about a Foot in Thickne&longs;s. </s> <s>In &longs;ome Places <lb/>betwixt the&longs;e two Cour&longs;es, we find a regular <lb/>one of baked Tile, or Brick, and at the Bottom <lb/>of all a Layer of Stones, none bigger than a <lb/>Man's Fi&longs;t. </s> <s>The Stones found in Rivers, <lb/>which are called Male ones, as for In&longs;tance, <lb/>tho&longs;e round ones which partake of the Nature <lb/>of Flint, or Gla&longs;s, grow dry immediately when <lb/>they are taken out of the Water, whereas Brick <lb/>and ordinary Stone retain Moi&longs;ture a long <lb/>Time; for which Rea&longs;on, many affirm that the <lb/>Damps which ari&longs;e out of the Earth will never <lb/>be able to penetrate to the Shell of the Pave­<lb/>ment, if it is underlaid with tho&longs;e Stones. </s> <s>We <lb/>&longs;ometimes find that they made little &longs;quare <lb/>Pila&longs;ters a Foot and a half high next to the <lb/>Ground, &longs;tanding about two Foot di&longs;tance one <lb/>from the other, upon which they laid baked <lb/>Tiles, and upon the&longs;e the Pavement above­<lb/>mention'd. </s> <s>But this Kind of Pavement belongs <lb/>chiefly to Baths; of which we &longs;hall treat in <lb/>their proper Place. </s> <s>Pavements delight in <lb/>Damps, and a wet Air, while they are making, <lb/>and endure be&longs;t and longe&longs;t in moi&longs;t and &longs;hady <lb/>Places; and their chief Enemies are the Loo&longs;e­<lb/>ne&longs;s of the Earth, and &longs;udden Droughts. </s> <s>For <lb/>as repeated Rains make the Ground clo&longs;e and <lb/>firm, &longs;o Pavements being heartily wetted, grow <lb/>compact, and hard as Iron. </s> <s>That Part of the <lb/>Pavement which is to receive the Water falling <lb/>from the Gutters, ought to be made of the <lb/>large&longs;t and &longs;ounde&longs;t Stones, &longs;uch as will not <lb/>ea&longs;ily be worn away by the continual Malice <lb/>(if we may &longs;o call it) of the Spouts that fall <lb/>upon them. </s> <s>In &longs;uch Pavements as are laid <lb/>upon Timber-work, or Roofing, you mu&longs;t take <lb/>Care that the Ribs upon which it re&longs;ts are <lb/>&longs;ufficiently &longs;trong, and equal one to the other; <lb/>for if it &longs;hould be otherwife, or one Wall, or <lb/>Rafter which it lies upon, &longs;hould be &longs;tronger <lb/>than another, the Pavement would decay and <lb/>&longs;plit in that Part; for as Timber-work will <lb/>not always keep exactly in the &longs;ame Condition, <pb xlink:href="003/01/080.jpg" pagenum="63"/>but is affected and altered by the Variety of <lb/>Weather, being &longs;well'd by wet, and dried and <lb/>&longs;hrunk by Heat, it is no Wonder that the wea­<lb/>ker Parts &longs;hould &longs;ink under the Weight, and <lb/>&longs;o crack the Pavement. </s> <s>But of this we have <lb/>&longs;aid enough.</s></p><p type="main"> <s>HOWEVER, I will not pa&longs;s over one Thing <lb/>which is not at all foreign to our Purpo&longs;e, <lb/>namely, that different Times and Sea&longs;ons, and <lb/>Di&longs;po&longs;itions of the Air, are proper for digging <lb/>the Foundations, filling them up, rai&longs;ing the <lb/>Wall, turning of Vaults, and fini&longs;hing the <lb/>Shells. </s> <s>The Foundations are be&longs;t dug while <lb/>the Sun is in <emph type="italics"/>Leo,<emph.end type="italics"/> and in <emph type="italics"/>Autumn,<emph.end type="italics"/> the Ground <lb/>being then thoroughly dry, which will keep <lb/>your Trench from being infe&longs;ted with Water. <lb/></s> <s>The Spring is very convenient for filling them <lb/>up, e&longs;pecially if they are pretty deep; becau&longs;e <lb/>they will be &longs;ufficiently defended from the <lb/>Heat of the Summer, by means of the Ground <lb/>which &longs;tands about them as their Protector; <lb/>though it will be &longs;till more convenient to fill <lb/>them up in the Beginning of Winter, unle&longs;s in <lb/>Countries near the Pole, or in &longs;uch cold <lb/>Climates where they will be likely to freeze <lb/>before they are dry. </s> <s>The Wall too abhors <lb/>both exce&longs;&longs;ive Heat, exce&longs;&longs;ive Cold, and &longs;ud­<lb/>den Fro&longs;ts, and e&longs;pecially Northerly Winds. <lb/></s> <s>Vaults, till they are dry and &longs;ettled, require <lb/>an equal and temperate Sea&longs;on, more than <lb/>any other Sort of Structure. </s> <s>The be&longs;t Time <lb/>for laying on the Coat is about the ri&longs;ing of <lb/>the Stars, call'd the <emph type="italics"/>Pleiadas,<emph.end type="italics"/> (which is in <lb/>Spring) and particularly &longs;uch Days as have <lb/>been &longs;ufficiently moi&longs;tened with &longs;outherly <lb/>Breezes; for if the Work which you are to <lb/>plai&longs;ter over, or white-wa&longs;h, is not extreamly <lb/>moi&longs;t, nothing that you lay on will &longs;tick to it, <lb/>but it will part and crack, and always look <lb/>rough and &longs;candalous. </s> <s>But of Plai&longs;tering and <lb/>Stuc-work we &longs;hall treat more largely in its <lb/>proper Place. </s> <s>Having now gone through the <lb/>general Con&longs;ideration of our Subject, it remains <lb/>that we de&longs;cend to Particulars; and accor­<lb/>dingly we de&longs;ign to &longs;hew fir&longs;t the different <lb/>Sorts of Buildings, and the Qualities requi&longs;ite <lb/>in each of them; then their Ornaments; and <lb/>la&longs;tly, how to remedy &longs;uch Defects in them as <lb/>are owing either to the Fault of the Workman, <lb/>or the Injury of Time.</s></p><p type="head"> <s><emph type="italics"/>The End of Book<emph.end type="italics"/> III.<lb/><figure id="id.003.01.080.1.jpg" xlink:href="003/01/080/1.jpg"/></s></p><pb xlink:href="003/01/081.jpg"/><figure id="id.003.01.081.1.jpg" xlink:href="003/01/081/1.jpg"/><p type="head"> <s>THE <lb/><emph type="bold"/>ARCHITECTURE<emph.end type="bold"/><lb/>OF <lb/><emph type="bold"/><emph type="italics"/>Leone Bati&longs;ta Alberti.<emph.end type="italics"/><emph.end type="bold"/></s></p><p type="head"> <s>BOOK IV. CHAP. I.</s></p><p type="main"> <s><emph type="italics"/>Of Works of a publick Nature. </s> <s>That all Buildings, whether contrived for <lb/>Nece&longs;&longs;ity, Conveniency or Plea&longs;ure, were intended for the Service of Man­<lb/>kind. </s> <s>Of the &longs;everal Divi&longs;ions of humane Conditions, whence ari&longs;es the <lb/>Diver&longs;ity of Buildings.<emph.end type="italics"/></s></p><p type="main"> <s>It is plain that Building was in­<lb/>vented for the Service of Man­<lb/>kind; for if we con&longs;ider the <lb/>Matter ever &longs;o little, it is natural <lb/>to &longs;uppo&longs;e that their fir&longs;t De&longs;ign <lb/>was only to rai&longs;e a Structure that might de­<lb/>fend them and theirs from the ill Qualities of <lb/>the Weather; afterwards they proceeded to <lb/>make not only every Thing that was ne­<lb/>ce&longs;&longs;ary to their Safety, but al&longs;o every Thing <lb/>that might be convenient or u&longs;eful to them. <lb/></s> <s>At la&longs;t, in&longs;tructed and allured by the Oppor­<lb/>tunities that naturally offer'd them&longs;elves, they <lb/>began to contrive how to make their Build­<lb/>ings &longs;ub&longs;ervient to their Plea&longs;ures and Recre­<lb/>adons, and proceeded every Day further and <lb/>further in &longs;o doing: So that if upon con&longs;ider­<lb/>ing the various Sorts of Buildings, we <lb/>&longs;hould &longs;ay, that &longs;ome were contrived by Ne­<lb/>ce&longs;&longs;ity, &longs;ome by Convenience, and &longs;ome by <lb/>Plea&longs;ure, it might, perhaps, be no ill Defini­<lb/>tion of the Matter. </s> <s>Yet when we take a View <lb/>of the great Plenty and Variety of Buildings <lb/>all about us, we ea&longs;ily perceive that all were <lb/>not erected merely upon tho&longs;e Accounts, or <lb/>for one Occa&longs;ion more than another, but that <lb/>this great Variety and Difference among them, <lb/>are owing principally to the Variety there is <lb/>among Mankind. </s> <s>So that, if according to <lb/>our Method we would make a careful Enquiry <lb/>into their Sorts and Parts, it is here that we <lb/>mu&longs;t begin our Di&longs;qui&longs;ition, namely, from the <lb/>Nature of Mankind, and wherein they differ <lb/>from one another; &longs;ince upon their Account <lb/>it is that Buildings are erected, and for their <lb/>U&longs;es varied: So that having thoroughly con­<lb/>&longs;idered the&longs;e Things, we may treat of them <lb/>more clearly. </s> <s>For this Purpo&longs;e, it will not <lb/>be ami&longs;s to recollect the Opinions of the wi&longs;e <lb/>Founders of ancient Republicks and Laws con­<pb xlink:href="003/01/082.jpg" pagenum="65"/>cerning the Divi&longs;ion of the People into differ­<lb/>ent Orders; in as much as they applied them­<lb/>&longs;elves to the Con&longs;ideration of the&longs;e Things <lb/>with the greate&longs;t Care, Diligence and Appli­<lb/>cation, and have received the highe&longs;t Applau&longs;es <lb/>for their Di&longs;coveries.</s></p><p type="main"> <s><emph type="italics"/>Plutarch<emph.end type="italics"/> tells us, that <emph type="italics"/>The&longs;eus<emph.end type="italics"/> divided the <lb/>Commonwealth into two Ranks, one that made <lb/>and expounded the Laws, both Humane and <lb/>Divine, and the other that follow'd manual Oc­<lb/>cupations. <emph type="italics"/>Solon<emph.end type="italics"/> di&longs;tingui&longs;h'd his Citizens <lb/>according to their Wealth, and &longs;uch as did not <lb/>rai&longs;e from their Po&longs;&longs;e&longs;&longs;ions three hundred <lb/>Bu&longs;hels of Grain every Year, he reckon'd &longs;carce <lb/>worthy to be e&longs;teem'd a Citizen. </s> <s>The <emph type="italics"/>Athenians<emph.end type="italics"/><lb/>gave the fir&longs;t Rank to Men of Learning and <lb/>Wi&longs;dom; the &longs;econd to the Orators, and the <lb/>la&longs;t to Artificers. <emph type="italics"/>Romulùs<emph.end type="italics"/> &longs;eparated the Knights <lb/>and <emph type="italics"/>Patricians<emph.end type="italics"/> from the <emph type="italics"/>Plebeians;<emph.end type="italics"/> and <emph type="italics"/>Numa<emph.end type="italics"/><lb/>divided the <emph type="italics"/>Plebeians<emph.end type="italics"/> according to their re­<lb/>&longs;pective Employments. </s> <s>In <emph type="italics"/>France<emph.end type="italics"/> the <emph type="italics"/>Plebeians<emph.end type="italics"/><lb/>were in a Manner Slaves; the re&longs;t, &longs;ays <emph type="italics"/>Cæ&longs;ar,<emph.end type="italics"/><lb/>were either Soldiers, or Profe&longs;&longs;ors of Religion, <lb/>or the Study of Wi&longs;dom, whom they call'd <lb/><emph type="italics"/>Druids.<emph.end type="italics"/></s><s> Among the <emph type="italics"/>Panchæi<emph.end type="italics"/> the fir&longs;t were <lb/>the Prie&longs;ts; the &longs;econd, the Husbandmen, <lb/>and the la&longs;t, the Soldiers, with whom were <lb/>reckon'd the Shepherds, and Tenders of Herds. <lb/></s> <s>The <emph type="italics"/>Britons<emph.end type="italics"/> were divided into four Orders; <lb/>the fir&longs;t were tho&longs;e out of who&longs;e Number <lb/>they cho&longs;e their King; the &longs;econd were the <lb/>Prie&longs;ts; the third, the Soldiers, and the la&longs;t <lb/>the common People. </s> <s>The <emph type="italics"/>Ægyptians<emph.end type="italics"/> gave the <lb/>fir&longs;t Rank to their Prie&longs;ts; the &longs;econd to their <lb/>King and Governours; the third to the Sol­<lb/>diers, and the re&longs;t of the People were &longs;ubdi­<lb/>vided into Husbandmen, Shepherds, and Ar­<lb/>tificers, and further, as <emph type="italics"/>Herodotus<emph.end type="italics"/> informs us, <lb/>into Mercenaries, and Seamen. </s> <s>We are told, that <lb/><emph type="italics"/>Hipodamus<emph.end type="italics"/> divided his Republic into three Parts, <lb/>Artificers, Husbandmen, and Soldiers. <emph type="italics"/>Ari&longs;totle<emph.end type="italics"/><lb/>&longs;eems not di&longs;plea&longs;ed with tho&longs;e who &longs;eparated <lb/>from the Multitude &longs;ome Men of greate&longs;t <lb/>Worth to manage their Coun&longs;els, and exerci&longs;e <lb/>their Office of Magi&longs;tracy and Judicature, and <lb/>divided the Remainder of the People into <lb/>Husbandmen, Artificers, Merchants, Merce­<lb/>naries, Hor&longs;e, Foot and Seamen. </s> <s>Not much <lb/>unlike this, according to <emph type="italics"/>Diodorus<emph.end type="italics"/> the Hi&longs;to­<lb/>rian, was the Commonwealth of the <emph type="italics"/>Indians,<emph.end type="italics"/><lb/>who were di&longs;tingui&longs;hed into Prie&longs;ts, Husband­<lb/>men, Shepherds, Artificers, Soldiers, Ephori, <lb/>or Super-intendants, and tho&longs;e who pre&longs;ided <lb/>over the publick Coun&longs;els.</s></p><p type="main"> <s><emph type="italics"/>Plato<emph.end type="italics"/> ob&longs;erves that a Nation is &longs;ometimes <lb/>peaceable and de&longs;irous of Quiet and Repo&longs;e; <lb/>and at other Times re&longs;tle&longs;s and warlike, ac­<lb/>cording to the Temper of tho&longs;e at the Helm; <lb/>and therefore he divides the Body of the Citi­<lb/>zens according to the Parts of the Mind of <lb/>Man; one to moderate every Thing with <lb/>Rea&longs;on and Coun&longs;el; another to re&longs;ent and <lb/>repel Injuries with Force; and a third to <lb/>prepare and admini&longs;ter Nouri&longs;hment to all <lb/>the re&longs;t. </s> <s>The&longs;e Things I have thus briefly <lb/>recited out of numorous Writings of the An­<lb/>cients; and the natural Re&longs;ult &longs;eems to be <lb/>this, that all the&longs;e which I have mentioned <lb/>are every one of them different Parts of the <lb/>Republick, and con&longs;equently that each re­<lb/>quires a particular Kind of Building. </s> <s>But <lb/>that according to our Cu&longs;tom we may be <lb/>able to treat of this Subject more di&longs;tinctly, it <lb/>will not be ami&longs;s to reflect upon the follow­<lb/>ing Con&longs;iderations: If any one were to &longs;epa­<lb/>rate the whole Number of Mankind into dif­<lb/>ferent Parts, the fir&longs;t Thing that would offer <lb/>it&longs;elf to his Thoughts would be this; that it <lb/>is not the &longs;ame Thing to con&longs;ider all the In­<lb/>habitants of any one Province all together <lb/>collectively, and to con&longs;ider them &longs;eparately <lb/>according to their re&longs;pective Di&longs;tinctions; and <lb/>the next Thing would be, that by a Contem­<lb/>plation of Nature it&longs;elf, he would take Notice <lb/>in what Particular they differ'd mo&longs;t from <lb/>one another, that from thence he might take <lb/>Occa&longs;ion to &longs;eparate them into their proper <lb/>Divi&longs;ions. </s> <s>Now there is nothing wherein Men <lb/>differ more one from the other, than in the <lb/>very particular wherein they differ from <lb/>Brutes; namely, in Rea&longs;on, and the Know­<lb/>ledge of u&longs;eful Arts, to which, if you plea&longs;e, <lb/>you may add Pro&longs;perity of Fortune: In all <lb/>which Gifts there are very few that excel at <lb/>the &longs;ame Time. </s> <s>This then opens to us our <lb/>fir&longs;t Divi&longs;ion, and in&longs;tructs us to &longs;elect from <lb/>the Multitude, a &longs;mall Number, whereof &longs;ome <lb/>are illu&longs;trious for their Wi&longs;dom, Experience <lb/>and Capacity; others for their Progre&longs;s, and <lb/>Knowledge in u&longs;eful Arts; and others, la&longs;tly, <lb/>for their Riches, and Abundance in the Goods <lb/>of Fortune. </s> <s>And who will deny that the&longs;e <lb/>are the mo&longs;t fit to be intru&longs;ted with the prin­<lb/>cipal Offices in the Commonwealth? </s> <s>The <lb/>mo&longs;t excellent Per&longs;ons, therefore, who are <lb/>endued with the greate&longs;t Share of Wi&longs;dom, <lb/>ought to be intru&longs;ted with the chief Care and <lb/>Power of moderating in all Affairs. </s> <s>Such <pb xlink:href="003/01/083.jpg" pagenum="66"/>will order the &longs;acred Ceremonies with religious <lb/>Minds, and frame Laws with Ju&longs;tice and <lb/>Equity, and them&longs;elves &longs;et the Example of <lb/>Living orderly and happily. </s> <s>They will watch <lb/>continually for the Defence and Enlargement <lb/>of the Authority and Dignity of their Fellow­<lb/>Citizens. </s> <s>And when they have determined <lb/>upon any Thing convement, u&longs;eful, or nece&longs;­<lb/>&longs;ary; being perhaps them&longs;elves worn out <lb/>with Years, and fitter for Contemplation than <lb/>Action, they will commit the Execution of it <lb/>to &longs;uch as they know to be well experienced, <lb/>and brisk and courageous to bring the Matter <lb/>to effect, to whom they will give an Oppor­<lb/>tunity of de&longs;erving well of their Country, by <lb/>the Pro&longs;ecution of their De&longs;ign. </s> <s>Then the&longs;e <lb/>others, having taken the Bu&longs;ine&longs;s upon them­<lb/>&longs;elves, will faithfully perform their Parts at <lb/>home with Study and Application, and abroad <lb/>with Diligence and Labour, giving Judgment, <lb/>leading Armies, and exerci&longs;ing their own In­<lb/>du&longs;try, and that of tho&longs;e who are under them. <lb/></s> <s>And la&longs;tly, as it is in vain to think of effecting <lb/>any Thing without Means, the next in Place <lb/>to tho&longs;e already mentioned are &longs;uch as &longs;upply <lb/>the&longs;e with their Wealth, either by Husbandry <lb/>or Merchandize. </s> <s>All the other Orders of <lb/>Men ought in Rea&longs;on to obey and be &longs;ub­<lb/>&longs;ervient to the&longs;e as chief. </s> <s>Now if any Thing <lb/>is to be gather'd from all this to our Purpo&longs;e, <lb/>it is certainly that of the different Kinds of <lb/>Building, one Sort belongs to the Publick, <lb/>another to the principal Citizens, and another <lb/>to the Commonality.</s></p><p type="main"> <s>AND again, among the principal Sort, one <lb/>is proper for tho&longs;e who bear the Weight of <lb/>the publick Coun&longs;els and Deliberations, an­<lb/>other for tho&longs;e who are employ'd in the Exe­<lb/>cution, and another for &longs;uch as apply them­<lb/>&longs;elves to the ama&longs;&longs;ing of Wealth. </s> <s>Of all <lb/>which one Part, as we ob&longs;erved before, having <lb/>Relation to Nece&longs;&longs;ity, and another to Con­<lb/>venience; it will be no Pre&longs;umption in us <lb/>who are treating of Buildings to allow another <lb/>Part to Plca&longs;ure, while in&longs;tead of claiming <lb/>any Merit upon this Account to our&longs;elves, we <lb/>confe&longs;s that the Principles of this Divi&longs;ion are <lb/>to be drawn from the fir&longs;t Rudiments of the <lb/>Philo&longs;ophers.</s></p><p type="main"> <s>OF this, therefore, we are now to treat, <lb/>what belongs to a publick Building, what <lb/>to tho&longs;e of the principal Citizens, and what <lb/>to tho&longs;e of the common Sort. </s> <s>But where &longs;hall <lb/>we begin &longs;uch great Matters? </s> <s>Shall we follow <lb/>the gradual Cour&longs;e of Mankind in their pro­<lb/>curing of all the&longs;e, and &longs;o beginning with the <lb/>mean Huts of poor People, go on by degrees <lb/>to tho&longs;e va&longs;t Structures which we &longs;ee of Thea­<lb/>tres, Baths, and Temples. </s> <s>It is certain it was <lb/>a great while before Mankind enclo&longs;ed their <lb/>Cities with Walls. </s> <s>Hi&longs;torians tell us that <lb/>when <emph type="italics"/>Bacchus<emph.end type="italics"/> made his Progre&longs;s thro' <emph type="italics"/>India,<emph.end type="italics"/><lb/>he did not meet with one walled Town; and <lb/><emph type="italics"/>Thucydides<emph.end type="italics"/> writes, that formerly there were <lb/>none in <emph type="italics"/>Greece<emph.end type="italics"/> it&longs;elf: And in <emph type="italics"/>Burgundy,<emph.end type="italics"/> a <lb/>Province of <emph type="italics"/>Gaul,<emph.end type="italics"/> even in <emph type="italics"/>Cæ&longs;ar<emph.end type="italics"/>'s Time, there <lb/>were no Towns encompa&longs;s'd with Walls, but <lb/>the People dwelt up and down in Villages. <lb/></s> <s>The fir&longs;t City I find any Mention of is <emph type="italics"/>Biblus,<emph.end type="italics"/><lb/>belonging to the <emph type="italics"/>Phænicians,<emph.end type="italics"/> which <emph type="italics"/>Saturn<emph.end type="italics"/><lb/>girt in with a Wall drawn round all their <lb/>Hou&longs;es: Whatever <emph type="italics"/>Pomponius Mela<emph.end type="italics"/> may &longs;ay <lb/>of <emph type="italics"/>Joppa<emph.end type="italics"/> built even before the Flood. <emph type="italics"/>Hero­<lb/>dotus<emph.end type="italics"/> informs us, that while the <emph type="italics"/>Æthiopians<emph.end type="italics"/><lb/>had Po&longs;&longs;e&longs;&longs;ion of <emph type="italics"/>Ægypt,<emph.end type="italics"/> they never puni&longs;h'd <lb/>any Criminal with Death, but obliged him to <lb/>rai&longs;e the Earth all round the Village he lived <lb/>in; and this, they &longs;ay, was the fir&longs;t Beginning <lb/>of Cities in <emph type="italics"/>Ægypt.<emph.end type="italics"/></s><s> But we &longs;hall &longs;peak of <lb/>them in another Place. </s> <s>And though it mu&longs;t <lb/>be confe&longs;s'd that all humane Inventions take <lb/>their Ri&longs;e from very &longs;mall Beginnings, yet I <lb/>intend here to begin with the Works of the <lb/>greate&longs;t Perfection.</s></p><p type="head"> <s>CHAP. II.</s></p><p type="main"> <s><emph type="italics"/>Of the Region, Place, and Conveniencies and Inconveniencies of a Situation <lb/>for a City, according to the Opinion of the Ancients, and that of the <lb/>Author.<emph.end type="italics"/></s></p><p type="main"> <s>All the Citizens are concerned in every <lb/>Thing of a publick Nature that makes <lb/>Part of the City: And if we are convinced of <lb/>what the Philo&longs;ophers teach, that the Occa&longs;ion <lb/>and Rea&longs;on of Building Cities is that the In­<lb/>habitants may dwell in them in Peace, and, <lb/>as far as po&longs;&longs;ibly may be, free from all Incon­<lb/>veniencies and Mole&longs;tations, then certainly it <pb xlink:href="003/01/084.jpg" pagenum="67"/>requires the mo&longs;t deliberate Con&longs;ideration in <lb/>what Place or Situation, and with what Cir­<lb/>cuit of Lines it ought to be fix'd. </s> <s>Concern­<lb/>ing the&longs;e Things there have been various <lb/>Opinions.</s></p><p type="main"> <s><emph type="italics"/>Cæ&longs;ar<emph.end type="italics"/> writes, that the <emph type="italics"/>Germans<emph.end type="italics"/> accounted <lb/>it the greate&longs;t Glory to have va&longs;t uninhabited <lb/>De&longs;arts for their Confines: Becau&longs;e they <lb/>thought the&longs;e De&longs;arts &longs;ecured them again&longs;t <lb/>&longs;udden Irruptions from their Enemies. </s> <s>The <lb/>Hi&longs;torians &longs;uppo&longs;e that the only Thing which <lb/>deterr'd <emph type="italics"/>Se&longs;o&longs;tris,<emph.end type="italics"/> King of <emph type="italics"/>Ægypt,<emph.end type="italics"/> from lead­<lb/>ing his Army into <emph type="italics"/>Æthiopia<emph.end type="italics"/> was the Want of <lb/>Provi&longs;ions, and the Difficulty of the Places <lb/>through which he mu&longs;t march. </s> <s>The <emph type="italics"/>A&longs;&longs;yrians<emph.end type="italics"/><lb/>being defended by their De&longs;arts and Mar&longs;hes, <lb/>never fell under the Dominion of any foreign <lb/>Prince. </s> <s>They &longs;ay, that the <emph type="italics"/>Arabians<emph.end type="italics"/> too <lb/>wanting both Water and Fruits, never felt the <lb/>A&longs;&longs;aults, or Injuries of any Enemies. <emph type="italics"/>Pliny<emph.end type="italics"/><lb/>&longs;ays that <emph type="italics"/>Italy<emph.end type="italics"/> has been &longs;o often infe&longs;ted with <lb/>Armies of Barbarians only for the Sake of her <lb/>Wines and Figs: We may add that the too <lb/>great Plenty of &longs;uch Things as &longs;erve only to <lb/>Luxury, are very prejudicial, as <emph type="italics"/>Crates<emph.end type="italics"/> teaches, <lb/>both to Young and Old; becau&longs;e it is apt to <lb/>make the Latter cruel, and the Former effe­<lb/>minate.</s></p><p type="main"> <s><emph type="italics"/>Livy<emph.end type="italics"/> tells us, that among the <emph type="italics"/>Æmerici<emph.end type="italics"/> there <lb/>is a Region wonderfully fruitful, which as it <lb/>generally happens in rich Soils, engenders a <lb/>very cowardly weak Race of Men; whereas <lb/>on the contrary the <emph type="italics"/>Ligii,<emph.end type="italics"/> who dwelt in a <lb/>&longs;tony Country, being forced to con&longs;tant La­<lb/>bour, and to live with great Frugality, were <lb/>extremely robu&longs;t and indu&longs;trious. </s> <s>The State <lb/>of Things being &longs;o, it is probable &longs;ome may <lb/>not di&longs;like the&longs;e barren difficult Places for <lb/>fixing a City in; tho' others again may be of <lb/>a contrary Opinion, de&longs;iring to enjoy all the <lb/>Benefits and Gifts of Nature, and to want no­<lb/>thing that may contribute either to Nece&longs;&longs;ity <lb/>or Plea&longs;ure; and for the right u&longs;ing of the&longs;e <lb/>Benefits, the Fathers may provide by Laws <lb/>and Statutes. </s> <s>And they think the Conveni­<lb/>encies of Life are much more plea&longs;ing when <lb/>they may be had at home, than when they are <lb/>obliged to fetch them from abroad: for which <lb/>Rea&longs;on, they de&longs;ire &longs;uch a Soil as <emph type="italics"/>Varro<emph.end type="italics"/> tells us <lb/>is to be found near <emph type="italics"/>Memphis,<emph.end type="italics"/> which enjoys &longs;o <lb/>favourable a Climate, that all the Trees even <lb/>the Vines them&longs;elves, never drop their Leaves <lb/>the whole Year round: or &longs;uch a one as is <lb/>under Mount <emph type="italics"/>Taurus<emph.end type="italics"/> in tho&longs;e Parts which look <lb/>to the North, where <emph type="italics"/>Strabo<emph.end type="italics"/> &longs;ays the Bunches of <lb/>Grapes are three Foot long, and that every <lb/>&longs;ingle Vine Tree yields half a Barrel of Wine, <lb/>and one Fig Tree an hundred and forty <lb/>Pound Weight of Figs; or &longs;uch a one as is <lb/>in <emph type="italics"/>India,<emph.end type="italics"/> or the <emph type="italics"/>Hyperborean<emph.end type="italics"/> I&longs;land in the <lb/>Ocean, where <emph type="italics"/>Herodotus<emph.end type="italics"/> tells us they gather <lb/>their Fruits twice every Year; or like that of <emph type="italics"/>Por­<lb/>tugal,<emph.end type="italics"/> where the Seeds that fall by chance <lb/>yields &longs;everal Harve&longs;ts, or rather like <emph type="italics"/>Talge,<emph.end type="italics"/> in <lb/>the <emph type="italics"/>Ca&longs;pian<emph.end type="italics"/> Mountains, where the Earth <lb/>brings forth Corn without Tillage. </s> <s>But the&longs;e <lb/>Things are uncommon, and rather to be with'd <lb/>for than had. </s> <s>And therefore the wife An­<lb/>cients who have written upon this Subject, <lb/>either from their own Ob&longs;ervations, or the <lb/>Books of others, are of Opinion, that a City <lb/>ought to be &longs;o placed as to have all &longs;ufficient <lb/>Nece&longs;&longs;aries within its own Territory (as far as <lb/>the Condition of human Affairs will permit) <lb/>without being obliged to &longs;eek them abroad; <lb/>and that the Circuit of its Confines ought to <lb/>be fortified, that no Enemy can ea&longs;ily make <lb/>an Irruption upon them, though at the &longs;ame <lb/>time they may &longs;end out Armies into the Coun­<lb/>tries of their Neighbours, whatever the Enemy <lb/>can do to prevent it; which is a Situation that <lb/>they tell us will enable a City not only to <lb/>defend its Liberty, but al&longs;o to enlarge the <lb/>Bounds of its Dominion. </s> <s>But after all, what <lb/>&longs;hall we &longs;ay? </s> <s>No Place ever had tho&longs;e Ad­<lb/>vantages more than <emph type="italics"/>Ægypt,<emph.end type="italics"/> which was &longs;o <lb/>&longs;trongly fortified in all its Parts, as to be in a <lb/>Manner inacce&longs;&longs;ible, having on one Side, the <lb/>Sea, and on the other a va&longs;t De&longs;art; on the <lb/>right Hand &longs;teep Mountains; and on the <lb/>Left, huge Mar&longs;hes; be&longs;ides, the Fruitfulne&longs;s <lb/>of the Soil is &longs;o great, that the Ancients u&longs;ed <lb/>to call <emph type="italics"/>Egypt<emph.end type="italics"/> the Granary of the World, and <lb/>fabled that the Gods made it their common <lb/>Retreat either for Safety or Plea&longs;ure; and yet <lb/>even this Country, though &longs;o &longs;trong, and &longs;o <lb/>abounding in all Manner of Plenty, that it <lb/>could boa&longs;t of feeding the Univer&longs;e, and of <lb/>entertaining and harbouring the Gods them­<lb/>&longs;elves, could not, as <emph type="italics"/>Jo&longs;ephus<emph.end type="italics"/> informs us, al­<lb/>ways pre&longs;erve its Liberty.</s></p><p type="main"> <s>THOSE therefore are entirely in the Right, <lb/>who teach us, though in Fables, that human <lb/>Affairs are never per&longs;ectly &longs;ecure though laid <lb/>in the Lap of <emph type="italics"/>Jupiter<emph.end type="italics"/> him&longs;elf. </s> <s>Upon which <lb/>Occa&longs;ion we may not improperly make u&longs;e of <lb/>the &longs;ame An&longs;wer that <emph type="italics"/>Plato<emph.end type="italics"/> made when he <lb/>was ask'd where that perfect Commonwealth <lb/>was to be found, which he had made &longs;o fine <lb/>a De&longs;cription of; that, &longs;ays he, was not the <pb xlink:href="003/01/085.jpg" pagenum="68"/>Thing I troubled my&longs;elf about; all I &longs;tudied <lb/>was how to frame the be&longs;t that po&longs;&longs;ibly could <lb/>be, and that which deviates lea&longs;t from a Re­<lb/>&longs;emblance of this, ought to be preferred above <lb/>all the re&longs;t. </s> <s>So our De&longs;ign is to de&longs;cribe and <lb/>illu&longs;trate by Examples &longs;uch a City as the wi&longs;e&longs;t <lb/>Men judge to be in all Re&longs;pects the mo&longs;t con­<lb/>venient; and in other Re&longs;pects accommodat­<lb/>ing our&longs;elves to Time and Nece&longs;&longs;ity, we &longs;hall <lb/>follow the Opinion of <emph type="italics"/>Socrates,<emph.end type="italics"/> that whatever <lb/>cannot be alter'd but for the wor&longs;e, is really <lb/>be&longs;t. </s> <s>I lay it down therefore for granted, that <lb/>our City ought to be contrived as to &longs;uffer <lb/>none of the Inconveniencies &longs;poken of in the <lb/>fir&longs;t Book, nor to want any of the Nece&longs;&longs;aries <lb/>of Life. </s> <s>Its Territory &longs;hall be healthy, wide, <lb/>plea&longs;ant, various, fruitful, &longs;ecure, and abound­<lb/>ing with Plenty of Fruits, and great Quantities <lb/>of Water. </s> <s>It mu&longs;t not want Rivers, Lakes, <lb/>and an open Pa&longs;&longs;age to the Sea for the con­<lb/>venient bringing in of &longs;uch Things as are <lb/>wanted, and carrying out &longs;uch as may be <lb/>&longs;pared. </s> <s>All Things, in a Word, mu&longs;t con­<lb/>tribute to the e&longs;tabli&longs;hing and improving all <lb/>Affairs both civil and military, whereby the <lb/>Commonwealth may be a Defence to its Sub­<lb/>jects, an Ornament to it&longs;elf, a Plea&longs;ure to its <lb/>Friends, and a Terror to its Enemies. </s> <s>I take <lb/>it to be a great Happine&longs;s to any City, to be <lb/>able to cultivate a good hand&longs;ome Part of its <lb/>Territory, in Spite of any Enemy what&longs;oever. <lb/></s> <s>Moreover your City ought to &longs;tand in the <lb/>Middle of its Territory, in a Place from <lb/>whence it can have a View all round its Coun­<lb/>try, and watch its Opportunities, and be ready <lb/>where-ever Nece&longs;&longs;ity calls, which may lie con­<lb/>venient for the Farmer, and Ploughman to go <lb/>out to his daily Labour, and return with Ea&longs;e <lb/>laden with Grain and Fruits. </s> <s>But the Situation <lb/>is one of the Things of greate&longs;t Importance, <lb/>whether it &longs;hould be upon an open Plain, or <lb/>upon the Shore, or on a Hill: becau&longs;e each of <lb/>the&longs;e have &longs;ome particular Qualities that are <lb/>u&longs;eful, and others on the contrary that are not <lb/>&longs;o agreeable.</s></p><p type="main"> <s>WHEN <emph type="italics"/>Bacchus<emph.end type="italics"/> led his Army through <emph type="italics"/>India,<emph.end type="italics"/><lb/>the exce&longs;&longs;ive Heat bred Di&longs;tempers among <lb/>them; whereupon he carried them up to the <lb/>Hills, where the Whole&longs;omne&longs;s of the Air im­<lb/>mediately cured them. </s> <s>Tho&longs;e that fir&longs;t built <lb/>Cites upon Hills, &longs;eem to have done it upon Ac­<lb/>count of the Security of &longs;uch a Situation; but <lb/>then they generally want Water. </s> <s>The Plains af­<lb/>ford great Conveniencies of Water, and of <lb/>Rivers; but the Air is more gro&longs;s, which <lb/>makes the Summer exce&longs;&longs;ively hot, and the <lb/>Winter as cold; be&longs;ides, being le&longs;s defended <lb/>again&longs;t any Violence.</s></p><p type="main"> <s>THE Sea-&longs;hore is mighty convenient for the <lb/>Importation of Merchandizes; but all Sea­<lb/>towns are reckoned too fond and greedy of <lb/>Novelties, and to &longs;uffer perpetual Commo­<lb/>tions from the too great Concour&longs;e, and the <lb/>Broils of Strangers, and are expo&longs;ed to very <lb/>dangerous In&longs;ults and Revolutions from foreign <lb/>Fleets. </s> <s>In which &longs;oever of the&longs;e Situations <lb/>therefore you build your City, you &longs;hould en­<lb/>deavour to contrive that it may partake of all <lb/>the Advantages, and be liable to none of <lb/>the Di&longs;advantages. </s> <s>Upon a Hill I would <lb/>make the Ground level, and upon a Plain I <lb/>would rai&longs;e it to an Eminence in that Part <lb/>where my City was to be placed. </s> <s>And if we <lb/>cannot effect this ju&longs;t according to our Wi&longs;h, <lb/>by rea&longs;on of the great Variety of Places, let <lb/>us make u&longs;e of the following Methods to ob­<lb/>tain at lea&longs;t every Thing that is nece&longs;&longs;ary: <lb/>On a maritime Coa&longs;t, if it is a Plain, do not <lb/>let the City &longs;tand too near the Sea; nor too <lb/>far from it, if it is hilly. </s> <s>We are told that <lb/>the Shores of the Sea are liable to Alteration; <lb/>and that &longs;everal Towns, and particularly <lb/><emph type="italics"/>Baiæ<emph.end type="italics"/> in <emph type="italics"/>Italy,<emph.end type="italics"/> have been &longs;wallow'd up by the <lb/>Waves.</s></p><p type="main"> <s><emph type="italics"/>Pharos<emph.end type="italics"/> in <emph type="italics"/>Ægypt,<emph.end type="italics"/> which anciently was &longs;ur­<lb/>rounded by the Sea, is now become a <emph type="italics"/>Cher&longs;o­<lb/>ne&longs;us,<emph.end type="italics"/> or Neck of Land. <emph type="italics"/>Strabo<emph.end type="italics"/> writes, that <lb/><emph type="italics"/>Tyre<emph.end type="italics"/> and <emph type="italics"/>Clazomene<emph.end type="italics"/> underwent the &longs;ame <lb/>Change: Nay they tell us that the Temple <lb/>of <emph type="italics"/>Jupiter Hammon<emph.end type="italics"/> &longs;tood once upon the Sea­<lb/>&longs;hore, though now the Sea has left it, and it <lb/>&longs;tands far within the Land. </s> <s>They advi&longs;e us <lb/>to build our City either clo&longs;e to the Shore, or <lb/>el&longs;e at a pretty good Di&longs;tance from the Sea: <lb/>for we find that the Winds from the Sea are <lb/>heavy and &longs;harp, by rea&longs;on of their Saltne&longs;s: <lb/>And therefore, when they arrive at &longs;ome Place <lb/>at a middling Di&longs;tance from the Sea, e&longs;pecially <lb/>if it is a Plain, you will find the Air there ex­<lb/>tremely moi&longs;t through the di&longs;&longs;olving of the <lb/>Salt which it took from the Sea, which makes <lb/>it thick and heavy, and perfectly ropy; &longs;o <lb/>that in &longs;uch Places you &longs;hall &longs;ometimes &longs;ee a <lb/>Sort of Strings flying about in the Air like <lb/>Cobwebs; And they tell us, that a Mixture <lb/>of Salt has the &longs;ame Effect upon the Air as it <lb/>has upon Water, which it will corrupt to <lb/>&longs;uch a Degree as to make it &longs;tink very offen­<lb/>&longs;ively. </s> <s>The Ancients, and chiefly <emph type="italics"/>Plato,<emph.end type="italics"/> are <lb/>for having a City &longs;tand at ten Miles Di&longs;tance <pb xlink:href="003/01/086.jpg" pagenum="69"/>from the Sea; but if you cannot place it &longs;o <lb/>far off, let it be at lea&longs;t in &longs;ome Situation where <lb/>the above-mention'd Winds cannot reach it, <lb/>otherwi&longs;e than broken, tired and purified; <lb/>placing it &longs;o, that between it and the Sea there <lb/>may &longs;tand &longs;ome Hill to interrupt any noxi­<lb/>ous Vapour from thence. </s> <s>A Pro&longs;pect of the <lb/>Sea from the Shore is wonderfully plea&longs;ant, and <lb/>is generally attended with a whole&longs;ome Air; <lb/>and <emph type="italics"/>Ari&longs;totle<emph.end type="italics"/> thinks tho&longs;e Countries are mo&longs;t <lb/>healthy where the Winds keep the Atmo&longs;phere <lb/>in continual Motion: but then the Sea there <lb/>mu&longs;t not be weedy, with a low Beach &longs;carce <lb/>covered with Water; but deep with a high <lb/>bold Shore of a living craggy Rock. </s> <s>The <lb/>placing a City upon the proud Shoulders of a <lb/>Mountain (if we may be allowed &longs;o florid an <lb/>Expre&longs;&longs;ion) contributes greatly not only to <lb/>Dignity and Plea&longs;ure, but yet more to Health. <lb/></s> <s>In tho&longs;e Places where the Hills over&longs;hadow the <lb/>Sea, the Water is always deep; be&longs;ides that if <lb/>any gro&longs;s Vapours do ari&longs;e from the Sea, they <lb/>&longs;pend them&longs;elves before they reach &longs;o high; <lb/>and if any &longs;udden Attack is made upon you from <lb/>an Enemy, you lie le&longs;s liable to be &longs;urprized, <lb/>and more advantageou&longs;ly for defending your­<lb/>&longs;elf. </s> <s>The Ancients commend a Situation upon <lb/>the Ea&longs;t Side of a Hill, and in hot Countries, <lb/>that Side which lies open to Northern Winds. <lb/></s> <s>Others perhaps may rather chu&longs;e the We&longs;t Side, <lb/>from this Inducement, that manured Ground <lb/>lying to that A&longs;pect is the mo&longs;t fruitful: And <lb/>indeed it is certain Hi&longs;torians tell us, that under <lb/>Mount <emph type="italics"/>Taurus,<emph.end type="italics"/> the Side which looks to the <lb/>North, is much more healthy than the others, <lb/>for the very &longs;ame Rea&longs;on that it is al&longs;o more <lb/>fruitful. </s> <s>La&longs;tly, if we build our City upon a <lb/>Hill, we &longs;hould take particular Care that we are <lb/>not expo&longs;ed to one great Inconvenience which <lb/>generally happens in &longs;uch a Situation, e&longs;pecially <lb/>if there are other Hills near, which rai&longs;e their <lb/>Heads above us; namely, that there is not a <lb/>&longs;ettled heavy Body of Clouds to darken and <lb/>eclip&longs;e the Day and infect the Air. </s> <s>We ought, <lb/>be&longs;ides, to have a Care that this Situation is <lb/>not expo&longs;ed to the raging Fury and Violence <lb/>of Winds, and e&longs;pecially of the North-wind; <lb/>which, as <emph type="italics"/>He&longs;iod<emph.end type="italics"/> tells us, &longs;hrinks up and bends <lb/>every Body, and particularly old People. </s> <s>It <lb/>will make the Situation very bad if there is <lb/>any neighbouring Rock &longs;tanding above the <lb/>City, &longs;o as to throw upon it the Vapours <lb/>rai&longs;ed by the Sun, or any very deep Valley <lb/>reaking with unwhole&longs;ome Steams. </s> <s>Others ad­<lb/>vi&longs;e that the Circuit of the Town &longs;hould ter­<lb/>minate in Clifts and Precipices; but that the&longs;e <lb/>are not always &longs;afe again&longs;t Earthquakes, or <lb/>Storms, is &longs;ufficiently evident from very many <lb/>Towns, and particularly <emph type="italics"/>Voltera<emph.end type="italics"/> in <emph type="italics"/>Tu&longs;cany;<emph.end type="italics"/><lb/>for the very Ground it&longs;elf falls away in &longs;uch <lb/>Places, and brings down after it what&longs;oever is <lb/>built upon it.</s></p><p type="main"> <s>YOU ought al&longs;o to take particular Care that <lb/>&longs;uch a Situation has no Hill near that ri&longs;es <lb/>above it, which falling into the Hands of an <lb/>Enemy, may enable him to give you continual <lb/>Trouble; nor any Plain laying under it big <lb/>enough to conceal an Army in Safety, and <lb/>give it Time to make Lodgments and open <lb/>Trenches, or to range its Forces in Order of <lb/>Battle to attack you. </s> <s>We read that <emph type="italics"/>Dedalus<emph.end type="italics"/><lb/>built the Town of <emph type="italics"/>Agrigentum,<emph.end type="italics"/> now called <lb/><emph type="italics"/>Gergento,<emph.end type="italics"/> upon a very &longs;teep Rock, with a very <lb/>difficult Pa&longs;&longs;age to it, in&longs;omuch that only <lb/>three Men were &longs;ufficient to defend it; a Fort­<lb/>re&longs;s certainly very convenient, provided your <lb/>Pa&longs;&longs;age out cannot be &longs;topt by the &longs;ame Num­<lb/>ber of Men that can &longs;ecure the Pa&longs;&longs;age in. <lb/></s> <s>Men of Experience in military Affairs greatly <lb/>commend the Town of <emph type="italics"/>Cingoli,<emph.end type="italics"/> built by <emph type="italics"/>Labi­<lb/>enus<emph.end type="italics"/> in the Mark of <emph type="italics"/>Ancona;<emph.end type="italics"/> becau&longs;e, be&longs;ides <lb/>&longs;everal other Advantages that it has, it will not <lb/>allow of one Thing common in mountainous <lb/>Situations, which is that when once you have <lb/>climbed up to the Top, you then can fight <lb/>upon an equal Foot; for here you are repul&longs;ed <lb/>by a very high &longs;teep Precipice: Neither can the <lb/>Enemy here wa&longs;te and de&longs;troy the Country <lb/>round with one &longs;ingle Excur&longs;ion, nor &longs;ecure <lb/>all the Ways at one Time, nor make a &longs;ecure <lb/>Retreat to their Camp, nor &longs;end out to For­<lb/>age, or to get Wood or Water without Dan­<lb/>ger; whereas tho&longs;e in the Town enjoy all the <lb/>contrary Advantages; for by Means of the <lb/>Hills that lie beneath them all running one <lb/>into another with a great Number of little <lb/>Vallies between, they can at any Time i&longs;&longs;ue <lb/>out of a &longs;udden to attack the Enemy una­<lb/>wares, and &longs;urprize them whenever any im­<lb/>mediate Opportunity offers it&longs;elf. </s> <s>Nor are <lb/>they le&longs;s plea&longs;ed with <emph type="italics"/>Bi&longs;&longs;eium,<emph.end type="italics"/> a Town of the <lb/><emph type="italics"/>Mar&longs;ians,<emph.end type="italics"/> prodigiou&longs;ly &longs;ecured by the three <lb/>Rivers which meet there from different Quar­<lb/>ters, and very difficult of Acce&longs;s thro' the <lb/>narrow Pa&longs;&longs;es of the Vallies guarded all round <lb/>with &longs;teep and unpa&longs;&longs;able Mountains: &longs;o that <lb/>the Enemy can find no Place to fix a Camp <lb/>for a Siege, and can never guard all the Pa&longs;&longs;es, <lb/>which are va&longs;tly convenient to tho&longs;e in the <lb/>Place for bringing in Provi&longs;ions and Succours, <pb xlink:href="003/01/087.jpg" pagenum="70"/>and making Sallies. </s> <s>But let this &longs;uffice as to <lb/>mountainous Situations. </s> <s>But if you build your <lb/>City in a Plain, and according to the general <lb/>Practice on the Banks of a River, &longs;o perhaps as <lb/>to have the Stream run through the Middle of <lb/>the Town, you mu&longs;t have a Care that this <lb/>River does not come from the South, nor run <lb/>towards that Point: Becau&longs;e on one Side the <lb/>Damps, and on the other the Cold being en­<lb/>crea&longs;ed by the Vapours of the Water, will <lb/>come to you with double Violence and Un­<lb/>whole&longs;omene&longs;s. </s> <s>But if the River flows with­<lb/>out the Compa&longs;s of the Walls, you mu&longs;t take <lb/>a View of the Country round about, and con­<lb/>&longs;ider on which Side the Winds have the free&longs;t <lb/>Pa&longs;&longs;age, that you may there erect a &longs;ufficient <lb/>Wall to re&longs;train the River within its Limits. <lb/></s> <s>As for other Precautions, it may not be ami&longs;s <lb/>to con&longs;ider what the Mariners tell us; to <lb/>wit, that the Winds are naturally inclined to <lb/>follow the Sun and the Ea&longs;tern Breezes, when <lb/>the Phy&longs;icians ob&longs;erve, that tho&longs;e of the Morn­<lb/>ing are the pure&longs;t, and tho&longs;e of the Evening <lb/>the mo&longs;t damp: Whereas on the Contrary when <lb/>they blow from the We&longs;t they are heavie&longs;t at <lb/>Sun-ri&longs;e, and lighte&longs;t at Sun-&longs;et. </s> <s>For the&longs;e <lb/>Rea&longs;ons the be&longs;t Po&longs;ition for a City will be to <lb/>have the River come in from the Ea&longs;t, and <lb/>go out towards the We&longs;t; becau&longs;e then that <lb/>Breeze or gentle Wind which ri&longs;es with the <lb/>Sun, will carry the Vapours out of the City, <lb/>if any noxious ones &longs;hould ari&longs;e, or at lea&longs;t it <lb/>will not encrea&longs;e them it&longs;elf: However, I <lb/>would rather have a River, Lake, or any other <lb/>Water extend to the North than to the South, <lb/>provided the Town do not &longs;tand under the Sha­<lb/>dow of a Mountain, which is the wor&longs;t Situation <lb/>in the World. </s> <s>I will not repeat what we have <lb/>&longs;aid before, and we know that the South Wind <lb/>is very heavy and &longs;low in its Nature, in&longs;omuch <lb/>that when the Sails of a Ship are filled with <lb/>it, the Ve&longs;&longs;el &longs;eems oppre&longs;&longs;ed with its Weight, <lb/>and draws more Water; whereas, the <lb/>North Wind on the contrary &longs;eems to lighten <lb/>the Ship and the Sea too: however, it is better <lb/>to keep both the&longs;e at a Di&longs;tance, than to have <lb/>them continually beating again&longs;t the Wall. <lb/></s> <s>Nothing is more condemned than a River flow­<lb/>ing under high &longs;teep Banks, with a very deep <lb/>&longs;tony Channel, and always &longs;haded; becau&longs;e its <lb/>Water is unwhol&longs;ome to drink, and the Air upon <lb/>it dangerous: And to avoid &longs;ettling near Bogs <lb/>and Mar&longs;hes, or &longs;tanding muddy Waters is the <lb/>Part of every prudent con&longs;iderate Builder. </s> <s>I <lb/>need not mention here the Di&longs;ea&longs;es occa&longs;ion'd <lb/>by &longs;uch Neighbourhoods: We need only ob­<lb/>&longs;erve of the&longs;e Places, that be&longs;ides the common <lb/>Nui&longs;ances in Summer of ill Smells, Fleas and <lb/>other na&longs;ty Vermin, they are liable to one <lb/>great Inconvenience be&longs;ides, when you imagine <lb/>the Air to be whole&longs;ome&longs;t and cleare&longs;t (which <lb/>we al&longs;o took Notice of in relation to all <lb/>Plains) that they are Subject to exce&longs;&longs;ive Colds <lb/>in Winter and exce&longs;&longs;ive Heats in Summer. <lb/></s> <s>La&longs;tly, we mu&longs;t be very &longs;ure that none of the&longs;e, <lb/>whether Hill, Rock, Lake, Bog, River or Well, <lb/>or the like, may be &longs;o di&longs;po&longs;ed as to be likely <lb/>to &longs;trengthen or &longs;upport an Enemy, or to bring <lb/>any Manner of Inconveniencies upon your own <lb/>Citizens. </s> <s>And this is as much as is nece&longs;&longs;ary <lb/>with Regard to the Region and Situation.</s></p><p type="head"> <s>CHAP. III.</s></p><p type="main"> <s><emph type="italics"/>Of the Compa&longs;s, Space and Bigne&longs;s of the City, of the Form and Di&longs;po&longs;ition <lb/>of the Walls and Fortifications, and of the Cu&longs;toms and Ceremonies ob­<lb/>&longs;erved by the Ancients in marking them out.<emph.end type="italics"/></s></p><p type="main"> <s>It is certain the Form of the City and the <lb/>Di&longs;tribution of its Parts mu&longs;t be various <lb/>according to the Variety of Places; &longs;ince we <lb/>&longs;ee it is impo&longs;&longs;ible upon a Hill to lay out an <lb/>Area whether round or &longs;quare, or of any other <lb/>regular Form, with that Ea&longs;e, that you may <lb/>upon an open Plain. </s> <s>The ancient Architects <lb/>in encompa&longs;&longs;ing their Towns with Walls, con­<lb/>demn'd all Angles jutting out from the naked <lb/>of the Wall, as thinking they help the Enemy <lb/>more in their A&longs;&longs;ault than the Inhabitants in <lb/>their Defence; and that they were very weak <lb/>again&longs;t the Shocks of military Engines; and <lb/>indeed for Treacheries, and for the &longs;afer <lb/>throwing their Darts they are of &longs;ome Ad­<lb/>vantage to the Enemy, e&longs;pecially where they <lb/>can run up to the Walls, and withdraw again <lb/>immediately to their Camp; but yet they are <lb/>&longs;ometimes of very great Service in Towns <lb/>&longs;eated upon Hills, if they are &longs;et ju&longs;t an&longs;wering <pb xlink:href="003/01/088.jpg" pagenum="71"/>to the Streets. </s> <s>At the famous City <emph type="italics"/>Peru&longs;ia,<emph.end type="italics"/><lb/>which has &longs;everal little Towers placed here <lb/>and there upon the Hills, like the Fingers of <lb/>a Man's Hand extending out, if the Enemy <lb/>offers to attack one of the Angles with a good <lb/>Number of Men, he can find no Place to be­<lb/>gin his A&longs;&longs;ault, and being obliged to march <lb/>under tho&longs;e Towers, is not able to with&longs;tand <lb/>the Weapons that will be ca&longs;t, and the Sallies <lb/>made upon him. </s> <s>So that the &longs;ame Method <lb/>for walling of Towns will not &longs;erve in all Pla­<lb/>ces. </s> <s>Moreover the Ancients lay it down for <lb/>a Rule, that Cities and Ships &longs;hould by no <lb/>means be either &longs;o big as to look empty, nor <lb/>&longs;o little as to be crowded. </s> <s>Others are for hav­<lb/>ing their Towns full and clo&longs;e, believing that <lb/>it adds to their Safety: Others, feeding them­<lb/>&longs;elves with great Hopes of Times to come, de­<lb/>light in having a va&longs;t deal of Room: Others, <lb/>perhaps, have an Eye to the Fame and Ho­<lb/>nour of Po&longs;terity. </s> <s>The City of the <emph type="italics"/>Sun,<emph.end type="italics"/> built <lb/>by <emph type="italics"/>Bu&longs;iris,<emph.end type="italics"/> and call'd <emph type="italics"/>Thebes,<emph.end type="italics"/> as Hi&longs;tories in­<lb/>form us, was twenty Miles in Circuit; <emph type="italics"/>Mem­<lb/>phis,<emph.end type="italics"/> eighteen Miles, &longs;ix Furlongs; <emph type="italics"/>Babylon,<emph.end type="italics"/><lb/>three and forty Miles, &longs;ix Furlong; <emph type="italics"/>Nineveh,<emph.end type="italics"/><lb/>three&longs;core Miles; and &longs;ome Towns enclo&longs;ed <lb/>&longs;o much Ground, that even within the Walls <lb/>they could rai&longs;e Provi&longs;ions for the whole Year. <lb/></s> <s>But, I think, there is a great deal of Wi&longs;dom <lb/>in the old Proverb, which tells us, that we <lb/>ought in all Things to avoid exce&longs;s; though <lb/>if I were to commit an Error of either Side, <lb/>I &longs;hould rather chu&longs;e that Proportion which <lb/>would allow of an Encrea&longs;e of Citizens, than that <lb/>which is hardly &longs;ufficient to contain the pre&longs;ent <lb/>Inhabitants. </s> <s>Add to this, that a City is not <lb/>built wholly for the Sake of Shelter, but ought <lb/>to be &longs;o contrived, that be&longs;ides mere civil <lb/>Conveniencies there may be hand&longs;ome Spaces <lb/>left for Squares, Cour&longs;es for Chariots, Gardens, <lb/>Places to take the Air in, for Swimming, and <lb/>the like, both for Ornament and Recreation.</s></p><p type="main"> <s>WE read in the Ancients <emph type="italics"/>Varro, Plutarch<emph.end type="italics"/><lb/>and others, that their Forefathers us'd to <lb/>de&longs;ign the Walls of their Town with abundance <lb/>of religious Rites and Ceremonies. </s> <s>After the <lb/>repeated taking of Au&longs;pices they yoked a Bull <lb/>and a Cow together to draw a brazen Plough, <lb/>with which they traced out the Line that was <lb/>to be the Circuit of the Wall, the Cow being <lb/>placed on the In&longs;ide, and the Bull without. <lb/></s> <s>The Fathers and Elders that were to dwell in <lb/>the Town followed the Plough, laying all the <lb/>Clods of Earth into the Furrow again inward, <lb/>&longs;o that none might lie &longs;cattering outward, and <lb/>when they came to tho&longs;e Places where the Gates <lb/>were to be, they lifted up the Plough and car­<lb/>ried it in their Hands, that the Ground&longs;ell of <lb/>the Gates might remain untouch'd; and for <lb/>this Rea&longs;on they e&longs;teem'd the whole Circle of <lb/>the Wall to be &longs;acred, all except the Gates, <lb/>which were by no means to be called &longs;o.</s></p><p type="main"> <s>In the Days of <emph type="italics"/>Romulus, Diony&longs;ius<emph.end type="italics"/> of <emph type="italics"/>Hali­<lb/>carna&longs;&longs;us,<emph.end type="italics"/> tells us, that the Fathers in Beginning <lb/>their Towns, u&longs;ed, after performing a Sacri&longs;ice, <lb/>to kindle Fires before their Tents, and to <lb/>make the People pa&longs;s through them, believing <lb/>that they were purged and purified by the <lb/>Flame; and they held it unlawful to admit <lb/>any Body to this Ceremony that was polluted <lb/>or unclean. </s> <s>This is what we find to have <lb/>been the Cu&longs;tom of tho&longs;e Nations. </s> <s>In other <lb/>Places they u&longs;ed to mark out the Foundation <lb/>of their Walls by &longs;trowing all the Way a Du&longs;t <lb/>made of white Earth, which they called <emph type="italics"/>pure;<emph.end type="italics"/><lb/>and <emph type="italics"/>Alexander,<emph.end type="italics"/> upon laying out the Town of <lb/><emph type="italics"/>Pharos,<emph.end type="italics"/> for want of this Earth made u&longs;e of <lb/>Meal. </s> <s>From the&longs;e Ceremonies the Diviners <lb/>took Occa&longs;ion to foretell what &longs;hould happen <lb/>in Times to come; for noting the Nativity, as <lb/>we may call it, of the City, and &longs;ome Events <lb/>that &longs;eemed to have &longs;ome Connection with it, <lb/>they imagined they might thence draw Pre­<lb/>dictions of its future Succe&longs;&longs;es. </s> <s>The <emph type="italics"/>Hetrurians<emph.end type="italics"/><lb/>too in the Books of their Ceremonies taught <lb/>this Art of foretelling the Fortune of Towns <lb/>from the Day of their Nativities; and this not <lb/>from the Ob&longs;ervation of the Heavens, which <lb/>we mentioned in the Second Book, but from <lb/>Principles and Conjectures founded upon <lb/>pre&longs;ent Circum&longs;tances. <emph type="italics"/>Cen&longs;orinus<emph.end type="italics"/> informs us, <lb/>that the Method they taught was this: Such <lb/>Men as happened to be born the very &longs;ame <lb/>Day that the City was begun, and lived the <lb/>Longe&longs;t of any one born on that Day, were <lb/>reckoned by their Death to put a Period to the <lb/>fir&longs;t Age of that City; next, the longe&longs;t Liver <lb/>of tho&longs;e that dwelt in the City; at that Time, <lb/>when they died concluded the &longs;econd Age; <lb/>and &longs;o for the other Ages. </s> <s>Then they &longs;up­<lb/>po&longs;ed that the Gods generally &longs;ent Omens to <lb/>point out the Conclu&longs;ion of each particular <lb/>Age. </s> <s>The&longs;e were the Super&longs;titions which <lb/>they taught; and they add that the <emph type="italics"/>Hetrurians<emph.end type="italics"/><lb/>by the&longs;e Progno&longs;ticks could certainly fix every <lb/>Age of their City, which they determined to <lb/>to be as follows; their fir&longs;t four Ages they <lb/>made an hundred Years each; the Fifth, an <lb/>hundred and Twenty-three; the Sixth, an <lb/>hundred and Twenty, and as many the <pb xlink:href="003/01/089.jpg" pagenum="72"/>Seventh; the Eighth was the Time they then <lb/>lived in under the Emperors, and the Ninth <lb/>was to come; and by the&longs;e Progno&longs;ticks they <lb/>thought it no hard Matter to di&longs;cover even the <lb/>Events of future Ages. </s> <s>They conjectured that <lb/><emph type="italics"/>Rome<emph.end type="italics"/> &longs;hould come to be Mi&longs;tre&longs;s of the World, <lb/>from this Symptom, namely, becau&longs;e a Man <lb/>born on the Day of her Foundation became in <lb/>Time her Ma&longs;ter. </s> <s>And this Man, I find, was <lb/><emph type="italics"/>Numa:<emph.end type="italics"/> for <emph type="italics"/>Plutarch<emph.end type="italics"/> in&longs;orms us, that on the <lb/>Nineteenth of <emph type="italics"/>April, Rome<emph.end type="italics"/> was begun, and <lb/><emph type="italics"/>Numa<emph.end type="italics"/> born. </s> <s>But the <emph type="italics"/>Spartans<emph.end type="italics"/> gloried in ha­<lb/>ving no Walls at all about their City; for con­<lb/>fiding in the Valour and Fortitude of their <lb/>Citizens, they thought there was no Occa&longs;ion <lb/>for any Fortification be&longs;ides good Laws. </s> <s>The <lb/><emph type="italics"/>Ægyptians<emph.end type="italics"/> and <emph type="italics"/>Per&longs;ians,<emph.end type="italics"/> on the contrary, en­<lb/>clo&longs;ed their Cities with the &longs;tronge&longs;t Walls; <lb/>for not to mention others, <emph type="italics"/>Nineveh<emph.end type="italics"/> and <emph type="italics"/>Semi­<lb/>ramis<emph.end type="italics"/> made the Walls of their Towns &longs;o thick, <lb/>that two Chariots might pa&longs;s upon the Top <lb/>abrea&longs;t, and &longs;o high, that they were above an <lb/>hundred Cubits. <emph type="italics"/>Arrian<emph.end type="italics"/> relates that the Walls <lb/>of <emph type="italics"/>Tyre<emph.end type="italics"/> were an hundred and Fifty Foot high. <lb/></s> <s>Some again have not been &longs;atisfied with one <lb/>Wall: The <emph type="italics"/>Carthaginians<emph.end type="italics"/> enclo&longs;ed their City <lb/>with Three; and <emph type="italics"/>Herodotus<emph.end type="italics"/> writes that <emph type="italics"/>Deioces<emph.end type="italics"/><lb/>forti&longs;ied his Town of <emph type="italics"/>Ecbatana,<emph.end type="italics"/> though it <lb/>was &longs;eated upon an Hill with Seven. </s> <s>Now <lb/>as it is certain that Walls are a very <lb/>powerful Defence both of our Per&longs;ons and <lb/>Liberties, when the Enemy happens to be <lb/>&longs;uperior either in Number or Fortune, I can­<lb/>not join in with tho&longs;e who are for having their <lb/>City quite naked without any Wall, neither <lb/>with &longs;uch as &longs;eem to place all their Hopes of <lb/>Defence in their Wallalone. </s> <s>I agree with what <lb/><emph type="italics"/>Plato<emph.end type="italics"/> ob&longs;erves, that every City &longs;tands con­<lb/>tinually expo&longs;ed to the Danger of being brought <lb/>under Subjection; &longs;ince, whether it be owing <lb/>to Nature or Cu&longs;tom, neither publick Bodies <lb/>nor private Per&longs;ons can ever &longs;et Bounds to their <lb/>in&longs;atiable De&longs;ire of getting and po&longs;&longs;e&longs;&longs;ing &longs;till <lb/>more and more; from which one Source <lb/>ari&longs;es all the Mi&longs;chiefs of War. </s> <s>So that what <lb/>is there to be &longs;aid again&longs;t adding Security to <lb/>Security, and Fortification to Fortification? <lb/></s> <s>From what has been already &longs;aid, we may <lb/>conclude that of all Cities, the mo&longs;t Capacious <lb/>is the round One; and the mo&longs;t Secure, that <lb/>which is encompa&longs;&longs;ed with Walls broken here <lb/>and there into Angles or Ba&longs;tions jutting out at <lb/>certain Di&longs;tances, as <emph type="italics"/>Tacitus<emph.end type="italics"/> in&longs;orms us <emph type="italics"/>Jeru­<lb/>&longs;alem<emph.end type="italics"/> was: Becau&longs;e it is certain, the Enemy <lb/>cannot come up to the Wall between two <lb/>Angles jutting out, without expo&longs;ing them­<lb/>&longs;elves to very great Danger; nor can their <lb/>military Engines attack the Heads of tho&longs;e <lb/>Angles with any Hopes of Succe&longs;s. </s> <s>But, <lb/>however, we &longs;hould be &longs;ure to make u&longs;e of all <lb/>the natural Advantages that offer them&longs;elves <lb/>for the Security of our Town or Fortification; <lb/>as we may ob&longs;erve the Ancients did, accor­<lb/>ding to the Opportunity or Nece&longs;&longs;ity of the <lb/>Situation. </s> <s>Thus <emph type="italics"/>Antium,<emph.end type="italics"/> an ancient City of <lb/>the <emph type="italics"/>Latins,<emph.end type="italics"/> in order to embrace the Winding <lb/>of the Shore, appears from the old Ruins <lb/>which are left, to have been built of a very <lb/>great Length. <emph type="italics"/>Cairo,<emph.end type="italics"/> upon the <emph type="italics"/>Nile,<emph.end type="italics"/> is &longs;aid <lb/>al&longs;o to be a very long City. <emph type="italics"/>Palimbrota,<emph.end type="italics"/> a <lb/>City of <emph type="italics"/>India,<emph.end type="italics"/> belonging to the <emph type="italics"/>Gra&longs;ii,<emph.end type="italics"/> as <lb/><emph type="italics"/>Meta&longs;thenes<emph.end type="italics"/> informs us, was &longs;ixteen Miles long, <lb/>and three broad, running along the Side of the <lb/>River. </s> <s>We read that the Walls of <emph type="italics"/>Babylon<emph.end type="italics"/><lb/>were &longs;quare; and tho&longs;e of <emph type="italics"/>Memphis<emph.end type="italics"/> built in <lb/>Shape of a D. </s> <s>But whatever Shape is cho&longs;en <lb/>for the Walls, <emph type="italics"/>Vegetius<emph.end type="italics"/> thinks it &longs;ufficient for <lb/>Service, if they are &longs;o broad, that two armed <lb/>Soldiers po&longs;ted there for Defence, may ea&longs;ily <lb/>pa&longs;s without being in one anothers Way; and <lb/>&longs;o high, that they cannot be &longs;caled with Lad­<lb/>ders; and built &longs;o firm and &longs;trong, as not to <lb/>yield to the battering Rams and other En­<lb/>gines. </s> <s>The military Engines are of two Sorts; <lb/>one Sort are tho&longs;e which break and demoli&longs;h <lb/>the Wall by Battery; the other are &longs;uch as <lb/>attack and undermine the Foundation, and &longs;o <lb/>bring down the Super&longs;tructure. </s> <s>Now the <lb/>greate&longs;t Security again&longs;t both the&longs;e, is not &longs;o <lb/>much a Wall as a good Ditch. </s> <s>The Wall is <lb/>of no U&longs;e in the la&longs;t Ca&longs;e, unle&longs;s its Founda­<lb/>tion lies under Water, or upon a &longs;olid Rock. <lb/></s> <s>The Ditch ought to be very broad and very deep; <lb/>for then it will hinder the moveable Tortoi&longs;e­<lb/>&longs;hell, Towers, or other &longs;uch Machines from ap­<lb/>proaching the Wall; and when the Founda­<lb/>tion is under Water, or on a Rock, it will be in <lb/>vain to think of undermining it. </s> <s>It is a Di&longs;­<lb/>pute among the military Men, whether it is <lb/>be&longs;t for the Ditch to be full of Water, or to <lb/>be kept dry; but it is allow'd, that the fir&longs;t <lb/>Thing to be con&longs;ulted is, which is mo&longs;t for <lb/>the Health of the Inhabitants; and then &longs;ome <lb/>&longs;ay tho&longs;e Ditches are certainly be&longs;t which are <lb/>&longs;o contrived, that if by the Force of Battery <lb/>any Part of the Wall is beaten into them, it <lb/>may be &longs;oon removed, and the Ditch kept <lb/>clear, that it may not be filled up, and &longs;o <lb/>make a Path for the Enemy.</s></p><pb xlink:href="003/01/090.jpg" pagenum="73"/><p type="head"> <s>CHAP. IV.</s></p><p type="head"> <s><emph type="italics"/>Of the IV alls, Battlements, Towers, Corni&longs;hes and Gates, and the Timber-work <lb/>belonging to them.<emph.end type="italics"/></s></p><p type="main"> <s>But to return to the Walls. </s> <s>The Ancients <lb/>advi&longs;e us to build them after this Man­<lb/>ner. </s> <s>Rai&longs;e two Walls one within the other, <lb/>leaving between them a Space of twenty Foot, <lb/>which Space is to be fill'd up with the Earth <lb/>dug out of the Ditch, and well ramm'd in; <lb/>and let the&longs;e Walls be built in &longs;uch a Manner, <lb/>that you may mount from the Level of the <lb/>City quite to the Top of the Battlements, by <lb/>an ea&longs;y A&longs;cent, as it were by Steps. </s> <s>Others <lb/>&longs;ay, that the Earth which is dug out of the <lb/>Ditch, ought to be thrown without the Wall, <lb/>on the other Side of the Ditch, and there ca&longs;t <lb/>up into a Rampart, and from the Bottom of <lb/>the Ditch a Wall &longs;hould be run up, thick <lb/>and &longs;trong enough to &longs;upport the Weight of the <lb/>afore&longs;aid Earth which bears upon it. </s> <s>At a <lb/>Di&longs;tance from this another Wall &longs;hould be <lb/>rai&longs;ed in the Town, higher than the other, and <lb/>as far from it, as to leave Space enough for <lb/>the Soldiers to be drawn up, and to have <lb/>Room to fight in. </s> <s>Be&longs;ides this, you &longs;hould <lb/>between the principal Walls, and tho&longs;e within, <lb/>erect other Walls cro&longs;&longs;ways from one to the <lb/>other, by the Help whereof, the principal <lb/>Walls may unite with tho&longs;e behind, and more <lb/>ea&longs;ily &longs;upport the Weight of the Earth ca&longs;t in <lb/>between them. </s> <s>But indeed for my Part, I am <lb/>be&longs;t plea&longs;ed with tho&longs;e Walls which are &longs;o <lb/>&longs;ituated, that if they happen to be at length <lb/>demoli&longs;hed by the Force of Battery, they have <lb/>&longs;omewhat of a Plain at the Foot of them, <lb/>where they may lie and form a Kind of Ram­<lb/>part, and &longs;o be kept from filling up the Ditch <lb/>with their Ruins. </s> <s>In other Re&longs;pects I am <lb/>very well plea&longs;ed with <emph type="italics"/>Vitruvius,<emph.end type="italics"/> who &longs;ays <lb/>the Wall ought to be built thus: Within the <lb/>Body of the Wall we &longs;hould lay a good many <lb/>Timbers of Olive-wood burnt, to the Intent <lb/>that the two Sides of the Walls being fa&longs;tened <lb/>together by the&longs;e wooden Bracers, the Work <lb/>may be the more durable. </s> <s>Such a Wall as this, <lb/>we are told by <emph type="italics"/>Thucydides,<emph.end type="italics"/> was made by the <lb/><emph type="italics"/>Platæans,<emph.end type="italics"/> to defend them&longs;elves again&longs;t the <lb/>People of the <emph type="italics"/>Morea,<emph.end type="italics"/> by whom they were be­<lb/>&longs;ieged; ina&longs;much as they mixed Timbers a­<lb/>mong their Brick-work, and made a very &longs;tout <lb/>Fortification of it. </s> <s>And <emph type="italics"/>Cæ&longs;ar<emph.end type="italics"/> informs us, <lb/>that in <emph type="italics"/>France<emph.end type="italics"/> mo&longs;t of their Walls were built <lb/>in this Manner: They laid Beams within the <lb/>Wall, and braced them together at equal Di­<lb/>&longs;tances, filling up the Vacancies with huge <lb/>Stones, &longs;o that one Beam never touched the <lb/>other; and &longs;o proceeded with &longs;everal Cour&longs;es <lb/>of Work in the &longs;ame Method, till they rai&longs;ed <lb/>a Wall of a good con&longs;iderable Height. </s> <s>This <lb/>Kind of Work was not unhand&longs;ome to the <lb/>Sight, and was a very &longs;trong Fortification, be­<lb/>cau&longs;e the Stones &longs;ecured it again&longs;t Fire, and <lb/>the Timbers again&longs;t the Battering Rams. </s> <s>But <lb/>this mix'd Work others di&longs;approve of; becau&longs;e <lb/>they &longs;ay the Lime and the Wood will not <lb/>long agree together, for Timber is eaten and <lb/>burnt up both by the Saltne&longs;s and Heat of the <lb/>Lime. </s> <s>Be&longs;ides that, if the Wall &longs;hould hap­<lb/>pen to be demoli&longs;h'd by Battery, they &longs;ay, <lb/>that as it is thus made in a Manner all of one <lb/>Piece, the whole Wall will be apt to go all <lb/>together at once. </s> <s>In my Opinion one very <lb/>good Way of Building a &longs;trong Wall, capable <lb/>to &longs;tand the Shocks of Engines, is this: make tri­<lb/>angular Projections out from the naked of the <lb/>Wall, with one Angle facing the Enemy, at the <lb/>Di&longs;tance of every ten Cubits, and turn Arches <lb/>from one Projection to the other; then fill up the <lb/>Vacancies between them with Straw and Earth, <lb/>well rammed down together. </s> <s>By this Means <lb/>the Force and Violence of the Shocks of the <lb/>Engines, will be deadened by the Softne&longs;s of the <lb/>Earth, and the Wall will not be weakned by <lb/>the Battery, only here and there, and tho&longs;e <lb/>&longs;mall Breaches, or rather Holes, that are made <lb/>in it, will pre&longs;ently be &longs;topt up again. </s> <s>In <emph type="italics"/>Sicily,<emph.end type="italics"/><lb/>their Pumice-&longs;tones, which they have in great <lb/>Plenty, will do extreamly well for this Kind of <lb/>Work: But in other Places, for want of Pu­<lb/>mice-&longs;tones and Earth, any &longs;oft Stone may <lb/>be made u&longs;e of; nor is Terra&longs;s ami&longs;s for this <lb/>Purpo&longs;e. </s> <s>La&longs;tly, if any Part of &longs;uch a Struc­<lb/>ture &longs;tands expo&longs;ed to the mo&longs;t &longs;outherly <lb/>Winds, or nocturnal Vapours, cloath and face <lb/>it with a Shell of Stone. </s> <s>And particularly it <lb/>will be of great Service to let the outer Bank <lb/>of the Ditch have a good Slope, and lie a <pb xlink:href="003/01/091.jpg" pagenum="74"/>pretty deal higher than the Ground beyond <lb/>it: For this will baulk the Aim of the mili­<lb/>tary Engines, and make them throw over the <lb/>Wall. </s> <s>And &longs;ome think no Wall is &longs;o &longs;afe <lb/>again&longs;t Battery, as tho&longs;e which are built in un­<lb/>even Lines, like the Teeth of a Saw.</s></p><p type="main"> <s>I AM very well plea&longs;ed with tho&longs;e Walls in <lb/><emph type="italics"/>Rome,<emph.end type="italics"/> which at about half Way up to the <lb/>Top have a Walk with little private Holes, <lb/>out of which, the Archers may privately annoy <lb/>the Enemy, as he moves about the Field in <lb/>Security; and at the Di&longs;tance of every fifty <lb/>Cubits are Towers, adjoining to the Wall like <lb/>Buttre&longs;&longs;es, projecting out in a round Figure <lb/>forwards, and &longs;omewhat higher than the Wall <lb/>it&longs;elf; &longs;o that whoever offers to approach be­<lb/>tween the&longs;e Towers, is expo&longs;ed to be taken in <lb/>Flank and &longs;lain; and thus the Wall is de­<lb/>fended by the&longs;e Towers, and the Towers <lb/>mutually by one another. </s> <s>The Back of the <lb/>Towers, which look into the Town, ought to <lb/>have no Wall, but &longs;hould be left quite open <lb/>and naked; that if the Enemy &longs;hould get <lb/>Po&longs;&longs;e&longs;&longs;ion of them, they may not be &longs;afe in <lb/>them from the A&longs;&longs;aults of the Inhabitants.</s></p><p type="main"> <s>THE Corni&longs;hes of the Towers and Walls, <lb/>be&longs;ides that they add to their Beauty, and are <lb/>a Ligature to &longs;trengthen their Work, do al&longs;o <lb/>by their Projection hinder the getting into the <lb/>Town from &longs;caling Ladders. </s> <s>Some are for <lb/>leaving Precipices of deep Holes here and there <lb/>along the Side of the Wall, and e&longs;pecially near <lb/>the Towers, &longs;ortified with wooden Bridges <lb/>which may be pre&longs;ently rai&longs;ed or let down, as <lb/>Occa&longs;ion requires.</s></p><p type="main"> <s>THE Ancients u&longs;ed on each Side of their <lb/>Gates to erect two Towers, larger than the <lb/>re&longs;t, and &longs;trongly fortified on all Sides, to &longs;e­<lb/>cure and protect the Entrance into the Town. <lb/></s> <s>There ought to be no Rooms with vaulted <lb/>Roofs in the Towers, but only wooden Floors, <lb/>that upon any Emergency may ea&longs;ily be re­<lb/>moved or burnt; and tho&longs;e Floors &longs;hould not <lb/>be fa&longs;tened with Nails, that if the Enemy gets <lb/>the better, they may be taken away without <lb/>Difficulty. </s> <s>All that is nece&longs;&longs;ary is to have a <lb/>Covering to &longs;helter the Centinels from the <lb/>Storms and Injuries of the Weather. </s> <s>The <lb/>Battlements over the Gate &longs;hould have Holes <lb/>through the Bottom of them, through which, <lb/>Stones and Firebrands may be thrown down <lb/>upon the Enemy's Heads, or even Water, if <lb/>they have &longs;et Fire to the Gate; which for its <lb/>Security again&longs;t &longs;uch a Misfortune, they tell us <lb/>ought to be covered over with Leather and <lb/>Plates of Iron. </s> <s>But of this, enough.</s></p><p type="head"> <s>CHAP. V.</s></p><p type="head"> <s><emph type="italics"/>Of the Proportion, Fa&longs;hion and Con&longs;truction of great Ways, and private Ones.<emph.end type="italics"/></s></p><p type="main"> <s>In making our Gates we should ob&longs;erve, that <lb/>they ought to be ju&longs;t as many in Num­<lb/>ber as the Highways, or Streets; for &longs;ome we <lb/>&longs;hall call High Streets, and others, private ones. <lb/></s> <s>Not that I intend to trouble my &longs;elf about the <lb/>Di&longs;tinction of the Lawyers, who &longs;ay that the <lb/>Road for Bea&longs;ts, and the Way for Men, ought <lb/>to be called by different Names: But by the <lb/>Name of Way, I &longs;hall under&longs;tand them all. <lb/></s> <s>The Highways are properly tho&longs;e by which <lb/>we go into the Provinces, with our Armies <lb/>and all their Baggage; for which Rea&longs;on the <lb/>Highways ought to be much broader than <lb/>others, and I find the Ancients &longs;eldom u&longs;ed <lb/>to make them le&longs;s than eight Cubits in any <lb/>Part. </s> <s>By a Law in the twelve Tables it was <lb/>ordained, that the Ways which ran &longs;trait <lb/>&longs;hould be twelve Foot broad, and tho&longs;e which <lb/>were crooked or winding, not le&longs;s than &longs;ixteen. <lb/></s> <s>The private Ways are tho&longs;e which leaving the <lb/>publick ones, lead us to &longs;ome Town or Ca&longs;tle, <lb/>or el&longs;e into &longs;ome other Highway, as Lanes in <lb/>Cities, and cro&longs;s Roads in the Country. </s> <s>There <lb/>are another Kind of publick Ways, which may <lb/>not improperly be called High Streets, as are <lb/>&longs;uch which are de&longs;igned for &longs;ome certain Pur­<lb/>po&longs;e, e&longs;pecially any publick one; as for In­<lb/>&longs;tance, tho&longs;e which lead to &longs;ome Temple, or <lb/>to the Cour&longs;e for Races, or to a Place of <lb/>Ju&longs;tice. </s> <s>The Ways are not to be made in the <lb/>&longs;ame Manner in the Country, that they are in <lb/>the City. </s> <s>In the Country they ought to be <lb/>&longs;pacious and open, &longs;o as a Man may &longs;ee all <lb/>about him; free and clear from all Manner <lb/>of Impediments, either of Water or Ruins; <lb/>without lurking Places or Retreats of any Sort <lb/>for Rogues to hide them&longs;elves in, nor too <lb/>many cro&longs;s Roads to favour their Villanies: <lb/>La&longs;tly, they ought to be as &longs;trait, and as &longs;hort as <lb/>po&longs;&longs;ible: I do not reckon the &longs;horte&longs;t Way to be <pb xlink:href="003/01/092.jpg" pagenum="75"/>always that which is the &longs;traite&longs;t, but that which <lb/>is the &longs;a&longs;e&longs;t: I would rather chu&longs;e to have it <lb/>&longs;omewhat the longer, than to have it inconveni­<lb/>ent. </s> <s>Some think the Country of <emph type="italics"/>Piperno<emph.end type="italics"/> the <lb/>mo&longs;t &longs;ecure of any, becau&longs;e it is cut through <lb/>with deep Roads almo&longs;t like Pits, doubtful at <lb/>the Entrance, uncertain in their Pa&longs;&longs;age, and <lb/>un&longs;afe upon Account of the Ground which lies <lb/>above them, from whence any Enemy may be <lb/>prodigiou&longs;ly in&longs;e&longs;ted.</s></p><p type="main"> <s>THE Men of be&longs;t Experience think that <lb/>Way the mo&longs;t &longs;ecure, which is carried over <lb/>the Backs of &longs;mall Hills, made level. </s> <s>Next <lb/>to this are &longs;uch as are made through the Fields <lb/>upon a high rai&longs;ed Bank, according to the <lb/>Manner of the Ancients, who indeed upon <lb/>that Account gave them the Name of <emph type="italics"/>Aggeres,<emph.end type="italics"/><lb/>or <emph type="italics"/>Highways.<emph.end type="italics"/></s><s> And it is certain &longs;uch rai&longs;ed <lb/>Cau&longs;eys have a va&longs;t many Conveniences: It <lb/>relieves the Traveller from the Fatigue and <lb/>Vexation of his Journey, to enjoy a fine Pro&longs;­<lb/>pect from the Heighth of the Cau&longs;ey all the <lb/>Way as he travels; be&longs;ides that, it is a great <lb/>Convenience to be able to perceive an Enemy <lb/>at a good Di&longs;tance, and to have &longs;uch an Ad­<lb/>vantage as either to be able to repel them <lb/>with a &longs;mall Force, or to retire without Lo&longs;s, <lb/>if you find they are the &longs;tronger. </s> <s>There is a <lb/>great Convenience, not at all foreign to our <lb/>Purpo&longs;e, which I have ob&longs;erved in the Road <lb/>that goes to the Port of <emph type="italics"/>O&longs;tia.<emph.end type="italics"/></s><s> As there is a <lb/>va&longs;t Concour&longs;e of People, and great Quantities <lb/>of Merchandize brought thither from <emph type="italics"/>Ægypt, <lb/>Africa, Lybia, Spain, Germany,<emph.end type="italics"/> and the I&longs;l­<lb/>ands, the Road is made double, and in the <lb/>Middle of it is a Row of Stones, &longs;tanding up <lb/>a Foot high like Terms to direct the Pa&longs;&longs;en­<lb/>gers to go on one Side, and return on the other, <lb/>&longs;o to avoid the Inconvenience of meeting one <lb/>another.</s></p><p type="main"> <s>To conclude, &longs;uch &longs;hould be the Ways out <lb/>of the City; &longs;hort, &longs;trait, and &longs;ecure. </s> <s>When <lb/>they come to the Town, if the City is noble <lb/>and powerful, the Streets &longs;hould be &longs;trait and <lb/>broad, which carries an Air of Greatne&longs;s and <lb/>Maje&longs;ty; but if it is only a &longs;mall Town or a <lb/>Fortification, it will be better, and as &longs;afe, not <lb/>for the Streets to run &longs;trait to the Gates; but <lb/>to have them wind about &longs;ometimes to the <lb/>Right, &longs;ometimes to the Left, near the Wall, <lb/>and e&longs;pecially under the Towers upon the <lb/>Wall; and within the Heart of the Town, it <lb/>will be hand&longs;omer not to have them &longs;trait, <lb/>but winding about &longs;everal Ways, backwards <lb/>and &longs;orwards, like the Coar&longs;e of a River. </s> <s>For <lb/>thus, be&longs;ides that by appearing &longs;o much the lon­<lb/>ger, they will add to the Idea of the Greatne&longs;s <lb/>of the Town, they will likewi&longs;e conduce very <lb/>much to Beauty and Convenience, and be a <lb/>greater Security again&longs;t all Accidents and <lb/>Emergencies. </s> <s>Moreover, this winding of the <lb/>Streets will make the Pa&longs;&longs;enger at every Step <lb/>di&longs;cover a new Structure, and the Front and <lb/>Door of every Hou&longs;e will directly face the <lb/>Middle of the Street; and whereas in larger <lb/>Towns even too much Breadth is unhand&longs;ome <lb/>and unhealthy, in a &longs;mall one it will be both <lb/>healthy and plea&longs;ant, to have &longs;uch an open <lb/>View from every Hou&longs;e by Means of the <lb/>Turn of the Street.</s></p><p type="main"> <s><emph type="italics"/>Cornelius Tacitus<emph.end type="italics"/> writes, that <emph type="italics"/>Nero<emph.end type="italics"/> having <lb/>widened the Streets of <emph type="italics"/>Rome,<emph.end type="italics"/> thereby made the <lb/>City hotter, and therefore le&longs;s healthy; but in <lb/>other Places, where the Streets are narrow, the <lb/>Air is crude and raw, and there is a continual <lb/>Shade even in Summer. </s> <s>But further; in our <lb/>winding Streets there will be no Hou&longs;e but <lb/>what, in &longs;ome Part of the Day, will enjoy <lb/>&longs;ome Sun; nor will they ever be without <lb/>gentle Breezes, which whatever Corner they <lb/>come from, will never want a free and clear <lb/>Pa&longs;&longs;age; and yet they will not be mole&longs;ted <lb/>by &longs;tormy Bla&longs;ts, becau&longs;e &longs;uch will be broken <lb/>by the turning of the Streets. </s> <s>Add to all <lb/>the&longs;e Advantages, that if the Enemy gets into <lb/>the Town, he will be in Danger on every Side, <lb/>in Front, in Flank, and in Rear, from A&longs;&longs;aults <lb/>from the Hou&longs;es. </s> <s>So much for the publick <lb/>Streets. </s> <s>The private ones &longs;hould be like the <lb/>publick; unle&longs;s there be this Difference, that <lb/>they be built exactly in &longs;trait Lines, which will <lb/>an&longs;wer better to the Corners of the Building, <lb/>and the Divi&longs;ions and Parts of the Hou&longs;es. <lb/></s> <s>The Ancients in all Towns were for having <lb/>&longs;ome intricate Ways and turn-again Streets, <lb/>without any Pa&longs;&longs;age through them, that if an <lb/>Enemy comes into them, he may be at a Lo&longs;s, <lb/>and be in Confu&longs;ion and Su&longs;pence; or if he <lb/>pu&longs;hes on daringly, may be ea&longs;ily de&longs;troyed. <lb/></s> <s>It is al&longs;o proper to have &longs;maller &longs;hort Streets, <lb/>running cro&longs;s from one great Street to another; <lb/>not to be as a direct publick Way, but only <lb/>as a Pa&longs;&longs;age to &longs;ome Hou&longs;e that fronts it; <lb/>which will both give Light to the Hou&longs;es, and <lb/>make it more difficult for an Enemy to over­<lb/>run all Parts of the Town.</s></p><p type="main"> <s><emph type="italics"/><expan abbr="q.">que</expan> Curtius<emph.end type="italics"/> writes that <emph type="italics"/>Babylon<emph.end type="italics"/> was divided <lb/>into a great Number of &longs;eparate Quarters, and <pb xlink:href="003/01/093.jpg" pagenum="76"/>that the Buildings there did not joyn one to <lb/>ano her. <emph type="italics"/>Plato,<emph.end type="italics"/> on the contrary, is &longs;o far from <lb/>approving of tho&longs;e Separations, that he would <lb/>have the Hou&longs;es all clo&longs;e contiguous, and <lb/>that the joyning together of their Walls &longs;hould <lb/>make a Wall to the City.</s></p><p type="head"> <s>CHAP. VI.</s></p><p type="head"> <s><emph type="italics"/>Of Bridges both of Wood and Stone, their proper Situation, their Peers, <lb/>Arches, Angles, Feet, Key-&longs;tones, Cramps, Pavements, and Slopes.<emph.end type="italics"/></s></p><p type="main"> <s>The Bridge, no doubt, is a main Part <lb/>of the Street; nor is every Part of the <lb/>City proper for a Bridge; for be&longs;ides that it <lb/>is inconvenient to place it in a remote Corner <lb/>of the Town, where it can be of U&longs;e but to <lb/>few, and that it ought to be in the very Heart <lb/>of the City, to lie at hand for every body; it <lb/>ought certainly to be contrived in a Place <lb/>where it may ea&longs;ily be erected, and without <lb/>too great an Expence, and where it is likely <lb/>to be the mo&longs;t durable. </s> <s>We &longs;hould therefore <lb/>chu&longs;e a Ford where the Water is not too deep; <lb/>where the Shore is not too &longs;teep; which is <lb/>not uncertain and moveable, but con&longs;tant <lb/>and la&longs;ting. </s> <s>We &longs;hould avoid all Whirl­<lb/>pools, Eddies, Gulphs, and the like Inconve­<lb/>niences common in bad Rivers. </s> <s>We &longs;hould <lb/>al&longs;o mo&longs;t carefully avoid all Elbows, where the <lb/>Water takes a Turn; for very many Rea&longs;ons; <lb/>the Banks in &longs;uch Places being very liable to <lb/>be broken, as we &longs;ee by Experience, and be­<lb/>cau&longs;e Pieces of Timber, Trunks of Trees, and <lb/>the like, brought down from the Country by <lb/>Storms and Floods, cannot &longs;wim down &longs;uch <lb/>Elbows in a &longs;trait Line, but turn a&longs;lant, meet <lb/>and hinder one another, and lodging again&longs;t <lb/>the Piles grow into a great Heap, which &longs;tops <lb/>up the Arches, and with the additional <lb/>Weight of the Water at length quite breaks <lb/>them down.</s></p><p type="main"> <s>OF Bridges, &longs;ome are of Stone, others of <lb/>Wood. </s> <s>We &longs;hall &longs;peak fir&longs;t of tho&longs;e which <lb/>are of Wood, as the mo&longs;t ea&longs;y of Execution; <lb/>next we &longs;hall treat of tho&longs;e which are built of <lb/>Stone. </s> <s>Both ought to be as &longs;trong as po&longs;&longs;ible; <lb/>that therefore which is built of Wood, mu&longs;t <lb/>be fortified with a good Quantity of the <lb/><arrow.to.target n="marg11"/><lb/>&longs;tronge&longs;t Timbers. </s> <s>We cannot give a better <lb/>Example of this Sort of Bridges than that built <lb/>by <emph type="italics"/>fulius Cæ&longs;ar,<emph.end type="italics"/> which he gives us a De&longs;crip­<lb/>tion of him&longs;elf, as follows: He fa&longs;tened to­<lb/>gether two Timbers, leaving a Di&longs;tance be­<lb/>tween them of two Foot; their Length was <lb/>proportioned to the Depth of the River, and <lb/>they were a Foot and an half thick, and cut <lb/>&longs;harp at the Ends. </s> <s>The&longs;e he let down into <lb/>the River with Cranes, and drove them well in <lb/>with a Sort of Rammers, not perpendicularly <lb/>down like Piles, but &longs;lanting upwards, and <lb/>giving Way according to the Current of the <lb/>River. </s> <s>Then, oppo&longs;ite to the&longs;e, he drove in <lb/>two others, fa&longs;tened together in the &longs;ame Man­<lb/>ner, with a Di&longs;tance between them at Bottom <lb/>of forty Foot, &longs;lanting contrary to the Force <lb/>and Current of the Stream. </s> <s>When the&longs;e were <lb/>thus fixed, he laid acro&longs;s from one to the other, <lb/>Beams of the Thickne&longs;s of two Foot, which <lb/>was the Di&longs;tance left between the Timbers <lb/>drove down; and fa&longs;tened the&longs;e Beams at the <lb/>End, each with two Braces, which being <lb/>bound round and fa&longs;tened of oppo&longs;ite Sides, <lb/>the Strength of the whole Work was &longs;o great <lb/>and of &longs;uch a Nature, that the greatcr the <lb/>Force of Water was which bore again&longs;t it, <lb/>the clo&longs;er and firmer the Beams united. </s> <s>Over <lb/>the&longs;e other Beams were laid acro&longs;s and fa&longs;tened <lb/>to them, and a Floor, as we may call it, made <lb/>over them with Poles and Hurdles. </s> <s>At the <lb/>&longs;ame Time, in the lower Part of the River, <lb/>below the Bridge, other Timbers, or &longs;loping <lb/>Piles, were driven down, which being fa&longs;tened <lb/>to the re&longs;t of the Structure, &longs;hould be a Kind <lb/>of Buttre&longs;s to re&longs;i&longs;t the Force of the Stream; <lb/>and other Piles were al&longs;o driven in at a &longs;mall <lb/>Di&longs;tance above the Bridge, and &longs;tanding &longs;ome­<lb/>what above the Water, that if the Enemy <lb/>&longs;hould &longs;end Trunks of Trees, or Ve&longs;&longs;els, down <lb/>the Stream, in order to break the Bridge, tho&longs;e <lb/>Piles might receive and intercept their Vio­<lb/>lence, and prevent their doing any Prejudice <lb/>to the Work. </s> <s>All this we learn from <emph type="italics"/>Cæ&longs;ar.<emph.end type="italics"/><lb/>Nor is it foreign to our Purpo&longs;e to take Notice <lb/>of what is practiced at <emph type="italics"/>Verona,<emph.end type="italics"/> where they <lb/>pave their wooden Bridges with Bars of Iron, <lb/>e&longs;pecially where the Wheels of Carts and Wag­<lb/>gons are to pa&longs;s. </s> <s>It remains now that we <lb/></s></p><pb xlink:href="003/01/094.jpg"/><p type="margin"> <s><margin.target id="marg11"/>*</s></p><p type="caption"> <s>PLATE 9. <emph type="italics"/>(Page 76)<emph.end type="italics"/><lb/><figure id="id.003.01.094.1.jpg" xlink:href="003/01/094/1.jpg"/><pb xlink:href="003/01/095.jpg" pagenum="77"/>treat of the Stone-Bridge, the Parts whereof <lb/>are the&longs;e: The Banks of the Shore, the Piers, <lb/>the Arches, and the Pavement. </s> <s>Between the <lb/>Banks of the Shore and the Piers, is this Diffe­<lb/>rence, that the Banks ought to be by much the <lb/>&longs;tronge&longs;t, ina&longs;much as they are not only to &longs;up­<lb/>port the Weight of the Arches like the Piers, <lb/>but are al&longs;o to bear the Foot of the Bridge, and <lb/>to bear again&longs;t the Weight of the Arches, to <lb/>keep them from opening in any Part. </s> <s>We <lb/>ought therefore to be very careful in the Choice <lb/>of our Shore, and to find out, if po&longs;&longs;ible, a <lb/>Rock of &longs;olid Stone, &longs;ince nothing can be too <lb/>&longs;trong that we are to intru&longs;t with the Feet of <lb/>the Bridge; and as to the Piers, they mu&longs;t be <lb/>more or le&longs;s numerous in Proportion to the <lb/>Breadth of the River. </s> <s>An odd Number of Ar­<lb/>ches is both mo&longs;t plea&longs;ant to the Sight, and <lb/>conduces al&longs;o to Strength; for the farther the <lb/>Current of the River lies from the Shore, the <lb/>freer it is from Impediment, and the freer <lb/>it is the &longs;wifter and ea&longs;ier it flows away; <lb/>for this therefore we ought to leave a Pa&longs;&longs;age <lb/>perfectly free and open, that it may not &longs;hake <lb/>and prejudice the Piers by &longs;truggling with the <lb/>Re&longs;i&longs;tance which it meets with from them. <lb/></s> <s>The Piers ought to be placed in tho&longs;e Parts of <lb/>the River, where the Water flows the mo&longs;t <lb/>&longs;lowly, and (to u&longs;e &longs;uch an Expre&longs;&longs;ion) the <lb/>mo&longs;t lazily: And tho&longs;e Parts you may ea&longs;ily <lb/>find out by means of the Tides: Otherwi&longs;e <lb/>you may di&longs;cover them in the following Man­<lb/>ner: Imitate tho&longs;e who threw Nuts into a <lb/>River, whereby the Inhabitants of a Town be­<lb/>&longs;ieged, gathering them up, were pre&longs;erved <lb/>from &longs;tarving; &longs;trew the whole Breadth of the <lb/>River, about fifteen hundred Paces above the <lb/>Place which you intend for your Bridge, and <lb/>e&longs;pecially when the River is fulle&longs;t, with &longs;ome <lb/>&longs;uch light Stuff that will ea&longs;ily float: And in <lb/>tho&longs;e Places where the Things you have <lb/>thrown in Clu&longs;ters thicke&longs;t together, you may <lb/>be &longs;ure the Current is &longs;tronge&longs;t. </s> <s>In the Situ­<lb/>ation of your Piers therefore avoid tho&longs;e Places, <lb/>and chu&longs;e tho&longs;e others to which the Things <lb/>you throw in come the &longs;lowe&longs;t and thinne&longs;t.</s></p><p type="main"> <s>KING <emph type="italics"/>Mina,<emph.end type="italics"/> when he intended to build the <lb/>Bridge of <emph type="italics"/>Memphis,<emph.end type="italics"/> turned the <emph type="italics"/>Nile<emph.end type="italics"/> out of its <lb/>Channel, and carried it another Way among <lb/>&longs;ome Hills, and when he had fini&longs;hed his Build­<lb/>ing brought it back again into its old Bed. <lb/><emph type="italics"/>Nicore<emph.end type="italics"/> Queen of the <emph type="italics"/>A&longs;&longs;yrians,<emph.end type="italics"/> having pre­<lb/>pared all the Materials for building a Bridge, <lb/>dug a great Lake, and into that turned the <lb/>River; and as the Channel grew dry as the <lb/>Lake filled, &longs;he took that Time to build her <lb/>Piers. </s> <s>The&longs;e mighty Things were done by <lb/>tho&longs;e great Princes: As for us, we are to pro­<lb/>ceed in the following Manner: Make the <lb/>Foundations of your Piers in Autumn, when <lb/>the Water is lowe&longs;t, having fir&longs;t rai&longs;ed an In­<lb/>clo&longs;ure to keep off the Water, which you may <lb/>do in this Manner: Drive in a double Row of <lb/>Stakes, very clo&longs;e and thick &longs;et, with their <lb/>Heads above the Top of the Water, like a <lb/>Trench; then put Hurdles within this double <lb/>Row of Stakes, clo&longs;e to that Side of the Row <lb/>which is next the intended Pier, and fill up <lb/>the Hollow between the two Rows with Ru&longs;hes <lb/>and Mud, ramming them together &longs;o hard <lb/>that no Water can po&longs;&longs;ibly get through. </s> <s>Then <lb/>whatever you find within this Inclo&longs;ure, Water, <lb/>Mud, Sand, and whatever el&longs;e is a Hindrance <lb/>to you, throw out. </s> <s>For the re&longs;t of your Work, <lb/>you mu&longs;t ob&longs;erve the Rules we have laid down <lb/>in the preceding Book. </s> <s>Dig till you come to <lb/>a &longs;olid Foundation, or rather make one of <lb/>Piles burnt at the End, and driven in as clo&longs;e <lb/>together as ever they can &longs;tick. </s> <s>And here I <lb/>have ob&longs;erved that the be&longs;t Architects u&longs;ed to <lb/>make a continued Foundation of the whole <lb/>Length of the Bridge, and not only under each <lb/>Pier; and this they did, not by &longs;hutting out <lb/>the whole River at once by one &longs;ingle Inclo­<lb/>&longs;ure, but by fir&longs;t making one Part, then another, <lb/>and &longs;o joyning the whole together by degrees; <lb/>for it would be impo&longs;&longs;ible to with&longs;tand and <lb/>repul&longs;e the whole Force of the Water at once; <lb/>we mu&longs;t therefore, while we are at work with <lb/>one Part, leave another Part open, for a Pa&longs;­<lb/>&longs;age for the Stream.</s></p><p type="main"> <s>YOU may leave the&longs;e Pa&longs;&longs;ages either in the <lb/>Channel it&longs;elf, or if you think it more conve­<lb/>nient, you may frame wooden Dams, or hang­<lb/>ing Channels, by which the &longs;uperfluous Wa­<lb/>ter may run off. </s> <s>But if you find the Expence <lb/>of a continued Foundation for the whole Bridge <lb/>too great, you may only make a &longs;eparate Foun­<lb/>dation for every particular Pier, in the Form <lb/>of a Ship with one Angle in the Stern, and an­<lb/>other in the Head, lying directly even with the <lb/>Current of the Water, that the Force of the <lb/>Water may be broken by the Angle. </s> <s>We are <lb/>to remember that the Water is much more <lb/>dangerous to the Stern, than to the Head of <lb/>the Piers, which appears from this, that at <lb/>the Stern the Water is in a more violent Mo­<lb/>tion than at the Head, and forms Eddies, <lb/>which turn up the Ground at the Bottom; <lb/>while the Head &longs;tands firm and &longs;afe, being <lb/>guarded and defended by the Banks of Sand <lb/>thrown up before it by the Channel. </s> <s>Now <pb xlink:href="003/01/096.jpg" pagenum="78"/>this being &longs;o, this Part ought of the whole <lb/>Structure to be be&longs;t fortified again&longs;t the <lb/>Violence of the Waters; and nothing will <lb/>conduce more to this, than to make the Pile­<lb/>work deep and broad every Way, and e&longs;peci­<lb/>ally at the Stern, that if any Accidents &longs;hould <lb/>carry away any of the Piles, there may be enow <lb/>le&longs;t to &longs;u&longs;tain the Weight of the Pier. </s> <s>It will <lb/>be al&longs;o extremely proper to begin your Foun­<lb/>dation at the upper Part of the Channel, and <lb/>to make it with an ea&longs;y De&longs;cent, that the <lb/>Water which runs over it may not fall upon <lb/>it violently as into a Precipice, but glide over <lb/>gently, with an ea&longs;y Slope; becau&longs;e the Water <lb/>that ru&longs;hes down precipitately, routs up the <lb/>Bottom, and &longs;o being made &longs;till rougher carries <lb/>away every Thing that it can loo&longs;en, and is <lb/>every Moment undermining the Work.</s></p><p type="main"> <s>BUILD the Piers of the bigge&longs;t and longe&longs;t <lb/>Stones, and of &longs;uch as in their Nature are be&longs;t <lb/>adapted for &longs;upporting of Fro&longs;ts, and as do <lb/>not decay in Water, nor are ea&longs;ily &longs;oftened by <lb/>any Accident, and will not crack and &longs;plit <lb/>under a great Weight; and build them ex­<lb/>actly according to the Square, Level and Plum­<lb/>line, omitting no Sort of Ligature Length­<lb/>ways, and placing the Stones Breadth-ways in <lb/>alternate Order, &longs;o as to be a Binding one to <lb/>another; ab&longs;olutely rejecting any &longs;tuffing with <lb/>&longs;mall Pieces of Stone. </s> <s>You mu&longs;t al&longs;o fa&longs;ten <lb/>your Work with a good Number of Bra&longs;s <lb/>Cramps and Pins, &longs;o well fitted in, that the <lb/>Joynts of the Structure may not &longs;eparate, but <lb/>be kept tight and firm. </s> <s>Rai&longs;e both the Fronts <lb/>of the Building angular, both Head and Stern, <lb/>and let the Top of the Pier be &longs;ure to be <lb/>higher than the fulle&longs;t Tide; and let the Thick­<lb/>ne&longs;s of the Pier be one fourth of the Heighth <lb/>of the Bridge. </s> <s>There have been &longs;ome that <lb/>have not terminated the Head and Stern of <lb/>their Piers with an Angle, but with an half <lb/>Circle; induced thereto, I &longs;uppo&longs;e, by the <lb/>Beautifulne&longs;s of that Figure. </s> <s>But though I <lb/>have &longs;aid el&longs;ewhere, that the Circle has the <lb/>&longs;ame Strength as an Angle, yet here I approve <lb/>better of an Angle, provided it be not &longs;o &longs;harp <lb/>as to be broken and defaced by every little Acci­<lb/>dent: Nor am I altogether di&longs;plea&longs;ed with tho&longs;e <lb/>which end in a Curve, provided it be very much <lb/>lengthened out, and not left &longs;o obtu&longs;e as to re­<lb/>&longs;i&longs;t the Force and Weight of the Water. </s> <s>The <lb/>Angle of the Pier is of a good Sharpne&longs;s, if it <lb/>is three Quarters of a Right Angle, or if you <lb/>like it better, you may make it two thirds. <lb/></s> <s>And thus much may &longs;uffice as to the Piers. </s> <s>If <lb/>the Nature of your Situation is &longs;uch, that the <lb/>Sides or Banks of the Shore are not as you <lb/>could wi&longs;h; make them good in the &longs;ome Man­<lb/>ner as you build your Piers, and indeed make <lb/>other Piers upon the Shore, and turn &longs;ome <lb/>Arches even upon the dry Ground; to the <lb/>Intent, that if in Proce&longs;s of Time, by the con­<lb/>tinual wa&longs;hing of the Water, and the Force of <lb/>the Tides, any Part of the Bank &longs;hould be <lb/>carried away, your Pa&longs;&longs;age may &longs;till be pre­<lb/>&longs;erved &longs;afe, by the Production of the Bridge <lb/>into the Land. </s> <s>The Arches ought upon all <lb/>Accounts, and particularly becau&longs;e of the con­<lb/>tinual violent &longs;haking and Concu&longs;&longs;ion of Carts <lb/>and other Carriages, to be extreamly &longs;tout and <lb/>&longs;trong. </s> <s>Be&longs;ides, as &longs;ometimes you may be <lb/>obliged to draw immen&longs;e Weights over them, <lb/>&longs;uch as a Colo&longs;&longs;us, an Obelisk or the like; you <lb/>&longs;hould provide again&longs;t the Inconvenience which <lb/>happened to <emph type="italics"/>Scaurus,<emph.end type="italics"/> who when he was re­<lb/>moving that great Boundary Stone, alarmed all <lb/>the publick Officers, upon Account of the <lb/>Mi&longs;chief that might en&longs;ue. </s> <s>For the&longs;e Rea&longs;ons, <lb/>a Bridge both in its De&longs;ign, and in its whole <lb/>Execution, &longs;hould be well fitted to bear the <lb/>continual and violent Jars which it is to re­<lb/>ceive from Carriages. </s> <s>That Bridges ought to <lb/>be built of very large and &longs;tout Stones, is very <lb/>manife&longs;t by the Example of an Anvil, which, <lb/>if is large and heavy, &longs;tands the Blows of the <lb/>Hammer unmoved; but if it is light, rebounds <lb/>and trembles at every Stroke. </s> <s>We have al­<lb/>ready &longs;aid, that all vaulted Work con&longs;i&longs;ts of <lb/>Arches and Stuffing, and that the &longs;tronge&longs;t of <lb/>all Arches is the Semi-circle. </s> <s>But if by the <lb/>Di&longs;po&longs;ition of the Piers, the Semi-circle &longs;hould <lb/>ri&longs;e &longs;o high as to be inconvenient, we may <lb/>make u&longs;e of the Scheme Arch, only taking <lb/>Care to make the la&longs;t Piers on the Shore the <lb/>&longs;tronger and thicker. </s> <s>But whatever Sort of <lb/>Arch you vault your Bridge with, it mu&longs;t be <lb/>built of the harde&longs;t and large&longs;t Stones, &longs;uch as <lb/>you u&longs;e in your Piers; and there &longs;hould not <lb/>be a &longs;ingle Stone in the Arch but what is in <lb/>Thickne&longs;s at lea&longs;t one tenth Part of the Chord <lb/>of that Arch; nor &longs;hould the Chord it&longs;elf be <lb/>longer than &longs;ix Times the Thickne&longs;s of the <lb/>Pier, nor &longs;horter than four Times. </s> <s>The Stones <lb/>al&longs;o &longs;hould be &longs;trongly fa&longs;tened together with <lb/>Pins and Cramps of Bra&longs;s. </s> <s>And the la&longs;t Wedge, <lb/>which is called the Key-&longs;tone, &longs;hould be cut <lb/>according to the Lines of the other Wedges, <lb/>but left a &longs;mall Matter bigger at the Top, &longs;o <lb/>that it may not be got into its Place without <lb/>&longs;ome Strokes of a light Beetle; which will <pb xlink:href="003/01/097.jpg" pagenum="79"/>drive the lower Wedges clo&longs;er together, and <lb/>&longs;o keep them tight to their Duty. </s> <s>The filling <lb/>up, or &longs;tuffing between the Arches &longs;hould be <lb/>wrought with the &longs;tronge&longs;t Stone, and with the <lb/>clo&longs;e&longs;t Joynts that can po&longs;&longs;ibly be made, But <lb/>if you have not a &longs;ufficient Plenty of &longs;trong <lb/>Stone to make your Stuffing of it, you may in <lb/>Ca&longs;e of Nece&longs;&longs;ity make u&longs;e of a weaker Sort; <lb/>&longs;till provided that the whole Turn of the Arch, <lb/>and the Cour&longs;e of Work behind both the Sides <lb/>of it, be built entirely of &longs;trong Stone.</s></p><p type="main"> <s>THE next Work it to pave the Bridge; and <lb/>here we &longs;hould ob&longs;erve, that we ought to <lb/>make the Ground upon a Bridge as firm and <lb/>&longs;olid as the mo&longs;t durable Roads; we &longs;hould <lb/>rai&longs;e it with Gravel or coar&longs;e Sand, to the <lb/>Heighth of a Cubit, and then pave it with <lb/>Stone, filling up the Joints either with River <lb/>or Sea-&longs;and. </s> <s>But the Sub&longs;trature or Layer <lb/>under the Pavement of a Bridge ought fir&longs;t to <lb/>be levelled and rai&longs;ed quite to the Top of the <lb/>Arches; with regular Ma&longs;onry, and then the <lb/>Pavement it&longs;elf &longs;hould be cemented with Mor­<lb/>tar. </s> <s>In all other Re&longs;pects we &longs;hould ob&longs;erve <lb/>the &longs;ame Rules in paving a Bridge, as in pav­<lb/>ing a Road. </s> <s>The Sides &longs;hould be made firm <lb/>with the &longs;tronge&longs;t Work, and the re&longs;t paved <lb/>with Stones, neither &longs;o &longs;mall as to be ea&longs;ily <lb/>rai&longs;ed and thrown out upon the lea&longs;t Strain; <lb/>nor &longs;o large, that the Bea&longs;ts of Burden &longs;hould <lb/>&longs;lide upon them as upon Ice, and fall before <lb/>they meet with any Catch for their Foot. </s> <s>And <lb/>certainly we mu&longs;t own it to be of very great <lb/>Importance what Kind of Stone we u&longs;e in our <lb/>Pavements, if we con&longs;ider how much they <lb/>mu&longs;t be worn by the continual grinding of <lb/>the Wheels, and the Hoofs of all Manner of <lb/>Cattle, when we &longs;ee that even &longs;uch &longs;mall Ani­<lb/>mals as Ants, with con&longs;tant pa&longs;&longs;ing up and <lb/>down, will wear Traces even in Flints.</s></p><p type="main"> <s>I HAVE ob&longs;erved that the Ancients in many <lb/>Places, and particularly in the Way to <emph type="italics"/>Tivoli,<emph.end type="italics"/><lb/>paved the Middle of the Road with Flints, and <lb/>only covered the Sides with &longs;mall Gravel. </s> <s>This <lb/>they did, that the Wheels might make the le&longs;s <lb/>Impre&longs;&longs;ion, and that the Hor&longs;es Hoofs might <lb/>not want &longs;ufficient Hold. </s> <s>In other Places, and <lb/>e&longs;pecially over Bridges, there was a rai&longs;ed Way <lb/>on each Side, with Stone Steps, for Foot Pa&longs;­<lb/>&longs;engers; and the Middle of the Way was le&longs;t <lb/>for Bea&longs;ts and Carriages. </s> <s>La&longs;tly, the Ancients, <lb/>for this Sort of Work greatly commend Flints, <lb/>and e&longs;pecially tho&longs;e which are fulle&longs;t of Holes; <lb/>not becau&longs;e &longs;uch are the &longs;tronge&longs;t, but becau&longs;e <lb/>they are the lea&longs;t &longs;lippery. </s> <s>But we may make <lb/>u&longs;e of any Sort of Stone, according to what <lb/>we have in greate&longs;t Plenty, provided we only <lb/>u&longs;e the &longs;tronge&longs;t we can get, and with tho&longs;e <lb/>pave at lea&longs;t that Part of the Way which is <lb/>mo&longs;t beaten by Cattle; and the Part mo&longs;t <lb/>beaten by them is always mo&longs;t level, becau&longs;e <lb/>they always avoid all &longs;loping Ground as much <lb/>as they can. </s> <s>Let the Middle and highe&longs;t Part <lb/>of the Way be laid with Flints, or whatever <lb/>other Stone you u&longs;e, of the Thickne&longs;s of a <lb/>Foot and an half, and the Breadth of at lea&longs;t <lb/>a Foot, with the upper Face even, and &longs;o clo&longs;e <lb/>compacted together that there are no Grevices <lb/>left in order to throw off the Rain. </s> <s>There <lb/>are three different Slopes for all Streets; either <lb/>towards the Middle, which is proper for a <lb/>broad Street, or to the Sides, which is lea&longs;t <lb/>Hindrance to a narrow one; or el&longs;e Length­<lb/>ways. </s> <s>But in this we are to govern our&longs;elves <lb/>according to the Conveniences and Advanta­<lb/>ges of our Drains and Currents, whether into <lb/>the Sea, Lake or River. </s> <s>A very good Ri&longs;e <lb/>for a Slope is half an Inch in every three Foot. <lb/></s> <s>I have ob&longs;erved that the Ri&longs;e with which the <lb/>Ancients u&longs;ed to build their Bridges, was one <lb/>Foot in every thirty; and in &longs;ome Parts, as <lb/>particularly at the Summit of the Bridge, four <lb/>Inches in every Cubit or Foot and an half; <lb/>but this was only for &longs;o little a Way, that a <lb/>Bea&longs;t heavy loaden could get over it at one <lb/>Strain.</s></p><p type="head"> <s>CHAP. VII.</s></p><p type="head"> <s><emph type="italics"/>Of Drains or Sewers, their different Sorts and U&longs;es; and of Rivers and <lb/>Canals for Ships.<emph.end type="italics"/></s></p><p type="main"> <s>Drains or Sewers are look'd upon as <lb/>a Part of the Street, ina&longs;much as they <lb/>are to be made under the Street, thro' the <lb/>Middle of it; and are of great Service, as well <lb/>in the paving and levelling, as in cleaning the <lb/>Streets; for which Rea&longs;on they are by no <lb/>means to be neglected here. </s> <s>And indeed, may <lb/>we not very properly &longs;ay that a Drain is a <pb xlink:href="003/01/098.jpg" pagenum="80"/>Bridge, or rather a very long Arch; &longs;o that <lb/>in the Con&longs;truction of it we ought to ob&longs;erve <lb/>all the &longs;ame Rules that we have ju&longs;t now been <lb/>laying down concerning Bridges. </s> <s>The Anci­<lb/>ents had &longs;o high a Notion of the Serviceable­<lb/>ne&longs;s of Drains and Sewers, that they be&longs;towed <lb/>no greater Care and Expence upon any Struc­<lb/>ture what&longs;oever, than they did upon them; and <lb/>among all the wonderful Buildings in the City <lb/>of <emph type="italics"/>Rome,<emph.end type="italics"/> the Drains are accounted the noble&longs;t. <lb/></s> <s>I &longs;hall not &longs;pend Time to &longs;hew how many Con­<lb/>veniences ari&longs;e from good Drains; how clean <lb/>they keep the City, and how neat all Buildings <lb/>both publick and private, or how much they <lb/>conduce to the Clearne&longs;s and Healthine&longs;s of <lb/>the Air.</s></p><p type="main"> <s>THE City of <emph type="italics"/>Smyrna,<emph.end type="italics"/> where <emph type="italics"/>Trebonius<emph.end type="italics"/> was <lb/>be&longs;ieged and relieved by <emph type="italics"/>Dolabella,<emph.end type="italics"/> is &longs;aid to have <lb/>been extremely beautiful, both for the Straitne&longs;s <lb/>of the Streets, and its many noble Structures; <lb/>but not having Drains to receive and carry away <lb/>its own Filth, it offended the Inhabitants abo­<lb/>minable with ill Smells. <emph type="italics"/>Siena,<emph.end type="italics"/> a City in <emph type="italics"/>Tu&longs;­<lb/>cany,<emph.end type="italics"/> not having Drains wants a very great <lb/>Help to Cleanline&longs;s; by which Means the <lb/>Town not only &longs;tinks every Night and Morn­<lb/>ing, when People throw their Na&longs;tine&longs;s out of <lb/>the Windows, but even in the Day Time it is <lb/>&longs;een lying about the Streets. </s> <s>Drains are of <lb/>two Sorts; one carries away the Filth into <lb/>&longs;ome River, Lake or Sea; the other is a deep <lb/>Hole dug in the Ground, where the Na&longs;tine&longs;s <lb/>lies till it is con&longs;umed in the Bowels of the <lb/>Earth. </s> <s>That which carries it away, ought <lb/>to have a &longs;mooth &longs;loping Pavement, &longs;trong <lb/>compacted, that the Ordure may run off freely, <lb/>and that the Structure it&longs;elf may not be rotted <lb/>by the Moi&longs;ture lying continually &longs;oaking <lb/>upon it. </s> <s>It &longs;hould al&longs;o lie &longs;o high above the <lb/>River, that no Floods or Tides may fill it with <lb/>Mud and choak it up. </s> <s>A Drain that is to <lb/>lie open and uncover'd to the Air, need have <lb/>no other Pavement but the Ground it&longs;elf; for <lb/>the Poets call the Earth <emph type="italics"/>Cerberus,<emph.end type="italics"/> and the Phi­<lb/>lo&longs;ophers, the <emph type="italics"/>Woolf of the Gods,<emph.end type="italics"/> becau&longs;e it de­<lb/>vours and con&longs;umes every Thing. </s> <s>So that <lb/>whatever Filth and Na&longs;tine&longs;s is brought into <lb/>it, the Earth rots and de&longs;troys it, and prevents <lb/>its emitting ill Steams. </s> <s>Sinks for the Recep­<lb/>tion of Urine, &longs;hould be as far from the Hou&longs;e <lb/>as po&longs;&longs;ible; becau&longs;e the Heat of the Sun makes <lb/>it rot and &longs;mell intolerably. </s> <s>Moreover, I can­<lb/>not help thinking that Rivers and Canals, e&longs;­<lb/>pecially &longs;uch as are for the Pa&longs;&longs;age of Ships, <lb/>ought to be included under the Denomination <lb/>of Roads; &longs;ince many are of Opinion, that <lb/>Ships are nothing but a Sort of Carriages, and <lb/>the Sea it&longs;elf no more than a huge Road. </s> <s>But <lb/>there is no Nece&longs;&longs;ity to &longs;ay any thing more of <lb/>the&longs;e in this Place. </s> <s>And if it happens that <lb/>the Conveniences we have here treated of, are <lb/>not found &longs;ufficient, our Bu&longs;ine&longs;s is to &longs;tudy <lb/>how to mend the Faults, and make whatever <lb/>other Additions are needful: The Method of <lb/>doing which, we &longs;hall &longs;peak of in due Time.</s></p><p type="head"> <s>CHAP. VIII.</s></p><p type="head"> <s><emph type="italics"/>Of the proper Structure for a Haven, and of making convenient Squares in <lb/>the City.<emph.end type="italics"/></s></p><p type="main"> <s>Now if there is any other Part of the <lb/>City that falls in properly with the Sub­<lb/>ject of this Book, it is certainly the Haven, <lb/>which may be defined a Goal or proper Place <lb/>from whence you may begin a Voyage, or <lb/>where having performed it you may put an <lb/>End to the Fatigue of it, and take Repo&longs;e. <lb/></s> <s>Others perhaps would &longs;ay that a Haven is a Sta­<lb/>ble for Ships; but let it be what you will, ei­<lb/>ther a Goal, a Stable, or a Receptacle, it is cer­<lb/>tain that if the Bu&longs;ine&longs;s of a Haven is to give a <lb/>Reception to Ships out of the Violence of Storms, <lb/>it ought to be made in &longs;uch a Manner as to be <lb/>a &longs;ufficient Shelter for that Purpo&longs;e: Let its <lb/>Sides be &longs;trong and high, and let there be <lb/>Room enough for large Ve&longs;&longs;els heavy laden to <lb/>come in and lie quiet in it. </s> <s>Which Conveni­<lb/>ences, if they are offered to you by the natu­<lb/>ral Situation of the Place, you have nothing <lb/>more to wi&longs;h for; unle&longs;s, as at <emph type="italics"/>Athens<emph.end type="italics"/> where <lb/><emph type="italics"/>Thucidides<emph.end type="italics"/> &longs;ays there were three Havens made <lb/>by Nature, it &longs;hould happen that you are <lb/>doubtful among &longs;uch a Number, which to <lb/>chu&longs;e. </s> <s>But it is evident from what we have <lb/>already &longs;aid in the fir&longs;t Book, that there are <lb/>&longs;ome Places where all the Winds cannot be, <lb/>and others where &longs;ome actually are continually <lb/>trouble&longs;ome and dangerous. </s> <s>Let us therefore <pb xlink:href="003/01/099.jpg" pagenum="81"/>make Choice of that Haven into who&longs;e Mouth <lb/>none blow but the mo&longs;t gentle and temperate <lb/>Winds, and where you may enter or go out, <lb/>with the mo&longs;t ea&longs;y Breezes, without being <lb/>forced to wait too long for them.</s></p><p type="main"> <s>THEY &longs;ay, that of all Winds the North is <lb/>the gentle&longs;t; and that when the Sea is di­<lb/>&longs;turbed by this Wind, as &longs;oon as ever the <lb/>Wind cea&longs;es, it is calm again: But if a South­<lb/>wind rai&longs;es a Storm, the Sea continues turbu­<lb/>lent a long while. </s> <s>But as Places are various, <lb/>our Bu&longs;ine&longs;s is to chu&longs;e &longs;uch a one as is be&longs;t <lb/>provided with all Conveniencies for Shipping: <lb/>we mu&longs;t be &longs;ure to have &longs;uch a Depth, in the <lb/>Mouth, Bo&longs;em and Sides of the Haven, as <lb/>will nor refu&longs;e Ships of Burthen, though <lb/>ever &longs;o deep laden; the Bottom too ought to <lb/>be clear, and not &longs;ull of any Sort of Weeds: <lb/>Though, &longs;ometimes, thick entangled Weeds <lb/>are of a good deal of U&longs;e in fa&longs;tening the An­<lb/>chor. </s> <s>Yet I &longs;hould rather chu&longs;e an Haven <lb/>that does not produce any thing which can <lb/>contaminate the Purity of the Air, or preju­<lb/>dice the Ships, as Ru&longs;hes and Weeds which <lb/>grow in the Water really do; for they en­<lb/>gender a great many Kinds of Worms which <lb/>get into the Timbers of the Ve&longs;&longs;el, and the <lb/>rotting of the Weeds rai&longs;es unwhole&longs;ome Va­<lb/>pours. </s> <s>There is another Thing which makes <lb/>an Haven noi&longs;ome and unhealthy, and that is <lb/>a Mixture of fre&longs;h Water; e&longs;pecially Rain­<lb/>water that runs down from Hills: Though I <lb/>would be &longs;ure to have Streams and Springs in <lb/>the Neighbourhood, from whence, fre&longs;h Water <lb/>that will keep may be brought for the U&longs;e of <lb/>the Ve&longs;&longs;els. </s> <s>A Port al&longs;o ought to have a clear, <lb/>&longs;trait and &longs;afe Pa&longs;&longs;age outwards, with a Bot­<lb/>tom not often &longs;hifting, free from all Impedi­<lb/>ments, and &longs;ecure from the Ambu&longs;hes of Ene­<lb/>mies and Pirates. </s> <s>Moreover, I would have <lb/>it covered with &longs;ome high &longs;teep Hill, that may <lb/>be &longs;een a great Way off, and &longs;erve as a Land­<lb/>mark for the Sailors to &longs;teer their Cour&longs;e by. <lb/></s> <s>Within the Port we &longs;hould make a Key and <lb/>a Bridge for the more ea&longs;y unlading of the <lb/>Shipping. </s> <s>The&longs;e Works the Ancients rai&longs;ed <lb/>in different Ways, which it is not yet our <lb/>Time to &longs;peak of; and we &longs;hall come to it <lb/>more properly when we &longs;peak of the Method <lb/>of improving a Haven and running up a Pier. <lb/></s> <s>Be&longs;ides all this, a good Haven &longs;hould have <lb/>Places to walk in, and a Portico and Temple, <lb/>for the Reception of Per&longs;ons that are ju&longs;t <lb/>landed; nor &longs;hould it want Pillars, Bars and <lb/>Rings to fa&longs;ten Ships to; and there &longs;hould al&longs;o <lb/>be a good Number of Warehou&longs;es or Vaults <lb/>for the laying up of Goods. </s> <s>We &longs;hould al&longs;o <lb/>at the Mouth erect high and &longs;trong Towers, <lb/>from the Lanterns of which we may &longs;py what <lb/>Sails approach, and by Fires give Directions to <lb/>the Mariners, and which by their Fortificati­<lb/>ons may defend the Ve&longs;&longs;els of our Friends, and <lb/>lay Chains acro&longs;s the Port to keep out an <lb/>Enemy. </s> <s>And from the Port &longs;trait thro' the <lb/>Heart of the City ought to run a large Street, <lb/>in which &longs;everal other Quarters of the Town <lb/>&longs;hould center, that the Inhabitants may pre­<lb/>&longs;ently run thither from all Parts to repul&longs;e any <lb/>In&longs;ult from an Enemy. </s> <s>Within the Bo&longs;om of <lb/>the Haven likewi&longs;e, &longs;hould be &longs;everal &longs;maller <lb/>Docks, where battered Ve&longs;&longs;els may refit. </s> <s>But <lb/>there is one Thing which we ought not to <lb/>omit, &longs;ince it relates entirely to the Haven; <lb/>which is, that there have been, and now are, <lb/>many famous Cities, who&longs;e greate&longs;t Security <lb/>has lain in the un&longs;afe and uncertain Entrance <lb/>of their Harbours, and from the Variety of its <lb/>Channels made almo&longs;t hourly for the con­<lb/>tinual Alteration of the Bottom. </s> <s>Thus much <lb/>we thought proper to &longs;ay of publick Works in <lb/>the univer&longs;al Acceptation; and I cannot tell <lb/>whether there is any Occa&longs;ion to add what <lb/>&longs;ome in&longs;i&longs;t upon, that there ought to be &longs;e­<lb/>veral Squares laid out in different Parts of the <lb/>City, &longs;ome for the expo&longs;ing of Merchandizes <lb/>to &longs;ale in Time of Peace; others for the Exer­<lb/>ci&longs;es proper for Youth; and others for laying <lb/>up Stores in Time of War, of Timber, For­<lb/>age, and the like Provi&longs;ions nece&longs;&longs;ary for the <lb/>&longs;u&longs;taining of a Siege. </s> <s>As for Temples, Cha­<lb/>pels, Halls for the Admini&longs;tration of Ju&longs;tice, <lb/>and Places for Shows, they are Buildings that, <lb/>tho' for publick U&longs;e, are yet the Property of <lb/>only a few Per&longs;ons; which are the Prie&longs;ts <lb/>and Magi&longs;trates; and therefore we &longs;hall treat <lb/>of them in their proper Places.</s></p><p type="head"> <s><emph type="italics"/>The End of Book<emph.end type="italics"/> IV.</s></p><pb xlink:href="003/01/100.jpg"/><figure id="id.003.01.100.1.jpg" xlink:href="003/01/100/1.jpg"/><p type="head"> <s>THE <lb/>ARCHITECTURE <lb/>OF <lb/><emph type="italics"/>Leone Bati&longs;ta Alberti.<emph.end type="italics"/></s></p><p type="head"> <s>BOOK V. CHAP. I.</s></p><p type="head"> <s><emph type="italics"/>Of Buildings for particular Per&longs;ons. </s> <s>Of the Ca&longs;tles or Habitations of a <lb/>King or a Tyrant; their different Properties and Parts.<emph.end type="italics"/></s></p><p type="main"> <s>We &longs;hewed in the la&longs;t Book, that <lb/>Buildings ought to be variou&longs;ly ac­<lb/>commodated, both in City and <lb/>Country, according to the Nece&longs;&longs;i­<lb/>ties of the Citizens and Inhabitants; and that <lb/>&longs;ome belong'd to the Citizens in common, <lb/>others to tho&longs;e of greater Quality, and others <lb/>to the meaner Sort; and fini&longs;h'd our Account <lb/>of tho&longs;e of the fir&longs;t Kind. </s> <s>The De&longs;ign of this <lb/>fifth Book is to con&longs;ider of the &longs;upplying the <lb/>Nece&longs;&longs;aries and Conveniencies for particular <lb/>Per&longs;ons. </s> <s>And in this copious and difficult <lb/>Subject we &longs;hall make it our Study, to the ut­<lb/>mo&longs;t of our Ability and Indu&longs;try, to omit <lb/>nothing really material or in&longs;tructive, and not <lb/>to &longs;ay any thing more for the Embelli&longs;hment <lb/>of our Di&longs;cour&longs;e than for the nece&longs;&longs;ary Expla­<lb/>nation of our Subject. </s> <s>Let us begin therefore <lb/>with the noble&longs;t. </s> <s>The noble&longs;t are certainly <lb/>tho&longs;e who are entru&longs;ted with the &longs;upreme Au­<lb/>thority and Moderation in publick Affairs. <lb/></s> <s>This is &longs;ometimes a &longs;ingle Per&longs;on, and &longs;ome­<lb/>times Many. </s> <s>If it is a &longs;ingle Per&longs;on, that Per­<lb/>&longs;on ought certainly to be him that has the <lb/>greate&longs;t Merit. </s> <s>We &longs;hall therefore fir&longs;t con­<lb/>&longs;ider what is nece&longs;&longs;ary to be done for one that <lb/>has the &longs;ole Power in him&longs;elf. </s> <s>But we mu&longs;t <lb/>previou&longs;ly enquire into one very material Dif­<lb/>&longs;erence; what Kind of a Governour this is; <lb/>whether one that with Ju&longs;tice and Integrity <lb/>rules over willing Subjects; one not guided &longs;o <lb/>much by his own Intere&longs;t, as the Good and <lb/>Welfare of his People: or &longs;uch a one as would <lb/>have Things &longs;o contrived with Relation to his <lb/>Subjects, that he may be able to continue his <lb/>Dominion over them, let them be ever &longs;o unea&longs;y <lb/>under it. </s> <s>For the Generality of particular <lb/>Buildings, and the City it&longs;elf ought to be laid <lb/>out differently for a Tyrant, from what they <lb/>are for tho&longs;e who enjoy and protect a Govern­<lb/>ment as if it were a Magi&longs;tracy voluntarily put <lb/>into their Hands. </s> <s>A good King takes Care to <lb/>have his City &longs;trongly fortified in tho&longs;e Parts, <lb/>which are mo&longs;t liable to be a&longs;&longs;aulted by a foreign <lb/>Enemy: a Tyrant, having no le&longs;s Danger to <lb/>fear from his Subjects than from Strangers, mu&longs;t <lb/>fortify his City no le&longs;s again&longs;t his own People, <lb/>than again&longs;t Foreigners: and his Fortifications <lb/>mu&longs;t be &longs;o contrived, that upon Occa&longs;ion he <lb/>may employ the A&longs;&longs;i&longs;tance of Strangers again&longs;t <lb/>his own People, and of one Part of his People <lb/>again&longs;t the other. </s> <s>In the preceding Book, we <lb/>&longs;hewed how a City ought to be fortified again&longs;t <lb/>foreign Enemies: Let us here con&longs;ider how it is <lb/>to be provided again&longs;t the Inhabitants them­<lb/>&longs;elves.</s></p><p type="main"> <s><emph type="italics"/>Euripides<emph.end type="italics"/> thinks the Multitude is naturally a <lb/>very powerful Enemy, and that if they added <pb xlink:href="003/01/101.jpg" pagenum="83"/>Cunning and Fraud to their Strength, they <lb/>would be irre&longs;i&longs;tible. </s> <s>The politick Kings of <lb/><emph type="italics"/>Cairo<emph.end type="italics"/> in <emph type="italics"/>Ægypt,<emph.end type="italics"/> a City &longs;o populous that they <lb/>thought it was extremely healthy and flouri&longs;h­<lb/>ing, when no more than a thou&longs;and People died <lb/>in a Day, divided it by &longs;o many Cuts and Chan­<lb/>nels, that it &longs;eemed not to be one &longs;ingle City, <lb/>but a great Number of &longs;mall Towns lying toge­<lb/>ther. </s> <s>This I &longs;uppo&longs;e they did, not &longs;o much <lb/>that the Conveniencies of the River might be <lb/>equally di&longs;tributed, as to &longs;ecure them&longs;elves <lb/>again&longs;t the popular Commotions of a great <lb/>Multitude, and that if any &longs;uch &longs;hould happen, <lb/>they might the more ca&longs;ily &longs;uppre&longs;s them: ju&longs;t <lb/>as if a Man out of one huge Colo&longs;&longs;us, &longs;hould <lb/>make two or more Statues, that he might be better <lb/>able to manage or remove them. </s> <s>The <emph type="italics"/>Romans<emph.end type="italics"/><lb/>never u&longs;ed to &longs;end a Senator into <emph type="italics"/>Ægypt,<emph.end type="italics"/> with <lb/>Procon&longs;ular Authority, to govern the whole <lb/>Province; but only &longs;ome Knights, with Com­<lb/>mi&longs;&longs;ion to govern &longs;eparate Parts of it. </s> <s>And <lb/>this they did, as we are informed by <emph type="italics"/>Arrian,<emph.end type="italics"/> to <lb/>Intent that a Province &longs;o inclined to Tumults <lb/>and Innovations, might not be under the Care <lb/>of a &longs;ingle Per&longs;on: and they ob&longs;erved that no <lb/>City was more exempt from Di&longs;cord, than tho&longs;e <lb/>which were divided by Nature, either by a Ri­<lb/>ver flowing thro' the Middle of it, or by a Num­<lb/>ber of little &longs;eparate Hills; or by being built <lb/>one Part upon a Hill, and the other upon a <lb/>Plain, with a Wall between them. </s> <s>And this <lb/>Wall or Divi&longs;ion, I think, ought not to bedrawn <lb/>like a Diameter clear thro'the Area, but ought <lb/>rather to be made to enclo&longs;e one Circle within <lb/>another: for the richer Sort, de&longs;iring a more <lb/>open Space and more Room, will ea&longs;ily con&longs;ent <lb/>to be &longs;hut out of the inner Circle, and will be <lb/>very willing to leave the Middle of the Town, <lb/>to Cooks, Victuallers and other &longs;uch Trades; <lb/>and all the &longs;coundrel Rabble belonging to <emph type="italics"/>Te­<lb/>rence's<emph.end type="italics"/> Para&longs;ite, Cooks, Bakers, Butchers and <lb/>the like, will be le&longs;s dangerous there than if <lb/>they were not to live &longs;eparate from the nobler <lb/>Citizens. </s> <s>Nor is it &longs;oreign to our Purpo&longs;e <lb/>what we read in <emph type="italics"/>Fe&longs;tus,<emph.end type="italics"/> that <emph type="italics"/>Servius Tullius<emph.end type="italics"/><lb/>commanded the <emph type="italics"/>Patricians<emph.end type="italics"/> to dwell in a cer­<lb/>tain Part of the Town, where if they offered <lb/>at any Di&longs;turbance, he was immediately ready <lb/>to quell them from a &longs;uperior Situation. </s> <s>This <lb/>Wall within the City ought to run thro' every <lb/>Di&longs;trict of the Town; and it &longs;hould be built &longs;o <lb/>&longs;trong and thick in all Re&longs;pects, and be rai&longs;ed <lb/>&longs;o high (as indeed &longs;o ought all the other City <lb/>Walls) that it may overlook all the private <lb/>Hou&longs;es. </s> <s>It &longs;hould al&longs;o be fortified with Bat­<lb/>tlements and Towers; and a good Ditch on <lb/>both Sides would not be ami&longs;s; that your Men <lb/>may the more ea&longs;ily defend it on any Side. <lb/></s> <s>The Towers upon this Wall ought not to be <lb/>open on the In&longs;ide, but walled up quite round; <lb/>and they &longs;hould be &longs;o &longs;eated as not only to re­<lb/>pul&longs;e the A&longs;&longs;aults of a foreign Enemy, but of <lb/>Dome&longs;tick one too upon Occa&longs;ion; and particu­<lb/>larly they ought to command the great Streets, <lb/>and the Tops of all high Temples. </s> <s>I would <lb/>have no Pa&longs;&longs;age into the&longs;e Towers but from off <lb/>the Wall it&longs;elf; nor any Way up to the <lb/>Wall but what is entirely in the Power of the <lb/>Prince. </s> <s>There &longs;hould be no Arches nor Tow­<lb/>ers in the Streets that lead from the Fortre&longs;s <lb/>into the City; nor Leads or Terra&longs;&longs;es from <lb/>whence the Soldiers may be mole&longs;ted with <lb/>Stones or Darts as they pa&longs;s to their Duty. </s> <s>In <lb/>a Word, the whole &longs;hould be &longs;o contrived that <lb/>every Place, which any Way commands the <lb/>Town, &longs;hould be in the Hands of the Prince; <lb/>and that it &longs;hould not be in the Power of any <lb/>Per&longs;on what&longs;oever, to prevent his Men from <lb/>over-running the whole City as he plea&longs;es. <lb/></s> <s>And herein the City of a Tyrant differs from <lb/>that of a King; and perhaps they differ too in <lb/>this, that a Town in a Plain is mo&longs;t conveni­<lb/>ent for a free People; but one upon a Hill the <lb/>&longs;afe&longs;t &longs;or a Tyrant. </s> <s>The other Edifices for <lb/>the Habitation both for King and Tyrant, are <lb/>not only the &longs;ame in mo&longs;t re&longs;pects, but al&longs;o <lb/>differ very little from the Hou&longs;es of private <lb/>Per&longs;ons: And in &longs;ome Particulars they differ <lb/>both from one another, and from the&longs;e latter <lb/>too. </s> <s>We &longs;hall &longs;peak fir&longs;t of tho&longs;e Things <lb/>wherein they agree; and of their Peculiarities <lb/>afterwards. </s> <s>This Sort of Buildings is &longs;aid to <lb/>have been invented only for Nece&longs;&longs;ity: Yet <lb/>there are &longs;ome Parts of them which &longs;erve be­<lb/>&longs;ides to Conveniency, that by U&longs;e and Habit <lb/>&longs;eem to be grown as nece&longs;&longs;ary as any: Such as <lb/>Porticoes, Places for taking the Air in, and the <lb/>like: Which, though Method may &longs;eem to re­<lb/>quire it, I &longs;hall not di&longs;tingui&longs;h &longs;o nicely, as to <lb/>divide what is convenient from what is nece&longs;­<lb/>&longs;ary: But &longs;hall only &longs;ay, that as in the City it­<lb/>&longs;elf, &longs;o in the&longs;e Particular Structures, &longs;ome <lb/>Parts belong to the whole Hou&longs;hold, &longs;ome to <lb/>the U&longs;es of a few, and others to that of a &longs;ingle <lb/>Per&longs;on.</s></p><pb xlink:href="003/01/102.jpg" pagenum="84"/><p type="head"> <s>CHAP. II.</s></p><p type="main"> <s><emph type="italics"/>Of the Portico, Ve&longs;tibule, Court-yard, Hall, Stairs, Lobbies, Apertures, Back­<lb/>doors, concealed Pa&longs;&longs;ages and private Apartments; and wherein the Hou&longs;es <lb/>of Princes differ from tho&longs;e of private Men; as al&longs;o of the &longs;eparate and <lb/>common Apartments for the Prince and his Spou&longs;e.<emph.end type="italics"/></s></p><p type="main"> <s>I do not think the Portico and Ve&longs;tibule <lb/>were made only for the Conveniency of <lb/>Servants, as <emph type="italics"/>Diodorus<emph.end type="italics"/> &longs;ays; but rather for the <lb/>common U&longs;e of the Citizens: But Places for <lb/>walking in within the Hou&longs;e, the inner Court­<lb/>yard, the Hall (which I believe took its Name <lb/>from Dancing, becau&longs;e Nuptials and Fea&longs;ts <lb/>are celebrated in it) do not belong at all to the <lb/>Publick, but entirely to the Inhabitants. </s> <s>Par­<lb/>lours for eating in are of two Sorts, &longs;ome for <lb/>the Ma&longs;ter, and others for the Servants: Bed­<lb/>chambers are for the Matrons, Virgins, Gue&longs;ts, <lb/>and are to be &longs;eparate for each. </s> <s>Of the uni­<lb/>ver&longs;al Divi&longs;ion of the&longs;e, we have already treat­<lb/>ed in our fir&longs;t Book of De&longs;igns, as far as was <lb/>nece&longs;&longs;ary under a general Title: We &longs;hall now <lb/>proceed to &longs;hew the Number of all the&longs;e, their <lb/>Proportions, and proper Situations for the great­<lb/>e&longs;t Convenience of the Inhabitants. </s> <s>The Por­<lb/>tico and Ve&longs;tibule are adorned by the Noble­<lb/>ne&longs;s of Entrance; the Entrance is adorned by <lb/>the View which it has before it, and by the <lb/>Magnificence of its Workman&longs;hip. </s> <s>Then the <lb/>inner Rooms for eating, laying up all Manner <lb/>of Nece&longs;&longs;aries, and the like, ought to be &longs;o <lb/>contrived and &longs;ituated, that the Things pre­<lb/>&longs;erved in them may be well kept, that there be <lb/>no want of Sun or Air, and that they have all <lb/>Manner of proper Conveniencies, and be kept <lb/>di&longs;tinct, &longs;o that too great Familarity may not <lb/>le&longs;&longs;en the Dignity, Conveniency or Plea&longs;ure of <lb/>Gue&longs;ts, nor encourage the Impertinence of <lb/>Per&longs;ons that pay their Attendance to you. <lb/></s> <s>And indeed Ve&longs;tibules, Halls, and the like <lb/>Places of publick Reception in Hou&longs;es, ought <lb/>to be like Squares and other open Places in <lb/>Cities; not in a remote private Corner, but in <lb/>the Center and the mo&longs;t publick Place, where all <lb/>the other Members may readily meet: For here <lb/>all Lobbies and Stair-ca&longs;es are to terminate; <lb/>here you meet and receive your Gue&longs;ts. </s> <s>More­<lb/>over, the Hou&longs;e &longs;hould not have above one <lb/>Entrance, to the Intent that nobody may come <lb/>in, nor any thing be carried out, without the <lb/>Knowledge of the Porter. </s> <s>Take Care too, <lb/>that the Windows and Doors do not lie handy <lb/>for Thieves, nor be &longs;o open to the Neighbours <lb/>that they can interrupt, or &longs;ee or hear what is <lb/>&longs;aid or done in the Hou&longs;e. </s> <s>The <emph type="italics"/>Ægyptians<emph.end type="italics"/><lb/>built their private Hou&longs;es without any Win­<lb/>dows outwards. </s> <s>Some perhaps may be for <lb/>having a Back-gate to which the Fruits of the <lb/>Harve&longs;t may be brought home, either in Carts <lb/>or on Hor&longs;es, and not make a Na&longs;tine&longs;s before <lb/>the principal Entrance; as al&longs;o a &longs;maller pri­<lb/>vate Door, at which the Ma&longs;ter of the Hou&longs;e, <lb/>without the Knowledge of any of his Family, <lb/>may receive any private Me&longs;&longs;ages or Advices, <lb/>and go out him&longs;elf, as his Occa&longs;ions call him. <lb/></s> <s>I have nothing to &longs;ay again&longs;t the&longs;e: And I am <lb/>entirely for having concealed Pa&longs;&longs;ages and pri­<lb/>vate and hidden Apartments, barely known to <lb/>the Ma&longs;ter him&longs;elf; where, upon any Misfor­<lb/>tune, he may hide his Plate and other Wealth, <lb/>or by which, if need be, he may e&longs;cape him­<lb/>&longs;elf. </s> <s>In <emph type="italics"/>David's<emph.end type="italics"/> Sepulchre there were &longs;everal <lb/>private Places made for concealing the King's <lb/>Hereditary Trea&longs;ures; and they were contriv­<lb/>ed &longs;o cunningly, that it was hardly po&longs;&longs;ible to <lb/>find them out. </s> <s>Out of one of the&longs;e Places, <lb/><emph type="italics"/>Jo&longs;ephus<emph.end type="italics"/> informs us, that <emph type="italics"/>Hircanus,<emph.end type="italics"/> the High <lb/>Prie&longs;t, thirteen hundred Years afterwards. </s> <s>took <lb/>three thou&longs;and Talents of Gold (which makes <lb/>eighteen hundred thou&longs;and <emph type="italics"/>Italian<emph.end type="italics"/> Crowns) to <lb/>free the City from <emph type="italics"/>Antiochus's<emph.end type="italics"/> Siege: And out <lb/>of another of them, <emph type="italics"/>Herod,<emph.end type="italics"/> a long Time after <lb/>that, got a va&longs;t Quantity of Gold. </s> <s>In the&longs;e <lb/>Things therefore the Hou&longs;es of Princes agree <lb/>with tho&longs;e of private Per&longs;ons. </s> <s>The chief Dif­<lb/>ference between private Hou&longs;es and Palaces is, <lb/>that there is a particular Air &longs;uitable to each: <lb/>In the Latter the Rooms de&longs;igned for the Re­<lb/>ception of Company &longs;hould be more numerous <lb/>and &longs;pacious; tho&longs;e which are intended only <lb/>for the U&longs;e of a Few, or only of one Per&longs;on, <lb/>&longs;hould be rather neat than large: But here <lb/>again a Palace &longs;hould differ from the Hou&longs;e <lb/>of a private Per&longs;on, and even the&longs;e private A­<lb/>partments &longs;hould be made more &longs;pacious and <lb/>large, becau&longs;e all Parts of a Prince's Palace are <pb xlink:href="003/01/103.jpg" pagenum="85"/>generally crowded. </s> <s>In private Hou&longs;es, tho&longs;e <lb/>Parts which are for the Reception of many, <lb/>&longs;hould not be made at all different from tho&longs;e <lb/>of a Prince; and the Apartments &longs;hould be <lb/>kept di&longs;tinct for the Wife, for the Hu&longs;band, <lb/>and for the Servants; and every thing is not <lb/>to be contrived merely for Conveniency, but <lb/>for Grandeur too, and &longs;o, that the Number of <lb/>Servants may not breed any Confu&longs;ion. </s> <s>All <lb/>this indeed is very difficult, and hardly po&longs;&longs;i­<lb/>ble to be done under a &longs;ingle Roof: therefore <lb/>every Member of the Hou&longs;e mu&longs;t have its par­<lb/>ticular Area and Platform, and have a di&longs;tinct <lb/>Covering and Wall of its own: but then all <lb/>the Members &longs;hould be &longs;o joined together by <lb/>the Roof and by Lobbies, that the Servants, <lb/>when they are wanted about their Bu&longs;ine&longs;s, <lb/>may not be called, as it were, out of another <lb/>Hou&longs;e, but be always ready at Hand. </s> <s>Children <lb/>and Maids, among whom there is an eternal <lb/>Chattering, &longs;hould be entirely &longs;eparated from <lb/>the Ma&longs;ter's Apartment, and &longs;o &longs;hould the <lb/>Dirtine&longs;s of the Servants. </s> <s>The Apartments <lb/>where Princes are to eat &longs;hould be in the no­<lb/>ble&longs;t Part of the Palace; it &longs;hould &longs;tand high, <lb/>and command a fine Pro&longs;pect of Sea, Hills, <lb/>and wide Views, which gives it an Air of <lb/>Greatne&longs;s. </s> <s>The Hou&longs;e for his Spou&longs;e &longs;hould <lb/>be entirely &longs;eparated from that of the Prince <lb/>her Husband, except only in the la&longs;t Apart­<lb/>ment or Bed-chamber, which &longs;hould be in <lb/>common between both; but then a &longs;ingle Gate, <lb/>under the Care of the &longs;ame Porter, &longs;hould <lb/>&longs;erve both their Hou&longs;es. </s> <s>The other Particu­<lb/>lars wherein the Hou&longs;es of Princes differ from <lb/>tho&longs;e of private Per&longs;ons, are &longs;uch as are in a <lb/>Manner peculiar to the&longs;e latter; and therefore <lb/>we &longs;hall &longs;peak of them in their Place. </s> <s>The <lb/>Hou&longs;es of Princes agree with one another in an­<lb/>other Re&longs;pect; which is, that be&longs;ides tho&longs;e <lb/>Conveniencies which they ought to have for <lb/>their private U&longs;e, they &longs;hould have an Entrance <lb/>from the Ma&longs;ter Way, and e&longs;pecially from the <lb/>Sea or River; and in&longs;tead of a Ve&longs;tibule, they <lb/>&longs;hould have a large open Area, big enough to <lb/>receive the Train of an Amba&longs;&longs;ador, or any <lb/>other Great Man, whether they come in <lb/>Coaches, in Barks, or on Hor&longs;eback.</s></p><p type="head"> <s>CHAP. III.</s></p><p type="main"> <s><emph type="italics"/>Of the Properties of the Portico, Lobby, Halls, both for Summer and Winter, <lb/>Watch-Towers, and the Difference between the Ca&longs;tle for a Tyrant, and the <lb/>Palace for a King.<emph.end type="italics"/></s></p><p type="main"> <s>I would have the Portico be not only a con­<lb/>venient Covering for Men, but for Bea&longs;ts <lb/>al&longs;o, to &longs;helter them from Sun or Rain. </s> <s>Ju&longs;t <lb/>before the Ve&longs;tibule nothing can be nobler <lb/>than a hand&longs;ome Portico, where the Youth, <lb/>waiting till their old Gentlemen return from <lb/>tran&longs;acting Bu&longs;ine&longs;s with the Prince, may em­<lb/>ploy them&longs;elves in all Manner of Exerci&longs;e, <lb/>Leaping, Tennis, Throwing of Stones, or <lb/>Wre&longs;tling. </s> <s>Next within &longs;hould be a hand&longs;ome <lb/>Lobby, or a large Hall; where the Clients <lb/>waiting for their Patrons, may conver&longs;e toge­<lb/>ther; and where the Prince's Seat may be pre­<lb/>pared for his giving his Decrees. </s> <s>Wherein this <lb/>there mu&longs;t be another Hall, where the principal <lb/>Men in the State may a&longs;&longs;emble them&longs;elves to­<lb/>gether in order to &longs;alute their Prince, and to give <lb/>their Thoughts concerning what&longs;oever he que&longs;ti­<lb/>ons them about: Perhaps it may not be ami&longs;s to <lb/>have two of tho&longs;e, one for Summer and ano­<lb/>ther for Winter; and in the Contrivance of them, <lb/>particular Regard mu&longs;t be had to the great Age <lb/>of the Fathers that are to meet in them, that <lb/>there be no Inconveniencies in them which may <lb/>any way endanger their Health, and that they <lb/>may &longs;tay in them as long as their Bu&longs;ine&longs;s re­<lb/>quires, with Safety and Plea&longs;ure. </s> <s>We are told <lb/>by <emph type="italics"/>Seneca,<emph.end type="italics"/> that <emph type="italics"/>Gracchus<emph.end type="italics"/> fir&longs;t, and afterwards <lb/><emph type="italics"/>Dru&longs;us,<emph.end type="italics"/> contrived not to give Audience to <lb/>every body in the &longs;ame Place, but to make <lb/>proper Di&longs;tinctions among the Crowd, and to <lb/>receive &longs;ome in private, others in &longs;elect Num­<lb/>bers, and the Re&longs;t in publick, to &longs;hew which <lb/>had the fir&longs;t, and which only the &longs;econd Share <lb/>in their Friend&longs;hip. </s> <s>If you are in the &longs;ame <lb/>high Rank of Fortune, and this Manner of <lb/>Proceeding either becomes or plea&longs;es you, the <lb/>be&longs;t Way will be to have &longs;everal Doors to re­<lb/>ceive your Friends at, by which you may di&longs;­<lb/>mi&longs;s tho&longs;e that have had Audience, and keep <lb/>out &longs;uch as you don't care to grant it to, with­<lb/>out giving them too much Offence. </s> <s>At the <lb/>Top of the Hou&longs;e there &longs;hould be a high <lb/>Watch-Tower, from whence you may at any <pb xlink:href="003/01/104.jpg" pagenum="86"/>Time &longs;ee any Commotion in the City. </s> <s>In the&longs;e <lb/>Particulars the Palace of a King and of a Ty­<lb/>rant agree; but then they differ in the&longs;e <lb/>other. </s> <s>The Palace of a King &longs;hould &longs;tand in <lb/>the Heart of a City, it &longs;hould be ea&longs;y of Acce&longs;s, <lb/>beauti&longs;ully adorned, and rather delicate and <lb/>polite than proud or &longs;tately: But a Tyrant <lb/>&longs;hould have rather a Ca&longs;tle than a Palace, and <lb/>it &longs;hould &longs;tand in a Manner out of the City and <lb/>in it at the &longs;ame Time. </s> <s>It looks noble to have <lb/>the Palace of a King be near adjoyning to the <lb/>Theatre, the Temple, and &longs;ome Noblemens <lb/>hand&longs;ome Hou&longs;es: The Tyrant mu&longs;t have his <lb/>Ca&longs;tle entirely &longs;eparated from all other Build­<lb/>ings. </s> <s>Both &longs;hould be built in a hand&longs;ome and <lb/>noble Manner, but yet &longs;o that the Palace may <lb/>not be &longs;o large and rambling as to be not ea&longs;ily <lb/>defended again&longs;t any In&longs;ult; nor the Ca&longs;tle &longs;o <lb/>clo&longs;e and &longs;o crampt up, as to look more like a <lb/>Jail than the Re&longs;idence of a great Prince. <lb/></s> <s>We &longs;hould not omit one Contrivance very con­<lb/>venient for a Tyrant, which is to have &longs;ome <lb/>private Pipes concealed within the Body of the <lb/>Wall, by which he may &longs;ecretly hear every <lb/>Thing that is &longs;aid either by Strangers or Ser­<lb/>vants. </s> <s>But as a Royal Hou&longs;e is different from <lb/>a Fortre&longs;s in almo&longs;t all Re&longs;pects, and e&longs;pecial­<lb/>ly in the main Ones, the be&longs;t Way is to let the <lb/>Palace join to the Fortre&longs;s. </s> <s>The Ancients <lb/>u&longs;ed to build their Fortre&longs;s in the City, that to <lb/>they or their King might have a Place to fly <lb/>to in any Time of Adver&longs;ity, and where the Vir­<lb/>tue of their Virgins and Matrons might be <lb/>protected by the Holine&longs;s of a Sanctuary: For <lb/><emph type="italics"/>Fe&longs;tus<emph.end type="italics"/> tells us, that the Ancients u&longs;ed to con­<lb/>&longs;ecrate their Fortre&longs;&longs;es to Religion, upon which <lb/>Account they were called <emph type="italics"/>Auguriales,<emph.end type="italics"/> and that <lb/>in them a certain Sacrifice u&longs;ed to be perform­<lb/>ed by Virgins, which was extremely &longs;ecret and <lb/>entirely remote from the Knowledge of the <lb/>Vulgar. </s> <s>Accordingly you &longs;eldom meet with <lb/>an ancient Fortre&longs;s without its Temple. </s> <s>But <lb/>Tyrants afterwards u&longs;urped the Fortre&longs;s to <lb/>them&longs;elves, and overthrew the Piety and Reli­<lb/>gion of the Place, converting it to their cruel <lb/>and wicked Purpo&longs;es, and &longs;o made what was <lb/>de&longs;igned as a Refuge to the Mi&longs;erable, a Source <lb/>of Mi&longs;eries. </s> <s>But, to return. </s> <s>The Fortre&longs;s be­<lb/>longing to the Temple of <emph type="italics"/>Jupiter Hammon<emph.end type="italics"/><lb/>was encompa&longs;&longs;ed with three Walls; the fir&longs;t <lb/>Fortification was for the Prince, the &longs;econd for <lb/>his Spou&longs;e and her Children, and the la&longs;t was <lb/>the Po&longs;t of the Soldiers. </s> <s>A Stucture very well <lb/>contrived, only that it was much better adapt­<lb/>ed for Defence than Offence. </s> <s>I mu&longs;t confe&longs;s <lb/>that as I cannot &longs;ay much for the Valour of a <lb/>Soldier that only knows how to repul&longs;e an E­<lb/>nemy that a&longs;&longs;aults him, &longs;o I cannot much <lb/>commend a Fort that, be&longs;ides being able to <lb/>defend it&longs;elf, is not al&longs;o well di&longs;po&longs;ed for of­<lb/>fending its Enemies. </s> <s>But yet you &longs;hould con­<lb/>trive the Matter &longs;o, that though you have both <lb/>tho&longs;e Advantages, you &longs;hould &longs;eem to have had <lb/>an Eye only to one of them, namely, your own <lb/>Defence; that it may be thought the other <lb/>happened only from the Situation and Nature <lb/>of the Building.</s></p><p type="head"> <s>CHAP. IV.</s></p><p type="main"> <s><emph type="italics"/>Of the proper Situation, Structure and Fortification of a Fortre&longs;s, whether in <lb/>a Plain, or upon a Hill, its Inclo&longs;ure, Area, Walls, Ditches, Bridges, and <lb/>Towers.<emph.end type="italics"/></s></p><p type="main"> <s>I find that even Men of good Experience in <lb/>military Affairs, are in Doubt which is the <lb/>be&longs;t and &longs;tronge&longs;t Manner of building a For­<lb/>tre&longs;s, either upon a Hill or Plain. </s> <s>There is <lb/>&longs;carce any Hill but what may be either at­<lb/>tacked or undermined; nor any Plain but <lb/>what may be &longs;o well fortified that it &longs;hall be <lb/>impo&longs;&longs;ible to a&longs;&longs;ault it without great Danger. <lb/></s> <s>But I &longs;hall not di&longs;pute about this Que&longs;tion. <lb/></s> <s>Our Bu&longs;ine&longs;s is to contrive every Thing &longs;uita­<lb/>bly to the Nature of the Place; and indeed all <lb/>the Rules which we have laid down for the <lb/>building a City, &longs;hould be ob&longs;erved in the <lb/>building a Fortre&longs;s. </s> <s>The Fortre&longs;s particular­<lb/>ly &longs;hould be &longs;ure to have even and direct <lb/>Streets, by which the Garri&longs;on may march to <lb/>attack an Enemy, or in Ca&longs;e of Sedition or <lb/>Treachery, their own Citizens and Inhabitants, <lb/>and bring in Succours, either out of their own <lb/>Country or from Abroad, without Impedi­<lb/>ment, by Land, River, Lake, or Sea. </s> <s>One <lb/>very good Form for the Area of a Fortre&longs;s, is <lb/>that of a C joining to all the City Walls as to <lb/>a round O with bending Horns, but not en­<pb xlink:href="003/01/105.jpg" pagenum="87"/>compa&longs;&longs;ing them quite round; as is al&longs;o that <lb/>which is &longs;haped like a Star with Rays running <lb/>out to the Circumference; and thus the For­<lb/>tre&longs;s will be, as we before ob&longs;erved it ought, <lb/>neither within nor without the City. </s> <s>If we <lb/>were to give a brief De&longs;cription of the Fortre&longs;s, <lb/>or Citadel, it might perhaps be not ami&longs;s to <lb/>&longs;ay that it is the Back-door to the City &longs;trong­<lb/>ly &longs;ortified on all Sides. </s> <s>But let it be what it <lb/>will, whether the Crown of the Wall, or the <lb/>Key to the City, it ought to look fierce, ter­<lb/>rible, rugged, dangerous, and unconquerable; <lb/>and the le&longs;s it is, the &longs;tronger it will be. </s> <s>A <lb/>&longs;mall one will require the Fidelity only of a <lb/>few, but a large one that of a great many: <lb/>And, as <emph type="italics"/>Euripides<emph.end type="italics"/> &longs;ays, there never was a Mul­<lb/>titude without a great many dangerous Spirits <lb/>in it; &longs;o that in the Ca&longs;e before us, the Fewer <lb/>we have occa&longs;ion to tru&longs;t, the Safer we &longs;hall be. <lb/></s> <s>The outward Wall, or Inclo&longs;ure of the For­<lb/>tre&longs;s &longs;hould be built very &longs;trong, of large <lb/>Stone, with a good Slope on the Out&longs;ide, that <lb/>the Ladders &longs;et again&longs;t it may be weakened by <lb/>their &longs;tanding too oblique; and that the Ene­<lb/>my who A&longs;&longs;aults it and endeavours to &longs;cale it, <lb/>may lie entirely open to the Stones thrown <lb/>down upon him; and that Things ca&longs;t at the <lb/>Wall by the military Engines may not &longs;trike <lb/>it full, but be thrown off a&longs;lant. </s> <s>The Ground <lb/>or Area on the In&longs;ide &longs;hould be all paved with <lb/>two or even three Layers of very large Stones, <lb/>that the Be&longs;iegers may not get in upon you by <lb/>Mines run under the Wall. </s> <s>All the Re&longs;t of <lb/>the Walls &longs;hould be made very high, and very <lb/>&longs;trong and thick quite to the uppermo&longs;t Cor­<lb/>ni&longs;h, that they may &longs;toutly re&longs;i&longs;t all Manner of <lb/>Battery, and not ea&longs;ily be mounted by Ladders, <lb/>nor commanded by Intrenchments ca&longs;t up on <lb/>the Out&longs;ide. </s> <s>In other Re&longs;pects the &longs;ame <lb/>Rules are to be ob&longs;erved that we have given <lb/>for the Walls of the City. </s> <s>The greate&longs;t De­<lb/>fence to the Walls either of a City or Fortre&longs;s <lb/>is to be &longs;o provided, that the Enemy cannot <lb/>approach you on any Side without being ex­<lb/>po&longs;ed to imminent Danger. </s> <s>This is done both <lb/>by making very broad and deep Ditches, as <lb/>we &longs;aid before; and al&longs;o by leaving private <lb/>Loop-Holes almo&longs;t at the very Bottom of the <lb/>Wall, by which, while the Enemy is covering <lb/>him&longs;elf with his Shield from the Be&longs;ieged above, <lb/>he may be taken in his Flank which lies un­<lb/>guarded. </s> <s>And indeed, there is no Kind of <lb/>Defence &longs;o &longs;erviceable as this. </s> <s>You gaul the <lb/>Enemy from the&longs;e Loop-Holes with the greate&longs;t <lb/>Safety to your&longs;elf, you have a nearer Aim at <lb/>him, and you are &longs;ure to do mo&longs;t Execution, <lb/>&longs;ince it is impo&longs;&longs;ible he &longs;hould defend all Parts <lb/>of his Body at the &longs;ame Time: And if your <lb/>Weapon pa&longs;&longs;es by the fir&longs;t Man without hurt­<lb/>ing him, it meets another, and &longs;ometimes <lb/>wounds two or three at a Time. </s> <s>On the <lb/>Contrary, when the be&longs;ieged throws Things <lb/>down from the Top of the Wall, they mu&longs;t <lb/>&longs;tand expo&longs;ed to a good Deal of Danger, and <lb/>it is a great Chance whether they hit &longs;o much <lb/>as one Man, who may ea&longs;ily &longs;ee what is com­<lb/>ing upon him, and avoid it, or turn it a&longs;ide <lb/>with his Buckler. </s> <s>If the Fortre&longs;s &longs;tands upon <lb/>the Sea-&longs;ide, you &longs;hould fix Piles and Heaps of <lb/>Stone &longs;cattered up and down about the Coa&longs;t <lb/>to make it un&longs;afe, and prevent any Batteries in <lb/>Shipping from coming too near. </s> <s>If it is upon <lb/>a Plain it &longs;hould be &longs;urrounded with a Ditch <lb/>filled with Water; but then to prevent its <lb/>&longs;tinking and infecting the Air, you &longs;hould dig <lb/>for it till you come to a living Spring. </s> <s>If it is upon <lb/>a Hill, it &longs;hould be encompa&longs;&longs;ed with broken <lb/>Precipices; and where we have an Opportuni­<lb/>ty we &longs;hould make u&longs;e of all the&longs;e Advantages <lb/>together. </s> <s>Tho&longs;e Parts which are expo&longs;ed to <lb/>battery, &longs;hould be made Semi-circular, or ra­<lb/>ther with a &longs;harp Angle like the Head of a <lb/>Ship. </s> <s>I am not to learn that &longs;ome People of <lb/>good Experience in military Matters, are of <lb/>Opinion that very high Walls are dangerous in <lb/>Ca&longs;e of Battery; becau&longs;e their Ruins fill up the <lb/>Ditch, and make a Way in it for the Enemy to <lb/>approach and a&longs;&longs;ault the Place. </s> <s>But we &longs;hall <lb/>avoid this Inconvenience, if we ob&longs;erve all the <lb/>Rules before laid down. </s> <s>But to return. </s> <s>With­<lb/>in the Fortre&longs;s ought to be one principal Tower, <lb/>built in the &longs;toute&longs;t Manner, and &longs;ortified as <lb/>&longs;trongly as po&longs;&longs;ible, higher than any other Part <lb/>of the Ca&longs;tle, and not acce&longs;&longs;ible by more than <lb/>one Way, to which there &longs;hould be no other <lb/>Entrance but by a Draw-bridge. </s> <s>Draw­<lb/>bridges are of two Sorts; one which is lifted up <lb/>and &longs;tops up the Entrance; the other, which <lb/>&longs;lides out and in, as you have occa&longs;ion for it. <lb/></s> <s>In a Place expo&longs;ed to boi&longs;terous Winds, this <lb/>la&longs;t is the mo&longs;t Convenient. </s> <s>Any Tower that <lb/>may po&longs;&longs;ibly infe&longs;t this principal One, ought <lb/>to be left quite open and naked on that Side <lb/>which &longs;tands towards it, or faced only with a <lb/>very thin weak Wall.</s></p><pb xlink:href="003/01/106.jpg" pagenum="88"/><p type="head"> <s>CHAP. V.</s></p><p type="main"> <s><emph type="italics"/>Of tho&longs;e Parts of the Fortre&longs;s where the Soldiers are to &longs;tand either to keep <lb/>centinel, or to fight. </s> <s>Of the Covering or Roof of the Fortre&longs;s, and in what <lb/>Manner it is to be made &longs;trong, and of the other Conveniencies nece&longs;&longs;ary in the <lb/>Ca&longs;tle, either of a King or a Tyrant.<emph.end type="italics"/></s></p><p type="main"> <s>The Place where the Soldiers are to &longs;tand <lb/>to keep centinel, and to defend the <lb/>Wall, &longs;hould be &longs;o laid out, that &longs;ome may <lb/>guard the lower Parts of the Fortre&longs;s, others <lb/>the upper, thus being all di&longs;tributed into vari­<lb/>ous Po&longs;ts and Employments. </s> <s>In a Word, the <lb/>Entrance in, and Pa&longs;&longs;age out, and every &longs;epa­<lb/>rate Part &longs;hould be &longs;o contrived and &longs;ecured, <lb/>that it may be expo&longs;ed neither to the Treach­<lb/>ery of Friends, nor the Force or Fraud of Ene­<lb/>mies. </s> <s>The Roofs in a Fortre&longs;s &longs;hould be built <lb/>with an acute Angle, and very &longs;trong, that <lb/>they may not ea&longs;ily be demoli&longs;hed by the <lb/>Weight of what is thrown from the military <lb/>Engines; the Rafters in them mu&longs;t &longs;tand very <lb/>clo&longs;e together, and a Covering over them, and <lb/>then lay the Gutters for carrying off the Rain, <lb/>but entirely without Lime or Mortar. </s> <s>Then <lb/>make a Covering over the Whole of Pieces of <lb/>Tile, or rather of Pumice-&longs;tones, to the Heighth <lb/>of three Foot: Thus it will neither be in <lb/>Danger from any Weight falling upon it, nor <lb/>from Fire. </s> <s>In &longs;hort, a Fortre&longs;s is to be built <lb/>like a little Town: It &longs;hould be fortified with <lb/>the &longs;ame Care and Art, and if po&longs;&longs;ible, pro­<lb/>vided with all the Conveniencies that a Town <lb/>&longs;hould be. </s> <s>It mu&longs;t not want Water, nor &longs;uf­<lb/>ficient room for lodging the Soldiers, and laying <lb/>up Stores of Arms, Corn, Salted-meat, Vine­<lb/>gar, and particularly Wood. </s> <s>And within this <lb/>Fortre&longs;s too, that which we called the princi­<lb/>pal Tower, ought to be a little Fortre&longs;s within <lb/>it&longs;elf, and &longs;hould want none of the Conveni­<lb/>encies required in a great one. </s> <s>It &longs;hould have <lb/>its own Ci&longs;terns, and Store-rooms for all Pro­<lb/>vi&longs;ions nece&longs;&longs;ary, either for its Maintenance or <lb/>Defence. </s> <s>It &longs;hould have Pa&longs;&longs;ages, by which <lb/>it may upon Occa&longs;ion attack even its own <lb/>Friends, and for the Admi&longs;&longs;ion of Succours. </s> <s>I <lb/>will not omit one Circum&longs;tance, which is, that <lb/>Ca&longs;tles have &longs;ometimes been defended by <lb/>Means of their private Pa&longs;&longs;ages for Water, and <lb/>Towns taken by Means of their Drains. </s> <s>Both <lb/>the&longs;e may be of U&longs;e for &longs;ending out private <lb/>Me&longs;&longs;engers. </s> <s>But you &longs;hould be &longs;ure to con­<lb/>trive them &longs;o, that they may do you more Ser­<lb/>vice than Prejudice. </s> <s>Let them therefore be <lb/>made but ju&longs;t big enough; let them run wind­<lb/>ing &longs;everal Ways, and let them end in &longs;ome <lb/>very deep Place, that there may not be room <lb/>enough for a Man with his Arms, and that <lb/>even one unarmed may not get into the Ca&longs;tle <lb/>without being permitted or called. </s> <s>The <lb/>Mouths of them may end very conveniently <lb/>in &longs;ome common Drain, or rather in &longs;ome un­<lb/>known de&longs;art Place, or in a private Chapel, or <lb/>a Tomb in &longs;ome Church. </s> <s>We &longs;hould like­<lb/>wi&longs;e never be unprovided again&longs;t human Acci­<lb/>dents and Calamities; and therefore it will be <lb/>very proper to have &longs;ome Pa&longs;&longs;age into the very <lb/>Heart of the Fortre&longs;s, known to nobody but <lb/>your&longs;elf; by which if you &longs;hould ever happen <lb/>to be &longs;hut out, you may immediately get in <lb/>with an armed Force: And perhaps one good <lb/>Way to do this may be to have &longs;ome very pri­<lb/>vate Part of the Wall built only of Earth or <lb/>Chalk, and not of Stone and Mortar. </s> <s>Thus <lb/>much may &longs;uffice for what is nece&longs;&longs;ary to be <lb/>done for a &longs;ingle Per&longs;on that is po&longs;&longs;e&longs;&longs;ed of the <lb/>Government, whether King or Tyrant.</s></p><p type="head"> <s>CHAP. VI.</s></p><p type="main"> <s><emph type="italics"/>Of the &longs;everal Parts of which the Republick con&longs;i&longs;ts. </s> <s>The proper Situation and <lb/>Building for the Hou&longs;es of tho&longs;e that govern the Republick, and of the Prie&longs;ts. <lb/></s> <s>Of Temples, as well large as &longs;mall, Chapels and Oratories.<emph.end type="italics"/></s></p><p type="main"> <s>We are now to treat of tho&longs;e Things <lb/>which are proper to &longs;uch as are at the <lb/>Head not of a Monarchy but of a Common­<lb/>wealth; and here the Power is lodged either <lb/>in the Hands of &longs;ome one &longs;ingle Magi&longs;trate, <lb/>or el&longs;e is divided among a certain Number. <pb xlink:href="003/01/107.jpg" pagenum="89"/>The Republick con&longs;i&longs;ts of Things &longs;acred, <lb/>which appertain to the publick Wor&longs;hip: The <lb/>Care of which is in the Prie&longs;ts; and of Things <lb/>profane, which regard the Welfare and good of <lb/>the Society; the Care of which is in the Sena­<lb/>tors and Judges at Home, and in the Generals <lb/>of Armies and Fleets Abroad. </s> <s>To each of <lb/>the&longs;e belong two Kinds of Building, one upon <lb/>account of the Per&longs;on's Office, the other for <lb/>the U&longs;e of his own private Family. </s> <s>Every <lb/>Man's Hou&longs;e &longs;hould certainly be &longs;uited to the <lb/>Condition of Life which he is in, whether he <lb/>is a King, a Tyrant, or a private Per&longs;on. </s> <s>There <lb/>are &longs;ome Circum&longs;tances which in a particular <lb/>Manner become Men in high Stations. <emph type="italics"/>Virgil<emph.end type="italics"/><lb/>very judiciou&longs;ly makes <emph type="italics"/>Anchi&longs;es<emph.end type="italics"/> have his Hou&longs;e <lb/>in a private Part of the City, and &longs;haded with <lb/>Trees; knowing very well that the Habitati­<lb/>ons of great Men, for the Dignity and Quiet <lb/>both of them&longs;elves and Families, &longs;hould be re­<lb/>mote from the Concour&longs;e of the Vulgar, and <lb/>from the Noi&longs;e of Trades; and this not only <lb/>for the Plea&longs;ure and Conveniency of having <lb/>Room for Gardens, Groves, or the like, but <lb/>al&longs;o that &longs;o large a Family, con&longs;i&longs;ting of diffe­<lb/>rent Sorts of People, may not lie in the Way <lb/>to be corrupted and debauched by an ill <lb/>Neighbourhood, &longs;ince (as is rightly ob&longs;erved) <lb/>more Mi&longs;chief is done by Wine Abroad than at <lb/>Home: And moreover, in order to avoid the <lb/>eternal Torment of numerous Vi&longs;itors and At­<lb/>tendants. </s> <s>I have indeed ob&longs;erved that wi&longs;e <lb/>Princes have not only placed them&longs;elves out of <lb/>the Way of the Crowd, but even out of the <lb/>City it&longs;elf, that the common People might not <lb/>be trouble&longs;ome to them, but when they were <lb/>in &longs;ome particular Want of their Protection: <lb/>And, in Reality, what &longs;ignifies all their Wealth <lb/>and Greatne&longs;s, if they can never enjoy a few <lb/>Hours of Repo&longs;e and Lei&longs;ure? </s> <s>However, their <lb/>Hou&longs;es, let them &longs;tand where they will, ought <lb/>to have large &longs;pacious Apartments to receive <lb/>tho&longs;e that come to attend them, and the Street <lb/>which leads from them to the Places where the <lb/>publick Affairs are tran&longs;acted, &longs;hould be of a <lb/>good Breadth, that their Servants, Clients, <lb/>Suitors and Followers crowding to attend their <lb/>Patron, may not &longs;top up the Way, and breed <lb/>Confu&longs;ion. </s> <s>The different Places where the <lb/>Magi&longs;trates are to exerci&longs;e their Offices, are <lb/>known to every Body: The Bu&longs;ine&longs;s of the <lb/>Senator, is in the Senate-hou&longs;e; of the Judge, <lb/>in the Tribunal, or Court of Ju&longs;tice; of the <lb/>General in the Army; of the Admiral on board <lb/>the Fleet. </s> <s>But what &longs;hall we &longs;ay of the Prie&longs;ts? <lb/></s> <s>to whom belongs not only the Temple, but <lb/>al&longs;o the Cloy&longs;ter, which might be called a <lb/>Lodgement, or Camp for Soldiers, &longs;ince the <lb/>chief Prie&longs;ts, and all his inferior Mini&longs;ters, are <lb/>employed in a &longs;tubborn and laborious Warfare, <lb/>(as we have &longs;hewed in the Book called <emph type="italics"/>The <lb/>Prie&longs;t<emph.end type="italics"/>) namely, that of Virtue again&longs;t Vice. <lb/></s> <s>Of Temples, &longs;ome are principal, as is that <lb/>wherein the chief Prie&longs;t upon &longs;tated Sea&longs;ons ce­<lb/>lebrates &longs;ome &longs;olemn Rites and Sacrifices: <lb/>Others are under the Guardian&longs;hip of inferior <lb/>Prie&longs;ts, as all Chapels in Town, and Oratories <lb/>in the Country. </s> <s>Perhaps the mo&longs;t convenient <lb/>Situation for the principal Temple may be in <lb/>the Middle of the City; but it is more Decent <lb/>to have it &longs;omewhat remote from the Crowd: <lb/>A Hill gives it an Air of Dignity, but it is more <lb/>&longs;ecure from Earthquakes in a Plain. </s> <s>In a <lb/>Word, the Temple is to be placed where it <lb/>may appear with mo&longs;t Maje&longs;ty and Reverence: <lb/>For which Rea&longs;on it &longs;hould lie entirely out of <lb/>the Way of all Filth and Indecency, to the In­<lb/>tent that Fathers, Matrons and Virgins, who <lb/>come to offer up their Prayers, may not be <lb/>&longs;hocked and offended, or perverted from their <lb/>intended Devotions. <emph type="italics"/>Nigrigeneus<emph.end type="italics"/> the Archi­<lb/>tect, who wrote about the <emph type="italics"/>Termini,<emph.end type="italics"/> informs us, <lb/>that the ancient Architects were for having the <lb/>Fronts of their Temples facing the We&longs;t: But <lb/>this Cu&longs;tom was afterwards quite altered, and <lb/>it was thought better to have the Temples and <lb/>the <emph type="italics"/>Termini<emph.end type="italics"/> look to the Ea&longs;t, that they might <lb/>have a View of the ri&longs;ing Sun. </s> <s>But I have ob­<lb/>&longs;erved my&longs;elf that the Ancients in the &longs;ituating <lb/>of their &longs;maller Temples or Chapels, generally <lb/>turned their Fronts &longs;o as they might be &longs;een <lb/>from the Sea, or &longs;ome River or great Road. <lb/></s> <s>To conclude, a Structure of this Kind ought <lb/>to be &longs;o built as to entice tho&longs;e who are ab&longs;ent <lb/>to come and &longs;ee it, and to charm and detain <lb/>tho&longs;e that are pre&longs;ent by the Beauty and Curi­<lb/>o&longs;ity of its Workman&longs;hip. </s> <s>An arched Roof <lb/>will &longs;ecure it mo&longs;t again&longs;t Fire, and a flat one <lb/>again&longs;t Earthquakes; but the former will be <lb/>the lea&longs;t liable to Decay by the Injury of Time. <lb/></s> <s>And this may &longs;uffice as to the Temples, be­<lb/>cau&longs;e many Things which &longs;eem nece&longs;&longs;ary to be <lb/>&longs;aid here, belong more properly to their Orna­<lb/>ment than to their real U&longs;e: And therefore of <lb/>tho&longs;e we &longs;hall treat el&longs;ewhere. </s> <s>Smaller Tem­<lb/>ples and Chaples mu&longs;t imitate the Greater, ac­<lb/>cording to the Dignity of their Situation and <lb/>U&longs;es.</s></p><pb xlink:href="003/01/108.jpg" pagenum="90"/><p type="head"> <s>CHAP. VII.</s></p><p type="head"> <s><emph type="italics"/>That the Prie&longs;t's Camp is the Cloy&longs;ter; the Duty of the Prie&longs;t; the various <lb/>Sorts of Cloy&longs;ters and their proper Situations.<emph.end type="italics"/></s></p><p type="main"> <s>The Prie&longs;t's Camp is the Cloy&longs;ter, in <lb/>which a certain Number of Per&longs;ons &longs;hut <lb/>them&longs;elves up together in order to devote them­<lb/>&longs;elves either to Religion or Virtue; &longs;uch are tho&longs;e <lb/>who have dedicated them&longs;elves to the &longs;acred <lb/>Functions, or who have taken upon them&longs;elves <lb/>a Vow of Cha&longs;tity. </s> <s>Be&longs;ides this Cloy&longs;ter is a <lb/>Place where Per&longs;ons of &longs;tudious Di&longs;po&longs;itions <lb/>employ them&longs;elves about the Knowledge of <lb/>Things as well Divine as Human; for as the <lb/>Prie&longs;t's Duty is as far as in him lies to lead <lb/>Mankind into a Cour&longs;e of Life as near to Per­<lb/>fection as po&longs;&longs;ible, this can never be done more <lb/>effectually than by Philo&longs;ophy. </s> <s>For as there <lb/>are two Things in the Nature of Man to which <lb/>this mu&longs;t be owing, Virtue and Truth; when <lb/>the former has taught us to calm and govern <lb/>our Pa&longs;&longs;ions, and the latter to know the Prin­<lb/>ciples and Secrets of Nature, which will purge <lb/>the Mind from Ignorance and the Contagion of <lb/>the Body; we may then be qualified to enter <lb/>into a happy Cour&longs;e of Life, and to have &longs;ome <lb/>Re&longs;emblance with the divine Nature it&longs;elf. </s> <s>Add <lb/>to this, that it is the Duty of all good Men, as <lb/>the Prie&longs;ts ought and would be thought to be, <lb/>to exerci&longs;e them&longs;elves in all tho&longs;e Offices of <lb/>Humanity which are due from every Man to <lb/>his Neighbour, namely, to a&longs;&longs;i&longs;t and relieve the <lb/>Poor, the Di&longs;tre&longs;&longs;ed and the Infirm, to the ut­<lb/>mo&longs;t of their Power. </s> <s>The&longs;e are the Things <lb/>in which the Prie&longs;t is to employ him&longs;elf and <lb/>all tho&longs;e under his Direction. </s> <s>Of the Struc­<lb/>tures proper for the&longs;e Purpo&longs;es, whether be­<lb/>longing to the &longs;uperior or inferior Rank of <lb/>Prie&longs;ts, we are now to treat; and fir&longs;t we &longs;hall <lb/>begin with the Cloy&longs;ter. </s> <s>Cloy&longs;ters are of &longs;e­<lb/>veral Sorts, either for &longs;uch Per&longs;ons as are to be <lb/>&longs;o &longs;trictly confined that they mu&longs;t never ap­<lb/>pear in publick at all, unle&longs;s at Church or in <lb/>Proce&longs;&longs;ions; or for tho&longs;e who are to be allow­<lb/>ed a little more Liberty. </s> <s>Of the&longs;e again &longs;ome <lb/>are for Men, others for Women. </s> <s>Tho&longs;e for <lb/>Women &longs;hould, in my Opinion, be neither too <lb/>much in the City, nor too much out of it: For <lb/>though in a Solitude they may not be &longs;o much <lb/>&longs;requented, yet any one that has a De&longs;ign may <lb/>have more Opportunity to execute any villan­<lb/>ous Enterprize where there are &longs;o few Wit­<lb/>ne&longs;&longs;es, than where there are a great many both <lb/>to &longs;hame and di&longs;&longs;wade him from &longs;uch an At­<lb/>tempt. </s> <s>It is our Bu&longs;ine&longs;s in both to take Care <lb/>not that they have no Inclinations to be un­<lb/>cha&longs;te, but no means. </s> <s>For this Purpo&longs;e every <lb/>Entrance mu&longs;t be &longs;o &longs;ecured, that nobody can <lb/>po&longs;&longs;ibly get in; and &longs;o well watched, that no­<lb/>body may loyter about in order to attempt it <lb/>without in&longs;tant Su&longs;picion and Shame. </s> <s>No <lb/>Camp for an Army &longs;hould be &longs;o well guarded <lb/>by Intrenchments and Pali&longs;adoes, as a Mona&longs;­<lb/>tery ought to be by high Walls, without either <lb/>Doors or Windows in them, or the lea&longs;t Hole <lb/>by which not only no Violator of Cha&longs;tity, but <lb/>not &longs;o much as the lea&longs;t Temptation either by <lb/>the Eye or Ear, may po&longs;&longs;ibly get in to di&longs;order, <lb/>or pollute the Minds of the Reclu&longs;e. </s> <s>Let them <lb/>receive their Light from an open Court on the <lb/>In&longs;ide. </s> <s>Round this Court the Portico, Cells, <lb/>Refectory, Chapter-hou&longs;e and the like Conve­<lb/>niencies &longs;hould be di&longs;po&longs;ed according to their <lb/>various U&longs;es, in the &longs;ame Manner as in private <lb/>Hou&longs;es. </s> <s>Nor &longs;hould Space be wanting for <lb/>Gardens and Meadows, for the moderate Re­<lb/>creation of the Mind, but not for admini&longs;tring <lb/>to Plea&longs;ure. </s> <s>If all the&longs;e Precautions are ta­<lb/>ken, it will be be&longs;t to have them out of the <lb/>Way of a Concour&longs;e of People. </s> <s>The Cloy&longs;ters <lb/>for both Sexes therefore cannot be better placed <lb/>than without the City; that the Attention of <lb/>their Thoughts which are entirely dedicated to <lb/>Holine&longs;s, and the calm and &longs;ettled Religion of <lb/>their Minds may not be di&longs;turbed by too many <lb/>Vi&longs;itors. </s> <s>But then I would have their Hou&longs;es, <lb/>whether they are for Men or Women, &longs;ituated <lb/>in the mo&longs;t healthy Air that can be found out; <lb/>that the Reclu&longs;e, while they are wholly intent <lb/>upon the Care of their Souls, may not have <lb/>their Bodies, already impared, by con&longs;tant fa&longs;t­<lb/>ing and watching, oppre&longs;&longs;ed likewi&longs;e with <lb/>Weakne&longs;s and Di&longs;ea&longs;es. </s> <s>Tho&longs;e who are with­<lb/>out the City &longs;hould be placed in a Situation <lb/>naturally &longs;trong, that neither Robbers nor any <lb/>plundering Enemy with a &longs;mall Force, may <lb/>be able at every turn to &longs;ack it; and I would <lb/>have it moreover fortified with a Trench and a <pb xlink:href="003/01/109.jpg" pagenum="91"/>Wall, nor would it be ami&longs;s to add a Tower, <lb/>which is not at all incon&longs;i&longs;tent with a religious <lb/>Edifice. </s> <s>The Mona&longs;tery for tho&longs;e Reclu&longs;e <lb/>who to Religion join the Study of the liberal <lb/>Arts, that they may be the more ready to pro­<lb/>mote the Good of Mankind, according to the <lb/>Obligation of their Character, ought to be nei­<lb/>ther within the Noi&longs;e and Hurry of Trade&longs;­<lb/>men, nor too far remote from the Acce&longs;s of the <lb/>Citizens. </s> <s>And as they are a great many in <lb/>Family, and there is generally a great Con­<lb/>cour&longs;e of People to hear them Preach and Di&longs;­<lb/>pute concerning &longs;acred Things; they require a <lb/>very large Hou&longs;e. </s> <s>They can be placed no where <lb/>better than among &longs;ome publick Buildings, <lb/>&longs;uch as Theatres, Circu&longs;&longs;es, or Squares, where <lb/>the Multitude going for their Plea&longs;ure may <lb/>more ea&longs;ily by the Exhortations, Example and <lb/>Admonition of the Religious, be drawn from <lb/>Vice to Virtue, and from Ignorance to Know­<lb/>ledge.</s></p><p type="head"> <s>CHAP. VIII.</s></p><p type="head"> <s><emph type="italics"/>Of Places for Exerci&longs;e, publick Schools, and Ho&longs;pitals both for Men and <lb/>Women.<emph.end type="italics"/></s></p><p type="main"> <s>The Ancients, and e&longs;pecially the <emph type="italics"/>Greeks,<emph.end type="italics"/><lb/>u&longs;ed in the very Middle of their Cities <lb/>to erect tho&longs;e Edifices which they called <lb/><emph type="italics"/>Palæ&longs;træ,<emph.end type="italics"/> where tho&longs;e who applied them&longs;elves <lb/>to Philo&longs;ophy, attended publick Di&longs;putations. <lb/></s> <s>They were large &longs;pacious Places full of Win­<lb/>dows, with a free Pro&longs;pect on all Sides, and <lb/>rai&longs;ed Seats, and Porticoes running round &longs;ome <lb/>green flowery Meadow. </s> <s>Such a Structure is <lb/>extremely proper for the&longs;e Per&longs;ons, who may <lb/>be reckoned a Kind of Religious; and I would <lb/>have tho&longs;e who delight in the Study of Learn­<lb/>ing, be provided with every Thing that may <lb/>induce them to &longs;tay with their Tutors with <lb/>Plea&longs;ure, and without Unea&longs;ine&longs;s or Satiety. <lb/></s> <s>For this Rea&longs;on, I would have the Meadow, <lb/>the Portico, and every Thing el&longs;e &longs;o laid out, <lb/>that nothing what&longs;oever could be better con­<lb/>trived for Recreation. </s> <s>In Winter let them re­<lb/>ceive the kindly Beams of the Sun, and in Sum­<lb/>mer be &longs;hady and open to gentle refre&longs;hing <lb/>Breezes. </s> <s>But of the Delicacies of this Kind of <lb/>Structures we &longs;hall &longs;peak more particularly in <lb/>another Place. </s> <s>Only if you do re&longs;olve to erect <lb/>publick Schools, where the Learned may meet <lb/>and conver&longs;e, place them in that Situation <lb/>which may be mo&longs;t convenient and plea&longs;ant for <lb/>them. </s> <s>Let there be no Noi&longs;es of working Trades, <lb/>no noi&longs;ome ill Smells; and do not let it be a <lb/>Place for idle People to loyter in; but let it <lb/>have more the Air of a Solitude, &longs;uch as be­<lb/>comes Men of Gravity employed about the no­<lb/>ble&longs;t and mo&longs;t curious Enquiries: In a Word, <lb/>it &longs;hould have more of Maje&longs;ty than Nicety. <lb/></s> <s>As for Ho&longs;pitals where the Prie&longs;t is to exerci&longs;e <lb/>his Charity towards the Poor and Di&longs;tre&longs;&longs;ed, <lb/>they are to be built with much Thought, and <lb/>a good Deal of Variety; for one Place is pro­<lb/>per for harbouring the Di&longs;tre&longs;&longs;ed, and another <lb/>for curing and fo&longs;tering the Sick and Infirm: <lb/>Among the&longs;e la&longs;t too we &longs;hould take Care to <lb/>make a good Deal of Di&longs;tinction, that while <lb/>we are providing for a few u&longs;ele&longs;s People, we <lb/>do not neglect more that might really be of <lb/>Service. </s> <s>There have been &longs;ome Princes in <emph type="italics"/>Italy<emph.end type="italics"/><lb/>that would never &longs;uffer any tattered Cripples <lb/>to go about their Cities begging Charity from <lb/>Door to Door; but as &longs;oon as ever they came, <lb/>an Order was brought to them not to be &longs;een <lb/>in that City without working at &longs;ome Trade <lb/>above three Days: For there is hardly any &longs;o <lb/>maimed but what may do &longs;ome Work or other; <lb/>and even a blind Man may turn a Rope­<lb/>maker's Wheel, if he can do nothing el&longs;e. </s> <s>As <lb/>for tho&longs;e who are entirely oppre&longs;&longs;ed and dif­<lb/>abled by &longs;ome heavier Infirmity, they were <lb/>taken care of by Magi&longs;trates appointed on pur­<lb/>po&longs;e to provide for &longs;ick Strangers, and di&longs;tri­<lb/>buted regularly to inferior Ho&longs;pitlers, to be <lb/>looked after. </s> <s>And by this Means the&longs;e poor <lb/>Wretches did not wander about begging Re­<lb/>lief, perhaps in vain; and the City was not of­<lb/>fended by mi&longs;erable and filthy Objects. </s> <s>In <lb/><emph type="italics"/>Tu&longs;cany,<emph.end type="italics"/> always famous for Religion and Pie­<lb/>ty, there are noble Ho&longs;pitals, built at a va&longs;t <lb/>Expence; where as well Strangers as Natives, <lb/>are furni&longs;hed plentifully with all Manner of <lb/>Nece&longs;&longs;aries for their Cure. </s> <s>But as the Sick are <lb/>of various Sorts, &longs;ome afflicted with Lepro&longs;y or <lb/>Plague, with which they might infect tho&longs;e who <lb/>are in Health, and others, if &longs;uch an Expre&longs;­<lb/>&longs;ion may be allowed, with more whol&longs;ome <pb xlink:href="003/01/110.jpg" pagenum="92"/>Di&longs;tempers: They ought to have Places en­<lb/>tirely &longs;eperate. </s> <s>The Ancients dedicated their <lb/>Buildings of this Nature to <emph type="italics"/>Æculapius, Apollo,<emph.end type="italics"/><lb/>and <emph type="italics"/>Health,<emph.end type="italics"/> Gods among them to whom they <lb/>a&longs;cribed the Cure of Sickne&longs;s and Pre&longs;ervation <lb/>Health, and &longs;ituated them in the be&longs;t Air they <lb/>could find out, and near Plenty of the cleare&longs;t <lb/>Water, where the Sick might recover their <lb/>Health, not &longs;o much by the A&longs;&longs;i&longs;tanc of tho&longs;e <lb/>Gods, as the natural Healthine&longs;s of the Place: <lb/>And certainly nothing can be more rea&longs;onable <lb/>than to carry the Sick, whether under a private <lb/>or a publick Cure, into the mo&longs;t healthy Places; <lb/>and perhaps none are more &longs;o, than tho&longs;e which <lb/>are very dry and &longs;tony, fanned with continual <lb/>Breezes, not burnt up by the Sun, but cool and <lb/>temperate: Since we find that all Moi&longs;ture is <lb/>the Mother of Corruption. </s> <s>We &longs;ee that Na­<lb/>ture in every Thing loves a Medium; and even <lb/>Health it&longs;elf is nothing but a due Moderation <lb/>of the Qualities of the Body; and indeed no­<lb/>thing that is in Extreams can plea&longs;e. </s> <s>For the <lb/>Re&longs;t, tho&longs;e who are &longs;eized with Di&longs;ea&longs;es which <lb/>are contagious, &longs;hould be taken Care of not on­<lb/>ly without the City, but remote even from any <lb/>high Road; the others may be kept in the <lb/>City. </s> <s>The Apartments for all the&longs;e &longs;hould be <lb/>&longs;o laid out and di&longs;tributed, that there may be <lb/>di&longs;tinct Places for tho&longs;e who are curable, and <lb/>tho&longs;e whom you take in rather to maintain <lb/>them for the Remainder of their unhappy <lb/>Days, than to cure them: Of this Sort are the <lb/>Superannuated, and tho&longs;e who want their <lb/>Sen&longs;es. </s> <s>Add further, that the Men and Wo­<lb/>men, as well the Patients, as the Per&longs;ons that <lb/>attend them, &longs;hould have Apartments &longs;eparate <lb/>from one another; and as &longs;ome Parts of the <lb/>Building &longs;hould be for Particulars, others &longs;hould <lb/>be in common, according as it &longs;hall be found <lb/>nece&longs;&longs;ary for the Management of the Patients, <lb/>and the more ea&longs;y cohabiting together: Of <lb/>which there is no Occa&longs;ion to &longs;ay more in this <lb/>Place. </s> <s>We &longs;hall only ob&longs;erve that all the&longs;e <lb/>Conveniencies are to be contrived according to <lb/>the Rules hereafter to be laid down for the <lb/>Hou&longs;es of private Per&longs;ons. </s> <s>We &longs;hall there­<lb/>fore now proceed according to the Method <lb/>which we have pre&longs;cribed to our&longs;elves.</s></p><p type="head"> <s>CHAP. IX.</s></p><p type="head"> <s><emph type="italics"/>Of the Senate-hou&longs;e, the Temple, and the Tribunals for the Admini&longs;tration of <lb/>Ju&longs;tice.<emph.end type="italics"/></s></p><p type="main"> <s>Having already ob&longs;erved that the Re­<lb/>publick con&longs;i&longs;ts of two Parts, the Sacred <lb/>and the Profane, and having treated of the <lb/>Sacred as much as was requi&longs;ite, and in a good <lb/>Mea&longs;ure too of the Profane, where we took <lb/>Notice of the Place in the Palace of the Prince <lb/>where the Senate was to meet, and where <lb/>Cau&longs;es were to be heard; we &longs;hall now very <lb/>briefly &longs;peak of tho&longs;e Things which &longs;eem nece&longs;­<lb/>&longs;ary to be further added, then proceed to In­<lb/>campments and Fleets, and la&longs;tly treat of <lb/>Things relating to the U&longs;es of private Per&longs;ons. <lb/></s> <s>The Ancients u&longs;ed to call their Senates together <lb/>in Temples, and afterwards it grew a Cu&longs;tom <lb/>for them to meet &longs;omewhere out of the City. <lb/></s> <s>But at length, both for greater Dignity and <lb/>Conveniency in tran&longs;acting the publick Affairs, <lb/>it was found nece&longs;&longs;ary to rai&longs;e Structures for <lb/>this Purpo&longs;e only; where neither the Length <lb/>of the Way, nor any Inconveniency in the <lb/>Place it&longs;elf, might deter the aged Fathers from <lb/>meeting often, and continuing a good while <lb/>together; and for this Rea&longs;on they placed the <lb/>Senate-hou&longs;e in the Middle of the City, with <lb/>the Place for the Admini&longs;tration of Ju&longs;tice and <lb/>the Temple near adjoining, that not only tho&longs;e <lb/>who made Intere&longs;t for Offices, or were obliged <lb/>to attend Law-&longs;uits, might with greater Con­<lb/>venience, and without lo&longs;ing their Time or <lb/>Opportunity, look after their Affairs of both <lb/>Natures; but al&longs;o that the Fathers (as Men are <lb/>generally mo&longs;t devoted to Religion in their old <lb/>Age) might fir&longs;t pay their Devotions in the <lb/>Temple, and afterwards repair immediately to <lb/>the Tran&longs;action of the publick Bu&longs;ine&longs;s. </s> <s>Add <lb/>to all this, that when any Amba&longs;&longs;ador or fo­<lb/>reign Prince de&longs;ires Audience of the Senate, it <lb/>becomes the Republick to have a Place &longs;uitable <lb/>to the Dignity both of the Stranger and of the <lb/>City, to receive them in, while they wait for <lb/>Introduction. </s> <s>La&longs;tly, in publick Buildings of <lb/>this Sort, you mu&longs;t neglect none of tho&longs;e Rules <lb/>which belong to the convenient and honoura­<lb/>ble Reception of a Multitude of Citizens, and <lb/>their ea&longs;y Di&longs;mi&longs;&longs;ion: And above all you mu&longs;t <lb/>take particular Care, that there is not the lea&longs;t <pb xlink:href="003/01/111.jpg" pagenum="93"/>Want of &longs;uf&longs;icient Pa&longs;&longs;ages, Lights, open Areas, <lb/>and the like. </s> <s>But in the Hall for the Admi­<lb/>ni&longs;tration of Ju&longs;tice, where Numbers of Peo­<lb/>ple re&longs;ort about various Contentions, the A­<lb/>pertures mu&longs;t be more and larger, and more <lb/>direct than either in the Temple or Senate­<lb/>hou&longs;e. </s> <s>The Entrance into the Senate-hou&longs;e <lb/>ought to be made no le&longs;s &longs;trong than hand­<lb/>&longs;ome, for very many Rea&longs;ons, and particularly <lb/>to the Intent that no fooli&longs;h head&longs;trong Rab­<lb/>ble, at the In&longs;tigation of any &longs;editious Ring­<lb/>leader, may be able at any Time to attack and <lb/>in&longs;ult the Senators: For which Rea&longs;on, more <lb/>than for any other, there ought to be Porti­<lb/>coes, Ve&longs;tibules, and the like, where Servants, <lb/>Clients and Attendants, waiting for their Pa­<lb/>trons, may be ready at Hand to defend them <lb/>in Ca&longs;e of any &longs;udden Commotion. </s> <s>I will not <lb/>omit one Ob&longs;ervation, namely, that no Place <lb/>where we are to hear the Voices of Per&longs;ons <lb/>either &longs;peaking, &longs;inging, or di&longs;puting, &longs;hould <lb/>ever be vaulted becau&longs;e &longs;uch Roofs confound <lb/>the Voice with Ecchoes: Whereas a flat Ceil­<lb/>ing made of Timbers renders the Sound more <lb/>clear and di&longs;tinct.</s></p><p type="head"> <s>CHAP. X.</s></p><p type="main"> <s><emph type="italics"/>That Incampments, or Lodgments for Soldiers by Land are of three Sorts; in <lb/>what Manner they are to be fortified; and the various Methods u&longs;ed by <lb/>different Nations.<emph.end type="italics"/></s></p><p type="main"> <s>In laying down a Camp we ought to review <lb/>and re-con&longs;ider all tho&longs;e Rules which we <lb/>gave in the la&longs;t Book for the Situation of a Ci­<lb/>ty; for, indeed, Camps are as it were the Seeds <lb/>of Cities, and you will find that not a few Ci­<lb/>ties have been built in tho&longs;e very Places, where <lb/>excellent Generals had before incamped with <lb/>their Armies. </s> <s>In making a Camp, the chief <lb/>Matter is to know to what Intent it is de&longs;ign­<lb/>ed. </s> <s>There would not be the lea&longs;t Occa&longs;ion <lb/>for a Camp if it were not for unfore&longs;een Acci­<lb/>dents in War, and for the Apprehen&longs;ion of A&longs;­<lb/>&longs;aults from a &longs;uperior Force: And therefore <lb/>we are to con&longs;ider the Nature of the Enemy. <lb/></s> <s>Of Enemies &longs;ome are inferior as to Valour and <lb/>Number; &longs;ome equal, &longs;ome &longs;uperior. </s> <s>For this <lb/>Rea&longs;on we &longs;hall determine the different Sorts <lb/>of Incampments to be three; the Fir&longs;t is that <lb/>which is made only for a Time, and is move­<lb/>able every Moment, which is proper for with­<lb/>&longs;tanding and managing an Enemy equal to <lb/>your&longs;elf, and is de&longs;igned partly for keeping the <lb/>Soldier &longs;afe from &longs;udden Attacks, and partly <lb/>for watching and obtaining Opportunities of <lb/>effecting your De&longs;igns. </s> <s>The &longs;econd Sort of <lb/>Incampment is &longs;tationary, in which you wait <lb/>to oppre&longs;s and &longs;ubdue an Enemy, who, di&longs;­<lb/>tru&longs;ting his own Forces, &longs;huts him&longs;elf up in <lb/>&longs;ome &longs;trong Hold. </s> <s>The third Sort is that in <lb/>which you &longs;hut up your&longs;elf, to receive and re­<lb/>pul&longs;e the Attacks of a &longs;uperior Force, &longs;o as to <lb/>be able to &longs;end the Enemy away weary of the <lb/>Fatigues and Lo&longs;s in be&longs;ieging you. </s> <s>In all <lb/>the&longs;e you mu&longs;t take great Care that every <lb/>Thing be &longs;o ordered, that not the lea&longs;t Parti­<lb/>cular be wanting which can be of Service to <lb/>your own Security and Welfare, and to the <lb/>&longs;u&longs;taining, repul&longs;ing and breaking the Enemy; <lb/>and on the Contrary, that the Enemy, as far as <lb/>lies in your Power, may have no Conveniency <lb/>what&longs;oever, by means of which he may either <lb/>hurt you, or &longs;ecure him&longs;elf. </s> <s>For this Rea&longs;on, <lb/>the fir&longs;t Thing to be con&longs;ulted, is the Nature <lb/>of the Situation, that it be in a Country well <lb/>furni&longs;hed with all Manner of Provi&longs;ions, and <lb/>lie convenient for the ea&longs;y bringing in either of <lb/>Convoys or Supplies upon all Occa&longs;ions. </s> <s>Let <lb/>Water by no means be wanting, and let Wood <lb/>and Pa&longs;ture be not far off. </s> <s>Take care to have <lb/>a free Communication with your own Terri­<lb/>tory, and an open Pa&longs;&longs;age at plea&longs;ure into the <lb/>Enemy's. </s> <s>Let the Enemy on the Contrary, have <lb/>nothing but Difficulties and Ob&longs;tacles. </s> <s>I am <lb/>for having a Camp placed on a Situation &longs;o <lb/>high, as to have an open View of the Enemy's <lb/>Country all round; &longs;o that they may not be­<lb/>gin or attempt any Thing what&longs;oever, without <lb/>your being immediately aware of it. </s> <s>Let it be <lb/>&longs;ecured all round with &longs;teep Slopes, difficult <lb/>A&longs;cents, and broken Precipices; that the Ene­<lb/>my may not be able to &longs;urround you with <lb/>Multitudes, nor to attack you on any Side, <lb/>without expo&longs;ing him&longs;elf to imminent Danger; <lb/>or that if he &longs;hould come clo&longs;e up to you, he <lb/>may not conveniently u&longs;e his Engines, or make <lb/>any &longs;ecure Lodgments for him&longs;elf near you. <pb xlink:href="003/01/112.jpg" pagenum="94"/>If the Situation offers all the&longs;e Advantages, be <lb/>&longs;ure to be the Fir&longs;t to lay hold of them; if <lb/>not, we mu&longs;t then con&longs;ider what Sort of Camp, <lb/>and what Kind of Situation will be&longs;t an&longs;wer <lb/>your Purpo&longs;e. </s> <s>A &longs;tationary Camp ought to <lb/>be much better fortified than a Flying one: <lb/>And a Plain requires more Art and Diligence <lb/>to &longs;trengthen it, than a Hill. </s> <s>We &longs;hall begin <lb/>with the moveable, or flying Camp, becau&longs;e it <lb/>is much more frequently u&longs;ed than a &longs;tationary <lb/>one: And indeed, the frequent moving the <lb/>Camp, has very often conduced extremely to <lb/>the Health of the Army. </s> <s>In placing a Camp, <lb/>it is a Que&longs;tion that naturally ari&longs;es in the <lb/>Mind, whether it is be&longs;t to fix it upon our <lb/>own Territory, or upon that of the Enemy. <lb/><emph type="italics"/>Xenophon<emph.end type="italics"/> &longs;ays, that by frequent changing our <lb/>Camp, our Enemy is oppre&longs;&longs;ed, but our Friends <lb/>ea&longs;ed. </s> <s>Without doubt, it is honourable and <lb/>brave to lie upon the Enemy's Country; but <lb/>it is convenient and &longs;afe to be upon our own. <lb/></s> <s>But indeed a Camp is, with regard to all the <lb/>Territory which is &longs;ubject to it, what a Citadel <lb/>is to a City; which ought to have a &longs;hort and <lb/>ea&longs;y Retreat towards its Friends, and an open <lb/>and ready Pa&longs;&longs;age upon its Enemies. </s> <s>La&longs;tly, <lb/>in the fortifying of Camps various Methods <lb/>have been u&longs;ed. </s> <s>The <emph type="italics"/>Britains<emph.end type="italics"/> u&longs;ed to make a <lb/>Fence round their Camps with Stakes ten foot <lb/>long, &longs;harpened and burnt at the Ends, with <lb/>one End fixed in the Ground, and the other <lb/>&longs;tanding up to keep off the Enemy. <emph type="italics"/><!--neuer Satz-->Cæ&longs;ar<emph.end type="italics"/><lb/>tells us, that the <emph type="italics"/>Gauls<emph.end type="italics"/> u&longs;ed to make a Ram­<lb/>part of their Waggons, as he &longs;ays the <emph type="italics"/>Thraci­<lb/>ans<emph.end type="italics"/> al&longs;o did again&longs;t <emph type="italics"/>Alexander.<emph.end type="italics"/></s><s> The <emph type="italics"/>Nervii<emph.end type="italics"/><lb/>(or People of <emph type="italics"/>Tournay<emph.end type="italics"/>) u&longs;ed to cut down young <lb/>Trees, and binding and interlacing the Boughs <lb/>together made them into a &longs;trong Hedge, <lb/>which &longs;erved chiefly for keeping off the Hor&longs;e. <lb/><emph type="italics"/><!--neuer Satz-->Arrian<emph.end type="italics"/> relates that when <emph type="italics"/>Nearchus, Alexan­<lb/>der<emph.end type="italics"/>'s Admiral, &longs;ailed along the <emph type="italics"/>Indian<emph.end type="italics"/> Sea, ha­<lb/>ving Occa&longs;ion to land, he &longs;urrounded his Camp <lb/>with a Wall to &longs;ecure him&longs;elf again&longs;t the <emph type="italics"/>Bar­<lb/>barians.<emph.end type="italics"/></s><s> The <emph type="italics"/>Romans<emph.end type="italics"/> were always &longs;o well <lb/>provided, and had &longs;o much Fore&longs;ight, that <lb/>whatever happened they took care it &longs;hould <lb/>never be by their own Fault; and they u&longs;ed to <lb/>exerci&longs;e their Soldiers no le&longs;s in making In­<lb/>campments, than in the other Parts of the Mi­<lb/>litary Duty. </s> <s>Nor did they think there was &longs;o <lb/>much Merit in offending their Enemies, as in <lb/>&longs;ecuring their own Men; and they accounted <lb/>it no &longs;mall Part of the Victory, to be able to <lb/>with&longs;tand the Enemy, and to repul&longs;e him &longs;o <lb/>&longs;toutly as to make him De&longs;pair of Succe&longs;s. </s> <s>For <lb/>which Rea&longs;on they never neglected any Means <lb/>of De&longs;ence that they could learn or invent for <lb/>their own Safety: And if high Hills or Preci­<lb/>pices were not to be had, they imitated them <lb/>as well as they could with very deep Ditches <lb/>and high Ramparts, emcompa&longs;&longs;ed with &longs;trong <lb/>Fences of Stakes and Hurdles.</s></p><p type="head"> <s>CHAP. XI.</s></p><p type="main"> <s><emph type="italics"/>The mo&longs;t convenient Situation for a Camp, and its Size, Form and various <lb/>Parts; together with the different Methods of attacking and defending a <lb/>Camp or other Fortification.<emph.end type="italics"/></s></p><p type="main"> <s>We &longs;hall here proceed further upon this <lb/>Subject of Camps according to the <lb/>Methods of the aforementioned Ancients. </s> <s>We <lb/>mu&longs;t take Care to pitch upon a Place not only <lb/>convenient, but &longs;o well adapted for whatever <lb/>Purpo&longs;e we have in Hand, that none could be <lb/>found more &longs;uitable. </s> <s>And be&longs;ides the other <lb/>Advantages before recited, let the Soil be dry, <lb/>not muddy nor liable at any Time to be over­<lb/>flowed; but let the Situation be &longs;uch that it <lb/>may be always clear and free for your own <lb/>Men, and unfafe for the Enemy. </s> <s>Let there <lb/>be no foul Puddle in the Neighbourhood, and <lb/>let there be good Water at an ea&longs;y Di&longs;tance. <lb/></s> <s>Contrive, if po&longs;&longs;ible, to have &longs;ome clear Springs <lb/>within the Camp it&longs;elf, or to have the Fo&longs;s <lb/>filled with &longs;ome River or running Stream. </s> <s>The <lb/>Camp ought not to be &longs;o large, out of Propor­<lb/>tion to the Number of your Soldiers, that they <lb/>cannot be able to keep &longs;ufficient Centry about <lb/>it, &longs;o as to give the Watch-word round one to <lb/>another; or to relieve one another &longs;o often as <lb/>may be requi&longs;ite in defending the Ramparts: <lb/>Nor, on the Contrary, ought it to be &longs;o crampt <lb/>up and confined, as not to afford &longs;ufficient <lb/>room for all proper Conveniencies. <emph type="italics"/>Lycurgus<emph.end type="italics"/><lb/>was of Opinion that Angles were u&longs;ele&longs;s in a <lb/>Camp, and therefore he always laid out his in <lb/>a Circle, unle&longs;s he had &longs;ome Hill, River or For­<lb/>tification at his Back. </s> <s>Others commend a <pb xlink:href="003/01/113.jpg" pagenum="95"/>&longs;quare Area for Incampments: But indeed in <lb/>&longs;ituating a Camp we mu&longs;t accommodate our­<lb/>&longs;elves to the Nece&longs;&longs;ity of the Time, and the <lb/>Nature of the Place, according to the Purpo&longs;e <lb/>which we have in Hand, whether it be to op­<lb/>pre&longs;s the Enemy or to re&longs;i&longs;t him. </s> <s>Let us <lb/>make our Fo&longs;s &longs;o big, that it may not be filled <lb/>up without great Labour, and a long Space of <lb/>Time; or rather let us have two Fo&longs;&longs;es, with <lb/>&longs;ome intermediate Space between them. </s> <s>The <lb/>Ancients, in Works of this Nature al&longs;o, held it <lb/>a Point of Religion to make u&longs;e of odd Num­<lb/>bers; for which Rea&longs;on it was their Cu&longs;tom to <lb/>make their Ditches fifteent Foot wide, and nine <lb/>deep. </s> <s>Let the Sides of the Ditch be Perpen­<lb/>dicular, &longs;o that it may be as broad at the Bot­<lb/>tom as the Top; but where the Soil is loo&longs;e, <lb/>you may allow a &longs;mall Slope, running &longs;ome­<lb/>what narrower towards the Bottom. </s> <s>In a <lb/>Plain, or a low Situation, fill your Ditch with <lb/>Water brought from &longs;ome River, Lake, or Sea: <lb/>But if this cannot be effected &longs;trew all the Bot­<lb/>tom with &longs;harp Points of Steel and Caltrops, <lb/>and fix up and down a good Number of Stakes <lb/>with their Ends &longs;moothed and &longs;harpened, to <lb/>keep off the Enemy. </s> <s>Having compleated your <lb/>Ditch, make your Rampart &longs;o thick, that it <lb/>may not be to be &longs;haken by every little mili­<lb/>tary Engine, and &longs;o high as to be above the <lb/>Reach of the grappling Hooks, and even of <lb/>Darts thrown by the Hand. </s> <s>The Earth dug <lb/>out of the Fo&longs;s lies very convenient and ready <lb/>at Hand for making up the Rampart. </s> <s>The <lb/>Ancients for that Work very much commend­<lb/>ed Turfs dug out of the Meadows with the <lb/>Gra&longs;s upon them, the Roots whereof fa&longs;ten <lb/>them very &longs;trongly together. </s> <s>Others intermix <lb/>them with Twigs of green Oziers, which &longs;trike <lb/>their Roots into the Rampart, and by the Con­<lb/>texture of their Fibres &longs;trengthen the whole <lb/>Work. </s> <s>Along the inward Edge of the Fo&longs;s <lb/>and the Out&longs;ide of the Rampart &longs;et Thorns, <lb/>Spikes, Tenter-hooks and the like, to retard <lb/>the Enemy in his A&longs;cent. </s> <s>Let the Top of the <lb/>Rampart be girt with a &longs;trong Frame of Tim­<lb/>bers joyned to one another cro&longs;&longs;ways like a <lb/>Corni&longs;h, with Hurdles and Earth well rammed <lb/>in together between them; and upon the&longs;e <lb/>rai&longs;e your Battlements, and &longs;tick in forked Pa­<lb/>li&longs;adoes like Stag's Horns. </s> <s>In a Word, let <lb/>every Thing be &longs;o contrived in this Kind of <lb/>Structure, as to make it difficult to be either <lb/>undermined, thrown down, or mounted; and <lb/>to protect the Soldier who is to defend it. <lb/></s> <s>Upon the Edge of this Rampart erect Towers <lb/>at the Di&longs;tance of every hundred Feet, and <lb/>e&longs;pecially in &longs;uch Parts as are mo&longs;t likely to be <lb/>attacked, where they ought to &longs;tand clo&longs;er and <lb/>be built higher that they may the more effec­<lb/>tually annoy the Enemy, when he attempts to <lb/>make his Way into the Camp. </s> <s>Let the <emph type="italics"/>Præ­<lb/>torium,<emph.end type="italics"/> or General's Tent, and the Gate look­<lb/>ing towards the Enemy, as al&longs;o that in the <lb/>Back of the Camp, which two Gates u&longs;ed <lb/>formerly to be called the <emph type="italics"/>porta Quintana,<emph.end type="italics"/> and <lb/>the <emph type="italics"/>porta Decumana,<emph.end type="italics"/> be placed in the &longs;trong­<lb/>e&longs;t Parts of the Camp, and lie convenient for <lb/>making any &longs;udden Sally with the Army, or <lb/>bringing in of Provi&longs;ions, or giving a ready <lb/>Retreat to your own Men. </s> <s>All the&longs;e Con­<lb/>veniencies belong more particularly to a &longs;tati­<lb/>onary Camp, than to a flying one: But as we <lb/>ought to be provided again&longs;t all Accidents that <lb/>either Fortune or the Calamity of the Times <lb/>can produce, we &longs;hould not, even in a flying <lb/>Camp, neglect any of tho&longs;e Particulars which <lb/>we have &longs;poken of, as far as may be nece&longs;&longs;ary. <lb/></s> <s>Tho&longs;e Things which belong to a &longs;tationary <lb/>Camp, e&longs;pecially one that is to expect a Siege, <lb/>are very nearly the &longs;ame with tho&longs;e which we <lb/>&longs;poke of with Relation to the Citadel of a Ty­<lb/>rant. </s> <s>A Citadel is a Structure purpo&longs;ely de­<lb/>&longs;igned for the Su&longs;taining a Siege, &longs;ince the Ci­<lb/>tizens always look upon it with an irreconcile­<lb/>able Hatred: And it is indeed the mo&longs;t cruel <lb/>Kind of Siege that can be imagined, to be con­<lb/>tinually watching it, and to be always upon the <lb/>Catch for an Opportunity that may offer, by <lb/>Means of which you may &longs;atisfy the &longs;trong De­<lb/>&longs;ire you have to de&longs;troy it: And for this Rea­<lb/>&longs;on, as we ob&longs;erved before, we &longs;hould take the <lb/>greate&longs;t Care to make it &longs;trong, &longs;tout, durable, <lb/>well provided for its own Defence, and for <lb/>weakening and repul&longs;ing the Enemy, and able <lb/>to defy the mo&longs;t ob&longs;tinate and violent Attacks. <lb/></s> <s>On the other Hand in tho&longs;e Camps, where you <lb/>are to be &longs;hut up and mole&longs;t an Enemy, all the <lb/>&longs;ame Things are to be ob&longs;erved with the &longs;ame <lb/>Care: For it is indeed a ju&longs;t Ob&longs;ervation, that <lb/>the Nature of War is &longs;uch, that he who be­<lb/>&longs;ieges is in a great Mea&longs;ure be&longs;ieged him&longs;elf. <lb/></s> <s>For this Rea&longs;on you are to con&longs;ider not only <lb/>how you may take the Place, but al&longs;o how <lb/>you may keep your&longs;elf from being oppre&longs;&longs;ed, <lb/>either by the Boldne&longs;s or Diligence of the E­<lb/>nemy, or by the Carele&longs;&longs;ne&longs;s of your own Men. <lb/></s> <s>In order to take the Place, you mu&longs;t proceed <lb/>either by Siege or by A&longs;&longs;ault: And to keep <lb/>your&longs;elf from being oppre&longs;&longs;ed, there are al&longs;o <lb/>two Methods, which are, being &longs;toutly fortified, <pb xlink:href="003/01/114.jpg" pagenum="96"/>and making a brave Defence. </s> <s>The whole Pur­<lb/>po&longs;e of an A&longs;&longs;ault is to break in either upon a <lb/>Town or a Fortification. </s> <s>I &longs;hall not &longs;peak here <lb/>either of Scaling-ladders, by Means whereof <lb/>you mount the Wall in &longs;pite of the Enemy; <lb/>nor of Mines, moveable Towers, Engines for <lb/>Battery, nor of any other Methods of Offence <lb/>either by Fire, Water, or any other Force: In­<lb/>a&longs;much as we intend to treat of the&longs;e military <lb/>Engines more clearly in another Place. </s> <s>Thus <lb/>much it may be proper here to mention, that <lb/>again&longs;t the Violence of Battery we &longs;hould op­<lb/>po&longs;e Beams, Planks, Parapets of &longs;trong Tim­<lb/>ber, Hurdles, Ropes, Fa&longs;cines, Sacks &longs;tuffed <lb/>with Wool, Ru&longs;hes, or Earth; and they &longs;hould <lb/>be &longs;o contrived as to hang loo&longs;e and pliable. <lb/></s> <s>Again&longs;t Fire the&longs;e Things ought to be wetted, <lb/>and e&longs;pecially with Vinegar, or Mud, and co­<lb/>vered with Brick unbaked; again&longs;t Water, to <lb/>prevent the Bricks from being wa&longs;hed away, <lb/>they &longs;hould be covered over with the Hides of <lb/>Bea&longs;ts; and la&longs;tly, again&longs;t Battery, that the <lb/>Hides may not be broken through or torn <lb/>away, add any coar&longs;e Cloths or Tarpawlins <lb/>thoroughly wetted and &longs;oaked. </s> <s>Circumvalla­<lb/>tions or Trenches round the Place be&longs;ieged, <lb/>ought for &longs;everal Rea&longs;ons to be drawn pretty <lb/>near it; for by that Means their Circuit will <lb/>be le&longs;s, they will require fewer Hands, Ex­<lb/>pence and Materials, to fini&longs;h them, and when <lb/>fini&longs;hed, the fewer Men will be nece&longs;&longs;ary to <lb/>defend them: But they mu&longs;t not run &longs;o clo&longs;e <lb/>under the Wall, that the Be&longs;ieged may an­<lb/>noy your Men within their Trenches by En­<lb/>gines upon the Wall. </s> <s>If the Circumvallation <lb/>be only intended to cut off from the Be&longs;ieged <lb/>all Manner of Supplies, either of Men or Pro­<lb/>vi&longs;ions from without; you may do this by <lb/>&longs;topping up all the Ways and Pa&longs;&longs;ages, either <lb/>by barracading the Bridges, and Fords, and <lb/>blocking up the Roads with &longs;trong Fences of <lb/>Wood or Stones; or by running up a continu­<lb/>ed Rampart to joyn together the Lakes, Bogs, <lb/>Mar&longs;hes, Rivers and Hills; or if you can any <lb/>Ways lay the Country under Water. </s> <s>To the&longs;e <lb/>Precautions we &longs;hould add tho&longs;e which relate <lb/>to the Defence of our own Camp: For the <lb/>Trenches, Ramparts, Towers and the like <lb/>ought to be &longs;o well fortified both towards the <lb/>Place be&longs;ieged, and on the Side of any Coun­<lb/>try that might throw in Succours, that the <lb/>former may not be able to annoy you by Sallies, <lb/>nor the Latter by Incur&longs;ions. </s> <s>Moreover, in <lb/>convenient Places erect Watch-towers and <lb/>Forts, that your Men may go out to forage for <lb/>Wood, Water and Provi&longs;ions with Safety and <lb/>Freedom. </s> <s>But do not let your Troops be di&longs;­<lb/>per&longs;ed up and down in Places &longs;o remote from <lb/>one another, that they cannot obey the Orders <lb/>of a &longs;ingle General, nor fight with united <lb/>Forces, nor be ready at Hand to a&longs;&longs;i&longs;t one an­<lb/>other upon any &longs;udden Emergency. </s> <s>It will <lb/>not be foreign to our Purpo&longs;e to &longs;et down here <lb/>an Account of a Fortification out of <emph type="italics"/>Appian,<emph.end type="italics"/><lb/>well worthy to be remembered. </s> <s>He tells us, <lb/>that when <emph type="italics"/>Octavianus Augu&longs;tus<emph.end type="italics"/> be&longs;ieged <emph type="italics"/>Lu­<lb/>cius Antonius<emph.end type="italics"/> in <emph type="italics"/>Peru&longs;ia,<emph.end type="italics"/> he made a Trench <lb/>quite to the <emph type="italics"/>Tyber,<emph.end type="italics"/> &longs;even Miles long, thirty <lb/>Foot broad, and as many deep: Which he for­<lb/>tified with a high Wall, and with a thou&longs;and <lb/>and fifty wooden Towers &longs;tanding up, each <lb/>three&longs;core Foot above the Wall, and made the <lb/>Whole &longs;o &longs;trong, that the Be&longs;ieged were not <lb/>more &longs;traitened in by it, than they were ex­<lb/>cluded from annoying the Enemy in any Part. <lb/></s> <s>And thus much may &longs;uffice for Incampments <lb/>or Stations by Land, unle&longs;s it may be thought <lb/>nece&longs;&longs;ary to add, that we ought to chu&longs;e out a <lb/>Place of the greate&longs;t Dignity and Honour, <lb/>wherein to plant the Standard of the Com­<lb/>monwealth with befitting Maje&longs;ty, where the <lb/>Rites of Religion may be performed with all <lb/>due Reverence, and where the Generals and <lb/>other chief Officers may meet either in Coun­<lb/>cil or for the Admini&longs;tration of Ju&longs;tice.</s></p><p type="head"> <s>CHAP. XII.</s></p><p type="head"> <s><emph type="italics"/>Of Incampments or Stations at Sea, which are Fleets; of Ships and their <lb/>Parts; as al&longs;o of Havens and their proper Fortification.<emph.end type="italics"/></s></p><p type="main"> <s>Some perhaps will not allow that Fleets <lb/>are Sea Incampments; but will be rather <lb/>for &longs;aying, that we u&longs;e Ships like a Kind of <lb/>Water Elephant, which we direct as we plea&longs;e <lb/>by its Bridle; and that the Haven is much <lb/>more like a Sea Incampment, than the Fleet. <lb/></s> <s>Others on the Contrary, will &longs;ay, that a Ship <lb/>is no other than a travelling Fortre&longs;s. </s> <s>We &longs;hall <pb xlink:href="003/01/115.jpg" pagenum="97"/>pa&longs;s by the&longs;e Di&longs;putes, and proceed to &longs;hew <lb/>that there are two Things by Means of which <lb/>the Art of Building may contribute to the <lb/>Sa&longs;ety and Victory of Generals of Fleets and <lb/>their Forces: The Fir&longs;t con&longs;i&longs;ts in the right <lb/>Con&longs;truction and Rigging of the Ve&longs;&longs;els, and <lb/>the Second in the proper fortifying the Haven; <lb/>whether you are to go to attack the Enemy, <lb/>or to &longs;tay to defend your&longs;elf. </s> <s>The primary <lb/>U&longs;e of Shipping is to convey you and yours: <lb/>The Second, is to fight without Danger. </s> <s>The <lb/>Danger mu&longs;t ari&longs;e either from the Ships them­<lb/>&longs;elves, in which Ca&longs;e it &longs;eems to be innate and <lb/>incorporate with them; or el&longs;e mu&longs;t happen to <lb/>them from without. </s> <s>That from without, is <lb/>from the Force and Violence of Winds and <lb/>Waves, from Rocks and Shelves; all which are <lb/>to be avoided by Experience in Sea-affairs, and <lb/>a thorough Knowledge of Places and Winds: <lb/>But the Danger incorporate and innate with <lb/>the Ve&longs;&longs;el it&longs;elf, ari&longs;es either from the De&longs;ign, <lb/>or the Timbers; again&longs;t which Defects it falls <lb/>under our Province to provide. </s> <s>We &longs;hould <lb/>reject all Timber that is brittle, or apt to &longs;plit, <lb/>too heavy or liable to rot &longs;oon. </s> <s>Nails and Pins <lb/>of Bra&longs;s or Copper, are reckoned better than <lb/>tho&longs;e of Iron. </s> <s>I have ob&longs;erved by Means of <lb/><emph type="italics"/>Trajan<emph.end type="italics"/>'s Ship, which while I was writing this <lb/>Treati&longs;e was dug up out of the <emph type="italics"/>lago di Nemi,<emph.end type="italics"/><lb/>where it had lain under Water above thirteen <lb/>hundred Years, that the Pine and Cypre&longs;s <lb/>Wood which was in it had remained &longs;urpriz­<lb/>ingly &longs;ound. </s> <s>It was covered on the Out&longs;ide <lb/>with double Planks, done over with <emph type="italics"/>Greek<emph.end type="italics"/><lb/>Pitch, to which &longs;tuck a Coat of Linen Cloth, <lb/>and that again was plated over with Sheets of <lb/>Lead fa&longs;tened on with bra&longs;s Nails. </s> <s>The anci­<lb/>ent Architects took the Model of their Ships <lb/>from the Shape of a Fi&longs;h; that Part which <lb/>was the Back of the Fi&longs;h, in the Ship was the <lb/>Keel; that which in the Fi&longs;h was the Head, <lb/>in the Ship was the Prow; the Tail was the <lb/>Helm, and in&longs;tead of Fins and Gills, they made <lb/>Oars. </s> <s>Ships are of two Sorts, and are built <lb/>either for Burthen or for Speed: A long Ve&longs;­<lb/>&longs;el cuts its Way quicke&longs;t through the Water, <lb/>e&longs;pecially when it Sails before the Wind; but <lb/>a &longs;hort one is mo&longs;t obedient to the Helm. </s> <s>I <lb/>would not have the Length of a Ve&longs;&longs;el of Bur­<lb/>then le&longs;s than three Times its Breadth; nor <lb/>that of a Ve&longs;&longs;el for Speed, more than nine <lb/>Times. </s> <s>We have treated more particularly of <lb/>every Thing relating to a Ve&longs;&longs;el in a Book in­<lb/>tended wholly for that Purpo&longs;e, called the <lb/>Ship; and therefore &longs;hall have Occa&longs;ion to &longs;ay <lb/>no more of it here, than what is ju&longs;t nece&longs;&longs;ary. <lb/></s> <s>The Parts of a Ship are the&longs;e, the Keel, the <lb/>Poop, the Prow, the two Sides, to which you <lb/>may, if you plea&longs;e, add the Sail, the Helm, <lb/>and the Re&longs;t of the Parts that belong to the <lb/>Cour&longs;e of the Ship. </s> <s>The Hollow of the Ve&longs;&longs;el <lb/>will bear any Weight that is equal to the <lb/>Weight of Water that would fill it quite up to <lb/>the Top. </s> <s>The Keel mu&longs;t be &longs;traight, but all <lb/>the other Parts made with curve Lines. </s> <s>The <lb/>broader the Keel is, the greater Weight the <lb/>Ve&longs;&longs;el will carry, but then it will be the &longs;low­<lb/>er; the narrower the Keel is, the Swi&longs;ter will <lb/>be the Ship, but then it will be un&longs;teady, un­<lb/>le&longs;s you fill it with Balla&longs;t. </s> <s>The broad Keel is <lb/>mo&longs;t convenient in &longs;hallow Water; but in deep <lb/>Seas the narrow one will be more &longs;ecure. </s> <s>The <lb/>Sides and Prow built high will make the &longs;tout­<lb/>e&longs;t Re&longs;i&longs;tance again&longs;t the Waves, but then <lb/>they are more expo&longs;ed to Danger from the <lb/>Winds; the Sharper the Head is, the Swifter <lb/>the Ship will make its Way; and the Thinner <lb/>the Stern, the more Steady will be the Ve&longs;&longs;el <lb/>in its Cour&longs;e. </s> <s>The Sides of the Ship towards <lb/>the Head ought to be very &longs;tout, and a little <lb/>Swelling outwards to throw off the Waves <lb/>when it ploughs through the Water both with <lb/>Sails and Oars; but towards the Stern they <lb/>&longs;hould grow narrower, in order to &longs;lip through <lb/>the Waves with the more Ea&longs;e. </s> <s>A Number <lb/>of Helms adds Firmne&longs;s to the Ve&longs;&longs;el, but takes <lb/>off from its Swiftne&longs;s. </s> <s>The Ma&longs;t &longs;hould be as <lb/>long as the whole Ship. </s> <s>We &longs;hall not here <lb/>de&longs;cend to other minute Particulars nece&longs;&longs;ary <lb/>both to the Way and Defence of the Ve&longs;&longs;el, <lb/>&longs;uch as Oars, Ropes, &longs;harp Beaks, Towers, <lb/>Bridges and the like; but &longs;hall only ob&longs;erve, <lb/>that the Planks and Timbers which hang <lb/>down by the Sides and &longs;tick out by the Beak <lb/>of the Ve&longs;&longs;el, will &longs;erve in&longs;tead of a Fortifica­<lb/>tion again&longs;t the Attacks of the Enemy as will <lb/>Poles &longs;tuck upright, in&longs;tead of Towers, and <lb/>the Boom, or the Skiff laid over the Boom, in­<lb/>&longs;tead of Bridges. </s> <s>The Ancients u&longs;ed in the <lb/>Prow of their Ships to place a military En­<lb/>gine, which they called a <emph type="italics"/>Corvus:<emph.end type="italics"/> But our <lb/>Mariners now in the Head and Stem of their <lb/>Ve&longs;&longs;els near the Ma&longs;ts have learnt to &longs;et up <lb/>Towers, which they fence round with old <lb/>coar&longs;e Cloths, Ropes, Sacks, and the like, to <lb/>deaden the Force of any Violence that might <lb/>attack them; and to keep off any Enemy that <lb/>&longs;hould attempt to board them, they &longs;et up a <lb/>Fence of Net-work. </s> <s>I have in another Place <lb/>contrived and &longs;hewn how the Floor of the Ship <pb xlink:href="003/01/116.jpg" pagenum="98"/>may in a Moment, in the mid&longs;t of an Engage­<lb/>ment, be filled with &longs;harp Points &longs;ticking up <lb/>clo&longs;e to one another, &longs;o that an Enemy can <lb/>never &longs;et his Foot any where without a Wound; <lb/>and on the other Hand when there is Occa&longs;ion, <lb/>how all the&longs;e may in le&longs;s Space of Time be all <lb/>removed and cleared away; but this is not a <lb/>proper Place for repeating it again, and it is <lb/>&longs;ufficient to have given the Hint to an ingeni­<lb/>ous Mind. </s> <s>Moreover I have found a Way how, <lb/>with a &longs;light Stroke of a Hammer, to throw <lb/>down the whole Floor, with all the Men that <lb/>have boarded the Ve&longs;&longs;el and &longs;tand upon it, and <lb/>then again with very little Labour to replace <lb/>it as it was before, whenever it is thought ne­<lb/>ce&longs;&longs;ary &longs;o to do. </s> <s>Neither is this a proper Place <lb/>to relate the Methods which I have invented <lb/>to &longs;ink and burn the Enemy's Ships and de­<lb/>&longs;troy their Crews by mi&longs;erable Deaths. </s> <s>We <lb/>may perhaps &longs;peak of them el&longs;ewhere. </s> <s>One <lb/>Thing mu&longs;t not be omitted, namely, that Ve&longs;­<lb/>&longs;els of different Heights and Sizes are requi­<lb/>&longs;ite in different Places. </s> <s>In the <emph type="italics"/>Mare Mag­<lb/>giore,<emph.end type="italics"/> in the Narrows among the I&longs;lands, a <lb/>large Ship, that cannot be managed with­<lb/>out a great Number of Hands, is very un­<lb/>&longs;afe when the Winds are any thing boi&longs;terous: <lb/>On the Contrary out of the Strait's Mouth, in <lb/>the wide Ocean, a little Ve&longs;&longs;el will not be able <lb/>to live. </s> <s>To this Head of maritime Affairs al&longs;o <lb/>belong the Defending and Blocking up a Ha­<lb/>ven. </s> <s>This may be done by &longs;inking any great <lb/>Body, or by Moles, Piers, Chains and the like, <lb/>whereof we have treated in the preceding <lb/>Book. </s> <s>Drive in Piles, block the Port up with <lb/>huge Stones, and &longs;ink large hollow Frames <lb/>made either of Planks or Oziers and filled <lb/>with any heavy Stuff. </s> <s>But if the Nature of <lb/>the Place, or the Greatne&longs;s of the Expence will <lb/>not allow of this, as for In&longs;tance, if the Bot­<lb/>tom be a Sand or Mud continually moving, or <lb/>the Water be of too great a Depth, you may <lb/>then block up the Haven in the following <lb/>Manner. </s> <s>Make a Float of great Barrels fa&longs;ten­<lb/>ed together, with Planks and Timbers joyned <lb/>cro&longs;s-ways to one another, and with large <lb/>Spikes and &longs;harp Beaks &longs;ticking out from the <lb/>Float, and Piles with Points of Iron, &longs;uch as <lb/>are called &longs;hod Piles, to the Intent that none <lb/>of the Enemy's light Ships may dare to drive <lb/>again&longs;t the Float with full Sails, in order to <lb/>endeavour to break or pa&longs;s it. </s> <s>Dawb the Float <lb/>over with Mud to &longs;ecure it again&longs;t Fire, and <lb/>fortify it with a Pali&longs;ado of Hurdles or &longs;trong <lb/>Boards, and in convenient Places with wooden <lb/>Towers, fa&longs;tening the whole Work again&longs;t the <lb/>Fury of the Waves with a good Number of <lb/>Anchors concealed from the Enemy. </s> <s>It would <lb/>not be ami&longs;s to make &longs;uch a Work &longs;inuous or <lb/>wavy, with the Backs of the Arches turned <lb/>again&longs;t the Stre&longs;s of the Weather, that the <lb/>Float may bear the lefs upon its Anchors. <lb/></s> <s>But upon this Subject, thus much may &longs;uffice.</s></p><p type="head"> <s>CHAP. XIII.</s></p><p type="main"> <s><emph type="italics"/>Of the Commi&longs;&longs;aries, Chamberlains, publick Receivers and the like Magi&longs;trates, <lb/>who&longs;e Bu&longs;ine&longs;s is to &longs;upply and pre&longs;ide over the publick Granaries, Chambers <lb/>of Accompts, Ar&longs;enals, Marts, Docks and Stables; as al&longs;o of the three Sorts <lb/>of Pri&longs;ons, their Structures, Situations and Compartitions.<emph.end type="italics"/></s></p><p type="main"> <s>Now as the Execution of all the&longs;e <lb/>Things requires good Store of Provi&longs;i­<lb/>ons, and of Trea&longs;ures to &longs;upply the Expence; <lb/>it will be nece&longs;&longs;ary to &longs;ay &longs;omething of the Ma­<lb/>gi&longs;trates who have the Care of this Part of the <lb/>Bu&longs;ine&longs;s; as for In&longs;tance, Commi&longs;&longs;aries, Cham­<lb/>berlains, publick Receivers, and the like, for <lb/>whom the following Structures mu&longs;t Be erect­<lb/>ed: The Granary, the Chamber for keeping <lb/>the Trea&longs;ures, the Ar&longs;enal, the Mart or Place <lb/>for the tran&longs;acting Commerce, the Dock and <lb/>the publick Stables for Hor&longs;es. </s> <s>We &longs;hall have <lb/>but little to &longs;ay here upon the&longs;e Heads, but <lb/>that little mu&longs;t not be neglected. </s> <s>It is evident <lb/>to every Man's Rea&longs;on, that the Granary, the <lb/>Chamber of Accompts, and the Ar&longs;enal or <lb/>Magazine for Arms ought to be placed in the <lb/>Heart of the City, and in the Place of great­<lb/>e&longs;t Honour, for the greater Security and Con­<lb/>veniency. </s> <s>The Docks or Ar&longs;enals for Ship­<lb/>ping &longs;hould be placed at a Di&longs;tance from the <lb/>Hou&longs;es of the Citizens, for fear of Fire. </s> <s>We <lb/>&longs;hould al&longs;o be &longs;ure, in this la&longs;t Sort of Struc­<lb/>ture, to raife a good many entire Party-walls <pb xlink:href="003/01/117.jpg" pagenum="99"/>in different Places, running from the Ground <lb/>quite up above the Roof, to confine the Flame, <lb/>if any &longs;hould happen, and prevent it catching <lb/>from one Roof to another. </s> <s>Marts ought to be <lb/>fixed by the Sea-&longs;idé, upon the Mouths of Ri­<lb/>vers, and the Meeting of &longs;everal great Roads. <lb/></s> <s>The Docks or Ar&longs;enals for Shipping &longs;hould <lb/>have large Ba&longs;ons or Canals of Water, wherein <lb/>to receive &longs;uch Ve&longs;&longs;els as want refitting, and <lb/>from which they may be conveniently launched <lb/>out again to Sea; but we &longs;hould take Care <lb/>that this Water be not a &longs;tanding one, but be <lb/>kept in con&longs;tant Motion. </s> <s>Shipping is very <lb/>much rotted by &longs;outherly Winds, and cracked <lb/>by the mid-day Heat; but the A&longs;pect of the <lb/>ri&longs;ing Sun pre&longs;erves it. </s> <s>All Granaries, or other <lb/>Structures built for the laying up of Stores, ab­<lb/>&longs;olutely require a Drine&longs;s both of Air and Si­<lb/>tuation. </s> <s>But we &longs;hall &longs;peak more fully of <lb/>the Particulars, when we come to the Conve­<lb/>niencies belonging to private Per&longs;ons, to who&longs;e <lb/>u&longs;e they are indeed referred; only we &longs;hall &longs;ay <lb/>&longs;omething here of the Places for laying up Salt. <lb/></s> <s>A Storehou&longs;e for Salt ought to be made in the <lb/>following Manner. </s> <s>Make up the Ground <lb/>with a Layer of Coal to the Height of one <lb/>Cubit or Foot and an half, and &longs;tamp it down <lb/>very tight; then &longs;trew it with Sand pounded <lb/>together with clean Chalk, to the Height of <lb/>three Hands breadths, and lay it exactly level; <lb/>and then pave it with &longs;quare Bricks baked till <lb/>they are quite black. </s> <s>The Face of the Walls <lb/>on the In&longs;ide ought to be made of the &longs;ame <lb/>Sort of Bricks; but if you have not a &longs;ufficient <lb/>Quantity of them, you may build it with &longs;quare <lb/>Stone, not either with &longs;oft Stone or Flint, but <lb/>with &longs;ome Stone of a middle Nature between <lb/>tho&longs;e two, only very hard; and let this Sort of <lb/>Work go the Thickne&longs;s of a Cubit into the <lb/>Wall; and then let the whole In&longs;ide be lined <lb/>with Planks of Wood, fa&longs;tened with bra&longs;s Nails, <lb/>or rather joynted together without any Nails <lb/>at all, and fill up the intermediate Space be­<lb/>tween the Lining and the Wall, with Reeds. <lb/></s> <s>It would al&longs;o have a mighty good Effect to <lb/>dawb over the Planks with Chalk &longs;teeped in <lb/>Lees of Oil, and mixed with Spart and Ru&longs;hes <lb/>&longs;hred &longs;mall. </s> <s>La&longs;tly, all publick Buildings of <lb/>this Nature ought to be well fortified with <lb/>&longs;tout Walls, Towers, and Ammunition, again&longs;t <lb/>all Manner of Force, Malice, or Fraud either <lb/>of Robbers, Enemies or &longs;editious Citizens. </s> <s>I <lb/>think I have now &longs;aid enough of publick <lb/>Structures, unle&longs;s it may be thought nece&longs;&longs;ary <lb/>to con&longs;ider of one Particular more which con­<lb/>cerns the Magi&longs;trate, and that not a little; <lb/>namely, that it is nece&longs;&longs;ary he &longs;hould have <lb/>Places for the Confinement of &longs;uch as he has <lb/>condemned either for Contumacy, Treachery <lb/>or Villany. </s> <s>I ob&longs;erve that the Ancients had <lb/>three Sorts of Pri&longs;ons. </s> <s>The fir&longs;t was that <lb/>wherein they kept the Di&longs;orderly and the Igno­<lb/>rant, to the Intent that every Night they might <lb/>be doctored and in&longs;tructed by learned and able <lb/>Profe&longs;&longs;ors of the be&longs;t Arts, in tho&longs;e Points <lb/>which related to good Manners and an hone&longs;t <lb/>Life. </s> <s>The Second was for the Confinement <lb/>of Debtors, and for the Reformation of &longs;uch <lb/>as were got into a licentious Way of Living. <lb/></s> <s>The la&longs;t was for the mo&longs;t wicked Wretches and <lb/>horrid Profligates, unworthy of the Light of the <lb/>Sun or the Society of Mankind, and &longs;oon to be <lb/>delivered over to capital Puni&longs;hment or perpe­<lb/>tual Impri&longs;onment and Mi&longs;ery. </s> <s>If any Man is <lb/>of Opinion that this la&longs;t Sort of Pri&longs;on ought <lb/>to be made like &longs;ome &longs;ubterraneous Cavern, or <lb/>frightful Sepulchre, he has certainly a greater <lb/>Regard to the Puni&longs;hment of the Criminal than <lb/>is agreeable either to the De&longs;ign of the Law or <lb/>to Humanity; and though wicked Men do by <lb/>their Crimes de&longs;erve the highe&longs;t Puni&longs;hment, <lb/>yet the Prince or Commonwealth ought never <lb/>to forget Mercy in the Mid&longs;t of Ju&longs;tice. </s> <s>There­<lb/>fore let it be &longs;ufficient to make this Sort of <lb/>Buildings very &longs;trong and &longs;ecure, with &longs;tout <lb/>Walls, Roofs and Apertures, that the Per&longs;on <lb/>confined may have no Means of making his <lb/>E&longs;cape; which may in a great Mea&longs;ure be ob­<lb/>tained, by the Thickne&longs;s, Depth and Height of <lb/>the Walls, and their being built with very hard <lb/>and large Stones, joyned together with Pins of <lb/>Iron or Bra&longs;s. </s> <s>To this you may, if you plea&longs;e, <lb/>add Windows grated with &longs;trong Bars of Iron <lb/>or Wood; though in reality nothing of this Sort <lb/>what&longs;oever can fully &longs;ecure a Pri&longs;oner always <lb/>thoughtful of his Liberty and Safety, nor pre­<lb/>vent his making his E&longs;cape, if you let him u&longs;e <lb/>the Strength which Nature and Cunning have <lb/>be&longs;towed upon him, and on which Account <lb/>there is an excellent Admonition contained in <lb/>this Saying, that the vigilant Eye of a Goaler is <lb/>a Pri&longs;on of Adamant. </s> <s>But in other Re&longs;pects, <lb/>let us follow the Method and Cu&longs;toms of the <lb/>Ancients. </s> <s>We mu&longs;t remember that in a Pri­<lb/>&longs;on there mu&longs;t be Privies and Hearths for Fire, <lb/>which ought to be contrived to be without <lb/>either Smoake or ill Smells. </s> <s>the following <lb/>Plan of an entire Pri&longs;on may an&longs;wer all the a­<lb/>forementioned Purpo&longs;es. </s> <s>Enclo&longs;e with very <lb/>high and &longs;trong Walls, without any Apertures, <pb xlink:href="003/01/118.jpg" pagenum="100"/>a Space of Ground in &longs;ome &longs;ecure and not un­<lb/>frequented Part of the City, and fortify it with <lb/>Towers and Galleries. </s> <s>From this Wall in­<lb/>wards the Apartments where the Pri&longs;oners are <lb/>to be confined, let there be an open Walk <lb/>about four Foot and an half wide, where the <lb/>Keepers may take their Rounds every Night <lb/>to prevent any E&longs;capes by Con&longs;piracy among the <lb/>Pri&longs;oners. </s> <s>The Space remaining in the Mid­<lb/>dle of this Circuit divide in the following Man­<lb/>ner. </s> <s>In&longs;tead of a Ve&longs;tibule make a good plea­<lb/>&longs;ant Hall, where tho&longs;e may be in&longs;tructed who <lb/>are &longs;ent thither in order to be forced to learn <lb/>how to demean them&longs;elves. </s> <s>Next to this Hall, <lb/>make Habitations for the Goalers and Places <lb/>for them to keep guard in, within an Enclo&longs;ure <lb/>of Lattices and Cro&longs;s-bars. </s> <s>Next let there be <lb/>an open Court, with Porticoes on each Side of <lb/>it, with Windows in them, through which you <lb/>may &longs;ee into all the Cells within; in which <lb/>Cells Bankrupts and Debtors are to be confin­<lb/>ed, not all together, but in different Apart­<lb/>ments. </s> <s>In the Front of this Court there mu&longs;t <lb/>be a clo&longs;er Pri&longs;on, for &longs;uch as are guilty of <lb/>&longs;mall Offences, and beyond that a Place where <lb/>Pri&longs;oners for capital Crimes may be confined <lb/>with yet greater Strictne&longs;s and Privacy.</s></p><p type="head"> <s>CHAP. XIV.</s></p><p type="head"> <s><emph type="italics"/>Of private Hou&longs;es and their Differences; as al&longs;o of the Country Hou&longs;e, and <lb/>the Rules to be ob&longs;erved in its Situation and Structure.<emph.end type="italics"/></s></p><p type="main"> <s>I now come to treat of private Edifices. </s> <s>I <lb/>have already ob&longs;erved el&longs;ewhere, that a <lb/>Hou&longs;e is a little City. </s> <s>We are therefore in the <lb/>building of it, to have an Eye almo&longs;t to every <lb/>Thing that relates to the Building of a City; <lb/>that it be healthy, furni&longs;hed with all Manner <lb/>of Nece&longs;&longs;aries, not defficient in any of the Con­<lb/>veniencies that conduce to the Repo&longs;e, Tran­<lb/>quility or Delicacy of Life. </s> <s>What tho&longs;e are <lb/>and how they are to be obtained, I think I have <lb/>already, in a great Mea&longs;ure, &longs;hewn in the pre­<lb/>ceding Books. </s> <s>However, as the Occa&longs;ion here <lb/>is different, we &longs;hall con&longs;ider them over again <lb/>in the following Manner. </s> <s>A private Hou&longs;e is <lb/>manife&longs;tly de&longs;igned for the U&longs;e of a Family, <lb/>to which it ought to be a u&longs;eful and conveni­<lb/>ent Abode. </s> <s>It will not be &longs;o convenient as it <lb/>ought, if it has not every Thing within it&longs;elf <lb/>that the Family has Occa&longs;ion for. </s> <s>There is a <lb/>great Number of Per&longs;ons and Things in a Fa­<lb/>mily, which you cannot di&longs;tribute as you would <lb/>in a City &longs;o well as you can in the Country. <lb/></s> <s>In building a Hou&longs;e in Town, your Neigh­<lb/>bour's Wall, a common Gutter, a publick <lb/>Square or Street, and the like, &longs;hall all hinder <lb/>you from contriving it ju&longs;t to your own Mind; <lb/>which is not &longs;o in the Country, where you have <lb/>as much Freedom as you have Ob&longs;truction in <lb/>Town. </s> <s>For this, and other Rea&longs;ons, there­<lb/>fore, I &longs;hall di&longs;tingui&longs;h the Matter thus: That <lb/>the Habitation for a private Per&longs;on mu&longs;t be <lb/>different in Town from what it is in the Coun­<lb/>try. </s> <s>In both the&longs;e there mu&longs;t again be a Dif­<lb/>ference between tho&longs;e which are for the meaner <lb/>Sort of Citizens, and tho&longs;e which are for the <lb/>Rich. </s> <s>The meaner Sort build only for Ne­<lb/>ce&longs;&longs;ity; but the Rich for Plea&longs;ure and Delight. <lb/></s> <s>I &longs;hall &longs;et down &longs;uch Rules as the Mode&longs;ty of <lb/>the wi&longs;e&longs;t Men may approve of in all Sorts of <lb/>Buildings, and for that Purpo&longs;e &longs;hall begin <lb/>with tho&longs;e which are mo&longs;t ea&longs;y. </s> <s>Habitations <lb/>in the Country are the free&longs;t from all Ob&longs;truc­<lb/>tions, and therefore People are more inclined to <lb/>be&longs;tow their Expence in the Country than in <lb/>Town. </s> <s>We &longs;hall therefore fir&longs;t take a Review <lb/>of &longs;ome Ob&longs;ervations which we have already <lb/>made, and which are very material with Re­<lb/>lation to the chief U&longs;es of a Country Hou&longs;e. <lb/></s> <s>They are as follows: We &longs;hould carefully avoid <lb/>a bad Air and an ill Soil. </s> <s>We &longs;hould build <lb/>in the Middle of an open Champian, under the <lb/>Shelter of &longs;ome Hill, where there is Plenty of <lb/>Water, and plea&longs;ant Pro&longs;pects, and in the <lb/>healthie&longs;t Part of a healthy Country. </s> <s>A heavy <lb/>unhealthy Air is &longs;aid to be occa&longs;ioned not on­<lb/>ly by tho&longs;e Inconveniencies which we mention­<lb/>ed in the fir&longs;t Book, but al&longs;o by thick Woods, <lb/>e&longs;pecially if they are full of Trees with bitter <lb/>Leaves; becau&longs;e the Air in &longs;uch Places being <lb/>not kept in Motion either by Sun or Winds, <lb/>wants its due Concoction; it is al&longs;o occa&longs;ioned <lb/>by a barren and unwhol&longs;ome Soil, which will <lb/>never produce any Thing but Woods. </s> <s>A <lb/>Country Hou&longs;e ought to &longs;tand in &longs;uch a Place <lb/>as may lie mo&longs;t convenient for the Owner's <lb/>Hou&longs;e in Town. <emph type="italics"/>Xenophon<emph.end type="italics"/> would have a Man <pb xlink:href="003/01/119.jpg" pagenum="101"/>go to his Country Hou&longs;e on Foot, for the Sake <lb/>of Exerci&longs;e, and return on Hor&longs;eback. </s> <s>It ought <lb/>not therefore to lie far from the City, and the <lb/>Way to it &longs;hould be both good and clear, &longs;o as <lb/>he may go it either in Summer or Winter, either <lb/>in a Coach, or on Foot, and if po&longs;&longs;ible by <lb/>Water. </s> <s>It will be al&longs;o very convenient to have <lb/>your Way to it lie through a Gate of the City <lb/>that is not far from your Town Hou&longs;e, but as <lb/>near it as may be, that you may go backwards <lb/>and forwards from Town to Country, and from <lb/>Country to Town, with your Wife and Fami­<lb/>ly, as often as you plea&longs;e, without being too <lb/>much ob&longs;erved by the People, or being obliged <lb/>in the lea&longs;t to con&longs;ult your Dre&longs;s. </s> <s>It is not <lb/>ami&longs;s to have a Villa &longs;o placed, that when you <lb/>go to it in a Morning the Rays of the ri&longs;ing <lb/>Sun may not be trouble&longs;ome to your Eyes, nor <lb/>tho&longs;e of the &longs;etting Sun in the Evening when <lb/>you return to the City. </s> <s>Neither &longs;hould a Coun­<lb/>try Hou&longs;e &longs;tand in a remote, de&longs;art, mean Cor­<lb/>ner, di&longs;tant from a rea&longs;onable Neighbourhood: <lb/>but in a Situation where you may have Peo­<lb/>ple to conver&longs;e with, drawn to the &longs;ame Place <lb/>by the Fruitfulne&longs;s of the Soil, the Plea&longs;antne&longs;s <lb/>of the Air, the Plentifulne&longs;s of the Country, <lb/>the Sweetne&longs;s of the Fields, and the Security of <lb/>the Neighbourhood. </s> <s>Nor &longs;hould a Villa be <lb/>&longs;eated in a Place of too much Re&longs;ort, near ad­<lb/>joyning either to the City, or any great Road, <lb/>or to a Port where great Numbers of Ve&longs;&longs;els <lb/>and Boats are continually putting in; but in <lb/>&longs;uch a Situation, as though none of tho&longs;e Plea­<lb/>&longs;ures may be wanting, yet your Family may <lb/>not be eternally mole&longs;ted with the Vi&longs;its of <lb/>Strangers and Pa&longs;&longs;engers. </s> <s>The Ancients &longs;ay <lb/>that in windy Places Things are never &longs;poilt <lb/>by Ru&longs;t or Mildew; but in moi&longs;t Places, and <lb/>low Vallies, where the Winds have not a free <lb/>Cour&longs;e, they are very much expo&longs;ed to them. <lb/></s> <s>I cannot approve of one general Rule which is <lb/>laid down for all Places, namely, that a Coun­<lb/>try Hou&longs;e ought to be built &longs;o as to look to­<lb/>wards the ri&longs;ing of the Sun when it is in the <lb/>Equinox: For nothing can be &longs;aid relating to <lb/>the Sun and Winds but what mu&longs;t alter accord­<lb/>ing to the Difference of the Climate, &longs;ince the <lb/>North Wind is not light and the South un­<lb/>healthy in all Places. <emph type="italics"/>Cel&longs;us,<emph.end type="italics"/> the Phy&longs;ician, <lb/>very well ob&longs;erved that all Winds which blow <lb/>from the Sea, are gro&longs;&longs;er than tho&longs;e which <lb/>blow over Land, which are always lighter. <lb/></s> <s>Upon this Account of the Winds we ought to <lb/>avoid the Mouths of all Vallies, becau&longs;e in &longs;uch <lb/>Places the Winds are too cold if they come in <lb/>the Night, or too hot, if in the Day, being <lb/>over-heated by the too great Reflection of the <lb/>Sun's Rays.</s></p><p type="head"> <s>CHAP. XV.</s></p><p type="main"> <s><emph type="italics"/>That Country Hou&longs;es are of two Sorts; the proper Di&longs;po&longs;ition of all their <lb/>Members whether for the Lodging of Men, Animals, or Tools of Agricul­<lb/>ture and other nece&longs;&longs;ary In&longs;truments.<emph.end type="italics"/></s></p><p type="main"> <s>But as of Habitations in the Country &longs;ome <lb/>are de&longs;igned for Gentlemen, others for <lb/>Hu&longs;bandmen, &longs;ome invented for U&longs;e, others <lb/>perhaps for Plea&longs;ure; we &longs;hall begin with tho&longs;e <lb/>which belong to Husbandmen. </s> <s>The Habita­<lb/>tions of the&longs;e ought not to be far from their <lb/>Ma&longs;ter's Hou&longs;e, that he may be at Hand to <lb/>over-look them every now and then, to &longs;ee <lb/>what they are doing, and what Orders it is <lb/>nece&longs;&longs;ary for him to give. </s> <s>The peculiar Bu&longs;i­<lb/>ne&longs;s of the&longs;e Structures is for the getting in, <lb/>ordering and pre&longs;erving the Fruits of the Earth: <lb/>Unle&longs;s you will &longs;ay that this la&longs;t Office, name­<lb/>ly, of pre&longs;erving the Grain, belongs rather to <lb/>the Hou&longs;e of the Ma&longs;ter, and even rather to his <lb/>Hou&longs;e in the City than to that in the Country. <lb/></s> <s>This Bu&longs;ine&longs;s is to be done by a Number of <lb/>Hands and a good Quantity of Tools, but mo&longs;t <lb/>of all by the Diligence and Indu&longs;try of the <lb/>Farmer or Over&longs;eer. </s> <s>The Ancients comput­<lb/>ed the nece&longs;&longs;ary Family of a Farmer to be <lb/>about fifteen Per&longs;ons; for the&longs;e therefore you <lb/>mu&longs;t have convenient Places where they may <lb/>warm them&longs;elves when they are cold, or retire <lb/>for Shelter when they are driven from their <lb/>Labour by foul Weather, where they may eat <lb/>their Meals, re&longs;t them&longs;elves and prepare the <lb/>Things they will want in their Bu&longs;ine&longs;s. </s> <s>Make <lb/>therefore a large Kitchen, not ob&longs;cure, nor li­<lb/>able to Danger from Fire, with an Oven, Stove, <lb/>Pump and Sink. </s> <s>Beyond the Kitchen let there <lb/>be a Room where the better Sort among your <lb/>People may lie, and a Larder for pre&longs;erving all <lb/>Sorts of Provi&longs;ions for daily U&longs;e. </s> <s>Let all the <pb xlink:href="003/01/120.jpg" pagenum="102"/>other People be &longs;o di&longs;tributed, that every one <lb/>may be near tho&longs;e Things which are under his <lb/>particular Care. </s> <s>Let the Over&longs;eer lie near the <lb/>principal Gate, that nobody may pa&longs;s and re­<lb/>pa&longs;s or carry any Thing out in the Night with­<lb/>out his Knowledge. </s> <s>Let tho&longs;e who have the <lb/>Care of the Cattle, lie near the Stable, that <lb/>they may be always at Hand to keep every <lb/>Thing in good Order. </s> <s>And this may be &longs;uf­<lb/>ficient with Relation to your People. </s> <s>Of <lb/>Tools or In&longs;truments, &longs;ome are animate, as <lb/>Cattle; and &longs;ome inanimate, as Carts, all Sorts <lb/>of iron Tools, and the like; for the&longs;e erect on <lb/>one Side of the Kitchen a large Shed under <lb/>which you may &longs;et your Cart, Plough, Har­<lb/>row, Yoke, Hay-baskets, and the like Uten&longs;ils; <lb/>and let this Shed have a South A&longs;pect, that in <lb/>Winter Time the Family may divert them&longs;elves <lb/>under it on Holydays. </s> <s>Make a very large <lb/>and neat Place for your Pre&longs;&longs;es both of Wine <lb/>and Oil. </s> <s>Let there be al&longs;o a Store-hou&longs;e for <lb/>the laying up and pre&longs;erving your Mea&longs;ures, <lb/>Hampers, Baskets, Cordage, Houghs, Pitch­<lb/>forks and &longs;o forth. </s> <s>Over the Rafters that run <lb/>acro&longs;s within the Shed, you may &longs;pread Hur­<lb/>dles, and upon them you may lay up Poles, <lb/>Rods, Staves, Boughs, Leaves and Fodder for <lb/>your Oxen, Hemp and Flax unwrought, and <lb/>&longs;uch like Stores. </s> <s>Cattle is of two Sorts; one, <lb/>for Labour; as Oxen and Hor&longs;es; the other, <lb/>for Profit, as Hogs, Sheep, Goats, and all Sorts <lb/>of Herds. </s> <s>We &longs;hall &longs;peak fir&longs;t of the labour­<lb/>ing Sort, becau&longs;e they &longs;eem to come under the <lb/>Head of In&longs;truments; and afterwards we &longs;hall <lb/>&longs;ay &longs;omething of tho&longs;e which are for Profit, <lb/>which belong properly to the Indu&longs;try of your <lb/>Over&longs;eer or Farmer. </s> <s>Let the Stables for Hor&longs;es, <lb/>and for Oxen, and all other black Cattle, be <lb/>warm in Winter, and let their Racks be &longs;trong <lb/>and well fenced, that they may not &longs;catter their <lb/>Meat. </s> <s>Let the Hay for the Hor&longs;es be above <lb/>them, that they may not reach it without &longs;ome <lb/>Pains, and that they may be forced to rai&longs;e <lb/>their Heads high for it, which makes their <lb/>Heads drier and their Shoulders lighter. </s> <s>On <lb/>the Contrary, let their Oats and other Grain <lb/>lie &longs;o as they may be forced to &longs;toop low for <lb/>it; which will prevent their taking too large <lb/>Mouthfuls, and &longs;wallowing too much whole; <lb/>be&longs;ides that it will &longs;trengthen their Brea&longs;t and <lb/>Mu&longs;cles. </s> <s>But above all you mu&longs;t take parti­<lb/>cular Care that the Wall behind the Manger, <lb/>again&longs;t which the Hor&longs;e's Head is to &longs;tand, be <lb/>not damp. </s> <s>The Bone which covers the Hor&longs;e's <lb/>Brain is &longs;o thin, that it will bear neither Damp <lb/>nor Cold; and therefore take Care al&longs;o that the <lb/>Moon's Beams do not come in at the Win­<lb/>dows; which are very apt to make him Wall­<lb/>eyed and to give him grievous Coughs; and <lb/>indeed the Moon's Beams are as bad as a Pe&longs;­<lb/>tilence to any Cattle that are infirm. </s> <s>Let the <lb/>Oxe's Manger be &longs;et lower, that he may eat as <lb/>he lyes. </s> <s>If Hor&longs;es &longs;ee the Fire, they are pro­<lb/>digiou&longs;ly frightened and will grow rugged. <lb/></s> <s>Oxen are plea&longs;ed with the Sight of Men. </s> <s>If a <lb/>Mule is &longs;et up in a hot or dark Place, &longs;he runs <lb/>Mad. </s> <s>Some think the Mule does not want &longs;o <lb/>much as the lea&longs;t Shelter for any other Part <lb/>but her Head, and that it is not at all the <lb/>Wor&longs;e if her other Parts are expo&longs;ed to Dews <lb/>and Colds. </s> <s>Let the Ground under the Oxen <lb/>be paved with Stone, that the Filth and Dung <lb/>may not rot their Hoofs. </s> <s>Under Hor&longs;es, make <lb/>a Trench in the Pavement, and cover it with <lb/>Planks of Holm or Oak, that their Urine may <lb/>not &longs;ettle under them, and that by their pawing <lb/>they may not &longs;poil both their Hoofs and the <lb/>Pavement.</s></p><p type="head"> <s>CHAP. XVI.</s></p><p type="main"> <s><emph type="italics"/>That the Indu&longs;try of the Farmer or Over&longs;eer ought to be employed as well about <lb/>all Sorts of Animals, as about the Fruits of the Earth; as al&longs;o of the Con­<lb/>&longs;truction of the Thre&longs;hing-floor.<emph.end type="italics"/></s></p><p type="main"> <s>We &longs;hall ju&longs;t briefly mention that the <lb/>Indu&longs;try of the Over&longs;eer, is not only <lb/>to be employed about gathering in the Fruits <lb/>of the Earth, but al&longs;o about the Management <lb/>and Improvement of Cattle, Fowls, Fi&longs;h and <lb/>other Animals. </s> <s>Set the Stalls for Cattle in a <lb/>dry Place, and never in a Damp one; clear <lb/>away every little Stone from under them, and <lb/>make them with a Slope, that you may ea&longs;ily <lb/>&longs;weep and clean them; let one Part of them <lb/>be covered, and the other open, and take Care <lb/>that no &longs;outherly or other moi&longs;t Wind can af­<lb/>fect the Cattle in the Night, and that they be <lb/>&longs;heltered from all other trouble&longs;ome Bla&longs;ts. <pb xlink:href="003/01/121.jpg" pagenum="103"/>For a Place to keep Rabbits in, build a Wall <lb/>of &longs;quare Stone, with its Foundations dug &longs;o <lb/>low as to be in Water; within the Space en­<lb/>clo&longs;ed make a Floor of male Sand, with little <lb/>Hillocks here and there of Fuller's Earth. </s> <s>Let <lb/>your Poultry have a Shed in the Yard facing <lb/>the South, and thick &longs;trewed with A&longs;hes, and <lb/>over this Places for them to lay their Eggs, <lb/>and Perches to roo&longs;t upon in the Night. </s> <s>Some <lb/>are for keeping their Poultry in large Coops in <lb/>&longs;ome hand&longs;ome inclofed Area facing the Ea&longs;t; <lb/>but tho&longs;e that are defigned for laying and <lb/>hatching of Eggs, as they are more cheerful, <lb/>having their Liberty, &longs;o too they are more <lb/>fruitful; whereas, tho&longs;e which are kept in a <lb/>dark confined Place, &longs;eldom bring their Eggs <lb/>to any Thing. </s> <s>Place your Dove-hou&longs;e &longs;o as <lb/>to be in View of Water, and do not make it <lb/>too lofty, but of &longs;uch an ea&longs;y Heigth, that the <lb/>Pidgeons wearied with flying, or after &longs;porting <lb/>about in the Air with one another, may gent­<lb/>ly glide down upon it with Ea&longs;e and Plea&longs;ure. <lb/></s> <s>Some there are who &longs;ay that when the Pidgeon <lb/>has found her Meat in the Field, the farther &longs;he <lb/>has it to carry to her Young, the Fatter &longs;he <lb/>makes them with it; and the Rea&longs;on they give <lb/>is, becau&longs;e the Meat which they carry Home <lb/>to feed their Young in their Crop, by &longs;taying <lb/>there a good While is half concocted; and up­<lb/>on this Account, they are for placing the Dove­<lb/>hou&longs;e on &longs;ome very high &longs;teep Situation. </s> <s>They <lb/>think too, that it is be&longs;t for the Dove-hou&longs;e to <lb/>be at a pretty good Di&longs;tance from its Water, <lb/>that the Pidgeons may not chill their Eggs by <lb/>coming to them with their Feet wet. </s> <s>If in <lb/>one Corner of the Tower you enclo&longs;e a Ka&longs;trel, <lb/>it will &longs;ecure your Dove-hou&longs;e from Birds of <lb/>Prey. </s> <s>If under the Door you bury the Head <lb/>of a Wolf &longs;trewed over with Cummin-&longs;eed, in <lb/>an earthen Ve&longs;&longs;el full of Holes for the Smell to <lb/>get out, it will bring you an infinite Number <lb/>of Pidgeons. </s> <s>If you make your Dove-hou&longs;e <lb/>Floor of Chalk, and wet it thoroughly with <lb/>Man's Urine, you will bring Multitudes of <lb/>Pidgeons from the Seats of their Ance&longs;tors, to <lb/>take up their Abode with you. </s> <s>Before the <lb/>Windows let there be Cornices of Stone, or of <lb/>Olive-wood, projecting out a Cubit, for the <lb/>Pidgeons to light upon at their coming Home, <lb/>and to take their Flight from at their going <lb/>Abroad. </s> <s>If the Young ones which are con­<lb/>fined have a View of Trees and the Sky before <lb/>they can fly, it will make them Droop and <lb/>Pine away. </s> <s>Other &longs;maller Birds which you <lb/>have a De&longs;ire to breed, ought to have their <lb/>Ne&longs;ts and Apartments made for them in &longs;ome <lb/>warm Place. </s> <s>Tho&longs;e which walk more than <lb/>they fly, &longs;hould have them low, and upon the <lb/>Ground it&longs;elf; for others they &longs;hould be made <lb/>higher. </s> <s>Each &longs;hould have a &longs;eparate Apart­<lb/>ment, divided by Partitions on each Side to <lb/>keep their Eggs or Young from falling out of <lb/>the Ne&longs;t. </s> <s>Clay is better to make the Ne&longs;ts of <lb/>than Lime, and Lime than Terra&longs;s. </s> <s>All Sort <lb/>of old Stone new cut is bad; Bricks are better <lb/>than Turf, if not too much baked. </s> <s>The Wood <lb/>either of Poplar or Fir is very u&longs;eful. </s> <s>All the <lb/>Apartments for Birds ought to be &longs;mooth, clean <lb/>and &longs;weet, and e&longs;pecially &longs;or Pidgeons. </s> <s>Even <lb/>four footed Bea&longs;ts, if kept na&longs;ty, will grow <lb/>Scabby. </s> <s>Let every Part, therefore, be well <lb/>done over with Rough-ca&longs;t, and plai&longs;tered and <lb/>white wa&longs;hed, not leaving the lea&longs;t Cranny un­<lb/>&longs;topped, that Pole-cats, Weezels, Newts, or the <lb/>like Vermin may not de&longs;troy the Eggs, or the <lb/>Young, or prejudice the Wall; and be &longs;ure to <lb/>make convenient Places to keep their Meat and <lb/>Water in. </s> <s>It will be very Convenient for this <lb/>Purpo&longs;e to have a Moat quite round your Hou&longs;e, <lb/>wherein your Gee&longs;e, Ducks, Hogs and Cows <lb/>may water and wa&longs;h them&longs;elves, and near <lb/>which, in all Weathers, they may have as much <lb/>Meat lying ready for them as they will eat. <lb/></s> <s>Let the Water and Meat for your &longs;maller <lb/>Fowls be kept in Tunnels along the Wall, &longs;o <lb/>that they may not &longs;eatter or dirty it with their <lb/>Feet; and you may have Pipes into the&longs;e Tun­<lb/>nels from without, through which you may <lb/>convey their Food into them. </s> <s>In the Middle, <lb/>let there be a Place for them to wa&longs;h in, with <lb/>a con&longs;tant &longs;upply of clean Water. </s> <s>Make your <lb/>Pi&longs;h-pond in a chalky Soil, and dig it &longs;o deep <lb/>that the Water may neither be over heated by <lb/>the Rays of the Sun, nor too ea&longs;ily frozen up <lb/>by the Cold. </s> <s>Moreover, make &longs;ome Caverns <lb/>in the Sides, for the Fi&longs;h to run into upon any <lb/>&longs;udden Di&longs;turbance of the Water, that they <lb/>may not be wa&longs;ted and worn away by conti­<lb/>nual Alarms. </s> <s>Fi&longs;h are nouri&longs;hed by the Juices <lb/>of the Earth; great Heat torments them, and <lb/>extreme Fro&longs;t kills them; but they are very <lb/>much plea&longs;ed and delighted by the Mid-day <lb/>Sun. </s> <s>It is thought not ami&longs;s to have the tur­<lb/>bid Floods after Rains flow into the Pond &longs;ome­<lb/>times; but never upon the fir&longs;t Rain after the <lb/>Dog-days; becau&longs;e they then have a &longs;trong <lb/>Tincture of Lime, and will kill the Fi&longs;h; and <lb/>afterwards too they &longs;hould be admitted but <lb/>rarely, becau&longs;e their &longs;tinking Slime is apt to <lb/>prejudice both the Fi&longs;h and Water too; but <pb xlink:href="003/01/122.jpg" pagenum="104"/>&longs;till there ought to be a continual Flux and <lb/>Reflux of Water, either from &longs;ome Spring, <lb/>River, Lake or Sea. </s> <s>But concerning Fi&longs;h­<lb/>ponds which are to be &longs;upplied by the Sea-wa­<lb/>ter, the Ancients have given us fuller In&longs;truc­<lb/>tions, in the following Manner. </s> <s>A muddy Soil <lb/>affords the be&longs;t Nourithment for flat Fi&longs;h, &longs;uch <lb/>as Soals and the like, and a &longs;andy is be&longs;t for <lb/>&longs;hell Fi&longs;h. </s> <s>The Sea it&longs;elf is be&longs;t for others, as <lb/>the Dory and Shark; and the Sea-thru&longs;t and <lb/>Whiting feed be&longs;t among the Rocks where <lb/>they are naturally bred La&longs;tly, they &longs;ay that <lb/>there can be no better Pond for keeping Fi&longs;h <lb/>in, than one &longs;o &longs;ituated that the Waves of the <lb/>Sea which flow into it are continually remov­<lb/>ing tho&longs;e which were in it before, not &longs;uffering <lb/>the Water ever to &longs;tagnate, and that the &longs;lower <lb/>the Water is in renewing, the le&longs;s whole&longs;ome <lb/>it is. </s> <s>And thus much may &longs;uffice as to the <lb/>Care and Indu&longs;try of the Farmer or Over&longs;eer, <lb/>in the Affairs abovementioned. </s> <s>But we mu&longs;t <lb/>not here omit the chief Thing needful with Re­<lb/>lation to the gathering together and &longs;toring up <lb/>the Fruits of the Harve&longs;t, and that is the <lb/>Thre&longs;hing-floor which ought to lie open to the <lb/>Sun and Air, and not far from the Shed men­<lb/>tioned before, that upon any &longs;udden Rain you <lb/>may immediately remove both your Grain and <lb/>Workmen into Shelter. </s> <s>In order to make your <lb/>Floor, you need not give your&longs;elf the Trouble <lb/>to lay the Ground exactly level; but only <lb/>plain it pretty even, and then dig it up and <lb/>throw a good Quantity of Lees of Oil upon it, <lb/>and let it &longs;oak in thoroughly; then break the <lb/>Clods very &longs;mall and lay them down even, <lb/>either with a Roller or a Harrow, and beat it <lb/>down clo&longs;e with a Rammer; then pour &longs;ome <lb/>more Lees of Oil upon it, and when this is <lb/>dried into it, neither Mice, nor Ants will come <lb/>a-near it, neither will it ever grow poachy or <lb/>produce Gra&longs;s or Weeds. </s> <s>Chalk likewi&longs;e adds <lb/>a good Deal of Firmne&longs;s to a Work of this <lb/>Nature. </s> <s>And thus much for the Habitation <lb/>of the Labourers.</s></p><p type="head"> <s>CHAP. XVII.</s></p><p type="head"> <s><emph type="italics"/>Of the Country Hou&longs;e for a Gentleman; its various Parts, and the proper <lb/>Di&longs;po&longs;ition of each of tho&longs;e Parts.<emph.end type="italics"/></s></p><p type="main"> <s>Some are of Opinion that a Gentleman's <lb/>Country Hou&longs;e &longs;hould have quite diffe­<lb/>rent Conveniencies for Summer and for Win­<lb/>ter; and the Rules they give for this Purpo&longs;e <lb/>are the&longs;e: The Bed-chambers for the Winter <lb/>&longs;hould look towards the Point at which the <lb/>Sun ri&longs;es in Winter, and the Parlour, towards <lb/>the Equinoctial Sun-&longs;etting; whereas the Bed­<lb/>chambers for Summer &longs;hould look to the South, <lb/>the Parlours, to the Winter Sun-ri&longs;ing, and the <lb/>Portico or Place for walking in, to the South. <lb/></s> <s>But, in my Opinion, all the&longs;e Conveniencies <lb/>ought to be varied according to the Difference <lb/>of the Country and Climate, &longs;o as to temper <lb/>Heat by Cold and Dry by Moi&longs;t. </s> <s>I do not <lb/>think it nece&longs;&longs;ary for the Gentleman's Hou&longs;e <lb/>to &longs;tand in the mo&longs;t fruitful Part of his whole <lb/>E&longs;tate, but rather in the mo&longs;t Honourable, <lb/>where he can uncontrolled enjoy all the Plea&longs;ures <lb/>and Conveniencies of Air, Sun, and fine Pro­<lb/>&longs;pects, go down ea&longs;ily at any Time into his <lb/>E&longs;tate, receive Strangers hand&longs;omely and &longs;paci­<lb/>ou&longs;ly, be &longs;een by Pa&longs;&longs;engers for a good Way <lb/>round, and have a View of &longs;ome City, Towns, <lb/>the Sea, an open Plain, and the Tops of &longs;ome <lb/>known Hills and Mountains. </s> <s>Let him have <lb/>the Delights of Gardens, and the Diver&longs;ions of <lb/>Fi&longs;hing and Hunting clo&longs;e under his Eye. </s> <s>We <lb/>have in another Place ob&longs;erved, that of the dif­<lb/>ferent Members of a Hou&longs;e, &longs;ome belong to the <lb/>whole Family in general, other to a certain <lb/>Number of Per&longs;ons in it, and others again on­<lb/>ly to one or more Per&longs;ons &longs;eparately. </s> <s>In our <lb/>Country Hou&longs;e, with Regard to tho&longs;e Members <lb/>which belong to the whole Family in general, <lb/>let us imitate the Prince's Palace. </s> <s>Before the <lb/>Door let there be a large open Space, for the <lb/>Exerci&longs;es either of Chariot or Hor&longs;e Racing, <lb/>much longer than a Youth can either draw a <lb/>Bow or throw a Dart. </s> <s>Within the Hou&longs;e, <lb/>with Regard to tho&longs;e Conveniencies nece&longs;&longs;ary <lb/>for a Number of Per&longs;ons in the Family, let <lb/>there not be wanting open Places for Walking, <lb/>Swimming, and other Diver&longs;ions, Court-yards, <lb/>Gra&longs;s-plots and Porticoes, where the old Men <lb/>may chat together in the kindly Warmth of <lb/>the Sun in Winter, and where the Family may <lb/>divert them&longs;elves and enjoy the Shade in Sum­<lb/>mer. </s> <s>It is manife&longs;t &longs;ome Parts of the Hou&longs;e <lb/>are for the Family them&longs;elves, and others for <pb xlink:href="003/01/123.jpg" pagenum="105"/>the Things nece&longs;&longs;ary and u&longs;eful to the Family. <lb/></s> <s>The Family con&longs;i&longs;ts of the following Per&longs;ons: <lb/>The Husband, the Wife, their Children and <lb/>Relations, and all the different Sorts of Ser­<lb/>vants attendant upon the&longs;e; be&longs;ides which, <lb/>Gue&longs;ts too are to be reckoned as Part of the <lb/>Family. </s> <s>The Things u&longs;e&longs;ul to the Family are <lb/>Provi&longs;ions and all Manner of Nece&longs;&longs;aries, &longs;uch <lb/>as Cloths, Arms, Books, and Hor&longs;es al&longs;o. </s> <s>The <lb/>principal Member of the whole Building, is <lb/>that which (whatever Names others may give <lb/>it) I &longs;hall call the Court-yard with its Portico; <lb/>next to this is the Parlour, within this the Bed­<lb/>chambers, and la&longs;tly, the private Rooms for <lb/>the particular U&longs;es of each Per&longs;on in the Fa­<lb/>mily. </s> <s>The other Members of the Hou&longs;e are <lb/>&longs;ufficiently known by their U&longs;es. </s> <s>The Court­<lb/>yard therefore is the principal Member, to <lb/>which all the other &longs;maller Members mu&longs;t cor­<lb/>re&longs;pond, as being in a Manner a publick Mar­<lb/>ket-place to the whole Hou&longs;e, which from this <lb/>Court-yard derives all the Advantages of Com­<lb/>munication and Light. </s> <s>For this Rea&longs;on every <lb/>one de&longs;ires to have his Court-yard as &longs;pacious, <lb/>large, open, hand&longs;ome and convenient as po&longs;­<lb/>&longs;ible. </s> <s>Some content them&longs;elves with one Court­<lb/>yard, others are for having more, and for en­<lb/>clo&longs;ing them all with very high Walls, or &longs;ome <lb/>with higher and &longs;ome with lower; and they <lb/>are for having them &longs;ome covered and others <lb/>open, and others again half covered and half <lb/>uncovered; in &longs;ome they would have a Portico <lb/>only on one Side, in others on two or more, <lb/>and in others all round; and the&longs;e Porticoes, <lb/>la&longs;tly, &longs;ome would build with flat, others with <lb/>arched Roo&longs;s. </s> <s>Upon the&longs;e Heads I have no­<lb/>thing more to &longs;ay, but that Regard mu&longs;t be had <lb/>to the Climate and Sea&longs;on, and to Nece&longs;&longs;ity <lb/>and Convenience; &longs;o as in cold Countries to <lb/>ward again&longs;t the bleak North-wind, and the <lb/>Severity of the Air and Soil; and in hot Cli­<lb/>mates, to avoid the trouble&longs;ome and &longs;corching <lb/>Rays of the Sun. </s> <s>Admit the plea&longs;ante&longs;t <lb/>Breezes on all Sides, and &longs;uch a grate&longs;ul Quan­<lb/>tity of Light as is nece&longs;&longs;ary; but do not let <lb/>your Court-yard be expo&longs;ed to any noxious <lb/>Vapours exhaled from any damp Place, nor to <lb/>frequent ha&longs;ty Showers from &longs;ome overlooking <lb/>Hill in the Neighbourhood. </s> <s>Exactly an&longs;wer­<lb/>ing the Middle of your Court-yard place your <lb/>Entrance, with a hand&longs;ome Ve&longs;tibule, neither <lb/>narrow, difficult or ob&longs;cure. </s> <s>Let the fir&longs;t Room <lb/>that offers it&longs;elf be a Chapel dedicated to God, <lb/>with its Altar, where Strangers and Gue&longs;ts may <lb/>offer their Devotions, beginning their Friend­<lb/>&longs;hip by Religion; and where the Father of the <lb/>Family may put up his Prayers for the Peace <lb/>of his Hou&longs;e and the Welfare of his Relations. <lb/></s> <s>Here let him embrace tho&longs;e who come to vi&longs;it <lb/>him, and if any Cau&longs;e be referred to him by his <lb/>Friends, or he has any other &longs;erious Bu&longs;ine&longs;s <lb/>of that Nature to tran&longs;act, let him do it in this <lb/>Place. </s> <s>Nothing is hand&longs;omer in the Middle <lb/>of the Portico, than Windows of Gla&longs;s, through <lb/>which you may receive the Plea&longs;ure either of <lb/>Sun or Air, according to the Sea&longs;on. <emph type="italics"/>Martial<emph.end type="italics"/><lb/>&longs;ays, that Windows looking to the South, re­<lb/>ceive a pure Sun and a clear Light; and the <lb/>Ancients thought it be&longs;t to place their Porti­<lb/>coes fronting the South, becau&longs;e the Sun in <lb/>Summer running his Cour&longs;e higher, did not <lb/>throw in his Rays, where they would enter in <lb/>Winter. </s> <s>The Pro&longs;pect of Hills to the South, <lb/>when tho&longs;e Hills, on the Side which you have <lb/>a View of, are continually covered with Clouds <lb/>and Vapours, is not very plea&longs;ant, if they are <lb/>at a great Di&longs;tance; and if they are near, and <lb/>in a Manner ju&longs;t over your Head, they will <lb/>incommode you with chill Shadows and cold <lb/>Rimes; but if they are at a convenient Dif­<lb/>tance, they are both plea&longs;ant and convenient, <lb/>becau&longs;e they defend you from the &longs;outhern <lb/>Winds. </s> <s>Hills towards the North reverberating <lb/>the Rays of the Sun, encrea&longs;e the Heat; but at <lb/>a pretty good Di&longs;tance, they are very delight­<lb/>ful, becau&longs;e the Clearne&longs;s of the Air, which is <lb/>always &longs;erene in &longs;uch a Situation, and the <lb/>Brightne&longs;s of the Sun, which it always enjoys, <lb/>is extremely chearful to the Sight. </s> <s>Hills to the <lb/>Ea&longs;t and &longs;o likewi&longs;e to the We&longs;t, will make <lb/>your Mornings cold and the Dews plenti&longs;ul, <lb/>if they are near you; but both, if at &longs;ome toler­<lb/>able Di&longs;tance, are wonderfully Plea&longs;ant. </s> <s>So <lb/>too, Rivers and Lakes are inconvenient if too <lb/>near, and afford no Delight, if too far off: <lb/>Whereas, on the Contrary, the Sea, if it is at <lb/>a large Di&longs;tance, makes both your Air and Sun <lb/>unhealthy; but when it is clo&longs;e to you, it does <lb/>you le&longs;s Harm, becau&longs;e then you have always <lb/>an Equality in your Air. </s> <s>Indeed there is this <lb/>to be &longs;aid, that when it is at a great Di&longs;tance, <lb/>it encrea&longs;es the De&longs;ire we have to &longs;ee it. </s> <s>There <lb/>is a good Deal too in the Point to which we <lb/>lie open to it: For if you are expo&longs;ed to the <lb/>Sea towards the South, it &longs;corches you; if to­<lb/>wards the Ea&longs;t, it infe&longs;ts you with Damps; if <lb/>to the We&longs;t, it makes your Air cloudy and full <lb/>of Vapours; and if to the North, it chills you <lb/>with exce&longs;&longs;ive Cold. </s> <s>From the Court-yard <lb/>we proceed to the Parlours, which mu&longs;t be <pb xlink:href="003/01/124.jpg" pagenum="106"/>contrived for different Sea&longs;ons, &longs;ome to be u&longs;ed <lb/>n Summer, others in Winter; and others as we <lb/>may &longs;ay in the middle Sea&longs;ons. </s> <s>Parlours for <lb/>Summer require Water and the Verdure of <lb/>Gardens; tho&longs;e for Winter, mu&longs;t be warm and <lb/>have good Fire-places. </s> <s>Both &longs;hould be large, <lb/>plea&longs;ant and delicate. </s> <s>There are many Ar­<lb/>guments to convince us that Chimnies were in <lb/>U&longs;e among the Ancients; but not &longs;uch as ours <lb/>are now. </s> <s>One of the Ancients &longs;ays, the Tops <lb/>of the Hou&longs;es &longs;moke, <emph type="italics"/>Et fumant culmina tecti:<emph.end type="italics"/><lb/>And we find it continues the &longs;ame all over <lb/><emph type="italics"/>Italy<emph.end type="italics"/> to this Day, except in <emph type="italics"/>Lombardy<emph.end type="italics"/> and <lb/><emph type="italics"/>Tu&longs;cany,<emph.end type="italics"/> and that the Mouths of none of the <lb/>Chimnies ri&longs;e higher than the Tops of the <lb/>Hou&longs;es. <emph type="italics"/>Vitruvius<emph.end type="italics"/> &longs;ays, that in Winter Par­<lb/>lours it is ridiculous to adorn the Ceiling with <lb/>hand&longs;ome Painting, becau&longs;e it will be pre&longs;ent­<lb/>ly &longs;poilt by the con&longs;tant Smoke and continual <lb/>Fires; for which Rea&longs;on the Ancients u&longs;ed to <lb/>paint tho&longs;e Ceilings with Black, that it might <lb/>&longs;eem to be done by the Smoke it&longs;elf. </s> <s>I find <lb/>too, that they made U&longs;e of a purified Sort of <lb/>Wood, that was quite clear of Smoke, like our <lb/>Charcoal, upon which Account it was a Di&longs;­<lb/>pute among the Lawyers, whether or no Coal <lb/>was to come under the Denomination of Wood; <lb/>and therefore it is probable they generally u&longs;ed <lb/>moveable Hearths or Chafing-pans either of <lb/>Bra&longs;s or Iron, which they carried from Place to <lb/>Place where-everthey had Occa&longs;ion to make a <lb/>Fire. </s> <s>And perhaps that warlike Race of Men, <lb/>hardened by continual Incampments, did not <lb/>make &longs;o much U&longs;e of Fire as we do now; and <lb/>Phy&longs;icians will not allow it whole&longs;ome, to be <lb/>too much by the Fire-&longs;ide. <emph type="italics"/>Ari&longs;totle<emph.end type="italics"/> &longs;ays, <lb/>that the Fle&longs;h of Animals gains its Firmne&longs;s <lb/>and Solidity from Cold; and tho&longs;e who&longs;e Bu&longs;i­<lb/>ne&longs;s it is to take Notice of Things of this Na­<lb/>ture have ob&longs;erved, that tho&longs;e working Men <lb/>who are continually employed about the Fur­<lb/>nace have generally dry wrinkled Skins; the <lb/>Rea&longs;on of which they &longs;ay is, becau&longs;e the Jui­<lb/>ces, of which the Fle&longs;h is formed, are exhau&longs;t­<lb/>ed by the Fire, and evaporate in Steam. </s> <s>In <lb/><emph type="italics"/>Germany, Colchos,<emph.end type="italics"/> and other Places, where Fire <lb/>is ab&longs;olutely nece&longs;&longs;ary again&longs;t the extreme <lb/>Cold, they make U&longs;e of Stoves; of which we <lb/>&longs;hall &longs;peak el&longs;ewhere. </s> <s>Let us return to the <lb/>Chimney, which may be be&longs;t made &longs;erviceable <lb/>in the following Manner. </s> <s>It mu&longs;t be as direct <lb/>as po&longs;&longs;ible, capacious, not too far from the <lb/>Light, it mu&longs;t not draw the Wind too much, <lb/>but enough however to carry up the Smoke, <lb/>which el&longs;e would not go up the Tunnel. </s> <s>For <lb/>the&longs;e Rea&longs;ons do not make it ju&longs;t in a Corner, <lb/>nor too far within the Wall, nor let it take up <lb/>the be&longs;t Part of the Room where your chief <lb/>Gue&longs;ts ought to &longs;it. </s> <s>Do not let it be in­<lb/>commoded by the Air either of Doors or Win­<lb/>dows, nor &longs;hould it project too &longs;ar out into the <lb/>Room. </s> <s>Let its Tunnel be very wide and car­<lb/>ried up perpendicular, and let the Top of it <lb/>ri&longs;e above the highe&longs;t Part of the whole Build­<lb/>ing; and this not only upon Account of the <lb/>Danger of Fire, but al&longs;o to prevent the Smoke <lb/>from being driven down the Chimney again by <lb/>any Eddy of Wind on the Top of the Hou&longs;e. <lb/></s> <s>Smoke being hot naturally mounts, and the <lb/>Heat of the Flame quickens its A&longs;cent: When <lb/>it comes therefore into the Tunnel of the <lb/>Chimney, it is compre&longs;&longs;ed and &longs;traitened as in <lb/>a Channel, and being pu&longs;hed on by the Heat <lb/>of the Fire, is thru&longs;t out in the &longs;ame Manner <lb/>as the Sound is out of a Trumpet. </s> <s>And as a <lb/>Trumpet, if it is too big, does not give a clear <lb/>Sound, becau&longs;e the Air has Room to rowl about <lb/>in it; the &longs;ame will hold good with Relation <lb/>to the Smoke in a Chimney. </s> <s>Let the Top of <lb/>the Chimney be covered to keep out Rain, and <lb/>all round the Sides let there be wide Holes for <lb/>the Pa&longs;&longs;age of the Smoke, with Breaks projec­<lb/>ting out between each Hole to keep off the <lb/>Violence of the Wind. </s> <s>Where this is not &longs;o <lb/>convenient, erect an upright Pin, and on it hang <lb/>a bra&longs;s Cover broad enough to take in the <lb/>whole Mouth of the Chimney, and let this Co­<lb/>ver have a Vane at the Top like a Sort of <lb/>Cre&longs;t, which like a Helm may turn it round <lb/>according to the Wind. </s> <s>Another very good <lb/>Method al&longs;o is to &longs;et on the Chimney Top &longs;ome <lb/>Spire like a Hunter's Horn, either of Bra&longs;s or <lb/>baked Earth, broader at one End than the <lb/>other, with the broad End turned downwards <lb/>to the Mouth of the Chimney; by which <lb/>means the Smoke being received in at the <lb/>broad End, will force its Way out at the Nar­<lb/>row, in Spite of the Wind. </s> <s>To the Parlours <lb/>we mu&longs;t accommodate the Kitchen, and the <lb/>Pantry for &longs;etting by what is left after Meals, <lb/>together with all Manner of Ve&longs;&longs;els and Linen. <lb/></s> <s>The Kitchen ought to be neither ju&longs;t under the <lb/>No&longs;es of the Gue&longs;ts, nor at too great a Di&longs;­<lb/>tance; but &longs;o that the Victuals may be brought <lb/>in neither too hot nor too cold, and that the <lb/>Noi&longs;e of the Scullions, with the Clatter of <lb/>their Pans, Di&longs;hes and other Uten&longs;ils, may not <lb/>be trouble&longs;ome. </s> <s>The Pa&longs;&longs;age through which <lb/>the Victuals are to be carried, &longs;hould be hand­<lb/>&longs;ome and convenient, not open to the Weather, <pb xlink:href="003/01/125.jpg" pagenum="107"/>nor di&longs;honoured by any Filth that may offend <lb/>the Stomachs of the Gue&longs;ts. </s> <s>From the Par­<lb/>lour the next Step is to the Bed-chamber; and <lb/>for a Man of Figure and Elegance, there &longs;hould <lb/>be different ones of the&longs;e latter, as well as of <lb/>the former, for Summer and for Winter. </s> <s>This <lb/>puts me in Mind of <emph type="italics"/>Lucullus<emph.end type="italics"/>'s Saying, that it <lb/>is not fit a great Man &longs;hould be wor&longs;e lodged <lb/>than a Swallow or a Crane. </s> <s>However I &longs;hall <lb/>only &longs;et down &longs;uch Rules, with Relation to <lb/>the&longs;e Apartments, as are compatible with the <lb/>greate&longs;t Mode&longs;ty and Moderation. </s> <s>I remem­<lb/>ber to have read in <emph type="italics"/>Æmilius Probus<emph.end type="italics"/> the Hi&longs;to­<lb/>rian, that among the <emph type="italics"/>Greeks<emph.end type="italics"/> it was never u&longs;ual <lb/>for the Wife to appear at Table, if any body <lb/>was there be&longs;ides Relations; and that the A­<lb/>partments for the Women, were Parts of the <lb/>Hou&longs;e where no Men ever &longs;et his Foot except <lb/>the neare&longs;t Kindred. </s> <s>And indeed I mu&longs;t own <lb/>I think the Apartments for the Ladies, ought <lb/>to be &longs;acred like Places dedicated to Religion <lb/>and Cha&longs;tity. </s> <s>I am be&longs;ides for having the <lb/>Rooms particularly de&longs;igned for Virgins and <lb/>young Ladies, fitted up in the neate&longs;t and mo&longs;t <lb/>delicate Manner, that their tender Minds may <lb/>pa&longs;s their Time in them with le&longs;s Regret and <lb/>be as little weary of them&longs;elves as po&longs;&longs;ible. </s> <s>The <lb/>Mi&longs;tre&longs;s of the Family &longs;hould have an Apart­<lb/>ment, in which &longs;he may ea&longs;ily hear every <lb/>Thing that is done in the Hou&longs;e. </s> <s>However, <lb/>in the&longs;e Particulars, the Cu&longs;toms of every <lb/>Country are always to be principally ob&longs;erved. <lb/></s> <s>The Husband and the Wife &longs;hould each have <lb/>a &longs;eparate Chamber, not only that the Wife, <lb/>either when &longs;he lies in, or in Ca&longs;e of any other <lb/>Indi&longs;po&longs;ition, may not be trouble&longs;ome to her <lb/>Husband; but al&longs;o that in Summer Time, <lb/>either of them may lie alone whenever they <lb/>think fit. </s> <s>Each of the&longs;e Chambers &longs;hould have <lb/>its &longs;eparate Door, be&longs;ides which there &longs;hould <lb/>be a common Pa&longs;&longs;age between them both, that <lb/>one may go to the other without being ob&longs;erv­<lb/>ed by any body. </s> <s>The Wife's Chamber &longs;hould <lb/>go into the Wardrobe; the Husband's into the <lb/>Library. </s> <s>Their ancient Mother, who requires <lb/>Tranquility and Repo&longs;e, &longs;hould have a warm <lb/>Chamber, well &longs;ecured again&longs;t the Cold, and <lb/>out of the Way of all Noi&longs;es either from with­<lb/>in or without. </s> <s>Be &longs;ure particularly to let it <lb/>have a good Fire-place, and all other Conve­<lb/>niencies nece&longs;&longs;ary for an infirm Per&longs;on, to com­<lb/>fort and cheer both the Body and Mind. </s> <s>Out <lb/>of this Chamber let there be a Pa&longs;&longs;age to the <lb/>Place where you keep your Trea&longs;ure. </s> <s>Here <lb/>place the Boys; and by the Wardrobe the <lb/>Girls, and near them the Lodgings for the <lb/>Nur&longs;es. </s> <s>Strangers and Gue&longs;ts &longs;hould be lodged <lb/>in Chambers near the Ve&longs;tibule or Fore-gate; <lb/>that they may have full Freedom both in their <lb/>own Actions, and in receiving Vi&longs;its from their <lb/>Friends, without di&longs;turbing the Re&longs;t of the Fa­<lb/>mily. </s> <s>The Sons of fixteen or &longs;eventeen Years <lb/>old, &longs;hould have Apartments oppo&longs;ite to the <lb/>Gue&longs;ts, or at lea&longs;t not far from them, that <lb/>they may have an Opportunity to conver&longs;e and <lb/>grow familiar with them. </s> <s>The Strangers too <lb/>&longs;hould have &longs;ome Place to them&longs;elves, where <lb/>they may lock up any Thing private or valu­<lb/>able, and take it out again whenever they <lb/>think fit. </s> <s>Next to the Lodgings of the young <lb/>Gentlemen, &longs;hould be the Place where the <lb/>Arms are kept. </s> <s>Stewards, Officers and Ser­<lb/>vants &longs;hould be &longs;o lodged a&longs;under from the <lb/>Gentlemen, that each may have a convenient <lb/>Place, &longs;uitable to his re&longs;pective Bu&longs;ine&longs;s. </s> <s>The <lb/>Maid-&longs;ervants and Valets &longs;hould always be <lb/>within ea&longs;y Call, to be ready upon any Occa­<lb/>&longs;ion that they are wanted for. </s> <s>The Butler's <lb/>Lodging &longs;hould be near both to the Vault and <lb/>Pantry. </s> <s>The Grooms &longs;hould lie near the Stable. <lb/></s> <s>The Saddle-hor&longs;es ought not to be kept in the <lb/>&longs;ame Place with tho&longs;e of Draught or Burthen; <lb/>and they &longs;hould be placed where they cannot <lb/>offend the Hou&longs;e with any Smells, nor pre­<lb/>judice it by their Kicking, and out of all Danger <lb/>of Fire. </s> <s>Corn and all Manner of Grain is &longs;poilt <lb/>by Moi&longs;ture, tarni&longs;hed and turned pale by <lb/>Heat, &longs;hrunk by Wind, and rotted by the <lb/>Touch of Lime. </s> <s>Where-ever therefore you in­<lb/>tend to lay it, whether in a Cave, Pit, Vault, <lb/>or on an open Area, be &longs;ure that the Place be <lb/>thoroughly dry and perfectly clean and new <lb/>made. <emph type="italics"/>Jo&longs;ephus<emph.end type="italics"/> affirms, that there was Corn <lb/>dug up near <emph type="italics"/>Siboli<emph.end type="italics"/> perfectly good and &longs;ound, <lb/>though it had lain hid above an hundred <lb/>Years. </s> <s>Some &longs;ay, that Barley laid in a warm <lb/>Place, will not &longs;poil; but it will keep very <lb/>little above a Year. </s> <s>The Philo&longs;ophers tell us, <lb/>that Bodies are prepared &longs;or Corruption by <lb/>Moi&longs;ture, but are a&longs;terwards actually corrupt­<lb/>ed by Heat. </s> <s>If you make a Floor in your <lb/>Granary of Lees of Oil mixed with Potter's <lb/>Clay and Spart or Straw chopt &longs;mall, and beat <lb/>well together, your Grain will keep &longs;ound up­<lb/>on it a great While, and be neither &longs;poilt by <lb/>Weevil nor &longs;tolen by the Ant. </s> <s>Granaries de­<lb/>&longs;igned only for Seeds are be&longs;t built of unbaked <lb/>Bricks. </s> <s>The North-wind is le&longs;s prejudicial <lb/>than the South to all Stores of Seeds and Fruits; <lb/>but any Wind what&longs;oever blowing from damp <pb xlink:href="003/01/126.jpg" pagenum="108"/>Places will fill them with Maggots and Worms; <lb/>andany con&longs;tant impetuous Wind willmake them <lb/>&longs;hrivelled and withered. </s> <s>For Pul&longs;e and e&longs;pe­<lb/>cially Beans make a Floor of A&longs;hes mixed with <lb/>Lees and Oil. </s> <s>Keep Apples in &longs;ome very clo&longs;e, <lb/>but cool boarded Room. <emph type="italics"/>Ari&longs;totle<emph.end type="italics"/> is of Opi­<lb/>nion, that they will keep the whole Year round <lb/>in Bladders blown up and tied clo&longs;e. </s> <s>The In­<lb/>con&longs;tancy of the Air is what &longs;poils every <lb/>Thing; and therefore keep every Breath of it <lb/>from your Apples, if po&longs;&longs;ible; and particularly <lb/>the North-wind, which is thought to &longs;hrivel <lb/>them up. </s> <s>We are told that Vaults for Wine <lb/>&longs;hould lie deep under Ground, and be very clo&longs;e <lb/>&longs;topt up; and yet there are &longs;ome Wines which <lb/>decay in the Shade. </s> <s>Wine is &longs;poilt by the <lb/>Ea&longs;tern, Southern and We&longs;tern Winds, and <lb/>e&longs;pecially in the Winter or the Spring. </s> <s>If it is <lb/>touched even by the North-wind in the Dog­<lb/>days, it will receive Injury. </s> <s>The Rays of the <lb/>Sun make it heady; tho&longs;e of the Moon, thick. <lb/></s> <s>If it is in the lea&longs;t &longs;tirred, it lo&longs;es its Spirit and <lb/>grows weak. </s> <s>Wine will take any Smell that <lb/>is near it, and will grow dead near a Stink. <lb/></s> <s>When it is kept in a dry cool Place, always <lb/>equally tempered, it will remain good for many <lb/>Years. </s> <s>Wine, &longs;ays <emph type="italics"/>Columella,<emph.end type="italics"/> &longs;o long as it is <lb/>kept cool, &longs;o long it will keep good. </s> <s>Make <lb/>your Vault for Wine therefore in a &longs;teady <lb/>Place, never &longs;haken by any Sort of Carriages; <lb/>and its Sides and Lights &longs;hould be towards the <lb/>North. </s> <s>All Manner of Filth and ill Smells, <lb/>Damps, Vapours, Smoke, the Stinks of all <lb/>Sorts of rotten Garden-&longs;tuff, Onions, Cabbage, <lb/>wild or dome&longs;tick Figs, &longs;hould by all Means <lb/>be quite &longs;hut out. </s> <s>Let the Floor of your Vault <lb/>be pargetted, and in the Middle make a little <lb/>Trench, to &longs;ave any Wine that may be &longs;pilt by <lb/>the Fault of the Ve&longs;&longs;els. </s> <s>Some make their <lb/>Ve&longs;&longs;els them&longs;elves of Stue or Stone. </s> <s>The big­<lb/>ger the Ve&longs;&longs;el is, the more Spirit and Strength <lb/>will be in the Wine. </s> <s>Oil delights in a warm <lb/>Shade, and cannot endure any cold Wind; and <lb/>is &longs;poilt by Smoke or any other Steam. </s> <s>We <lb/>&longs;hall not dwell upon coar&longs;er Matters; namely, <lb/>how there ought to be two Places for keeping <lb/>Dung in, one for the Old, and another for the <lb/>New; that it loves the Sun and Moi&longs;ture, and <lb/>is dried up and exhau&longs;ted by the Wind; but <lb/>&longs;hall only give this general Rule, that tho&longs;e <lb/>Places which are mo&longs;t liable to Danger by Fire, <lb/>as Hay-lofts and the like, and tho&longs;e which are <lb/>unplea&longs;ant either to the Sight or Smell, ought <lb/>to be &longs;et out of the Way and &longs;eparated by <lb/>them&longs;elves. </s> <s>It may not be ami&longs;s ju&longs;t to men­<lb/>tion here, that the Dung of Oxen will not <lb/>breed Scrpents. </s> <s>But there is one filthy Prac­<lb/>ti&longs;e which I cannot help taking Notice of. </s> <s>We <lb/>take Care in the Country to &longs;et the Dunghill <lb/>out of the Way in &longs;ome remote Corner, that <lb/>the Smell may not offend our Ploughmen; <lb/>and yet in our own Hou&longs;es, in our be&longs;t Cham­<lb/>bers (where we our&longs;elves are to re&longs;t) and as it <lb/>were at our very Bol&longs;ters, we are &longs;o unpolite as <lb/>to make &longs;ecret Privies, or rather Store-rooms of <lb/>Stink. </s> <s>If a Man is Sick, let him make u&longs;e of <lb/>a Clo&longs;e-&longs;tool; but when he is in Health, &longs;ure­<lb/>ly &longs;uch Na&longs;tine&longs;s cannot be too far off. </s> <s>It is <lb/>worth ob&longs;erving how careful Birds are, and par­<lb/>ticularly Swallows, to keep their Ne&longs;ts clean <lb/>and neat for their young ones. </s> <s>The Example <lb/>Nature herein &longs;ets us is wonderful. </s> <s>Even the <lb/>young Swallows, as &longs;oon as ever Time has <lb/>&longs;trengthened their Limbs will never Mute, but <lb/>out of the Ne&longs;t; and the old ones, to keep the <lb/>Filth at a &longs;till greater Di&longs;tance, will catch it <lb/>in their Bills as it is falling, to carry it further <lb/>off from their own Ne&longs;t. </s> <s>Since Nature has <lb/>given us this excellent In&longs;truction, I think we <lb/>ought by no means to neglect it.</s></p><p type="head"> <s>CHAP. XVIII.</s></p><p type="main"> <s><emph type="italics"/>The Difference between the Country Hou&longs;e and Town Hou&longs;e for the Rich. <lb/></s> <s>The Habitations of the middling Sort ought to re&longs;emble tho&longs;e of the Rich; <lb/>at lea&longs;t in Proportion to their Circum&longs;tances. </s> <s>Buildings &longs;hould be contrived <lb/>more for Summer, than for Winter.<emph.end type="italics"/></s></p><p type="main"> <s>The Country Hou&longs;e and Town Hou&longs;e <lb/>for the Rich differ in this Circum­<lb/>&longs;tance; that they u&longs;e their Country Hou&longs;e <lb/>chiefly for a Habitation in the Summer, and <lb/>their Town Hou&longs;e as a convenient Place of <lb/>Shelter in the Winter. </s> <s>In their Country Hou&longs;e <lb/>therefore they enjoy the Plea&longs;ures of Light, <lb/>Air, &longs;pacious Walks and fine Pro&longs;pects; in <pb xlink:href="003/01/127.jpg" pagenum="109"/>Town, there are but few Plea&longs;ures, but tho&longs;e <lb/>of Luxury and the Night. </s> <s>It is &longs;ufficient there­<lb/>fore if in Town they can have an Abode that <lb/>does not want any Conveniencies for living <lb/>with Health, Dignity and Politene&longs;s: But yet, <lb/>as far as the Want of Room and Pro&longs;pect will <lb/>admit, our Habitation in Town &longs;hould not be <lb/>without any of the Delicacies of that in the <lb/>Country. </s> <s>We &longs;hould be &longs;ure to have a good <lb/>Court-yard, Portico, Places for Exerci&longs;e, and <lb/>&longs;ome Garden. </s> <s>If you are crampt for Room, <lb/>and cannot make all your Conveniencies upon <lb/>one Floor, make &longs;everal Stories, by which <lb/>means you may make the Members of your <lb/>Hou&longs;e as large as is nece&longs;&longs;ary; and if the Na­<lb/>ture of your Foundation will allow it, dig <lb/>Places under Ground for your Wines, Oil, Wood, <lb/>and even &longs;ome Part of your Family, and &longs;uch <lb/>a Ba&longs;ement will add Maje&longs;ty to your whole <lb/>Structure. </s> <s>Thus you may build as many Stories <lb/>as you plea&longs;e, till you have fully provided for <lb/>all the Occa&longs;ions of your Family. </s> <s>The prin­<lb/>cipal Parts may be allotted to the principal Oc­<lb/>ca&longs;ions; and the mo&longs;t Honourable, to the mo&longs;t <lb/>Honourable. </s> <s>No Store-rooms &longs;hould be want­<lb/>ing for laying up Corn, Fruits, and all Manner <lb/>of Tools, Implements and Hou&longs;hold-&longs;tuff; <lb/>nor Places for divine Wor&longs;hip; nor Wardrobes <lb/>for the Women. </s> <s>Nor mu&longs;t you be without <lb/>convenient Store-rooms for laying up Cloaths <lb/>de&longs;igned for your Family to wear only on Ho­<lb/>lidays, and Arms both de&longs;en&longs;ive and offen&longs;ive, <lb/>Implements for all Sorts of Works in Wool, <lb/>Preparations for the Entertainment of Gue&longs;ts, <lb/>and all Manner of Nece&longs;&longs;aries for any extraor­<lb/>dinary Occa&longs;ions. </s> <s>There &longs;hould be different <lb/>Places for tho&longs;e Things that are not wanted <lb/>above once a Month, or perhaps once a Year, <lb/>and for tho&longs;e that are in U&longs;e every Day. </s> <s>Every <lb/>one of which, though they cannot be always <lb/>kept lockt up in Store-rooms, ought however <lb/>to be kept in &longs;ome Place where they may be <lb/>con&longs;tantly in Sight; and e&longs;pecially &longs;uch Things <lb/>as are &longs;eldome&longs;t in U&longs;e; becau&longs;e tho&longs;e Things <lb/>which are mo&longs;t in Sight, are lea&longs;t in Danger <lb/>of Thieves. </s> <s>The Habitations of middling Peo­<lb/>ple ought to re&longs;emble the Delicacy of tho&longs;e of <lb/>the richer Sort, in Proportion to their Circum­<lb/>&longs;tances; &longs;till imitating them with &longs;uch Mode­<lb/>ration, as not to run into a greater Expence <lb/>than they can well &longs;upport. </s> <s>The Country <lb/>Hou&longs;es for the&longs;e, therefore, &longs;hould be contrived <lb/>with little le&longs;s Regard to their Flocks and <lb/>Herds, than to their Wives. </s> <s>Their Dove­<lb/>hou&longs;e, Fi&longs;h-ponds, and the like &longs;hould be le&longs;s <lb/>for Plea&longs;ure, than for Pro&longs;it: But yet their <lb/>Country Hou&longs;e &longs;hould be built in &longs;uch a Man­<lb/>ner, that the Wife may like the Abode, and <lb/>look after her Bu&longs;ine&longs;s in it with Plea&longs;ure; nor <lb/>&longs;hould we have our Eye &longs;o entirely upon Pro­<lb/>fit, as to neglect the Health of the Inhabitants. <lb/></s> <s>Whenever we have Occa&longs;ion for Change of <lb/>Air, <emph type="italics"/>Cel&longs;us<emph.end type="italics"/> advi&longs;es us to take it in Winter; for <lb/>our Bodies will grow accu&longs;tomed to Winter <lb/>Colds, with le&longs;s Danger of our Health than to <lb/>Summer Heats. </s> <s>But we, on the Contrary, are <lb/>fond of going to our Country Hou&longs;es chiefly <lb/>in Summer; we ought therefore to take Care <lb/>to have that the mo&longs;t Healthy. </s> <s>As for the <lb/>Town Hou&longs;e for a Trade&longs;man, more Regard <lb/>mu&longs;t be had to the Conveniency of his Shop, <lb/>from whence his Gain and Livelihood is to <lb/>ari&longs;e than to the Beauty of his Parlour; the <lb/>be&longs;t Situation for this is, in Cro&longs;s-ways, at a <lb/>Corner; in a Market-place or Square, in the <lb/>Middle of the Place; in a High-&longs;treet, &longs;ome <lb/>remarkable jutting out; ina&longs;much as his chief <lb/>De&longs;ign is to draw the Eyes of Cu&longs;tomers. </s> <s>In <lb/>the middle Parts of his Hou&longs;e he need have no <lb/>Partitions but of unbaked Bricks and common <lb/>Plai&longs;ter; but in the Front and Sides, as he can­<lb/>not always be &longs;ure of having hone&longs;t Neighbours, <lb/>he mu&longs;t make his Walls &longs;tronger again&longs;t the <lb/>A&longs;&longs;aults both of Men and Weather. </s> <s>He &longs;hould <lb/>al&longs;o build his Hou&longs;e either at &longs;uch a proper <lb/>Di&longs;tance from his next Neighbour's, that there <lb/>may be room for the Air to dry the Walls af­<lb/>ter any Rain; or &longs;o clo&longs;e, that the Water may <lb/>run off from both in the &longs;ame Gutter; and let <lb/>the Top of the Hou&longs;e, and the Gutters parti­<lb/>cularly, have a very good Slope, that the Rain <lb/>may neither lie &longs;oaking too long, nor da&longs;h back <lb/>into the Hou&longs;e; but be carried away as quick <lb/>and as clear as po&longs;&longs;ible. </s> <s>There remains no­<lb/>thing now but to recollect &longs;ome few Rules laid <lb/>down in the fir&longs;t Book, and which &longs;eem to be­<lb/>long to this Head. </s> <s>Let tho&longs;e Parts of the <lb/>Building which are to be particularly &longs;ecure <lb/>again&longs;t Fire, and the Injuries of the Weather, <lb/>or which are to be clo&longs;er or freer from Noi&longs;e, <lb/>be all vaulted; &longs;o likewi&longs;e &longs;hould all Places un­<lb/>der Ground: But for Rooms above Ground, <lb/>flat Ceilings are whole&longs;omer. </s> <s>Tho&longs;e which <lb/>require the cleare&longs;t Light, &longs;uch as the common <lb/>Parlour, the Portico, and e&longs;pecially the Library, <lb/>&longs;hould be &longs;ituated full Ea&longs;t? </s> <s>Tho&longs;e Things <lb/>which are injured by Moths, Ru&longs;t or Milldew, <lb/>&longs;uch as Cloaths, Books, Arms, and all Manner <pb xlink:href="003/01/128.jpg" pagenum="110"/>of Provi&longs;ions, &longs;hould be kept towards the <lb/>South or We&longs;t. </s> <s>If there be Occa&longs;ion for an <lb/>equal con&longs;tant Light, &longs;uch as is nece&longs;&longs;ary for <lb/>Painters, Writers, Sculptors and the like, let <lb/>them have it from the North. </s> <s>La&longs;tly, let all <lb/>Summer Apartments &longs;tand open to the Northern <lb/>Winds, all Winter ones to the South, and all <lb/>tho&longs;e for Spring and Autumn to the Ea&longs;t. </s> <s>Baths <lb/>and &longs;upper Parlours for the Spring Sea&longs;on &longs;hould <lb/>be towards the We&longs;t. </s> <s>And if you cannot po&longs;­<lb/>&longs;ibly have all the&longs;e exactly according to your <lb/>Wi&longs;h, at lea&longs;t chu&longs;e out the mo&longs;t convenient <lb/>Places for your Summer Apartments: For in­<lb/>deed, in my Opinion, a wi&longs;e Man &longs;hould build <lb/>rather for Summer than for Winter. </s> <s>We may <lb/>ea&longs;ily arm our&longs;elves again&longs;t the Cold by ma­<lb/>king all clo&longs;e, and keeping good Fires; but <lb/>many more Things are requi&longs;ite again&longs;t Heat, <lb/>and even all will &longs;ometimes be no great Re­<lb/>lief. </s> <s>Let Winter Rooms therefore be &longs;mall, <lb/>low and little Windows, and Summer ones, on <lb/>the Contrary, large, &longs;pacious, and open to cool <lb/>Breezes, but not to the Sun or the hot Air <lb/>that comes from it. </s> <s>A great Quantity of Air <lb/>inclo&longs;ed in a large Room, is like a great Quan­<lb/>tity of Water, not ea&longs;ily heated.</s></p><p type="head"> <s><emph type="italics"/>The End of Book<emph.end type="italics"/> V.<lb/><figure id="id.003.01.128.1.jpg" xlink:href="003/01/128/1.jpg"/></s></p><pb xlink:href="003/01/129.jpg"/><figure id="id.003.01.129.1.jpg" xlink:href="003/01/129/1.jpg"/><p type="head"> <s>THE <lb/><emph type="bold"/>ARCHITECTURE<emph.end type="bold"/><lb/>OF <lb/><emph type="bold"/><emph type="italics"/>Leone Bati&longs;ta Alberti.<emph.end type="italics"/><emph.end type="bold"/></s></p><p type="head"> <s>BOOK VI. CHAP. I.</s></p><p type="main"> <s><emph type="italics"/>Of the Rea&longs;on and Difficulty of the Author's Undertaking, whereby it appears <lb/>how much Pains, Study and Application he has employed in writing upon <lb/>the&longs;e Matters.<emph.end type="italics"/></s></p><p type="main"> <s>In the five preceding Books we have <lb/>treated of the De&longs;igns, of the Ma­<lb/>terials for the Work, of the Work­<lb/>men, and of every Thing el&longs;e that <lb/>appeared nece&longs;&longs;ary to the Con­<lb/>&longs;truction of an Edi&longs;ice, whether publick or <lb/>private, &longs;acred or profane, &longs;o far as related to <lb/>its being made &longs;trong again&longs;t all Injuries of <lb/>Weather, and convenient for its re&longs;pective U&longs;e, <lb/>as to Times Places, Men and Things: With <lb/>how much Care we have treated of all the&longs;e <lb/>Matters, you may &longs;ee by the Books them&longs;elves, <lb/>from whence you may judge whether it was <lb/>po&longs;&longs;ible to do it with much greater. </s> <s>The La­<lb/>bour indeed was much more than I could have <lb/>fore&longs;een at the Beginning of this Undertaking. <lb/></s> <s>Continual Difficulties every Moment aro&longs;e <lb/>either in explaining the Matter, or inventing <lb/>Names, or methodizing the Subject, which per­<lb/>&longs;ectly con&longs;ounded me, and di&longs;heartened me <lb/>from my Undertaking. </s> <s>On the other Hand, <lb/>the &longs;ame Rea&longs;ons which induced me to be be­<lb/>gin this Work, pre&longs;&longs;ed and encouraged me to <lb/>proceed. </s> <s>It grieved me that &longs;o many great <lb/>and noble In&longs;tructions of ancient Authors <lb/>&longs;hould be lo&longs;t by the Injury of Time, &longs;o that <lb/>&longs;carce any but <emph type="italics"/>Vitruvius<emph.end type="italics"/> has e&longs;caped this ge­<lb/>neral Wreek: A Writer indeed of univer&longs;al <lb/>Knowledge, but &longs;o maimed by Age, that in <lb/>many Places there are great Cha&longs;ms, and many <lb/>Things imperfect in others. </s> <s>Be&longs;ides this, his <lb/>Style is ab&longs;olutely void of all Ornaments, and <lb/>he wrote in &longs;uch a Manner, that to the <emph type="italics"/>Latins<emph.end type="italics"/><lb/>he &longs;eems to write <emph type="italics"/>Greek,<emph.end type="italics"/> and to the <emph type="italics"/>Greeks, <lb/>Latin:<emph.end type="italics"/> But indeed it is plain from the Book <lb/>it&longs;elf, that he wrote neither <emph type="italics"/>Greek<emph.end type="italics"/> nor <emph type="italics"/>Latin,<emph.end type="italics"/><lb/>and he might almo&longs;t as well have never <lb/>wrote at all, at lea&longs;t with Regard to us, &longs;ince <lb/>we cannot under&longs;tand him. </s> <s>There remained <lb/>many Examples of the ancient Works, Temples <lb/>and Theatres, from whence, as from the mo&longs;t <lb/>skilful Ma&longs;ters, a great deal was to be learn­<lb/>ed; but the&longs;e I &longs;aw, and with Tears I &longs;aw it, <lb/>mouldering away daily. </s> <s>I ob&longs;erved too that <lb/>tho&longs;e who in the&longs;e Days happen to undertake <lb/>any new Structure, generally ran after the <lb/>Whims of the Moderns, in&longs;tead of being de­<lb/>lighted and directed by the Ju&longs;tne&longs;s of more <lb/>noble Works. </s> <s>By this Means it was plain, that <lb/>this Part of Knowledge, and in a Manner of <lb/>Life it&longs;elf, was likely in a &longs;hort Time to be <lb/>wholly lo&longs;t. </s> <s>In this unhappy State of Things, <lb/>I could not help having it long, and often, in <lb/>my Thoughts to write upon this Subject my­<lb/>&longs;elf. </s> <s>At the &longs;ame Time I con&longs;idered that in <lb/>the Examination of &longs;o many noble and u&longs;eful <pb xlink:href="003/01/130.jpg" pagenum="112"/>Matters, and &longs;o nece&longs;&longs;ary to Mankind; it would <lb/>be a Shame to neglect any of tho&longs;e Ob&longs;ervati­<lb/>ons which voluntarily offered them&longs;elves to me; <lb/>and I thought it the Duty of an hone&longs;t and <lb/>&longs;tudious Mind, to endeavour to free this Sci­<lb/>ence, for which the mo&longs;t Learned among the <lb/>Ancients had always a very great E&longs;teem, from <lb/>its pre&longs;ent Ruin and Oppre&longs;&longs;ion. </s> <s>Thus I &longs;tood <lb/>doubtful, and knew not how to re&longs;olve, whe­<lb/>ther I &longs;hould drop my De&longs;ign, or go on. </s> <s>At <lb/>length my Love and Inclination for the&longs;e Stu­<lb/>dies prevailed; and what I wanted in Capacity, <lb/>I made up in Diligence and Application. </s> <s>There <lb/>was not the lea&longs;t Remain of any ancient Struc­<lb/>ture, that had any Merit in it, but what I went <lb/>and examined, to &longs;ee if any Thing was to be <lb/>learned from it. </s> <s>Thus I was continually &longs;earch­<lb/>ing, con&longs;idering, mea&longs;uring and making <lb/>Draughts of every Thing I could hear of, till <lb/>&longs;uch Time as I had made my&longs;elf perfect Ma­<lb/>&longs;ter of every Contrivance or Invention that had <lb/>been u&longs;ed in tho&longs;e ancient Remains; and thus <lb/>I alleviated the Fatigue of writing, by the <lb/>Thir&longs;t and Plea&longs;ure of gaining Information. <lb/></s> <s>And indeed the Collecting together, rehear&longs;ing <lb/>without Meanne&longs;s, reducing into a ju&longs;t Method, <lb/>writing in an accurate Style, and explaining <lb/>per&longs;picuou&longs;ly &longs;o many various Matters, &longs;o un­<lb/>equal, &longs;o di&longs;per&longs;ed, and &longs;o remote from the <lb/>common U&longs;e and Knowledge of Mankind, <lb/>certainly required a greater Genius, and more <lb/>Learning than I can pretend to. </s> <s>But &longs;till I <lb/>&longs;hall not repent of my Labour, if I have only <lb/>effected what I chiefly propo&longs;ed to my&longs;elf, <lb/>namely, to be clear and intelligible to the <lb/>Reader, rather than Eloquent. </s> <s>How difficult <lb/>a Thing this is, in handling Subjects of this <lb/>Nature, is better known to tho&longs;e who have <lb/>attempted it, then believed by tho&longs;e who never <lb/>tried it. </s> <s>And I flatter my&longs;elf, it will at lea&longs;t <lb/>be allowed me, that I have wrote according to <lb/>the Rules of this Language, and in no ob&longs;cure <lb/>Style. </s> <s>We &longs;hall endeavour to do the &longs;ame in <lb/>the remaining Parts of this Work. </s> <s>Of the <lb/>three Properties required in all Manner of <lb/>Buildings, namely, that they be accommoda­<lb/>ted to their re&longs;pective Purpo&longs;es, &longs;tout and <lb/>&longs;trong for Duration, and plea&longs;ant and delight­<lb/>ful to the Sight, we have di&longs;patched the two <lb/>fir&longs;t, and are now to treat of the third, which <lb/>is by much the mo&longs;t Noble of all, and very <lb/>nece&longs;&longs;ary be&longs;ides.</s></p><p type="head"> <s>CHAP. II.</s></p><p type="main"> <s><emph type="italics"/>Of Beauty and Ornament, their Effects and Difference, that they are owing <lb/>to Art and Exactne&longs;s of Proportion; as al&longs;o of the Birth and Progre&longs;s <lb/>of Arts.<emph.end type="italics"/></s></p><p type="main"> <s>It is generally allowed, that the Plea&longs;ure and <lb/>Delight which we feel on the View of any <lb/>Building, ari&longs;e from nothing el&longs;e but Beauty <lb/>and Ornament, &longs;ince there is hardly any Man <lb/>&longs;o melancholy or &longs;tupid, &longs;o rough or unpoli&longs;h­<lb/>ed, but what is very much plea&longs;ed with what <lb/>is beautiful, and pur&longs;ues tho&longs;e Things which <lb/>are mo&longs;t adorned, and rejects the unadorned <lb/>and neglected; and if in any Thing that he <lb/>Views he perceives any Ornament is wanting, <lb/>he declares that there is &longs;omething deficient <lb/>which would make the Work more delightful <lb/>and noble. </s> <s>We &longs;hould therefore con&longs;ult Beauty <lb/>as one of the main and principal Requi&longs;ites in <lb/>any Thing which we have a Mind &longs;hould plea&longs;e <lb/>others. </s> <s>How nece&longs;&longs;ary our Forefathers, Men <lb/>remarkable for their Wi&longs;dom, looked upon this <lb/>to be, appears, as indeed from almo&longs;t every <lb/>thing they did, &longs;o particularly from their Laws, <lb/>their Militia, their &longs;acred and all other pub­<lb/>lick Ceremonies; which it is almo&longs;t incredible <lb/>what Pains they took to adorn; in&longs;omuch that <lb/>one would almo&longs;t imagine they had a Mind to <lb/>have it thought, that all the&longs;e Things (&longs;o ab­<lb/>&longs;olutely nece&longs;&longs;ary to the Life of Mankind) if <lb/>&longs;tript of their Pomp and Ornament, would be <lb/>&longs;omewhat &longs;tupid and in&longs;ipid. </s> <s>When we lift <lb/>up our Eyes to Heaven, and view the wonder­<lb/>ful Works of God, we admire him more for <lb/>the Beauties which we &longs;ee, than for the Con­<lb/>veniencies which we feel and derive from <lb/>them. </s> <s>But what Occa&longs;ion is there to in&longs;i&longs;t upon <lb/>this? </s> <s>When we&longs;ee that Nature con&longs;ults Beauty <lb/>in a Manner to exce&longs;s, in every Thing &longs;he does, <lb/>even in painting the Flowers of the Field. </s> <s>If <lb/>Beauty therefore is nece&longs;&longs;ary in any Thing, it <lb/>is &longs;o particularly in Building, which can never <lb/>be without it, without giving Offence both to <lb/>the Skilful and the Ignorant. </s> <s>How are we <lb/>moved by a huge &longs;hapele&longs;s ill-contrived Pile <pb xlink:href="003/01/131.jpg" pagenum="113"/>of Stones? </s> <s>the greater it is, the more we blame <lb/>the Folly of the Expence, and condemn the <lb/>Builder's incon&longs;iderate Lu&longs;t of heaping up Stone <lb/>upon Stone without Contrivance. </s> <s>The having <lb/>&longs;atisfied Nece&longs;&longs;ity is a very &longs;mall Matter, and <lb/>the having provided for Conveniency affords <lb/>no Manner of Plea&longs;ure, where you are &longs;hocked <lb/>by the Deformity of the Work. </s> <s>Add to this, <lb/>that the very Thing we &longs;peak of is it&longs;elf no <lb/>&longs;mall help to Conveniency and Duration: For <lb/>who will deny that it is much more convenient <lb/>to be lodged in a neat hand&longs;ome Structure, <lb/>than in a na&longs;ty ill-contrived Hole? </s> <s>or can any <lb/>Building be made &longs;o &longs;trong by all the Contri­<lb/>vance of Art, as to be &longs;afe from Violence and <lb/>Force? </s> <s>But Beauty will have &longs;uch an Effect <lb/>even upon an enraged Enemy, that it will di&longs;­<lb/>arm his Anger, and prevent him from offering <lb/>it any Injury: In&longs;omuch that I will be bold to <lb/>&longs;ay, there can be no greater Security to any <lb/>Work again&longs;t Violence and Injury, than Beau­<lb/>ty and Dignity. </s> <s>Your whole Care, Diligence <lb/>and Expence, therefore &longs;hould all tend to this, <lb/>that whatever you build may be not only u&longs;e­<lb/>ful and convenient, but al&longs;o hand&longs;omely <lb/>adorned, and by that means delightful to the <lb/>Sight, that whoever views it may own the Ex­<lb/>pence could never have been better be&longs;towed. <lb/></s> <s>But what Beauty and Ornament are in them­<lb/>&longs;elves, and what Difference there is between <lb/>them, may perhaps be ea&longs;ier for the Reader to <lb/>conceive in his Mind, than for me to explain <lb/>by Words. </s> <s>In order therefore to be as brief <lb/>as po&longs;&longs;ible, I &longs;hall define Beauty to be a Har­<lb/>mony of all the Parts, in what&longs;oever Subject it <lb/>appears, fitted together with &longs;uch Proportion <lb/>and Connection, that nothing could be added, <lb/>dimini&longs;hed or altered, but for the Wor&longs;e. </s> <s>A <lb/>Quality &longs;o Noble and Divine, that the whole <lb/>Force of Wit and Art has been &longs;pent to pro­<lb/>cure it; and it is but very rarely granted to any <lb/>one, or even to Nature her&longs;elf, to produce any <lb/>Thing every Way perfect and compleat. </s> <s>How <lb/>extraordinary a Thing (&longs;ays the Per&longs;on intro­<lb/>duced in <emph type="italics"/>Tully<emph.end type="italics"/>) is a hand&longs;ome Youth in <emph type="italics"/>Athens!<emph.end type="italics"/><lb/><!--neuer Satz-->This Critick in Beauty found that there was <lb/>&longs;omething deficient or &longs;uperfluous, in the Per­<lb/>&longs;ons he di&longs;liked, which was not compatible <lb/>with the Perfection of Beauty, which I imagine <lb/>might have been obtained by Means of Orna­<lb/>ment, by painting and concealing any Thing <lb/>that was deformed, and trimming and poli&longs;hing <lb/>what was hand&longs;ome; &longs;o that the un&longs;ightly <lb/>Parts might have given le&longs;s Offence, and the <lb/>more lovely more Delight. </s> <s>If this be grant­<lb/>ed we may define Ornament to be a Kind of <lb/>an auxiliary Brightne&longs;s and Improvement to <lb/>Beauty. </s> <s>So that then Beauty is &longs;omewhat <lb/>lovely which is proper and innate, and diffu&longs;ed <lb/>over the whole Body, and Ornament &longs;ome­<lb/>what added or fa&longs;tened on, rather than proper <lb/>and innate. </s> <s>To return therefore where we <lb/>le&longs;t off. </s> <s>Whoever would build &longs;o as to have <lb/>their Building commended, which every rea­<lb/>&longs;onable Man would de&longs;ire, mu&longs;t build accord­<lb/>ing to a Ju&longs;tne&longs;s of Proportion, and this Ju&longs;t­<lb/>ne&longs;s of Proportion mu&longs;t be owing to Art. </s> <s>Who <lb/>therefore will affirm, that a hand&longs;ome and ju&longs;t <lb/>Structure can be rai&longs;ed any otherwi&longs;e than by <lb/>the Means of Art? </s> <s>and con&longs;equently this Part <lb/>of Building, which relates to Beauty and Orna­<lb/>ment, being the Chief of all the Re&longs;t, mu&longs;t <lb/>without doubt be directed by &longs;ome &longs;ure Rules <lb/>of Art and Proportion, which whoever ne­<lb/>glects will make him&longs;elf ridiculous. </s> <s>But there <lb/>are &longs;ome who will by no means allow of this, <lb/>and &longs;ay that Men are guided by a Variety of <lb/>Opinions in their Judgment of Beauty and of <lb/>Buildings; and that the Forms of Structures <lb/>mu&longs;t vary according to every Man's particular <lb/>Ta&longs;te and Fancy, and not be tied down to any <lb/>Rules of Art. </s> <s>A common Thing with the <lb/>Ignorant, to de&longs;pi&longs;e what they do not under­<lb/>&longs;tand! It may not therefore be ami&longs;s to confute <lb/>this Error; not that I think it nece&longs;&longs;ary to <lb/>enter into a long Di&longs;cu&longs;&longs;ion about the Origin <lb/>of Arts, from what Principles they were de­<lb/>duced, and by what Methods improved. </s> <s>I <lb/>&longs;hall only take Notice that all Arts were begot <lb/>by Chance and Ob&longs;ervation, and nur&longs;ed by <lb/>U&longs;e and Experience, and improved and per­<lb/>fected by Rea&longs;on and Study. </s> <s>Thus we are <lb/>told that Phy&longs;ick was invented in a thou&longs;and <lb/>Years by a thou&longs;and thou&longs;and Men; and &longs;o too <lb/>the Art of Navigation; as, indeed, all other <lb/>Arts have grown up by Degrees from the &longs;mall­<lb/>e&longs;t Beginnings.</s></p><pb xlink:href="003/01/132.jpg" pagenum="114"/><p type="head"> <s>CHAP. III.</s></p><p type="head"> <s><emph type="italics"/>That Architecture began in<emph.end type="italics"/> A&longs;ia, <emph type="italics"/>flouri&longs;hed in<emph.end type="italics"/> Greece, <emph type="italics"/>and was brought to <lb/>Perfection in<emph.end type="italics"/> Italy.</s></p><p type="main"> <s>The Art of Building, as far as I can <lb/>gather from the Works of the Ancients, <lb/>&longs;pent the fir&longs;t Vigour of its Youth (if I may <lb/>be allowed that Expre&longs;&longs;ion) in <emph type="italics"/>A&longs;ia:<emph.end type="italics"/> It after­<lb/>wards flouri&longs;hed among the <emph type="italics"/>Greeks;<emph.end type="italics"/> and at <lb/>la&longs;t came to its full Maturity in <emph type="italics"/>Italy.<emph.end type="italics"/></s><s> And <lb/>this Account &longs;eems very probable; for the <lb/>Kings of <emph type="italics"/>A&longs;ia<emph.end type="italics"/> abounding in Wealth and Lei­<lb/>&longs;ure, when they came to con&longs;ider them&longs;elves, <lb/>their own Riches, and the Greatne&longs;s and Ma­<lb/>je&longs;ty of their Empire, and found that they had <lb/>Occa&longs;ion for larger and nobler Habitations, <lb/>they began to &longs;earch out and collect every <lb/>Thing that might &longs;erve to this Purpo&longs;e; and <lb/>in order to make their Buildings larger and <lb/>hand&longs;omer, began perhaps with building their <lb/>Roofs of larger Timbers, and their Walls of a <lb/>better Sort of Stone. </s> <s>This &longs;hewed noble and <lb/>great, and not unhand&longs;ome. </s> <s>Then finding <lb/>that &longs;uch Works were admired for being very <lb/>large, and imagining that a King was obliged <lb/>to do &longs;omething which private Men could not <lb/>effect, the&longs;e great Monarchs began to be de­<lb/>lighted with huge Works, which they fell to <lb/>rai&longs;ing with a Kind of Emulation of one an­<lb/>other, till they came to erecting tho&longs;e wild im­<lb/>men&longs;e Moles, the Pyramids. </s> <s>Hereupon I ima­<lb/>gine that by frequent Building they began to <lb/>find out the Difference that there was between <lb/>a Structure built in one Manner, and one built <lb/>in another, and &longs;o getting &longs;ome Notion of <lb/>Beauty and Proportion, began to neglect tho&longs;e <lb/>Things which wanted tho&longs;e Qualities. <emph type="italics"/>Greece<emph.end type="italics"/><lb/>came next; which flouri&longs;hing in excellent <lb/>Geniu&longs;&longs;es and Men of Learning, pa&longs;&longs;ionately <lb/>de&longs;irous of adorning their Country, began to <lb/>erect Temples and other publick Structures. <lb/></s> <s>They then thought fit to look abroad and take <lb/>a more careful View of the Works of the <emph type="italics"/>A&longs;­<lb/>&longs;yrians<emph.end type="italics"/> and <emph type="italics"/>Ægyptians,<emph.end type="italics"/> till at la&longs;t they came <lb/>to under&longs;tand that in all Things of this Nature <lb/>the Skill of the Workman was more admired <lb/>than the Wealth of the Prince: For any one <lb/>that is rich may rai&longs;e a great Pile of Building; <lb/>but to rai&longs;e &longs;uch a one as may be commended <lb/>by the Skilful, is the Part only of a &longs;uperior <lb/>Genius. </s> <s>Hereupon <emph type="italics"/>Greece<emph.end type="italics"/> finding that in the&longs;e <lb/>Works &longs;he could not equal tho&longs;e Nations in <lb/>Expence, re&longs;olved to try if &longs;he could not out-do <lb/>them in Ingenuity. </s> <s>She began therefore to <lb/>trace and deduce this Art of Building, as in­<lb/>deed &longs;he did all others, from the very Lap of <lb/>Nature it&longs;elf, examining, weighing and con­<lb/>&longs;idering it in all its Parts with the greate&longs;t Di­<lb/>ligence and Exactne&longs;s: enquiring with the <lb/>greate&longs;t Strictne&longs;s into the Difference between <lb/>tho&longs;e Buildings which were highly prai&longs;ed, and <lb/>tho&longs;e which were di&longs;liked, without neglecting <lb/>the lea&longs;t Particular. </s> <s>She tried all Manner of <lb/>Experiments, &longs;till tracing and keeping clo&longs;e to <lb/>the Foot&longs;teps of Nature, mingling uneven <lb/>Numbers with even, &longs;trait Lines with Curves, <lb/>Light with Shade, hoping that as it happens <lb/>from the Conjunction of Male and Female, &longs;he <lb/>&longs;hould by the Mixture of the&longs;e Oppo&longs;ites hit <lb/>upon &longs;ome third Thing that would an&longs;wer her <lb/>Purpo&longs;e: Nor even in the mo&longs;t minute Parti­<lb/>culars did &longs;he neglect to weigh and con&longs;ider all <lb/>the Parts over and over again, how tho&longs;e on <lb/>the right Hand agreed with tho&longs;e on the left, <lb/>the Upright with the Platform, the nearer with <lb/>the more remote, adding, dimini&longs;hing, propor­<lb/>tioning the great Parts to the Small, the Simi­<lb/>lar to the Di&longs;&longs;imilar, the La&longs;t to the Fir&longs;t, till <lb/>&longs;he had clearly demon&longs;trated that different <lb/>Rules were to be ob&longs;erved in tho&longs;e Edifices <lb/>which were intended for Duration, to &longs;tand as <lb/>it were Monuments to Eternity, and tho&longs;e <lb/>which were de&longs;igned chiefly for Beauty. </s> <s>The&longs;e <lb/>were the Methods pur&longs;ued by the <emph type="italics"/>Greeks. <lb/></s> <s>Italy,<emph.end type="italics"/> in her fir&longs;t Beginnings, having Regard <lb/>wholly to Par&longs;imony, concluded that the Mem­<lb/>bers in Buildings ought to be contrived in the <lb/>&longs;ame Manner as in Animals; as, for In&longs;tance, <lb/>in a Hor&longs;e, who&longs;e Limbs are generally mo&longs;t <lb/>beautiful when they are mo&longs;t u&longs;eful for Service: <lb/>from whence they inferred that Beauty was <lb/>never &longs;eparate and di&longs;tinct from Conveniency. <lb/></s> <s>But afterwards when they had obtained the <lb/>Empire of the World, being then no le&longs;s in­<lb/>flamed than the <emph type="italics"/>Greeks<emph.end type="italics"/> with the De&longs;ire of a­<lb/>dorning their City and them&longs;elves, in le&longs;s than <lb/>thirty Years that which before was the fine&longs;t <lb/>Hou&longs;e in the whole City of <emph type="italics"/>Rome,<emph.end type="italics"/> could not <pb xlink:href="003/01/133.jpg" pagenum="115"/>then be reckoned &longs;o by a hundred; and they <lb/>abounded in &longs;uch an incredible Number of in­<lb/>genious Men who exerci&longs;e their Talent this <lb/>Way, that we are told there was at one Time <lb/>no le&longs;s than &longs;even hundred Architects at <emph type="italics"/>Rome,<emph.end type="italics"/><lb/>who&longs;e Works were &longs;o noble that the extraor­<lb/>dinary Prai&longs;e which is be&longs;towed upon them, <lb/>is hardly equal to their Merit. </s> <s>And as the <lb/>Wealth of the Empire was &longs;ufficient to bear the <lb/>Expence of the mo&longs;t &longs;tately Structures, &longs;o we <lb/>are told that a private Man, by Name <emph type="italics"/>Tatius,<emph.end type="italics"/><lb/>at his own proper Charges built Baths for the <lb/>People of <emph type="italics"/>O&longs;tia<emph.end type="italics"/> with an hundred Columns of <lb/><emph type="italics"/>Numidian<emph.end type="italics"/> Marble. </s> <s>But &longs;till though the Con­<lb/>dition of their State was thus flouri&longs;hing, they <lb/>thought it mo&longs;t laudable to join the Magnifi­<lb/>cence of the mo&longs;t profu&longs;e Monarchs, to the an­<lb/>cient Par&longs;imony and frugal Contrivance of their <lb/>own Country: But &longs;till in &longs;uch a Manner, that <lb/>their Frugality &longs;hould not prejudice Conveni­<lb/>ency, nor Conveniency be too cautious and <lb/>fearful of Expence; but that both &longs;hould be <lb/>embelli&longs;hed by every thing that was delicate or <lb/>beautiful. </s> <s>In a Word, being to the greate&longs;t <lb/>Degree careful and exact in all their Buildings, <lb/>they became at la&longs;t &longs;o excellent in this Art, <lb/>that there was nothing in it &longs;o hiden or &longs;ecret <lb/>but what they traced out, di&longs;covered and <lb/>brought to light, by the Favour of Heaven, <lb/>and the Art it&longs;elf not frowning upon their En­<lb/>deavours: For the Art of Building having had <lb/>her ancient Seat in <emph type="italics"/>Italy,<emph.end type="italics"/> and e&longs;pecially among <lb/>the <emph type="italics"/>Hetrurians,<emph.end type="italics"/> who be&longs;ides tho&longs;e miraculous <lb/>Structures which we read to have been erected <lb/>by their Kings, of Labyrinths and Sepulchres, <lb/>had among them &longs;ome excellent ancient Writ­<lb/>ings, which taught the Manner of building <lb/>Temples, according to the Practice of the An­<lb/>cient <emph type="italics"/>Tu&longs;cans:<emph.end type="italics"/> I &longs;ay, this Art having had her <lb/>ancient Seat in <emph type="italics"/>Italy,<emph.end type="italics"/> and knowing with how <lb/>much Fervour &longs;he was courted there, &longs;he &longs;eems <lb/>to have re&longs;olved, that this Empire of the World, <lb/>which was already adorned with all other Vir­<lb/>tues, &longs;hould be made &longs;till more admirable by <lb/>her Embelli&longs;hments. </s> <s>For this Rea&longs;on &longs;he gave <lb/>her&longs;elf to them to be throughly known and un­<lb/>der&longs;tood; thinking it a Shame that the Head <lb/>of the Univer&longs;e and the Glory of all Nations <lb/>&longs;hould be equalled in Magnificence by tho&longs;e <lb/>whom &longs;he had excelled in all Virtues and Sci­<lb/>ences. </s> <s>Why &longs;hould I in&longs;i&longs;t here upon their <lb/>Porticoes, Temples, Gates, Theatres, Baths, <lb/>and other gigantick Structures; Works &longs;o a­<lb/>mazing, that though they were actually exe­<lb/>cuted, &longs;ome very great foreign Architects <lb/>thought them impracticable. </s> <s>In &longs;hort, I need <lb/>&longs;ay no more than that they could not bear to <lb/>have even their common Drains void of Beau­<lb/>ty, and were &longs;o delighted with Magnificence <lb/>and Ornament, that they thought it no Profu­<lb/>&longs;ion to &longs;pend the Wealth of the State in Build­<lb/>ings that were hardly de&longs;igned for any thing <lb/>el&longs;e. </s> <s>By the Examples therefore of the Anci­<lb/>ents, and the Precepts of great Ma&longs;ters, and <lb/>con&longs;tant Practice, a thorough Knowledge is to <lb/>be gained of the Method of rai&longs;ing &longs;uch mag­<lb/>nificent Structures; from this Knowledge <lb/>&longs;ound Rules are to be drawn, which are by no <lb/>means to be neglected by tho&longs;e who have not <lb/>a Mind to make them&longs;elves ridiculous by build­<lb/>ing, as I &longs;uppo&longs;e nobody has. </s> <s>The&longs;e Rules it <lb/>is our Bu&longs;ine&longs;s here to collect and explain, ac­<lb/>cording to the be&longs;t of our Capacity. </s> <s>Of the&longs;e <lb/>&longs;ome regard the univer&longs;al Beauty and Orna­<lb/>ment of the whole Edifice; other the particu­<lb/>lar Parts and Members taken &longs;eparately. </s> <s>The <lb/>former are taken immediately from Philo&longs;ophy <lb/>and are intended to direct and regulate the <lb/>Operations of this Art; the others from Ex­<lb/>perience, as we have &longs;hewn above, only filed <lb/>and perfected by the Principles of Philo­<lb/>&longs;ophy. </s> <s>I &longs;hall &longs;peak fir&longs;t of tho&longs;e wherein this <lb/>particular Art is mo&longs;t concerned; and as for <lb/>the others, which relate to the Univer&longs;ality, <lb/>they &longs;hall &longs;erve by Way of Epilogue.</s></p><p type="head"> <s>CHAP. IV</s></p><p type="main"> <s><emph type="italics"/>That Beauty and Ornament in every Thing ari&longs;e from Contrivance, or the <lb/>Hand of the Artificer, or from Nature; and that though the Region indeed <lb/>can hardly be improved by the Wit or Labour of Man, yet many other <lb/>Things may be done highly worthy of Admiration, and &longs;carcely credible.<emph.end type="italics"/></s></p><p type="main"> <s>That which delights us in Things that <lb/>are either beautiful or finely adorned, <lb/>mu&longs;t proceed either from the Contrivance and <lb/>Invention of the Mind, or the Hand of the <lb/>Artificer, or from &longs;omewhat derived immedi­<lb/>ately from Nature her&longs;elf. </s> <s>To the Mind be­<pb xlink:href="003/01/134.jpg" pagenum="116"/>long the Flection, Di&longs;tribution, Di&longs;po&longs;ition, <lb/>and other Things of the like Nature which <lb/>give Dignity to the Work: To the Hand, the <lb/>ama&longs;&longs;ing, adding, dimini&longs;hing, chipping, po­<lb/>li&longs;hing, and the like, which make the Work <lb/>delicate: The Qualities derived from Nature <lb/>are Heavine&longs;s, Lightne&longs;s, Thickne&longs;s, Clearne&longs;s, <lb/>Durability, <emph type="italics"/>&c.<emph.end type="italics"/> which make the Work wond­<lb/>erful. </s> <s>The&longs;e three Operations are to be adapt­<lb/>cd to the &longs;everal Parts according to their various <lb/>U&longs;es and Offices. </s> <s>There are &longs;everal Ways of <lb/>dividing and con&longs;idering the different Parts: <lb/>But at pre&longs;ent we &longs;hall divide all Buildings <lb/>either according to the Parts in which they <lb/>generally agree, or to tho&longs;e in which they ge­<lb/>nerally differ. </s> <s>In the fir&longs;t Book we &longs;aw that <lb/>all Edifices mu&longs;t have Region, Situation, Com­<lb/>partition, Walling, Covering, and Apertures; <lb/>in the&longs;e Particulars therefore they agree. </s> <s>But <lb/>then in the&longs;e others they differ, namely, that <lb/>&longs;ome are Sacred, others Profane, &longs;ome Pub­<lb/>lick, others Private, &longs;ome de&longs;igned for Nece&longs;­<lb/>&longs;ity, others for Plea&longs;ure, and &longs;o on. </s> <s>Let us be­<lb/>gin with tho&longs;e Particulars wherein they agree. <lb/></s> <s>What the Hand or Wit of Man can add to <lb/>the Region, either of Beauty or Dignity, is <lb/>hardly di&longs;coverable; unle&longs;s we would give in­<lb/>to tho&longs;e miraculous and &longs;uper&longs;titious Accounts <lb/>which we read of &longs;ome Works. </s> <s>Nor are the <lb/>Undertakers of &longs;uch Works blamed by pru­<lb/>dent Men, if their De&longs;igns an&longs;wer any great <lb/>Conveniency; but if they take Pains to do <lb/>what there was no Nece&longs;&longs;ity for, they are ju&longs;t­<lb/>ly denied the Prai&longs;e they hunt after. </s> <s>For who <lb/>would be &longs;o daring as to undertake, like <emph type="italics"/>Sta&longs;i­<lb/>crates,<emph.end type="italics"/> (according to <emph type="italics"/>Plutarch<emph.end type="italics"/>) or <emph type="italics"/>Dinocrates<emph.end type="italics"/><lb/>(according to <emph type="italics"/>Vitruvius<emph.end type="italics"/>) to make Mount <emph type="italics"/>Athos<emph.end type="italics"/><lb/>into a Statue of <emph type="italics"/>Alexander,<emph.end type="italics"/> and in one of the <lb/>Hands to build a City big enough to contain <lb/>ten thou&longs;and Men? </s> <s>Indeed I &longs;hould not di&longs;­<lb/>commend Queen <emph type="italics"/>Nitocris<emph.end type="italics"/> for having forced <lb/>the River <emph type="italics"/>Euphrates,<emph.end type="italics"/> by making va&longs;t Cuts, to <lb/>flow three Times round the City of the <emph type="italics"/>A&longs;&longs;y­<lb/>rians,<emph.end type="italics"/> if &longs;he made the Region &longs;trong and &longs;ecure <lb/>by tho&longs;e Trenches, and fruitful by the over­<lb/>flowing of the Water. </s> <s>But let us leave it to <lb/>mighty Kings to be delighted with &longs;uch Un­<lb/>dertakings: Let them join Sea to Sea by cut­<lb/>ting the Land between them: Let them level <lb/>Hills: Let them make new I&longs;lands, or join old <lb/>ones to the Continent: Let them put it out <lb/>of the Power of any others to imitate them, <lb/>and &longs;o make their Names memorable to Po&longs;te­<lb/>rity: Still all their wa&longs;t Works will be com­<lb/>mended not &longs;o much in Proportion to their <lb/>Greatne&longs;s as their U&longs;e. </s> <s>The Ancients &longs;ome­<lb/>times added Dignity not only to particular <lb/>Groves, but even to the whole Region, by <lb/>Means of Religion. </s> <s>We read that all <emph type="italics"/>Sicily<emph.end type="italics"/><lb/>was con&longs;ecrated to <emph type="italics"/>Ceres;<emph.end type="italics"/> but the&longs;e are Things <lb/>not now to be in&longs;i&longs;ted upon. </s> <s>It will be of great <lb/>and real Advantages, if the Region be po&longs;&longs;e&longs;&longs;ed <lb/>of &longs;ome rare Quality, no le&longs;s u&longs;eful than extra­<lb/>ordinary: As for In&longs;tance, if the Air be more <lb/>temperate than in any other Place, and always <lb/>equal and uniform, as we are told it is at <lb/><emph type="italics"/>Moroe,<emph.end type="italics"/> where Men live in a Manner as long as <lb/>they plea&longs;e; or if the Region produces &longs;ome­<lb/>thing not to be found el&longs;ewhere and very de­<lb/>&longs;irable and whole&longs;ome to Man, as that which <lb/>produces Amber, Cinnamon, and Bal&longs;am; or <lb/>if it has &longs;ome divine Influence in it, as there is <lb/>in the Soil of the I&longs;land <emph type="italics"/>Eubœa,<emph.end type="italics"/> where we are <lb/>told nothing noxious is produced. </s> <s>The Situ­<lb/>ation, being a certain determinate Part of the <lb/>Region, is adorned by all the &longs;ame Particulars <lb/>as beautify the Region it&longs;elf. </s> <s>But Nature ge­<lb/>nerally offers more Conveniencies, and tho&longs;e <lb/>more ready at Hand, for adorning the Situati­<lb/>on than the Region; for we very frequently <lb/>meet with Circum&longs;tances extreamly noble and <lb/>&longs;urpri&longs;ing, &longs;uch as Promontories, Rocks, brok­<lb/>en Hills va&longs;tly high and &longs;harp, Grottoes, Ca­<lb/>verns, Springs and the like; near which, if we <lb/>would have our Situation &longs;trike the Beholders <lb/>with Surprize, we may build to our Hearts <lb/>de&longs;ire. </s> <s>Nor &longs;hould their be wanting in the <lb/>Pro&longs;pect Remains of Antiquity, on which we <lb/>cannot turn our Eyes without con&longs;idering the <lb/>various Revolutions of Men and Things, and <lb/>being filled with Wonder and Admiration. </s> <s>I <lb/>need not mention the Place where <emph type="italics"/>Troy<emph.end type="italics"/> once <lb/>&longs;tood, or the Plains of <emph type="italics"/>Leuctra<emph.end type="italics"/> &longs;tained with <lb/>Blood, nor the Fields near <emph type="italics"/>Tra&longs;umenus,<emph.end type="italics"/> and a <lb/>thou&longs;and other Places memorable for &longs;ome <lb/>great Event. </s> <s>How the Hand and Wit of Man <lb/>may add to the Beauty of the Situation, is not <lb/>&longs;o ea&longs;ily &longs;hewn. </s> <s>I pa&longs;s over Things com­<lb/>monly done; &longs;uch as Plane-trees brought by <lb/>Sea to the I&longs;land of <emph type="italics"/>Tremeti<emph.end type="italics"/> to adorn the Situ­<lb/>ation, or Columns, Obelisks and Trees left by <lb/>great Men in order to &longs;trike Po&longs;terity with Ve­<lb/>neration; as for In&longs;tance, the Olive-tree planted <lb/>by <emph type="italics"/>Neptune<emph.end type="italics"/> and <emph type="italics"/>Minerva,<emph.end type="italics"/> which flouri&longs;hed for <lb/>&longs;o many Ages in the Citadel of <emph type="italics"/>Athens:<emph.end type="italics"/> I like­<lb/>wife pa&longs;s over ancient Traditions handed down <lb/>from Age to Age, as that of the Turpentine­<lb/>tree near <emph type="italics"/>Hebron,<emph.end type="italics"/> which was reported to have <lb/>&longs;tood from the Creation of the World to the <lb/>Days of <emph type="italics"/>Jo&longs;ephus<emph.end type="italics"/> the Hi&longs;torian. </s> <s>Nothing can <pb xlink:href="003/01/135.jpg" pagenum="117"/>give a greater Air of Dignity and Aw&longs;ulne&longs;s to <lb/>a Place than &longs;ome artful Laws made by the <lb/>Ancients; &longs;uch as the&longs;e: That nothing Male <lb/>&longs;hould pre&longs;ume to &longs;et Foot in the Temple of <lb/>the <emph type="italics"/>Bona Dea,<emph.end type="italics"/> nor in that of <emph type="italics"/>Diana<emph.end type="italics"/> in the Pa­<lb/>trician Portico; and at <emph type="italics"/>Tanagra,<emph.end type="italics"/> that no Wo­<lb/>man &longs;hould enter the &longs;acred Grove, nor the in­<lb/>ner Parts of the Temple of <emph type="italics"/>Jeru&longs;alem;<emph.end type="italics"/> and <lb/>that no Per&longs;on what&longs;oever, be&longs;ides the Prie&longs;t, <lb/>and he only in order to purify him&longs;elf for Sa­<lb/>cri&longs;ice, &longs;hould wa&longs;h in the Fountain near <emph type="italics"/>Pan­<lb/>thos;<emph.end type="italics"/> and that nobody &longs;hould pre&longs;ume to &longs;pit <lb/>in the Place called <emph type="italics"/>Doliola<emph.end type="italics"/> near the great Drain <lb/>at <emph type="italics"/>Rome,<emph.end type="italics"/> where the Bones of <emph type="italics"/>Numa Pompilius<emph.end type="italics"/><lb/>were depo&longs;ited; and upon &longs;ome Chapels there <lb/>have been In&longs;criptions, &longs;trictly forbidding any <lb/>common Pro&longs;titute to enter; in the Temple of <lb/><emph type="italics"/>Diana<emph.end type="italics"/> at <emph type="italics"/>Crete,<emph.end type="italics"/> none were admitted, except <lb/>they were bare-footed; it was unlawful to bring <lb/>a Bond-woman into the Temple of the God­<lb/>de&longs;s <emph type="italics"/>Matuta;<emph.end type="italics"/> and all common Cryers were ex­<lb/>cluded from the Temple of <emph type="italics"/>Orodio<emph.end type="italics"/> at <emph type="italics"/>Rhodes,<emph.end type="italics"/><lb/>and all Fiddlers from that of <emph type="italics"/>Temnius<emph.end type="italics"/> at <emph type="italics"/>Te­<lb/>nedos.<emph.end type="italics"/></s><s> So again, it was unlawful to go out of <lb/>the Temple of <emph type="italics"/>Jupiter Alfi&longs;tius<emph.end type="italics"/> without &longs;acri­<lb/>ficing, and to carry any Ivy into the Temple <lb/>of <emph type="italics"/>Minerva<emph.end type="italics"/> at <emph type="italics"/>Athens,<emph.end type="italics"/> or into that of <emph type="italics"/>Venus<emph.end type="italics"/> at <lb/><emph type="italics"/>Thebes.<emph.end type="italics"/></s><s> In the Temple of <emph type="italics"/>Fauna,<emph.end type="italics"/> it was not <lb/>lawful &longs;o much as to mention the Name of <lb/>Wine. </s> <s>In the &longs;ame Manner it was decreed, <lb/>that the Gate <emph type="italics"/>Janualis<emph.end type="italics"/> at <emph type="italics"/>Rome<emph.end type="italics"/> &longs;hould never <lb/>be &longs;hut, but in Time of War, nor the Temple <lb/>of <emph type="italics"/>Janus<emph.end type="italics"/> ever opened in Time of Peace; and <lb/>that the Temple of the Godde&longs;s <emph type="italics"/>Hora<emph.end type="italics"/> &longs;hould <lb/>&longs;tand always open. </s> <s>If we were to imitate any <lb/>of the&longs;e Cu&longs;toms, perhaps it might not be a­<lb/>mi&longs;s to make it criminal for Women to enter <lb/>the Temples of Martyrs; or Men, tho&longs;e dedi­<lb/>cated to Virgin Saints. </s> <s>Moreover there are &longs;ome <lb/>Advantages very de&longs;irable, &longs;aid to be procured <lb/>by Art, which when we read of, we could <lb/>&longs;carcely believe, unle&longs;s we &longs;aw &longs;omething like <lb/>it in &longs;ome particular Places even at this Day. <lb/></s> <s>We are told that it was brought about by hu­<lb/>man Art, that in <emph type="italics"/>Con&longs;tantinople<emph.end type="italics"/> Serpents will <lb/>never hurt any body, and that no Daws will fly <lb/>within the Walls; and that no Gra&longs;shoppers <lb/>are ever heard in <emph type="italics"/>Naples,<emph.end type="italics"/> nor any Owls in <lb/><emph type="italics"/>Candy.<emph.end type="italics"/></s><s> In the Temple of <emph type="italics"/>Achilles,<emph.end type="italics"/> in the <lb/>I&longs;land of <emph type="italics"/>Bori&longs;thenes<emph.end type="italics"/> no Bird what&longs;oever will <lb/>enter, nor any Dog or Fly of any Sort in the <lb/>Temple of <emph type="italics"/>Hercules<emph.end type="italics"/> near the <emph type="italics"/>Forum Boarium<emph.end type="italics"/><lb/>at <emph type="italics"/>Rome.<emph.end type="italics"/></s><s> But what &longs;hall we &longs;ay of this &longs;ur­<lb/>prizing Particularity, that at <emph type="italics"/>Venice,<emph.end type="italics"/> even at <lb/>this Day, no Kind of Fly ever enters the pub­<lb/>lick Palace of the <emph type="italics"/>Cen&longs;ors?<emph.end type="italics"/> And even in the <lb/>Fle&longs;h-market at <emph type="italics"/>Toledo,<emph.end type="italics"/> there is never more than <lb/>one Fly &longs;een throughout the Year, and that a <lb/>remarkable one for its Whitene&longs;s. </s> <s>The&longs;e <lb/>&longs;trange Accounts which we find in Authors, <lb/>are too numerous to be all in&longs;erted here, and <lb/>whether they are owing to Nature or Art, I <lb/>&longs;hall not now pretend to decide. </s> <s>But then, <lb/>again, how can we, either by Nature or Art, <lb/>account for what they tell us of a Laurel-tree <lb/>growing in the Sepulchre of <emph type="italics"/>Bibrias<emph.end type="italics"/> King of <lb/><emph type="italics"/>Pontus,<emph.end type="italics"/> from which if the lea&longs;t Twig is brok­<lb/>en, and put aboard a Ship, that Ship &longs;hall ne­<lb/>ver be free from Mutinies and Tumults till the <lb/>Twig is thrown out of it: Or for its never <lb/>raining upon the <emph type="italics"/>Altar<emph.end type="italics"/> in <emph type="italics"/>Venus's<emph.end type="italics"/> Temple at <lb/><emph type="italics"/>Paphos:<emph.end type="italics"/> Or for this, that whatever Part of the <lb/>Sacrifice is left at <emph type="italics"/>Minerva's<emph.end type="italics"/> Shrine in <emph type="italics"/>Phrygia <lb/>minor,<emph.end type="italics"/> will never corrupt: Or this, if you <lb/>break off any Part of <emph type="italics"/>Anteus's<emph.end type="italics"/> Sepulchre, it <lb/>immediately begins to rain, and never leaves off <lb/>till it is made whole again? </s> <s>Some indeed af­<lb/>firm, that all the&longs;e Things may be done by an <lb/>Art, now lo&longs;t, by means of little con&longs;tellated <lb/>Images, which A&longs;tronomers pretend are not <lb/>unknown to them. </s> <s>I remember to have read <lb/>in the Author of the Life of <emph type="italics"/>Apollonius Tyaneus,<emph.end type="italics"/><lb/>that in the chief Apartments of the Royal Palace <lb/>at <emph type="italics"/>Babylon,<emph.end type="italics"/> &longs;ome Magicians fa&longs;tened to the <lb/>Cieling four golden Birds, which they called <lb/>the Tongues of the Gods, and that the&longs;e were <lb/>endued with the Virtue of conciliating the Af­<lb/>fection of the Multitude towards their King: <lb/>And <emph type="italics"/>Jo&longs;ephus,<emph.end type="italics"/> a very grave Author, &longs;ays that <lb/>he him&longs;elf &longs;aw a certain Man named <emph type="italics"/>Eleazer,<emph.end type="italics"/><lb/>who in the Prefence of the Emperor <emph type="italics"/>Ve&longs;pa&longs;ian<emph.end type="italics"/><lb/>and his Sons, immediately cured a Man that <lb/>was po&longs;&longs;e&longs;&longs;ed, by fa&longs;tening a Ring to his No&longs;e; <lb/>and the &longs;ame Author writes that <emph type="italics"/>Solomon<emph.end type="italics"/> com­<lb/>po&longs;ed certain Ver&longs;es, which would give Ea&longs;e <lb/>in Di&longs;tempers; and <emph type="italics"/>Eu&longs;ebius Pamphilus<emph.end type="italics"/> &longs;ays, <lb/>that the <emph type="italics"/>Ægyptian<emph.end type="italics"/> God <emph type="italics"/>Serapis,<emph.end type="italics"/> whom we call <lb/><emph type="italics"/>Pluto,<emph.end type="italics"/> invented certain Charms which would <lb/>drive away evil Spirits, and taught the Methods <lb/>by which <emph type="italics"/>Dæmons<emph.end type="italics"/> a&longs;&longs;umed the Shapes of brute <lb/>Bea&longs;ts to do mi&longs;chief. <emph type="italics"/>Servius<emph.end type="italics"/> too &longs;ays, that <lb/>there were Men who u&longs;ed to carry Charms <lb/>about them, by which they were &longs;ecured a­<lb/>gain&longs;t all unhappy Turns of Fortune; and that <lb/>tho&longs;e Charms were &longs;o powerful, that the Per­<lb/>&longs;ons who wore them could never die till they <lb/>were taken from them. </s> <s>If the&longs;e Things could <lb/>be true, I &longs;hould ea&longs;ily believe what we read <lb/>in <emph type="italics"/>Plutarch,<emph.end type="italics"/> that among the <emph type="italics"/>Pelenei<emph.end type="italics"/> there was <lb/>an Image, which if it were brought out of the <pb xlink:href="003/01/136.jpg" pagenum="118"/>Temple by the Prie&longs;t, filled every Creature <lb/>with Terror and Dread on whatever Side it was <lb/>turned; and that no Eye dur&longs;t look towards <lb/>it, for Fear. </s> <s>The&longs;e miraculous Accounts we <lb/>have in&longs;erted only by way of Amu&longs;ement. </s> <s>As <lb/>to other Particulars which may help to make <lb/>the Situation beautiful, con&longs;idered in a general <lb/>View, &longs;uch as the Circumference, the Space <lb/>round about it, its Elevation, Levelling, <lb/>Strengthening, and the like, I have nothing <lb/>more to &longs;ay here, but to refer you for In&longs;truc­<lb/>tions to the fir&longs;t and third Books. </s> <s>The chief <lb/>Qualities requi&longs;ite in a Situation or Platform <lb/>(as we have there ob&longs;erved) are to be perfectly <lb/>dry, even, and &longs;olid, as al&longs;o convenient and <lb/>&longs;uitable to the Purpo&longs;e of the Building; and <lb/>it will be a very great Help to it, to &longs;trengthen <lb/>it with a good Bottom made of baked Earth, <lb/>in the Manner which we &longs;hall teach when we <lb/>come to treat of the Wall. </s> <s>We mu&longs;t not here <lb/>omit an Ob&longs;ervation made by <emph type="italics"/>Plato,<emph.end type="italics"/> that it <lb/>will be a great Addition to the Dignity of the <lb/>Place, if you give it &longs;ome great Name; and <lb/>this we find the Emperor <emph type="italics"/>Adrian<emph.end type="italics"/> was very <lb/>fond of doing, when he gave the Names of <lb/><emph type="italics"/>Lycus, Canopeis, Academia, Tempe<emph.end type="italics"/> and other <lb/>great Titles to the &longs;everal Parts of his <emph type="italics"/>Villa<emph.end type="italics"/> at <lb/><emph type="italics"/>Tivoli.<emph.end type="italics"/></s></p><p type="head"> <s>CHAP. V.</s></p><p type="head"> <s><emph type="italics"/>A &longs;hort Recapitulation of the Compartition, and of the ju&longs;t Compo&longs;ition and <lb/>adorning the Wall and Covering.<emph.end type="italics"/></s></p><p type="main"> <s>Though we have already &longs;aid almo&longs;t <lb/>as much as was nece&longs;&longs;ary of the Com­<lb/>partition in the fir&longs;t Book, yet we &longs;hall take a <lb/>brief Review of it again here. </s> <s>The chief and <lb/>fir&longs;t Ornament of any Thing is to be free from <lb/>all Improprieties. </s> <s>It will therefore be a ju&longs;t <lb/>and proper Compartition, if it is neither con­<lb/>fu&longs;ed nor interrupted, neither too rambling nor <lb/>compo&longs;ed of un&longs;uitable Parts, and if the Mem­<lb/>bers be neither too many nor too few, neither <lb/>too &longs;mall nor too large, nor mi&longs;-matcht nor un­<lb/>&longs;ightly, nor as it were &longs;eparate and divided <lb/>from the Re&longs;t of the Body: But every Thing <lb/>&longs;o di&longs;po&longs;ed according to Nature and Conveni­<lb/>ence, and the U&longs;es for which the Structure is <lb/>intended, with &longs;uch Order, Number, Size, Si­<lb/>tuation and Form, that we may be &longs;atisfied <lb/>there is nothing throughout the whole Fabrick, <lb/>but what was contrived for &longs;ome U&longs;e or Con­<lb/>venience, and with the hand&longs;ome&longs;t Compact­<lb/>ne&longs;s of all the Parts. </s> <s>If the Compartition <lb/>an&longs;wers in all the&longs;e Re&longs;pects, the Beauty and <lb/>Richne&longs;s of any Ornaments will &longs;it well upon <lb/>it; if not, it is impo&longs;&longs;ible it &longs;hould have any <lb/>Air of Dignity at all. </s> <s>The whole Compo&longs;iti­<lb/>on of the Members therefore &longs;hould &longs;eem to be <lb/>made and directed entirely by Nece&longs;&longs;ity and <lb/>Conveniency; &longs;o that you may not be &longs;o much <lb/>plea&longs;ed that there are &longs;uch or &longs;uch Parts in <lb/>the Building, as that they are di&longs;po&longs;ed and laid <lb/>out in &longs;uch a Situation, Order and Connection. <lb/></s> <s>In adorning the Wall and Covering, you will <lb/>have &longs;ufficient Room to di&longs;play the fine&longs;t Ma­<lb/>terials produced by Nature, and the mo&longs;t curi­<lb/>ous Contrivance and Skill of the Artificer. </s> <s>If <lb/>it were in your Power to imitate the ancient <lb/><emph type="italics"/>O&longs;iris,<emph.end type="italics"/> who, we are told, built two Temples of <lb/>Gold, one to the Heavenly, the other to the <lb/>Royal <emph type="italics"/>Jupiter;<emph.end type="italics"/> or if you could rai&longs;e &longs;ome va&longs;t <lb/>Stone, almo&longs;t beyond humane Belief, like that <lb/>which <emph type="italics"/>Semiramis<emph.end type="italics"/> brought from the Mountains <lb/>of <emph type="italics"/>Arabia,<emph.end type="italics"/> which was twenty Cubits broad <lb/>every Way, and an hundred and fifty long; <lb/>or if you had &longs;uch large Stone, that you could <lb/>make &longs;ome Part of the Work all of one Piece, <lb/>like a Chapel in <emph type="italics"/>Latona's<emph.end type="italics"/> Temple in <emph type="italics"/>Ægypt,<emph.end type="italics"/><lb/>forty Cubits wide in Front, and hollowed in <lb/>one &longs;ingle Stone, and &longs;o al&longs;o covered with an­<lb/>other: This no doubt would create a va&longs;t deal <lb/>of Admiration in the Beholders, and e&longs;pecially <lb/>if the Stone was a foreign one, and brought <lb/>through difficult Ways, like that which <emph type="italics"/>Hero­<lb/>dotus<emph.end type="italics"/> relates to have been brought from the City <lb/>of <emph type="italics"/>Elephantis,<emph.end type="italics"/> which was about twenty Cubits <lb/>broad, and fifteen high, and was carried as far <lb/>as <emph type="italics"/>Su&longs;a<emph.end type="italics"/> in twenty Days. </s> <s>It will al&longs;o add great­<lb/>ly to the Ornament and Wonder of the Work, <lb/>if &longs;uch an extraordinary Stone be &longs;et in a re­<lb/>markable and honourable Place. </s> <s>Thus the <lb/>little Temple at <emph type="italics"/>Chemmis,<emph.end type="italics"/> an I&longs;land in <emph type="italics"/>Ægypt,<emph.end type="italics"/><lb/>is not &longs;o &longs;urprizing upon Account of being co­<lb/>vered with one &longs;ingle Stone, as upon Account <lb/>of &longs;uch a huge Stone's being rai&longs;ed to &longs;o great a <lb/>Height. </s> <s>The Rarity and Beauty of the Stone <lb/>it&longs;elf will al&longs;o add greatly to the Ornament; as <lb/>for In&longs;tance, if it is that &longs;ort of Marble, with <pb xlink:href="003/01/137.jpg" pagenum="119"/>which we are told <emph type="italics"/>Nero<emph.end type="italics"/> built a Temple to <lb/><emph type="italics"/>Fortune<emph.end type="italics"/> in his golden Palace, which was &longs;o <lb/>white, &longs;o clear and tran&longs;parent, that even when <lb/>all the Doors were &longs;hut the Light &longs;eemed to be <lb/>enclo&longs;e within the Temple. </s> <s>All the&longs;e Things <lb/>are very Noble in them&longs;elves; but they will <lb/>make no Figure if there is not Care and Art <lb/>u&longs;ed in their Compo&longs;ition or putting together: <lb/>For every Thing mu&longs;t be reduced to exact Mea­<lb/>&longs;ure, &longs;o that all the Parts may corre&longs;pond with <lb/>one another, the Right with the Left, the <lb/>lower Parts with the Upper, with nothing in­<lb/>terfering that may blemi&longs;h either the Order or <lb/>the Materials, but every Thing &longs;quared to ex­<lb/>act Angles and &longs;imilar Lines. </s> <s>We may often <lb/>ob&longs;erve that ba&longs;e Materials managed with Art, <lb/>make a hand&longs;omer Shew than the Noble&longs;t <lb/>heaped together in Confu&longs;ion. </s> <s>Who can ima­<lb/>gine that the Wall of <emph type="italics"/>Atheus,<emph.end type="italics"/> which <emph type="italics"/>Thucydides<emph.end type="italics"/><lb/>informs us was built &longs;o tumultuou&longs;ly that they <lb/>even threw into it &longs;ome of the Statues of their <lb/>Sepulchres, could have any Beauty in it, or be <lb/>any ways adorned by being full of broken Sta­<lb/>tues? </s> <s>On the Contrary, we are very much <lb/>plea&longs;ed with the Walls of &longs;ome old Country­<lb/>Hou&longs;es, though they are built of any Stone <lb/>that the People could pick up; becau&longs;e they <lb/>are di&longs;po&longs;ed in even Rows, with an alternate <lb/>Checquer of Black and White: &longs;o that con­<lb/>&longs;idering the Meanne&longs;s of the Structure, no­<lb/>thing can be de&longs;ired hand&longs;omer. </s> <s>But perhaps <lb/>this Con&longs;ideration belongs rather to that Part <lb/>of the Wall which is called the outward Coat, <lb/>than to the Body of the Wall it&longs;elf. </s> <s>To con­<lb/>clude, all your Materials &longs;hould be &longs;o di&longs;tribu­<lb/>ted that nothing &longs;hould be begun, but accord­<lb/>ing to &longs;ome judicious Plan; nothing carried on <lb/>but in pur&longs;uance of the &longs;ame; and no Part of <lb/>it left imperfect, but fini&longs;hed and compleated <lb/>with the utmo&longs;t Care and Diligence. </s> <s>But the <lb/>principal Ornament both of the Wall and Co­<lb/>vering, and e&longs;pecially of all vaulted Roofs (al­<lb/>ways excepted Columns) is the outward Coat: <lb/>And this may be of &longs;everal Sorts; either all <lb/>white, or adorned with Figures and Stuc-work, <lb/>or with Painting, or Pictures &longs;et in Pannels, or <lb/>with <emph type="italics"/>Mo&longs;aie<emph.end type="italics"/> Work, or el&longs;e a Mixture of all <lb/>the&longs;e together.</s></p><p type="head"> <s>CHAP. VI.</s></p><p type="head"> <s><emph type="italics"/>In what Manner great Weights and large Stones are moved from one Place to <lb/>another or rai&longs;ed to any great Height.<emph.end type="italics"/></s></p><p type="main"> <s>Of tho&longs;e Ornaments la&longs;t mentioned we are <lb/>to treat; and to &longs;hew what they are and <lb/>how they are to be made; but having in the <lb/>la&longs;t Chapter mentioned the moving of va&longs;t <lb/>Stones, it &longs;eems nece&longs;&longs;ary here to give &longs;ome <lb/>Account in what Manner &longs;uch huge Bodies are <lb/>moved, and how they are rai&longs;ed to &longs;uch high <lb/>and difficult Places. <emph type="italics"/>Plutarch<emph.end type="italics"/> relates that <lb/><emph type="italics"/>Archimedes,<emph.end type="italics"/> the great Mathematician of <emph type="italics"/>Syra­<lb/>cu&longs;e,<emph.end type="italics"/> drew a Ship of Burthen with all its lad­<lb/>ing through the Middle of the Market Place, <lb/>with his Hand, as if he had been only leading <lb/>along a Hor&longs;e by the Bridle: But we &longs;hall here <lb/>con&longs;ider only tho&longs;e Things that are nece&longs;&longs;ary <lb/>in Practice; and then take Notice of &longs;ome <lb/>Points, by which Men of Learning and good <lb/>Apprehen&longs;ions may fully and clearly under­<lb/>&longs;tand the whole Bu&longs;ine&longs;s of them&longs;elves. <emph type="italics"/>Pliny<emph.end type="italics"/><lb/>&longs;ays, that the Obelisk brought from <emph type="italics"/>Phœnicia<emph.end type="italics"/><lb/>to <emph type="italics"/>Thebes,<emph.end type="italics"/> was brought down a Canal cut from <lb/>the <emph type="italics"/>Nile,<emph.end type="italics"/> in Ships full of Bricks, &longs;o that by ta­<lb/>king out &longs;ome of the Bricks they could at any <lb/>Time lighten the Ve&longs;&longs;el of its Lading. </s> <s>We <lb/>find in <emph type="italics"/>Ammianus Marcellinus<emph.end type="italics"/> the Hi&longs;torian, <lb/>that an Obelisk was brought from the <emph type="italics"/>Nile,<emph.end type="italics"/> in <lb/>a Ve&longs;&longs;el of three hundred Oars, and laid upon <lb/>Rollers at three Miles di&longs;tance from <emph type="italics"/>Rome,<emph.end type="italics"/> and <lb/>&longs;o drawn into the great <emph type="italics"/>Circus<emph.end type="italics"/> through the <lb/>Gate that leads to <emph type="italics"/>O&longs;tia:<emph.end type="italics"/> And that &longs;everal <lb/>thou&longs;and Men laboured hard at the crecting it, <lb/>though the whole <emph type="italics"/>Circus<emph.end type="italics"/> was full of nothing <lb/>but va&longs;t Engines and Ropes of a prodigious <lb/>Thickne&longs;s. </s> <s>We read in <emph type="italics"/>Vitruvius<emph.end type="italics"/> that <emph type="italics"/>Cte&longs;iphon<emph.end type="italics"/><lb/>and his Son <emph type="italics"/>Metagenes<emph.end type="italics"/> brought his Columns <lb/>and Architraves to <emph type="italics"/>Ephe&longs;us<emph.end type="italics"/> by a Method which <lb/>they borrowed from tho&longs;e Cylinders with <lb/>which the Ancients u&longs;ed to level the Ground: <lb/>For in each End of the Stone they fixed a Pin <lb/>of Iron which they fa&longs;tened in with Lead, <lb/>which Pin &longs;tood out and &longs;erved as an Axis, <lb/>and at each End was let into a Wheel &longs;o large <lb/>as for the Stone to hang upon its Pins above <lb/>the Ground; and &longs;o by the Motion of the <lb/>Wheels the Stones were carried along with a <lb/>great deal of Ea&longs;e. </s> <s>We are told that <emph type="italics"/>Chem­<lb/>minus<emph.end type="italics"/> the <emph type="italics"/>Ægyptian,<emph.end type="italics"/> when he built that va&longs;t <pb xlink:href="003/01/138.jpg" pagenum="120"/>Pyramid of above &longs;ix Furlongs high, rai&longs;ed a <lb/>Mound of Earth all the Way up along with <lb/>the Building, by which he carried up tho&longs;e <lb/>huge Stones into their Places. <emph type="italics"/>Herodotus<emph.end type="italics"/> writes <lb/>that <emph type="italics"/>Cheops,<emph.end type="italics"/> the Son of <emph type="italics"/>Rhamp&longs;inites,<emph.end type="italics"/> in the <lb/>building of that Pyramid which employed an <lb/>hundred thou&longs;and Men for many Years, left <lb/>Steps on the Out&longs;ide of it, by means of which <lb/>the large&longs;t Stones might by proper Engines, be <lb/>rai&longs;ed up into their Places without having Oc­<lb/>ca&longs;ion for very long Timbers. </s> <s>We read too <lb/>of Architraves of va&longs;t Stones being laid upon <lb/>huge Columns in the following Manner: Un­<lb/>der the Middle of the Architrave they &longs;et two <lb/>Bearers acro&longs;s, pretty near each other. </s> <s>Then <lb/>they loaded one End of the Architraves with a <lb/>great Number of Baskets full of Sand, the <lb/>Weight of which rai&longs;ed up the other End, on <lb/>which there were no Baskets, and one of the <lb/>Bearers was left without any Weight upon it: <lb/>Then removing the Baskets to the other End <lb/>&longs;o rai&longs;ed up, and putting under &longs;ome higher <lb/>Bearers in the Room of that which was left <lb/>without Weight, the Stone by little and little <lb/>ro&longs;e up as it were of its own accord. </s> <s>The&longs;e <lb/>Things which we have here briefly collect­<lb/>ed together, we leave to be more clearly <lb/>learnt from the Authors them&longs;elves. </s> <s>But <lb/>the Method of this Treati&longs;e requires, that we <lb/>&longs;hould &longs;peak &longs;uccinctly of &longs;ome few Things <lb/>that make to our Purpo&longs;e. </s> <s>I &longs;hall not wa&longs;te <lb/>Time in explaining any &longs;uch curious Principles, <lb/>as that it is the Nature of all heavy Bodies to <lb/>pre&longs;s continually downwards, and ob&longs;tinately <lb/>to &longs;eek the lowe&longs;t Place; that they make the <lb/>greate&longs;t Re&longs;i&longs;tance they are able again&longs;t being <lb/>rai&longs;ed aloft, and never change their Place, but <lb/>after the &longs;toute&longs;t Conflict, being either over­<lb/>come by &longs;ome greater Weight or &longs;ome more <lb/>powerful contrary Force. </s> <s>Nor &longs;hall I &longs;tand to <lb/>ob&longs;erve that Motions are various, from high to <lb/>low or from low to high, directly, or about a <lb/>Curve; and that &longs;ome Things are carried, &longs;ome <lb/>drawn, &longs;ome pu&longs;hed on, and the like; of <lb/>which Enquiries we &longs;hall treat more copiou&longs;ly <lb/>in another Place. </s> <s>This we may lay down for <lb/>certain, that a Weight is never moved with &longs;o <lb/>much Ea&longs;e as it is downwards; becau&longs;e it then <lb/>moves it&longs;elf, nor ever with more Difficulty, <lb/>than upwards; becau&longs;e it naturally re&longs;i&longs;ts that <lb/>Direction; and that there is a Kind of middle <lb/>Motion between the&longs;e two, which perhaps par­<lb/>takes &longs;omewhat of the Nature of both the <lb/>others, ina&longs;much as it neither moves of it&longs;elf, <lb/>nor of it&longs;elf re&longs;i&longs;ts, as when a Weight is drawn <lb/>upon an even Plain, free from all Rubs. </s> <s>All <lb/>other Motions are ea&longs;y or difficult in Proporti­<lb/>on as they approach to either of the preceding. <lb/></s> <s>And indeed Nature her&longs;elf &longs;eems in a good <lb/>Mea&longs;ure to have &longs;hewn us in what Manner <lb/>great Weights are to be moved: for we may <lb/>ob&longs;erve, that if any con&longs;iderable Weight is laid <lb/>upon a Column &longs;tanding upright, the lea&longs;t <lb/>Shove will pu&longs;h it off, and when once it be­<lb/>gins to fall, hardly any Force is &longs;ufficient to <lb/>&longs;top it. </s> <s>We may al&longs;o ob&longs;erve, that any round <lb/>Column, or Wheel, or any other Body that <lb/>turns about, is very ea&longs;ily moved, and very <lb/>hard to &longs;top when once it is &longs;et on going; and <lb/>if it is draged along without rowling, it does <lb/>not move with half the Ea&longs;e. </s> <s>We further &longs;ee, <lb/>that the va&longs;t Weight of a Ship may be moved <lb/>upon a &longs;tanding Water with a very &longs;mall Force, <lb/>if you keep pulling continually; but if you <lb/>&longs;trike it with ever &longs;o great a Blow &longs;uddenly, it <lb/>will not &longs;tir an Inch: On the Contrary, &longs;ome <lb/>Things will move with a &longs;udden Blow or a fu­<lb/>rious Pu&longs;h, which could not otherwi&longs;e be &longs;tirred <lb/>without a mighty Force or huge Engines. <lb/></s> <s>Upon Ice too the greate&longs;t Weights make but a <lb/>&longs;mall Re&longs;i&longs;tance, again&longs;t one that tries to draw <lb/>them. </s> <s>We likewi&longs;e &longs;ee that any Weight which <lb/>hangs upon a long Rope, is very ea&longs;ily moved <lb/>as far as a certain Point; but not &longs;o ea&longs;ily, fur­<lb/>ther. </s> <s>The Con&longs;ideration of the Rea&longs;ons of <lb/>the&longs;e Things, and the Imitation of them, may <lb/>be very u&longs;eful to our Purpo&longs;e; and therefore <lb/>we &longs;hall briefly treat of them here. </s> <s>The Keel <lb/>or Bottom of any Weight, that is to be drawn <lb/>along, &longs;hould be even and &longs;olid; and the <lb/>Broader it is, the le&longs;s it will plough up the <lb/>Ground all the Way under it, but then the <lb/>Thinner it is, it will &longs;lip along the Quicker, <lb/>only it will make the deeper Furrows, and be <lb/>apter to &longs;tick: If there are any Angles or Ine­<lb/>qualities in the Bottom of the Weight, it will <lb/>u&longs;e them as Claws to fa&longs;ten it&longs;elf in the Plain, <lb/>and to re&longs;i&longs;t its own Motion. </s> <s>If the Plain be <lb/>&longs;mooth, &longs;ound, even, hard, not ri&longs;ing or &longs;ink­<lb/>ing on any Side, the Weight will have nothing <lb/>to hinder its Motion, or to make it re&longs;u&longs;e to <lb/>obey, but its own natural Love of Re&longs;t, which <lb/>makes it lazy and unwilling to be moved. <lb/></s> <s>Perhaps it was from a Con&longs;ideration of the&longs;e <lb/>Things, and from a deeper Examination of the <lb/>Particulars we have here mentioned, and <emph type="italics"/>Ar­<lb/>chimedes<emph.end type="italics"/> was induced to &longs;ay, that if he had on­<lb/>ly a Ba&longs;is for &longs;o immen&longs;e a Weight, he would <lb/>not doubt to turn the World it&longs;elf about. </s> <s>The <lb/>Preparation of the Bottom of the Weight and <pb xlink:href="003/01/139.jpg" pagenum="121"/>the Plain upon which it is to be drawn, which <lb/>is what we are here to con&longs;ider, may be effect­<lb/>ed in the following Manner. </s> <s>Let &longs;uch a Num­<lb/>ber of Poles be laid along, and of &longs;uch a <lb/>Strength and Thickne&longs;s as may be &longs;ufficient <lb/>for the Weight; let them be &longs;ound, even, <lb/>&longs;mooth, and clo&longs;e joined to one another: Be­<lb/>tween the Bottom of the Weight and this Plain <lb/>which it is to &longs;lide upon, there &longs;hould be &longs;ome­<lb/>thing to make the Way more &longs;lippery; and <lb/>this may be either Soap, or Tallow, or Lees of <lb/>Oil, or perhaps Slime. </s> <s>There is another Way <lb/>of making the Weight &longs;lip along, which is by <lb/>underlaying it cro&longs;s-ways with Rollers: But <lb/>the&longs;e, though you have a &longs;ufficient Number of <lb/>them, are very hard to be kept even to their <lb/>proper Lines and exact Direction; which it is <lb/>ab&longs;olutely nece&longs;&longs;ary they &longs;hould be, and that <lb/>they &longs;hould all do Duty equally and at once, <lb/>or el&longs;e they will run together in Confu&longs;ion, <lb/>and carry the Weight to one Side And if you <lb/>have but few of them, being continually load­<lb/>ed, they will either be &longs;plit or flatted, and &longs;o <lb/>be rendered u&longs;ele&longs;s; or el&longs;e that &longs;ingle Line <lb/>with which they touch the Plain underneath, <lb/>or that other with which they touch the <lb/>Weight that is laid upon them, will &longs;tick fa&longs;t <lb/>with their &longs;harp Points and be immoveable <lb/>A Cylinder or Roller is a Body con&longs;i&longs;ting of a <lb/>Number of Circles joined together; and the <lb/>Mathematicians &longs;ay that a Circle can never <lb/>touch a right Line in more than one Point; <lb/>for which Rea&longs;on I call the &longs;ingle Line which <lb/>is pre&longs;&longs;ed by the Weight, the Point of the Rol­<lb/>ler. </s> <s>The only Way to provide again&longs;t this In­<lb/>convenience, is to have the Roller made of the <lb/>&longs;tronge&longs;t and &longs;ounde&longs;t Stuff, and exactly ac­<lb/>cording to Rule and Proportion.</s></p><p type="head"> <s>CHAP. VII.</s></p><p type="head"> <s><emph type="italics"/>Of Wheels, Pins, Leavers, Pullies, their Parts, Sizes and Figures.<emph.end type="italics"/></s></p><p type="main"> <s>But as there are &longs;everal other Things, be­<lb/>&longs;ides tho&longs;e already mentioned, which are <lb/>nece&longs;&longs;ary for our Purpo&longs;e, &longs;uch as Wheels, Pul­<lb/>lies, Skrews and Leavers, we &longs;hall here treat of <lb/>them more di&longs;tinctly. </s> <s>Wheels in a great Mea­<lb/>&longs;ure are the &longs;ame as Rollers, as they always <lb/>pre&longs;s down perpendicularly upon one Point: <lb/>But there is this Difference between them, <lb/>namely, that Rollers are more expeditious, <lb/>Wheels being hindered by the Friction of their <lb/>Pins or Axis. </s> <s>The Parts of a Wheel are three: <lb/>The large outer Circle, the Pin or Axis in the <lb/>Middle, and the Hole or Circle into which the <lb/>Pin is let. </s> <s>This Circle &longs;ome perhaps would <lb/>rather call the Pole; but becau&longs;e in &longs;ome Ma­<lb/>chines it &longs;tands &longs;till, and in others moves about, <lb/>we rather de&longs;ire Leave to call it the Axicle. <lb/></s> <s>If the Wheel turns upon a very thick Axis, it <lb/>will go very hard; if upon too thin a one, it <lb/>will not &longs;upport its Load; if the outer Circle <lb/>of the Wheel be too &longs;mall, the &longs;ame Inconve­<lb/>nience will happen that we ob&longs;erved of the <lb/>Roller, that is, it will &longs;tick in the Plain; if it <lb/>be too large, it will go along tottering from <lb/>Side to Side, and it will never be ready or <lb/>handy at turning one way or the other. </s> <s>If the <lb/>Axicle or Circle in which the Axis turns, be <lb/>too large, it will grind its Way out; if it be <lb/>too narrow, it will hardly be able to turn. </s> <s>Be­<lb/>tween the Axis and the Circle in which it turns, <lb/>there &longs;hould be &longs;omewhat to lubricate: Be­<lb/>cau&longs;e one of the&longs;e is to be con&longs;idered as the <lb/>Plain, and the other as the Bottom or Keel of <lb/>the Weights. </s> <s>Rollers and Wheels &longs;hould be <lb/>made of Elm or Holm-Oak: The Axis of <lb/>Holly or the Cornel-tree, or indeed rather of <lb/>Iron: The Circle for the Wheel to turn in, is <lb/>made be&longs;t of Bra&longs;s with one third of Tin. </s> <s>Pul­<lb/>lies are little Wheels. </s> <s>Leavers are of the Na­<lb/>ture of the Radii or Spokes of a Wheel. </s> <s>But <lb/>every Thing of this Sort, whether large Wheels <lb/>which Men turn about by walking within <lb/>them, or Cranes or Skrews, or any other En­<lb/>gine, working either by Leavers or Pullies; the <lb/>Principles, I &longs;ay, of all the&longs;e are deduced from <lb/>the Balance. </s> <s>They tell us, that <emph type="italics"/>Mercury<emph.end type="italics"/> was <lb/>believed to be a God chiefly upon this Ac­<lb/>count, that without the lea&longs;t Ge&longs;ture with his <lb/>Hand, he could make his Meaning perfectly <lb/>clear and plain by his Words. </s> <s>This, though <lb/>I am a little fearful of &longs;ucceeding in it, I &longs;hall <lb/>here endeavour to do to the utmo&longs;t of my <lb/>Power: For my De&longs;ign is to &longs;peak of the&longs;e <lb/>Things not like a Mathematician, but like a <lb/>Workman; and to &longs;ay no more than is ab&longs;o­<lb/><arrow.to.target n="marg12"/><lb/>lutely nece&longs;&longs;ary. </s> <s>For the clearer under&longs;tand­<lb/>ing therefore of this Matter, I will &longs;uppo&longs;e that <lb/>you have in your Hand, a Dart. </s> <s>In this Dart I <lb/><pb xlink:href="003/01/140.jpg" pagenum="122"/>would have you con&longs;ider three Places, which <lb/>I call Points; the two Ends, that is the Steel <lb/>and the Peathers, and the third is the Loop in <lb/>the Middle for throwing the Dart by; and the <lb/>two Spaces between the two Ends and the <lb/>Loop, I &longs;hall call the Radii. </s> <s>I &longs;hall not di&longs;­<lb/>pute about the Rea&longs;ons of the&longs;e Names, which <lb/>will appear better from the Con&longs;ideration of <lb/>the Thing it&longs;elf. </s> <s>If the Loop be placed ex­<lb/>actly in the Middle of the Dart, and the Fea­<lb/>ther End be ju&longs;t equal in Weight to the Steel, <lb/>both Ends of the Dart will certainly hang even <lb/>and be equally poi&longs;ed; if the &longs;teel End be the <lb/>Heavie&longs;t, the Feather will be thrown up, but <lb/>yet there will be a certain Point in the Dart <lb/>further towards the heavy End, to which if <lb/>you &longs;lip the Loop, the Weight will be imme­<lb/>diately brought to an equal Poi&longs;e again; and <lb/>this will be the Point by which the larger Ra­<lb/>dius exceeds the &longs;maller ju&longs;t as much as the <lb/>&longs;maller Weight is exceeded by the larger. </s> <s>For <lb/>tho&longs;e who apply them&longs;elves to the Study of <lb/>the&longs;e Matters, tell us, that unequal Radii may <lb/>be made equal to unequal Weights, provided <lb/>the Number of the Parts of the Radius and <lb/>Weight of the right Side, multiplied together, <lb/>be equal to the Number of tho&longs;e Parts on the <lb/>oppo&longs;ite left Side: Thus if the Steel be three <lb/>Parts, and the Feather two, the Radius be­<lb/>tween the Loop and the Steel mu&longs;t be two, and <lb/>the other Radius between the Loop and the <lb/>Feather mu&longs;t be three. </s> <s>By which Means, as <lb/>this Number five will an&longs;wer to the five on the <lb/>oppo&longs;ite Side, the Radii and the Weights an­<lb/>&longs;wering equally to one another, they will hang <lb/>even and be equally poi&longs;ed. </s> <s>If the Number <lb/>on each Side do not an&longs;wer to one another, <lb/>that Side will overcome on which that Inequa­<lb/>lity of Numbers lies. </s> <s>I will not omit one Ob­<lb/>&longs;ervation, namely, that if equal Radii run out <lb/>from both Sides of the Loop, and you give the <lb/>Ends a twirl round in the Air they will de­<lb/>&longs;eribe equal Circles; but if the Radii be un­<lb/>equal, the Circles which they de&longs;cribe, will be <lb/>unequal al&longs;o. </s> <s>We have already &longs;aid that a <lb/>Wheel is made up of a Number of Circles: <lb/>Whence it is evident, that if two Wheels let <lb/>into the &longs;ame Axis be turned by one and the <lb/>&longs;ame Motion, &longs;o as when one moves the <lb/>other cannot &longs;tand &longs;till, or when one &longs;tands <lb/>&longs;till the other cannot move; from the Length <lb/>of the Radii or Spokes in each Wheel we may <lb/>come at the Knowledge of the Force which is <lb/>in that Wheel, remembring always to take the <lb/>Length of the Radius &longs;rom the very Center of <lb/>the Axis. </s> <s>If the&longs;e Principles are &longs;ufficiently <lb/>under&longs;tood, the whole Secret of all the&longs;e En­<lb/>gines of which we are here treating, will be <lb/>mani&longs;e&longs;t; e&longs;pecially with Relation to Wheels <lb/>and Leavers. </s> <s>In Pullies indeed we may con­<lb/>&longs;ider &longs;ome &longs;urther Particulars: For both the <lb/>Rope which runs in the Pully and the little <lb/>Wheel in the Pully are as the Plain, whereon <lb/>the Weight is to be carried with the middle <lb/>Motion, which we ob&longs;erved in the la&longs;t Chapter <lb/>was between the mo&longs;t Ea&longs;y and the mo&longs;t Dif­<lb/>ficult, ina&longs;much as it is neither to be rai&longs;ed up <lb/>nor let down, but to be drawn along upon the <lb/>Plain keeping always to one Center. </s> <s>But that <lb/>you may under&longs;tand the Rea&longs;on of the Thing <lb/>more clearly, take a Statue of a thou&longs;and <lb/>Weight; if you hang this to the Trunk of a <lb/>Tree by one &longs;ingle Rope, it is evident this Rope <lb/>mu&longs;t bear the whole thou&longs;and Weight. </s> <s>Fa&longs;ten <lb/>a Pully to the Statue, and into this Pully let <lb/>the Rope by which the Statute hangs, and bring <lb/>this Rope up again to the Trunk of the Tree, <lb/>&longs;o as the Statue may hang upon the double <lb/>Rope, it is plain the Weight of the Statue is <lb/>then divided between two Ropes, and that the <lb/>Pully in the Middle divides the Weight equal­<lb/>ly between them. </s> <s>Let us go on yet further, <lb/>and to the Trunk of the Tree fa&longs;ten another <lb/>Pully and bring the Rope up through this <lb/>likewi&longs;e. </s> <s>I ask you what Weight this Part of <lb/>the Rope thus brought up and put through <lb/>the Pully will take upon it&longs;elf: You will &longs;ay <lb/>five hundred; do you not perceive from hence <lb/>that no greater Weight can be thrown upon <lb/>this &longs;econd Pully by the Rope, than what the <lb/>Rope has it&longs;elf; and that is five hundred. </s> <s>I <lb/>&longs;hall therefore go no farther, having, I think, <lb/>demon&longs;trated that a Weight is divided by Pul­<lb/>lies, by which means a greater Weight may be <lb/>moved by a &longs;maller; and the more Pullies <lb/>there are, the more &longs;till the Weight is divided; <lb/>from whence it follows that the more Wheels <lb/>there are in them, &longs;o many more Parts the <lb/>Weight is &longs;plit into and may &longs;o much the more <lb/>ea&longs;ily be managed.<lb/></s></p><pb xlink:href="003/01/141.jpg"/><p type="margin"> <s><margin.target id="marg12"/>*</s></p><p type="caption"> <s>PLATE 10. <emph type="italics"/>(Pages 121-22)<emph.end type="italics"/><lb/><figure id="id.003.01.141.1.jpg" xlink:href="003/01/141/1.jpg"/></s></p><pb xlink:href="003/01/142.jpg"/><p type="caption"> <s>PLATE 11. <emph type="italics"/>(Page 122)<emph.end type="italics"/><lb/><figure id="id.003.01.142.1.jpg" xlink:href="003/01/142/1.jpg"/></s></p><pb xlink:href="003/01/143.jpg"/><p type="caption"> <s>PLATE 12. <emph type="italics"/>(Page 122)<emph.end type="italics"/><lb/><figure id="id.003.01.143.1.jpg" xlink:href="003/01/143/1.jpg"/></s></p><pb xlink:href="003/01/144.jpg"/><p type="caption"> <s>PLATE 13. <emph type="italics"/>(Page 122<emph.end type="italics"/>)</s></p><figure id="id.003.01.144.1.jpg" xlink:href="003/01/144/1.jpg"/><pb xlink:href="003/01/145.jpg" pagenum="123"/><p type="head"> <s>CHAP. VIII.</s></p><p type="head"> <s><emph type="italics"/>Of the Skrew and its Circles or Worm, and in what Manner great Weights <lb/>are either drawn, carried or pu&longs;hed along.<emph.end type="italics"/></s></p><p type="main"> <s>We have already treated of Wheels, Pul­<lb/>lies and Leavers; we are now to pro­<lb/>ceed to the Skrew. </s> <s>A Skrew con&longs;i&longs;ts of a <lb/>Number of Circles like Rings, which take up­<lb/>on them&longs;elves the Burthen of the Weight. </s> <s>If <lb/>the&longs;e Rings were entire, and not broken in <lb/>&longs;uch a Manner, that the End of one of them is <lb/>the Beginning of the other; it is certain the <lb/>Weight which they &longs;upport, though it might <lb/>be moved about, would neither go upwards nor <lb/>downwards, but evenly round upon an equal <lb/>Plain according to the Direction of the Rings: <lb/>The Weight therefore is forced to &longs;lide either <lb/>upwards or downwards along the Slope of the <lb/>Rings, which act herein after the Manner of <lb/>the Leaver. </s> <s>Again, if the&longs;e Rings or this Worm <lb/>be of a &longs;mall Circumference, or be cut in too <lb/>near to the Center of the Skrew, the Weight <lb/>will then be moved by &longs;horter Leavers and <lb/>with a &longs;maller Force. </s> <s>I will not here omit one <lb/>Thing which I did not think to have menti­<lb/>oned in this Place: Namely, that if you could <lb/>&longs;o order it that the Bottom or Keel of any <lb/>Weight which you would move might (as far <lb/>as could be done by the Art and Skill of the <lb/>Workman) be made no broader than a Point, <lb/>and be moved in &longs;uch a Manner upon a firm <lb/>and &longs;olid Plain as not in the lea&longs;t to cut into <lb/>it, I would engage you &longs;hould move <emph type="italics"/>Archi­<lb/>medes's<emph.end type="italics"/> Ship, or effect any thing el&longs;e of this <lb/>Nature what&longs;oever. </s> <s>But of the&longs;e Matters we <lb/>&longs;hall treat in another Place. </s> <s>Each of the&longs;e <lb/>Forces in particular, of which we have already <lb/>&longs;poken, are of great Power for the moving of <lb/>any Weight; but when they are all joined to­<lb/>gether, they are va&longs;tly &longs;tronger. </s> <s>In <emph type="italics"/>Germany<emph.end type="italics"/><lb/>you every where &longs;ee the Youth &longs;porting upon <lb/>the Ice with a &longs;ort of wooden Pattens with a <lb/>very fine thin Bottom of Steel, in which with <lb/>a very &longs;mall Strain they &longs;lip over the Ice with <lb/>&longs;o much Swiftne&longs;s, that the quicke&longs;t flying <lb/>Bird can hardly out-go them. </s> <s>But as all Weights <lb/>are either drawn, or pu&longs;hed along, or carried, <lb/>we may di&longs;tingui&longs;h them thus: That they are <lb/>drawn by Ropes; pu&longs;hed along by Leavers; <lb/>and carried by Wheels, Rollers and the like: <lb/>And how all the&longs;e Powers may be made u&longs;e of <lb/><arrow.to.target n="marg13"/><lb/>at the &longs;ame Time, is manife&longs;t. </s> <s>But in all the&longs;e <lb/>Methods, there mu&longs;t of Nece&longs;&longs;ity be &longs;ome one <lb/>Thing, which &longs;tanding firm and immoveable <lb/>it&longs;elf, may &longs;erve to move the Weight in Que&longs;­<lb/>tion. </s> <s>If this Weight is to be drawn, there mu&longs;t <lb/>be &longs;ome greater Weight, to which you may <lb/>fa&longs;ten the In&longs;truments you are to employ; and <lb/>if no &longs;uch Weight can be had, fix a &longs;trong iron <lb/>Stake of the Length of three Cubits, deep in­<lb/>to the Ground which mu&longs;t be rammed down <lb/>tight all about it, or well &longs;trengthened with <lb/>Piles laid cro&longs;s-ways: And then fa&longs;ten the <lb/>Ropes of your Pullies or Cranes to the Head <lb/>of the Stake which &longs;tands up out of the Ground. <lb/></s> <s>If the Ground be &longs;andy, lay long Poles all the <lb/>Way for the Weight to &longs;lide upon, and at the <lb/>Head of the&longs;e Poles fa&longs;ten your In&longs;truments to <lb/>a good &longs;trong Stake. </s> <s>I will take Notice of <lb/>one Thing which the Unexperienced will never <lb/>allow, till they under&longs;tand the Matter thorough­<lb/>ly; which is, that along a Plain it is more con­<lb/>venient to draw two Weights than one; and <lb/>this is done in the following Manner: Having <lb/>moved the fir&longs;t Weight to the End of the <lb/>Timbers laid for it to &longs;lide upon, fix it there <lb/>with Wedges in &longs;uch a Manner that nothing <lb/>can &longs;tir it, and then fa&longs;ten or tie to it the En­<lb/>gines, or In&longs;truments with which you are to <lb/>draw your other Weight; and thus the move­<lb/>able Weight will be overcome and drawn along <lb/>the &longs;ame Plain by the other Weight, which is <lb/>no more than equal to it, but only that it is <lb/>fixed. </s> <s>If the Weight is to be drawn up on high, <lb/>we may very conveniently make u&longs;e of one <lb/>&longs;ingle Pole, or rather of the Ma&longs;t of a Ship; <lb/>but it mu&longs;t be very &longs;tout and &longs;trong. </s> <s>This <lb/>Ma&longs;t we mu&longs;t &longs;et upright, fa&longs;tening the Foot <lb/>of it to a Stake, or fixing it &longs;trong in any other <lb/>Manner that you plea&longs;e. </s> <s>To the upper End of <lb/>it we mu&longs;t fa&longs;ten no le&longs;s than three Ropes, one <lb/>on the right Side, another on the le&longs;t, and the <lb/>other running down directly even with the <lb/>Ma&longs;t. </s> <s>Then at &longs;ome Di&longs;tance from the Foot <lb/>of the Ma&longs;t fix your Cap&longs;tern and Pullies in <lb/>the Ground, and putting this la&longs;t Rope through <lb/>the Pullies, let it run through them &longs;o as to <lb/>draw the Head of the Ma&longs;t a little downwards, <lb/><pb xlink:href="003/01/146.jpg" pagenum="124"/>and we may guide it which way we think <lb/>proper by means of the two &longs;ide Ropes, as with <lb/>two Reins, making it either &longs;tand upright <lb/>whenever we find it nece&longs;&longs;ary, or &longs;toop which­<lb/>&longs;oever way we Plea&longs;e to &longs;et down the Weight <lb/>in the proper place. </s> <s>As to the&longs;e two &longs;ide <lb/>Ropes, if you have no greater Weight to fa&longs;ten <lb/>them to, you may fix them in the following <lb/>Manner: Dig a &longs;quare Pit in the Ground, and <lb/>in it lay the Trunk of a Tree, to which fa&longs;ten <lb/>one or more Loops that may &longs;tand up out of <lb/>the Ground; then lay &longs;ome cro&longs;s Timbers over <lb/>the Trunk, and fill up the Pit with Earth, ram­<lb/>ming it down very clo&longs;e, and if you wet it, it <lb/>will be the heavier. </s> <s>In all the other Particu­<lb/>lars, you may ob&longs;erve the Rules we have laid <lb/>down as to the Plain on which the Weight is <lb/>to &longs;lide: For you mu&longs;t fa&longs;ten Pullies both to <lb/>the Head of the Ma&longs;t and to the Weight which <lb/>is to be rai&longs;ed, and near the Foot of the Ma&longs;t <lb/>you mu&longs;t fix your Cap&longs;tern, or whatever other <lb/>In&longs;trument you u&longs;e that acts with the Power of <lb/>the Leaver. </s> <s>In all Engines of this Nature de­<lb/>&longs;igned for the moving of great Weights, we <lb/>&longs;hould take Care that none of the Parts of the <lb/>Machine which are to have any Stre&longs;s upon <lb/>them, be too &longs;mall, and that none of our <lb/>Ropes, Spokes, or any other Medium which <lb/>we u&longs;e in the Movement be weak by means of <lb/>their Length; for indeed long and thin are in <lb/>a Manner &longs;ynonimous Terms, and &longs;o, on the <lb/>Contrary, are &longs;hort and thick. </s> <s>If the Ropes <lb/>are &longs;mall let them run double in the Pullies; <lb/>if they are very thick, you mu&longs;t get larger <lb/>Pullies, that the Rope may not be cut by the <lb/>Edges of the Pully-wheel. </s> <s>The Axis of the <lb/>Pully &longs;hould be Iron, and not le&longs;s in Thickne&longs;s <lb/>than the &longs;ixth Part of the Semidiameter of the <lb/>Pully it&longs;elf, nor more than the eighth Part of <lb/>the whole Diameter. </s> <s>If the Rope be wetted, <lb/>it will be the more &longs;ecure from taking Fire, <lb/>which &longs;ometimes happens by means of its Mo­<lb/>tion and Friction in the Pully; it will al&longs;o turn <lb/>the Pully round the better, and keep better <lb/>within the Wheel. </s> <s>It is better to wet the <lb/>Rope with Vinegar than with Water; but if <lb/>you do it with Water, Sea-water is be&longs;t. </s> <s>If <lb/>you wet with fre&longs;h Water, and it is expo&longs;ed to <lb/>the Heat of the Sun, it will rot pre&longs;ently. <lb/></s> <s>Twi&longs;ting the Ropes together is much &longs;afer than <lb/>tying them; and e&longs;pecially you mu&longs;t take Care <lb/>that one Rope does not cut the other. </s> <s>The <lb/>Ancients u&longs;ed a Bar or Rule of Iron, to which <lb/>they fa&longs;tened the fir&longs;t Knots of their Ropes, <lb/>and their Pullies, and for taking up any Weight, <lb/>and e&longs;pecially of Stone, they had a Kind of <lb/>Pincers or Forceps of Iron. </s> <s>The Shape of <lb/>the&longs;e Pincers or Forceps was taken from the <lb/>Letter X, the lower Limbs of it being turned <lb/>inwards like a Crab's Claw, by which means it <lb/>fa&longs;tened it&longs;elf to the Weight. </s> <s>The two upper <lb/>Limbs had Holes at the Top, through which <lb/>they put a Rope, which being tied, and &longs;train­<lb/>ed tight by the moving Force, made the Teeth <lb/><arrow.to.target n="marg14"/><lb/>of the Pincers keep clo&longs;er to the Weight -A-. <lb/>In very large Stones, and e&longs;pecially in the <lb/>Middle of Columns, though perfectly &longs;mooth <lb/>in all other Parts, I have &longs;een little Knobs left <lb/>jutting out, like Handles, again&longs;t which the <lb/>Ropes were hitched, to prevent their &longs;lipping. <lb/></s> <s>It is al&longs;o common, e&longs;pecially in Cornices, to <lb/>make a Hole in the Stone like a Morti&longs;e, after <lb/>this Manner; you make a Hole in the Stone <lb/>like an empty Pur&longs;e, of a Bigne&longs;s an&longs;werable <lb/>to the Size of the Stone, narrower at the Mouth <lb/>than at the Bottom. </s> <s>I have &longs;een &longs;ome of the&longs;e <lb/>Holes a Foot deep. </s> <s>You then fill it with iron <lb/><arrow.to.target n="marg15"/><lb/>Wedges, -B-the two &longs;ide Wedges being &longs;hap­<lb/>ed like the letter D, which are put in fir&longs;t to <lb/>fill up the Sides of the Hole, and the middle <lb/>Wedge is put in la&longs;t between the&longs;e two. </s> <s>All <lb/>the&longs;e three Wedges have their Ears which pro­<lb/>ject out beyond the Morti&longs;e, and the&longs;e Ears <lb/>have a Hole drilled in them, through which <lb/>you put an iron Pin, which fa&longs;tens on a &longs;trong <lb/>Handle or Ring; and to this Ring you fa&longs;ten <lb/>the Rope which runs through the Pully that <lb/>is to draw up the Weight. </s> <s>My way of fa&longs;ten­<lb/>ing my Ropes about Columns, Jambs of Doors, <lb/>and other &longs;uch Stones which are to be &longs;et up­<lb/>right, is as follows. </s> <s>I make a Cincture or <lb/>Hoop of Wood or Iron of a due Strength for <lb/>bearing the Weight which I am to move, and <lb/>with this Hoop I &longs;urround the Column or <lb/>other Stone in &longs;ome convenient Part, making <lb/>it tight to the Stone with long thin Wedges <lb/>drove in gently with a Hammer, then I fa&longs;ten <lb/>my Ligatures to this Hoop, and by this Means <lb/>I neither &longs;poil the Beauty of the Stone by ma­<lb/>king Morti&longs;es in it, nor break the Edges of the <lb/>Jambs by the Rubbing of the Ropes again&longs;t <lb/>them: Be&longs;ides that it is the mo&longs;t expeditious, <lb/>convenient and &longs;afe&longs;t Way of fa&longs;tening the <lb/>Ropes that has been thought of. </s> <s>In another <lb/>Place I &longs;hall enlarge more particularly upon <lb/>many Things relating to this Subject. </s> <s>All I <lb/>&longs;hall ob&longs;ervc further here is, that all Engines <lb/>may be looked upon to be a Sort of Animals, <lb/>with prodigious &longs;trong Hands; and that they <lb/>move Weights ju&longs;t in the &longs;ame Manner as we <lb/></s></p><pb xlink:href="003/01/147.jpg"/><p type="margin"> <s><margin.target id="marg13"/>*</s></p><p type="margin"> <s><margin.target id="marg14"/>*</s></p><p type="margin"> <s><margin.target id="marg15"/>*</s></p><p type="caption"> <s>PLATE 14. <emph type="italics"/>(Page 123)<emph.end type="italics"/><lb/><figure id="id.003.01.147.1.jpg" xlink:href="003/01/147/1.jpg"/></s></p><pb xlink:href="003/01/148.jpg"/><p type="caption"> <s>PLATE 15. <emph type="italics"/>(Page 124)<emph.end type="italics"/><lb/><figure id="id.003.01.148.1.jpg" xlink:href="003/01/148/1.jpg"/><pb xlink:href="003/01/149.jpg" pagenum="125"/>Men do with our Arms. </s> <s>For this Rea&longs;on, the <lb/>&longs;ame Di&longs;tention and Contraction of the Mem­<lb/>bers and Nerves which we u&longs;e in pulling, <lb/>thru&longs;ting or lifting, we are to imitate in our <lb/>Engines. </s> <s>I &longs;hall only add one Piece of Ad­<lb/>vice more, which is, that whenever you are to <lb/>move any great Weight, in any Manner what­<lb/>&longs;oever, you would go about it carefully, cauti­<lb/>ou&longs;ly and deliberately, remembering the many <lb/>uncertain and irrecoverable Accidents and <lb/>Dangers which &longs;ometimes happen in Attempts <lb/>of this Nature, even to the mo&longs;t experienced: <lb/>For you will never get &longs;o much Honour and <lb/>Reputation if what you undertake, &longs;ucceeds, as <lb/>you will incur Blame and the Imputation of <lb/>Ra&longs;hne&longs;s, if it fails. </s> <s>We &longs;hall now leave this <lb/>Subject, to proceed to the outward Coat of <lb/>the Wall.</s></p><p type="head"> <s>CHAP. IX.</s></p><p type="main"> <s><emph type="italics"/>That the Incru&longs;tations which are made upon the Wall with Mortar, mu&longs;t be <lb/>three in Number: How they are to be made, and to what Purpo&longs;es they are <lb/>to &longs;erve. </s> <s>Of the &longs;everal Sorts of Mortar, and in what Manner the <lb/>Lime is to be prepared for making them: Of Ba&longs;s-relieves in Stuc-work <lb/>and Paintings, with which the Wall may be adorned.<emph.end type="italics"/></s></p><p type="main"> <s>In all Incru&longs;tations there mu&longs;t be at lea&longs;t <lb/>three Coats of Mortar; the fir&longs;t is called <lb/>Rough-ca&longs;ting, and its Office is to &longs;tick as clo&longs;e <lb/>as po&longs;&longs;ible to the Wall and to bind on the two <lb/>outer Coats; the Office of the outer Coat, is <lb/>to make the Work &longs;hew neat, &longs;mooth, and po­<lb/>li&longs;hed; that of the middle Coat, which we call <lb/>Plai&longs;tering, is to prevent any Faults or Defects <lb/>in either of the other two. </s> <s>The Defects are <lb/>the&longs;e: If the two la&longs;t, that is to &longs;ay, the Plai&longs;t­<lb/>ering and the outer Coat are &longs;harp, and to u&longs;e <lb/>&longs;uch an Expre&longs;&longs;ion, tenacious of the Wall, as <lb/>the Rough-ca&longs;t ought to be, their Acrimony <lb/>will occa&longs;ion an infinite Number of Cracks in <lb/>them in drying. </s> <s>And if the Rough-ca&longs;t be <lb/>&longs;oft, as the outer Coat &longs;hould be, it will not <lb/>take hold of the Wall as it ought, but will fall <lb/>off in Pieces. </s> <s>The oftener we plai&longs;ter the Wall <lb/>over, the better we may poli&longs;h it, and the <lb/>longer it will endure the Injuries of Time. <lb/></s> <s>Among the ancient Buildings I have &longs;een &longs;ome <lb/>which have been done over no le&longs;s than nine <lb/>Times. </s> <s>The fir&longs;t of the&longs;e &longs;hould be very &longs;harp, <lb/>and made of Pit-Sand and Brick beaten not <lb/>too fine, but about the Size of &longs;mall Gravel, <lb/>and laid on about the Thickne&longs;s of three <lb/>Inches. </s> <s>For the Plai&longs;tering, or middle Coat, <lb/>River-Sand is better, and is le&longs;s apt to crack. <lb/></s> <s>This Coat too &longs;hould be &longs;omewhat rough, be­<lb/>cau&longs;e to a &longs;mooth Surface nothing will &longs;tick <lb/>that you lay on. </s> <s>The la&longs;t of all &longs;hould be as <lb/>white as Marble; for which Rea&longs;on, in&longs;tead of <lb/>Sand you &longs;hould u&longs;e the white&longs;t Stone that can <lb/>be got pounded &longs;mall; and it will be &longs;ufficient <lb/>if this Coat be laid on about half an Inch thick, <lb/>&longs;or when it is much more, it will not ea&longs;ily <lb/>dry. </s> <s>I know &longs;ome that, out of good Hu&longs;­<lb/>bandry, make it no thicker than a Piece of <lb/>Shoe-leather. </s> <s>The &longs;econd Coat, or Plai&longs;ter­<lb/>ing, ought to be ordered according to its Proxi­<lb/>mity to either of the other two. </s> <s>In Moun­<lb/>tains where there are Stone-pits, you meet <lb/>with certain Veins extremely like a tran&longs;parent <lb/>Alaba&longs;ter, which are neither Marble nor Tarres, <lb/>but of a Kind of middle Nature between both, <lb/>and very friable. </s> <s>If this be beat &longs;mall and <lb/>mixed up in&longs;tead of Sand, it will &longs;hew full of <lb/>little Sparks that will &longs;hine like a fine Sort of <lb/>Marble. </s> <s>In many Places we &longs;ee Nails &longs;tuck <lb/>into the Wall to keep on the Plai&longs;tering, and <lb/>Time has proved to us that it is better to have <lb/>them of Bra&longs;s than of Iron. </s> <s>I am very much <lb/>plea&longs;ed with tho&longs;e who, in&longs;tead of Nails, &longs;tick <lb/>little Pieces of Flint in between the Joints of <lb/>the Stone; which they drive in gently with a <lb/>wooden Hammer. </s> <s>The fre&longs;her and rougher <lb/>the Wall it&longs;elf is, the fa&longs;ter all your plai&longs;tering <lb/>Work will cleave to it: For which Rea&longs;on, if, <lb/>as you build the Wall, and while the Work is <lb/>Green, you rough-ca&longs;t it, though but &longs;lightly, <lb/>the Plai&longs;tering and outer Coat will &longs;tick to it <lb/>&longs;o fa&longs;t, as hardly ever to peel off. </s> <s>After &longs;outher­<lb/>ly Winds, it is very proper to do any of this <lb/>Sort of Work; but if when a north Wind <lb/>blows, or in any great Cold or Heat, you offer <lb/>at any Sort of Plai&longs;tering, e&longs;pecially at laying <lb/>on the outer Coat, it will &longs;cale off pre&longs;ently. <lb/></s> <s>La&longs;tly, all Incru&longs;tations are of two Sorts; either <pb xlink:href="003/01/150.jpg" pagenum="126"/>&longs;pread on, or fa&longs;tened to the Work. </s> <s>Stuc and <lb/>Plai&longs;ter are &longs;pread on; but Stuc is never good <lb/>but in very dry Places. </s> <s>The Moi&longs;ture trick­<lb/>ling down from old Walls is extremely preju­<lb/>dicial to all Sorts of Incru&longs;tations. </s> <s>The&longs;e In­<lb/>cru&longs;tations which are fa&longs;tened to the Work are <lb/>Stone, Gla&longs;s and the like. </s> <s>The different Sorts <lb/>of Incru&longs;tations which are &longs;pread on are either <lb/>flat White, Ba&longs;s-relieve, or painted in Fre&longs;co. <lb/></s> <s>Tho&longs;e which are fa&longs;tened on, are either plain, <lb/>pannelled or te&longs;&longs;elated. </s> <s>We &longs;hall &longs;peak fir&longs;t of <lb/>tho&longs;e which are &longs;pread on, for which the Lime <lb/>mu&longs;t be prepared in the following Manner: <lb/>Quench it in a covered Pit with clear Water, <lb/>and let there be much more Water than Lime; <lb/>then with an Axe chop and cut it as if you <lb/>were chopping of Wood, and you will know <lb/>when it is &longs;ufficiently &longs;oaked and di&longs;&longs;olved by <lb/>the Axes not being offended by the lea&longs;t Stone <lb/>or Grit. </s> <s>It is thought not to be &longs;ufficiently <lb/>&longs;oaked under three Months. </s> <s>It is never good <lb/>unle&longs;s it be very glutinous and clammy; for if <lb/>the Axe comes out of it dry, it is a Sign it has <lb/>not had a &longs;ufficient Quantity of Water to quench <lb/>its Thir&longs;t. </s> <s>When you mix it up with the Sand, <lb/>or any other pounded Materials, beat it over <lb/>and over again very heartily, till it perfectly <lb/>foams again. </s> <s>That which was de&longs;igned for <lb/>the outer Coat the Ancients u&longs;ed to pound in <lb/>a Mortar, and they tempered their Mixture &longs;o <lb/>well, that it never &longs;tuck to the Trowel when <lb/>they came to lay it on. </s> <s>Upon this fir&longs;t Coat, <lb/>while it is &longs;till wet and fre&longs;h, lay on the &longs;econd, <lb/>and be &longs;ure to let all the three be laid on &longs;o <lb/>fa&longs;t as to dry together, beating them even and <lb/>&longs;mooth while they are wet. </s> <s>The outer Coat <lb/>of flat White, if you rub and &longs;mooth it well, <lb/>will &longs;hine like a Looking-gla&longs;s; and if when <lb/>it is almo&longs;t dry, you anoint it with Wax and <lb/>Gum Ma&longs;tix di&longs;&longs;olved in a little Oil, and heat <lb/>the Wall thus anointed with a Pan of Charcoal, <lb/>&longs;o that it may imbibe that Ointment, it will <lb/>out-do any Marble in Whitene&longs;s. </s> <s>I have found <lb/>by Experience that this Coat will never &longs;cale <lb/>off, if while you are working it, upon the fir&longs;t <lb/>Appearance of any Crack, you make it good <lb/>with a few Twigs of white Mallows or wild <lb/>Spart. </s> <s>But if you are obliged to plai&longs;ter in <lb/>the Dog-days, or in any very hot Place, cut <lb/>and beat &longs;ome old Ropes very &longs;mall, and mix <lb/>them with the Plai&longs;ter. </s> <s>You may al&longs;o give it <lb/>a very fine Poli&longs;h, by throwing in a little <lb/>white Soap di&longs;&longs;olved in warm Water; but if <lb/>you u&longs;e too much of this, it will make your <lb/>Work look pale. </s> <s>Figures in Stuc-work are <lb/>ea&longs;ily made from a Mold; and the Mold it&longs;elf <lb/>is taken off from any Relieve, by pouring &longs;ome <lb/>liquid Plai&longs;ter over it; and as it is drying, if it <lb/>is anointed with the Compo&longs;ition above men­<lb/>tioned, it will get a Surface like Marble. </s> <s>The&longs;e <lb/>Figures are of two Sorts, one alto Relieve and <lb/>the other ba&longs;&longs;o Relieve. </s> <s>In an upright Wall, <lb/>the alto Relieve do extremely well: But on an <lb/>arched Cieling the ba&longs;&longs;o Relieve are better; <lb/>becau&longs;e tho&longs;e of the high Relieve being to hang <lb/>down from the Cieling, are very apt to break <lb/>off by their own Weight, which may endanger <lb/>the Per&longs;ons in the Room. </s> <s>It is a very good <lb/>Admonition, that where there is likely to be <lb/>much Du&longs;t, we &longs;hould never make Ornaments <lb/>of high Relieve; but flat and low, that they <lb/>may be ea&longs;ily cleaned. </s> <s>Of painted Surfaces <lb/>&longs;ome are done while the Work is fre&longs;h, and <lb/>others when it is dry. </s> <s>All natural Colours <lb/>which proceed from the Earth, from Mines or <lb/>the like, are proper for Paintings in Fre&longs;co: <lb/>But all artificial Colours, and e&longs;pecially tho&longs;e <lb/>which are altered by Means of Fire, require a <lb/>very dry Surface, and abhor Lime, the Rays of <lb/>the Moon, and &longs;outhern Winds. </s> <s>It has been <lb/>newly found out that Colours mixed up with <lb/>Lin&longs;eed Oil, will &longs;tand a va&longs;t While again&longs;t all <lb/>the Injuries of the Air and Sea&longs;ons, provided <lb/>the Wall on which they are laid be perfectly <lb/>dry, and quite clear of all Moi&longs;ture; though I <lb/>have ob&longs;erved that the antient Painters, in <lb/>painting the Poops of their Ships, make u&longs;e of <lb/>liquid Wax, in&longs;tead of Size. </s> <s>I have al&longs;o &longs;een <lb/>in the Works of the Ancients, &longs;ome Colours of <lb/>Gems laid on the Wall, if I judge rightly, with <lb/>Wax, or perhaps with a white Sort of Terra&longs;s, <lb/>which was &longs;o hardened by Time, that it could <lb/>not be got off either by Fire or Water, and you <lb/>would have taken it for a hard Sort of Gla&longs;s. <lb/></s> <s>I have known &longs;ome too, that with the white <lb/>milky Flower of Lime, have laid Colours up­<lb/>on the Wall, while it was &longs;till fre&longs;h, that have <lb/>looked as much like Gla&longs;s as po&longs;&longs;ible. </s> <s>But of <lb/>this Subject, we need &longs;ay no more.</s></p><pb xlink:href="003/01/151.jpg" pagenum="127"/><p type="head"> <s>CHAP. X.</s></p><p type="main"> <s><emph type="italics"/>Of the Method of cutting Marble into thin Scantlings, and what Sand is be&longs;t <lb/>for that Purpo&longs;e; as al&longs;o of the Difference and Agreement between<emph.end type="italics"/> Mo&longs;aic <lb/><emph type="italics"/>Work in Relieve, and Flat, and of the Cement to be u&longs;ed in that Sort of Work.<emph.end type="italics"/></s></p><p type="main"> <s>As to tho&longs;e Incru&longs;tations which are fa&longs;ten­<lb/>ed on to the Work, whether flat Facings, <lb/>or pannelled Work, the &longs;ame Method is to be <lb/>u&longs;ed in both. </s> <s>It is very &longs;urprizing to con&longs;ider <lb/>the Diligence which the Antients u&longs;ed in &longs;aw­<lb/>ing and poli&longs;hing their Scantlings of Marble. <lb/></s> <s>I my&longs;elf have &longs;een &longs;ome Pieces of Marble above <lb/>&longs;ix Foot long and three broad, and yet &longs;carce <lb/>half an Inch thick, and the&longs;e have been joined <lb/>together with a curve Line, that the Spectators <lb/>might not ea&longs;ily find out where the Junctures <lb/>were. <emph type="italics"/>Pliny<emph.end type="italics"/> tells us, that the Ancients com­<lb/>mended the Sand of <emph type="italics"/>Æthiopia<emph.end type="italics"/> as the Be&longs;t for <lb/>&longs;awing of Marble, and that the <emph type="italics"/>Indian<emph.end type="italics"/> came up <lb/>the neare&longs;t to it: But that the <emph type="italics"/>Ægyptian<emph.end type="italics"/> was <lb/>rather too &longs;oft, though even that was better than <lb/>ours. </s> <s>They tell us that there is a Sort found <lb/>in a certain Flat in the <emph type="italics"/>Adriatic<emph.end type="italics"/> Sea, which <lb/>was much u&longs;ed by the Ancients. </s> <s>We dig a <lb/>Sand about the Shore of <emph type="italics"/>Pozzuolo,<emph.end type="italics"/> which is not <lb/>improper for this Purpo&longs;e. </s> <s>The &longs;harp Sand <lb/>found in any Sort of Torrent is good, but the <lb/>larger it is, the wider it cuts and the more it <lb/>eats into the Stone; whereas the &longs;ofter it goes <lb/>through, the Smoother it leaves the Surface, <lb/>and the more ea&longs;ily to be poli&longs;hed. </s> <s>The Po­<lb/>li&longs;hing mu&longs;t be begun with chizzelling, but <lb/>ended with the &longs;ofte&longs;t and &longs;moothe&longs;t rubbing. <lb/></s> <s>The <emph type="italics"/>Theban<emph.end type="italics"/> Sand is much commended for rub­<lb/>bing and poli&longs;hing of Marble; &longs;o is the Whet­<lb/>&longs;tone, and the Emeril, who&longs;e Du&longs;t nothing can <lb/>exceed for this Purpo&longs;e. </s> <s>The Pumice-&longs;tone <lb/>too, for giving the la&longs;t Poli&longs;h, is very u&longs;eful. <lb/></s> <s>The Scum of calcined Tin, which we call Put­<lb/>ty, white Lead burnt, the <emph type="italics"/>Tripoli<emph.end type="italics"/> Chalk in <lb/>particular, and the like, if they are beat in­<lb/>to the fine&longs;t Du&longs;t that po&longs;&longs;ibly can be, &longs;till re­<lb/>taining their Sharpne&longs;s, are very good for this <lb/>Work. </s> <s>For fa&longs;tening on the Scantlings, if <lb/>they are thick, fix into the Wall either Pins of <lb/>Iron, or little Spars of Marble &longs;ticking out from <lb/>the Wall, to which you may fa&longs;ten your Scant­<lb/>ling without any Thing of Cement. </s> <s>But if the <lb/>Scantlings are thin, after the &longs;econd Plai&longs;ter­<lb/>ing, in&longs;tead of Mortar, take Wax, Pitch, Ro­<lb/>&longs;in, Gum Ma&longs;tic, and a good Quantity of any <lb/>other Sort of Gum what&longs;oever, all melted and <lb/>mixed together, and warm your Piece of Mar­<lb/>ble by degrees, le&longs;t if you put it to the Fire at <lb/>once of a Sudden, the Heat &longs;hould make it <lb/>crack. </s> <s>In fixing up your Scantlings, it will be <lb/>very laudable if the Juncture and Order in <lb/>which you place them, produce a beautiful Ef­<lb/>fect, by means of the Veins and Colours an­<lb/>&longs;wering and &longs;etting off one another. </s> <s>I am <lb/>mightily plea&longs;ed with the Policy of the Anci­<lb/>ents, who u&longs;ed to make tho&longs;e Parts which lay <lb/>neare&longs;t to the Eye as neat and as exactly poli&longs;hed <lb/>as was po&longs;&longs;ible, but did not take &longs;o much Pains <lb/>about tho&longs;e which &longs;tood at any Di&longs;tance, or <lb/>Heigth, and in &longs;ome Places put them up with­<lb/>out any poli&longs;hing at all, where they knew the <lb/>Eye of the mo&longs;t curious Examiner could not <lb/>reach them. <emph type="italics"/>Mo&longs;aic<emph.end type="italics"/> Work in Relieve, and <lb/>that which is flat, agree in this Particular, <lb/>that both are de&longs;igned to imitate Painting, by <lb/>means of an artful Compo&longs;ition of various Co­<lb/>lours of Stones, Gla&longs;s, and Shells. <emph type="italics"/>Nero<emph.end type="italics"/> is &longs;aid <lb/>to have been the Fir&longs;t that had Mother of <lb/>Pearl cut and mixed in <emph type="italics"/>Mo&longs;aic<emph.end type="italics"/> Work. </s> <s>But <lb/>herein they differ, that in <emph type="italics"/>Mo&longs;aic<emph.end type="italics"/> Work in Re­<lb/>lieve we u&longs;e the large&longs;t Pieces of Marble, <emph type="italics"/>&c.<emph.end type="italics"/><lb/>that we can get; whereas in the flat <emph type="italics"/>Mo&longs;aic,<emph.end type="italics"/><lb/>we put none but little &longs;quare Pieces, no big­<lb/>ger than a Bean; and the &longs;maller the&longs;e Pieces <lb/>are, the more Bright and Sparkling they make <lb/>the Work, the Light by &longs;o many different Faces <lb/>being broke into the more various Parts. </s> <s>They <lb/>differ too in this, that in fa&longs;tening on the for­<lb/>mer, Cement made of Gums is the Be&longs;t; but <lb/>in the flat Work, we &longs;hould u&longs;e Mortar made <lb/>of Lime, with a Mixture of <emph type="italics"/>Tyburtine<emph.end type="italics"/> Stone, <lb/>beat as &longs;mall as Du&longs;t. </s> <s>There are &longs;ome that, in <lb/>flat Work <emph type="italics"/>Mo&longs;aic<emph.end type="italics"/> Work, are for &longs;teeping the <lb/>Lime often in hot Water, in order to get out <lb/>its Saltne&longs;s and make it &longs;ofter and more gluey. <lb/></s> <s>I have known &longs;ome of the harde&longs;t Stone poli&longs;h­<lb/>ed upon a Grind-&longs;tone, in order to be u&longs;ed in <lb/>the <emph type="italics"/>Mo&longs;aic<emph.end type="italics"/> in Relieve. </s> <s>In the flat <emph type="italics"/>Mo&longs;aic<emph.end type="italics"/> Work <lb/>you may fa&longs;ten Gold to Gla&longs;s with a Cement <lb/>of Lead or Litharge, which may be made more <lb/>liquid than any Sort of Gla&longs;s what&longs;oever. </s> <s>All <pb xlink:href="003/01/152.jpg" pagenum="128"/>that we have here &longs;aid of the outer Coat, or <lb/>Surface of the Wall may likewi&longs;e &longs;erve as to <lb/>Pavements, of which we promi&longs;ed to &longs;peak, <lb/>only that on Pavements we never be&longs;tow fine <lb/>Painting nor &longs;uch good <emph type="italics"/>Mo&longs;aic<emph.end type="italics"/> Work, unle&longs;s <lb/>you will grant the Name of Painting to a Par­<lb/>get of various Colours poured into hollow little <lb/>Spaces &longs;eparated from each other by thin Par­<lb/>titions of Marble in Imitation of Painting. </s> <s>This <lb/>Parget may be made of red Oker burnt, with <lb/>Brick, Stone and the Dro&longs;s of Iron; and when <lb/>it is laid on and is thoroughly dry, it mu&longs;t be <lb/>cleared and ground down &longs;mooth, which is done <lb/>in the following Manner: Take a hard Stone, <lb/>or rather a Piece of Lead of three&longs;core Pound <lb/>Weight, with its lower Surface perfectly &longs;mooth; <lb/>to each End of this fa&longs;ten a Rope, by which <lb/>you mu&longs;t draw it backwards and forwards over <lb/>your Pavement, &longs;till keeping it &longs;upplied with <lb/>Sand and Water, till it is rubbed exactly &longs;mooth, <lb/>and is poli&longs;hed as it ought, which it never is <lb/>unle&longs;s all the Lines and Angles of the Dies an­<lb/>&longs;wer and fit one another to the greate&longs;t Nice­<lb/>ne&longs;s. </s> <s>If this Parget be rubbed over with Oil, <lb/>e&longs;pecially that of Lin&longs;eed, it will get a Coat <lb/>like Gla&longs;s. </s> <s>It al&longs;o does very well to anoint it <lb/>with Lees of Oil, as al&longs;o with Water in which <lb/>Lime has been quenched, with which you <lb/>&longs;hould rub it over often. </s> <s>In all our <emph type="italics"/>Mo&longs;aic<emph.end type="italics"/><lb/>Works we &longs;hould avoid u&longs;ing the &longs;ame Co­<lb/>lours too often in the &longs;ame Places, as al&longs;o too <lb/>frequent Repetitions of the &longs;ame Figures and <lb/>Irregularity in the Compo&longs;ition of them. </s> <s>We <lb/>&longs;hould likewi&longs;e take Care that the Junctures <lb/>are not too wide, but that every Thing be fit­<lb/>ted together with the utmo&longs;t Exactne&longs;s, that <lb/>equal Care may appear to have been u&longs;ed in all <lb/>Parts of the Work.</s></p><p type="head"> <s>CHAP. XI.</s></p><p type="head"> <s><emph type="italics"/>Of the Ornaments of the Covering, which con&longs;i&longs;t in the Richne&longs;s and Beauty <lb/>of the Rafters, Vaults and open Terra&longs;&longs;es.<emph.end type="italics"/></s></p><p type="main"> <s>The Coverings too have their Beauty and <lb/>Gratefulne&longs;s from the Contrivance of <lb/>the Rafters, Vaults and open Terra&longs;&longs;es. </s> <s>There <lb/>are Roofs yet to be &longs;een in <emph type="italics"/>Agrippa<emph.end type="italics"/>'s Portico <lb/>with Rafters of Bra&longs;s, forty Foot long; a Work <lb/>wherein we know not which to admire mo&longs;t, <lb/>the Greatne&longs;s of the Expence, or the Skill of <lb/>the Workmen. </s> <s>In the Temple of <emph type="italics"/>Diana<emph.end type="italics"/> at <lb/><emph type="italics"/>Ephe&longs;us,<emph.end type="italics"/> as we have taken Notice el&longs;ewhere, <lb/>was a Roof of Cedar, which la&longs;ted a va&longs;t <lb/>While. <emph type="italics"/>Pliny<emph.end type="italics"/> relates that <emph type="italics"/>Salauces<emph.end type="italics"/> King of <lb/><emph type="italics"/>Colchos,<emph.end type="italics"/> after he had overcome <emph type="italics"/>Se&longs;o&longs;tris<emph.end type="italics"/> King <lb/>of <emph type="italics"/>Ægypt,<emph.end type="italics"/> made his Rafters of Gold and Sil­<lb/>ver. </s> <s>There are &longs;till to be &longs;een Temples covered <lb/>with Slabs of Marble, as, we are told, was the <lb/>Temple of <emph type="italics"/>feru&longs;alem<emph.end type="italics"/> with prodigious large <lb/>ones of &longs;uch wonderful Whitene&longs;s and Splen­<lb/>dor, that at a Di&longs;tance the whole Roof appear­<lb/>ed like a Mountain of Snow. <emph type="italics"/>Catulus<emph.end type="italics"/> was the <lb/>fir&longs;t that gilt the Bra&longs;s Tiles on the Capitol <lb/>with Gold. </s> <s>I find too that the <emph type="italics"/>Pantheon,<emph.end type="italics"/> or <lb/><emph type="italics"/>Rotonda<emph.end type="italics"/> at <emph type="italics"/>Rome,<emph.end type="italics"/> was covered with Plates of <lb/>Bra&longs;s gilt; and Pope <emph type="italics"/>Honorius,<emph.end type="italics"/> he in who&longs;e <lb/>Time <emph type="italics"/>Mahomet<emph.end type="italics"/> taught <emph type="italics"/>Ægypt<emph.end type="italics"/> and <emph type="italics"/>Africa<emph.end type="italics"/> a <lb/>new Religion and Wor&longs;hip, covered the Church <lb/>of St. <emph type="italics"/>Peter<emph.end type="italics"/> all over with Plates of Bra&longs;s. <emph type="italics"/>Ger­<lb/>many<emph.end type="italics"/> &longs;hines with Tiles glazed over. </s> <s>In many <lb/>Places we cover our Roofs with Lead, which <lb/>will endure a great While, &longs;hews very hand­<lb/>&longs;ome, and is not very expen&longs;ive; but it is at­<lb/>tended with this Inconvenience, that if it is laid <lb/>upon a Stone Roof, not having room for Air <lb/>under it, when the Stones come to be heated <lb/>by the Rays of the Sun, it will melt. </s> <s>There <lb/>is an Experiment which may convince us of <lb/>the Truth of this. </s> <s>If you &longs;et a leaden Ve&longs;&longs;el <lb/>full of Water upon the Fire, it will not melt; <lb/>but if you throw the lea&longs;t Stone into it, <lb/>where that touches it will immediately melt <lb/>into a Hole. </s> <s>Be&longs;ides this, if it is not well <lb/>cramped and pinned down in all Parts, it is <lb/>ea&longs;ily ripped off by the Wind. </s> <s>Moreover it is <lb/>pre&longs;ently eat into and &longs;poilt by the Saltne&longs;s of <lb/>Lime; &longs;o that it does much the be&longs;t upon <lb/>Timbers, if you are not afraid of Fire: But <lb/>here again, there is a great Inconvenience arif­<lb/>ing from the Nails, e&longs;pecially if they are of <lb/>Iron, ina&longs;much as they are more apt to grow <lb/>hoter than Stone, and, be&longs;ides, eat away the <lb/>Lead all about them with Ru&longs;t. </s> <s>For this <lb/>Rea&longs;on the Cramps and Pins ought al&longs;o to be <lb/>all of Lead, and mu&longs;t be fa&longs;tened into the <lb/>Sheets with hot Sodder. </s> <s>Under this Covering <lb/>you &longs;hould make a thin Bed of A&longs;hes of Wil­<lb/>low, wa&longs;hed and mixed with Chalk. </s> <s>Bra&longs;s <lb/>Nails are not &longs;o apt to grow hot or to ru&longs;t, as <pb xlink:href="003/01/153.jpg" pagenum="129"/>Iron ones. </s> <s>If Lead is daubed with any Sort <lb/>of Filch, it quickly &longs;poils; and for this Rea&longs;on <lb/>we &longs;hould take Care that our Roof be not a <lb/>convenient Harbour for Birds; or if it is a like­<lb/>ly Place for them to get together in, we &longs;hould <lb/>make our Stuff thick where their Dung is to <lb/>fall. <emph type="italics"/>Eu&longs;ebius<emph.end type="italics"/> tells us, that all round the Top <lb/>of <emph type="italics"/>Solomon<emph.end type="italics"/>'s Temple there was a great Number <lb/>of Chains, to which hung four hundred little <lb/>Bells continually vibrating, the Noi&longs;e of which <lb/>drove away the Birds. </s> <s>In the Covering we <lb/>al&longs;o adorn the Ridge, Gutters and Angles, by <lb/>&longs;etting up Va&longs;es, Balls, Statues, Chariots and <lb/>the like, each of which we &longs;hall &longs;peak of in <lb/>particular in its due Place. </s> <s>At pre&longs;ent I do <lb/>not call to Mind any thing further relating to <lb/>this Sort of Ornaments in general, except that <lb/>each be adapted to the Place to which it is <lb/>mo&longs;t &longs;uitable.</s></p><p type="head"> <s>CHAP. XII.</s></p><p type="main"> <s><emph type="italics"/>That the Ornaments of the Apertures are very plea&longs;ing, but are attended with <lb/>many and various Difficulties and Inconveniences; that the fal&longs;e Apertures <lb/>are of two Sorts, and what is required in each.<emph.end type="italics"/></s></p><p type="main"> <s>The Ornaments of the Aperture give no <lb/>&longs;mall Beauty and Dignity to the Work, <lb/>but they are attended with many great Diffi­<lb/>culties, which cannot be provided again&longs;t <lb/>without a good deal of Skill in the Artificer, <lb/>and a con&longs;iderable Expence. </s> <s>They require very <lb/>large Stones, &longs;ound, equal, hand&longs;ome and rare, <lb/>which are Things not ea&longs;ily to be got, and <lb/>when got not ea&longs;ily removed, poli&longs;hed, or &longs;et <lb/>up according to your Intention. <emph type="italics"/>Cicero<emph.end type="italics"/> &longs;ays, <lb/>that the Architects owned they could not &longs;et <lb/>up a Column exactly perpendicular, which in <lb/>all Apertures is ab&longs;olutely nece&longs;&longs;ary both with <lb/>Re&longs;pect to Duration and Beauty. </s> <s>There are <lb/>other Inconveniencies be&longs;ides; which, as far as <lb/>lies in our Power, we &longs;hall endeavour to pro­<lb/>vide again&longs;t. </s> <s>An Aperture naturally implies <lb/>an Opening; but &longs;ometimes behind this Open­<lb/>ing we run up a Wall which makes a Kind <lb/>of fal&longs;e Opening which is not pervious but <lb/>clo&longs;ed up; which for this Rea&longs;on we &longs;hall ac­<lb/>cordingly call a fal&longs;e Aperture. </s> <s>This Sort of <lb/>Ornaments, as indeed were mo&longs;t of tho&longs;e <lb/>which &longs;erve either to &longs;trengthen the Work or <lb/>to &longs;ave Expence, was fir&longs;t invented by the <lb/>Carpenters, and afterwards imitated by the <lb/>Ma&longs;ons, who thereby gave no &longs;mall Beauty to <lb/>their Structures. </s> <s>Any of the&longs;e Apertures would <lb/>be more beautiful if their Ribs were all of one <lb/>Piece, made of one entire Stone; and next to <lb/>this, is the having the Parts &longs;o nicely joined <lb/>that the Joints cannot be &longs;een. </s> <s>The Ancients <lb/>u&longs;ed to erect their Columns and other Stones <lb/>which &longs;erved as Ribs to the&longs;e fal&longs;e Apertures, <lb/>and fix them firm on their Ba&longs;es, before they <lb/>carried up the Wall; and herein they did very <lb/>wi&longs;ely; for by this Means they had more Room <lb/>to u&longs;e their Engines, and could take the Per­<lb/>pendicular more exactly. </s> <s>You may plant your <lb/>Column perpendicular upon its Ba&longs;e in the fol­<lb/>lowing Manner: In the Ba&longs;e and at the Top <lb/>and Bottom of the Column mark the exact <lb/>Center of each Circle. </s> <s>Into the Center of the <lb/>Ba&longs;e fa&longs;ten an iron Pin, &longs;oddering it in with <lb/>Lead, and make a Hole in the Center of the <lb/>Bottom of the Column, ju&longs;t big enough to re­<lb/>ceive the Pin which &longs;ticks up in the Center of <lb/>the Ba&longs;e. </s> <s>In the Top of your Engine, or <lb/>Scaffolding, make a Mark exactly perpendicu­<lb/>lar over the Pin which &longs;ticks up in the Center <lb/>of the Ba&longs;e, which you may find by letting &longs;all <lb/>Line from thence to that Pin. </s> <s>When you <lb/>have thus prepared every Thing, it will be no <lb/>hard Matter to move the Head of the Shaft <lb/>till its Center an&longs;wers exactly to the Mark <lb/>which you have made above and is perpendi­<lb/>cular to the Center of its Ba&longs;e. </s> <s>I have ob&longs;erv­<lb/>ed from the Works of the Ancients that the <lb/>&longs;ofter Sort of Marble may be &longs;moothed with <lb/>the very &longs;ame In&longs;truments with which we <lb/>plane Wood. </s> <s>The Ancients al&longs;o u&longs;ed to &longs;et <lb/>up their Stones quite rough, only &longs;moothing <lb/>the Heads and Sides of them which were to <lb/>join to other Stones, and a&longs;terwards when the <lb/>Building was rai&longs;ed, they poli&longs;hed the Faces of <lb/>the Stones, which they had le&longs;t rough before; <lb/>and this I believe they did that they might <lb/>leave the lea&longs;t Expence that was po&longs;&longs;ible to the <lb/>Hazards of their Engines: For it would have <lb/>been a much greater Lo&longs;s to them, if by Acci­<lb/>dent any Stone that was quite &longs;moothed and <lb/>poli&longs;hed had been let fall and broke, than if <pb xlink:href="003/01/154.jpg" pagenum="130"/>they broke one that was only half wrought. <lb/></s> <s>Be&longs;ides that by this means they had the Ad­<lb/>vantage of doing their Work at different Times, <lb/>according to the different Sea&longs;ons which are re­<lb/>qui&longs;ite for building the Wall, and for cloathing <lb/><arrow.to.target n="marg16"/><lb/>and poli&longs;hing it. </s> <s>There are two Sorts of fal&longs;e <lb/>Apertures: One is that where the Columns or <lb/>Pila&longs;ters are &longs;o joined to the Wall, that one Part <lb/>of them is hid within it, and only Part of them <lb/>appears; the other is that wherein the whole <lb/>Columns &longs;tand out of the Wall, &longs;omewhat <lb/>imitating a Portico. </s> <s>The former therefore we <lb/>may call the low Relieve, and the latter the <lb/>whole Relieve. </s> <s>In the low Relieve we may u&longs;e <lb/>either half Columns or Pila&longs;ters. </s> <s>The half <lb/>Columns mu&longs;t never &longs;tand more nor le&longs;s out of <lb/>the Wall than one half of their Diameter. </s> <s>Pi­<lb/>la&longs;ter, never more than one fourth Part of its <lb/>Breadth, nor le&longs;s than a &longs;ixth. </s> <s>In the whole <lb/>Relieve the Columns mu&longs;t never &longs;tand out <lb/>from the Naked of the Wall more than with <lb/>their whole Ba&longs;e and one fourth Part of the <lb/>Breadth of their Ba&longs;e; and never le&longs;s than with <lb/>their whole Ba&longs;e and Sha&longs;t &longs;tanding out clear <lb/>from the Wall. </s> <s>But tho&longs;e which &longs;tand out <lb/>from the Wall with their whole Ba&longs;e and one <lb/>fourth Part more mu&longs;t have their Pila&longs;ters of <lb/>the low Relieve, fixed again&longs;t the Wall to an­<lb/>&longs;wer to them. </s> <s>In the whole Relieve the En­<lb/>tablature mu&longs;t not run all along the Wall but <lb/>be broke and project over the Head of each <lb/>Column, as you may &longs;ee in Plate 19. No. </s> <s>4. <lb/>But in the half Relieve you may do as you <lb/>think fit, either carrying on your Entablature <lb/>entire all the Length of the Wall, or breaking <lb/>it over each Pila&longs;ter with a Sweep, after the <lb/>Manner of the whole Relieve. </s> <s>We have now <lb/>treated of tho&longs;e Ornaments wherein all Build­<lb/>ings agree: But of tho&longs;e wherein they differ, <lb/>we &longs;hall &longs;peak in the following Book, this be­<lb/>ing already long enough. </s> <s>But as in this we <lb/>undertook to treat of every Thing relating to <lb/>Ornaments in general, we &longs;hall not pa&longs;s by any <lb/>Thing that may be &longs;erviceable under this Head.</s></p><p type="margin"> <s><margin.target id="marg16"/>*</s></p><p type="main"> <s>A. <emph type="italics"/>Plan of the Inter-&longs;pace of the two half <lb/>Columns, called<emph.end type="italics"/> Ba&longs;&longs;o Relievo.</s></p><p type="head"> <s>CHAP. XIII.</s></p><p type="head"> <s><emph type="italics"/>Of Columns and their Ornaments, their Plans, Axes, Out-lines, Sweeps, Di­<lb/>minutions, Swells, A&longs;tragals and Fillets.<emph.end type="italics"/></s></p><p type="main"> <s>The principal Ornament in all Archi­<lb/>tecture certainly lies in Columns; for <lb/>many of them &longs;et together embelli&longs;h Porticoes, <lb/>Walls and all Manner of Apertures, and even <lb/>a &longs;ingle one is hand&longs;ome, and adorns the Meet­<lb/>ing of &longs;everal Streets, a Theatre, an open <lb/>Square, &longs;erves for &longs;etting up Trophies, and pre­<lb/>&longs;erving the Memory of great Events, and is &longs;o <lb/>Beautiful and Noble that it is almo&longs;t incredible <lb/>what Expence the Ancients u&longs;ed to be&longs;tow in <lb/>&longs;ingle Pillars, which they looked upon as a very <lb/>&longs;tately Ornament: For o&longs;tentimes, not being <lb/>content with making them of <emph type="italics"/>Parian, Nu­<lb/>midian<emph.end type="italics"/> or other fine Marbles, they would al&longs;o <lb/>have them carved with Figures and Hi&longs;tories <lb/>by the mo&longs;t excellent Sculptors; and of &longs;uch <lb/>Columns as the&longs;e we are told there were above <lb/>an Hundred and Twenty in the Temple of <lb/><emph type="italics"/>Diana at Ephe&longs;us.<emph.end type="italics"/></s><s> Others made their Capi­<lb/>tals and Ba&longs;es of gilt Bra&longs;s, as we may &longs;ee in <lb/>the double Portico at <emph type="italics"/>Rome,<emph.end type="italics"/> which was built <lb/>in the Con&longs;ul&longs;hip of that <emph type="italics"/>Octavius<emph.end type="italics"/> who tri­<lb/>umphed over <emph type="italics"/>Per&longs;eus.<emph.end type="italics"/></s><s> Some made their whole <lb/>Columns of Bra&longs;s, and others plated them all <lb/>over with Silver; but we &longs;hall not dwell upon <lb/>&longs;uch Things as tho&longs;e. </s> <s>Columns mu&longs;t be ex­<lb/>actly round and perfectly &longs;mooth. </s> <s>We read <lb/>that one <emph type="italics"/>Theodorus<emph.end type="italics"/> and one <emph type="italics"/>Tholus,<emph.end type="italics"/> Architects <lb/>of <emph type="italics"/>Lemnos,<emph.end type="italics"/> contrived certain Wheels in their <lb/>Workhou&longs;es, wherein they hung their Columns <lb/>with &longs;o nice a Poi&longs;e, that they could be turned <lb/>about by a little Boy, and &longs;o poli&longs;hed &longs;mooth. <lb/></s> <s>But this is a <emph type="italics"/>Greek<emph.end type="italics"/> Story. </s> <s>We &longs;hall proceed <lb/>to &longs;omething more material. </s> <s>In all Columns <lb/>we may con&longs;ider two long Lines in the Shaft; <lb/>one we may call the Axis of the Shaft, and the <lb/>other the Out-lines; the &longs;hort Lines that we <lb/>are to con&longs;ider are the &longs;everal Diameters of <lb/>tho&longs;e Circles which in different Places gird the <lb/>Column about; and of tho&longs;e Circles, the prin­<lb/>cipal are the two Superficies; one at the Top <lb/>and the other at the Bottom of the Shaft. </s> <s>The <lb/>Axis of the Shaft is a Line drawn through the <lb/>very Center of the Column from the Center of <lb/>the Circle which forms the flat Superficies at <lb/>the Top, to the Center of the Circle which is <lb/>the flat Superficies at the Bottom, and this <lb/>Line may be al&longs;o called the Perpendicular in <lb/>the Middle of the Column. </s> <s>In this Line meet <lb/>the Centers of all the Circles. </s> <s>But the out Line <lb/>is one drawn from the Sweep of the Fillet at <lb/>the Top along the Surface of the Column to <lb/></s></p><pb xlink:href="003/01/155.jpg"/><p type="caption"> <s>PLATE 16. <emph type="italics"/>(Page 130, No. </s> <s>1)<emph.end type="italics"/><lb/><figure id="id.003.01.155.1.jpg" xlink:href="003/01/155/1.jpg"/></s></p><pb xlink:href="003/01/156.jpg"/><p type="caption"> <s>PLATE 17. <emph type="italics"/>(Page 130, No. </s> <s>2)<emph.end type="italics"/><lb/><figure id="id.003.01.156.1.jpg" xlink:href="003/01/156/1.jpg"/></s></p><pb xlink:href="003/01/157.jpg"/><p type="caption"> <s>PLATE 18. <emph type="italics"/>(Page 130, No. </s> <s>3)<emph.end type="italics"/><lb/><figure id="id.003.01.157.1.jpg" xlink:href="003/01/157/1.jpg"/></s></p><pb xlink:href="003/01/158.jpg"/><p type="caption"> <s>PLATE 19. <emph type="italics"/>(Page 130, No. </s> <s>4)<emph.end type="italics"/><lb/><figure id="id.003.01.158.1.jpg" xlink:href="003/01/158/1.jpg"/></s></p><pb xlink:href="003/01/159.jpg"/><p type="caption"> <s>PLATE 20. <emph type="italics"/>(Page 131)<emph.end type="italics"/><lb/><figure id="id.003.01.159.1.jpg" xlink:href="003/01/159/1.jpg"/><pb xlink:href="003/01/160.jpg" pagenum="131"/>the Sweep of the Fillet at Bottom; and in this <lb/>terminate all the Diameters that are in the <lb/>Thickne&longs;s of the Sha&longs;t, and it does not run <lb/>&longs;trait like the Axis, but is compo&longs;ed of a great <lb/>Number of Lines, &longs;ome &longs;trait and &longs;ome curve; <lb/>as we &longs;hall &longs;hew hereafter. </s> <s>The &longs;everal Dia­<lb/>meters of Circles which we are to con&longs;ider in <lb/>different Parts of the Column, are &longs;ive; the <lb/>Sweeps, the Diminutions, and the Swell or Belly <lb/>of the Shaft. </s> <s>The Sweeps are two, one at the <lb/>Top and the other at the Bottom of the Co­<lb/>lumn, and are called Sweeps upon account of <lb/>their running out a little beyond the Re&longs;t of <lb/>the Shaft, The Diminutions are likewi&longs;e two, <lb/>clo&longs;e by the Sweeps at the Bottom and Top, <lb/>and are &longs;o called becau&longs;e in tho&longs;e Parts the <lb/><arrow.to.target n="marg17"/><lb/>Shaft dimini&longs;hes inwards. </s> <s>The Diameter of <lb/>the Swell or Belly of the Column is to be ob­<lb/>&longs;erved about the Middle of the Shaft, and is <lb/>called the Belly, becau&longs;e the Column &longs;eems to <lb/>&longs;well out ju&longs;t in that Part. </s> <s>Again, the Sweeps <lb/>differ from one another, for that which is at <lb/>the Bottom is formed by the Fillet and a &longs;mall <lb/>Curve running from the Fillet to the Body of <lb/>the Shaft; but the Sweep at the Top of the <lb/>Sha&longs;t, be&longs;ides this Curve and its Fillet has like­<lb/>wi&longs;e the A&longs;tragal. </s> <s>La&longs;tly, the Out-lines mu&longs;t <lb/>be formed in the following Manner: On the <lb/>Pavement, or upon the flat Side of a Wall, <lb/>which is proper for the Drawing your De&longs;ign, <lb/>draw a &longs;trait Line, of the Length which you <lb/>intend to give the Column, which perhaps is <lb/>as yet in the Quarry. </s> <s>This Line we call the <lb/>Axis of the Shaft. </s> <s>Then divide this Axis into <lb/>a certain Number of determinate Parts, ac­<lb/>cording to the Nature of the Building, and of <lb/>the various Sorts of Columns which you are to <lb/>erect, of which Variety we &longs;hall &longs;peak in due <lb/>Time; and according to a due Proportion of <lb/>the&longs;e Parts you mu&longs;t make the Diameter of the <lb/>Bottom of your Shaft, with a little Line drawn <lb/>acro&longs;s the Axis. </s> <s>The Diameter you divide in­<lb/>to four-and-twenty Parts, one of which you <lb/>give to the Height of the Fillet, which Height <lb/>we mark upon the Wall with a &longs;mall Stroke; <lb/>then take three more of tho&longs;e Parts, and at <lb/>that Height make a Mark in the Axis of the <lb/>Shaft, which is to be the Center of the next <lb/>Diminution, and through this Center draw a <lb/>Line exactly parallel with the Diameter of the <lb/>Bottom of the Shaft, which Line mu&longs;t be the <lb/>Diameter of the lower Diminution, and be one <lb/>&longs;eventh Part &longs;horter than the Diameter of the <lb/>Bottom of the Shaft. </s> <s>Having marked the&longs;e <lb/>two Lines, that is to &longs;ay, the Diameter of the <lb/>Diminution, and the Fillet, draw from the <lb/>Point of the End of the Fillet to the Point of <lb/>that Diameter in the Shaft of the Column a <lb/>curve Line, as ea&longs;y and neat as po&longs;&longs;ible; the <lb/>Beginning of this curve Line mu&longs;t be one Quar­<lb/>ter of a little Circle, the Semi-diameter of <lb/>which mu&longs;t be the Height of the Fillet. </s> <s>Then <lb/>divide the whole Length of the Shaft into &longs;even <lb/>equal Parts, and mark tho&longs;e Divi&longs;ions with lit­<lb/>tle Dots. </s> <s>At the fourth Dot, counting from <lb/>the Bottom, make the Center of the Belly of <lb/>the Shaft, acro&longs;s which draw its Diameter, <lb/>who&longs;e Length mu&longs;t be equal to the Diameter <lb/>of the Diminution at the Bottom. </s> <s>The Di­<lb/>minution and Sweep at the Top mu&longs;t be made <lb/>as follows: According to the Species of the <lb/>Column, of which we &longs;hall treat el&longs;ewhere, <lb/>take the Diameter of the upper Superficies from <lb/>the Diameter of the Bottom of the Shaft, and <lb/>draw it at the Top of the Column in your De­<lb/>&longs;ign; which Diameter &longs;o drawn mu&longs;t be di­<lb/>vided into twelve Parts, one of which Parts <lb/>mu&longs;t be allowed to the Projecture of the Fillet <lb/>and A&longs;tragal, giving two thirds of it to the <lb/>latter, and one third to the former. </s> <s>Then <lb/>make the Center of your Diminution, at the <lb/>Di&longs;tance of one and a half of tho&longs;e Parts from <lb/>the Center of the upper Surface of the Shaft, <lb/>and the Diameter of this Diminution a ninth <lb/>Part le&longs;s than the large&longs;t Diameter of that Sur­<lb/>face. </s> <s>You mu&longs;t afterwards draw the Curve or <lb/>Sweep in the &longs;ame Manner as I taught you to <lb/>draw that below. </s> <s>La&longs;tly, having thus marked <lb/>in your De&longs;ign the Sweeps, Diminutions, and <lb/>all the other Particulars which we have here <lb/>mentioned, draw a &longs;trait Line from the Dimi­<lb/>nution at the Top, and another from the Di­<lb/>minution at the Bottom to the Diameter of the <lb/>Belly or Swell of the Column, and this will <lb/>make in your De&longs;ign what we called the Out­<lb/>line of the Column, and by this Line you may <lb/>make a Model of Wood by which your Ma­<lb/>&longs;ons may &longs;hape and fini&longs;h the Column it&longs;elf. <lb/></s> <s>The Superficies of the Bottom of the Shaft, if <lb/>the Column be exactly rounded, mu&longs;t make <lb/>equal Angles on all Sides with the Axis in the <lb/>Middle, and with the like Superficies at the Top <lb/>of the Shaft. </s> <s>The&longs;e Things I do not find com­<lb/>mitted to writing by any of the Ancients, but I <lb/>have gathered them by my own Indu&longs;try and <lb/>Application from the Works of the be&longs;t Ma­<lb/>&longs;ters. </s> <s>All that is to follow may be for the <lb/>mo&longs;t Part referred to the Proportions of the <lb/>Lines already treated of, and will be very de­<lb/>lightful and of great U&longs;e, e&longs;pecially to the Im­<lb/>provement of Painters.</s></p><p type="margin"> <s><margin.target id="marg17"/>*</s></p><p type="head"> <s><emph type="italics"/>The End of Book<emph.end type="italics"/><lb/></s></p><pb xlink:href="003/01/161.jpg"/><figure id="id.003.01.161.1.jpg" xlink:href="003/01/161/1.jpg"/><p type="head"> <s>THE <lb/>ARCHITECTURE <lb/>OF <lb/><emph type="italics"/>Leone Bati&longs;ta Alberti.<emph.end type="italics"/></s></p><p type="head"> <s>BOOK VII. CHAP. I.</s></p><p type="head"> <s>Of the ORNAMENTS of Sacred EDIFICES.</s></p><p type="main"> <s><emph type="italics"/>That the Walls of Cities, the Temples, and Courts of Ju&longs;tice, u&longs;ed to be con­<lb/>&longs;ecrated to the Gods; of the proper Region for the City, its Situation and <lb/>principal Ornaments.<emph.end type="italics"/></s></p><p type="main"> <s>We have already ob&longs;erved that all <lb/>Buildings con&longs;i&longs;t of &longs;everal Parts, <lb/>and that of the&longs;e Parts &longs;ome are <lb/>tho&longs;e wherein all Manner of Build­<lb/>ings in general agree; &longs;uch as Si­<lb/>tuation, Covering, and the like; and others, <lb/>tho&longs;e wherein they differ. </s> <s>We have already <lb/>treated of the Ornaments which belong to the <lb/>former; we are now to &longs;peak of tho&longs;e which <lb/>are proper to the latter. </s> <s>And this Di&longs;cour&longs;e <lb/>will be of &longs;o u&longs;eful a Nature, that even Painters, <lb/>tho&longs;e mo&longs;t accurate Searchers after every Thing <lb/>that is beautiful, will confe&longs;s, that they them­<lb/>&longs;elves have ab&longs;olute Occa&longs;ion for it. </s> <s>As for <lb/>the Plea&longs;antne&longs;s of it, I &longs;hall only &longs;ay, that I be­<lb/>lieve nobody will repent his having read it. <lb/></s> <s>But I mu&longs;t now de&longs;ire not to be blamed, if, <lb/>having propo&longs;ed new Ends to my&longs;elf, I begin <lb/>to handle my Subject upon fre&longs;h Principles. <lb/></s> <s>The Principles and Steps to any Subject are <lb/>found by the Divi&longs;ion, Intent and Con&longs;idera­<lb/>tion of the Parts whereof that Subject con&longs;i&longs;ts. <lb/></s> <s>For as in a Statue made of Bra&longs;s, Gold and <lb/>Silver melted together, the Workman con&longs;iders <lb/>the Parts with regard to their Weight, the <lb/>Statuary with regard to their Out-lines, and <lb/>others perhaps as to other Re&longs;pects; &longs;o, as we <lb/>have ob&longs;erved before, the Parts of Architecture <lb/>ought to be divided in &longs;uch a Manner, that our <lb/>Con&longs;iderations upon each of them may be as <lb/>clear and di&longs;tinct as po&longs;&longs;ible. </s> <s>We &longs;hall now <lb/>therefore proceed upon that Divi&longs;ion which <lb/>regards the Beauty and Ornament of Buildings, <lb/>more than either their Conveniency or Strength. <lb/></s> <s>Though indeed all the&longs;e Qualifications have <lb/>&longs;uch a mutual Agreement with one another, <lb/>that where any one of them is wanting, the <lb/>others al&longs;o lo&longs;e their Commendation. </s> <s>All <lb/>Buildings therefore are either publick or pri­<lb/>vate; and both publick and private, are either <lb/>&longs;acred or profane. </s> <s>We &longs;hall fir&longs;t treat of pub­<lb/>lick Edifices. </s> <s>The Ancients u&longs;ed to found the <lb/>Walls of their Cities with the greate&longs;t Religion, <lb/>dedicating them to &longs;ome God who was to be <lb/>their Guardian: Nor did they think that it <lb/>was po&longs;&longs;ible for the publick Weal to be &longs;o per­<lb/>fectly &longs;ecured by the Prudence of any Man <lb/>what&longs;oever, but that it might be endangered <pb xlink:href="003/01/162.jpg" pagenum="133"/>by the In&longs;ults and Treachery of tho&longs;e who <lb/>were concerned with it; and they were of Opi­<lb/>nion that a City, either through the Negli­<lb/>gence of its own People, or the Envy of its <lb/>Neighbours, was continually expo&longs;ed to Dangers <lb/>and Accidents; ju&longs;t as a Ship is which is to&longs;&longs;ed <lb/>on the Sea. </s> <s>And upon this Account I &longs;uppo&longs;e, <lb/>they fabled that <emph type="italics"/>Saturn,<emph.end type="italics"/> out of his Care of hu­<lb/>man Affairs, appointed Semi-Gods and Heroes <lb/>to be Guardians over Cities and to protect them <lb/>by their Wi&longs;dom; &longs;ince indeed we are not to <lb/>tru&longs;t wholly to Walls for our Defence, but <lb/>&longs;tand in need be&longs;ides of the Favour of Heaven. <lb/></s> <s>And the Rea&longs;on they gave for <emph type="italics"/>Saturn<emph.end type="italics"/>'s &longs;o do­<lb/>ing was this, that as we do not &longs;et one of the <lb/>Bea&longs;ts them&longs;elves to take Care of a Flock or <lb/>Herd, but a Shepherd; &longs;o it was rea&longs;onable <lb/>that the Guardians appointed over Men, &longs;hould <lb/>be &longs;ome other Kind of Beings of &longs;uperior Wi&longs;­<lb/>dom and greater Virtue than common Men; <lb/>and therefore they dedicated their Walls to the <lb/>Gods. </s> <s>Others &longs;ay, that it is &longs;o ordered by the <lb/>Providence of the great and good God, that as <lb/>the Minds of Men have their fatal <emph type="italics"/>Genii,<emph.end type="italics"/> &longs;o <lb/>have Cities al&longs;o. </s> <s>It is no Wonder therefore <lb/>that the Walls within which the Citizens were <lb/>to be a&longs;&longs;ociated and defended, were accounted <lb/>holy; and that the Ancients, whenever they <lb/>were about to lay Siege to any Town, le&longs;t they <lb/>&longs;hould &longs;eem to offer any In&longs;ult to Religion, <lb/>u&longs;ed to invoke, and with &longs;acred Hymns en­<lb/>deavoured to appea&longs;e the Gods that were <lb/>Guardians of the Place, be&longs;eeching them to <lb/>pa&longs;s willingly over to them. </s> <s>As for the Tem­<lb/>ple, who can doubt that to be &longs;acred, as well <lb/>for other Rea&longs;ons, as chiefly becau&longs;e we there <lb/>pay the due Reverence and Honour to God <lb/>for tho&longs;e infinite Obligations which Mankind <lb/>has towards him? </s> <s>Piety is one of the Princi­<lb/>pal Parts of Ju&longs;tice, and who can doubt that <lb/>Ju&longs;tice is a Pre&longs;ent from Heaven? </s> <s>Another <lb/>Part of Ju&longs;tice which has a very near Relation <lb/>to the preceding, and is of the greate&longs;t Excel­<lb/>lence and Dignity, and extremely grateful to <lb/>the divine Being, and con&longs;equently highly <lb/>&longs;acred, it is that which is di&longs;pen&longs;ed between <lb/>Man and Man for the Maintenance of Peace <lb/>and Tranquillity, and giving to every one his <lb/>due De&longs;erts: For this Rea&longs;on the Places &longs;et <lb/>apart for the Admini&longs;tration of Ju&longs;tice, &longs;hould <lb/>always be looked upon as &longs;acred to Religion. <lb/></s> <s>What &longs;hall we &longs;ay of the Monuments of great <lb/>Actions and Events which are dedicated to <lb/>Eternity, and left to future Ages? </s> <s>Surely we <lb/>may venture to affirm, that all the&longs;e have &longs;ome <lb/>Relation to Ju&longs;tice and Religion. </s> <s>We are <lb/>now therefore to treat of the Walls, Temples, <lb/>Places for the Admini&longs;tration of Ju&longs;tice, and <lb/>Monuments of great Events; unle&longs;s it may be <lb/>fir&longs;t thought nece&longs;&longs;ary to &longs;et down &longs;ome Ob­<lb/>&longs;ervations concerning Cities in general, which <lb/>ought not to be omitted. </s> <s>A large Number of <lb/>Edifices well di&longs;tributed, and di&longs;po&longs;ed in their <lb/>proper Places, cannot fail of giving a City a <lb/>great Air of Magnificence. <emph type="italics"/>Plato<emph.end type="italics"/> was for di­<lb/>viding the whole Area of a City into twelve <lb/>Parts, allotting to each its particular Temples <lb/>and Chapels, To the&longs;e I would add particu­<lb/>lar Courts of Judicature for each Di&longs;trict, to­<lb/>gether with Places for other inferior Magi­<lb/>&longs;trates, Fortre&longs;&longs;es, Spaces for publick Races, <lb/>Exerci&longs;es and Games, and every Thing el&longs;e of <lb/>this Nature, provided there be a &longs;ufficient <lb/>Number of Hou&longs;es to be allotted to every Di&longs;­<lb/>trict: For of Cities, &longs;ome are large, others <lb/>&longs;mall; &longs;uch as are generally fortified Towns, <lb/>and Places de&longs;igned chiefly for Strength. </s> <s>The <lb/>ancient Writers were of Opinion that the Cities <lb/>which &longs;tood in Plains were not very ancient, <lb/>and therefore could not pretend to much Au­<lb/>thority; believing that &longs;uch could not be built <lb/>till long after the Deluge. </s> <s>But, indeed, Cities <lb/>in large open Plains, and Ca&longs;tles in Places of <lb/>&longs;teep and difficult Acce&longs;s, are be&longs;t &longs;ituated <lb/>both for Plea&longs;ure and Convenience: But &longs;till <lb/>in each of the&longs;e I would always have this Dif­<lb/>ference, that the Town which &longs;tands in a Plain <lb/>&longs;hould ri&longs;e upon a gentle Slope, for the Re­<lb/>moval of Dirt and Filth; and that which is on <lb/>a Hill, &longs;hould be built upon a level and even <lb/>Area, for the greater Beauty of the Streets and <lb/>Buildings. <emph type="italics"/>Cicero<emph.end type="italics"/> was of Opinion, that <emph type="italics"/>Capua<emph.end type="italics"/><lb/>was preferable to <emph type="italics"/>Rome,<emph.end type="italics"/> becau&longs;e it neither hung <lb/>upon Hills, nor was broken by Vallies, but lay <lb/>open and level. <emph type="italics"/>Alexander<emph.end type="italics"/> de&longs;i&longs;ted from com­<lb/>pleating the Town he had begun to build in <lb/>the I&longs;land of <emph type="italics"/>Pharos,<emph.end type="italics"/> though otherwi&longs;e a Place <lb/>of great Strength and many Conveniences, be­<lb/>cau&longs;e he found it would not have Room enough <lb/>to enlarge it&longs;elf, as in all Probability it would <lb/>have Occa&longs;ion to do. </s> <s>Nor &longs;hould we omit to <lb/>take Notice here, that the greate&longs;t Ornament <lb/>of a City is the Multitude of her Citizens. </s> <s>We <lb/>read that <emph type="italics"/>Tigranes,<emph.end type="italics"/> when he built the City of <lb/><emph type="italics"/>Tigranocerta,<emph.end type="italics"/> con&longs;trained a va&longs;t Number of the <lb/>Riche&longs;t and mo&longs;t Honourable of his Subjects, <lb/>to remove thither with all their Wealth to in­<lb/>habit it, publi&longs;hing an Edict, that whatever <lb/>Effects they did not carry with them, but left <lb/>el&longs;ewhere, &longs;hould be forfeited to the publick <pb xlink:href="003/01/163.jpg" pagenum="134"/>Trea&longs;ury. </s> <s>But this is no more than what the <lb/>Neighbours all around, and other Strangers, <lb/>will do willingly and of their own Accord, to <lb/>a Place where they know they can live with <lb/>Health, Plea&longs;ure and Plenty, and among a <lb/>People of a fair and regular Behaviour. </s> <s>But <lb/>the principal Ornament of the City will ari&longs;e <lb/>&longs;rom the Di&longs;po&longs;ition of the Streets, Squares and <lb/>publick Edifices, and their being all laid out <lb/>and contrived beautifully and conveniently, ac­<lb/>cording to their &longs;everal U&longs;es; for without Or­<lb/>der, there can be nothing Hand&longs;ome, Conve­<lb/>nient or Plea&longs;ing. </s> <s>In a well regulated City, <lb/><emph type="italics"/>Plato<emph.end type="italics"/> is of Opinion that the Laws &longs;hould pre­<lb/>vent the introducing of any foreign Delicacies <lb/>or Corruptions; and, in order thereto &longs;hould <lb/>&longs;uffer no Citizen to travel till full forty Years <lb/>of Age; and that &longs;uch Strangers as &longs;hould be <lb/>admitted into the City, in order to pro&longs;ecute <lb/>their Studies, when they had &longs;ufficiently im­<lb/>proved them&longs;elves, &longs;hould be &longs;ent Home again <lb/>to their own Country. </s> <s>And this is nece&longs;&longs;ary, <lb/>becau&longs;e the Citizens, from the Contagion of <lb/>Foreigners, are apt to fall off daily more and <lb/>more from that Par&longs;imony wherein they were <lb/>educated by their Ance&longs;tors, and to de&longs;pi&longs;e <lb/>their own old Cu&longs;toms and U&longs;ages; which is <lb/>the chief Rea&longs;on that Cities grow &longs;o univer­<lb/>&longs;ally corrupted. <emph type="italics"/>Plutarch<emph.end type="italics"/> tells us, that the <lb/>People of <emph type="italics"/>Epidaurus<emph.end type="italics"/> ob&longs;erving that their Citi­<lb/>zens grew vicious by their Intercour&longs;e with the <lb/><emph type="italics"/>Illyrians,<emph.end type="italics"/> and knowing that a Depravity of <lb/>Manners is always the Occa&longs;ion of continual <lb/>Innovations; in order to prevent it, elected one <lb/>Citizen yearly out of their Number, who was <lb/>always to be a Man of Gravity and Circum­<lb/>&longs;pection, who &longs;hould go among the <emph type="italics"/>Illyrians,<emph.end type="italics"/><lb/>and provide and bring them all &longs;uch Things as <lb/>any of the&longs;e Citizens gave him Commi&longs;&longs;ion to <lb/>procure them. </s> <s>In a Word, all the wi&longs;e&longs;t Men <lb/>are agreed in this, that the greate&longs;t Care and <lb/>Precaution ought to be u&longs;ed to keep the City <lb/>from being corrupted by the Intercour&longs;e of <lb/>Strangers who come to it. </s> <s>Not that I am for imi­<lb/>tating tho&longs;e who are again&longs;t granting Admi&longs;&longs;ion <lb/>to any Strangers what&longs;oever. </s> <s>Among the <emph type="italics"/>Greeks<emph.end type="italics"/><lb/>it was the ancient Cu&longs;tom never to receive any <lb/>People that were not in League with them, <lb/>though not in Enmity neither, if they had Oc­<lb/>ca&longs;ion to pa&longs;s through their Country in Arms: <lb/>Neither would they drive them away; but <lb/>they u&longs;ed to appoint a Market for all Nece&longs;&longs;a­<lb/>ries at &longs;ome little Di&longs;tance without the Walls, <lb/>where the Strangers might refre&longs;h them&longs;elves <lb/>with whatever Conveniencies they wanted, and <lb/>the Citizens might not be expo&longs;ed to any <lb/>Danger. </s> <s>But I, for my Part, am be&longs;t plea&longs;ed <lb/>with the <emph type="italics"/>Carthaginians,<emph.end type="italics"/> who, though they <lb/>permitted Strangers to come among them, <lb/>would not &longs;uffer them to have every Thing <lb/>in common with their own Citizens. </s> <s>The <lb/>Streets which led to the Market or publick <lb/>Place were open to all Strangers; but the more <lb/>private Parts of the City, &longs;uch as the Ar&longs;enal, <lb/>and the like, they were not allowed &longs;o much <lb/>as to &longs;ee. </s> <s>In&longs;tructed therefore by the&longs;e Ex­<lb/>amples, let us lay out the Platform of our City <lb/>in &longs;uch a Manner, that not only Strangers may <lb/>have their Habitations &longs;eparate, convenient for <lb/>them, and not inconvenient to the Citizens; <lb/>but al&longs;o that the Citizens them&longs;elves may con­<lb/>ver&longs;e, negociate and dwell together commo­<lb/>diou&longs;ly and honourably, according to their &longs;e­<lb/>veral Ranks and Occa&longs;ions. </s> <s>It will add much <lb/>to the Beauty of the City, if the Shops for par­<lb/>ticular Trades &longs;tand in particular Streets and <lb/>Di&longs;tricts in the mo&longs;t convenient Parts of the <lb/>Town. </s> <s>Gold&longs;miths, Silver&longs;miths and Painters <lb/>may have their Shops in the publick Place, and <lb/>&longs;o may the Sellers of Drugs, of Habits, and <lb/>other creditable Trades; but all na&longs;ty, &longs;tink­<lb/>ing Occupations &longs;hould be removed out of the <lb/>Way, e&longs;pecially the offen&longs;ive Smells of Tan­<lb/>ners, which &longs;hould be &longs;et by them&longs;elves and <lb/>towards the North, becau&longs;e the Winds &longs;eldom <lb/>blow into the City from that Corner; or, if <lb/>they do, they blow &longs;o &longs;trong that they rather <lb/>fly than pa&longs;s over it. </s> <s>There may perhaps be <lb/>&longs;ome who would like better to have the Ha­<lb/>bitations of the Gentry &longs;eparate by them&longs;elves, <lb/>quite clear and free from all Mixture with the <lb/>meaner Sort of People. </s> <s>Others are for having <lb/>every Di&longs;trict of the City &longs;o laid out, that each <lb/>Part might be &longs;upplied at Hand with every <lb/>Thing that it could have Occa&longs;ion for, and for <lb/>this Rea&longs;on they are not again&longs;t having the <lb/>meane&longs;t Trades in the Neighbourhood of the <lb/>mo&longs;t honourable Citizens. </s> <s>But of this Sub­<lb/>ject we have &longs;aid enough. </s> <s>Conveniency is one <lb/>Thing, and Dignity another. </s> <s>Let us now <lb/>return.</s></p><pb xlink:href="003/01/164.jpg" pagenum="135"/><p type="head"> <s>CHAP. II.</s></p><p type="head"> <s><emph type="italics"/>Of how large and what Kind of Stone the Walls ought to be built, and who <lb/>were the fir&longs;t that erected Temples.<emph.end type="italics"/></s></p><p type="main"> <s>The Ancients, and particularly the <emph type="italics"/>He­<lb/>trurians,<emph.end type="italics"/> built their Walls of &longs;quare <lb/>Stones, and the Large&longs;t that could be got. <lb/></s> <s>The <emph type="italics"/>Athenians,<emph.end type="italics"/> as we are informed by <emph type="italics"/>Themi&longs;­<lb/>tocles,<emph.end type="italics"/> did the &longs;ame in their <emph type="italics"/>Pireum.<emph.end type="italics"/></s><s> There <lb/>are &longs;ome very ancient Ca&longs;tles &longs;till to be &longs;een in <lb/><emph type="italics"/>Tu&longs;cany,<emph.end type="italics"/> and in the Territory of <emph type="italics"/>Spoleto,<emph.end type="italics"/> and <lb/>near <emph type="italics"/>Piperno<emph.end type="italics"/> in <emph type="italics"/>Campania,<emph.end type="italics"/> built of huge un­<lb/>wrought Stone; which Sort of Work plea&longs;es <lb/>me extremely, becau&longs;e it gives the Building a <lb/>rugged Air of the antique Severity, which is a <lb/>very great Ornament to a Town. </s> <s>I would <lb/>have the Walls of a City built in &longs;uch a Man­<lb/>ner, that the Enemy at the bare Sight of them <lb/>may be &longs;truck with Terror, and be &longs;ent away <lb/>with a Di&longs;tru&longs;t of his own Forces. </s> <s>There is <lb/>a good deal of Maje&longs;ty too in very broad deep <lb/>Ditches clo&longs;e to the Foot of the Wall, with <lb/>very &longs;teep Sides, like tho&longs;e which we are told <lb/>were at <emph type="italics"/>Babylon,<emph.end type="italics"/> which were fifty royal Cubits <lb/>broad and above an hundred deep. </s> <s>There is <lb/>al&longs;o much Maje&longs;ty in the Height and Thick­<lb/>ne&longs;s of the Walls them&longs;elves, &longs;uch as we are <lb/>told were built by <emph type="italics"/>Ninus, Semiramis<emph.end type="italics"/> and <emph type="italics"/>Ti­<lb/>granes,<emph.end type="italics"/> and mo&longs;t of tho&longs;e who&longs;e Minds were <lb/>inclined to Magnificence. </s> <s>In the Towers and <lb/>Corridors of the Walls of <emph type="italics"/>Rome,<emph.end type="italics"/> I have &longs;een <lb/>Pavements of <emph type="italics"/>Mo&longs;aic<emph.end type="italics"/> Work, and Walls incru&longs;­<lb/>tated with the hand&longs;ome&longs;t Materials; but all <lb/>Ornaments are not &longs;uitable to all Cities alike. <lb/></s> <s>Delicate Cornices and Incru&longs;tations are not &longs;o <lb/>proper for the Walls of a Town; but in&longs;tead of <lb/>a Cornice let there be a projecting Row of long <lb/>Stones, &longs;omewhat more regularly wrought than <lb/>the Re&longs;t, and &longs;et by the Level and Plum-line; <lb/>and in&longs;tead of Incru&longs;tations, tho' I would have <lb/>the Front pre&longs;erve its rugged and threatning <lb/>A&longs;pect, yet I would have the Stones &longs;o well fit­<lb/>ted to one another, that there may be no <lb/>Cracks in the Building. </s> <s>The be&longs;t Way to fit <lb/>&longs;uch Stones together is by Means of the <emph type="italics"/>Doric<emph.end type="italics"/><lb/>Rule; like which <emph type="italics"/>Ari&longs;totle<emph.end type="italics"/> u&longs;ed to &longs;ay, the <lb/>Laws ought to be made; for it was of Lead <lb/>and pliable; becau&longs;e having very hard Stones <lb/>and difficult to be wrought, for the &longs;aving of <lb/>Expence and Labour, they did not take the <lb/>Pains to &longs;quare them, but &longs;et them in the Wall <lb/>without any certain Order and where-ever they <lb/>would fit in; and finding it an endle&longs;s Task <lb/>to remove them from Place to Place till they <lb/>could fit them in exactly, they invented this <lb/>Rule which would bend any Way, which they <lb/>moulded to the Sides and Corners of the Stone <lb/>which they had already &longs;et, and to which they <lb/>were to fit the next, and made u&longs;e of the Rule <lb/>thus moulded for chu&longs;ing out &longs;uch Stones as <lb/>would fit the Vacancies they were to fill up, <lb/>and an&longs;wer be&longs;t to the Stones which they had <lb/>already &longs;et in the Wall. </s> <s>Moreover, for a &longs;till <lb/>greater Addition of Reverence and Dignity, I <lb/>would have a very hand&longs;ome open Space left <lb/>both within and without the Walls, and dedi­<lb/>cated to the publick Liberty; which &longs;hould <lb/>not be cumbered up by any Per&longs;on what&longs;oever, <lb/>either with Trench, Wall, Hedge, or Shrub, <lb/>under very great Penalties. </s> <s>Let us now pro­<lb/>ceed to the Temple. </s> <s>The fir&longs;t Builders of <lb/>Temples I find to have been in <emph type="italics"/>Italy,<emph.end type="italics"/> Father <lb/><emph type="italics"/>Janus,<emph.end type="italics"/> and for that Rea&longs;on the Ancients, in <lb/>their Sacrifices, u&longs;ed always to begin with a <lb/>Prayer to <emph type="italics"/>Janus.<emph.end type="italics"/></s><s> Some were of Opinion that <lb/><emph type="italics"/>Jupiter<emph.end type="italics"/> in <emph type="italics"/>Crete<emph.end type="italics"/> was the fir&longs;t that built Tem­<lb/>ples, and upon that Account thought him the <lb/>fir&longs;t God to be adored. </s> <s>They &longs;ay that in <emph type="italics"/>Phe­<lb/>nicia, U&longs;o<emph.end type="italics"/> was the fir&longs;t that erected Altars, and <lb/>built Temples to Fire and Wind. </s> <s>Others tell <lb/>us that <emph type="italics"/>Diony&longs;ius,<emph.end type="italics"/> another Name for <emph type="italics"/>Bacchus,<emph.end type="italics"/><lb/>in his Pa&longs;&longs;age through <emph type="italics"/>India,<emph.end type="italics"/> finding no Cities <lb/>in all that Region, after he had built Towns <lb/>there, al&longs;o erected Temples and e&longs;tabli&longs;hed re­<lb/>ligious Rites. </s> <s>Others &longs;ay that in <emph type="italics"/>Achaia, Ce­<lb/>crops<emph.end type="italics"/> was the fir&longs;t that built a Temple to the <lb/>Godde&longs;s <emph type="italics"/>Ops,<emph.end type="italics"/> and the <emph type="italics"/>Arcadians<emph.end type="italics"/> the fir&longs;t that <lb/>built one to <emph type="italics"/>Jupiter.<emph.end type="italics"/></s><s> Some write that <emph type="italics"/>I&longs;is,<emph.end type="italics"/><lb/>who was al&longs;o called the Law-giver, becau&longs;e &longs;he <lb/>was the fir&longs;t Deity that commanded Men to <lb/>live according to her Laws, was al&longs;o the fir&longs;t <lb/>that rai&longs;ed a Temple to <emph type="italics"/>Jupiter<emph.end type="italics"/> and <emph type="italics"/>Juno<emph.end type="italics"/> her <lb/>Progenitors, and appointed Prie&longs;ts to attend their <lb/>Wor&longs;hip. </s> <s>But what Manner of Temples any <lb/>of the&longs;e were, is not &longs;o well known. </s> <s>I am <lb/>very much inclined to believe they were like <lb/>that which was in the Citadel of <emph type="italics"/>Athens,<emph.end type="italics"/> or <lb/>that in the Capitol at <emph type="italics"/>Rome;<emph.end type="italics"/> which, even when <pb xlink:href="003/01/165.jpg" pagenum="136"/>the City flouri&longs;hed, was covered with Straw <lb/>and Reeds, the <emph type="italics"/>Romans<emph.end type="italics"/> &longs;till adhering to the an­<lb/>cient Par&longs;imony of their Forefathers. </s> <s>But when <lb/>the great Wealth of their Kings and of many <lb/>of their Citizens brought them to think of ho­<lb/>nouring them&longs;elves and their City by the State­<lb/>line&longs;s of their Edifices, they looked upon it to <lb/>be a Shame that the Habitations of the Gods <lb/>&longs;hould not be made hand&longs;omer than the Hou&longs;es <lb/>of Men; and this Humour in a &longs;hort Time <lb/>made &longs;o great a Progre&longs;s, that only in the <lb/>Foundation of one &longs;ingle Temple, while the <lb/>City was yet extremely frugal, King <emph type="italics"/>Numa<emph.end type="italics"/><lb/>laid out four thou&longs;and Pounds Weight of Sil­<lb/>ver: And I highly commend that Prince for <lb/>this Act of Genero&longs;ity, as it was done out of <lb/>Regard to the Dignity of the City, and to the <lb/>Reverence which is due to the Gods, to whom <lb/>we owe all Things: Though it has been the <lb/>Opinion of &longs;ome, who have had the Reputati­<lb/>on of Wi&longs;dom, that it is very improper to de­<lb/>dicate or build any Temples at all to the Gods, <lb/>and we are told, that it was in this Per&longs;ua&longs;ion <lb/>that <emph type="italics"/>Xerxes<emph.end type="italics"/> burnt down the Temples in <emph type="italics"/>Greece,<emph.end type="italics"/><lb/>thinking it an impious Thing to &longs;hut up the <lb/>Gods between Walls, to whom all Things <lb/>ought to be open, and to whom the whole <lb/>World ought to &longs;erve as a Temple. </s> <s>But let <lb/>us return to our Subject.</s></p><p type="head"> <s>CHAP. III.</s></p><p type="main"> <s><emph type="italics"/>With how much Thought, Care and Diligence we ought to lay out and adorn <lb/>our Temples; to what Gods and in what Places we &longs;hould build them, and <lb/>of the various Kinds of Sacrifices.<emph.end type="italics"/></s></p><p type="main"> <s>In the whole Compa&longs;s of the Art of Build­<lb/>ing, there is nothing in which we ought to <lb/>employ more Thought, Care and Diligence <lb/>than in the laying out and adorning a Tem­<lb/>ple; becau&longs;e, not to mention that a Temple <lb/>well built and hand&longs;omely adorned is the great­<lb/>e&longs;t and noble&longs;t Ornament a City can have; it <lb/>is moreover the Habitation of the Gods: And <lb/>if we adorn and beautify the Hou&longs;e where a <lb/>King or any great Man is to dwell, with all the <lb/>Art we are Ma&longs;ters of, what ought we to do <lb/>to tho&longs;e of the immortal Gods? </s> <s>Whom we <lb/>expect, when invoked, to be pre&longs;ent at our Sa­<lb/>crifices, and to give Ear to our Prayers. </s> <s>And <lb/>though the Gods may de&longs;pi&longs;e tho&longs;e peri&longs;hable <lb/>Things which we mo&longs;t highly value; yet Men <lb/>are moved by the Purity of beautiful Materials, <lb/>and rai&longs;ed by them to Reverence and Devoti­<lb/>on for the Deity to which they are &longs;acred. </s> <s>It <lb/>is certain that Temples may be of great U&longs;e <lb/>for &longs;tirring up Men to Piety, by filling their <lb/>Minds with Delight, and Entertaining them <lb/>with Admiration of their Beauty. </s> <s>The An­<lb/>cients were wont to &longs;ay, that Piety was ho­<lb/>noured when the Temples were frequented. <lb/></s> <s>For this Rea&longs;on I would have the Temple <lb/>made &longs;o beautiful, that the Imagination &longs;hould <lb/>not be able to form an Idea of any Place more <lb/>&longs;o; and I would have every Part &longs;o contrived <lb/>and adorned, as to fill the Beholders with Awe <lb/>and Amazement, at the Con&longs;ideration of &longs;o <lb/>many noble and excellent Things, and almo&longs;t <lb/>force them to cry out with A&longs;toni&longs;hment: <lb/>This Place is certainly worthy of God! <emph type="italics"/>Strabo<emph.end type="italics"/><lb/>&longs;ays, that the <emph type="italics"/>Mile&longs;ians<emph.end type="italics"/> built their Temple &longs;o <lb/>large, that they were not able to make a Roof <lb/>to cover it; which I do not approve. </s> <s>The <lb/><emph type="italics"/>Samians<emph.end type="italics"/> boa&longs;ted of having the bigge&longs;t Temple <lb/>in the World. </s> <s>I am not again&longs;t building them <lb/>&longs;uch, that it &longs;hould be very hard to make any <lb/>Addition to them. </s> <s>Ornaments are in a Man­<lb/>ner infinite, and even in &longs;mall Temples there is <lb/>always &longs;omething which we imagine might <lb/>and ought to be added. </s> <s>I would have the <lb/>Temple as large as the Bigne&longs;s of the City re­<lb/>quires, but not unmea&longs;urably huge. </s> <s>What I <lb/>&longs;hould chiefly de&longs;ire in a Temple, would be <lb/>this, that every Thing which you behold &longs;hould <lb/>be &longs;uch; that you &longs;hould be at a Stand which <lb/>mo&longs;t to commend, the Genius and Skill of the <lb/>Workmen, or the Zeal and Genero&longs;ity of the <lb/>Citizens in procuring and dedicating &longs;uch rare <lb/>and beautiful Materials to this Service; and <lb/>be doubtful whether tho&longs;e very Materials con­<lb/>duce mo&longs;t to Beauty and Stateline&longs;s, or to Du­<lb/>ration, which, as in all other Buildings both <lb/>publick and private, &longs;o chiefly in the Structure <lb/>of Temples, ought to be very carefully con­<lb/>&longs;ulted; in as much as it is in the highe&longs;t De­<lb/>gree rea&longs;onable that &longs;uch a great Expence <lb/>&longs;hould be well &longs;ecured from being lo&longs;t by means <lb/>of any Accidents, be&longs;ides that Antiquity gives <pb xlink:href="003/01/166.jpg" pagenum="137"/>no le&longs;s Awfulne&longs;s, than Ornaments do Beauty, <lb/>to any Structure of this Nature. </s> <s>The Anci­<lb/>ents, who had their In&longs;tructions from the <lb/><emph type="italics"/>Etrurians,<emph.end type="italics"/> thought the &longs;ame Kind of Situation <lb/>not proper for the Temples of different Gods: <lb/>The Temples to the Gods that pre&longs;ided over <lb/>Peace, Mode&longs;ty and good Arts, they judged <lb/>fit to be placed within the Compa&longs;s of the <lb/>Walls; but tho&longs;e Deities that were the Guar­<lb/>dians of Plea&longs;ures, Feuds and Combu&longs;tions, <lb/>&longs;uch as <emph type="italics"/>Venus, Mars<emph.end type="italics"/> and <emph type="italics"/>Vulcan,<emph.end type="italics"/> they placed <lb/>&longs;omewhere without the City. <emph type="italics"/>Ve&longs;ta, Jupiter<emph.end type="italics"/><lb/>and <emph type="italics"/>Minerva,<emph.end type="italics"/> whom <emph type="italics"/>Plato<emph.end type="italics"/> calls the Protectors <lb/>of Cities, they &longs;eated in the Heart of the <lb/>Town, or in the Citadel; <emph type="italics"/>Pallas,<emph.end type="italics"/> the Godde&longs;s <lb/>of working Trades, and <emph type="italics"/>Mercury,<emph.end type="italics"/> to whom the <lb/>Merchants &longs;acrificed in the Month of <emph type="italics"/>May,<emph.end type="italics"/><lb/>and <emph type="italics"/>I&longs;is,<emph.end type="italics"/> they &longs;et in the publick Market-place; <lb/><emph type="italics"/>Neptune,<emph.end type="italics"/> upon the Sea-&longs;hore, and <emph type="italics"/>Janus<emph.end type="italics"/> on <lb/>the Summit of the highe&longs;t Hills; the Temple <lb/>of <emph type="italics"/>Æ&longs;culapius<emph.end type="italics"/> they built in the I&longs;land of the <lb/><emph type="italics"/>Tiber,<emph.end type="italics"/> being of Opinion that the chief Thing <lb/>nece&longs;&longs;ary to the Sick, was Water. </s> <s>In other <lb/>Countries <emph type="italics"/>Plutarch<emph.end type="italics"/> tells us, that they u&longs;ed to <lb/>place the Temple of this God out of the City, <lb/>for the Sake of the Goodne&longs;s of the Air. </s> <s>Fur­<lb/>ther, they imagined that the Temples of vari­<lb/>ous Gods ought to be built in various Forms. <lb/></s> <s>The Temple of the <emph type="italics"/>Sun<emph.end type="italics"/> and of <emph type="italics"/>Bacchus<emph.end type="italics"/> they <lb/>thought &longs;hould be round; and <emph type="italics"/>Varro<emph.end type="italics"/> &longs;ays, <lb/>that of <emph type="italics"/>Jupiter<emph.end type="italics"/> &longs;hould be partly uncovered at the <lb/>Top, becau&longs;e it was that God who opened the <lb/>Seeds of all Things. </s> <s>The Temple of the God­<lb/>de&longs;s <emph type="italics"/>Ve&longs;ta,<emph.end type="italics"/> &longs;uppo&longs;ing her to be the Earth, they <lb/>built as round as a Ball: Tho&longs;e of the other <lb/>cele&longs;tial Gods they rai&longs;ed &longs;omewhat above the <lb/>Ground; tho&longs;e of the infernal Gods they built <lb/>under Ground, and tho&longs;e of the terre&longs;trial <lb/>they &longs;et upon the Level. </s> <s>If I am not mi&longs;taken <lb/>too, their various Sorts of Sacrifices made them <lb/>invent different Sorts of Temples: For &longs;ome <lb/>wa&longs;hed their Altars with Blood, others &longs;acrificed <lb/>with Wine and a Cake; others were daily <lb/>practi&longs;ing new Rites. <emph type="italics"/>Po&longs;thumius<emph.end type="italics"/> enacted a <lb/>Law among the <emph type="italics"/>Romans,<emph.end type="italics"/> that no Wine &longs;hould <lb/>be &longs;prinkled upon a funeral Pile; for which <lb/>Rea&longs;on the Ancients u&longs;ed to perform their Li­<lb/>bations not with Wine but Milk. </s> <s>In the <emph type="italics"/>Hy­<lb/>perborean<emph.end type="italics"/> I&longs;land in the Ocean, where <emph type="italics"/>Latona<emph.end type="italics"/><lb/>was fabled to be born, the Metropolis was con­<lb/>&longs;ecrated to <emph type="italics"/>Apollo;<emph.end type="italics"/> the Citizens of which, be­<lb/>ing u&longs;ed con&longs;tantly every Day to &longs;ing the <lb/>Prai&longs;es of their Gods, were all good Ma&longs;ters of <lb/>Mu&longs;ick. </s> <s>I find in <emph type="italics"/>Theophra&longs;tus<emph.end type="italics"/> the Sophi&longs;t, that <lb/>the People of the I&longs;thmus, or the <emph type="italics"/>Morea,<emph.end type="italics"/> u&longs;ed <lb/>to &longs;acrifice an Ant to the Sun and to <emph type="italics"/>Neptune.<emph.end type="italics"/><lb/>It was not lawful for the <emph type="italics"/>Ægyptians<emph.end type="italics"/> to appea&longs;e <lb/>their Gods by any Thing but Prayers within <lb/>their City; wherefore, that they might &longs;acri­<lb/>fice Sheep to <emph type="italics"/>Saturn<emph.end type="italics"/> and <emph type="italics"/>Serapis,<emph.end type="italics"/> they built <lb/>their Temples out of the Town. </s> <s>But our <lb/>Countrymen by Degrees got into a Way of <lb/>making u&longs;e of Ba&longs;iliques or Palaces for their <lb/>Places of Wor&longs;hip; which was occa&longs;ioned by <lb/>their being accu&longs;tomed from the Beginning to <lb/>meet and get together in the Palaces of private <lb/>Per&longs;ons; be&longs;ides, that the Altar had a very <lb/>great Air of Dignity when &longs;et in the Place of <lb/>the Tribunal, as had al&longs;o the Choir when di&longs;­<lb/>po&longs;ed about the Altar. </s> <s>The other Parts of the <lb/>Structure, &longs;uch as the Nave and the Portico, <lb/>&longs;erved the People either to walk about in, or <lb/>to attend the religious Ceremonies. </s> <s>Add to <lb/>this, that the Voice of the Pontiff, when he <lb/>preached, might be more di&longs;tinctly heard in a <lb/>Ba&longs;ilique cieled with a Timber, than in a Tem­<lb/>ple with a vaulted Roof: But of the&longs;e Things <lb/>we &longs;hall treat in another Place. </s> <s>It may not <lb/>be ami&longs;s to take Notice here of what the An­<lb/>cients tell us, that the Temples dedicated to <lb/><emph type="italics"/>Venus, Diana,<emph.end type="italics"/> the <emph type="italics"/>Mu&longs;es,<emph.end type="italics"/> the Nymphs and the <lb/>more tender Godde&longs;&longs;es, ought in their Struc­<lb/>ture to imitate that Virgin's Delicacy and &longs;mil­<lb/>ing Gaiety of Youth, which is proper to them; <lb/>but that <emph type="italics"/>Hercules, Mars,<emph.end type="italics"/> and the other greater <lb/>Deities &longs;hould have Temples which &longs;hould ra­<lb/>ther fill the Beholders with Awe by their Gra­<lb/>vity, than with Plea&longs;ure by their Beauty. </s> <s>La&longs;t­<lb/>ly, the Place where you intend to fix a Tem­<lb/>ple, ought to be noted, famous, and indeed <lb/>&longs;tately, clear from all Contagion of &longs;ecular <lb/>Things, and, in order thereunto, it &longs;hould have <lb/>a &longs;pacious hand&longs;ome Area in its Front, and be <lb/>&longs;urrounded on every Side with great Streets, or <lb/>rather with noble Squares, that you may have <lb/>a beautiful View of it on every Side.</s></p><pb xlink:href="003/01/167.jpg" pagenum="138"/><p type="head"> <s>CHAP. IV.</s></p><p type="head"> <s><emph type="italics"/>Of the Parts, Forms and Figures of Temples and their Chapels, and how the&longs;e <lb/>latter &longs;hould be di&longs;tributed.<emph.end type="italics"/></s></p><p type="main"> <s>The Parts of the Temple are two; the <lb/>Portico and the In&longs;ide: But they differ <lb/>very much from one another in both the&longs;e Re­<lb/>&longs;pects; for &longs;ome Temples are round, &longs;ome <lb/>&longs;quare, and others, la&longs;tly, have many Sides. </s> <s>It <lb/>is manife&longs;t that Nature delights principally in <lb/>round Figures, &longs;ince we find that mo&longs;t Things <lb/>which are generated, made or directed by Na­<lb/>ture, are round. </s> <s>Why need I in&longs;tance in the <lb/>Stars, Trees, Animals, the Ne&longs;ts of Birds, or <lb/>the like Parts of the Creation, which &longs;he has <lb/>cho&longs;en to make generally round? </s> <s>We find too <lb/>that Nature is &longs;ometimes delighted with Figures <lb/>of &longs;ix Sides; for Bees, Hornets, and all other <lb/>Kinds of Wa&longs;ps have learnt no other Figure <lb/>for building their Cells in their Hives, but the <lb/>Hexagon. </s> <s>The Area for a round Temple <lb/>&longs;hould be marked out exactly circular. </s> <s>The <lb/>Ancients, in almo&longs;t all their quadrangular <lb/>Temples made the Platform half as long again <lb/>as it was broad. </s> <s>Some made it only a third <lb/>Part of the Breadth longer; and others would <lb/>have it full thrice the Breadth long. </s> <s>But in <lb/>all the&longs;e quadrangular Platforms the greate&longs;t <lb/>Blemi&longs;h is for the Corners to be not exactly <lb/>rectangular. </s> <s>The Polygons u&longs;ed by the An­<lb/>cients were either of &longs;ix, eight, or &longs;ometimes <lb/><arrow.to.target n="marg18"/><lb/>ten Sides. </s> <s>The Angles of &longs;uch Platforms <lb/>&longs;hould all terminate within a Circle, and indeed <lb/>from a Circle is the be&longs;t Way of deducing <lb/>them; for the Semidiameter of the Circle will <lb/>make one of the &longs;ix Sides which can be con­<lb/>tained in that Circle. </s> <s>And if from the Cen­<lb/>ter you draw Right-lines to cut each of tho&longs;e <lb/>&longs;ix Sides exactly in the Middle, you will plainly <lb/>&longs;ee what Method you are to take to draw a <lb/>Platform of twelve Sides, and from that of <lb/>twelve Sides you may make one of four, or <lb/>eight, as in Fig. <emph type="italics"/>B. C.<emph.end type="italics"/></s><s> However here is an­<lb/>other ea&longs;ier Way of drawing a Platform of eight <lb/>Sides. </s> <s>Having drawn an equilateral and right­<lb/>angled Square together with its Diagonals from <lb/>Corner to Corner; from the Point where tho&longs;e <lb/>Diagonals inter&longs;ect each other in the Middle, I <lb/>turn a Circle, opening the Compa&longs;&longs;es &longs;o wide <lb/>as to take in all the Sides of the Square; then <lb/>I divide one of tho&longs;e Sides into two equal Parts, <lb/>and through the Point of that Divi&longs;ion draw a <lb/>Line from the Center to the Circumference of <lb/>the Circle <emph type="italics"/>D,<emph.end type="italics"/> and thus from the Point where <lb/>that Line touches the Circumference to the <lb/>Angle of the Square, will be exactly one of the <lb/>eight Sides which that Circle will contain. <lb/></s> <s>We may al&longs;o draw a Platform of ten Sides by <lb/>means of a Circle, in the following Manner: <lb/>Draw two Diameters in the Circle, inter&longs;ecting <lb/>each other at Right-angles, and then divide <lb/>the Half of either of tho&longs;e Diameters into two <lb/>equal Parts, and from that Divi&longs;ion draw a <lb/>&longs;traight Line upwards a&longs;lant to the Head of <lb/>the other Diameter; and if from this &longs;lant <lb/>Line you take off the Quantity of the fourth <lb/>Part of one of the Diameters, the Remainder of <lb/>that Line will be one of the ten Sides which <lb/>can be contained in that Circle, as you may <lb/>&longs;ee in Letter <emph type="italics"/>E.<emph.end type="italics"/></s><s> To Temples it is u&longs;ual to <lb/>joyn Chapels; to &longs;ome, more; to others fewer. <lb/></s> <s>In quadrangular Temples it is very unu&longs;ual to <lb/>make above one, and that is placed at the <lb/>Head, &longs;o as to be &longs;een immediately by tho&longs;e <lb/>that come in at the Door. </s> <s>If you have a Mind <lb/>to make more Chapels on the Sides, they will <lb/>not be ami&longs;s in tho&longs;e quadrangular Temples <lb/>which are twice as long as broad; and there <lb/>we &longs;hould not make more than one in each <lb/>Side: Though if you do make more, it will <lb/>be better to make an odd Number on each Side <lb/>than an even one. </s> <s>In round Platforms, and <lb/>al&longs;o in tho&longs;e of many Faces (if we may ven­<lb/>ture &longs;o to call them) we may very conveniently <lb/>make a greater Number of Chapels, according <lb/>to the Number of tho&longs;e Faces, one to each, or one <lb/>with and one without alternately, an&longs;wering to <lb/>each other. </s> <s>In round Platforms &longs;ix Chapels, <lb/>or even eight will do extremely well. </s> <s>In Plat­<lb/>forms of &longs;everal Faces you mu&longs;t be &longs;ure to let <lb/>the Corners be exactly an&longs;wering and &longs;uiting <lb/>to one another. </s> <s>The Chapels them&longs;elves mu&longs;t <lb/>be made either Parts of a rectangled Square, or <lb/>of a Circle. </s> <s>For the &longs;ingle Chapel at the Head <lb/>of a Temple, the &longs;emicircular Form is much <lb/>the hand&longs;ome&longs;t; and next to that is the rect­<lb/>angular. </s> <s>But if you are to make a good Num­<lb/>ber of Chapels, it will certainly be much more <lb/></s></p><pb xlink:href="003/01/168.jpg"/><p type="margin"> <s><margin.target id="marg18"/>*</s></p><p type="caption"> <s>PLATE 21. <emph type="italics"/>(Page 138)<emph.end type="italics"/><lb/><figure id="id.003.01.168.1.jpg" xlink:href="003/01/168/1.jpg"/></s></p><pb xlink:href="003/01/169.jpg"/><p type="caption"> <s>PLATE 22. <emph type="italics"/>(Page 139)<emph.end type="italics"/><pb xlink:href="003/01/170.jpg" pagenum="139"/>plea&longs;ing to the Eye, to make Part of them <lb/>&longs;quare and Part round alternately, and an&longs;wer­<lb/>ing one to the other. </s> <s>For the Aperture of <lb/>the&longs;e Chapels ob&longs;erve the following Rule. <lb/></s> <s>When you are to make a &longs;ingle Chapel in a <lb/>quadrangular Temple, divide the Breadth of <lb/>the Temple into four Parts, and give two of <lb/>tho&longs;e Parts to the Breadth of the Chapel. </s> <s>If <lb/>you have a Mind to have it more &longs;pacious, di­<lb/>vide that Breadth into &longs;ix Parts, and give four <lb/>of them to the Breadth of your Chapel. </s> <s>And <lb/>thus the Ornaments and Columns which you <lb/>are to add to them, the Windows, and the like, <lb/>may be hand&longs;omely fitted in their proper <lb/>Places. </s> <s>If you are to make a Number of <lb/>Chapels about a round Platform, you may, if <lb/>you plea&longs;e, make them all of the &longs;ame Size <lb/>with the principal one; but to give that the <lb/>greater Air of Dignity, I &longs;hould rather chu&longs;e <lb/>to have it a twelfth Part bigger than the re&longs;t. <lb/></s> <s>There is al&longs;o this other Difference in quadran­<lb/>gular Temples, that if the principal Chapel is <lb/>made of equal Lines, that is to &longs;ay, in an exact <lb/>Square, it may not be ami&longs;s; but the other <lb/>Chapels ought to be twice as broad as they are <lb/>deep. </s> <s>The Solid of the Walls, or tho&longs;e Ribs <lb/>of the Building which in Temples &longs;eparate one <lb/>Chapel from the other, &longs;hould never have le&longs;s <lb/>Thickne&longs;s than the fifth Part of the Break <lb/>which is left between them, nor more than the <lb/>third; or, if you would have them extremely <lb/>&longs;trong, the half. </s> <s>But in round Platforms, if <lb/>the Chapels are in Number &longs;ix, let the Solid or <lb/>Rib which is left between each Chapel, be one <lb/>half of the Break; and if there be eight of <lb/>tho&longs;e Chapels, let the &longs;olid Wall between them, <lb/>e&longs;pecially in great Temples, be as thick as the <lb/>whole Break for the Chapel: But if the Plat­<lb/>form con&longs;i&longs;t of a great Number of Angles, let <lb/><arrow.to.target n="marg19"/><lb/>the Solid always be one third of the Break. </s> <s>In <lb/>&longs;ome Temples, according to the Cu&longs;tom of the <lb/>ancient <emph type="italics"/>Hetrurians,<emph.end type="italics"/> it has been u&longs;ual to adorn <lb/>the Sides not with Chapels, but with a &longs;mall <lb/>Sort of I&longs;les, in the following Manner: They <lb/>cho&longs;e a Platform, which was one &longs;ixth Part <lb/>longer than it was broad: Of this Length they <lb/>a&longs;&longs;igned two of tho&longs;e &longs;ix Parts to the Depth of <lb/>the Portico, which was to &longs;erve as a Ve&longs;tibule <lb/>to the Temple; the re&longs;t they divided into three <lb/>Parts, which they gave to the three Breadths of <lb/>the &longs;ide I&longs;les. </s> <s>Again, they divided the Breadth <lb/>of the Temple into ten Parts, three of which <lb/>they a&longs;&longs;igned to the little I&longs;les on the right <lb/>Hand, and as many to tho&longs;e on the left, and <lb/>the other four they gave to the Area in the <lb/>Middle. </s> <s>At the Head of the Temple, and &longs;o <lb/>fronting the Middle of each &longs;ide I&longs;le, they pla­<lb/>ced Chapels, and the Walls which &longs;eparated <lb/>the &longs;everal I&longs;les they made in Thickne&longs;s one <lb/>fifth Part of the Inter&longs;pace.</s></p><p type="margin"> <s><margin.target id="marg19"/>*</s></p><p type="head"> <s>CHAP. V.</s></p><p type="head"> <s><emph type="italics"/>Of the Porticoes and Entrance to the Temple, its A&longs;cent, and the Apertures <lb/>and Inter&longs;paces of the Portico.<emph.end type="italics"/></s></p><p type="main"> <s>Hitherto we have &longs;poken of the <lb/>Platform for the In&longs;ide. </s> <s>The Portico <lb/>to a quadrangular Temple may be either only <lb/>in Front, or on the Back of the Structure, or <lb/>el&longs;e both in the Front and the back Part at the <lb/>&longs;ame Time, or, la&longs;tly, it may run quite round <lb/>the Fabrick. </s> <s>Where-ever any Chapel projects <lb/>out, there &longs;hould be no Portico. </s> <s>The Portico <lb/>&longs;hould never be &longs;horter, in quadrangular Tem­<lb/>ples, than the full Breadth of the Temple; <lb/>and never broader than the third Part of its <lb/>Length. </s> <s>In tho&longs;e Porticoes which run along <lb/>the Sides of the Temple, let the Columns be <lb/>&longs;et as far from the Wall as they &longs;tand from one <lb/>another. </s> <s>The back Portico may imitate which <lb/>you plea&longs;e of the afore-mentioned. </s> <s>Circular <lb/>Temples have either a Portico quite round <lb/>them, or el&longs;e have only one Portico, which <lb/>mu&longs;t be in Front. </s> <s>In both, the &longs;ame Propor­<lb/>tions mu&longs;t be ob&longs;erved as in tho&longs;e to quadran­<lb/>gular Platforms; nor indeed mu&longs;t &longs;uch Porti­<lb/>coes be ever made other than quadrangular. <lb/></s> <s>As to their Length, it mu&longs;t either be equal to <lb/>the whole Breadth of the In&longs;ide of the Plat­<lb/>form, or an eighth Part le&longs;s, or at the mo&longs;t a <lb/>fourth Part, which is the &longs;horte&longs;t that is ever <lb/>allowed. </s> <s>The <emph type="italics"/>Hebrews,<emph.end type="italics"/> according to the an­<lb/>cient Laws of their Forefathers, were to have <lb/>one &longs;acred and chief City in a fit and conve­<lb/>nient Place, and therein one &longs;ingle Temple and <lb/>one Altar built of Stones, not hewn by Men's <lb/>Hands, but ju&longs;t &longs;uch as they could find, pro­<lb/>vided they were white and clean; and there <lb/>was to be no Steps to a&longs;cend to this Temple; <lb/><pb xlink:href="003/01/171.jpg" pagenum="140"/>ina&longs;much as they were to be one People joyn­<lb/>ing in the Wor&longs;hip of one God, by whom <lb/>alone they were defended and pre&longs;erved. </s> <s>Now <lb/>I cannot approve of either of the&longs;e Particulars: <lb/>For as to the Fir&longs;t, it mu&longs;t be extremely in­<lb/>convenient to the People, and e&longs;pecially to <lb/>tho&longs;e who frequent the Temples mo&longs;t, as the <lb/>old Folks and the Infirm; and the Second mu&longs;t <lb/>take very much from the Maje&longs;ty of the Struc­<lb/>ture. </s> <s>As to what I have ob&longs;erved in &longs;ome <lb/>&longs;acred Edifices, built not long before our Time, <lb/>to which you a&longs;cend by a few Steps on the <lb/>Out&longs;ide, and afterwards have as many to go <lb/>down again within, I will not ab&longs;olutely call it <lb/>ridiculous; but why they &longs;hould contrive it in <lb/>this Manner, I cannot imagine. </s> <s>Indeed I would <lb/>have the Plain of the Portico, and &longs;o of the <lb/>whole Temple, &longs;omewhat rai&longs;ed above the Le­<lb/>vel of the re&longs;t of the Town, which gives the <lb/>Fabrick a great Air of Dignity. </s> <s>But as in an <lb/>Animal, the Head, the Feet, and every parti­<lb/>cular Member, &longs;hould be exactly proportioned <lb/>to all the other Members, and to all the re&longs;t <lb/>of the Body; &longs;o in a Building, and e&longs;pecially <lb/>in a Temple, all the Parts &longs;hould be made to <lb/>corre&longs;pond &longs;o exactly, that let us con&longs;ider which <lb/>of them we plea&longs;e, it may bear its ju&longs;t Propor­<lb/>tion to all the Re&longs;t. </s> <s>Thus I find that mo&longs;t <lb/>of the be&longs;t ancient Architects u&longs;ed to take their <lb/>Elevation of the Plain of their Temple, from <lb/>the Breadth of the Temple it&longs;elf, which they <lb/>divided into &longs;ix Parts, giving one of tho&longs;e <lb/>Parts to the Height of the Plain or Mound of <lb/>the Structure. </s> <s>Others, in larger Temples, rai&longs;­<lb/>ed it only a &longs;eventh Part, and in the Bigge&longs;t of <lb/>all, only a ninth. </s> <s>The Portico, by its Nature, <lb/>&longs;hould have a continued Wall but of one Side, <lb/>and all the other Sides &longs;hould be full of large <lb/>Apertures for Pa&longs;&longs;age. </s> <s>Your Bu&longs;ine&longs;s there­<lb/>fore is to con&longs;ider what Kind of Apertures you <lb/>would make u&longs;e of; for Colonades are of two <lb/>Sorts; one where the Columns &longs;tand wide and <lb/>at a great Di&longs;tance from each other; and the <lb/>other, where they &longs;tand clo&longs;e and thick. </s> <s>And <lb/>neither of the&longs;e Sorts is without its Inconveni­<lb/>encies; for in the wide Sort, the Apertures are <lb/>&longs;o large, that if you would make u&longs;e of an <lb/>Architrave, it is apt to break in the Middle, <lb/>and if you would carry Arches over it, it is no <lb/>ea&longs;y Matter to turn them upon the Heads of <lb/>the Columns. </s> <s>Where the Columns &longs;tand clo&longs;e <lb/>and thick, they intercept the View, the Light <lb/>and the Pa&longs;&longs;age, and upon this Account, a <lb/>third Manner has been found out, in a Medium <lb/>between the other two, which is called Elegant, <lb/>and avoids the Defects of the others; is more <lb/>convenient and much more approved. </s> <s>And <lb/>with the&longs;e three Sorts we might have been con­<lb/>tented; but the Diligence of Architects have <lb/>added two other Sorts, which I &longs;uppo&longs;e may <lb/>be accounted for as follows: Not having a <lb/>&longs;ufficient Number of Columns for the Exten­<lb/>&longs;ivene&longs;s of their Area, they deviated &longs;omewhat <lb/>from the laudable Medium, and imitated the <lb/>wider Apertures; and when they happen to <lb/>have Plenty of Columns, they were fond of <lb/>&longs;etting them clo&longs;er together; whence aro&longs;e five <lb/>Sorts of Intercolumniations, which we may call <lb/>by the Names of Wide, Clo&longs;e, Elegant, Le&longs;s­<lb/>wide, Le&longs;s-clo&longs;e. </s> <s>I further &longs;uppo&longs;e it to have <lb/>happened, that the Architects being &longs;ometimes <lb/>de&longs;titute of long Stones, were obliged to make <lb/>their Columns &longs;horter, knowing that this <lb/>would take much from the Beauty of the <lb/>Structure, they &longs;et a Plinth under their Columns, <lb/>in order to give them their ju&longs;t Height; for <lb/>they found by a careful View and Examinati­<lb/>on of other Buildings, that Columns had no <lb/>Grace in a Portico, unle&longs;s a right Proportion <lb/>was ob&longs;erved both in their Height and Thick­<lb/>ne&longs;s. </s> <s>This induced them to lay down the fol­<lb/>lowing Rules for this Purpo&longs;e. </s> <s>The Interco­<lb/>lumniation may be unequal; but the Columns <lb/>them&longs;elves mu&longs;t always be exactly equal. </s> <s>Let <lb/>the Apertures that an&longs;wers to the Door be &longs;ome­<lb/>what wider than the re&longs;t. </s> <s>Where the Inter­<lb/>columniation is clo&longs;e, make u&longs;e of thinner Co­<lb/>lumns; where it is wide, make u&longs;e of thicker; <lb/>thus always proportioning the Thickne&longs;s of the <lb/>Colums to the Inter&longs;paces, and the Inter&longs;paces <lb/>to the Thickne&longs;s of the Columns, which you <lb/>may do by the following Rules. </s> <s>In the clo&longs;e&longs;t <lb/>Sort of Colonades, let the Intercolumniation be <lb/>never narrower than one Diameter and a Half <lb/>of the Column; and in the wide&longs;t, let it be <lb/>never broader than three Diameters and three <lb/>eighths. </s> <s>In the elegant Sort of Colonades you <lb/>may allow two Diameters and a Quarter, in the <lb/>Le&longs;s-clo&longs;e, two; in the Le&longs;s-wide, three. </s> <s>The <lb/>middle Inter&longs;pace in the Colonade &longs;hould be <lb/>&longs;omewhat wider than the re&longs;t, and the Ancients <lb/>direct us to give it an Addition of one fourth <lb/>Part: But by an Examination of old Buildings, <lb/>I find that this middle Inter&longs;pace was not al­<lb/>ways made according to this Rule; for in the <lb/>wide Colonades, no good Architect ever made <lb/>it a fourth Part wider, but only about a <lb/>twelfth; and herein they acted very prudently, <lb/>le&longs;t an unfaithful Architrave &longs;hould not be able <lb/>to bear even the Weight of its own Length, <pb xlink:href="003/01/172.jpg" pagenum="141"/>but crack in the Middle. </s> <s>Others indeed, in <lb/>other Colonades, have allowed a &longs;ixth Part; <lb/>but mo&longs;t have made it only a twelfth, e&longs;pecial­<lb/>ly in tho&longs;e Colonades which we have called <lb/>Elegant.</s></p><p type="head"> <s>CHAP. VI.</s></p><p type="head"> <s><emph type="italics"/>Of Golumns, and the different Sorts of Capitals.<emph.end type="italics"/></s></p><p type="main"> <s>When we have re&longs;olved upon our In­<lb/>tercolumniation, we are to erect our <lb/>Columns which are to &longs;upport the Roof or <lb/>Covering. </s> <s>But we are to make a great Dif­<lb/>ference between a Work that con&longs;i&longs;ts of Pila&longs;­<lb/>ters, and one that con&longs;i&longs;ts of Columns, and <lb/>between covering them with Arches, or with <lb/>Architraves. </s> <s>Arches and Pila&longs;ters are very <lb/>proper in Theatres, and Arches are not ami&longs;s <lb/>in Ba&longs;iliques; but in the nobler Temples, we <lb/>never &longs;ee any Porticoes without Architraves. <lb/></s> <s>Of the&longs;e Things we are now to treat. </s> <s>The <lb/>Parts of the Column are the&longs;e: The lower <lb/>Plinth, upon that the Ba&longs;e, upon the Ba&longs;e the <lb/>Column, then the Capital, next to that the <lb/>Architrave, after which comes the Freeze, <lb/>where the Ends of the Rafters either terminate <lb/>or are concealed, and over all is the Cornice. <lb/></s> <s>I think it will be proper to begin with the <lb/>Capitals, by which chiefly Columns are di&longs;­<lb/>tingui&longs;hed from one another. </s> <s>And here I en­<lb/>treat tho&longs;e who &longs;hall hereafter copy this Book, <lb/>that they would take the Pains to write the <lb/>Numbers which I &longs;et down, with Letters at <lb/>length, in this Manner, twelve, twenty, forty, <lb/>and not with numeral Characters, as XII. XX. <lb/>XL. </s> <s>Nece&longs;&longs;ity fir&longs;t taught Men to &longs;et Capi­<lb/>tals upon their Columns, for the Heads of the <lb/>Timbers of their Architraves to meet and re&longs;t <lb/>upon; but this being at fir&longs;t nothing but a <lb/>&longs;quare Block of Wood, looked very mean and <lb/>unhand&longs;ome. </s> <s>Some Arti&longs;ts therefore among <lb/>the <emph type="italics"/>Dorians<emph.end type="italics"/> (if we may thus allow the <emph type="italics"/>Greeks<emph.end type="italics"/><lb/>the Honour of all Inventions) were the fir&longs;t <lb/>that endeavoured to improve it by making it <lb/>round, &longs;o as to look like a Cup covered with <lb/>a &longs;quare Tile; and becau&longs;e it &longs;eemed &longs;omewhat <lb/>too &longs;quat, they rai&longs;ed it higher by lengthening <lb/>the Neck. </s> <s>The <emph type="italics"/>Ionians,<emph.end type="italics"/> &longs;eeing the Inventi­<lb/>on of the <emph type="italics"/>Dorians,<emph.end type="italics"/> commended this Introduc­<lb/>tion of the Cup into the Capital; but they did <lb/>not like to &longs;ee it &longs;o naked, nor with &longs;o long a <lb/>Neck, and there&longs;ore they added to it the Imi­<lb/>tation of the Bark of a Tree hanging down on <lb/>each Side, which by its Convolution inwards, <lb/>or Volute, embraced the Sides of the Cup. <lb/></s> <s>Next came the <emph type="italics"/>Corinthians,<emph.end type="italics"/> among whom a <lb/>certain Arti&longs;t, named <emph type="italics"/>Callimachus,<emph.end type="italics"/> di&longs;liking <lb/>the &longs;quat Cup, made u&longs;e of a high Va&longs;e co­<lb/>vered with Leaves, in Imitation of one which <lb/>he had &longs;een on the Tomb of a young Maiden, <lb/>all over-grown with the Leaves of an Acanthus, <lb/>which had &longs;prung up quite round it, and which <lb/>he thought looked very beautiful. </s> <s>Thus three <lb/>Sorts of Capitals were now invented and re­<lb/>ceived into Practice by the be&longs;t Workmen in <lb/>tho&longs;e Days: The <emph type="italics"/>Doric<emph.end type="italics"/> (though I am convinc­<lb/>ed that this was in u&longs;e before among the anci­<lb/>ent <emph type="italics"/>Etrurians<emph.end type="italics"/>) the <emph type="italics"/>Doric,<emph.end type="italics"/> I &longs;ay, the <emph type="italics"/>Ionic<emph.end type="italics"/> and <lb/>the <emph type="italics"/>Corinthian.<emph.end type="italics"/></s><s> And what think you, was the <lb/>Occa&longs;ion of that infinite Number of other Ca­<lb/>pitals which we &longs;ee quite different the one from <lb/>the other, but the Diligence and Application <lb/>with which Men have been continually &longs;tudy­<lb/>ing to find out &longs;omething new? </s> <s>But yet there <lb/>is none that de&longs;erves to be preferred before <lb/>tho&longs;e already mentioned, except one which, <lb/>that we may not own our&longs;elves obliged to <lb/>Strangers for every thing, I call the <emph type="italics"/>Italian;<emph.end type="italics"/><lb/>for this Order to the Richne&longs;s of the <emph type="italics"/>Corin­<lb/>thian,<emph.end type="italics"/> has added the Delicacy of the <emph type="italics"/>Ionic,<emph.end type="italics"/> and <lb/>in&longs;tead of tho&longs;e Ears, has &longs;ub&longs;tituted Volutes, <lb/>which are extremely admired and commend­<lb/>ed. </s> <s>But to return to the Ordonnance of Co­<lb/>lumns; the ancient Architects have left us the <lb/>following Rules for their Proportions. </s> <s>They <lb/>tell us that the <emph type="italics"/>Doric<emph.end type="italics"/> Capital requires a Shaft <lb/>&longs;even Times as long as its Diameter at Bottom; <lb/>the <emph type="italics"/>Ionic<emph.end type="italics"/> mu&longs;t have eight, and the <emph type="italics"/>Corinthian<emph.end type="italics"/><lb/>ten of its own Diameters. </s> <s>The Ba&longs;es of all <lb/>the&longs;e Columns they made of the &longs;ame Height; <lb/>but they made them of different Lineaments <lb/>and De&longs;igns: And indeed they differed as to <lb/>the Lineaments of almo&longs;t every particular Part, <lb/>though they in a great Mea&longs;ure agreed as to <lb/>the Proportions of Columns in general, and <lb/>particularly as to tho&longs;e Lineaments of Co­<lb/>lumns, whereof we treated in the la&longs;t Book, all <lb/>were of one accord, as well the <emph type="italics"/>Dorians<emph.end type="italics"/> and <lb/><emph type="italics"/>Ionians,<emph.end type="italics"/> as the <emph type="italics"/>Corinthians.<emph.end type="italics"/></s><s> In this Point too <pb xlink:href="003/01/173.jpg" pagenum="142"/>they agreed, from an Imitation of Nature, <lb/>namely, that the Tops of the Shafts of all Co­<lb/>lumns ought to be thinner than they were at <lb/>Bottom. </s> <s>Some laid it down as a Rule, that <lb/>they &longs;hould be a fourth Part thicker at Bottom <lb/>than at the Top. </s> <s>Others con&longs;idering that <lb/>Things always &longs;eem to lo&longs;e of their Bigne&longs;s in <lb/>Proportion to the Di&longs;tance from which they <lb/>are viewed, very prudently advi&longs;e that &longs;uch <lb/>Columns as were to be of a great Length, <lb/>&longs;hould be made &longs;omewhat thicker at the Top <lb/>than tho&longs;e that were &longs;horter; and for this Pur­<lb/>po&longs;e they gave the following Directions. </s> <s>The <lb/>Diameter of the Bottom of a Column of fifteen <lb/>Foot high, &longs;hould be divided into &longs;ix Parts, <lb/>whereof five &longs;hould be given to the Diameter <lb/>at the Top. </s> <s>Of all Columns from fifteen to <lb/>twenty Foot high, the lower Diameter &longs;hould <lb/>be divided into thirteen Parts, eleven whereof <lb/>are to be allowed to the Thickne&longs;s at the Top; <lb/>all Columns from twenty to thirty Foot high, <lb/>mu&longs;t have &longs;even Parts at the Bottom, and &longs;ix <lb/>at the Top; tho&longs;e from thirty to forty Foot, <lb/>mu&longs;t have fifteen Parts Thickne&longs;s below and <lb/>thirteen above: La&longs;tly, tho&longs;e amounting to <lb/>fifty Foot height, mu&longs;t have eight Parts at the <lb/>Bottom, and &longs;even at the Top. </s> <s>According to <lb/>the &longs;ame Rule and Proportion, as the Column <lb/>grows &longs;till longer, the larger Diameter we mu&longs;t <lb/>allow to the Top of its Shaft: So that in the&longs;e <lb/>Points all Columns agree. </s> <s>Not that I can <lb/>&longs;ay, upon tho&longs;e Mea&longs;urements which I have <lb/>taken of ancient Structures, that the&longs;e Rules <lb/>were always &longs;trictly ob&longs;erved among the <emph type="italics"/>Ro­<lb/>mans.<emph.end type="italics"/></s></p><p type="head"> <s>CHAP. VII.</s></p><p type="main"> <s><emph type="italics"/>A nece&longs;&longs;ary Rehear&longs;al of the &longs;everal Members of Columns, the Ba&longs;e, Torus, <lb/>Scotia, Li&longs;ts, Die, and of the &longs;maller Parts of tho&longs;e Members, the Plat­<lb/>band, Corona, Ovolo, &longs;mall Ogee, Cima-inver&longs;a, and Cymatium, both up­<lb/>right and rever&longs;ed.<emph.end type="italics"/></s></p><p type="main"> <s>We &longs;hall here take a &longs;econd Review of <lb/>the &longs;ame Things relating to Columns, <lb/>which we con&longs;idered in the la&longs;t Book; not in­<lb/>deed in the &longs;ame Method, but in another no <lb/>le&longs;s u&longs;eful. </s> <s>For this Purpo&longs;e, out of tho&longs;e Co­<lb/>lumns which the Ancients made u&longs;e of in their <lb/>publick Buildings, I &longs;hall take one of a middle <lb/>Proportion between the Bigge&longs;t and the Lea&longs;t, <lb/>which I &longs;uppo&longs;e to be of about thirty Foot. <lb/></s> <s>The bigge&longs;t Diameter of the Shaft of this Co­<lb/>lumn, I &longs;hall divide into nine equal Parts, <lb/>eight of which I &longs;hall a&longs;&longs;ign to the bigge&longs;t Di­<lb/>ameter of its Cincture at the Top: Thus its <lb/>Proportion will be as eight to nine, which the <lb/><emph type="italics"/>Latins<emph.end type="italics"/> call a Se&longs;quioctave. </s> <s>In the &longs;ame Pro­<lb/>portion I &longs;hall make the Diameter of the Di­<lb/>minution at Bottom, to the large&longs;t Diameter <lb/>of the Sha&longs;t, making the latter nine and the <lb/>&longs;ormer eight. </s> <s>Again I &longs;hall make the Dia­<lb/>meter of the Cincture at the Top to that of <lb/>the upper Diminution, as &longs;even to eight, or in <lb/>the Proportion which the <emph type="italics"/>Latins<emph.end type="italics"/> call Se&longs;qui­<lb/>&longs;eptimal. </s> <s>I now proceed to the De&longs;cription <lb/>of tho&longs;e Members wherein they differ. </s> <s>Ba&longs;es <lb/>con&longs;i&longs;t of the&longs;e following; the Die, the Torus <lb/>and the Scotia. </s> <s>The Die is that &longs;quare Mem­<lb/>ber which is at the Bottom of all, and I call it <lb/>by this Name, becau&longs;e it is &longs;quare on every Side, <lb/>like a flat Die; the Toru&longs;&longs;es are tho&longs;e Cu&longs;hi­<lb/>ons, upon one of which the Column re&longs;ts, and <lb/>the other &longs;tands upon the Die; the Scotia is <lb/>that circular Hollow which lies between two <lb/>Toru&longs;&longs;es, like the Hollow in the Wheel of a <lb/>Pully. </s> <s>All the Mea&longs;ures of the&longs;e Members are <lb/>taken from the Diameter of the Bottom of the <lb/>Shaft; and fir&longs;t the <emph type="italics"/>Dorians<emph.end type="italics"/> gave the following <lb/><arrow.to.target n="marg20"/><lb/>Proportions for them. </s> <s>They made the Height <lb/>of the Ba&longs;e to be half the Diameter of the Bot­<lb/>tom of the Shaft, and the Plinth or Die, as <lb/>broad at mo&longs;t every Way as one Diameter and <lb/>a Half of the Column, and as one Diameter <lb/>and a Third at lea&longs;t. </s> <s>They then divided the <lb/>Height of the whole Ba&longs;e into three Parts, one <lb/>of which they a&longs;&longs;igned to the Height of the <lb/>Die. </s> <s>Thus the Height of the whole Ba&longs;e was <lb/>three Times that of the Die, and the Breadth <lb/>of the Die was three times the Height of the <lb/>Ba&longs;e. </s> <s>Then exclu&longs;ive of the Die they divided <lb/>the Re&longs;t of the Height of the Ba&longs;e into four <lb/>Parts, the uppermo&longs;t of which they gave to the <lb/>upper Torus. </s> <s>Again, what remained between <lb/>the upper Torus and the Die at Bottom, they <lb/>divided into two Parts, one of which they al­<lb/>lowed to the lower Torus, and the other they <lb/></s></p><pb xlink:href="003/01/174.jpg"/><p type="margin"> <s><margin.target id="marg20"/>*</s></p><p type="caption"> <s>PLATE 23. <emph type="italics"/>(Page 142)<emph.end type="italics"/><lb/><figure id="id.003.01.174.1.jpg" xlink:href="003/01/174/1.jpg"/></s></p><pb xlink:href="003/01/175.jpg"/><p type="caption"> <s>PLATE 24. <emph type="italics"/>(Page 143)<emph.end type="italics"/><lb/><figure id="id.003.01.175.1.jpg" xlink:href="003/01/175/1.jpg"/><pb xlink:href="003/01/176.jpg" pagenum="143"/>hollowed into a Scotia which lay between the <lb/>two Toru&longs;&longs;es. </s> <s>A Scotia con&longs;i&longs;ts of a hollow <lb/>Channel edged on each Side with an Annulet; <lb/>to each of tho&longs;e Annulets they allowed one <lb/>&longs;eventh Part of the Scotia, and the re&longs;t they <lb/>hollowed. </s> <s>We have formerly laid it down as a <lb/>Rule, that in all Building particular Care mu&longs;t <lb/>be taken that all the Work be &longs;et upon a per­<lb/>fect Solid. </s> <s>Now it would not be &longs;o, if a Per­<lb/>pendicular falling from the Edge of the upper <lb/>Stone were to meet with any void Space or Hol­<lb/>low. </s> <s>For this Rea&longs;on in cutting their Scotias, <lb/>they took Care not to go in &longs;o far as to come <lb/>within the Perpendicular of the Work above. <lb/></s> <s>The Toru&longs;&longs;es mu&longs;t project one Half and an <lb/>Eighth of their Thickne&longs;s, and the extreme&longs;t <lb/>Edge of the Circle of the bigge&longs;t Torus mu&longs;t <lb/>be exactly Perpendicular to the Die. </s> <s>This was <lb/>the Method of the <emph type="italics"/>Dorians.<emph.end type="italics"/></s><s> The <emph type="italics"/>Ionians<emph.end type="italics"/> ap­<lb/>proved of the <emph type="italics"/>Doric<emph.end type="italics"/> Height, but they made <lb/>two Scotias, and placed two Fillets between <lb/><arrow.to.target n="marg21"/><lb/>them. </s> <s>Thus their Ba&longs;e was the Height of <lb/>half the Diameter of the Bottom of the Shaft; <lb/>and this Height they divided into four Parts, <lb/>one of which they a&longs;&longs;igned to the Height of the <lb/>Plinth, giving eleven of tho&longs;e fourth Parts to its <lb/>Breadth: So that the whole Height of the Ba&longs;e <lb/>was as four, and the Breadth as eleven. </s> <s>Ha­<lb/>ving thus de&longs;igned their Plinth, they divided <lb/>the re&longs;t of the Height into &longs;even Parts, two of <lb/>which they gave to the Thickne&longs;s of the lower <lb/>Torus, and what remained be&longs;ides this Torus <lb/>and the Plinth, they divided into three Parts, <lb/>one of which they hollowed to the upper To­<lb/>rus, and the two middle Parts they gave to the <lb/>two Scotias with their two Fillets, which &longs;eem­<lb/>ed to be &longs;queezed between the two Toru&longs;&longs;es. <lb/></s> <s>The Proportions of the&longs;e Scotias and Fillets <lb/>were as follows: They divided the Space be­<lb/>tween the two Toru&longs;&longs;es into &longs;even Parts, one <lb/>of which they gave to each Fillet, dividing the <lb/>re&longs;t equally between the two Scotias. </s> <s>As to <lb/>the Projecture of the Toru&longs;&longs;es they ob&longs;erved <lb/>the &longs;ame Rules as the <emph type="italics"/>Dorians,<emph.end type="italics"/> and in hollow­<lb/>ing their Scotias had regard to the Perpendi­<lb/>cular Solid of the Stone that was to be laid <lb/>over them; but they made their Annulets on­<lb/>ly an eighth Part of the Scotia. </s> <s>Others were <lb/>of Opinion, that exclu&longs;ive of the Plinth, the <lb/>Ba&longs;e ought to be divided into &longs;ixteen Parts, <lb/>which we call Minutes; and of the&longs;e they gave <lb/>four to the lower Torus, and three to the upper, <lb/>three and a half to the lower Scotia, and three <lb/>and a half to the upper, and the other two <lb/>they a&longs;&longs;igned to the Fillets between them. <lb/></s> <s>The&longs;e were the <emph type="italics"/>Ionic<emph.end type="italics"/> Proportions. </s> <s>The <emph type="italics"/>Co­<lb/>rinthians<emph.end type="italics"/> liked both the <emph type="italics"/>Ionic<emph.end type="italics"/> and the <emph type="italics"/>Doric<emph.end type="italics"/><lb/>Ba&longs;e too, and made u&longs;e indifferently of them <lb/>both; &longs;o that indeed they added nothing to the <lb/>Column, but a Capital. </s> <s>We are told that the <lb/><emph type="italics"/>Etrurians<emph.end type="italics"/> under their Columns (which we call <lb/>the <emph type="italics"/>Italian<emph.end type="italics"/>) u&longs;ed to put not a &longs;quare but a <lb/>round Plinth; but I never met with &longs;uch a <lb/>Ba&longs;e among the Works of the Ancients. </s> <s>In­<lb/>deed I have taken Notice, that in Porticoes <lb/>which u&longs;ed to go clear round their circular <lb/>Temples, the Ancients carved one continued <lb/>Plinth quite round, which &longs;erved for all the <lb/>Columns, and of the due Height which the <lb/>Plinth of the Ba&longs;e ought to be of. </s> <s>This I <lb/>doubt not they did, becau&longs;e they were con­<lb/>vinced that &longs;quare Members did not &longs;uit with <lb/>a circular Structure. </s> <s>I have ob&longs;erved, that <lb/>&longs;ome have made even the Sides of the Abacus <lb/>of their Capitals point to the Center of the <lb/>Temple, which, if it were to be done in the <lb/>Ba&longs;es, might not be altogether ami&longs;s, though it <lb/>would &longs;carce be much commended. </s> <s>And here <lb/>it may not be improper to &longs;ay &longs;omething of the <lb/>&longs;everal Members of the Ornaments made u&longs;e <lb/>of in Architecture; and they are the&longs;e; the <lb/>Plat-band, the Corona, the Ovolo, or Quarter­<lb/>round, the &longs;mall Ovolo, or Ogee, the Cima­<lb/>inver&longs;a, and the Cymatium, or Doucine, both <lb/>upright and rever&longs;ed. </s> <s>All the&longs;e particular <lb/>Members have each a Projecture, but with <lb/>different Lines. </s> <s>The Plat-band projects in a <lb/>Square like the Letter L, and is indeed the <lb/>&longs;ame as a Li&longs;t or Fillet, but &longs;omewhat broader. <lb/></s> <s>The Corona has a much greater Projecture <lb/>than the Plat-band; the Ovolo, or Quarter­<lb/>round, I was almo&longs;t tempted to call the Ivy, <lb/>becau&longs;e it runs along and cleaves to another <lb/>Member, and its Projecture is like a C placed <lb/>under the Letter L, thus <30> and the &longs;mall Ovolo, <lb/>or Ogee is only &longs;omewhat le&longs;s. </s> <s>But if you <lb/>place this Letter C rever&longs;ed under the Letter L, <lb/>thus <31> it forms the Cima-inver&longs;a. </s> <s>Again, if <lb/>under the &longs;ame Letter L you place an S in this <lb/>Manner <32> it is called the Cymatium, or Gola <lb/>from its Re&longs;emblance to a Man's Throat; but <lb/>if you place it inverted thus <33> it is called Cima­<lb/>inver&longs;a, or by &longs;ome from the Similitude of its <lb/>Curve, the Onda, or Undula. </s> <s>Again, the&longs;e <lb/>Members are either plain, or el&longs;e have &longs;ome <lb/>other Ornaments in&longs;erted into them. </s> <s>In the <lb/>Plat-band or Fa&longs;cia it is common to carve <lb/>Cockle-&longs;hells, Birds, or In&longs;criptions. </s> <s>In the <lb/>Corona we frequently have Dentils, which are <lb/>made in the following Proportions: Their <lb/><pb xlink:href="003/01/177.jpg" pagenum="144"/>Breadth is one half of their Height, and the <lb/>Inter&longs;pace between them is two thirds of their <lb/>Breadth. </s> <s>The Ovolo, or Quarter-round, is <lb/>&longs;ometimes adorned with Eggs and &longs;ometimes <lb/>with Leaves, and the&longs;e Eggs are &longs;ometimes <lb/>carved entire, and &longs;ometimes &longs;heared off at the <lb/>Top. </s> <s>The Ogee, or Baguette is make like a <lb/>Row of Beads, &longs;trung upon a Thread. </s> <s>The <lb/>Cymatiums are never carved with any thing <lb/>but Leaves. </s> <s>The Annulets are always left <lb/>plain on every Side. </s> <s>In the putting the&longs;e <lb/>Members together, we mu&longs;t always keep to <lb/>this Rule, that the upper ones have always <lb/>more Projecture than tho&longs;e below them. </s> <s>The <lb/>Annulets are what &longs;eparate one Member from <lb/>the other, and &longs;erve as a Kind of Cymaize to <lb/>each Member; the Cymaize being any Li&longs;t <lb/>that is at the Top of any Member what&longs;oever. <lb/></s> <s>The&longs;e Cymaizes, or Annulets being always <lb/>&longs;mooth and poli&longs;hed, are al&longs;o of U&longs;e in di&longs;tin­<lb/>gui&longs;hing the rough carved Members from each <lb/>other, and their Breadth is a &longs;ixth Part of the <lb/>Member over which they are &longs;et, whether it be <lb/>the Corona or Ovolo; but in the Cymatium <lb/>their Breadth is one whole third.</s></p><p type="margin"> <s><margin.target id="marg21"/>*</s></p><p type="head"> <s>CHAP. VIII.</s></p><p type="head"> <s><emph type="italics"/>Of the Doric, Ionic, Corinthian and Compo&longs;ite Capitals.<emph.end type="italics"/></s></p><p type="main"> <s>Let us now return to the Capitals. </s> <s>The <lb/><arrow.to.target n="marg22"/><lb/><emph type="italics"/>Dorians<emph.end type="italics"/> made their Capital of the &longs;ame <lb/>Height as their Ba&longs;e, and divided that Height <lb/>into three Parts: The Fir&longs;t they gave to the <lb/>Abacus, the Second to the Ovolo which is un­<lb/>de rthe Abacus, and the Third they allowed to <lb/>the Gorgerin or Neck of the Capital which is <lb/>under the Ovolo. </s> <s>The Breadth of the Abacus <lb/>every Way was equal to one whole Diameter, <lb/>and a twelfth of the Bottom of the Shaft. </s> <s>This <lb/>Abacus is divided into two Members, an up­<lb/>right Cymatium and a Plinth, and the Cyma­<lb/>tium is two fifth Parts of the whole Abacus. <lb/></s> <s>The upper Edge of the Ovolo joyned clo&longs;e to <lb/>the Bottom of the Abacus. </s> <s>At the Bottom of <lb/>the Ovolo &longs;ome made three little Annulets, and <lb/>others a Cymatium as an Ornament, but the&longs;e <lb/>never took up above a third Part of the Ovolo. <lb/></s> <s>The Diameter of the Neck of the Capital, <lb/>which was the lowe&longs;t Part of it, never exceed­<lb/>ed the Thickne&longs;s of the Top of the Sha&longs;t, <lb/>which is to be ob&longs;erved in all Sorts of Capitals. <lb/></s> <s>Others, according to the Ob&longs;ervations which I <lb/>have made upon ancient Buildings, u&longs;ed to <lb/>make the Height of the <emph type="italics"/>Doric<emph.end type="italics"/> Capital three <lb/>Quarters of the Diameter of the Bottom of the <lb/>Shaft, and divided this whole Height of the <lb/>Capital into eleven Parts, of which they allow­<lb/>ed four to the Abacus, four to the Ovolo, and <lb/>three to the Neck of the Capital. </s> <s>Then they <lb/>divided the Abacus into two Parts, the up­<lb/>permo&longs;t of which they gave to the Cymatium <lb/>and the lowermo&longs;t to the Plinth. </s> <s>The Ovolo <lb/>al&longs;o they divided into two Parts, a&longs;&longs;igning the <lb/>lowermo&longs;t either to the Annulets or to a Cy­<lb/>matium, which &longs;erved as an Edging to the <lb/>Ovolo, and in the Neck of the Capital &longs;ome <lb/>cut Ro&longs;es, and others Leaves with a high Pro­<lb/>jecture. </s> <s>This was the Practice of the <emph type="italics"/>Dorians.<emph.end type="italics"/><lb/><arrow.to.target n="marg23"/><lb/>Our Rules for the <emph type="italics"/>Ionic<emph.end type="italics"/> Capital are as follows. <lb/></s> <s>Let the whole Height of the Capital be one <lb/>half the Diameter of the Bottom of the Co­<lb/>lumn. </s> <s>Let us divide this Height into nineteen <lb/>Parts, or Minutes, three of which we mu&longs;t give <lb/>to the Abacus, four to the Thickne&longs;s of the <lb/>Volute, &longs;ix to the Ovolo, and the other &longs;ix be­<lb/>low we mu&longs;t leave for the Turn of the Volutes <lb/>on each Side. </s> <s>The Breadth of the Abacus <lb/>every Way mu&longs;t be equal to the Diameter of <lb/>the Top of the Shafts; the Breadth of the Rind <lb/>which is to terminate in the Scroll mu&longs;t both <lb/>in the Front and Back of the Capital be equal <lb/>to the Abacus. </s> <s>This Rind mu&longs;t fall down on <lb/>each Side winding round like a Snail-&longs;hell. <lb/></s> <s>The Center of the Volute on the right Side <lb/>mu&longs;t be di&longs;tant from that on the Left two­<lb/>and-thirty Minutes, and from the highe&longs;t <lb/>Point of the Abacus twelve Minutes. </s> <s>The <lb/>Method of turning this Volute is as follows: <lb/>About the Center of the Volute de&longs;cribe a lit­<lb/>tle Circle, the Semi-diameter of which mu&longs;t be <lb/>one of the afore-mentioned Minutes. </s> <s>This is <lb/>the Eye of the Volute. </s> <s>In the Circumference <lb/>of this little Circle make two Points oppo&longs;ite <lb/>to each other, one above and the other below. <lb/></s> <s>Then fix one Foot of your Compa&longs;&longs;es into the <lb/>uppermo&longs;t Point, and extend the other to the <lb/>Line that divides the Abacus from the Rind, <lb/>and turn it outwards from the Capital till you <lb/>have made a perfect Semi-circle ending Per­<lb/>pendicular under the lowe&longs;t Point or Dot in <lb/>the Eye of the Volute. </s> <s>Then contract your <lb/></s></p><pb xlink:href="003/01/178.jpg"/><p type="margin"> <s><margin.target id="marg22"/>*</s></p><p type="margin"> <s><margin.target id="marg23"/>*</s></p><p type="caption"> <s>PLATE 25. <emph type="italics"/>(Page 144)<emph.end type="italics"/></s></p><figure id="id.003.01.178.1.jpg" xlink:href="003/01/178/1.jpg"/><p type="caption"> <s><emph type="italics"/>“(Altro) Capitello Dorico” = (another) Doric capital. </s> <s>“Diametro etc.” = diameter of <lb/>the column below. </s> <s>“minu.” = minutes.<emph.end type="italics"/></s></p><pb xlink:href="003/01/179.jpg"/><p type="caption"> <s>PLATE 26. <emph type="italics"/>(Pages 144-45)<emph.end type="italics"/></s></p><figure id="id.003.01.179.1.jpg" xlink:href="003/01/179/1.jpg"/><p type="caption"> <s><emph type="italics"/>“Il lato del Capitello” = the side of the capital. </s> <s>“Voluta” = volute. </s> <s>“Profilo” = <lb/>profile. </s> <s>“Pianta” = plan. </s> <s>“Capitello Ionico in prospeto” = Ionic capital in elevation.<emph.end type="italics"/></s></p><pb xlink:href="003/01/180.jpg"/><p type="caption"> <s>PLATE 27. <emph type="italics"/>(Page 145)<emph.end type="italics"/></s></p><figure id="id.003.01.180.1.jpg" xlink:href="003/01/180/1.jpg"/><p type="caption"> <s><emph type="italics"/>“Capitello Corinthio” = Corinthian capital.<emph.end type="italics"/></s></p><pb xlink:href="003/01/181.jpg"/><p type="caption"> <s>PLATE 28. <emph type="italics"/>(Page 145)<emph.end type="italics"/></s></p><figure id="id.003.01.181.1.jpg" xlink:href="003/01/181/1.jpg"/><p type="caption"> <s><emph type="italics"/>“Capitello Composito” = composite capital.<emph.end type="italics"/><pb xlink:href="003/01/182.jpg" pagenum="145"/>Compa&longs;&longs;es, and fixing one Foot in the Point <lb/>below the Eye, let the other reach to the End <lb/>of the Line which you have already turned, <lb/>that is to &longs;ay, to the End of your Semi-circle, <lb/>and turn it upwards till you touch the upper <lb/>Edge of the Ovolo. </s> <s>Thus with two unequal <lb/>Semi-circles, you will have made one entire <lb/>Compa&longs;s about the Eye of your Volute. </s> <s>Then <lb/>go on with your Sweep in the &longs;ame Manner, <lb/>till you have turned it quite to the Eye of the <lb/>Volute, or that little Circle in the Middle. <lb/></s> <s>The Top of the Ovolo in the Front mu&longs;t have <lb/>a Projecture of two Minutes beyond the Rind, <lb/>and the lower Part of it mu&longs;t be even with the <lb/>Top of the Shaft. </s> <s>The Sides of the Volutes <lb/>where the hindmo&longs;t joins to the foremo&longs;t on <lb/>each Side of the Capital, mu&longs;t be contracted to <lb/>the &longs;ame Width as the Ovolo, with the Addi­<lb/>tion only of one half Minute. </s> <s>The Abacus <lb/>mu&longs;t be adorned with an upright Cymatium <lb/>of one Minute. </s> <s>The Back of the Volute mu&longs;t <lb/>be adorned with a little Channel half a Minute <lb/>deep, and the Annulets on the Side of this <lb/>Channel mu&longs;t be one Fourth of its Breadth, <lb/>and the Spaces on each Side the Channel mu&longs;t <lb/>be filled with Leaves or Fruits. </s> <s>That Part of <lb/>the Ovolo which appears forward in the Front <lb/>of the Capital mu&longs;t be carved with Eggs, and <lb/>under them with Berries. </s> <s>In the Void left on <lb/>each Side by the Sweep of the Volute, carve <lb/>Leaves or Scales. </s> <s>And thus much for the <emph type="italics"/>Ionic<emph.end type="italics"/><lb/><arrow.to.target n="marg24"/><lb/>Capital. </s> <s>The <emph type="italics"/>Corinthian<emph.end type="italics"/> Capital is in Height <lb/>one whole Diameter of the Bottom of the Shaft. <lb/></s> <s>This Height mu&longs;t be divided into &longs;even Parts <lb/>or Minutes, of which the Abacus mu&longs;t be al­<lb/>lowed one. </s> <s>The re&longs;t is entirely taken up by <lb/>the Bell or Va&longs;e, the Breadth of which at the <lb/>Bottom mu&longs;t be exactly equal to that of the <lb/>Top of the Shaft, without any of its Projec­<lb/>tures, and the Breadth of the Top of the Va&longs;e <lb/>mu&longs;t be equal to the large&longs;t Diameter of the <lb/>Bottom of the Shaft. </s> <s>The Length of the A­<lb/>bacus on every Side mu&longs;t be equal to ten of the <lb/>afore-mentioned Parts; but the Corners of it <lb/>mu&longs;t be cut away to the Breadth of one half <lb/>of tho&longs;e Parts. </s> <s>The Abacus of the other Ca­<lb/>pitals con&longs;i&longs;ts entirely of &longs;traight Lines, but <lb/>that of the <emph type="italics"/>Corinthian<emph.end type="italics"/> mu&longs;t go with a Sweep <lb/>inwards to the Thickne&longs;s of the Bottom of the <lb/>Va&longs;e. </s> <s>The Thickne&longs;s of the Abacus is divid­<lb/>ed into three Parts, the Uppermo&longs;t of which <lb/>mu&longs;t be made exactly as we adorn the Top of <lb/>the Shaft, that is to &longs;ay, with a Fillet and &longs;mall <lb/>Baguette. </s> <s>The Va&longs;e mu&longs;t be covered with <lb/>two Rows of Leaves &longs;tanding upright, each <lb/>Row con&longs;i&longs;ting of eight Leaves. </s> <s>Each Row <lb/>mu&longs;t be in Height two of the afore-mentioned <lb/>Parts, and the remaining Parts mu&longs;t be given <lb/>to &longs;everal little Shoots ri&longs;ing out of the Leaves <lb/>to the Top of the Va&longs;e. </s> <s>The&longs;e Shoots are in <lb/>Number &longs;ixteen, of which four are tied in each <lb/>Front of the Capital, two on the le&longs;t Hand in <lb/>one Knot, and two on the right in another, <lb/>&longs;preading away from each Knot in &longs;uch a Man­<lb/>ner, that the Tops of the two outward ones <lb/>make a Sort of a Volute exactly under the <lb/>Horns of the Abacus. </s> <s>The two Middle ones <lb/>in each Front join together, winding al&longs;o like <lb/>Volutes, and exactly over the Middle of them <lb/>is carved a beautiful Flower ri&longs;ing out of the <lb/>Va&longs;e, which mu&longs;t not exceed the Abacus in <lb/>Breadth. </s> <s>The Breadth of tho&longs;e Parts of the <lb/>Lips of the Va&longs;e which tho&longs;e Shoots do not <lb/>conceal from us, is only one of the afore-men­<lb/>tioned &longs;eventh Parts. </s> <s>The Leaves mu&longs;t be di­<lb/>vided into five Plumes, and never more than <lb/>into &longs;even. </s> <s>The Tops of the Leaves mu&longs;t pro­<lb/>ject half a Minute. </s> <s>It looks hand&longs;ome in the <lb/>Leaves of this Capital, and all other Carving <lb/>of the &longs;ame Nature, to have all the Lines cut <lb/>in deep and bold. </s> <s>This was the Capital of <lb/><arrow.to.target n="marg25"/><lb/>the <emph type="italics"/>Corinthians.<emph.end type="italics"/></s><s> The <emph type="italics"/>Italians<emph.end type="italics"/> brought into <lb/>their Capital all the Ornaments that they found <lb/>in the others, and ob&longs;erved the &longs;ame Method <lb/>in making the Va&longs;e, Abacus, Leaves, and the <lb/>Flower in the Abacus, as the <emph type="italics"/>Corinthians.<emph.end type="italics"/></s><s> But <lb/>in&longs;tead of Shoots they made u&longs;e of a Sort of <lb/>Volutes, under the four Horns of the Abacus, <lb/>projecting two whole Minutes. </s> <s>The Front of <lb/>the Capital, being otherwi&longs;e naked, borrowed <lb/>its Ornaments from the <emph type="italics"/>Ionic;<emph.end type="italics"/> for in&longs;tead of <lb/>Shoots it has Volutes, and the Lips of its Va&longs;e <lb/>are carved full of Eggs with Berries underneath <lb/>them, like an Ovolo. </s> <s>Be&longs;ides the Capitals here <lb/>de&longs;cribed, we up and down &longs;ee a great many <lb/>other Sorts made up of the Members of the&longs;e, <lb/>with either Additions or Diminutions: But I <lb/>do not find that they are much approved. <lb/></s> <s>And thus much may &longs;uffice of Capitals, unle&longs;s <lb/>it be nece&longs;&longs;ary ju&longs;t to mention one Practice; <lb/>which is, that it is common over the Abacus <lb/>to lay a very thick &longs;quare Piece of Stone, or <lb/>Plinth, which &longs;eems as it were to give the Ca­<lb/>pital Breadth, and to prevent its being oppre&longs;&longs;­<lb/>ed by the Architrave, and at the &longs;ame Time is <lb/>of U&longs;e to keep the nice&longs;t and mo&longs;t delicate <lb/>Parts of the Work from being injured in laying <lb/>the Super&longs;tructure.<lb/></s></p><pb xlink:href="003/01/183.jpg" pagenum="146"/><p type="margin"> <s><margin.target id="marg24"/>*</s></p><p type="margin"> <s><margin.target id="marg25"/>*</s></p><p type="head"> <s>CHAP. IX.</s></p><p type="main"> <s><emph type="italics"/>Of the Entablature, the Architrave, Triglyphs, Dentils, Mutules, Cavetto, <lb/>and Drip or Crona, as al&longs;o of Flutings and &longs;ome other Ornaments helong­<lb/>ing to Columns.<emph.end type="italics"/></s></p><p type="main"> <s>Having fixed our Capitals, we upon <lb/>them rai&longs;e our Architraves, upon the <lb/>Architrave the Freze, Cornice and other Mem­<lb/>bers of the Covering. </s> <s>In mo&longs;t of the&longs;e Mem­<lb/>bers the <emph type="italics"/>Ionians<emph.end type="italics"/> and all others differ very much <lb/>from the <emph type="italics"/>Dorians;<emph.end type="italics"/> though in &longs;ome Particulars <lb/>they agree. </s> <s>For In&longs;tance, it is a general Rule, <lb/>that the Thickne&longs;s of the Bottom of the Ar­<lb/>chitrave &longs;hould be never greater than the Solid <lb/>of the Top of the Shaft of the Column, nor <lb/>&longs;hould the Breadth of the Top of the &longs;ame <lb/>Architrave be greater than the Diameter of the <lb/>Bottom of the Shaft. </s> <s>The Cornice is that <lb/>Member which lies upon the Freze, and pro­<lb/>jects over it. </s> <s>In this too they ob&longs;erved the <lb/>Rule which we have already given, that the <lb/>Projecture of all Members that &longs;tood out from <lb/>the Naked of the Wall ought to be equal to <lb/>their Height. </s> <s>It was al&longs;o u&longs;ual with them to <lb/>make their Cornice lean forwards about a <lb/>twelfth Part of its Width, knowing that this <lb/>Member would &longs;eem to be falling backwards, <lb/>if it were &longs;et up at right Angles. </s> <s>I here again <lb/>entreat tho&longs;e who &longs;hall hereafter tran&longs;cribe this <lb/>Book, and I do it in the mo&longs;t earne&longs;t Manner, <lb/>that they would write the Numbers which I <lb/>&longs;et down with Letters at Length, and not with <lb/>numeral Characters, for the avoiding of more <lb/><arrow.to.target n="marg26"/><lb/>numerous Errors. </s> <s>The <emph type="italics"/>Dorians<emph.end type="italics"/> then never <lb/>made the Height of their Architrave le&longs;s than <lb/>half the Diameter of the Bottom of their Co­<lb/>lumn, and this Architrave they divided into <lb/>three Fa&longs;cias, under the uppermo&longs;t of which <lb/>ran &longs;ome &longs;hort Mouldings, in each whereof <lb/>&longs;tuck &longs;ix Nails, which were fixed in tho&longs;e <lb/>Mouldings with their Heads downwards, and <lb/>might at fir&longs;t be intended to keep the Freze <lb/>from retiring backward. </s> <s>The whole Height <lb/>of this Architrave they divided into twelve <lb/>Parts or Minutes, by which we &longs;hall mea&longs;ure <lb/>all the following Members. </s> <s>Four of the&longs;e <lb/>Minutes they gave to the lower Fa&longs;cia, &longs;ix to <lb/>the Middle one which is above it, and the other <lb/>two they left for the upper Fa&longs;cia; and of the <lb/>&longs;ix Minutes given to the middle Fa&longs;cia, one <lb/>was allowed to the Reglet or Moulding under <lb/>the Tænia, and another to the Nails which <lb/>&longs;tuck in that Moulding. </s> <s>The Length of the&longs;e <lb/>Reglets was twelves Minutes, and the Spaces <lb/>from one Reglet to the other were eighteen. <lb/></s> <s>Over the Architrave for an Ornament they &longs;et <lb/>the Triglyphs, the Front of which, being rai&longs;ed <lb/>High and Perpendicular, projected over the <lb/>Architrave half a Minute. </s> <s>The Breadth of <lb/>the Triglyphs mu&longs;t be equal to the Thickne&longs;s <lb/>of the Architrave, and their Height or Length <lb/>half as much more, &longs;o that this will be eight­<lb/>teen Minutes. </s> <s>Lengthways in the Face of the&longs;e <lb/>Triglyphs we cut three Furrows at equal Di&longs;­<lb/>tance from each other, and hollowed at right <lb/>Angles, allowing the Breadth of the opening <lb/>one Minute. </s> <s>The Corners of the&longs;e Furrows or <lb/>Channels mu&longs;t be cut away to the Breadth of <lb/>half a Minute. </s> <s>The Spaces or Metopes be­<lb/>tween the Triglyphs, where the Proportions are <lb/>elegant, are flat Tables exactly &longs;quare, and the <lb/>Triglyphs them&longs;elves mu&longs;t be &longs;et perpendicu­<lb/>larly over the Solid of their Columns. </s> <s>The <lb/>Face of the Triglyphs project half a Minute out <lb/>from the Metopes; but the Perpendicular of <lb/>the Metopes mu&longs;t fall exactly upon the lower <lb/>Fa&longs;cia of the Architrave. </s> <s>In the&longs;e Metopes it <lb/>is u&longs;ual to carve the Skulls of Oxen, Pateras, <lb/>Wheels, and the like. </s> <s>Over each of the&longs;e <lb/>Triglyphs and Metopes, in&longs;tead of a Cymati­<lb/>um, mu&longs;t run a Fillet of the Breadth of two <lb/>Minutes, over the&longs;e a Cima-inver&longs;a of the <lb/>Breadth of two Minutes, and above that a Plat­<lb/>band of the Breadth of three Minutes, which is <lb/>adorned with little Eggs, in Imitation, perhaps, <lb/>of the &longs;mall Stones which &longs;ometimes bur&longs;t out <lb/>between the Joints of a Pavement through the <lb/>too great Abundance of Mortar. </s> <s>In the&longs;e we <lb/>fix the Mutules of the &longs;ame Breadth as the <lb/>Triglyphs, and of the &longs;ame Height as the Plat­<lb/>band, placed directly over the Heads of the <lb/>Triglyphs and projecting twelve Minutes. </s> <s>The <lb/>Heads of the Mutules are cut Perpendicular, <lb/>with a Cymai&longs;e over them. </s> <s>Over the Mutules <lb/>runs a &longs;mall Cima of three Quarters of a Mi­<lb/>nute. </s> <s>In the Plat-fond of the Entablature be­<lb/>tween the Mutules we carve a Ro&longs;e or a Flower <lb/></s></p><pb xlink:href="003/01/184.jpg"/><p type="margin"> <s><margin.target id="marg26"/>*</s></p><p type="caption"> <s>PLATE 29. <emph type="italics"/>(Page 146)<emph.end type="italics"/><lb/><figure id="id.003.01.184.1.jpg" xlink:href="003/01/184/1.jpg"/></s></p><pb xlink:href="003/01/185.jpg"/><p type="caption"> <s>PLATE 30. <emph type="italics"/>(Page 147)<emph.end type="italics"/><lb/><figure id="id.003.01.185.1.jpg" xlink:href="003/01/185/1.jpg"/><pb xlink:href="003/01/186.jpg" pagenum="147"/>of the Branca Ur&longs;ina. </s> <s>Upon the Mutules lies <lb/>the Corona, which is allowed four Minutes, <lb/>and this Corona con&longs;i&longs;ts of a Plat-band or Drip <lb/>and a Cima Recta, which la&longs;t takes up one <lb/>Minute and a Half. </s> <s>If you are to have a Pe­<lb/>diment over your Building, all the Members of <lb/>the Cornice mu&longs;t be transferred to that, and <lb/>every Member in the Pediment mu&longs;t corre&longs;pond <lb/>with the &longs;ame in the Cornice, and an&longs;wer to <lb/>the &longs;ame Perpendiculars and Proportions. </s> <s>There <lb/>is only this Difference between Pediments and <lb/>the fir&longs;t Cornices, that in Pediments the high­<lb/>e&longs;t Member of the Cornice is always the Drip, <lb/>which in the <emph type="italics"/>Doric<emph.end type="italics"/> Order is a Cima-rever&longs;a, <lb/>four Minutes in Height, whereas this Drip or <lb/>Cima has never Place in a Cornice that is to <lb/>have a Pediment over it; but in tho&longs;e which <lb/>are to have no Pediment it is con&longs;tantly u&longs;ed. <lb/></s> <s>But of Pediments we &longs;hall &longs;peak by and by. <lb/></s> <s>This was the Entablature of the <emph type="italics"/>Dorians.<emph.end type="italics"/></s><s> The <lb/><arrow.to.target n="marg27"/><lb/><emph type="italics"/>Ionians<emph.end type="italics"/> were of Opinion, and not without Rea­<lb/>&longs;on, that the Proportion of the Architrave <lb/>ought to encrea&longs;e according to the Bigne&longs;s of <lb/>the Column; which mu&longs;t certainly have a good <lb/>Effect both here and in the <emph type="italics"/>Doric<emph.end type="italics"/> Order too. <lb/></s> <s>The Rules they gave for enlarging this Pro­<lb/>portion were as follows: When the Column <lb/>was twenty Foot high the Architrave ought to <lb/>be the thirteenth Part of that Length; but <lb/>when the Column was to be five-and-twenty <lb/>Foot, the Architrave &longs;hould be the twelfth <lb/>Part of the Length of the Column. </s> <s>La&longs;tly, <lb/>if the Column was to be thirty Foot high, the <lb/>Architrave was to be the eleventh Part, and for <lb/>higher Columns in the &longs;ame Gradation. </s> <s>The <lb/><emph type="italics"/>Ionic<emph.end type="italics"/> Architrave, be&longs;ides its Cymai&longs;e, con&longs;i&longs;ted <lb/>of three Fa&longs;cias, and the Whole was divided <lb/>into nine Parts, two of which were allowed to <lb/>the Cymai&longs;e, which was an upright one. </s> <s>The <lb/>Remainder below the Cymai&longs;e they divided in­<lb/>to twelve Parts, three of which went to the <lb/>lower, four to the middle, and five to the up­<lb/>per Fa&longs;cia, which lies ju&longs;t below the Cymai&longs;e. <lb/></s> <s>Some made the&longs;e Fa&longs;cias without any Sort of <lb/>Mouldings between them, but others made <lb/>them with Mouldings, and the&longs;e were &longs;ome­<lb/>times a &longs;mall Cima-inver&longs;a, taking up a fifth <lb/>Part of the Fa&longs;cia, and &longs;ometimes a Baguette <lb/>taking up a &longs;eventh Part. </s> <s>We may ob&longs;erve in <lb/>the Works of the Ancients, that the Linea­<lb/>ments or Members of the &longs;everal Orders were <lb/>often mixed, one borrowing from another, and <lb/>often with a very good Effect. </s> <s>But they &longs;eem­<lb/>ed chiefly plea&longs;ed with an Architrave of only <lb/>two Fa&longs;cias, which I take to be entirely <emph type="italics"/>Doric<emph.end type="italics"/><lb/>without its Reglets and Drops. </s> <s>Their Man­<lb/>ner of de&longs;igning this Architrave was thus. </s> <s>They <lb/>divided the whole Height into nine Parts, a&longs;­<lb/>&longs;igning one Part and two Thirds to the Cy­<lb/>mai&longs;e. </s> <s>The upper Fa&longs;cia had four Parts and <lb/>one Third, and the lower Fa&longs;cia the other three. <lb/></s> <s>Half the upper Part of this Cymai&longs;e was taken <lb/>up with a Cima-inver&longs;a and a Fillet, and the <lb/>other half with a &longs;mall Quarter-round. </s> <s>The <lb/>upper Fa&longs;cia for its Cymai&longs;e had a Baguette, <lb/>which took up an eighth Part of the Fa&longs;cia, <lb/>and the lower Fa&longs;cia had a Cima-recta of the <lb/>third Part of its whole Breadth. </s> <s>Upon the <lb/>Architrave lay the Rafters; but their Heads <lb/>did not appear out, as in the <emph type="italics"/>Doric<emph.end type="italics"/> Order, but <lb/>were cut away Perpendicular to the Archi­<lb/>trave, and were covered with a flat Pannel <lb/>which I call the Freze, the Breadth of which <lb/>was the &longs;ame as the Height of the Architrave <lb/>which is under it. </s> <s>Upon this they u&longs;ed to <lb/>carve Va&longs;es and other Uten&longs;ils belonging to <lb/>their Sacrifices, or Skulls of Oxen at certain <lb/>&longs;tated Di&longs;tances, with Fe&longs;toons of Flowers and <lb/>Fruits hanging between their Horns. </s> <s>This <lb/>Freze had over it a Cima-recta, which was <lb/>never higher than &longs;our Parts of the Freze, nor <lb/>lower than three. </s> <s>Over this ran the Denticle, <lb/>four Parts high, &longs;ometimes carved and &longs;ome­<lb/>times left quite plain. </s> <s>Above this was the <lb/>Ovolo, out of which came the Mutules, three <lb/>Parts in Height, and carved with Eggs, and <lb/>from hence came the Mutules &longs;upporting the <lb/>Drip, which was four Parts high and &longs;ix Parts <lb/>and a half Broad in its Soffit, or that Face un­<lb/>derneath which lay over the Mutules. </s> <s>Over <lb/>this Drip was a &longs;mall Cima-recta, or el&longs;e a Ba­<lb/>guette two Parts in Height, and at the Top of <lb/>all was a Cymai&longs;e or Cima-inver&longs;a of three <lb/>Parts, or if you plea&longs;e of four. </s> <s>In this Cy­<lb/>mai&longs;e both the <emph type="italics"/>Ionians<emph.end type="italics"/> and the <emph type="italics"/>Dorians<emph.end type="italics"/> u&longs;ed to <lb/>carve the Mouths of Lyons, which &longs;erved for <lb/>Spouts to throw out the Water; but they took <lb/>Care that they &longs;hould neither &longs;prinkle any Body <lb/>that was going into the Temple, nor beat back <lb/>into any Part of the Temple it&longs;elf; and for this <lb/>Rea&longs;on they &longs;topt up tho&longs;e Mouths that were <lb/><arrow.to.target n="marg28"/><lb/>over the Doors and Windows. </s> <s>The <emph type="italics"/>Corinthi­<lb/>ans<emph.end type="italics"/> added nothing either to the Architrave, <lb/>Freze or Cornice, that I can call to Mind, ex­<lb/>cept only that they did not make their Mutu­<lb/>les &longs;quare like the <emph type="italics"/>Dorians,<emph.end type="italics"/> but with a Sort of <lb/>Sweep like a Cymai&longs;e, and made the Di&longs;tances <lb/>between them equal to their Projecture from <lb/>the Naked of the Building. </s> <s>In all other Re­<lb/>&longs;pects they followed the <emph type="italics"/>Ionians.<emph.end type="italics"/></s><s> Thus much <lb/><pb xlink:href="003/01/187.jpg" pagenum="148"/>may &longs;uffice for tho&longs;e Colonades which are to <lb/>be covered with Architraves; of tho&longs;e which are <lb/>to &longs;upport Arches we &longs;hall &longs;peak by and by, <lb/>when we come to treat of the Ba&longs;ilique. </s> <s>There <lb/>are only &longs;ome few Particulars more relating to <lb/>Colonades of this Sort, which ought by no <lb/>Means to be omitted. </s> <s>It is certain that a Co­<lb/>lumn which &longs;tands in the open Air, always <lb/>&longs;eems &longs;maller than one that is under Cover, and <lb/>the more Flutings there are in its Shaft, the <lb/>Thicker it will appear. </s> <s>For this Rea&longs;on we <lb/>are advi&longs;ed either to make tho&longs;e fluted Co­<lb/>lumns that &longs;tand in the open Air &longs;omewhat <lb/>thicker, or el&longs;e to encrea&longs;e the Number of the <lb/><arrow.to.target n="marg29"/><lb/>Channels. </s> <s>The&longs;e Channels are made either <lb/>direct along the Shaft, or el&longs;e run &longs;piral about <lb/>it. </s> <s>The <emph type="italics"/>Dorians<emph.end type="italics"/> made them direct along the <lb/>Shaft. </s> <s>The&longs;e Channels are called by Archi­<lb/>tects Striæ, and among the <emph type="italics"/>Dorians<emph.end type="italics"/> they were <lb/>in Number Twenty. </s> <s>Others made Twenty­<lb/>four. </s> <s>Others &longs;eparated the&longs;e Channels by &longs;mall <lb/>Li&longs;ts, which were never more than a third, nor <lb/>le&longs;s than a fourth Part of the Groove of the <lb/>Fluting, and the&longs;e Flutings were a &longs;emi-circu­<lb/>lar Concave. </s> <s>In the <emph type="italics"/>Doric<emph.end type="italics"/> Order the Flut­<lb/>ings are plain without any Li&longs;t, with very little <lb/>hollow, or at mo&longs;t but the Quarter of a Circle, <lb/>terminating the Channels in an Angle. </s> <s>For <lb/>the lower third Part of the Shaft of the Co­<lb/>lumn, they generally filled their Flutings with <lb/>a Cable, to make the Column &longs;tronger, and <lb/>le&longs;s liable to Injuries. </s> <s>Tho&longs;e Flutings which <lb/>run direct along the Shaft, make the Column <lb/>appear to the Eye of the Beholder thicker than <lb/>it really is. </s> <s>Tho&longs;e Channels that run &longs;piral <lb/>about the Shaft, vary it too; but the le&longs;s they <lb/>&longs;werve from the Perpendicular of the Column, <lb/>the Thicker the Column will appear. </s> <s>They <lb/>mu&longs;t round clear round the Column never <lb/>more than three Times, nor ever make le&longs;s than <lb/>one compleat Revolution. </s> <s>Whatever Flutings <lb/>you make, they mu&longs;t always run from the Bot­<lb/>tom to the Top of the Shaft in even and con­<lb/>tinued Lines, with an equal Hollow all the <lb/>Way. </s> <s>The Sides of the Builder's Square will <lb/>&longs;erve us as a Guide for making our Channels. <lb/></s> <s>There is a mathematical Line, which being <lb/>drawn from any certain Point of the Circum­<lb/>ference of a Semi-circle to the End of its Dia­<lb/>meter is called a right Angle, which is the &longs;ame <lb/>as the Builder's Square. </s> <s>Having then marked <lb/>out the Sides of your Flutings, &longs;ink them &longs;o <lb/>deep in the Middle, that the Angle of your <lb/>Square may touch the Bottom and its two Sides <lb/>of the Lips of them at the &longs;ame Time. </s> <s>At <lb/>each End of the Shaft of a fluted Column, you <lb/>mu&longs;t leave a proper Di&longs;tance plain between the <lb/>Channels and the Cincture at one End, and <lb/>the A&longs;tragal at the other. </s> <s>We are told, that <lb/>all round the Temple of <emph type="italics"/>Memphis<emph.end type="italics"/>, in&longs;tead of <lb/>Columns, they made u&longs;e of Colo&longs;&longs;al Statues <lb/>eighteen Foot high. </s> <s>In other Places they had <lb/>wreathed Columns twi&longs;ted round with Ten­<lb/>drils and Vine-leaves carved in Relief, and <lb/>with the Figures of little Birds here and there <lb/>inter&longs;per&longs;ed. </s> <s>But the plain Column is much <lb/>more agreeable to the Maje&longs;ty of a Temple. <lb/></s> <s>There are certain Dimentions which are great <lb/>Helps to the Workmen in the placing of their <lb/>Columns, and the&longs;e are taken from the Num­<lb/>ber of the Columns them&longs;elves that are to be <lb/><arrow.to.target n="marg30"/><lb/>u&longs;ed in the Structure. </s> <s>Thus, for In&longs;tance, to <lb/>begin with the <emph type="italics"/>Dorians<emph.end type="italics"/>; when they had four <lb/>Columns for the Front of their Building, they <lb/>divided the Front of the Platform into &longs;even­<lb/>and-twenty Parts. </s> <s>If they had &longs;ix Columns, <lb/>they divided it into one-and-forty, and if eight <lb/>into &longs;ix-and-fifty, and of the&longs;e Parts they al­<lb/>lowed two for the Thickne&longs;s of each Column. <lb/><arrow.to.target n="marg31"/><lb/>But in <emph type="italics"/>Ionic<emph.end type="italics"/> Structures where four Columns are <lb/>to be u&longs;ed, the Front of the Platform mu&longs;t be <lb/>divided into eleven Parts and a half; where <lb/>the&longs;e are to be &longs;ix, into eighteen, and where <lb/>eight, into four-and-twenty and a half; whereof <lb/>only one Part mu&longs;t be given to the Thickne&longs;s <lb/>of each Column.</s></p><p type="margin"> <s><margin.target id="marg27"/>*</s></p><p type="margin"> <s><margin.target id="marg28"/>*</s></p><p type="margin"> <s><margin.target id="marg29"/>*</s></p><p type="margin"> <s><margin.target id="marg30"/>*</s></p><p type="margin"> <s><margin.target id="marg31"/>*</s></p><p type="head"> <s>CHAP. X.</s></p><p type="head"> <s><emph type="italics"/>Of the Pavement of the Temple and its inner Area, of the Place for the Al­<lb/>tar, and of the Walls and their Ornaments.<emph.end type="italics"/></s></p><p type="main"> <s>It is the mo&longs;t approved Ta&longs;te to a&longs;cend to <lb/>the Floor of the Temple and to the inner <lb/>Area by &longs;ome Number of Steps, and to have <lb/>the Place where the Altar is to be fixed, rai&longs;ed <lb/>higher than the Re&longs;t. </s> <s>The Apertures and En­<lb/>trance to the Chapels on the Sides were &longs;ome­<lb/>times left quite open without any Inclo&longs;ure <lb/>what&longs;oever, and &longs;ometimes &longs;hut in with two <lb/></s></p><pb xlink:href="003/01/188.jpg"/><p type="caption"> <s>PLATE 31. <emph type="italics"/>(Pages 147-48)<emph.end type="italics"/><lb/><figure id="id.003.01.188.1.jpg" xlink:href="003/01/188/1.jpg"/></s></p><pb xlink:href="003/01/189.jpg"/><p type="caption"> <s>PLATE 32. <emph type="italics"/>(Page 148)<emph.end type="italics"/><lb/><figure id="id.003.01.189.1.jpg" xlink:href="003/01/189/1.jpg"/></s></p><pb xlink:href="003/01/190.jpg"/><p type="caption"> <s>PLATE 33. <emph type="italics"/>(Page 148)<emph.end type="italics"/><lb/><figure id="id.003.01.190.1.jpg" xlink:href="003/01/190/1.jpg"/></s></p><pb xlink:href="003/01/191.jpg"/><p type="caption"> <s>PLATE 34. <emph type="italics"/>(Page 148)<emph.end type="italics"/><lb/><figure id="id.003.01.191.1.jpg" xlink:href="003/01/191/1.jpg"/><pb xlink:href="003/01/192.jpg" pagenum="149"/>Columns, over which ran an Architrave, Freze <lb/>and Cornice, according to the Rules ju&longs;t now <lb/>laid down for Porticoes; and the re&longs;t of the <lb/>Void above the Cornice was left quite open <lb/>for &longs;etting of Statues or large Candle&longs;ticks. <lb/></s> <s>Others inclo&longs;ed the Entrance into &longs;uch Chapels <lb/>with a Walls brought half Way on each Side. <lb/></s> <s>Tho&longs;e who imagine that the great Thickne&longs;s <lb/>of the Walls adds Dignity to a Temple, are <lb/>greatly mi&longs;taken; for who is there that does <lb/>not di&longs;like a Body compo&longs;ed of gouty Limbs? <lb/></s> <s>be&longs;ides that when the Walls are too thick, they <lb/>always intercept the Light. </s> <s>In the <emph type="italics"/>Rotonda<emph.end type="italics"/> at <lb/><emph type="italics"/>Rome<emph.end type="italics"/>, the excellent Architect who had the <lb/>Care of that great Work having in it Occa&longs;ion <lb/>for thick Walls, built the Ribs entirely of &longs;olid <lb/>Work, without any Stuffing, and tho&longs;e Inter­<lb/>&longs;paces which a le&longs;s skilful Arti&longs;t would have <lb/>&longs;tuffed, he employed in Niches and other A­<lb/>pertures, whereby he &longs;aved Expence, and made <lb/>the Structure le&longs;s heavy, and more beautiful. <lb/></s> <s>The Thickne&longs;s of the Walls mu&longs;t be proporti­<lb/>oned after the Manner of Columns; that is to <lb/>&longs;ay, their Thickne&longs;s mu&longs;t corre&longs;pond to their <lb/>Height, as in tho&longs;e. </s> <s>I have ob&longs;erved that the <lb/>Ancients, in building their Temples, u&longs;ed to <lb/>divide the Front of their Platform into twelve <lb/>Parts; or, when they would make them parti­<lb/>cularly &longs;trong, into nine, and one of tho&longs;e <lb/>Parts was the Thickne&longs;s of the Wall. </s> <s>In cir­<lb/>cular Temples the Wall was never le&longs;s high <lb/>than half the Diameter of its inner Area; <lb/>many made it two Thirds of that Diameter, <lb/>and &longs;ome three Fourths, which was the Height <lb/>to which they carried the Wall before they be­<lb/>gan the Sweep of the Cupola. </s> <s>But the more <lb/>di&longs;creet Workmen divided the Circumference <lb/>of this circular Platform into four Parts; and <lb/>one of tho&longs;e fourth Parts being extended to a <lb/>Line was equal to the inward Height of the <lb/>Wall, which is as four to eleven: And this <lb/>Practice has been al&longs;o imitated in &longs;quare Tem­<lb/>ples as well as round ones, and in many other <lb/>Kinds of Structures that were to be covered <lb/>with Arches. </s> <s>But where there were to be <lb/>Chapels on each Side in the Wall, to make the <lb/>Aperture &longs;eem the Larger they &longs;ometimes rai&longs;ed <lb/>their Wall equal in Height to the whole Breadth <lb/>of the Area. </s> <s>In round Temples the inward <lb/>Height of the Wall will not be the &longs;ame as the <lb/>outward: Becau&longs;e within the Wall ends exact­<lb/>ly where the Sweep of the Arch begins; but <lb/>without, it is carried up &longs;traight to the Top of <lb/>the Cornice. </s> <s>If the Cupola have a Cover on <lb/>the Out&longs;ide made with Degrees like Steps, the <lb/>outward Wall will take up a third Part of it; <lb/>but if the Cover be made with &longs;traight Lines <lb/>and a common Slope, then the outward Wall <lb/>will take up half. </s> <s>Nothing is more conveni­<lb/>ent for building the Walls of a Temple, than <lb/>Brick; but then it mu&longs;t be ca&longs;ed with &longs;ome­<lb/>thing hand&longs;omer. </s> <s>There have been many dif­<lb/>ferent Opinions with Relation to the Adorning <lb/>of the Walls of Temples. </s> <s>At <emph type="italics"/>Cyzicus<emph.end type="italics"/> a Town <lb/>in <emph type="italics"/>Bythinia<emph.end type="italics"/> there was a Temple which had its <lb/>Walls adorned with a very beautiful Stone, and all <lb/>the Joints pointed with ma&longs;&longs;y Gold. </s> <s>In the Tem­<lb/>ple of <emph type="italics"/>Minerva<emph.end type="italics"/> at <emph type="italics"/>Elis<emph.end type="italics"/>, the Brother of <emph type="italics"/>Phidias<emph.end type="italics"/>, <lb/>the celebrated Carver, made an Incru&longs;tation of <lb/>Stuc tempered with Saffron and Milk. </s> <s>The <lb/>Kings of <emph type="italics"/>Ægypt<emph.end type="italics"/> encompa&longs;&longs;ed the Monument <lb/>of <emph type="italics"/>Simandes<emph.end type="italics"/>, which was the Scpulchre for the <lb/>Concubines of <emph type="italics"/>Jupiter<emph.end type="italics"/>, with a Circle of Gold <lb/>no le&longs;s than a Cubit or Foot and half broad, <lb/>and three hundred &longs;ixty-five Cubits round, <lb/>with a Day of the Year in&longs;cribed upon every <lb/>Cubit. </s> <s>Others condemned this Exce&longs;s of Or­<lb/>nament in Temples. <emph type="italics"/>Cicero<emph.end type="italics"/>, being guided by <lb/><emph type="italics"/>Plato's<emph.end type="italics"/> Opinion, thought it nece&longs;&longs;ary that the <lb/>People &longs;hould be admoni&longs;hed by the Laws to <lb/>lay a&longs;ide all Manner of Delicacy in the Adorn­<lb/>ing their Temples, and take Care only to have <lb/>them perfectly clean and white. </s> <s>However, <lb/>&longs;ays he, let the Structure of them be beautiful. <lb/></s> <s>I confe&longs;s, for my own Part, I am very ready to <lb/>believe, that Purity and Simplicity of Colour, <lb/>as of Life, mu&longs;t be mo&longs;t plea&longs;ing to the Divine <lb/>Being; and that it is not proper to have any <lb/>Thing in a Church that may be likely to draw <lb/>off Men's Thoughts from Devotion and fix <lb/>them upon the Plea&longs;ure and Delight of the <lb/>Sen&longs;es: But &longs;till I am of Opinion, that he is <lb/>highly to be commended, who, as in other <lb/>publick Structures, &longs;o al&longs;o in Temples, without <lb/>departing from the Gravity requi&longs;ite in &longs;uch <lb/>Works, endeavours to have all the Parts, the <lb/>Walls, Roof, and Pavement, as hand&longs;ome and <lb/>clegant as po&longs;&longs;ible, &longs;till chiefly having it in his <lb/>Eye to make all his Ornaments the mo&longs;t dura­<lb/>ble that may be. </s> <s>Thus nothing can be more <lb/>proper for the Ornament of the Roof on the <lb/>In&longs;ide than all Sorts of <emph type="italics"/>Mo&longs;aic<emph.end type="italics"/> Work made of <lb/>Marble, Gla&longs;s, and other la&longs;ting Materials. <lb/></s> <s>Stuc-work with Figures, according to the Prac­<lb/>tice of the Ancients, may be a very hand&longs;ome <lb/>Coat for the Out&longs;ide. </s> <s>In both you mu&longs;t take <lb/>the greate&longs;t Care to chu&longs;e proper Places as <lb/>well for your Pictures as Figures. </s> <s>The Por­<lb/>tico, for In&longs;tance, is the fitte&longs;t Place for the <lb/>Repre&longs;entation of great Actions in Pictures. <pb xlink:href="003/01/193.jpg" pagenum="150"/>Indeed, within the Temple I think detached <lb/>Pictures do much better than painting upon <lb/>the Wall it&longs;elf, and in my Mind Statues are <lb/>hand&longs;omer than Pictures. </s> <s>unle&longs;s they be &longs;uch <lb/>excellent ones as tho&longs;e two, for which <emph type="italics"/>Cæ&longs;ar<emph.end type="italics"/><lb/>the Dictator gave ninety Talents, or fourteen <lb/>hundred of our Crowns, in order to adorn the <lb/>Temple of <emph type="italics"/>Venus<emph.end type="italics"/> his Progenitor; and I look <lb/>upon a Picture with no le&longs;s Plea&longs;ure (I mean a <lb/>good one, for ill Painting is a Di&longs;grace to the <lb/>Wall) than I read a good Hi&longs;tory. </s> <s>They both <lb/>indeed are Pictures, only the Hi&longs;torian paints <lb/>with Words, and the Painter with his Pencil. <lb/></s> <s>All other Qualifications are common to them <lb/>both, and they both require the greate&longs;t Genius <lb/>and Application. </s> <s>But I would have nothing <lb/>either on the Wall or Pavement of the Tem­<lb/>ple but what &longs;avours entirely of Philo&longs;ophy. </s> <s>We <lb/>read that in the Capitol there were Tables of <lb/>Bra&longs;s whereon were in&longs;cribed the Laws by <lb/>which the Empire was to be governed; which, <lb/>when the Temple was de&longs;troyed by Fire, were <lb/>re&longs;tored by the Emperor <emph type="italics"/>Ve&longs;pa&longs;ian<emph.end type="italics"/>, to the <lb/>Number of three Thou&longs;and. </s> <s>We are told that <lb/>at the Entrance of the Temple of <emph type="italics"/>Apollo<emph.end type="italics"/> at <emph type="italics"/>De­<lb/>los<emph.end type="italics"/>, there were Ver&longs;es engraved, containing &longs;e­<lb/>veral Compo&longs;itions of Herbs proper to be u&longs;ed <lb/>as Remedies again&longs;t all Sorts of Poi&longs;on. </s> <s>Thus <lb/>I &longs;hould think it would be proper among us, <lb/>by Way of In&longs;cription, to have &longs;uch Precepts <lb/>as may make us more ju&longs;t, more mode&longs;t, more <lb/>u&longs;eful, more adorned with all Virtues, and <lb/>more acceptable in the Sight of God; &longs;uch as <lb/>the&longs;e, <emph type="italics"/>Be what you would be thought; Love if <lb/>you would be beloved<emph.end type="italics"/>, and the like. </s> <s>And I would <lb/>have the Compo&longs;ition of the Lines of the <lb/>Pavement full of mu&longs;ical and geometrical Pro­<lb/>portions; to the Intent that which-&longs;oever Way <lb/>we may turn our Eyes, we may be &longs;ure to find <lb/>Employment for our Minds. </s> <s>One Method <lb/>which the Ancients took to adorn their Tem­<lb/>ples, was to fill them with Things that were <lb/>uncommon and excellent; as in the Temple of <lb/><emph type="italics"/>Hercules<emph.end type="italics"/>, where were to be &longs;een &longs;ome Horns <lb/>of Emmets brought from <emph type="italics"/>India<emph.end type="italics"/>; or like tho&longs;e <lb/>Crowns made of Cinnamon which <emph type="italics"/>Ve&longs;pa&longs;ian<emph.end type="italics"/><lb/>gave to the Capitol; or like that great Root of <lb/>Cinnamon which <emph type="italics"/>Augu&longs;ta<emph.end type="italics"/> placed in the prin­<lb/>cipal Temple of Mount <emph type="italics"/>Palatine<emph.end type="italics"/>, in a Cup of <lb/>Gold. </s> <s>At <emph type="italics"/>Thermus<emph.end type="italics"/>, a Town in <emph type="italics"/>Ætolia<emph.end type="italics"/> plun­<lb/>dered by <emph type="italics"/>Philip<emph.end type="italics"/>, we are told, that in the Por­<lb/>ticoes of the Temple there were above fifteen <lb/>thou&longs;and Suits of Armour, and to adorn the <lb/>Temple it&longs;elf above two thou&longs;and Statues; all <lb/>which, according to <emph type="italics"/>Polybius<emph.end type="italics"/>'s Relation, were <lb/>de&longs;troyed and broken by <emph type="italics"/>Philip<emph.end type="italics"/>, except tho&longs;e <lb/>which were in&longs;cribed with the Name, or bore <lb/>the Repre&longs;entation of &longs;ome God; and perhaps <lb/>Variety is more to be con&longs;ulted in &longs;uch Collec­<lb/>tions than Number. <emph type="italics"/>Solinus<emph.end type="italics"/> informs us, that <lb/>in <emph type="italics"/>Sicily<emph.end type="italics"/> there were &longs;ome Artificers who had <lb/>the Secret of making Statues of Salt; and <emph type="italics"/>Pliny<emph.end type="italics"/><lb/>tells us, that there was one made of Gla&longs;s. <lb/></s> <s>There is no Que&longs;tion but &longs;uch Things mu&longs;t be <lb/>exceeding rare, and very worthy to rai&longs;e our <lb/>Admiration of the Work both of Nature and <lb/>Art. </s> <s>But of Statues we &longs;hall &longs;peak in another <lb/>Place. </s> <s>The Walls and Apertures mu&longs;t be <lb/>adorned with Columns; but not like a Porti­<lb/>co. </s> <s>There is one Thing which I have ob&longs;erv­<lb/>ed in the Covering of &longs;ome of the bigge&longs;t <lb/>Temples, which is, that not having Columns <lb/>of Height &longs;ufficient to reach to the Spring of <lb/>their Arches, they heightened the Sides of the <lb/>Arches them&longs;elves in &longs;uch a Manner that their <lb/>Sagitta was a third Part longer than their Se­<lb/>mi-diameter, which added not a little to the <lb/>Clearne&longs;s and Beauty of the Work it&longs;elf. </s> <s>And <lb/>here I mu&longs;t not omit one Precept, namely, that <lb/>the Spring of the Arch &longs;hould have at lea&longs;t &longs;o <lb/>much Perpendicular, as to prevent the Projec­<lb/>ture of the Cornices from taking away any Part <lb/>of the Arch from the Sight of tho&longs;e that &longs;taid <lb/>below in the Middle of the Temple.</s></p><p type="head"> <s>CHAP. XI.</s></p><p type="head"> <s><emph type="italics"/>Why the Roofs of Temples ought to be arched.<emph.end type="italics"/></s></p><p type="main"> <s>I am entirely for having the Roofs of Tem­<lb/>ples arched, as well becau&longs;e it gives them <lb/>the greater Dignity, as becau&longs;e it makes them <lb/>more durable. </s> <s>And indeed I know not how <lb/>it happens that we &longs;hall hardly meet any one <lb/>Temple what&longs;oever that has not fallen into the <lb/>Calamity of Fire. </s> <s>We read that <emph type="italics"/>Camby&longs;es<emph.end type="italics"/> burnt <lb/>all the Temples in <emph type="italics"/>Ægypt<emph.end type="italics"/> in general, and re­<lb/>moved the Trea&longs;ure and Ornaments belonging <lb/>to them to <emph type="italics"/>Per&longs;epolis. </s> <s>Eu&longs;ebius<emph.end type="italics"/> relates, that the <lb/>Oracle of <emph type="italics"/>Delphos<emph.end type="italics"/> was burnt three Times by <lb/>the <emph type="italics"/>Thracians<emph.end type="italics"/>, and another Time it took Fire <lb/>of it&longs;elf, and was rebuilt by <emph type="italics"/>Ama&longs;is<emph.end type="italics"/>, as we are <lb/>informed by <emph type="italics"/>Herodotus.<emph.end type="italics"/></s><s> We read too that it <pb xlink:href="003/01/194.jpg" pagenum="151"/>was once burnt by <emph type="italics"/>Phlegyas,<emph.end type="italics"/> about the Time <lb/>that <emph type="italics"/>Phœnice<emph.end type="italics"/> invented &longs;ome Characters for the <lb/>U&longs;e of his Citizens. </s> <s>It was al&longs;o con&longs;umed by <lb/>Fire in the Reign of <emph type="italics"/>Cyrus,<emph.end type="italics"/> a few Years before <lb/>the Death of <emph type="italics"/>Servius Tallus,<emph.end type="italics"/> the King of <emph type="italics"/>Rome;<emph.end type="italics"/><lb/>and it is certain, that it was again burnt about <lb/>the Time of the Birth of tho&longs;e three great Lu­<lb/>minaries of Learning, <emph type="italics"/>Catullus, Sallus<emph.end type="italics"/> and <emph type="italics"/>Var­<lb/>ro.<emph.end type="italics"/></s><s> The Temple of <emph type="italics"/>Ephe&longs;us<emph.end type="italics"/> was burnt by the <lb/><emph type="italics"/>Amazons,<emph.end type="italics"/> in the Reign of <emph type="italics"/>Sylvius Po&longs;thumus,<emph.end type="italics"/><lb/>as it was al&longs;o about the Time that <emph type="italics"/>Socrates<emph.end type="italics"/><lb/>was condemned to drink Poi&longs;on at <emph type="italics"/>Athens:<emph.end type="italics"/><lb/>and the Temple of the <emph type="italics"/>Argives<emph.end type="italics"/> was de&longs;troyed <lb/>by Fire the &longs;ame Year that <emph type="italics"/>Plato<emph.end type="italics"/> was born at <lb/><emph type="italics"/>Athens,<emph.end type="italics"/> at which Time <emph type="italics"/>Tarquin<emph.end type="italics"/> reigned at <emph type="italics"/>Rome.<emph.end type="italics"/><lb/>Why &longs;hould I mention the &longs;acred Porticoes of <lb/><emph type="italics"/>Jeru&longs;alem?<emph.end type="italics"/> Or the Temple of <emph type="italics"/>Minerva<emph.end type="italics"/> at <lb/><emph type="italics"/>Miletus?<emph.end type="italics"/> Or that of <emph type="italics"/>Serapis<emph.end type="italics"/> at <emph type="italics"/>Alexandria?<emph.end type="italics"/><lb/>Or at <emph type="italics"/>Rome,<emph.end type="italics"/> the <emph type="italics"/>Pantheon?<emph.end type="italics"/> And the Temple <lb/>of the Godde&longs;s <emph type="italics"/>Ve&longs;ta?<emph.end type="italics"/> And that of <emph type="italics"/>Apollo?<emph.end type="italics"/><lb/>In which la&longs;t we are told the Sibyls Ver&longs;es <lb/>were de&longs;troyed. </s> <s>We indeed find, that &longs;carce <lb/>any Temple e&longs;caped the &longs;ame Calamity. <emph type="italics"/>Dia­<lb/>dorus<emph.end type="italics"/> writes, that there was none be&longs;ides that <lb/>dedicated to <emph type="italics"/>Venus,<emph.end type="italics"/> in the City of <emph type="italics"/>Eryx<emph.end type="italics"/> in <emph type="italics"/>Si­<lb/>cily,<emph.end type="italics"/> that had e&longs;caped to his Time unhurt by <lb/>the Flames. <emph type="italics"/>Cæ&longs;ar<emph.end type="italics"/> owned that <emph type="italics"/>Alexandria<emph.end type="italics"/><lb/>e&longs;caped being burnt, when he him&longs;elf took it, <lb/>becau&longs;e its Roofs were vaulted. </s> <s>Nor are vault­<lb/>ed Roofs de&longs;tituted of their Ornaments. </s> <s>The <lb/>Ancients transferred all the &longs;ame Ornaments to <lb/>their Cupolas, as the Gold&longs;miths u&longs;ed about <lb/>the Pateras or Cups for the Sacrifices; and the <lb/>&longs;ame Sort of Work as was u&longs;ed in the Quilts <lb/>of their Beds, they imitated in their vaulted <lb/>Roofs, whether plain or camerated. </s> <s>Thus we <lb/>&longs;ee them divided into four, eight, or more Pan­<lb/>nels, or cro&longs;&longs;ed different Ways with equal <lb/>Angles and with Circles, in the mo&longs;t beautiful <lb/>Manner that can be imagined. </s> <s>And here it <lb/>may be proper to ob&longs;erve, that the Ornaments <lb/>of vaulted Roofs, which con&longs;i&longs;t in the Forms <lb/>of their Pannels or Excavations, are in many <lb/>Places exceeding hand&longs;ome, and particularly <lb/>at the <emph type="italics"/>Rotonda<emph.end type="italics"/> at <emph type="italics"/>Rome;<emph.end type="italics"/> yet we have no where <lb/>any In&longs;truction left us in Writing how to make <lb/>them. </s> <s>My Method of doing it, which is very <lb/>ea&longs;y and cheap, is as follows: I de&longs;cribe the <lb/>Lineaments of the future Pannels or Excavati­<lb/>ons upon the Boards of the Scaffolding it&longs;elf, <lb/>whether they are to be Quadrangular, Sexan­<lb/>gular, or Octangular. </s> <s>Then tho&longs;e Parts which <lb/>I intended to excavate in my Roof, I rai&longs;e to <lb/>the &longs;tated Height with unbaked Bricks &longs;et in <lb/>Clay in&longs;tead of Mortar. </s> <s>Upon this Kind of <lb/>Mount thus rai&longs;ed on the Back of the Scaffold­<lb/>ing, I build my vaulted Roof of Brick and Mor­<lb/>tar, taking great Care that the thinner Parts <lb/>cohere firmly with the Thicker and Stronger. <lb/></s> <s>When the Vault is compleated and &longs;ettled and <lb/>the Scaffolding is taken away from under it, I <lb/>clear the &longs;olid Building from tho&longs;e Mounts of <lb/>Clay which I had rai&longs;ed at fir&longs;t; and thus the <lb/>Shape of my Evcavations or Pannels are formed <lb/>according to my original De&longs;ign. </s> <s>But to re­<lb/>turn to our Subject. </s> <s>I am extremely delighted <lb/>with an Ornament mentioned by <emph type="italics"/>Varro,<emph.end type="italics"/> who <lb/>tells us of a Roof on which was painted a Sky <lb/>with a moving Star in it, which by a Kind of <lb/>Hand &longs;hewed at once the Hour of the Day and <lb/>what Wind blew abroad. </s> <s>I &longs;hould be wonder­<lb/>fully plea&longs;ed with &longs;uch a Contrivance. </s> <s>The <lb/>Ancients were of Opinion that rai&longs;ing the Roof <lb/>high and ending it with a Pedient gave &longs;uch an <lb/>Air of Greatne&longs;s to a Building, that they u&longs;ed <lb/>to &longs;ay the Hou&longs;e of <emph type="italics"/>Jove<emph.end type="italics"/> him&longs;elf, though they <lb/>never &longs;uppo&longs;ed it rained in Heaven, could <lb/>not look hand&longs;ome without it. </s> <s>The Rule for <lb/>the&longs;e Pediments is as follows. </s> <s>Take not more <lb/>than the Fourth nor le&longs;s than the Fifth of the <lb/>Breadth of your Front along the Cornice, and <lb/>let this be the Summit or upper Angle of your <lb/>Pediment. </s> <s>Upon this Summit, as al&longs;o at each <lb/>End, you &longs;et Acroteria, or little Pede&longs;tals for <lb/>Statues. </s> <s>The Height of the Acroteria or Pe­<lb/>de&longs;tals at the Ends &longs;hould be equal to that of <lb/>the Freze and Cornice; but that which &longs;tands <lb/>on the Summit, &longs;hould be an eighth Part higher <lb/>than the others. </s> <s>We are told that <emph type="italics"/>Buccides<emph.end type="italics"/><lb/>was the fir&longs;t that adorned his Pediments with <lb/>Statues, which he made of Earth coloured red; <lb/>but afterwards they came to be made of Mar­<lb/>ble, and the whole Covering too.</s></p><p type="head"> <s>CHAP. XII.</s></p><p type="head"> <s><emph type="italics"/>Of the Apertures proper to Temples, namely, the Windows, Doors, and Valves; <lb/>together with their Members, Proportions and Ornaments.<emph.end type="italics"/></s></p><p type="main"> <s>The Windows in the Temple ought to <lb/>be &longs;mall and high, &longs;o that nothing but <lb/>the Sky may be &longs;een through them; to the <lb/>Intent that both the Prie&longs;ts that are employed <lb/>in the Performance of divine Offices, and tho&longs;e <lb/>that a&longs;&longs;i&longs;t upon Account of Devotion, may <pb xlink:href="003/01/195.jpg" pagenum="152"/>not have their Minds any Ways diverted by fo­<lb/>reign Objects. </s> <s>That Horror with which a <lb/>&longs;olemn Gloom is apt to &longs;ill the Mind naturally <lb/>rai&longs;es our Veneration, and there is always &longs;ome­<lb/>what of an Au&longs;terity in Maje&longs;ty: Be&longs;ides that <lb/>tho&longs;e Lights which &longs;hould be always burning <lb/>in Temples, and than which nothing is more <lb/>awful for the Honour and Ornament of Re­<lb/>ligion, look faint and langui&longs;h, unle&longs;s favoured <lb/>by &longs;ome Ob&longs;curity. </s> <s>For this Rea&longs;on the Ancients <lb/>were very often contented without any other <lb/>Aperture be&longs;ides the Gate. </s> <s>For my own Part, <lb/>I am for having the Entrance into the Temple <lb/>thoroughly well lighted, and tho&longs;e Parts with­<lb/>in, where People are to walk, not melan­<lb/>choly; but the Place where the Altar is to be <lb/>&longs;eated, I think &longs;hould have more of Maje&longs;ty <lb/>than Beauty. </s> <s>But to return to the Apertures <lb/>them&longs;elves. </s> <s>Let us here remember what has <lb/>formerly been &longs;aid, namely, that Apertures <lb/>con&longs;i&longs;t of three Parts, the Void, the Jambs <lb/>and the Lintel, which two la&longs;t we may call <lb/>the Frame of the Door or Window. </s> <s>The An­<lb/>cients never u&longs;ed to make either Doors or Win­<lb/>dows otherwi&longs;e than &longs;quare. </s> <s>We &longs;hall treat <lb/>fir&longs;t of Doors. </s> <s>All the be&longs;t Architects, whe­<lb/>ther <emph type="italics"/>Dorians, Ionians<emph.end type="italics"/> or <emph type="italics"/>Corinthians,<emph.end type="italics"/> always <lb/>made their Doors narrower at the Top than <lb/>at the Bottom by one fourteenth Part. </s> <s>To <lb/>the Lintel they gave the &longs;ame Thickne&longs;s as <lb/>they found at the Top of the Jamb, making <lb/>the Lines of their Ornaments an&longs;wer exactly <lb/>to one another, and meet together in ju&longs;t <lb/>Angles: And they rai&longs;ed the Cornice over the <lb/>Door equal in Height to the Capital of the <lb/>Columns in the Portico. </s> <s>Thus far they all <lb/>agreed, but in other Particulars they differed <lb/><arrow.to.target n="marg32"/><lb/>very much. </s> <s>And fir&longs;t the <emph type="italics"/>Dorians<emph.end type="italics"/> divided this <lb/>whole Height, that is to &longs;ay, from the Level of <lb/>the Pavement up to the Roof, into &longs;ixteen <lb/>Parts, whereof they gave ten to the Height of <lb/>the Void, which the Ancients u&longs;ed to call the <lb/>Light; five to its Breadth, and one to the <lb/>Breadth of the Frame. </s> <s>This was the <emph type="italics"/>Doric<emph.end type="italics"/><lb/><arrow.to.target n="marg33"/><lb/>Divi&longs;ion; but the <emph type="italics"/>Ionians<emph.end type="italics"/> divided the whole <lb/>Height to the Top of the Columns, as afore­<lb/>mentioned, into nineteen Parts, whereof they <lb/>gave twelve to the Height of the Light, &longs;ix to <lb/>its Breadth, and one to the Frame. </s> <s>The <emph type="italics"/>Co­<lb/>rinthians<emph.end type="italics"/> divided it into one-and-twenty Parts, <lb/>a&longs;&longs;igning &longs;even to the Breadth of the Light, <lb/>and doubling that Breadth for its Length, and <lb/>allowing for the Breadth of the Frame one <lb/>&longs;eventh Part of the Breadth of the Light. </s> <s>In <lb/>all the&longs;e Doors the Frame was an Architrave. <lb/></s> <s>And, unle&longs;s I am much mi&longs;taken, the <emph type="italics"/>Ionians<emph.end type="italics"/><lb/>made u&longs;e of their own Architrave, adorned <lb/>with three Fa&longs;cias, as did the <emph type="italics"/>Dorians<emph.end type="italics"/> too of <lb/>theirs, only leaving out the Reglets and <lb/>Drops; and all adorned their Lintels with <lb/>mo&longs;t of the Delicacies of their Cornice; only <lb/>the <emph type="italics"/>Dorians<emph.end type="italics"/> left out their Triglyphs, and in­<lb/>&longs;tead of them made u&longs;e of a Freze as broad as <lb/>the Jamb or Frame of the Door. </s> <s>Over the <lb/>Freze they added an upright Cymatium; and <lb/>over that a plain Dentil, and next an Ovolo; <lb/>above that ran the Mutules with their Cymai&longs;e, <lb/>and over them an inverted Cymatium; ob­<lb/>&longs;erving in all the&longs;e Members the &longs;ame Pro­<lb/>portions as we have already &longs;et down for the <lb/><emph type="italics"/>Doric<emph.end type="italics"/> Entablature. </s> <s>The <emph type="italics"/>Ionians,<emph.end type="italics"/> on the con­<lb/>trary, did not make u&longs;e of a plain Freze, as <lb/>in their common Entablature; but in&longs;tead of <lb/>it made a &longs;welling Freze, one third Part of <lb/>the Breadth of the Architrave, adorned with <lb/>Leaves bound about with a Kind of Swathes. <lb/></s> <s>Over this they made their Cyma&longs;e, Dentil, <lb/>Ovolo, Mutules, with their Cymai&longs;e, and above <lb/>all the Drip and inverted Cymatium. </s> <s>Be&longs;ides <lb/>this, at each End of the Entablature, on the <lb/>Out&longs;ide of the Jamb, under the Drip, they <lb/>made a Sort of Ears, as we may call them, <lb/>from their Re&longs;emblance to the hand&longs;ome Ears <lb/>of a fine Spaniel, by Architects called, <emph type="italics"/>Con&longs;oles.<emph.end type="italics"/><lb/>The&longs;e Con&longs;oles were turned like a great S. <lb/></s> <s>The Ends winding round in this Manner, <29>, <lb/>and the Thickne&longs;s of the Con&longs;ole at the Top <lb/>was equal to the Breadth of the &longs;welling Freze, <lb/>and one fourth Part le&longs;s at Bottom. </s> <s>The <lb/>Length reached down to the Top of the Void <lb/><arrow.to.target n="marg34"/><lb/>or Light. </s> <s>The <emph type="italics"/>Corinthians<emph.end type="italics"/> applied to their <lb/>Doors all the Embelli&longs;hments of a Collonade. <lb/></s> <s>And to avoid further Repetitions, we adorn a <lb/>Door, e&longs;pecially when it is to &longs;tand under the <lb/>open Air with a Sort of little Portico, attached <lb/>again&longs;t the Wall, in this Manner. </s> <s>Having made <lb/>the Frame of the Door, we place on each Side <lb/>an entire Column, or if you will only an half <lb/>Column, with their Ba&longs;es at &longs;uch a Di&longs;tance <lb/>from each other, as to leave the Jambs, or <lb/>whole Antipagment clear. </s> <s>The Length of <lb/>the whole Columns with their Capitals, mu&longs;t <lb/>be equal to the Di&longs;tance between the outward <lb/>Edge of the left Ba&longs;e to the outward Edge of <lb/>the Right. </s> <s>Over the&longs;e Columns you make a <lb/>regular Architrave, Freze, Cornice and Pedi­<lb/>ment, according to all the &longs;ame Proportions as <lb/>as we have above laid down for a Portico. <lb/></s> <s>Some on each Side of the Door, in&longs;tead of a <lb/>plain Jamb, made u&longs;e of all the Ornaments of a <lb/></s></p><pb xlink:href="003/01/196.jpg"/><p type="margin"> <s><margin.target id="marg32"/>*</s></p><p type="margin"> <s><margin.target id="marg33"/>*</s></p><p type="margin"> <s><margin.target id="marg34"/>*</s></p><p type="caption"> <s>PLATE 35. <emph type="italics"/>(Page 152)<emph.end type="italics"/><lb/><figure id="id.003.01.196.1.jpg" xlink:href="003/01/196/1.jpg"/></s></p><pb xlink:href="003/01/197.jpg"/><p type="caption"> <s>PLATE 36. <emph type="italics"/>(Page 152)<emph.end type="italics"/><lb/><figure id="id.003.01.197.1.jpg" xlink:href="003/01/197/1.jpg"/></s></p><pb xlink:href="003/01/198.jpg"/><p type="caption"> <s>PLATE 37. <emph type="italics"/>(Pages 152-53)<emph.end type="italics"/><lb/><figure id="id.003.01.198.1.jpg" xlink:href="003/01/198/1.jpg"/><pb xlink:href="003/01/199.jpg" pagenum="153"/>Cornice, &longs;o allowing the Open a greater Width; <lb/>but this is a Delicacy much more &longs;uitable to <lb/>the Hou&longs;e of a private Per&longs;on, and e&longs;pecially <lb/>about Windows, than to the Door of a Tem­<lb/>ple. </s> <s>In very large Temples, and e&longs;pecially in <lb/>&longs;uch as have no other Apertures but the Door, <lb/>the Height of the Open of that Door is divided <lb/>into three Parts, the uppermo&longs;t of which is left <lb/>by Way of Window, and grated, the Remain­<lb/>der &longs;erves for the Door. </s> <s>The Door it&longs;elf too, <lb/>or Valve, con&longs;i&longs;ts of different Members and <lb/>Proportions. </s> <s>Of the&longs;e Members the Chief is <lb/>the Hinge, which is contrived after two Man­<lb/>ners; either by an iron Staple fixed in the <lb/>Door-ca&longs;e; or el&longs;e by Pins coming out from <lb/>the Top and Bottom of the Door it&longs;elf, upon <lb/>which it balances and turns, and &longs;o &longs;huts and <lb/>opens. </s> <s>The Doors of Temples, which for the <lb/>Sake of Duration, are generally made of Bra&longs;s, <lb/>and con&longs;equently mu&longs;t be very heavy, are bet­<lb/>ter tru&longs;ted to Axles, in the later Manner, than <lb/>to hang upon any Staples. </s> <s>I &longs;hall not here <lb/>&longs;pend Time in giving an Account of tho&longs;e <lb/>Doors which we read of in Hi&longs;torians and Poets, <lb/>enriched with Gold, Ivory, and Statues, and <lb/>&longs;o heavy that they could never be opened with­<lb/>out a Multitude of Hands, and &longs;uch a Noi&longs;e as <lb/>terri&longs;ied the Hearers, I own Facility in open­<lb/>ing and &longs;hutting them is more to my Mind. <lb/></s> <s>Under the Bottom therefore of the lower Pin <lb/>or Axle, make a Box of Bra&longs;s mixed with Tin, <lb/>and in this Box &longs;ink a deep hollow Concave at <lb/>the Bottom; let the Bottom of the Axle have al&longs;o <lb/>a Concavity in it, &longs;o that the Box and the Axle <lb/>may contain between them a round Ball of <lb/>Steel, perfectly &longs;mooth and well poli&longs;hed. </s> <s>The <lb/>upper Pin or Axle mu&longs;t al&longs;o be let into a bra&longs;s <lb/>Box made in the Lintel, and be&longs;ides mu&longs;t turn <lb/>in a moveable iron Circle as &longs;mooth as it can <lb/>be made; and by this Means the Door will <lb/>never make the lea&longs;t Re&longs;i&longs;tance in turning, but <lb/>&longs;wing which Way you plea&longs;e with all the Ea&longs;e <lb/>imaginable. </s> <s>Every Door &longs;hould have two Val­<lb/>ves or Leaves, one opening to one Side, and the <lb/>other to the other. </s> <s>The Thickne&longs;s of the&longs;e <lb/>Leaves &longs;hould be one twelfth Part of their <lb/>Breadth. </s> <s>Their Ornament are Pannels or <lb/>&longs;quare Mouldings applied lengthways down the <lb/>Leaf, and you may have as many of them as <lb/>you will, either two or three, one above the <lb/>other, or only one. </s> <s>If you have two, they mu&longs;t <lb/>lie like the Steps of a Stair, one above the other, <lb/>and both mu&longs;t take up no more of the Breadth <lb/>of the Leaf than a fourth, nor le&longs;s than a &longs;ixth <lb/>Part; and let the la&longs;t, which lies above the <lb/>other, be one fifth Part broader than the un­<lb/>der one. </s> <s>If you have three of the&longs;e Mould­<lb/>ings, ob&longs;erve the &longs;ame Proportions in them as <lb/>in the Faces of the <emph type="italics"/>Ionic<emph.end type="italics"/> Architrave: But if <lb/>you have only one Moulding, let it be not <lb/>more than a fifth, nor le&longs;s than a &longs;eventh Part <lb/>of the Breadth of the Leaf. </s> <s>The&longs;e Mouldings <lb/>mu&longs;t all fall inward to the Leaf with a Cima­<lb/>recta. </s> <s>The Length of the Leaf &longs;hould al&longs;o be <lb/>divided by other Mouldings cro&longs;sways, giving <lb/>the upper Pannel two fifth Parts of the whole <lb/>Height of the Door. </s> <s>In Temples the Win­<lb/>dows mu&longs;t be adorned in the &longs;ame Manner as <lb/>the Doors; but their Apertures, being near the <lb/>highe&longs;t Part of the Wall, and their Angles ter­<lb/>minating near the Vault of the Roof, they are <lb/>therefore made with an Arch, contrary to the <lb/>Practice in Doors. </s> <s>Their Breadth is twice their <lb/>Height; and this Breadth is divided by two <lb/>little Columns, placed according to the &longs;ame <lb/>Rules as in a Portico; only that the&longs;e Columns <lb/>are generally &longs;quare. </s> <s>The De&longs;igns for Niches, <lb/>Statues or other Repre&longs;entations, are borrowed <lb/>from tho&longs;e of Doors; and their Height mu&longs;t <lb/>take up one third Part of their Wall. </s> <s>The <lb/>Ancients in the Windows of their Temples, <lb/>in&longs;tead of Panes of Gla&longs;s, made u&longs;e of thin <lb/>tran&longs;parent Scantlings of Alaba&longs;ter, to keep out <lb/>Wind and Weather; or el&longs;e made a Grate of <lb/>Bra&longs;s or Marble, and filled up the Inter&longs;paces <lb/>of this Grate not with brittle Gla&longs;s, but with <lb/>a tran&longs;parent Sort of Stone brought from <emph type="italics"/>Se­<lb/>govia,<emph.end type="italics"/> a Town in <emph type="italics"/>Spain,<emph.end type="italics"/> or from <emph type="italics"/>Boulogne<emph.end type="italics"/> in <lb/><emph type="italics"/>Picardy.<emph.end type="italics"/></s><s> The Scantlings are &longs;eldom above a <lb/>Foot broad, and are of a bright tran&longs;parent <lb/>Sort of Plai&longs;ter or Talk, endued by Nature <lb/>with a particular Property, namely, that it <lb/>never decays.</s></p><p type="head"> <s>CHAP. XIII.</s></p><p type="head"> <s><emph type="italics"/>Of the Altar, Communion, Lights, Candle&longs;ticks, Holy Ve&longs;&longs;els, and &longs;ome other <lb/>noble Ornaments of Temples.<emph.end type="italics"/></s></p><p type="main"> <s>The next chief Point to be con&longs;idered <lb/>in the Temple, is fixing the Altar, <lb/>where Divine Office is to be performed, which <lb/>&longs;hould be in the mo&longs;t honourable Place, and <lb/>this &longs;eems to be exactly in the Middle of the <lb/>Tribune. </s> <s>The Ancients u&longs;ed to make their <pb xlink:href="003/01/200.jpg" pagenum="154"/>Altar &longs;ix Foot high and twelve Broad; and on <lb/>it placed the Statue of their Deity. </s> <s>Whether <lb/>or no it be proper to have more Altars for Sa­<lb/>crifice in a Temple, than one, I &longs;hall leave to <lb/>the Judgment of others. </s> <s>Among our Fore­<lb/>fathers, in the primitive Times of our Religi­<lb/>on, the devout Chri&longs;tians u&longs;ed to meet toge­<lb/>ther at the Holy Supper, not to fill their Bodies <lb/>with Food, but in order to &longs;often and huma­<lb/>nize their Manners by frequent Conver&longs;ation <lb/>and Communion with each other; and having <lb/>filled their Minds with good In&longs;tructions, they <lb/>returned every Man to his own Home, warm­<lb/>ed and inflamed with the Love of Virtue. </s> <s>For <lb/>having rather ta&longs;ted than eat the moderate <lb/>Portion that was &longs;et before them, they read <lb/>and rea&longs;oned upon all Sort of divine Subjects. <lb/></s> <s>Every one burnt with Charity towards his <lb/>Neighbour, for their common Salvation, and <lb/>for the Divine Wor&longs;hip. </s> <s>La&longs;tly, every Man, <lb/>according to his Power, paid a Kind of Tax <lb/>due to Piety, for the Maintenance of &longs;uch as <lb/>truly de&longs;erved it, and the Bi&longs;hop di&longs;tributed <lb/>the&longs;e Contributions among &longs;uch as wanted. <lb/></s> <s>Thus all Things were common among them, <lb/>as among loving Brethren. </s> <s>Afterwards when <lb/>Princes con&longs;ented that the&longs;e Duties &longs;hould be per­<lb/>formed publickly, they did not indeed deviate <lb/>much from the In&longs;titution of their Forefathers; <lb/>but as greater Numbers came in than before, <lb/>the Supper was &longs;till more moderate. </s> <s>The Ser­<lb/>mons preached in tho&longs;e Times by the learned <lb/>Bi&longs;hops, are &longs;till extant in the Writings of the <lb/>Fathers. </s> <s>Thus in tho&longs;e Ages they had but <lb/>one Altar, where they u&longs;ed to meet to cele­<lb/>brate only one Sacrifice in a Day. </s> <s>Next &longs;uc­<lb/>ceeded the&longs;e our Times, which I wi&longs;h to God <lb/>&longs;ome worthy Man might ari&longs;e to reform, and <lb/>be this &longs;aid without Offence to our Popes, who, <lb/>though to keep up their own Dignity, they <lb/>hardly &longs;uffer them&longs;elves to be &longs;een by the <lb/>People once in a Year, yet have &longs;o crowded <lb/>every Place with Altars, and perhaps too with <lb/>-------But I &longs;hall venture to &longs;ay no more. <lb/></s> <s>This I may venture to affirm, that as there is <lb/>nothing in Nature can be imagined more Holy <lb/>or Noble than our Sacrifice, &longs;o I believe no <lb/>Man of Sen&longs;e can be for having it deba&longs;ed by <lb/>being made too common. </s> <s>There are other <lb/>Sorts of Ornaments al&longs;o, not fixed, which <lb/>&longs;erve to adorn and grace the Sacrifice; and <lb/>others of the &longs;ame Nature that embelli&longs;h the <lb/>Temple it&longs;elf, the Direction of which belongs <lb/>likewife to the Architect. </s> <s>It has been a Que&longs;­<lb/>tion which is the mo&longs;t beautiful Sight: A large <lb/>Square full of Youth employed about their &longs;e­<lb/>veral Sports; or a Sea full of Ships; or a Field <lb/>with a victorious Army drawn out in it; or a <lb/>Scnate-hou&longs;e full of venerable Magi&longs;trates; or <lb/>a Temple illuminated with a great Number of <lb/>chearful Lights? </s> <s>I would de&longs;ire that the Lights <lb/>in a Temple &longs;hould have &longs;omewhat of a Maje­<lb/>&longs;ty in them which is not to be found in the <lb/>blinking Tapers that we u&longs;e now-a-days. </s> <s>They <lb/>might, indeed, have a good Effect enough if <lb/>they were &longs;et in Rows with any thing of a <lb/>pretty Regularity, or &longs;tuck all along the Edge <lb/>of the Cornice. </s> <s>But I am much better plea&longs;ed <lb/>with the Ancients, who on the Top of their <lb/>Candle&longs;ticks fixed large Shells in which they <lb/>lighted an odoriferous Flame. </s> <s>They divided <lb/>the whole Length of the Candle&longs;ticks into &longs;e­<lb/>ven Parts, two of which they gave to the Ba&longs;e, <lb/>which was triangular, and longer than it was <lb/>broad , and broader at Botton than <lb/>at Top . The Shaft of the Candle­<lb/>&longs;tick was divided by &longs;everal little Pans placed <lb/>one above the other, to catch the Drops that <lb/>fell from the upper Shell; and at the Top of <lb/>all was that Shell, full of Gums and odoriferous <lb/>Woods. </s> <s>We have an Account how much <lb/>&longs;weet Balm u&longs;ed to be burnt on every Holy­<lb/>day in the principal Churches by the Emperor's <lb/>Order in <emph type="italics"/>Rome,<emph.end type="italics"/> at the publick Charge; and it <lb/>was no le&longs;s than five hundred and four &longs;core <lb/>Pounds Weight. </s> <s>And this may &longs;uffice as to <lb/>Lamps: Let us now ju&longs;t mention &longs;ome other <lb/>Things, which are very noble Ornaments in <lb/>Temples. </s> <s>We read that <emph type="italics"/>Gyges<emph.end type="italics"/> gave to the <lb/>Temple of the <emph type="italics"/>Pythian Apollo,<emph.end type="italics"/> &longs;ix great Cups <lb/>of ma&longs;&longs;y Gold, which weighed thirty thou&longs;and <lb/>Pound Weight; and that at <emph type="italics"/>Delphos<emph.end type="italics"/> there <lb/>were Ve&longs;&longs;els of &longs;olid Gold and Silver, each of <lb/>which would contain &longs;ix Amphoras, or about <lb/>four-and-fifty of our Gallons, among which <lb/>there were &longs;ome that were more valued for the <lb/>Invention and Workman&longs;hip than for the Me­<lb/>tal. </s> <s>We are told that in the Temple of <emph type="italics"/>Juno<emph.end type="italics"/><lb/>at <emph type="italics"/>Samos,<emph.end type="italics"/> there was a Ve&longs;&longs;el, carved all about <lb/>with Figures in Steel, &longs;ent by the <emph type="italics"/>Spartans<emph.end type="italics"/> as <lb/>a Pre&longs;ent to <emph type="italics"/>Crœ&longs;us,<emph.end type="italics"/> &longs;o large, that it would <lb/>hold three hundred Amphoras, or two thou­<lb/>&longs;and &longs;even hundred Gallons. </s> <s>We read too that <lb/>the <emph type="italics"/>Samians<emph.end type="italics"/> &longs;ent as a Pre&longs;ent to <emph type="italics"/>Delphos<emph.end type="italics"/> an <lb/>iron Cauldron with the Heads of &longs;everal Ani­<lb/>mals finely wrought upon it, and &longs;upported &longs;e­<lb/>veral kneeling colo&longs;&longs;al Statues ten Foot and a <lb/>half high. </s> <s>It was a wonderful Contrivance of <lb/><emph type="italics"/>Sanniticus<emph.end type="italics"/> the <emph type="italics"/>Ægyptian,<emph.end type="italics"/> in the Temple of the <lb/>God <emph type="italics"/>Apis,<emph.end type="italics"/> which was extremely rich in diffe­<pb xlink:href="003/01/201.jpg" pagenum="155"/>rent Columns and Statues, in making an Image <lb/>of that God which was continually turning <lb/>round to face the Sun. </s> <s>And there was &longs;ome­<lb/>what yet more wonderful than this in the Tem­<lb/>ple of <emph type="italics"/>Diana<emph.end type="italics"/> at <emph type="italics"/>Ephe&longs;us;<emph.end type="italics"/> which was, <emph type="italics"/>Cupid's<emph.end type="italics"/><lb/>Dart hanging upon nothing. </s> <s>For &longs;uch kind <lb/>of Ornaments no other certain Rule can be <lb/>given, but that they be &longs;et in decent Places, <lb/>where they may be viewed with Wonder and <lb/>Reverence.</s></p><p type="head"> <s>CHAP. XIV.</s></p><p type="head"> <s><emph type="italics"/>Of the fir&longs;t Original of Ba&longs;iliques, their Porticoes and different Members, and <lb/>wherein they differ from Temples.<emph.end type="italics"/></s></p><p type="main"> <s>It is certain that at fir&longs;t Ba&longs;iliques were no­<lb/>thing but Places where the Magi&longs;trates u&longs;ed <lb/>to meet to admini&longs;ter Ju&longs;tice under Shelter, <lb/>and the Tribunal was added to give the greater <lb/>Air of Maje&longs;ty to the Structure. </s> <s>Afterwards <lb/>in order to enlarge them, the principal Roof <lb/>being found not &longs;ufficient, Porticoes were add­<lb/>ed on each Side, fir&longs;t a &longs;ingle, and in Time a <lb/>double one. </s> <s>Others acro&longs;s the Tribunal made <lb/>a Nave, which we &longs;hall call the Ju&longs;ticiary Nave, <lb/>as being the Place for the Concour&longs;e of the <lb/>Notaries, Sollicitors and Advocates, and joined <lb/>this Nave to the other I&longs;les after the Manner of <lb/>the Letter T. </s> <s>The Porticoes without were <lb/>&longs;uppo&longs;ed to be added afterwards for the Con­<lb/>venience of Servants: So that the Ba&longs;ilique <lb/>con&longs;i&longs;ts of Naves or I&longs;les, and of Porticoes: But <lb/>as the Ba&longs;ilique &longs;eems to partake of the Na­<lb/>ture of the Temple, it has claimed mo&longs;t of the <lb/>Ornaments belonging to the Temple, but &longs;till <lb/>in &longs;uch a Manner as to &longs;eem rather to imitate <lb/>than to pretend to equal it in Embelli&longs;hments. <lb/></s> <s>It is rai&longs;ed above the Level of the Ground, like <lb/>the Temple, but an eighth Part le&longs;s; that &longs;o <lb/>it may yield to the Temple, as to the more <lb/>honourable Structure: And indeed none of its <lb/>other Ornaments mu&longs;t be allowed the &longs;ame So­<lb/>lemnity as tho&longs;e u&longs;ed in a Temple. </s> <s>Moreover <lb/>there is this further Difference between the <lb/>Ba&longs;ilique and the Temple, that the I&longs;les in the <lb/>former mu&longs;t be clear and open, and its Win­<lb/>dows per&longs;ectly light&longs;ome, upon account of the <lb/>&longs;ometimes tumultuous Crowd of Litigants, and <lb/>for the Conveniency of examining and &longs;ub­<lb/>&longs;cribing to Writings; and it would be very <lb/>proper, if it could be &longs;o contrived, that &longs;uch as <lb/>came to &longs;eek either their Clients or their Pa­<lb/>trons, might immediately find them out; For <lb/>which Rea&longs;on the Columns ought to be &longs;et at <lb/>a greater Di&longs;tance from each other; and there­<lb/>fore tho&longs;e that &longs;upport Arches are the mo&longs;t <lb/>proper, though &longs;uch as bear Architraves are <lb/>not to be wholly rejected. </s> <s>Thus we may de­<lb/>fine the Ba&longs;ilique to be a clear &longs;pacious Walk <lb/>covered with a Roof, with Porticoes or I&longs;les on <lb/>the In&longs;ide; becau&longs;e that which is without I&longs;les <lb/>&longs;eems to me to have more in it of the Court <lb/>of Ju&longs;tice or Senate-hou&longs;e, whereof we &longs;hall <lb/>&longs;peak in due Time, than of the Ba&longs;ilique. </s> <s>The <lb/>Platform of the Ba&longs;ilique &longs;hould be twice as <lb/>long as broad; and the chief I&longs;le, which is that <lb/>in the Middle, and the cro&longs;s one, which we <lb/>have called the Ju&longs;ticiary, &longs;hould be entirely <lb/><arrow.to.target n="marg35"/><lb/>clear and free for Walkers. </s> <s>If it is to have on­<lb/>ly one &longs;ingle I&longs;le on each Side, without the <lb/>Ju&longs;ticiary Nave, you may order your Propor­<lb/>tions as follows: Divide the Breadth of the <lb/>Platform into nine Parts, whereof five of them <lb/>mu&longs;t be allowed to the middle I&longs;le, and two to <lb/>each Portico or &longs;ide I&longs;le. </s> <s>The Length too <lb/>mu&longs;t be divided into nine Parts, one of which <lb/>mu&longs;t be given to the Sweep of the Tribunal, <lb/>and two to the Breadth or Entrance into that <lb/><arrow.to.target n="marg36"/><lb/>Tribunal. </s> <s>But if be&longs;ides the &longs;ide I&longs;le you <lb/>would have a Ju&longs;ticiary Nave, then divide the <lb/>Breadth of the Platform only into four Parts, <lb/>giving two to the middle I&longs;le, and one to each <lb/>&longs;ide I&longs;le; and divide the Length as follows: <lb/>Give one twelfth Part of it to the Sweep of the <lb/>Tribunal, two twelfths and an half to the <lb/>Breadth of its Entrance, and let the Breadth of <lb/>the Ju&longs;ticiary Nave be the &longs;ixth Part of the <lb/><arrow.to.target n="marg37"/><lb/>Length of the whole Platform. </s> <s>But if you are <lb/>to have not only the Ju&longs;ticiary Nave, but double <lb/>I&longs;les be&longs;ides; then divide the Breadth of the <lb/>Platform into ten Parts, giving four to the <lb/>middle I&longs;le, and three on each Side to be di­<lb/>vided equally for the &longs;ide I&longs;les, and divide the <lb/>Length into twenty Parts, giving one and a <lb/>half to the Sweep of the Tribunal, and three <lb/>and one third to its Entrance, and allowing on­<lb/>ly three Parts to the Breadth of the Ju&longs;ticiary <lb/>Nave. </s> <s>The Walls of the Ba&longs;ilique need not <lb/>be &longs;o thick as tho&longs;e of the Temple; becau&longs;e <lb/><lb/><lb/><pb xlink:href="003/01/202.jpg" pagenum="156"/>they are not de&longs;igned to &longs;upport the Weight <lb/>of a vaulted Roof, but only a flat one of Sum­<lb/>mers and Rafters. </s> <s>Let their Thickne&longs;s there­<lb/>fore be only one twentieth Part of their Height, <lb/>and let their Height be only once the Breadth <lb/>of the Front and an Half, and never more. </s> <s>At <lb/>the Angles of the I&longs;les come out Pila&longs;ters from <lb/>the Naked of the Wall, running parallel with, <lb/>and on a Line with, the Columns, not le&longs;s than <lb/>twice, nor more than three Times the Thick­<lb/>ne&longs;s of the Wall. </s> <s>Others, &longs;till more to &longs;trength­<lb/>en the Building, make &longs;uch a Pila&longs;ter in the <lb/>Middle of the Row of Columns, in Breadth <lb/>three of the Diameters of one the Columns, or <lb/>at mo&longs;t four. </s> <s>The Columns them&longs;elves too <lb/>mu&longs;t never have the &longs;ame Solidity as tho&longs;e <lb/>u&longs;ed in Temples; and therefore, if we make <lb/>our Colonades with an Architrave over it, we <lb/>may ob&longs;erve the following Rules. </s> <s>If the Co­<lb/>lumns are to be <emph type="italics"/>Corinthian,<emph.end type="italics"/> &longs;ub&longs;tract a twelfth <lb/>Part from their Diameter; if <emph type="italics"/>Ionic,<emph.end type="italics"/> a tenth; <lb/>if <emph type="italics"/>Doric,<emph.end type="italics"/> a ninth. </s> <s>As for the Compo&longs;ition of <lb/>the other Members, the Capitals, Architrave, <lb/>Freze, Cornice, and the like, you may proceed <lb/>in the &longs;ame Manner as in Temples.</s></p><p type="margin"> <s><margin.target id="marg35"/>*</s></p><p type="margin"> <s><margin.target id="marg36"/>†</s></p><p type="margin"> <s><margin.target id="marg37"/>‡</s></p><p type="head"> <s>CHAP. XV.</s></p><p type="main"> <s><emph type="italics"/>Of Colonades both with Architraves and with Arches; what Sort of Columns <lb/>are to be u&longs;ed in Ba&longs;iliques, and what Cornices, and where they are to be <lb/>placed; of the Height and Wedth of Windows and their Gratings; of the <lb/>Roofs and Doors of Ba&longs;iliques, and their Ornaments.<emph.end type="italics"/></s></p><p type="main"> <s>Columns that are to have Arches over <lb/>them, ought by rights to be &longs;quare; for <lb/>if they were round, the Work would not be <lb/>true, becau&longs;e the Heads of the Arches would <lb/>not lie plum upon the Solid of the Column <lb/>underneath; but as much as their Squares ex­<lb/>ceeded a Circle, &longs;o much of them would hang <lb/>over the Void. </s> <s>To remedy this Defect, the <lb/>be&longs;t ancient Ma&longs;ters placed over the Capitals <lb/>of their Columns another Abacus or Plinth, in <lb/>Thickne&longs;s &longs;ometimes one fourth and &longs;ometimes <lb/>one fi&longs;th Part of the Diameter of the Column; <lb/>the upper Part of this Plinth, which went off <lb/>with a Cima-recta, was equal to the greate&longs;t <lb/>Breadth of the Top of the Capital, and its Pro­<lb/>jecture was equal to its Height, &longs;o that by this <lb/>means the Heads and Angles of the Arches had <lb/>a &longs;uller and firmer Seat. </s> <s>Colonades with <lb/>Arches, as well as tho&longs;e with Architraves, are <lb/>various, &longs;ome being thinner &longs;et, others clo&longs;er, <lb/>and &longs;o on. </s> <s>In the clo&longs;er Sort the Height of <lb/>the Void mu&longs;t be three Times and an half the <lb/>Breadth of the Aperture; in the thin Set, the <lb/>Height mu&longs;t be once the Breadth and two <lb/>thirds; in the le&longs;s thin, the Height mu&longs;t be <lb/>twice the Breadth; in the clo&longs;e&longs;t of all, the <lb/>Breadth mu&longs;t be one third of the Height. </s> <s>We <lb/>have formerly ob&longs;erved, that an Arch is no­<lb/>thing el&longs;e but a Beam bent. </s> <s>We may there­<lb/>fore give the &longs;ame Ornaments to Arches as to <lb/>Architraves, according to the different Sorts of <lb/>Columns over which they are turned; be&longs;ides <lb/>which, if we would have our Structure very <lb/>rich, over the Heads of our Arches we may <lb/>run an Architrave, Freze, and Cornice in a <lb/>&longs;traight Line, with the &longs;ame Proportions as we <lb/>&longs;hould make them over Columns that &longs;hould <lb/>reach to that Height. </s> <s>But as the Ba&longs;ilique is <lb/>&longs;ometimes encompa&longs;&longs;ed only with one &longs;ingle <lb/>I&longs;le, and at other Times with two, the Place of <lb/>the Cornice over the Columns and Arches mu&longs;t <lb/>vary accordingly. </s> <s>In tho&longs;e which are encom­<lb/>pa&longs;&longs;ed only with one &longs;ingle Portico, having di­<lb/>vided the Height of your Wall into nine Parts, <lb/>the Cornice mu&longs;t go only to five; or if you <lb/>divide it into &longs;even, to four. </s> <s>But in tho&longs;e <lb/>which are to have double I&longs;les, the Cornice <lb/>mu&longs;t be placed at one third of the Height of <lb/>the Wall at lea&longs;t, and at never more than three <lb/>eighths. </s> <s>We may al&longs;o over the fir&longs;t Cornice, <lb/>as well for the greater Ornament as for real <lb/>U&longs;e, place other Columns, and e&longs;pecially Pi­<lb/>la&longs;ters, directly plum over the Centers of the <lb/>Columns which are below them. </s> <s>And this <lb/>indeed is of great Service, as it maintains the <lb/>Strength and Firmne&longs;s of the Ribs of the Work, <lb/>and adds Maje&longs;ty to it, and at the &longs;ame Time <lb/>takes off much from the Weight and Expence <lb/>of the Wall; and over this upper Colonade <lb/>too we make a regular Entablature, according <lb/>to the Order of the Columns. </s> <s>In Ba&longs;iliques <lb/>with double Side I&longs;les, we may rai&longs;e three Rows <lb/>of Columns in this Manner one above another; <lb/>but in others we &longs;hould make but two. </s> <s>Where </s></p><pb xlink:href="003/01/203.jpg"/><p type="caption"> <s>PLATE 38. <emph type="italics"/>(Page 155)<emph.end type="italics"/><lb/><figure id="id.003.01.203.1.jpg" xlink:href="003/01/203/1.jpg"/></s></p><pb xlink:href="003/01/204.jpg"/><p type="caption"> <s>PLATE 39. <emph type="italics"/>(Page 155)<emph.end type="italics"/><lb/><figure id="id.003.01.204.1.jpg" xlink:href="003/01/204/1.jpg"/></s></p><pb xlink:href="003/01/205.jpg"/><p type="caption"> <s>PLATE 40. <emph type="italics"/>(Page 155)<emph.end type="italics"/><lb/><figure id="id.003.01.205.1.jpg" xlink:href="003/01/205/1.jpg"/></s></p><pb xlink:href="003/01/206.jpg"/><p type="caption"> <s>PLATE 41. <emph type="italics"/>(Page 155)<emph.end type="italics"/><lb/><figure id="id.003.01.206.1.jpg" xlink:href="003/01/206/1.jpg"/></s></p><pb xlink:href="003/01/207.jpg"/><p type="caption"> <s>PLATE 42. <emph type="italics"/>(Page 155-56)<emph.end type="italics"/><lb/><figure id="id.003.01.207.1.jpg" xlink:href="003/01/207/1.jpg"/></s></p><pb xlink:href="003/01/208.jpg"/><p type="caption"> <s>PLATE 43. <emph type="italics"/>(Page 155-56)<emph.end type="italics"/><lb/><figure id="id.003.01.208.1.jpg" xlink:href="003/01/208/1.jpg"/><pb xlink:href="003/01/209.jpg" pagenum="157"/>you have three Rows of Columns, divide the <lb/>Space that is between the fir&longs;t Row and the <lb/>Roof into two Parts, and in that Divi&longs;ion end <lb/>the &longs;econd Cornice. </s> <s>Between the fir&longs;t and &longs;e­<lb/>cond Cornices, let the Wall be pre&longs;erved en­<lb/>tire, and adorn it with &longs;ome beautiful Sorts of <lb/>Stuc-work; but in the Wall between the &longs;e­<lb/>cond and the third Cornices, you mu&longs;t make <lb/>your Windows for lighting the whole Structure. <lb/></s> <s>The Windows in Ba&longs;iliques mu&longs;t be &longs;et exactly <lb/>over the Intercolumnations, and an&longs;wer regu­<lb/>larly to one another. </s> <s>The Breadth of the&longs;e <lb/>Windows mu&longs;t not be le&longs;s than three Fourths <lb/>of the Intercolumnation, and their Height <lb/>may very conveniently be twice their Breadth. <lb/></s> <s>Their Head-piece may be upon a Line with <lb/>the Top of the Columns, exclu&longs;ive of the Ca­<lb/>pitals, if the&longs;e Windows be made &longs;quare; but <lb/>if they are round, their Arch may come al­<lb/>mo&longs;t even with the Architrave, and &longs;o lower <lb/>as you think fit to dimini&longs;h the Arch; but <lb/>they mu&longs;t never ri&longs;e above the Tops of the <lb/>Columns. </s> <s>At the Bottom of the Window <lb/>mu&longs;t be a Plat-band for a Re&longs;t or Leaning <lb/>Place, with a Cima-recta and an Ovolo. </s> <s>The <lb/>Open of the Window mu&longs;t be grated, tho' not <lb/>paned with &longs;cantling Tale like tho&longs;e of the <lb/>Temple; but &longs;till they mu&longs;t have &longs;omething <lb/>to keep out Wind and Weather. </s> <s>On the other <lb/>Hand, it is nece&longs;&longs;ary to have a free Vent for <lb/>the Air, that the Du&longs;t which is rai&longs;ed by the <lb/>Peoples Feet may not injure their Eyes and <lb/>Lungs; and therefore I think nothing does <lb/>better here, than tho&longs;e fine Grates, either of <lb/>Bra&longs;s or Lead, with an infinite Number of <lb/>&longs;mall Holes di&longs;po&longs;ed in a regular Order, al­<lb/>mo&longs;t like a Picture, which admit both Light <lb/>and Air to refre&longs;h the Spirits. </s> <s>The Roof or Ceil­<lb/>ing will be extreamly hand&longs;ome, if it is compo&longs;­<lb/>ed of different Pannels nicely jointed together, <lb/>with large Circles, in hand&longs;ome Proportions, <lb/>mixed with other Compartments and Angles, <lb/>and if tho&longs;e Pannels are &longs;eparated from each <lb/>other with flying Cornices, with all their due <lb/>Members, and with their Coffits adorned with <lb/>carved Work of Gems in Relief, intermixed <lb/>with beautiful Flowers, either of the Acanthus <lb/>or any other, the Pannels being enriched with <lb/>lively Colours, by the Hand of &longs;ome ingeni­<lb/>ous Painter, which will add a &longs;ingular Grace <lb/>to the whole Work. <emph type="italics"/>Pliny<emph.end type="italics"/> tells us of an ex­<lb/>traordinary Cement for laying Gold upon <lb/>Wood-work; which may be made as follows. <lb/></s> <s>Mix together &longs;ix Pounds of Sinoper, or Terra <lb/>Pontica, and ten Pounds of red Oker, mixed <lb/>with two Pounds of Terra Melina or White <lb/>Lead, which mu&longs;t be all ground together, and <lb/>the pa&longs;t kept full ten Days before it is u&longs;ed. <lb/></s> <s>Ma&longs;tic &longs;teept in Lin&longs;eed Oil, and mixed with <lb/>Helbic Sinoper or Ruddle well burnt, makes <lb/>a Cement or Glue that will hardly ever come <lb/>off. </s> <s>The Height of the Door of the Ba&longs;ilique <lb/>mu&longs;t be an&longs;werable to that of the I&longs;les. </s> <s>If <lb/>there be a Portico on the Out&longs;ide, by Way of <lb/>Ve&longs;tibule, it mu&longs;t be of the &longs;ame Height and <lb/>Breadth as the I&longs;le within. </s> <s>The Void Cham­<lb/>branle, and other Members of the Door mu&longs;t <lb/>be made after the &longs;ame Rules at the Door of <lb/>the Temple; but in a Ba&longs;ilique the Leaf <lb/>&longs;hould never be of the Bra&longs;s. </s> <s>But you may <lb/>make it of Cypre&longs;s, Cedar, or any other fine <lb/>Wood, and enrich it with Bo&longs;&longs;es of Bra&longs;s, con­<lb/>triving the Whole rather for Strength than <lb/>Delicacy: Or if you would have it beautiful <lb/>or noble, do not embeli&longs;h it with any minute <lb/>Ornaments in Imitation of Painting, but adorn <lb/>it with &longs;ome Relieve, not too high rai&longs;ed, <lb/>that may make the Work look hand&longs;ome, and <lb/>not to be too liable to be injured. </s> <s>Some have <lb/>of late begun to build Ba&longs;iliques circular. </s> <s>In <lb/>the&longs;e the Height in the Middle mu&longs;t be equal <lb/>to the Breadth of the whole Structure; but <lb/>the Porticoes, Colonades, Doors and Windows <lb/>mu&longs;t be in the &longs;ame Proportions as in the <lb/>&longs;quare Ba&longs;ilique. </s> <s>Of this Subject &longs;ufficient has <lb/>been &longs;aid.</s></p><p type="head"> <s>CHAP. XVI.</s></p><p type="head"> <s><emph type="italics"/>Of Monuments rai&longs;ed for pre&longs;erving the Memory of publick Actions and <lb/>Events.<emph.end type="italics"/></s></p><p type="main"> <s>I come now to &longs;peak of Monuments erected <lb/>for pre&longs;erving the Memory of great Events; <lb/>and here by Way of Relief I &longs;hall take the <lb/>Liberty to unbend my&longs;elf a little from that In­<lb/>ten&longs;ene&longs;s and Dryne&longs;s which is nece&longs;&longs;ary in <lb/>tho&longs;e Parts of this Work which turn altogether <lb/>upon Numbers and Proportions: However, <lb/>I &longs;hall take Care not to be too prolix. </s> <s>Our <pb xlink:href="003/01/210.jpg" pagenum="158"/>Ance&longs;tors, when, having overcome their Ene­<lb/>mies, they were endeavouring with all their <lb/>Power to enlarge the Confines of their Em­<lb/>pire, u&longs;ed to &longs;et up Statues and Terms to mark <lb/>the Cour&longs;e of their Victories, and to di&longs;tingui&longs;h <lb/>the Limits of their Conque&longs;ts. </s> <s>This was the <lb/>Origin of Pyramids, Obelisks, and the like <lb/>Monuments for the Di&longs;tinction of Limits. <lb/></s> <s>Afterwards being willing to make &longs;ome Ac­<lb/>knowledgment to the Gods for the Victories <lb/>which they had gained, they dedicated Part of <lb/>their Plunder to Heaven, and con&longs;ecrated the <lb/>publick Rejoycings to Religion. </s> <s>This gave <lb/>Ri&longs;e to Altars, Chapels, and other Monuments <lb/>nece&longs;&longs;ary for their Purpo&longs;es. </s> <s>They were al&longs;o <lb/>de&longs;irous of eternizing their Memory to Po&longs;te­<lb/>rity, and of making even their Per&longs;ons, as well <lb/>as Virtues known to future Ages. </s> <s>This pro­<lb/>duced Trophies, Spoils, Statues, In&longs;criptions, <lb/>and the like Inventions for propagating the <lb/>Fame of great Exploits. </s> <s>People of lower Rank <lb/>too, tho' not eminent for any particular Ser­<lb/>vice done their Country, but only for their <lb/>Wealth or Pro&longs;perity, were fond of imitating <lb/>the &longs;ame Practice, in which many different <lb/>Methods have been taken. </s> <s>The Terms erected <lb/>by <emph type="italics"/>Bacchus,<emph.end type="italics"/> at the End of his Progre&longs;s thro' <lb/><emph type="italics"/>India,<emph.end type="italics"/> were Stones &longs;et up at certain Di&longs;tances, <lb/>and great Trees with their Trunks encom­<lb/>pa&longs;&longs;ed with Ivy. </s> <s>At <emph type="italics"/>Ly&longs;imachia<emph.end type="italics"/> was a very <lb/>large Altar, which was &longs;et up by the <emph type="italics"/>Argo­<lb/>nauts,<emph.end type="italics"/> when they pa&longs;&longs;ed by that Place in their <lb/>Voyage. <emph type="italics"/>Pau&longs;anias,<emph.end type="italics"/> on the Banks of the Ri­<lb/>ver <emph type="italics"/>Hippanis,<emph.end type="italics"/> near the Black Sea, fixed a huge <lb/>Va&longs;e of Bra&longs;s, &longs;ix Inches thick, which would <lb/>contain &longs;ix hundred * Amphoras. <emph type="italics"/>Alexander,<emph.end type="italics"/><lb/>near the River <emph type="italics"/>Alce&longs;tes,<emph.end type="italics"/> which falls into the <lb/>Ocean, erected twelve Altars of prodigious large <lb/>&longs;quare Stones, and near the <emph type="italics"/>Tanais<emph.end type="italics"/> &longs;urrounded <lb/>all the Space of Ground which his Army took <lb/>up in its Encampment, with a Wall which <lb/>was &longs;even Miles and an half in Compa&longs;s. <lb/><emph type="italics"/>Darius,<emph.end type="italics"/> having &longs;et down his Camp near <emph type="italics"/>Oth­<lb/>ry&longs;ia,<emph.end type="italics"/> upon the River <emph type="italics"/>Arte&longs;roe,<emph.end type="italics"/> commanded <lb/>his Soldiers to throw each of them one Stone <lb/>in different Heaps, which being very large <lb/>and numerous, might fill Po&longs;terity with A&longs;­<lb/>toni&longs;hment. <emph type="italics"/>Se&longs;o&longs;tris,<emph.end type="italics"/> in his Wars, erected an <lb/>Obelisk with hand&longs;ome In&longs;criptions, in Ho­<lb/>nour of tho&longs;e who made a brave Re&longs;i&longs;tance <lb/>again&longs;t him; but tho&longs;e who &longs;ubmitted ba&longs;ely <lb/>he branded with Infamy, by &longs;etting up Obe­<lb/>lisks and Columns with the Pudenda of a Wo­<lb/>man carved upon them. <emph type="italics"/>Ja&longs;on,<emph.end type="italics"/> in all the <lb/>Countries thro' which he pa&longs;&longs;ed, erected <lb/>Temples in his own Honour, which we are <lb/>told were all demoli&longs;hed by <emph type="italics"/>Parmenio,<emph.end type="italics"/> to the <lb/>Intent, that no Memorial might any where <lb/>remain but that of <emph type="italics"/>Alexander.<emph.end type="italics"/></s><s> The&longs;e were <lb/>Monuments erected during the Expeditions <lb/>them&longs;elves; others, &longs;uch as follow, were rai&longs;ed <lb/>after the Victory obtained, and the Conque&longs;t <lb/>compleated. </s> <s>In the Temple of <emph type="italics"/>Pallas, the <lb/>Diligent<emph.end type="italics"/> hung the Shackles with which the <lb/><emph type="italics"/>Lacedemonians<emph.end type="italics"/> had been fettered. </s> <s>The <emph type="italics"/>Evi­<lb/>ans<emph.end type="italics"/> not only pre&longs;erved in their Temple the <lb/>Stone with which the <emph type="italics"/>Phymian<emph.end type="italics"/> King &longs;lew the <lb/>King of <emph type="italics"/>Machien&longs;es,<emph.end type="italics"/> but even wor&longs;hiped it as <lb/>a God. </s> <s>The <emph type="italics"/>Æginetæ<emph.end type="italics"/> dedicated to their <lb/>Temple the Beaks of the Ships which they <lb/>took from their Enemies. </s> <s>In Imitation of <lb/>them <emph type="italics"/>Augu&longs;tus,<emph.end type="italics"/> having overcome the <emph type="italics"/>Ægyp­<lb/>tians,<emph.end type="italics"/> erected four Trophies of the Beaks of <lb/>their Ships; which were afterwards removed <lb/>to the Capitol by the Emperor <emph type="italics"/>Domitian, Ju­<lb/>lius Cæ&longs;ar<emph.end type="italics"/> had before rai&longs;ed two of the &longs;ame <lb/>Sort, one upon the Ro&longs;trum, and the other <lb/>before the Senate, upon defeating the <emph type="italics"/>Cartha­<lb/>ginians<emph.end type="italics"/> in a naval Engagement. </s> <s>Why need I <lb/>mention that infinite Number of Towers, <lb/>Temples, Obelisks, Pyramids, Labyrinths, and <lb/>the like Works which we read of in Hi&longs;tori­<lb/>ans? </s> <s>I &longs;hall only ob&longs;erve, that this De&longs;ire of <lb/>perpetuating their Names by &longs;uch Structures, <lb/>ro&longs;e to &longs;uch a Pitch among the Heroes of old, <lb/>that they even built Towns for no other Pur­<lb/>po&longs;e, calling them by their own Names to de­<lb/>liver them down to Po&longs;terity. <emph type="italics"/>Alexander,<emph.end type="italics"/> not <lb/>to mention many others, be&longs;ides tho&longs;e Cities <lb/>which he built in Honour of his own Name, <lb/>went &longs;o far as to build one after the Name of his <lb/>Hor&longs;e <emph type="italics"/>Bucephalus.<emph.end type="italics"/></s><s> But in my Opinion, what <lb/><emph type="italics"/>Pompey<emph.end type="italics"/> did was much more decent; when having <lb/>defeated <emph type="italics"/>Mithridates<emph.end type="italics"/> in the lower <emph type="italics"/>Armenia,<emph.end type="italics"/> he <lb/>built the City <emph type="italics"/>Nicopolis<emph.end type="italics"/> (or of Victory) in the <lb/>very Place where he had been Conqueror. </s> <s>But <lb/><emph type="italics"/>Seleucus<emph.end type="italics"/> &longs;eems to have far out&longs;tript all the&longs;e; <lb/>&longs;or he built three Cities in Honour of his <lb/>Wife, and called them <emph type="italics"/>Apamia;<emph.end type="italics"/> five in Ho­<lb/>nour of his Mother, by the Name of <emph type="italics"/>Laodicea;<emph.end type="italics"/><lb/>nine called <emph type="italics"/>Seleucia,<emph.end type="italics"/> in Honour of his own <lb/>Name; and ten in Memory of his Father, <lb/>which were called <emph type="italics"/>Antiocha.<emph.end type="italics"/></s><s> Others have made <lb/>them&longs;elves famous to Po&longs;terity, not &longs;o much <lb/>by Magnificence and Expence, as by &longs;ome par­<lb/>ticular new Invention. <emph type="italics"/>Cæ&longs;ar,<emph.end type="italics"/> with the Berries <lb/>of the Laurel which he had worn in Triumph, <lb/>planted a Grove which he con&longs;ecrated to fu­<lb/>ture Triumphers. </s> <s>Near <emph type="italics"/>A&longs;calon<emph.end type="italics"/> in <emph type="italics"/>Syria,<emph.end type="italics"/> was <lb/><pb xlink:href="003/01/211.jpg" pagenum="159"/>a famous Temple, in which ftood the Statue <lb/>of <emph type="italics"/>Dercetis<emph.end type="italics"/> (the &longs;ame that is called in Scripture <lb/><emph type="italics"/>Dagon<emph.end type="italics"/>) with his upper Parts like a Man, and <lb/>his lower like a Fi&longs;h; who was thus honoured, <lb/>becau&longs;e from that Place he threw him&longs;elf into <lb/>the Lake: And if any <emph type="italics"/>Sytian<emph.end type="italics"/> ta&longs;ted of the <lb/>Fi&longs;h that was in it, he was looked upon as ex­<lb/>communicate. </s> <s>The <emph type="italics"/>Mutinii,<emph.end type="italics"/> or ancient <emph type="italics"/>Mo­<lb/>deneze,<emph.end type="italics"/> near the Lake <emph type="italics"/>Fucinus,<emph.end type="italics"/> repre&longs;ented <lb/><emph type="italics"/>Medea<emph.end type="italics"/> the Serpent-killer, under the Shape of <lb/>a Serpent, becau&longs;e by her Means they fancied <lb/>them&longs;elves freed from tho&longs;e Animals. </s> <s>Of the <lb/>&longs;ame Nature was <emph type="italics"/>Hercules's Lernæan Hydra, <lb/>Io<emph.end type="italics"/> changed into a Cow, and the other Fables <lb/>related in the Ver&longs;es of the ancient Poets; <lb/>with which Inventions I am very much de­<lb/>lighted, provided &longs;ome virtuous Precept <lb/>be contained in them; as in that Symbol <lb/>which was carved upon <emph type="italics"/>Symandes<emph.end type="italics"/>'s Sepulchre, <lb/>in which was a Judge &longs;urrounded by &longs;ome <lb/>other chief Magi&longs;trates cloathed in the Habits <lb/>of Prie&longs;ts, and from their Necks hung down <lb/>upon their Brea&longs;ts the Image of Truth with <lb/>her Eyes clos'd, and &longs;eeming to nod her Head <lb/>towards them. </s> <s>In the Middle was a Heap of <lb/>Books, with this In&longs;cription upon it: This is <lb/>the true Phy&longs;ick of the Mind.</s></p><p type="main"> <s>BUT the Invention of Statues was the mo&longs;t <lb/>excellent of all, as they are a noble Ornament <lb/>for all Sorts of Structures, whether &longs;acred or <lb/>profane, publick or private, and pre&longs;erve a <lb/>wonderful Repre&longs;entation both of Per&longs;ons and <lb/>Actions. </s> <s>Whatever great Genius it was that <lb/>invented Statues, it is thought they owe their <lb/>Beginning to the &longs;ame Nation as the Religion <lb/>of the ancient <emph type="italics"/>Romans;<emph.end type="italics"/> the fir&longs;t Statue being <lb/>by &longs;ome &longs;aid to be made by the <emph type="italics"/>Etrurians.<emph.end type="italics"/><lb/>Others are of Opinion, that the <emph type="italics"/>Telchines<emph.end type="italics"/> of <lb/><emph type="italics"/>Rhodes,<emph.end type="italics"/> were the fir&longs;t that made Statues of the <lb/>Gods, which being formed according to cer­<lb/>tain magical Rules, had Power to bring up <lb/>Clouds and Rain, and other Meteors, and to <lb/>change them&longs;elves into the Shapes of different <lb/>Animals. </s> <s>Among the <emph type="italics"/>Greeks, Cadmus,<emph.end type="italics"/> the <lb/>Son of <emph type="italics"/>Agenor,<emph.end type="italics"/> was the fir&longs;t that con&longs;ecrated <lb/>Statues of the Gods to the Temple. </s> <s>We are <lb/>informed by <emph type="italics"/>Ari&longs;totle,<emph.end type="italics"/> that the fir&longs;t Statues that <lb/>were placed in the publick Forum of <emph type="italics"/>Athens,<emph.end type="italics"/><lb/>were tho&longs;e of <emph type="italics"/>Harmodius<emph.end type="italics"/> and <emph type="italics"/>Ari&longs;togiton,<emph.end type="italics"/> who <lb/>were the fir&longs;t Deliverers of the City from Ty­<lb/>ranny; and <emph type="italics"/>Arrian<emph.end type="italics"/> the Hi&longs;torian tells us, that <lb/>the&longs;e very Statues were &longs;ent back again to <lb/><emph type="italics"/>Athens<emph.end type="italics"/> by <emph type="italics"/>Alexander<emph.end type="italics"/> from <emph type="italics"/>Su&longs;a,<emph.end type="italics"/> whither <emph type="italics"/>Xer­<lb/>xes<emph.end type="italics"/> had removed them. </s> <s>The Number of Sta­<lb/>tues was &longs;o great at <emph type="italics"/>Rome,<emph.end type="italics"/> that they were call­<lb/>ed a Marble People. <emph type="italics"/>Rhap&longs;inates,<emph.end type="italics"/> a very ancient <lb/><emph type="italics"/>Ægyptian<emph.end type="italics"/> King, erected a Statue of Stone to <lb/><emph type="italics"/>Vulcan<emph.end type="italics"/> above &longs;even-and-thirty Foot high. <lb/><emph type="italics"/>Se&longs;o&longs;tris<emph.end type="italics"/> made Statues of him&longs;elf and his Wife <lb/>of the Height of eight-and-forty Foot. <emph type="italics"/>Ama&longs;is<emph.end type="italics"/><lb/>&longs;et up a Statue near <emph type="italics"/>Memphis,<emph.end type="italics"/> in a leaning <lb/>Po&longs;ture, which was forty-&longs;even Foot long, and <lb/>in its Pede&longs;tal were two others, each twenty <lb/>Foot high. </s> <s>In the Sepulchre of <emph type="italics"/>Simandes<emph.end type="italics"/> were <lb/>three Statues of <emph type="italics"/>Jupiter,<emph.end type="italics"/> made by <emph type="italics"/>Memnon,<emph.end type="italics"/> of <lb/>wonderful Workman&longs;hip, being all cut out of <lb/>one &longs;ingle Stone, whereof one, which was in a <lb/>&longs;itting Po&longs;ture, was &longs;o large, that only its Foot <lb/>was above &longs;even Foot and an Half long; and <lb/>what was extremely &longs;urprizing in it, be&longs;ides the <lb/>Skill of the Arti&longs;t, in all that huge Stone there <lb/>was not the lea&longs;t Spot or Flaw. </s> <s>Others after­<lb/>wards, when they could not find Stones large <lb/>enough to make Statues of the Size which they <lb/>de&longs;ired, made u&longs;e of Bra&longs;s, and formed &longs;ome of <lb/>no le&longs;s than an hundred Cubits, or an hundred <lb/>and fifty Foot high. </s> <s>But the greate&longs;t Work <lb/>we read of in this Kind, was that of <emph type="italics"/>Semiramis,<emph.end type="italics"/><lb/>who not being able to find any Stone large <lb/>enough for her Purpo&longs;e, and being re&longs;olved to <lb/>make &longs;omething much bigger than was po&longs;&longs;ible <lb/>to be done with Bra&longs;s, contrived near a Moun­<lb/>tain in <emph type="italics"/>Media<emph.end type="italics"/> called <emph type="italics"/>Bagi&longs;tan,<emph.end type="italics"/> to have her own <lb/>Image carved out of a Rock of two Miles and <lb/>a furlong in Length, with the Figures of an <lb/>hundred Men offering Sacrifice to her, hewn <lb/>out of the &longs;ame Stone. </s> <s>There is one Particu­<lb/>lar relating to this Article of Statues, mention­<lb/>ed by <emph type="italics"/>Diodorus,<emph.end type="italics"/> by no means to be omitted; <lb/>which is, that the <emph type="italics"/>Ægyptian<emph.end type="italics"/> Statuaries were <lb/>arrived at &longs;uch a Pitch of Skill in their Art, that <lb/>they would out of &longs;everal Stones in &longs;everal dif­<lb/>ferent Places make one Statue, which when <lb/>put together &longs;hould &longs;eem to be all the Work <lb/>of one Hand; in which &longs;urprizing Manner we <lb/>are told the Statue of the <emph type="italics"/>Pythian Apollo<emph.end type="italics"/> at <lb/><emph type="italics"/>Samos<emph.end type="italics"/> was made, one half of it being wrought <lb/>by <emph type="italics"/>Thele&longs;ius,<emph.end type="italics"/> and the other half by <emph type="italics"/>Theodorus<emph.end type="italics"/> at <lb/><emph type="italics"/>Ephe&longs;us.<emph.end type="italics"/></s><s> The&longs;e Things I thought it not ami&longs;s <lb/>to write here by way of Recreation, which, <lb/>though very u&longs;eful in them&longs;elves, are here in­<lb/>&longs;erted only as an Introduction to the follow­<lb/>ing Book, where we &longs;hall treat of the Monu­<lb/>ments rai&longs;ed by private Per&longs;ons; to which <lb/>they properly belong. </s> <s>For as private Men have <lb/>&longs;carce &longs;uffered even Princes to outdo them in <lb/>Greatne&longs;s of Expence for perpetuating their <lb/>Memories, but being equally fired with the <lb/>De&longs;ire of making their Names famous, have <lb/>&longs;pared for no Co&longs;t which their Fortunes would <pb xlink:href="003/01/212.jpg" pagenum="160"/>bear, to get the A&longs;&longs;i&longs;tance and Skill of the be&longs;t <lb/>Arti&longs;ts for their Purpo&longs;e; they have accord­<lb/>ingly rivalled the greate&longs;t Kings in fine De&longs;igns <lb/>and noble Compo&longs;itions, &longs;o as, in my Opinion, <lb/>to be very little, if at all, inferior to them. </s> <s>But <lb/>tho&longs;e Works are re&longs;erved for the next Book, <lb/>in which I dare promi&longs;e the Reader he &longs;hall <lb/>find &longs;ome Entertainment worth his Pains. </s> <s>But <lb/>fir&longs;t we are here to &longs;peak of &longs;ome few Particu­<lb/>lars nece&longs;&longs;ary to our pre&longs;ent Subject.</s></p><p type="head"> <s>CHAP. XVII.</s></p><p type="head"> <s><emph type="italics"/>Whether Statues ought to be placed in Temples, and what Materials are the <lb/>mo&longs;t proper for making them.<emph.end type="italics"/></s></p><p type="main"> <s>Some are again&longs;t placing any Statues in <lb/>Temples; and we are told that <emph type="italics"/>Numa,<emph.end type="italics"/><lb/>being a Di&longs;ciple of <emph type="italics"/>Pythagoras,<emph.end type="italics"/> would allow of <lb/>none: And <emph type="italics"/>Seneca<emph.end type="italics"/> rallies him&longs;elf and his Coun­<lb/>trymen upon this Account; we play with Ba­<lb/>bies, &longs;ays he, like Children. </s> <s>The Ancients, <lb/>who were of this Opinion, u&longs;ed to argue con­<lb/>cerning the Gods in the following Manner: <lb/>Who can be &longs;o weak as not to know, that every <lb/>Thing relating to the Gods is to be con&longs;idered <lb/>with the Mind, and not with the Eyes, &longs;ince it <lb/>is impo&longs;&longs;ible to give them any Form that can <lb/>be in the lea&longs;t Degree an&longs;werable to the Ex­<lb/>cellence of their Nature? </s> <s>And indeed they <lb/>thought that the having no vi&longs;ible Repre&longs;enta­<lb/>tions of them made by Hands, mu&longs;t have a <lb/>very good Effect, as it would put every Man <lb/>upon forming &longs;uch an Idea of the fir&longs;t Mover, <lb/>and of the &longs;upreme Intelligence, as be&longs;t &longs;uited <lb/>his own Capacity and Way of Thinking: By <lb/>which he would be the more induced to revere <lb/>the Maje&longs;ty of the Divine Name. </s> <s>Others <lb/>thought quite differently, holding, that the <lb/>Gods were repre&longs;ented under human Forms to <lb/>a very wi&longs;e End, and that they had a very good <lb/>Influence upon the Minds and Morals of the <lb/>Vulgar, who when they approached tho&longs;e Sta­<lb/>tues, imagined they were in the Pre&longs;ence of <lb/>the Gods them&longs;elves. </s> <s>Others e&longs;pecially were <lb/>for &longs;etting up to publick View in con&longs;ecrated <lb/>Places, the Effigies of &longs;uch as had de&longs;erved well <lb/>of Mankind, and were therefore &longs;uppo&longs;ed to be <lb/>admitted among the Gods, believing it mu&longs;t <lb/>in&longs;pire Po&longs;terity, when they came to wor&longs;hip <lb/>them, with a Love of Glory, and an Emulati­<lb/>on of their Virtue. </s> <s>It is certainly a Point of <lb/>great Importance what Statues we &longs;et up, e&longs;­<lb/>pecially in Temples, as al&longs;o whereabouts, in <lb/>what Number, and of what Materials: For no <lb/>ridiculous Figures are to be admitted here, as <lb/>of the God <emph type="italics"/>Priapus,<emph.end type="italics"/> that is u&longs;ually &longs;et up in <lb/>Gardens to &longs;care away the Birds; nor of fight­<lb/>ing Soldiers, as in Porticoes, or the like; nei­<lb/>ther do I think they &longs;hould be placed in clo&longs;e <lb/>Nooks and mean Corners. </s> <s>But fir&longs;t let us treat <lb/>of the Materials with which they &longs;hould be <lb/>made, and then proceed to the other Points. <lb/></s> <s>Of old, &longs;ays <emph type="italics"/>Plutarch,<emph.end type="italics"/> they u&longs;ed to make their <lb/>Images of Wood; as was that of <emph type="italics"/>Apollo<emph.end type="italics"/> at <emph type="italics"/>De­<lb/>los;<emph.end type="italics"/> and at <emph type="italics"/>Popolonia,<emph.end type="italics"/> near <emph type="italics"/>Piombino,<emph.end type="italics"/> was one <lb/>of <emph type="italics"/>Jupiter<emph.end type="italics"/> of Vine-tree, which many affirmed <lb/>to have remained perfectly clear of the lea&longs;t <lb/>Corruption. </s> <s>Of the &longs;ame Sort was that of the <lb/><emph type="italics"/>Ephe&longs;ian Diana,<emph.end type="italics"/> which &longs;ome &longs;aid was of Ebony, <lb/>but <emph type="italics"/>Mu&longs;ianus<emph.end type="italics"/> tells us it was of Vine-tree. <emph type="italics"/>Peras,<emph.end type="italics"/><lb/>who built the Temple of <emph type="italics"/>Juno<emph.end type="italics"/> the <emph type="italics"/>Argive,<emph.end type="italics"/> and <lb/>dedicated his Daughter to be Prie&longs;te&longs;s of it, <lb/>made a <emph type="italics"/>Jupiter<emph.end type="italics"/> out of the Trunk of a Pear­<lb/>tree. </s> <s>Some would not allow the Statues of the <lb/>Gods to be made of Stone, as thinking that <lb/>Material had &longs;omething in it too rugged and <lb/>cruel. </s> <s>They al&longs;o di&longs;approved of Gold and <lb/>Silver for this U&longs;e, becau&longs;e tho&longs;e Metals are <lb/>produced of a barren ungrateful Soil, and have <lb/>a wan &longs;ickly Hue. </s> <s>The Poet &longs;ays:</s></p><p type="main"> <s><emph type="italics"/>Great<emph.end type="italics"/> Jove <emph type="italics"/>&longs;tood crampt beneath the lowly Roof, <lb/>Scarce full erect; and in his mighty Hand <lb/>Brandi&longs;h'd aloft a Thunderbolt of Clay.<emph.end type="italics"/></s></p><p type="main"> <s>SOME among the <emph type="italics"/>Ægyptians<emph.end type="italics"/> were of Opini­<lb/>on, that the Sub&longs;tance of God was Fire, and <lb/>that he dwelt in the elemental Flame, and <lb/>could not be conceived by the Sen&longs;es of Man­<lb/>kind: For which Rea&longs;on they made their <lb/>Gods of Chri&longs;tal. </s> <s>Others thought the Gods <lb/>ought to be made of black Stone, in the Sup­<lb/>po&longs;ition of that Colour being incomprehen&longs;i­<lb/>ble; and others la&longs;tly of Gold, in Conformity <lb/>with the Colour of the Stars. </s> <s>I own for my <lb/>Part, I have been very much in Su&longs;pen&longs;e what <lb/>Materials was mo&longs;t proper for making Images <lb/>that are to be the Objects of Wor&longs;hip. </s> <s>You <lb/>will &longs;ay, no doubt, that whatever is to be made <pb xlink:href="003/01/213.jpg" pagenum="161"/>into the Repre&longs;entation of God, ought to be <lb/>the noble&longs;t Material that can be had. </s> <s>Next to <lb/>the noble&longs;t is the rare&longs;t; and yet I would not be <lb/>for making them of Salt, as <emph type="italics"/>Solinus<emph.end type="italics"/> informs us <lb/>the <emph type="italics"/>Sicilians<emph.end type="italics"/> u&longs;ed to do; nor of Gla&longs;s, like <lb/>&longs;ome mentioned by <emph type="italics"/>Pliny;<emph.end type="italics"/> neither would I <lb/>have them of ma&longs;&longs;y Gold or Silver, not that <lb/>I di&longs;like tho&longs;e Materials for being produced of <lb/>a barren Soil, or for their &longs;ickly Hue; but for <lb/>other Rea&longs;ons: Among which one is, that I <lb/>think it &longs;hould be a Point of Religion with us <lb/>that tho&longs;e Repre&longs;entations which we &longs;et up to <lb/>be adored as Gods, &longs;hould bear as much Re­<lb/>&longs;emblance to the Divine Nature as po&longs;&longs;ible. <lb/></s> <s>For this Rea&longs;on, I would have them made im­<lb/>mortal in Duration, as far as it is in the Power <lb/>of mortal Men to effect it. </s> <s>And here I cannot <lb/>help enquiring, what &longs;hould be the Rea&longs;on of <lb/>a very whim&longs;ical, though very old Per&longs;ua&longs;ion, <lb/>which is firmly rooted in the Minds of the Vul­<lb/>gar, that a Picture of God, or of &longs;ome Saint in <lb/>one Place &longs;hall hear the Prayers of Votaries, <lb/>when in another Place the Statue of the very <lb/>&longs;ame God or Saint &longs;hall be utterly deaf to them? <lb/></s> <s>Nay, and what is &longs;till more non&longs;en&longs;ical, if you <lb/>do but remove the very &longs;ame Statue, for which <lb/>the People u&longs;ed to have the highe&longs;t Venerati­<lb/>on, to &longs;ome other Station, they &longs;eem to look <lb/>upon it as a Bankrupt, and will neither tru&longs;t it <lb/>with their Prayers, nor take the lea&longs;t Notice of <lb/>it. </s> <s>Such Statues &longs;hould therefore have Seats <lb/>that are fixed, eminent and peculiar to them­<lb/>&longs;elves. </s> <s>It is &longs;aid, that there never was any <lb/>beautiful Piece of Workman&longs;hip known in the <lb/>Memory of Man to be made of Gold, as if that <lb/>Prince of Metals di&longs;dained to owe any thing to <lb/>the Skill of an Artificer. </s> <s>If this be true, we <lb/>&longs;hould never u&longs;e it in the Statues of our Gods, <lb/>which we &longs;hould de&longs;ire to make &longs;uitable to the <lb/>Subject. </s> <s>Be&longs;ides that, the Thir&longs;t of the Gold <lb/>might tempt &longs;ome not only to rob our Statue <lb/>of his Beard, but to melt him quite down. </s> <s>I <lb/>&longs;hould chu&longs;e Bra&longs;s, if the lovely Purity of fine <lb/>white Marble did not oblige me to give that <lb/>the Preference. </s> <s>Yet there is one Con&longs;iderati­<lb/>on which weighs very much in Favour of Bra&longs;s, <lb/>and that is its Duration, provided we make our <lb/>Statue not &longs;o ma&longs;&longs;y, but that the Odium and <lb/>Dete&longs;tation of &longs;poiling it may be much greater <lb/>than the Profit to be made by melting it down <lb/>for other Purpo&longs;es: I would have it indeed no <lb/>more than if it were beat out with a Hammer, <lb/>or run into a thin Plate, &longs;o as to &longs;eem no more <lb/>than a Skin. </s> <s>We read of a Statue made of <lb/>Ivory, &longs;o large that it would hardly &longs;tand under <lb/>the Roof of the Temple. </s> <s>But that I di&longs;like, <lb/>for there ought to be a due Proportion ob&longs;erv­<lb/>ed as well in Size, as in Form and Compo&longs;iti­<lb/>on: Upon which Accounts too the Figures of <lb/>the greater Deities, with their gruff Beards, and <lb/>&longs;tern Countenances, do not &longs;uit well in the <lb/>&longs;ame Place with the &longs;oft Features of Virgins. </s> <s>I <lb/>am likewi&longs;e of Opinion, that the having but <lb/>few Statues of Gods, may help to increa&longs;e the <lb/>People's Veneration and Reverence to them. <lb/></s> <s>Two, or at mo&longs;t three, may be placed proper­<lb/>ly enough upon the Altar. </s> <s>All the re&longs;t may be <lb/>di&longs;po&longs;ed in Niches in other convenient Places. <lb/></s> <s>In all &longs;uch Repre&longs;entations of Gods and Heroes, <lb/>the Sculptor &longs;hould endeavour as much as po&longs;­<lb/>&longs;ible, to expre&longs;s both by the Habit and Action <lb/>of the Figure, the Character and Life of the <lb/>Per&longs;on. </s> <s>Not that I approve of tho&longs;e extrava­<lb/>gant Attitudes which make a Statue look like <lb/>the Hero of a Droll, or a Prize-fighter; but I <lb/>would have &longs;omewhat of a Dignity and Maje­<lb/>&longs;ty both in the Countenance, and all the re&longs;t <lb/>of the Body, that &longs;hould &longs;peak the God, &longs;o that <lb/>he may &longs;eem both by his Look and Po&longs;ture to <lb/>be ready to hear and receive his Adorers. </s> <s>Such <lb/>&longs;hould be the Statues in Temples. </s> <s>Let others <lb/>be left to Theatres, and other profane Edifices.<lb/><figure id="id.003.01.213.1.jpg" xlink:href="003/01/213/1.jpg"/></s></p><pb xlink:href="003/01/214.jpg"/><figure id="id.003.01.214.1.jpg" xlink:href="003/01/214/1.jpg"/><p type="head"> <s>THE <lb/><emph type="bold"/>ARCHITECTURE<emph.end type="bold"/><lb/>OF <lb/><emph type="italics"/>Leone Bati&longs;ta Alberti.<emph.end type="italics"/></s></p><p type="head"> <s>BOOK VIII. CHAP. I.</s></p><p type="head"> <s><emph type="italics"/>Of the Ornaments of the great Ways eitherwithin or without the City, and of <lb/>the proper Places for interring or burning the Bodies of the Dead.<emph.end type="italics"/></s></p><p type="main"> <s>We have formerly ob&longs;erved, that the <lb/>Ornaments annexed to all Sorts of <lb/>Buildings make an e&longs;&longs;ential Part of <lb/>Architecture, and it is manife&longs;t that <lb/>every Kind of Ornament is not proper for every <lb/>Kind of Structure. </s> <s>Thus we are to endeavour, <lb/>to the utmo&longs;t of our Power, to make our &longs;acred <lb/>Works, e&longs;pecially if they are of a publick Na­<lb/>ture, as compleatly adorned as po&longs;&longs;ible, as be­<lb/>ing intended for the Honour of the Gods; <lb/>whereas profane Structures are de&longs;igned en­<lb/>tirely for Men. </s> <s>The meaner therefore ought <lb/>to yield to the more honourable; but yet they <lb/>too may be embelli&longs;hed with &longs;uch Ornaments <lb/>as are &longs;uitable to them. </s> <s>In what Manner &longs;acred <lb/>Buildings of a publick Nature are to be adorn­<lb/>ed, we have &longs;hewn in the la&longs;t Book: We now <lb/>come to profane Structures, and to give an Ac­<lb/>count what Ornaments are proper to each di&longs;­<lb/>tinct Sort of them. </s> <s>And fir&longs;t I &longs;hall take No­<lb/>tice, that all Ways are publick Works, as being <lb/>contrived for the U&longs;e of the Citizens, and the <lb/>Convenience of Strangers: But as there are <lb/>Travellers by Water as well as by Land, we <lb/>&longs;hall &longs;ay &longs;omething of both. </s> <s>And here it will <lb/>be proper to call to Mind what has been &longs;aid <lb/>el&longs;ewhere, that of Ways &longs;ome are properly <lb/>Highways, others in a Manner but private <lb/>ones; as al&longs;o, that there mu&longs;t be a Difference <lb/>between the Ways within the City, and tho&longs;e <lb/>in the Country. </s> <s>Highways in the Country re­<lb/>ceive their greate&longs;t Beauty from the Country <lb/>it&longs;elf through which they lie, from its being <lb/>rich, well cultivated, full of Hou&longs;es and Villa­<lb/>ges, affording delightful Pro&longs;pects, now of the <lb/>Sea, now of a fine Hill, now a River, now a <lb/>Spring, now a barren Spot and a Rock, now a <lb/>fine Plain, Wood, or Valley; nor will it be a <lb/>&longs;mall Addition to its Beauty, that it be not <lb/>&longs;teep, broken by Precipices, or deep with Dirt; <lb/>but clear, &longs;mooth, &longs;pacious and open on all <lb/>Sides: and what Pains were not the Ancients <lb/>at to obtain the&longs;e Advantages? </s> <s>I &longs;hall not <lb/>wa&longs;te the Reader's Time to relate how they <lb/>paved their Highways for above an hundred <lb/>Miles round their Capital with extreme hard <lb/>Stones, rai&longs;ing &longs;olid Cau&longs;eways under them <lb/>with huge Stones all the Way. </s> <s>The <emph type="italics"/>Appian<emph.end type="italics"/><lb/>Way was paved from <emph type="italics"/>Rome<emph.end type="italics"/> quite to <emph type="italics"/>Brundu&longs;ium.<emph.end type="italics"/><lb/>In many Places along their Highways we &longs;ee <lb/>Rocks demoli&longs;hed, Mountains levelled, Vallies <lb/>rai&longs;ed, Hills cut through, with incredible Ex­<lb/>pence and miraculous Labour; Works of great <lb/>U&longs;e and Glory. </s> <s>Another great Embelli&longs;hment <lb/>to a Highway, is its furni&longs;hing Travellers with <lb/>frequent Occa&longs;ion of Di&longs;cour&longs;e, e&longs;pecially upon <lb/>notable Subjects. </s> <s>A Friend or Companion that <lb/>is not &longs;paring of his Speech, &longs;ays <emph type="italics"/>Laberius,<emph.end type="italics"/> up­<lb/>on a Journey is as good as a Vehicle; and <lb/>there is no doubt but Di&longs;cour&longs;e takes of much <pb xlink:href="003/01/215.jpg" pagenum="163"/>from the Fatigue of Travelling. </s> <s>For which <lb/>Rea&longs;on, as I had always the highe&longs;t E&longs;teem for <lb/>the Prudence o&longs; our Ance&longs;tors in all their In­<lb/>&longs;titutions, &longs;o I particularly commend them for <lb/>that Cu&longs;tom of theirs, whereof we &longs;hall &longs;peak <lb/>immediately, by which, though in it they aim­<lb/>ed at much greater Ends, they afforded &longs;o much <lb/>Rccreation to Travellers. </s> <s>It was a Law of the <lb/>twelve Tables, that no dead Body &longs;hould be <lb/>interred or burnt within the City, and it was <lb/>a very ancient Law of the Senate that no <lb/>Corp&longs;e &longs;hould be interred within the Walls, <lb/>except the Ve&longs;tal Virgins, and the Emperors, <lb/>who were not included within this Prohibition. <lb/><emph type="italics"/>Plutarch<emph.end type="italics"/> tell us, that the <emph type="italics"/>Valeri<emph.end type="italics"/> and the <emph type="italics"/>Fa­<lb/>bricii,<emph.end type="italics"/> as a Mark of Honour, had a Privilege to <lb/>be buried in the Forum; but their De&longs;cend­<lb/>ants, having only &longs;et their dead down in it, <lb/>and ju&longs;t clapt a Torch to the Body, u&longs;ed im­<lb/>mediately to take it up again to bury it el&longs;e­<lb/>where; thereby &longs;hewing that they had &longs;uch a <lb/>Privilege, but that they did not think it decent <lb/>to make u&longs;e of it. </s> <s>The Ancients there&longs;ore <lb/>cho&longs;e their Sepulchres in convenient and con&longs;pi­<lb/>cuous Places by the Side of Highways, and em­<lb/>belli&longs;hed them, as far as their Abilities and the <lb/>Skill of the Architect would reach, with a per­<lb/>fect Profu&longs;ion of Ornaments. </s> <s>They were built <lb/>after the noble&longs;t De&longs;igns; no Columns or Pi­<lb/>la&longs;ters were &longs;pared for, nor did they want the <lb/>riche&longs;t Incru&longs;tations, nor any Delicacies that <lb/>Sculpture or Painting could afford; and they <lb/>were generally adorned with Bu&longs;ts of Bra&longs;s or <lb/>marble fini&longs;hed after the mo&longs;t exqui&longs;ite Ta&longs;te: <lb/>By which Cu&longs;tom how much that prudent Peo­<lb/>ple promoted the Service of the Common­<lb/>wealth and good Manners, would be tedious <lb/>now to recapitulate. </s> <s>I &longs;hall only ju&longs;t touch <lb/>upon tho&longs;e Points which make to our pre&longs;ent <lb/>Purpo&longs;e. </s> <s>And how, think ye, mu&longs;t it delight <lb/>Travellers as they pa&longs;&longs;ed along the <emph type="italics"/>Appian<emph.end type="italics"/><lb/>Way, or any other great Road, to find them <lb/>full of a va&longs;t Number of Tombs of the mo&longs;t <lb/>excellent Workman&longs;hip, and to be every Mo­<lb/>ment picking out &longs;ome more beautiful than the <lb/>re&longs;t, and ob&longs;erving the Epitaphs and Effigies of <lb/>their greate&longs;t Men? </s> <s>Do you not think that <lb/>from &longs;o many Monuments of ancient Story, <lb/>they mu&longs;t of Nece&longs;&longs;ity take continual Occa&longs;ion <lb/>to di&longs;cour&longs;e of the noble Exploits per&longs;ormed by <lb/>tho&longs;e Heroes of old, thereby &longs;weetning the Te­<lb/>diou&longs;ne&longs;s of their Journey, and exalting the Ho­<lb/>nour of <emph type="italics"/>Rome,<emph.end type="italics"/> their native City? </s> <s>But this was <lb/>the lea&longs;t of the good Effects which they pro­<lb/>duced; and it was of much more Importance <lb/>that they conduced not a little the Pre&longs;ervation <lb/>of the Commonwealth, and of the Fortunes of <lb/>private Per&longs;ons. </s> <s>One of the chief Cau&longs;es why <lb/>the Rich rejected the <emph type="italics"/>Agrarian<emph.end type="italics"/> Law, as we <lb/>are in&longs;ormed by the Hi&longs;torian <emph type="italics"/>Appian,<emph.end type="italics"/> was be­<lb/>cau&longs;e they looked upon it to be an Impiety to <lb/>&longs;uffer the Property of the Tombs of their Fore­<lb/>fathers to be transferred to others. </s> <s>How many <lb/>great Inheritances may we therefore &longs;uppo&longs;e <lb/>them to have left untouched to their Po&longs;terity, <lb/>merely upon this Principle of Duty, Piety or <lb/>Religion, which el&longs;e would have been prodi­<lb/>gally wa&longs;ted in Riot and Gaming? </s> <s>Be&longs;ides <lb/>that tho&longs;e Monuments were a very great Ho­<lb/>nour to the Name of the City it&longs;elf, and of a <lb/>great Number of private Families, and was a <lb/>con&longs;tant Incitement to Po&longs;terity to imitate the <lb/>Virtues of tho&longs;e whom they &longs;aw &longs;o highly re­<lb/>vered. </s> <s>Then again, with what Eyes think <lb/>you, whenever &longs;uch a Misfortune happened, <lb/>mu&longs;t they behold a furious and in&longs;olent Enemy <lb/>ran&longs;acking among the Sepulchres of their An­<lb/>ce&longs;tors? </s> <s>And what Man could be &longs;o ba&longs;e and <lb/>cowardly, as not to be immediately inflamed with <lb/>Rage and De&longs;ire of revenging &longs;uch an In&longs;ult <lb/>upon his Country and his Honour? </s> <s>And what <lb/>Boldne&longs;s and Courage mu&longs;t Shame, Piety and <lb/>Grief &longs;tir up in the Hearts of Men upon &longs;uch <lb/>an Occa&longs;ion? </s> <s>The Ancients therefore are great­<lb/>ly to be prai&longs;ed; not that I pre&longs;ume to blame <lb/>the pre&longs;ent Practice of burying our Dead within <lb/>the City, and in holy Places, provided we do <lb/>not lay them in our Temples, where our Ma­<lb/>gi&longs;trates and great Men are to meet for the <lb/>Celebration of holy Rites, &longs;o as to pollute the <lb/>mo&longs;t &longs;acred Offices with the noi&longs;ome Vapours <lb/>of a rotting Corp&longs;e. </s> <s>The Cu&longs;tom of burning <lb/>the Dead was much more convenient.</s></p><p type="head"> <s>CHAP. II.</s></p><p type="head"> <s><emph type="italics"/>Of Sepulchres, and the various Manner of Burial.<emph.end type="italics"/></s></p><p type="main"> <s>I shall here take an Opportunity to in&longs;ert <lb/>&longs;ome Things, which in my Opinion, are by <lb/>no means to be omitted, concerning the Struc­<lb/>ture of Sepulchres, &longs;ince they &longs;eem to partake <lb/>of the Nature of publick Works, as being de­<lb/>dicated to Religion. </s> <s>Let the Place where you <pb xlink:href="003/01/216.jpg" pagenum="164"/>inter a dead Body, &longs;ays the old Law, be &longs;acred; <lb/>and we &longs;till profe&longs;s the &longs;ame Belief, namely, <lb/>that Sepulchres belong to Religion. </s> <s>As Reli­<lb/>gion therefore ought to be preferred before all <lb/>Things, I &longs;hall treat of the&longs;e, though intended <lb/>for the U&longs;e of private Per&longs;ons, before I proceed <lb/>to profane Works of a publick Nature. </s> <s>There <lb/>&longs;carce ever was a People &longs;o barbarous, as to be <lb/>without the U&longs;e of Sepulchres, except, perhaps, <lb/>tho&longs;e wild <emph type="italics"/>Ichthyophagi<emph.end type="italics"/> in the remote Parts of <lb/><emph type="italics"/>India,<emph.end type="italics"/> who are &longs;aid to throw the Bodies of their <lb/>Dead into the Sea, affirming that it mattered <lb/>little whether they were con&longs;umed by Fire, <lb/>Earth, or Water. </s> <s>The <emph type="italics"/>Albani<emph.end type="italics"/> of <emph type="italics"/>Scythia<emph.end type="italics"/> too <lb/>thought it to be a Crime to take any Care of <lb/>the Dead. </s> <s>The <emph type="italics"/>Sabæans<emph.end type="italics"/> looked upon a Corp&longs;e <lb/>to be no better than &longs;o much Dung, and ac­<lb/>cordingly they ca&longs;t the Bodies, even of their <lb/>Kings, upon the Dunghill. </s> <s>The <emph type="italics"/>Troglodytes<emph.end type="italics"/><lb/>u&longs;ed to tie the Head and Feet of their Dead to­<lb/>gether, and &longs;o hurried them away, with Scoffs <lb/>and Flouts, to the fir&longs;t convenient Spot of <lb/>Ground they could find, without more Regard <lb/>to one Place than to another, where they threw <lb/>them in, &longs;etting up a Goat's Horn at their <lb/>Head. </s> <s>But no Man who has the lea&longs;t Tinc­<lb/>ture of Humanity, will approve of the&longs;e bar­<lb/>barous Cu&longs;toms. </s> <s>Others, as well among the <lb/><emph type="italics"/>Ægyptians<emph.end type="italics"/> as the <emph type="italics"/>Greeks,<emph.end type="italics"/> u&longs;ed to erect Sepul­<lb/>chres not only to the Bodies, but even to the <lb/>Names of their Friends; which Piety mu&longs;t be <lb/>univer&longs;ally commended. </s> <s>It was a very lauda­<lb/>ble Notion among the <emph type="italics"/>Indians,<emph.end type="italics"/> that the be&longs;t <lb/>Monument was to live in the Memory of Po&longs;­<lb/>terity; and therefore they celebrated the Fu­<lb/>nerals of their greate&longs;t Men no otherwi&longs;e than <lb/>by &longs;inging their Prai&longs;es. </s> <s>However, it is my <lb/>Opinion, that Care ought to be taken of the <lb/>dead Body, for the Sake of the Living; and <lb/>for the Pre&longs;ervation of the Name to Po&longs;terity, <lb/>there can be no Means more effectual than Se­<lb/>pulchres. </s> <s>Our Ance&longs;tors u&longs;ed to erect Statues <lb/>and Sepulchres, at the publick Expence, in <lb/>Honour of tho&longs;e that had &longs;pilt their Blood and <lb/>lo&longs;t their Lives for the Commonwealth, as a <lb/>Reward of their Services, and an Incitement to <lb/>others to emulate their Virtue: But perhaps <lb/>they &longs;et up Statues to a great many, but Sepul­<lb/>chres to few, becau&longs;e they knew that the for­<lb/>mer were defaced and con&longs;umed by Age; <lb/>whereas the Sanctity of Sepulchres, &longs;ays <emph type="italics"/>Cicero,<emph.end type="italics"/> is <lb/>&longs;o annexed to the very Ground it&longs;elf, that nothing <lb/>can either efface or remove it: For whereas <lb/>other Things are de&longs;troyed, Tombs grow more <lb/>&longs;acred by Age. </s> <s>And they dedicated the&longs;e Se­<lb/>pulchres to Religion, as I imagine, with this <lb/>View, that the Memory of the Per&longs;on, which <lb/>they tru&longs;ted to the Protection of &longs;uch a Struc­<lb/>ture, and to the Stability of the Ground, might <lb/>be defended by the Reverence and Fear of the <lb/>Gods, from all Violence from the Hand of <lb/>Man. </s> <s>Hence proceeded the Law of the twelve <lb/>Tables, that the Ve&longs;tibule or Entrance of a Se­<lb/>pulchre &longs;hould not be employed to any Man's <lb/>private U&longs;e, and there was moreover a Law <lb/>which ordained the heavie&longs;t Puni&longs;hment upon <lb/>any Man that &longs;hould violate an Urn, or throw <lb/>down or break any of the Columns of a Tomb. <lb/></s> <s>In a Word, the U&longs;e o&longs; Sepulchres has been re­<lb/>ceived by all the polite&longs;t Nations, and the Care <lb/>and Re&longs;pect of them was &longs;o great among the <lb/><emph type="italics"/>Athenians,<emph.end type="italics"/> that if any o&longs; their Generals neglec­<lb/>ted to give honourable Burial to one of tho&longs;e <lb/>that were &longs;lain in War, he was liable to capital <lb/>Puni&longs;hment for it. </s> <s>There was a Law among <lb/>the <emph type="italics"/>Hebrews,<emph.end type="italics"/> which injoined them to give Bu­<lb/>rial even to their Enemies. </s> <s>Many and various <lb/>are the Methods of Burial and Sepulture which <lb/>we read of; but they are entirely foreign to <lb/>our De&longs;ign: As for In&longs;tance, that which is re­<lb/>lated of the <emph type="italics"/>Scythians,<emph.end type="italics"/> who thought the greate&longs;t <lb/>Honour they could do their Dead, was to eat <lb/>them at their Meals; and others kept Dogs to <lb/>devour them when they died: But of this we <lb/>need &longs;ay no more. </s> <s>Mo&longs;t of the wi&longs;e&longs;t Legi&longs;la­<lb/>tors have been careful to prevent Exce&longs;s in the <lb/>Expence and Magnificence of Funerals and <lb/>Tombs. <emph type="italics"/>Pittacus<emph.end type="italics"/> ordained, that the greate&longs;t <lb/>Ornament that &longs;hould be erected over any Per­<lb/>&longs;on's Grave, &longs;hould be three little Columns, <lb/>one &longs;ingle Cubit high; for it was the Opinion, <lb/>that it was ridiculous to make any Difference <lb/>in a Thing that was common to the Nature of <lb/>every Man, and therefore in this Point the <lb/>Riche&longs;t and the Poore&longs;t were &longs;et upon the &longs;ame <lb/>Foot, and all were covered with common Earth, <lb/>according to the old Cu&longs;tom; in doing which it <lb/>was the received Notion, that as Man was origi­<lb/>nally formed of Earth, &longs;uch a Burial was only lay­<lb/>ing him once more in his Mother's Lap. </s> <s>We al&longs;o <lb/>find an ancient Regulation, that no Man &longs;hould <lb/>have a more magnificent Tomb, than could be <lb/>built by ten Men in the Space of three Days. <lb/></s> <s>The <emph type="italics"/>Ægyptians,<emph.end type="italics"/> on the contrary, were more <lb/>curious about their Sepulchres than any other <lb/>Nation what&longs;oever; and they u&longs;ed to &longs;ay, that <lb/>it was very ridiculous in Men to take &longs;o much <lb/>Pains in the building of Hou&longs;es where they were <lb/>to dwell but a very &longs;hort Space of Time, and to <lb/>neglect the Structure of a Habitation where they <pb xlink:href="003/01/217.jpg" pagenum="165"/>were to dwell for ever. </s> <s>The mo&longs;t probable <lb/>Account I can find of the fir&longs;t Original of the&longs;e <lb/>Structures, is as follows: The <emph type="italics"/>Getæ,<emph.end type="italics"/> in the <lb/>mo&longs;t remote Antiquity, u&longs;ed at fir&longs;t, in the <lb/>Place where they interred a dead Body, to &longs;et <lb/>up a Stone for a Mark, or perhaps (as <emph type="italics"/>Plato<emph.end type="italics"/> in <lb/>his Laws more approves) a Tree, and afterwards <lb/>they u&longs;ed to rai&longs;e &longs;omething of a Fence about <lb/>it to keep off the Bea&longs;ts from routing it up, or <lb/>moving it out of its Place; and when the &longs;ame <lb/>Sea&longs;on of the Year came round again, and they <lb/>&longs;aw that Field either chequered with Flowers, <lb/>or laden with Grain as it was when the Per&longs;on <lb/>died, it was no wonder if it awakened in them <lb/>the Love of their dear Friends whom they had <lb/>lo&longs;t, and prompted them to go together to the <lb/>Place where they lay, relating and &longs;inging their <lb/>Actions and Sayings, and dre&longs;&longs;ing up their Mo­<lb/>numents with whatever they thought would <lb/>embelli&longs;h them. </s> <s>Hence perhaps aro&longs;e the <lb/>Cu&longs;tom among &longs;everal different Nations, and <lb/>particularly among the <emph type="italics"/>Greeks,<emph.end type="italics"/> of adorning and <lb/>offering Sacrifices upon the Tombs of tho&longs;e to <lb/>whom they were much obliged. </s> <s>They met, <lb/>&longs;ays <emph type="italics"/>Thucydides,<emph.end type="italics"/> upon the Place, in Habits &longs;uit­<lb/>able to the Occa&longs;ion, bringing with them the fir&longs;t <lb/>Fruits of their Harve&longs;t, thinking the publick <lb/>Performance of the&longs;e Rites to be an Act of the <lb/>greate&longs;t Piety and Devotion. </s> <s>From whence I <lb/>proceed to conjecture, that be&longs;ides rai&longs;ing the <lb/>Ground over the Place of Burial, and erecting <lb/>little Columns for Marks, they u&longs;ed al&longs;o to rai&longs;e <lb/>little Alars whereon to celebrate tho&longs;e Sacrifices <lb/>with the greate&longs;t Decency, and con&longs;equently <lb/>they took care to make them as convenient and <lb/>beautiful as was po&longs;&longs;ible. </s> <s>The Places where <lb/>the&longs;e Tombs were erected, were various among&longs;t <lb/>the Ancients. </s> <s>According to the Pontificial <lb/>Law, it was not permitted to erect a Tomb in <lb/>any publick Square. <emph type="italics"/>Plato<emph.end type="italics"/> was of Opinion, <lb/>that a Man ought not to be in the lea&longs;t offen­<lb/>&longs;ive to human Society either alive or dead; and <lb/>for this Rea&longs;on he ordained that the Dead <lb/>&longs;hould be interred without the City, in &longs;ome <lb/>barren Place. </s> <s>In Imitation of this, others &longs;et <lb/>apart a certain determined Place of Burial, un­<lb/>der the open Air, and out of the Way of all <lb/>Re&longs;ort; which I highly approve: Others, on <lb/>the contrary, pre&longs;erved the Bodies of their <lb/>Dead in their Hou&longs;es, inclo&longs;ed either in Salt or <lb/>Terra&longs;s. <emph type="italics"/>Mycerinus,<emph.end type="italics"/> King of <emph type="italics"/>Ægypt,<emph.end type="italics"/> inclo&longs;ed <lb/>the dead Body of his Daughter within a wood­<lb/>en Figure of a Bull, and commanded the Sa­<lb/>crificers to perform Ob&longs;equies in her Honour <lb/>every Day. <emph type="italics"/>Servius<emph.end type="italics"/> relates, that the Ancients <lb/>u&longs;ed to place the Sepulchres of their Sons, that <lb/>had the greate&longs;t Stock of Merit and Nobility, <lb/>upon the Top of very high Hills. </s> <s>The <emph type="italics"/>Alex­<lb/>andrians,<emph.end type="italics"/> in the Time of <emph type="italics"/>Strabo<emph.end type="italics"/> the Hi&longs;torian, <lb/>had Gardens and Inclo&longs;ures con&longs;ecrated wholly <lb/>to the Burial of the Dead. </s> <s>Our more modern <lb/>Ance&longs;tors u&longs;ed to build little Chapels, along the <lb/>Sides of their great Churches, on purpo&longs;e for <lb/>Tombs. </s> <s>All through the Country, which was <lb/>once the ancient <emph type="italics"/>Latium,<emph.end type="italics"/> we find the Burial­<lb/>places of whole Families, made under Ground, <lb/>with Urns &longs;tanding in Rows along the Walls <lb/>full of the A&longs;hes of the Decea&longs;ed, with &longs;hort <lb/>In&longs;criptions, and the Names of the Baker, Bar­<lb/>ber, Cook, Surgeon, and other Officers and Ser­<lb/>vants that were reckoned Part of the Family; <lb/>in tho&longs;e Urns which inclo&longs;ed the A&longs;hes of little <lb/>Children, once the Joy of their Mothers, they <lb/>made their Effigies in Stuc; but tho&longs;e of grown <lb/>Men, e&longs;pecially if they were noble, were made <lb/>of Marble. </s> <s>The&longs;e were the Cu&longs;toms of the <lb/>Ancients: Nor do I blame the making u&longs;e of <lb/>any Place indifferently for burying the Body, <lb/>provided &longs;ome di&longs;tingui&longs;hed Place be cho&longs;en <lb/>for &longs;etting up an In&longs;cription in the Per&longs;on's <lb/>Honour. </s> <s>Now what chiefly delights us in all <lb/>Tombs, is the De&longs;ign of the Structure, and the <lb/>Epitaph. </s> <s>What Sort of De&longs;ign the Ancients <lb/>approved mo&longs;t in the&longs;e Works, I cannot &longs;o <lb/>ea&longs;ily affirm. <emph type="italics"/>Augu&longs;tus<emph.end type="italics"/>'s Sepulchre in <emph type="italics"/>Rome<emph.end type="italics"/><lb/>was built of &longs;quare Blocks of Marble, &longs;haded <lb/>with Ever-greens, and at the Top &longs;tood his <lb/>Statue. </s> <s>In the I&longs;land of <emph type="italics"/>Tyrina,<emph.end type="italics"/> not far from <lb/><emph type="italics"/>Carmania,<emph.end type="italics"/> the Sepulchre of <emph type="italics"/>Erythræa<emph.end type="italics"/> was a <lb/>great Mound of Earth planted with wild Palm­<lb/>trees. </s> <s>The Sepulchre of <emph type="italics"/>Zarina,<emph.end type="italics"/> Queen of the <lb/><emph type="italics"/>Saces,<emph.end type="italics"/> was a Pyramid of three Sides, with a <lb/>Statue of Gold on the Top. <emph type="italics"/>Archatheus,<emph.end type="italics"/> one <lb/>of <emph type="italics"/>Xerxes<emph.end type="italics"/>'s Lieutenants, had a Tomb of Earth <lb/>erected for him by the whole Army. </s> <s>But the <lb/>main Point which all &longs;eem to have aimed at, <lb/>was to have &longs;omething different from all others, <lb/>not as to condemn the Sepulchres of others, <lb/>but to draw the Eyes of Men to take the great­<lb/>er Notice of them: And from this general U&longs;e <lb/>of Sepulchres, and the&longs;e con&longs;tant Endeavours <lb/>to invent &longs;omething new in that Way, the <lb/>Con&longs;equence at la&longs;t was, that it was impo&longs;&longs;ible <lb/>to think of any thing which had not already <lb/>been put in Practice to a very great Perfection, <lb/>and all were extremely beautiful in their &longs;eve­<lb/>ral Kinds. </s> <s>From the Ob&longs;ervation I have made <lb/>of the numberle&longs;s Works of this Nature, I find <lb/>that &longs;ome had nothing in their Eye, but adorn­<lb/>ing that which was to contain the Body, while <pb xlink:href="003/01/218.jpg" pagenum="166"/>others went farther, and rai&longs;ed &longs;uch a Super­<lb/>&longs;tructure as was proper for placing Epitaphs <lb/>and In&longs;criptións of the Per&longs;on's Exploits. </s> <s>The <lb/>former were contented with a plain Ca&longs;e for <lb/>the Body, or with adding &longs;omewhat of a little <lb/>Chapel about it, according to the Religion of <lb/>the Place. </s> <s>But the others erected either a Co­<lb/>lumn, or a Pyramid, an Obelisk, or &longs;ome other <lb/>great Super&longs;tructure, not principally for con­<lb/>taining the Body, but rather for delivering <lb/>down the Name with Glory to Po&longs;terity. </s> <s>We <lb/>have already taken Notice, that there is a Stone <lb/>called <emph type="italics"/>Sarcophagus,<emph.end type="italics"/> found at <emph type="italics"/>A&longs;on,<emph.end type="italics"/> a Town <lb/>of <emph type="italics"/>Troas,<emph.end type="italics"/> which con&longs;umes a dead Body im­<lb/>mediately; and in any made Ground, con­<lb/>&longs;i&longs;ting chiefly of old Rubbi&longs;h, the Moi&longs;ture is <lb/>pre&longs;ently dried up. </s> <s>But I &longs;hall in&longs;i&longs;t no longer <lb/>upon the&longs;e minute Particulars.</s></p><p type="head"> <s>CHAP. III.</s></p><p type="head"> <s><emph type="italics"/>Of little Chapels, by way of Sepulchres, Pyramids, Columns, Alars and Moles.<emph.end type="italics"/></s></p><p type="main"> <s>Now &longs;ince the Sepulchres of the An­<lb/>cients are generally approved, and we <lb/>find them in different Places built &longs;ometimes <lb/>after the Manner of little Chapels, &longs;ometimes <lb/>in Pyramids, &longs;ometimes Columns, and in &longs;e­<lb/>veral other Forms, as Moles and the like, we <lb/>&longs;hall &longs;ay &longs;omething of each of the&longs;e: And fir&longs;t <lb/>of Chapels. </s> <s>The&longs;e little Chapels &longs;hould be <lb/>like &longs;o many little Models of Temples; nor is <lb/>it at all improper to add the Ornaments and <lb/>De&longs;igns of any other Sort of Building, provi­<lb/>ded they be equally well adapted both for <lb/>Beauty and Duration. </s> <s>Whether it be mo&longs;t <lb/>advi&longs;eable to build a Sepulchre which we would <lb/>have, if po&longs;&longs;ible, endure to Eternity, of noble <lb/>or mean Materials, is not thoroughly deter­<lb/>mined, upon Account of the Danger of their <lb/>being removed for their Value. </s> <s>But the Beau­<lb/>ty of its Ornaments, as we have ob&longs;erved el&longs;e­<lb/>where, is extremely effectual to its Pre&longs;erva­<lb/>tion, and to &longs;ecuring the Monument to Po&longs;­<lb/>terity. </s> <s>Of the Sepulchres of tho&longs;e great Prin­<lb/>ces <emph type="italics"/>Caius Caligula,<emph.end type="italics"/> and <emph type="italics"/>Claudius Cæ&longs;ar,<emph.end type="italics"/> which <lb/>no doubt mu&longs;t have been very noble, nothing <lb/>now remains but &longs;ome few &longs;mall &longs;quare Stones <lb/>of two Cubits broad, on which their Names <lb/>are in&longs;cribed; and if tho&longs;e In&longs;criptions had <lb/>been cut upon larger Stones, I doubt not they <lb/>too would e'er now have been carried away <lb/>with the other Ornaments. </s> <s>In other Places <lb/>we &longs;ee Sepulchres of very great Antiquity, <lb/>which have never been injured by any body, <lb/>becau&longs;e they were built of common Chequer­<lb/>work, or of Stone that would not adorn any <lb/>other Building, &longs;o that they were never any <lb/>Temptation to Greedine&longs;s. </s> <s>From whence I <lb/>draw this Admonition to tho&longs;e who would <lb/>have their Sepulchres remain to Perpetuity, <lb/>that they build not indeed with a ba&longs;e Sort of <lb/>Stone, but not with &longs;uch excellent, as to be a <lb/>Temptation to every Man that beholds it, and <lb/>to be in perpetual Danger of being &longs;tolen away. <lb/></s> <s>Be&longs;ides, in all Works of this Nature, a decent <lb/>Mode&longs;ty &longs;hould be ob&longs;erved according to every <lb/>Man's Quality and Degree; &longs;o that, I con­<lb/>demn a Profu&longs;ion of Expence in the Tombs <lb/>even of Monarchs them&longs;elves, nor can I help <lb/>blaming tho&longs;e huge Piles, built by the <emph type="italics"/>Ægyp­<lb/>tian<emph.end type="italics"/> Kings for their Sepulchres, which &longs;eem to <lb/>have been di&longs;plea&longs;ing to the Gods them&longs;elves, <lb/>&longs;ince none of them were buried in tho&longs;e proud <lb/>Monuments. </s> <s>Others perhaps may prai&longs;e our <lb/><emph type="italics"/>Etrurians<emph.end type="italics"/> for not coming &longs;hort even of the <lb/><emph type="italics"/>Ægyptians<emph.end type="italics"/> in the Magnificence of their Tombs, <lb/>and particularly <emph type="italics"/>Por&longs;ena,<emph.end type="italics"/> who built him&longs;elf a <lb/>Sepulchre below the Town of <emph type="italics"/>Clu&longs;ium,<emph.end type="italics"/> all of <lb/>&longs;quare Stone, in the Ba&longs;e whereof, which was <lb/>fifty Foot high, was a Labyrinth which no <lb/>Man could find his Way thro', and over this <lb/>Ba&longs;e five Pyramids, one in the Middle, and one <lb/>at each Corner, the Breadth of each whereof, <lb/>at the Bottom was &longs;eventy-five Foot; at the <lb/>Top of each hung a brazen Globe, to which <lb/>&longs;everal little Bells were fa&longs;tened by Chains, <lb/>which being &longs;haken by the Wind might be <lb/>heard at a con&longs;iderable Di&longs;tance: Over all <lb/>this were four other Pyramids, an hundred <lb/>Foot high, and others again over the&longs;e, a&longs;ton­<lb/>i&longs;hing no le&longs;s for their Workman&longs;hip than for <lb/>their Greatne&longs;s. </s> <s>I cannot be plea&longs;ed with the&longs;e <lb/>enormous Structures, &longs;erving to no good Pur­<lb/>po&longs;e what&longs;oever. </s> <s>There is &longs;omething much <lb/>more commendable in the Tomb of <emph type="italics"/>Cyrus,<emph.end type="italics"/><lb/>King of the <emph type="italics"/>Per&longs;ians,<emph.end type="italics"/> and there is more true <lb/>Greatne&longs;s in his Mode&longs;ty, than in the vain Glory <lb/>of all tho&longs;e haughtier Piles. </s> <s>Near the Town <lb/>of <emph type="italics"/>Pa&longs;argardæ,<emph.end type="italics"/> in a little vaulted Temple <lb/>built of &longs;quare Stone, with a Door &longs;carce two <lb/>Foot high, lay the Body of <emph type="italics"/>Cyrus,<emph.end type="italics"/> inclo&longs;ed in <lb/>a golden Urn, as the Royal Dignity required; <pb xlink:href="003/01/219.jpg" pagenum="167"/>round this little Chapel was a Grove of all Sorts <lb/>of Fruit-trees, and a large green Meadow, full of <lb/>Ro&longs;es and other Flowers and Herbs of grateful <lb/>Scent, and of every Thing that could make the <lb/>Place delightful and agreeable. </s> <s>The Epitaph <lb/>was adapted to the Structure:</s></p><p type="main"> <s>Cyrus <emph type="italics"/>am I that founded<emph.end type="italics"/> Per&longs;ia's <emph type="italics"/>State, <lb/>Then envy not this little Place of Re&longs;t.<emph.end type="italics"/></s></p><p type="main"> <s>BUT to return to Pyramids. </s> <s>Some few per­<lb/>haps may have built their Pyramids with three <lb/>Sides, but they have generally been made with <lb/>four, and their Height has mo&longs;t commonly <lb/>been made equal to their Breadth. </s> <s>Some have <lb/>been particularly commended for making the <lb/>Joints of the Stones in their Pyramids &longs;o clo&longs;e, <lb/>that the Shadow which they ca&longs;t was perfectly <lb/>&longs;traight without the lea&longs;t Interruption. </s> <s>Pyra­<lb/>mids have for the mo&longs;t Part been made of <lb/>&longs;quare Stone, but &longs;ome few have been built <lb/>with Brick. </s> <s>As for the&longs;e Columns which have <lb/>been erected as Monuments; &longs;ome have been <lb/>&longs;uch as are u&longs;ed in other Structures; others have <lb/>been &longs;o large as to be fit for no Edifice; but <lb/>merely to &longs;erve as a Monument to Po&longs;terity.<lb/><arrow.to.target n="marg38"/></s></p><p type="margin"> <s><margin.target id="marg38"/>*</s></p><p type="main"> <s>OF this la&longs;t Sort we are now to treat, and its <lb/>Members are as follows: In&longs;tead of a Ba&longs;ement <lb/>there are &longs;everal Steps ri&longs;ing above the Level <lb/>of the Platform, over the&longs;e a &longs;quare Plinth, and <lb/>above that another not le&longs;s than the fir&longs;t. </s> <s>In <lb/>the third Place came the Ba&longs;e of the Column, <lb/>then the Column with its Capital, and la&longs;t of <lb/>all the Statue &longs;tanding upon a Plinth. </s> <s>Some <lb/>between the fir&longs;t and &longs;econd Plinths under the <lb/>Ba&longs;e placed a Sort of Die to rai&longs;e the Work <lb/>higher, and give it the greater Air of Maje&longs;ty. <lb/></s> <s>The Proportions of all the&longs;e Members are taken <lb/>from the Diameter of the Bottom of the Shaft, <lb/>as we ob&longs;erved with Relation to the Columns <lb/>of the Temples; but the Ba&longs;e, in this Ca&longs;e <lb/>where the Super&longs;tructure is to be &longs;o very large, <lb/>mu&longs;t have but one Torus, and not &longs;everal like <lb/>common Columns. </s> <s>The whole Thickne&longs;s of <lb/>the Ba&longs;e therefore mu&longs;t be divided into five <lb/>Parts, two of which mu&longs;t be given to the To­<lb/>rus, and three to the Plinth. </s> <s>The Mea&longs;ure of <lb/>the Plinth every Way mu&longs;t be one Diameter <lb/>and a Quarter of the Shaft of the Column. </s> <s>The <lb/>Pede&longs;tal on which this Ba&longs;e lies mu&longs;t have the <lb/>following Parts. </s> <s>The uppermo&longs;t Member in <lb/>this, and indeed all other Ornaments, mu&longs;t be <lb/>a Cymatium, and the lowermo&longs;t a Plinth, which, <lb/>whether it be in the Nature of Steps, or of a <lb/>Cyma either upright or rever&longs;ed, is properly the <lb/>Ba&longs;e of each Member. </s> <s>But we have &longs;ome few <lb/>Things relating to Pede&longs;tals to take Notice of, <lb/>which we purpo&longs;ely omitted in the la&longs;t Book, <lb/>in order to con&longs;ider them here. </s> <s>We ob&longs;erved <lb/>that it was u&longs;ual to run up a continued low <lb/>Wall under all the Columns, in order to &longs;up­<lb/>port them; but then to make the Pa&longs;&longs;age more <lb/>clear and open, it was common to remove that <lb/>Part of this Wall which lay between the Co­<lb/>lumns, and to leave only that Part which was <lb/>really nece&longs;&longs;ary to the Support of the Column. <lb/></s> <s>This Part of the Wall thus left I call the Pede­<lb/>&longs;tal. </s> <s>The Ornament of this Pede&longs;tal at the <lb/>Top was a Cymatium, either upright or rever&longs;­<lb/>ed, or &longs;omething of the &longs;ame Nature, which <lb/>was an&longs;werd at the Bottom by a Plinth. </s> <s>The&longs;e <lb/>two Ornaments went clear round the Pede&longs;tal. <lb/></s> <s>The Cymatium was the fifth Part of the <lb/>Height of the whole Pede&longs;tal, or el&longs;e the &longs;ixth; <lb/>and the Body of the Pede&longs;tal was never le&longs;s in <lb/>Thickne&longs;s than the Diameter of the Bottom of <lb/>the Shaft, that the Plinth of the Ba&longs;e might not <lb/>lie upon a Void. </s> <s>Some, in order to &longs;trengthen <lb/>the Work yet more, made the Pede&longs;tal broader <lb/>than the Plinth of the Ba&longs;e, by an eighth Part of <lb/>that Plinth. </s> <s>La&longs;tly, the Height of the Pede­<lb/>&longs;tal, be&longs;ides its Cymatium and Plinth, was either <lb/>equal to its Breadth, or a fifth Part more: And <lb/>this I find to have been the Ordonnance of the <lb/>Pede&longs;tal under the Columns u&longs;ed by the mo&longs;t <lb/>excellent Workmen. </s> <s>But to return to the Co­<lb/>lumn. </s> <s>Under the Ba&longs;e of the Column we are <lb/>to place the Pede&longs;tal, an&longs;wering duly to the <lb/>Proportions of the Ba&longs;e in the Manner ju&longs;t now <lb/>mentioned. </s> <s>This Pede&longs;tal mu&longs;t be crowned <lb/>with an entire Cornice, which is mo&longs;t u&longs;ually <lb/>of the <emph type="italics"/>Ionic<emph.end type="italics"/> Order; the Members of which you <lb/>may remember to be as follows: The fir&longs;t and <lb/>lowe&longs;t Member is a Cymatium, then a Denticle, <lb/>next an Ovolo, with a &longs;mall Baguette and a <lb/>Fillet. </s> <s>Under this Pede&longs;tal is placed another <lb/>an&longs;werable to the former in every Member, and <lb/>of &longs;uch a Proportion that no Part of the Super­<lb/>&longs;tructure may lie over a Void; but to this Pe­<lb/>de&longs;tal we mu&longs;t a&longs;cend from the Level of the <lb/>Ground by three or five Steps, unequal both in <lb/>their Height and Breadth; and the&longs;e Stepts all <lb/>together mu&longs;t not be higher than a fourth, nor <lb/>lower than a &longs;ixth Part of the Height of the <lb/>Pede&longs;tal which &longs;tands upon them. </s> <s>In this lower <lb/>Pede&longs;tal we make a Door dre&longs;&longs;ed after the Man­<lb/>ner of the <emph type="italics"/>Doric<emph.end type="italics"/> or <emph type="italics"/>Ionic<emph.end type="italics"/> Order, according to <lb/>the Rules already laid down for the Doors of <lb/>Temples. </s> <s>In the upper Pede&longs;tal we place our <lb/>In&longs;criptions or carve Trophies. </s> <s>If we make <lb/><pb xlink:href="003/01/220.jpg" pagenum="168"/>any Thing of a Plinth between the&longs;e two Pe­<lb/>de&longs;tals, the Height of that Plinth mu&longs;t be a <lb/>third Part of the Height of the Pede&longs;tal it&longs;elf; <lb/>and this Inter&longs;pace mu&longs;t be filled up with the Fi­<lb/>gures of chearful Deities, &longs;uch as Victory, Glory, <lb/>Fame, Plenty, and the like. </s> <s>Some covered the <lb/>upper Pede&longs;tal with Plates of Bra&longs;s, gilt. </s> <s>The <lb/>Pede&longs;tals and the Ba&longs;e being compleated, the <lb/>next Work is to erect the Column upon them, <lb/>and its Height is u&longs;ually &longs;even Times its Dia­<lb/>meter. </s> <s>If the Column be very high, let its up­<lb/>per Diameter be no more than one tenth Part <lb/>le&longs;s than its lower; but in &longs;maller Columns, <lb/>ob&longs;erve the Rules given in the la&longs;t Book. </s> <s>Some <lb/>have erected Columns an hundred Foot high, <lb/>and enriched all the Body of the Shaft with <lb/>Figures and Stories in Relieve, leaving a Hol­<lb/>low within for a winding Stair to a&longs;cend to the <lb/>Top of the Column. </s> <s>On &longs;uch Columns they <lb/>&longs;et a <emph type="italics"/>Doric<emph.end type="italics"/> Capital, but without any Gorge­<lb/>rine. </s> <s>Over the upper Cymai&longs;e of the Capital <lb/>in &longs;maller Columns they made a regular Archi­<lb/>trave, Freze and Cornice, full of Ornaments on <lb/>every Side; but in the&longs;e great Columns tho&longs;e <lb/>Members were omitted, it being no ea&longs;y Mat­<lb/>ter to find Stones &longs;ufficiently large for &longs;uch a <lb/>Work, nor to &longs;et them in their Places when <lb/>found. </s> <s>But at the Top of the Capital both of <lb/>great and &longs;mall, there was always &longs;omething <lb/>to &longs;erve as a Pede&longs;tal for the Statue to &longs;tand <lb/>upon. </s> <s>If this Pede&longs;tal was a &longs;quare Plinth, <lb/>then none of its Angles ever exceeded the Solid <lb/>of the Column: But if it was round, its Dia­<lb/>meter was not to be more than one of the Sides <lb/>of &longs;uch a Square. </s> <s>The Height of the Statue <lb/>was one third of the Column; and for this <lb/>Sort of Columns thus much may &longs;uffice. </s> <s>The <lb/>Structure of Moles among the Ancients was as <lb/>follows: Fir&longs;t they rai&longs;ed a &longs;quare Ba&longs;ement as <lb/>they did for the Platforms of their Temples. <lb/></s> <s>Then they carried up a Wall not le&longs;s high than <lb/>a &longs;ixth, nor higher than a fourth of the Length <lb/>of the Platform. </s> <s>The whole Ornament of <lb/>this Wall was either at the Top and Bottom, <lb/>and &longs;ometimes at the Angles, or el&longs;e con&longs;i&longs;ted <lb/>in a Kind of Colonade all along the Wall. </s> <s>If <lb/>there were no Columns but only at the Angles, <lb/>then the whole Height of the Wall, above the <lb/>Ba&longs;ement, was divided into four Parts, three of <lb/>which were given to the Column with its Ba&longs;e <lb/>and Capital, and one to the other Ornaments <lb/>at the Top, to wit, the Architrave, Freze and <lb/>Cornice; and this la&longs;t Part was again divided <lb/>into &longs;ixteen Minutes, five of which were given <lb/>to the Architrave, five to the Freze, and &longs;ix to <lb/>the Cornice and its Cymai&longs;e. </s> <s>The Space be­<lb/>tween the Architrave and the Ba&longs;ement was <lb/>divided into five-and-twenty Parts; three <lb/>whereof were given to the Height of the Ca­<lb/>pital, and two to the Height of the Ba&longs;e, and <lb/>the Remainder to the Height of the Column, <lb/>and there were always &longs;quare Pila&longs;ters at the <lb/>Angles according to this Proportion: The Ba&longs;e <lb/>con&longs;i&longs;ted of a &longs;ingle Torus, which was ju&longs;t half <lb/>the Height of the Ba&longs;e it&longs;elf. </s> <s>The Pila&longs;ter at <lb/>the Bottom, in&longs;tead of a Fillet, had ju&longs;t <lb/>the &longs;ame Projecture as at the Top of the <lb/>Shaft. </s> <s>The Breadth of the Pila&longs;ter, in this <lb/>Sort of Structure, was one fourth of its Height; <lb/>but when the re&longs;t of the Wall was adorned <lb/>with an Order of Columns, then the Pila&longs;ters <lb/>at the Angles were in Breadth only a &longs;ixth <lb/>Part of their Length, and the other Columns <lb/>along the Wall borrowed all their Ornaments <lb/>and Proportions from the De&longs;ign of tho&longs;e u&longs;ed <lb/>in Temples. </s> <s>There is only this Difference be­<lb/>tween this Sort of Colonades and the former, <lb/>that in the fir&longs;t, as the Ba&longs;e is continued on <lb/>from one Angle of the Wall to the other, at <lb/>the Bottom, &longs;o al&longs;o are the Fillet and A&longs;tragal <lb/>at the Top of the Column under the Archi­<lb/>trave, which is not practiced where there are a <lb/>Number of Columns &longs;et again&longs;t the Wall; <lb/>though &longs;ome are for carrying on the Ba&longs;e quite <lb/>round the Structure here as well as in Temples. <lb/></s> <s>Over this &longs;quare Structure which &longs;erved for a <lb/>Ba&longs;ement, ro&longs;e a round one of excellent Work­<lb/>man&longs;hip, exceeding the Ba&longs;ement in Height <lb/>not le&longs;s than half its Diameter, nor more than <lb/>two thirds, and the Breadth of this Rotunda <lb/>was never le&longs;s than half one of the Sides of the <lb/>Ba&longs;ement, nor more than five &longs;ixths. </s> <s>Many <lb/>took five thirds, and over this round Building <lb/>rai&longs;ed another &longs;quare one, with a &longs;econd round <lb/>over that, after the &longs;ame Manner as the former, <lb/>till the Edifice ro&longs;e to four Stories, adorning <lb/>them according to the foregoing De&longs;cription. <lb/></s> <s>Neither within the Mole it&longs;elf wanted there <lb/>Stairs, or little Chapels for Devotion, or Co­<lb/>lumns ri&longs;ing from the Ba&longs;ement to the upper <lb/>Stories, with Statues between them, and In­<lb/>&longs;criptions di&longs;po&longs;ed in convenient Places.</s></p><pb xlink:href="003/01/221.jpg" pagenum="169"/><p type="head"> <s>CHAP. IV.</s></p><p type="head"> <s><emph type="italics"/>Of the In&longs;criptions and Symbols carved on Sepulchres<emph.end type="italics"/></s></p><p type="main"> <s>Let us now proceed to the In&longs;criptions <lb/>them&longs;elves, the U&longs;e whereof was various, <lb/>and almo&longs;t infinite among the Ancients, being <lb/>by them not only u&longs;ed in their Sepulchres, but <lb/>al&longs;o in their Temples, and even in their private <lb/>Hou&longs;es. <emph type="italics"/>Symmachus<emph.end type="italics"/> tells us, that on the Pe­<lb/>diments of their Temples they u&longs;ed to cut the <lb/>Name of the God to whom they dedicated, <lb/>and it is the Practice with our Countrymen to <lb/>in&longs;cribe upon their Churches the Name of the <lb/>Saints, and the Year when they were con&longs;e­<lb/>crated to them; which I highly approve. </s> <s>Nor <lb/>is it foreign to our Subject to take Notice, that <lb/>when <emph type="italics"/>Crates<emph.end type="italics"/> the Philo&longs;opher came to <emph type="italics"/>Cyzicus,<emph.end type="italics"/><lb/>finding the&longs;e Ver&longs;es wrote over the Door of al­<lb/>mo&longs;t every private Hou&longs;e:</s></p><p type="main"> <s><emph type="italics"/>The mighty<emph.end type="italics"/> Hercules, <emph type="italics"/>the Son of<emph.end type="italics"/> Jove, <lb/><emph type="italics"/>The Scourge of Mon&longs;ters, dwells within the&longs;e Walls. <lb/></s> <s>Let nothing ill dare to approach the Place.<emph.end type="italics"/></s></p><p type="main"> <s>HE could not help laughing, and advi&longs;ed <lb/>them rather to write over their Doors: <emph type="italics"/>Here <lb/>dwells Poverty;<emph.end type="italics"/> thinking that would drive away <lb/>all Sorts of Mon&longs;ters mu&longs;t fa&longs;ter than <emph type="italics"/>Hercules<emph.end type="italics"/><lb/>him&longs;elf, though he were to live again. </s> <s>Epitaphs <lb/>on Sepulchres are either written, which are pro­<lb/>perly Epigrams, or repre&longs;ented by Figures and <lb/>Symbols. <emph type="italics"/>Plato<emph.end type="italics"/> would not have an Epitaph <lb/>con&longs;i&longs;t of more than four Lines; and accord­<lb/>ingly <emph type="italics"/>Ovid<emph.end type="italics"/> &longs;ays:</s></p><p type="main"> <s><emph type="italics"/>On the rear'd Column be my Story wrote, <lb/>But brief, that every Pa&longs;&longs;enger may read.<emph.end type="italics"/></s></p><p type="main"> <s>AND it is certain that Prolixity, though it <lb/>is to be condemned every where, is wor&longs;e in <lb/>this Ca&longs;e than any other: Or if the In&longs;cription <lb/>be of any Length, it ought to be extremely <lb/>elegant, and apt to rai&longs;e Compa&longs;&longs;ion, and &longs;o <lb/>plea&longs;ing that you may not regret the Trouble <lb/>of reading it, but be fond of getting it by Heart, <lb/>and repeating it often. </s> <s>That of <emph type="italics"/>Omenea<emph.end type="italics"/> has <lb/>been much commended.</s></p><p type="main"> <s><emph type="italics"/>If cruel Fate allow'd the &longs;ad Exchange <lb/>Of Life for Life, how chearfully for thee, <lb/>My be&longs;t-lov'd<emph.end type="italics"/> Omenea <emph type="italics"/>had I died! <lb/>But &longs;ince it mu&longs;t not be, the&longs;e weeping Eyes <lb/>The hated Sun and painful Light &longs;hall fly, <lb/>To &longs;eek thee in the gloomy Realms below.<emph.end type="italics"/></s></p><p type="main"> <s>So this other:</s></p><p type="main"> <s><emph type="italics"/>Behold, O Citizens, the Bu&longs;t and Urn <lb/>Of ancient<emph.end type="italics"/> Ennius, <emph type="italics"/>your old Bard, who &longs;ung <lb/>In lofty Notes your Fathers brave Exploits. <lb/></s> <s>Let none with Tears or &longs;olemn funeral Pomp <lb/>Bewail my Death, for<emph.end type="italics"/> Ennius <emph type="italics"/>&longs;till &longs;urvives, <lb/>Still honour'd lives upon the Tongue of Fame.<emph.end type="italics"/></s></p><p type="main"> <s>ON the Tombs of tho&longs;e that were &longs;lain at <lb/><emph type="italics"/>Thermopylæ,<emph.end type="italics"/> was this In&longs;cription: <emph type="italics"/>O Pa&longs;&longs;enger, <lb/>tell the<emph.end type="italics"/> Spartans <emph type="italics"/>that we lie here, obeying their <lb/>Commands.<emph.end type="italics"/></s><s> Nor is there any thing ami&longs;s in <lb/>throwing in a Stroke of Plea&longs;antry upon &longs;uch <lb/>an Occa&longs;ion.</s></p><p type="main"> <s><emph type="italics"/>Thy Journey, Traveller, a Moment &longs;tay <lb/>To view a Wonder &longs;trange and &longs;eldom &longs;een: <lb/>A Man and Wife that lie for once at Peace. <lb/></s> <s>Thou ask'&longs;t our Name. </s> <s>Ne'er &longs;halt thou know <lb/>from me. <lb/></s> <s>Mind not my &longs;tutt'ring Husband; come to me: <lb/>His Name is<emph.end type="italics"/> Balbus, Bebbra <emph type="italics"/>mine. </s> <s>Ah Wife! <lb/>Will nothing &longs;top that drunken Tongue of thine!<emph.end type="italics"/></s></p><p type="main"> <s>I AM extremely delighted with &longs;uch In&longs;cripti­<lb/>ons. </s> <s>The Ancients u&longs;ed to gild the Letters <lb/>which they u&longs;ed in their In&longs;criptions. </s> <s>The <lb/><emph type="italics"/>Ægyptians<emph.end type="italics"/> employed Symbols in the following <lb/>Manner: They carved an Eye, by which they <lb/>under&longs;tood God; a Vulture for Nature; a Bee <lb/>for King; a Circle for Time; an Ox for Peace, <lb/>and the like. </s> <s>And their Rea&longs;on for expre&longs;&longs;ing <lb/>their Sen&longs;e by the&longs;e Symbols was, that Words <lb/>were under&longs;tood only by the re&longs;pective Nations <lb/>that talked the Language, and therefore In­<lb/>&longs;criptions in common Characters mu&longs;t in a &longs;hort <lb/>Time be lo&longs;t: As it has actually happened to <lb/>our <emph type="italics"/>Etrurian<emph.end type="italics"/> Characters: For among the Ruins <lb/>of &longs;everal Towns, Ca&longs;tles and Burial-places, I <lb/>have &longs;een Tomb-&longs;tones dug up with In&longs;cripti­<lb/>ons on them, as is generally believed, in <emph type="italics"/>Etru­<lb/>rian<emph.end type="italics"/> Characters, which are like both tho&longs;e of <lb/>the <emph type="italics"/>Greeks<emph.end type="italics"/> and <emph type="italics"/>Latins;<emph.end type="italics"/> but no body can un­<lb/>der&longs;tand them: And the &longs;ame, the <emph type="italics"/>Ægyptians<emph.end type="italics"/><lb/>&longs;uppo&longs;ed, mu&longs;t be the Ca&longs;e with all Sorts of <pb xlink:href="003/01/222.jpg" pagenum="170"/>Writing what&longs;oever; but the Manner of ex­<lb/>pre&longs;&longs;ing their Sen&longs;e which they u&longs;ed upon the&longs;e <lb/>Occa&longs;ions, by Symbols, they thought mu&longs;t al­<lb/>ways be under&longs;tood by ingenious Men of all <lb/>Nations, to whom alone they were of Opinion, <lb/>that Things of Moment were fit to be commu­<lb/>nicated. </s> <s>In Imitation of this Practice, various <lb/>Symbols have been u&longs;ed upon Sepulchres. </s> <s>Over <lb/>the Grave of <emph type="italics"/>Diogenes<emph.end type="italics"/> the <emph type="italics"/>Cynic,<emph.end type="italics"/> was a Column <lb/>with a Dog upon the Top of it, cut in <emph type="italics"/>Parian<emph.end type="italics"/><lb/>Marble. <emph type="italics"/>Cicero<emph.end type="italics"/> glories, that he who was of <lb/><emph type="italics"/>Arpinum,<emph.end type="italics"/> was the Di&longs;coverer at <emph type="italics"/>Syracu&longs;e<emph.end type="italics"/> of <lb/><emph type="italics"/>Archimedes<emph.end type="italics"/>'s Tomb, which was quite decayed <lb/>and neglected, and all over-grown with Bram­<lb/>bles, and not known, even to the Inhabitants <lb/>of the Place, and which he found out by a Cy­<lb/>linder and &longs;mall Sphere which he &longs;aw cut upon <lb/>a high Column that &longs;tood over it. </s> <s>On the <lb/>Sepulchre of <emph type="italics"/>Symandes,<emph.end type="italics"/> King of <emph type="italics"/>Ægypt,<emph.end type="italics"/> the <lb/>Figure of his Mother was cut out of a Piece of <lb/>Marble twenty Cubits high, with three Royal <lb/>Diadems upon her Head, denoting her to be <lb/>the Daughter, Wife and Mother of a King. <lb/></s> <s>On the Tomb of <emph type="italics"/>Sardanapalus,<emph.end type="italics"/> King of the <lb/><emph type="italics"/>A&longs;&longs;yrians,<emph.end type="italics"/> was a Statue which &longs;eemed to clap <lb/>its Hands together by Way of Applau&longs;e, with <lb/>an Epitaph to this Effect: <emph type="italics"/>In one &longs;ingle Day I <lb/>built<emph.end type="italics"/> Tar&longs;us <emph type="italics"/>and<emph.end type="italics"/> Archileum; <emph type="italics"/>but do you, Friend, <lb/>eat, drink and be merry; for there is nothing el&longs;e <lb/>among Men that is worthy of this Applau&longs;e.<emph.end type="italics"/><lb/>Such were the In&longs;criptions and Symbols u&longs;ed <lb/>in tho&longs;e Nations. </s> <s>But our <emph type="italics"/>Romans<emph.end type="italics"/> recorded <lb/>the Exploits of their great Men, by carving <lb/>their Story in Marble. </s> <s>This gave ri&longs;e to Co­<lb/>lumns, Triumphal Arches, Porticoes enriched <lb/>with memorable Events, pre&longs;erved both in <lb/>Painting and Sculpture. </s> <s>But no Monument of <lb/>this Nature &longs;hould be made, except for Acti­<lb/>ons that truly de&longs;erve to be perpetuated. </s> <s>But <lb/>we have now dwelt long enough upon this <lb/>Subject. </s> <s>We have &longs;poken of the publick Ways <lb/>by Land; and the &longs;ame Ornaments will &longs;erve <lb/>tho&longs;e by Water: But as high Watch-towers <lb/>belong to both, it is nece&longs;&longs;ary here to &longs;ay &longs;ome­<lb/>thing of them.</s></p><p type="head"> <s>CHAP. V.</s></p><p type="head"> <s><emph type="italics"/>Of Towers and their Ornaments.<emph.end type="italics"/></s></p><p type="main"> <s><arrow.to.target n="marg39"/></s></p><p type="margin"> <s><margin.target id="marg39"/>*</s></p><p type="main"> <s>The greate&longs;t Ornaments are lofty Tow­<lb/>ers placed in proper Situations, and built <lb/>after hand&longs;ome De&longs;igns: And when there are <lb/>a good Number of them &longs;trewed up and down <lb/>the Country, they afford a mo&longs;t beautiful Pro­<lb/>&longs;pect: Not that I commend the Age about <lb/>two hundred Years ago, when People &longs;eemed <lb/>to be &longs;eized with a Kind of general Infection <lb/>of building high Watch-towers, even in the <lb/>meane&longs;t Villages, in&longs;omuch that &longs;carce a com­<lb/>mon Hou&longs;e-keeper thought he could not be <lb/>without his Turret: By which means there <lb/>aro&longs;e a perfect Grove of Spires. </s> <s>Some are of <lb/>Opinion, that the Minds of Men take particu­<lb/>lar Turns, at certain Sea&longs;ons, by the Influence <lb/>of &longs;ome Planet. </s> <s>Between three and four hun­<lb/>dred Years &longs;ince the Zeal for Religion was &longs;o <lb/>warm, that Men &longs;eemed born for no other Em­<lb/>ployment but to build Churches and Chapels; <lb/>for, to omit other In&longs;tances, in the &longs;ingle City <lb/>of <emph type="italics"/>Rome<emph.end type="italics"/> at this Day, though above half tho&longs;e <lb/>&longs;acred Structures are now ruinate, we &longs;ee above <lb/>two thou&longs;and five hundred Churches &longs;till re­<lb/>maining. </s> <s>And now again, what can be the <lb/>Rea&longs;on, that ju&longs;t at this Time all <emph type="italics"/>Italy<emph.end type="italics"/> &longs;hould <lb/>be fired with a Kind of Emulation to put on <lb/>quite a new Face? </s> <s>How many Towns, which <lb/>when we were Children, were built of nothing <lb/>but Wood, are now lately &longs;tarted up all of <lb/>Marble? </s> <s>But to return to the Subject of Tow­<lb/>ers. </s> <s>I &longs;hall not here &longs;tay to repeat what we <lb/>read in <emph type="italics"/>Herodotus,<emph.end type="italics"/> that in the Middle of the <lb/>Temple at <emph type="italics"/>Babylon<emph.end type="italics"/> there was a Tower, the <lb/>Ba&longs;e whereof was a whole Furlong, or the <lb/>eighth Part of a Mile, on every Side, and which <lb/>con&longs;i&longs;ted of eight Stories built one above an­<lb/>other; a Way of Building which I extremely <lb/>commend in Towers, becau&longs;e each Story grow­<lb/>ing le&longs;s and le&longs;s all the Way up, conduces both <lb/>to Strength and Beauty, and by being well knit <lb/>one into another, makes the whole Structure <lb/>firm. </s> <s>Towers are either &longs;quare or round, and <lb/>in both the&longs;e the Height mu&longs;t an&longs;wer in a cer­<lb/>tain Proportion to the Breadth. </s> <s>When they <lb/>are de&longs;igned to be very taper, &longs;quare ones <lb/>&longs;hould be &longs;ix Times as high as they are broad, <lb/>and round ones &longs;hould have four Times the <lb/>Height of their Diameter. </s> <s>Tho&longs;e which are <lb/>intended to be very thick, &longs;hould have in <lb/>Height, if &longs;quare, but four Times their Breadth, <lb/>and if round, but three Diameters. </s> <s>The Thick­<lb/>ne&longs;s of the Walls, if they are forty Cubits high, <lb/></s></p><pb xlink:href="003/01/223.jpg"/><p type="caption"> <s>PLATE 44. <emph type="italics"/>(Pages 167-68)<emph.end type="italics"/></s></p><figure id="id.003.01.223.1.jpg" xlink:href="003/01/223/1.jpg"/><p type="caption"> <s><emph type="italics"/>“Colonn[a] Toscana” = Tuscan column. </s> <s>“Sei” = six.<emph.end type="italics"/></s></p><pb xlink:href="003/01/224.jpg"/><p type="caption"> <s>PLATE 45. <emph type="italics"/>(Pages 170-71)<emph.end type="italics"/></s></p><figure id="id.003.01.224.1.jpg" xlink:href="003/01/224/1.jpg"/><p type="caption"> <s><emph type="italics"/>“Pianta dell'Ordine Dorico” = plan of the Doric order.<emph.end type="italics"/></s></p><pb xlink:href="003/01/225.jpg"/><p type="caption"> <s>PLATE 46. <emph type="italics"/>(Pages 170-71)<emph.end type="italics"/><lb/><figure id="id.003.01.225.1.jpg" xlink:href="003/01/225/1.jpg"/></s></p><pb xlink:href="003/01/226.jpg"/><p type="caption"> <s>PLATE 48. <emph type="italics"/>(Pages 170-71)<emph.end type="italics"/><lb/><figure id="id.003.01.226.1.jpg" xlink:href="003/01/226/1.jpg"/><pb xlink:href="003/01/227.jpg"/><figure id="id.003.01.227.1.jpg" xlink:href="003/01/227/1.jpg"/></s></p><pb xlink:href="003/01/228.jpg"/><p type="caption"> <s>PLATE 47. <emph type="italics"/>(Pages 170-71)<emph.end type="italics"/><lb/><figure id="id.003.01.228.1.jpg" xlink:href="003/01/228/1.jpg"/><pb xlink:href="003/01/229.jpg" pagenum="171"/>mu&longs;t never be le&longs;s than four Foot; if fifty Cu­<lb/>bits, five Foot; if &longs;ixty Cubits, &longs;ix Foot, and <lb/>&longs;o on in the &longs;ame Proportion. </s> <s>The&longs;e Rules <lb/>relate to Towers that are plain and &longs;imple: <lb/>But &longs;ome Architects, about half Way of the <lb/>Height of the Tower, have adorned it with a <lb/>Kind of Portico with in&longs;ulate Columns, others <lb/>have made the&longs;e Porticoes &longs;piral all the Way <lb/>up, others have &longs;urrounded it with &longs;everal Por­<lb/>ticoes like &longs;o many Coronets, and &longs;ome have <lb/>covered the whole Tower with Figures of Ani­<lb/>mals. </s> <s>The Rules for the&longs;e Colonades are not <lb/>different from tho&longs;e for publick Edifices; only <lb/>that we may be allowed to be rather more <lb/>&longs;lender in all the Members, upon Account of <lb/>the Weight of the Building. </s> <s>But whoever <lb/>would erect a Tower be&longs;t fitted for re&longs;i&longs;ting <lb/>the Injuries of Age, and at the &longs;ame Time ex­<lb/>tremely delightful to behold, let him upon a <lb/>&longs;quare Ba&longs;is, rai&longs;e a round Super&longs;tructure, and <lb/>over that another &longs;quare one, and &longs;o on, ma­<lb/>king the Work le&longs;s and le&longs;s by Degrees, ac­<lb/>cording to the Proportions ob&longs;erved in Co­<lb/>lumns. </s> <s>I will here de&longs;cribe one which I think <lb/>well worthy Imitation. </s> <s>Fir&longs;t from a &longs;quare <lb/>Plat&longs;orm ri&longs;es a Ba&longs;ement in Height one tenth <lb/>Part of the whole Structure, and in Breadth <lb/>one fourth Part of that whole Height. </s> <s>Again&longs;t <lb/>this Ba&longs;ement, in the Middle of each Front <lb/>&longs;tand two Columns, and one at each Angle, <lb/>di&longs;tingui&longs;hed by their &longs;everal Ornaments, in the <lb/>&longs;ame Manner as we ju&longs;t now appointed for Se­<lb/>pulchres. </s> <s>Over this Ba&longs;ement we rai&longs;e a &longs;quare <lb/>Super&longs;tructure like a little Chapel, in Breadth <lb/>twice the Height of the Ba&longs;ement, and as high <lb/>as broad, again&longs;t which, we may &longs;et three, <lb/>four or five Orders of Columns, in the &longs;ame <lb/>Manner as in Temples. </s> <s>Over this, we make <lb/>our Rotondas, which may even be three in <lb/>Number, and which from the Similitude of <lb/>the &longs;everal Shoots in a Cane or Ru&longs;h, we &longs;hall <lb/>call the Joints. </s> <s>The Height of each of the&longs;e <lb/>Joints &longs;hall be equal to its Breadth, with the <lb/>Addition of one twelfth Part of that Breadth, <lb/>which twelfth Part &longs;hall &longs;erve as a Ba&longs;ement <lb/>to each Joint. </s> <s>The Breadth &longs;hall be taken <lb/>from that &longs;quare Chapel which we placed up­<lb/>on the fir&longs;t Ba&longs;ement, in the following Man­<lb/>ner: Dividing the Front of that &longs;quare Chapel <lb/>into twelve Parts, give eleven of tho&longs;e Parts to <lb/>the fir&longs;t Joint; then dividing the Diameter of <lb/>this fir&longs;t Joint into twelve Parts, give eleven of <lb/>them to the &longs;econd Joint, and &longs;o make the <lb/>third Joint a twelfth Part narrower than the <lb/>&longs;econd, and thus the &longs;everal Joints will have <lb/>the Beauty which the be&longs;t ancient Architects <lb/>highly commended in Columns, namely, that <lb/>the lower Part of the Shaft &longs;hould be one &longs;ourth <lb/>Part thicker than the upper. </s> <s>Round the&longs;e <lb/>Joints we mu&longs;t rai&longs;e Columns with their proper <lb/>Ornaments, in Number not le&longs;s than eight, nor <lb/>more than &longs;ix: Moreover, in each Joint, as al­<lb/>&longs;o in the &longs;quare Chapel, we mu&longs;t open Lights <lb/>in convenient Places, and Niches with the Or­<lb/>naments &longs;uitable to them. </s> <s>The Lights mu&longs;t <lb/>not take up above half the Aperture between <lb/>Column and Column. </s> <s>The &longs;ixth Story in this <lb/>Tower, which ri&longs;es from the third Rotonda <lb/>mu&longs;t be a &longs;quare Structure, and its Breadth and <lb/>Height mu&longs;t not be allowed above two third <lb/>Parts of that third Rotonda. </s> <s>Its Ornament <lb/>mu&longs;t be only &longs;quare Pila&longs;ters &longs;et again&longs;t the <lb/>Wall, with Arches turned over them, with <lb/>their proper Dre&longs;s of Capitals, Architraves and <lb/>the like, and between Pila&longs;ter and Pila&longs;ter, half <lb/>the Break may be le&longs;t open for Pa&longs;&longs;age. </s> <s>The <lb/>&longs;eventh and la&longs;t Story &longs;hall be a circular Por­<lb/>tico of in&longs;ulate Columns, open for Pa&longs;&longs;age <lb/>every Way; the Length of the&longs;e Columns, with <lb/>their Intablature, &longs;hall be equal to the Diame­<lb/>ter of this Portico it&longs;elf, and that Diameter <lb/>&longs;hall be three fourths of the &longs;quare Building, <lb/>on which it &longs;tands. </s> <s>This circular Portico &longs;hall <lb/>be covered with a Cupola. </s> <s>Upon the Angles <lb/>of the &longs;quare Stories in the&longs;e Towers we &longs;hould <lb/>&longs;et Acroteria equal in Height to the Archi­<lb/>trave, Freze and Cornice which are beneath <lb/>them. </s> <s>In the lowermo&longs;t &longs;quare Story, placed <lb/>ju&longs;t above the Ba&longs;ement, the open Area within <lb/>may be five eighths of the outward Breadth. <lb/></s> <s>Among the ancient Works of this Nature, I <lb/>am extremely well plea&longs;ed with <emph type="italics"/>Ptolomey<emph.end type="italics"/>'s <lb/>Tower in the I&longs;land of <emph type="italics"/>Pharos,<emph.end type="italics"/> on the Top of <lb/>which, for the Direction of Mariners, he placed <lb/>large Fires, which were hung in a continual <lb/>Vibration, and kept always moving about from <lb/>Place to Place, le&longs;t at a Di&longs;tance tho&longs;e Fires <lb/>&longs;hould be mi&longs;taken for Stars; to which he ad­<lb/>ded moveable Images, to &longs;hew from what Cor­<lb/>ner the Wind blew with others, to &longs;hew in <lb/>what Part of the Heavens the Sun was at that <lb/>Time, and the Hour of the Day: Inventions <lb/>extremely proper in &longs;uch a Structure.</s></p><pb xlink:href="003/01/230.jpg" pagenum="172"/><p type="head"> <s>CHAP. VI.</s></p><p type="head"> <s><emph type="italics"/>Of the principle Ways belonging to the City, and the Methods of adorning the <lb/>Haven, Gates, Bridges, Arches, Cro&longs;s-ways and Squares.<emph.end type="italics"/></s></p><p type="main"> <s>It is now Time to make our Entrance into <lb/>the City; but as there are &longs;ome Ways <lb/>both within and without the Town which are <lb/>much more eminent than the common Sort, <lb/>as tho&longs;e which lead to the Temple, the Ba&longs;i­<lb/>lique, or the Place for publick Spectacles, we <lb/>&longs;hall fir&longs;t &longs;ay &longs;omething of the&longs;e. </s> <s>We read <lb/>that <emph type="italics"/>Heliogabalus<emph.end type="italics"/> paved the&longs;e broader and no­<lb/>bler Ways with <emph type="italics"/>Macedonian<emph.end type="italics"/> Marble and Por­<lb/>phiry. </s> <s>Hi&longs;torians &longs;ay much in Prai&longs;e of a noble <lb/>Street in <emph type="italics"/>Buba&longs;tus,<emph.end type="italics"/> a City of <emph type="italics"/>Ægypt,<emph.end type="italics"/> which led <lb/>to the Temple; for it ran thro' the Market­<lb/>place, and was paved with very fine Stone, was <lb/>four Jugera, or four hundred and eighty Foot <lb/>broad, and bordered on each Side with &longs;tately <lb/>Trees. <emph type="italics"/>Ari&longs;teas<emph.end type="italics"/> tells us, that in <emph type="italics"/>Feru&longs;alem<emph.end type="italics"/><lb/>there were &longs;ome very beautiful Streets, tho' <lb/>narrow, thro' which the Magi&longs;trates and Nobles <lb/>only were allowed to pa&longs;s, to the Intent chiefly <lb/>that the &longs;acred Things which they carried, <lb/>might not be polluted by the Touch of any <lb/>Thing profane. <emph type="italics"/>Plato<emph.end type="italics"/> highly celebrates a Way <lb/>all planted with Cypre&longs;s Trees which led from <lb/><emph type="italics"/>Gno&longs;&longs;us<emph.end type="italics"/> to the Cave and Temple of <emph type="italics"/>Fupiter.<emph.end type="italics"/> I <lb/>find that the <emph type="italics"/>Romans<emph.end type="italics"/> had two Streets of this <lb/>Sort, extremely noble and beautiful, one from <lb/>the Gate to the Church of St. <emph type="italics"/>Paul,<emph.end type="italics"/> fifteen <lb/>Stadia, or a Mile and &longs;even Furlongs in Length, <lb/>and the other from the Bridge to the Church <lb/>of St. <emph type="italics"/>Peter,<emph.end type="italics"/> two thou&longs;and five hundred Foot <lb/>long, and all covered with a Portico of Co­<lb/>lumns of Marble, with a Roof of Lead. </s> <s>Such <lb/>Ornaments are extremely proper for Ways of <lb/>this Nature. </s> <s>But let us now return to the <lb/>more common Highways. </s> <s>The principal Head <lb/>and Boundary of all Highways, whether within <lb/>or without the City, unle&longs;s I am mi&longs;taken, is <lb/>the Gate for tho&longs;e by Land, and the Haven for <lb/>tho&longs;e by Sea: Unle&longs;s we will take notice of <lb/>&longs;ubterraneous Ways, of the Nature of tho&longs;e <lb/>which we are told were at <emph type="italics"/>Thebes<emph.end type="italics"/> in <emph type="italics"/>Ægypt,<emph.end type="italics"/><lb/>thro' which their Kings could lead an Army <lb/>unknown to any of the Citizens, or tho&longs;e which <lb/>I find to have been pretty numerous near <emph type="italics"/>Pre­<lb/>ne&longs;te,<emph.end type="italics"/> in the ancient <emph type="italics"/>Latium,<emph.end type="italics"/> dug under Ground <lb/>from the Top of the Hill to the Level of the <lb/>Plain, with wonderful Art; in one of which <lb/>we are told, that <emph type="italics"/>Marius<emph.end type="italics"/> peri&longs;hed when clo&longs;e <lb/>pre&longs;&longs;ed by the Siege. </s> <s>We are told by the <lb/>Author of the Life of <emph type="italics"/>Apollonius,<emph.end type="italics"/> of a very <lb/>wonderful Pa&longs;&longs;age made by a Lady of <emph type="italics"/>Media<emph.end type="italics"/><lb/>at <emph type="italics"/>Babylon,<emph.end type="italics"/> under the River, and arched with <lb/>Stone and Bitumen, thro' which &longs;he could go <lb/>dry&longs;hod from the Palace to a Country Hou&longs;e, <lb/>on the other Side of the River. </s> <s>But we are <lb/>not obliged to believe all that the <emph type="italics"/>Greek<emph.end type="italics"/> Wri­<lb/>ters tell us. </s> <s>To return to our Subject. </s> <s>The <lb/>Gates are adorned in the &longs;ame Manner as tri­<lb/>umphal Arches, of which anon. </s> <s>The Haven <lb/>is adorned by broad Porticoes, rai&longs;ed &longs;omewhat <lb/>above the Level of the Ground, by a &longs;tately <lb/>Temple, lofty and beautiful, with &longs;pacious <lb/>Squares before it, and the Mouth of the Ha­<lb/>ven it&longs;elf by huge Statues, &longs;uch as were for­<lb/>merly to be &longs;een in &longs;everal Places, and particu­<lb/>larly at <emph type="italics"/>Rhodes,<emph.end type="italics"/> where <emph type="italics"/>Herod<emph.end type="italics"/> is &longs;aid to have <lb/>erected three. </s> <s>Hi&longs;torians very much celebrate <lb/>the Mole at <emph type="italics"/>Samos,<emph.end type="italics"/> which they &longs;ay was an <lb/>hundred and twenty Foot high, and ran out <lb/>two Furlongs into the Sea. </s> <s>Doubtle&longs;s &longs;uch <lb/>Works mu&longs;t greatly adorn the Haven, e&longs;peci­<lb/>ally if they are ma&longs;terly wrought, and not of <lb/>ba&longs;e Materials. </s> <s>The Streets within the City, <lb/>be&longs;ides being hand&longs;omely paved and cleanly <lb/>kept, will be rendered much more noble, if <lb/>the Doors are built all after the &longs;ame Model, <lb/>and the Hou&longs;es on each Side &longs;tand in an even <lb/>Line, and none higher than another. </s> <s>The Parts <lb/>of the Street which are principally to be ad­<lb/>orned, are the&longs;e: The Bridge, the Cro&longs;s-ways, <lb/>and the Place for publick Spectactles, which <lb/>la&longs;t is nothing el&longs;e but an open Place, with </s></p><p type="main"> <s><arrow.to.target n="marg40"/><lb/>Seats built about it. </s> <s>We will begin with the <lb/>Bridge, as being one of the chief Parts of the <lb/>Street. </s> <s>The Parts of the Bridge are the Piers, <lb/>the Arches and the Pavement, and al&longs;o the <lb/>Street in the Middle for the Pa&longs;&longs;age of Cattle, <lb/>and the rai&longs;ed Cau&longs;eways on each Side for the <lb/>better Sort of Citizens, and the Sides or Rail, <lb/>and in &longs;ome Places Hou&longs;es too, as in that mo&longs;t <lb/>noble Bridge called <emph type="italics"/>Adrian<emph.end type="italics"/>'s <emph type="italics"/>Mole,<emph.end type="italics"/> a Work <lb/>never to be forgotten, the very Skeleton where­<lb/>of, if I may &longs;o call it, I can never behold <lb/>without a Sort of Reverence and Awe. </s> <s>It <lb/><pb xlink:href="003/01/231.jpg" pagenum="173"/>was covered with a Roof &longs;upported by two­<lb/>and-forty Columns of Marble, with their Archi­<lb/>trave, Freze and Cornice, the Roof plated with <lb/>Bra&longs;s, and richly adorned. </s> <s>The Bridge mu&longs;t be <lb/>made as broad as the Street which leads to it. <lb/></s> <s>The Piers mu&longs;t be equal to one another on <lb/>each Side both in Number and Size, and be <lb/>one third of the Aperture in Thickne&longs;s. </s> <s>The <lb/>Angles or Heads of the Piers that lie again&longs;t <lb/>the Stream mu&longs;t project in Length half the <lb/>Breadth of the Bridge, and be built higher than <lb/>the Water ever ri&longs;es. </s> <s>The Heads of the Piers <lb/>that lie along with the Stream mu&longs;t have the <lb/>&longs;ame Projecture, but then it will not look ami&longs;s <lb/>to have them le&longs;s acute, and as it were blunt­<lb/>ed. </s> <s>From the Heads of the Piers on each <lb/>Side, it will be very proper to rai&longs;e Butre&longs;&longs;es for <lb/>the Support of the Bridge, in Thickne&longs;s not <lb/>le&longs;s than two thirds of the Pier it&longs;elf. </s> <s>The <lb/>Crowns of all the Arches mu&longs;t &longs;tand quite clear <lb/>above the Water: Their Dre&longs;s may be taken <lb/>from the <emph type="italics"/>Ionic<emph.end type="italics"/> or rather the <emph type="italics"/>Doric<emph.end type="italics"/> Architrave, <lb/>and in large Bridges it mu&longs;t not be le&longs;s in <lb/>Breadth than the fifteenth Part of the whole <lb/>Aperture of the Arch. </s> <s>To make the Rail or <lb/>Side-wall of the Bridge the &longs;tronger, erect Pe­<lb/>de&longs;tals at certain Di&longs;tances by the Square and <lb/>Plum-line, on which, if you plea&longs;e, you may <lb/>rai&longs;e Columns to &longs;upport a Roof or Portico. <lb/></s> <s>The Height of this Side-wall with its Zocle <lb/>and Cornice mu&longs;t be four Foot. </s> <s>The Spaces <lb/>between the Pede&longs;tals may be filled up with a <lb/>&longs;light Brea&longs;t-wall. </s> <s>The Crown both of the <lb/>Pede&longs;tals and Brea&longs;t-wall may be an upright <lb/>Cymatium, or rather a rever&longs;ed one, continu­<lb/>ed the whole Length of the Bridge, and the <lb/>Plinth at Bottom mu&longs;t an&longs;wer this Cymatium. <lb/></s> <s>The Cau&longs;eway on each Side for Women and <lb/>Foot Pa&longs;&longs;engers mu&longs;t be rai&longs;ed a Foot or two <lb/>higher than the Middle of the Bridge, which <lb/>being intended chiefly for Bea&longs;ts of Carriage, <lb/>may be paved only with Flints. </s> <s>The Height <lb/>of the Columns, with their Intablature, mu&longs;t <lb/>be equal to the Breadth of the Bridge. </s> <s>The <lb/>Cro&longs;&longs;ways and Squares differ only in their Big­<lb/>ne&longs;s, the Cro&longs;&longs;way being indeed nothing el&longs;e but <lb/>a &longs;mall Square. <emph type="italics"/>Plato<emph.end type="italics"/> ordained that in all Cro&longs;&longs;­<lb/>ways there &longs;hould be Spaces left for Nur&longs;es to <lb/>meet in with their Children. </s> <s>His De&longs;ign in <lb/>this Regulation was, I &longs;uppo&longs;e, not only that <lb/>the Children might grow &longs;trong by being in the <lb/>Air, but al&longs;o that the Nur&longs;es them&longs;elves, by <lb/>&longs;eeing one another, might grow neater and <lb/>more delicate, and be le&longs;s liable to Negligence <lb/>among &longs;o many careful Ob&longs;ervers in the &longs;ame <lb/>Bu&longs;ine&longs;s. </s> <s>It is certain, one of the greate&longs;t Or­<lb/>naments either of a Square, or of a Cro&longs;&longs;way, <lb/>is a hand&longs;ome Portico, under which the old <lb/>Men may &longs;pend the Heat of the Day, or be <lb/>mutually &longs;erviceable to each other; be&longs;ides that <lb/>the Pre&longs;ence of the Fathers may deter and re­<lb/>&longs;train the Youth, who are &longs;porting and divert­<lb/>ing them&longs;elves in the other Part of the Place, <lb/>from the Mi&longs;chievou&longs;ne&longs;s and Folly natural to <lb/>their Age. </s> <s>The Squares mu&longs;t be &longs;o many dif­<lb/>&longs;erent Markets, one for Gold and Silver, an­<lb/>other for Herbs, another for Cattle, another for <lb/>Wood, and &longs;o on; each whereof ought to have <lb/>its particular Place in the City, and its di&longs;tinct <lb/>Ornaments; but that where the Traffick of <lb/>Gold and Silver is to be carried on, ought to <lb/>be much the Noble&longs;t? </s> <s>The <emph type="italics"/>Greeks<emph.end type="italics"/> made their <lb/>Forums or Markets exactly &longs;quare, and encom­<lb/>pa&longs;&longs;ed them with large double Porticoes, which <lb/>they adorned with Columns and their Intabla­<lb/>tures, all of Stone, with noble Terra&longs;&longs;es at the <lb/>Top, for taking the Air upon. </s> <s>Among our <lb/>Countrymen the <emph type="italics"/>Italians,<emph.end type="italics"/> the Forums u&longs;ed to <lb/>be a third Part longer than they were broad: <lb/>And becau&longs;e in ancient Times they were the <lb/>Places where the Shows of the <emph type="italics"/>Gladiators<emph.end type="italics"/> were <lb/>exhibited, the Columns in the Porticoes were <lb/>&longs;et at a greater Di&longs;tance from each other, that <lb/>they might not ob&longs;truct the Sight of tho&longs;e Di­<lb/>ver&longs;ions. </s> <s>In the Porticoes were the Shows for <lb/>the Gold&longs;miths, and over the fir&longs;t Story were <lb/>Galleries projecting out for &longs;eeing the Shows <lb/>in, and the publick Magazines. </s> <s>This was the <lb/><arrow.to.target n="marg41"/><lb/>Method among the Ancients. </s> <s>For my Part I <lb/>would have a Square twice as long as broad, <lb/>and that the Porticoes and other Buildings about <lb/>it &longs;hould an&longs;wer in &longs;ome Proportion to the open <lb/>Area in the Middle, that it may not &longs;eem too <lb/>large, by means of the Lowne&longs;s of the Build­<lb/>ings, nor too &longs;mall, from their being too high. <lb/></s> <s>A proper Height for the Buildings about a <lb/>Square is one third of the Breadth of the open <lb/>Area, or one &longs;ixth at the lea&longs;t. </s> <s>I would al&longs;o <lb/>have the Porticoes rai&longs;ed above the Level of <lb/>the Ground, one fifth Part of their Breadth, <lb/>and that their Breadth &longs;hould be equal to half <lb/>the Height of their Columns, including the <lb/>Intablature. </s> <s>The Proportions of the Columns <lb/>&longs;hould be taken from tho&longs;e of the Ba&longs;ilique, <lb/>only with this Difference, that here the Archi­<lb/>trave, Freze and Cornice together &longs;hould be <lb/>one fifth of the Column in Height. </s> <s>If you <lb/>would make a &longs;econd Row of Columns over <lb/>this fir&longs;t, tho&longs;e Columns &longs;hould be one fourth <lb/>Part thinner and &longs;horter than tho&longs;e below, and <lb/><pb xlink:href="003/01/232.jpg" pagenum="174"/>for a Ba&longs;ement to them you mu&longs;t make a <lb/>Plinth half the Height of the Ba&longs;ement at the <lb/>Bottom. </s> <s>But nothing can be a greater Orna­<lb/>ment either to Squares or the Meeting of &longs;eve­<lb/>ral Streets, than Arches at the Entrance of the <lb/>Streets; an Arch being indeed nothing el&longs;e but <lb/>a Gate &longs;tanding continually open. </s> <s>I am of <lb/>Opinion, that the Invention of Arches were <lb/>owing to tho&longs;e that fir&longs;t enlarged the Bounds <lb/>of the Empire: For it was the ancient Cu&longs;tom <lb/>with &longs;uch, as we are informed by <emph type="italics"/>Tacitus,<emph.end type="italics"/> to <lb/>enlarge the Pomoerium, or vacant Space left <lb/>next the City Walls, as we find particularly <lb/>that <emph type="italics"/>Claudius<emph.end type="italics"/> did. </s> <s>Now though they extend­<lb/>ed the Limits of the City, yet they thought it <lb/>proper to pre&longs;erve the old Gates, for &longs;everal <lb/>Rea&longs;ons, and particularly becau&longs;e they might <lb/>&longs;ome Time or other happen to be a Safeguard <lb/>again&longs;t the Irruption of an Enemy. </s> <s>Afterwards <lb/>as the&longs;e Gates &longs;tood in the mo&longs;t con&longs;picuous <lb/>Places, they adorned them with the Spoils <lb/>which they had won from their Enemies, and <lb/>the En&longs;igns of their Victories. </s> <s>To the&longs;e Be­<lb/>ginnings it was that Arches owed their Tro­<lb/>phies, In&longs;criptions, Statues and Relieves. </s> <s>A <lb/>very proper Situation for an Arch is where a <lb/>Street joins into a Square, and e&longs;pecially in the <lb/>Royal Street, by which Name I under&longs;tand the <lb/><arrow.to.target n="marg42"/><lb/>mo&longs;t eminent in the City. </s> <s>An Arch, like a <lb/>Bridge, &longs;hould have no le&longs;s than three open <lb/>Pa&longs;&longs;ages: That in the Middle for the Soldiers <lb/>to return through in Triumph to pay their <lb/>Devotions to their paternal Gods, and the two <lb/>Side ones for the Matrons and Citizens to go <lb/>out to meet and welcome them Home. </s> <s>When <lb/>you build one of the&longs;e Triumphal Arches, let <lb/>the Line of the Platform which runs length­<lb/>ways with the Street be the Half of the Line <lb/>that goes cro&longs;s the Street from Right to Left, <lb/>and the Length of this Cro&longs;s-line &longs;hould never <lb/>be le&longs;s than fifty Cubits. </s> <s>This Kind of Struc­<lb/>tures is very like that of a Bridge, only it never <lb/>con&longs;i&longs;ts of more than four Piers and three <lb/>Arches. </s> <s>Of the &longs;horte&longs;t Line of the Platform <lb/>which runs lengthways with the Street, leaves <lb/>one eighth Part towards the Square, and as <lb/>much behind on the other Side, for the Plat­<lb/>forms of Columns to be erected again&longs;t the <lb/>Piers. </s> <s>The other longer Line which cro&longs;&longs;es the <lb/>Street mu&longs;t al&longs;o be divided into eight Parts, <lb/>two whereof mu&longs;t be given to the Aperture in <lb/>the Middle, and one to each Pier and to each <lb/>Side opening. </s> <s>The perpendicular Upright of <lb/>the Piers that &longs;upport the middle Arch, to the <lb/>Spring of that Arch, mu&longs;t be two of the afore­<lb/>&longs;aid Parts and a Third; and the Piers of the <lb/>two Side Arches mu&longs;t bear the &longs;ame Proporti­<lb/>on to their re&longs;pective Aperture. </s> <s>The Soffit of <lb/>the Arches mu&longs;t be per&longs;ect Vaults. </s> <s>The <lb/>Crowns of the Piers beneath the Spring of the <lb/>Arch, may be made in Imitation of the <emph type="italics"/>Doric<emph.end type="italics"/><lb/>Capital, only in&longs;tead of the Ovolo and Abacus <lb/>they may have a projecting Cornice either <emph type="italics"/>Co­<lb/>rinthian<emph.end type="italics"/> or <emph type="italics"/>Ionic,<emph.end type="italics"/> and beneath the Cornice by <lb/>Way of Gorgerine, a plain Freze, and below <lb/>that an A&longs;tragal and a Fillet like tho&longs;e at the <lb/>Top of the Shaft of a Column. </s> <s>All the&longs;e Or­<lb/>naments together &longs;hould take up the ninth Part <lb/>of the Height of the Pier. </s> <s>This ninth Part <lb/>mu&longs;t be again &longs;ubdivided into nine &longs;maller Parts, <lb/>five whereof mu&longs;t be given to the Cornice, <lb/>three to the Freze, and one to the A&longs;tragal <lb/>and Fillet. </s> <s>The Architrave or Face of the <lb/>Arch that turns from Pier to Pier mu&longs;t never <lb/>be broader than the tenth Part of its Aperture, <lb/>nor narrower than the twelfth. </s> <s>The Columns <lb/>that are placed in Front again&longs;t the Piers mu&longs;t <lb/>be regular and in&longs;ulate; they mu&longs;t be &longs;o rai&longs;ed <lb/>that the Top of their Shafts may be equal to <lb/>the Top of the Arch, and their Length mu&longs;t <lb/>be equal to the Breadth of the middle Aper­<lb/>ture. </s> <s>The&longs;e Columns mu&longs;t have their Ba&longs;es, <lb/>Plinths and Pede&longs;tals as al&longs;o their Capitals, <lb/>either <emph type="italics"/>Corinthian<emph.end type="italics"/> or <emph type="italics"/>Compo&longs;ite<emph.end type="italics"/> together with <lb/>Architrave, Freze and Cornice, either <emph type="italics"/>Ionic<emph.end type="italics"/> or <lb/><emph type="italics"/>Corinthian,<emph.end type="italics"/> according to the Proportions al­<lb/>ready pre&longs;cribed for tho&longs;e &longs;everal Members. <lb/></s> <s>Above the&longs;e Columns mu&longs;t be a plain Wall, <lb/>half as high as the whole Sub&longs;tructure from <lb/>the lowe&longs;t Ba&longs;ement to the Top of the Cornice, <lb/>and the Height of this additional Wall mu&longs;t <lb/>be divided into eleven Parts, one of which mu&longs;t <lb/>be given to a plain Cornice at the Top, with­<lb/>out either Freze or Architrave, and one and an <lb/>Half to a Ba&longs;ement with a rever&longs;ed Cymatium <lb/>which mu&longs;t take up one third of the Height of <lb/>that Ba&longs;ement. </s> <s>The Statues mu&longs;t be placed <lb/>directly over the Intablature of the Columns, <lb/>upon little Pede&longs;tals who&longs;e Height mu&longs;t be <lb/>equal to the Thickne&longs;s of the Top of the Sha&longs;t <lb/>of the Columns. </s> <s>The Height of the Statues <lb/>with their Pede&longs;tals mu&longs;t be eight of the eleven <lb/>Parts to which we divided the upper Wall. </s> <s>At <lb/>the Top of the whole Structure, e&longs;pecially to­<lb/>wards the Square, mu&longs;t be placed larger Sta­<lb/>tues, triumphal Cars, Animals and other Tro­<lb/>phies. </s> <s>The Ba&longs;e for the&longs;e to &longs;tand upon, mu&longs;t <lb/>be a Plinth three Times as high as the Cor­<lb/>nice, which is immediately below it. </s> <s>The&longs;e <lb/>larger Statues which we thus place uppermo&longs;t, <lb/></s></p><pb xlink:href="003/01/233.jpg"/><p type="margin"> <s><margin.target id="marg40"/>*</s></p><p type="margin"> <s><margin.target id="marg41"/>*</s></p><p type="margin"> <s><margin.target id="marg42"/>*</s></p><p type="caption"> <s>PLATE 49. <emph type="italics"/>(Pages 172-73)<emph.end type="italics"/></s></p><figure id="id.003.01.233.1.jpg" xlink:href="003/01/233/1.jpg"/><p type="caption"> <s><emph type="italics"/>“Super[ficie] dell' Acqua” = surface of the water.<emph.end type="italics"/></s></p><pb xlink:href="003/01/234.jpg"/><p type="caption"> <s>PLATE 50. <emph type="italics"/>(Page 173)<emph.end type="italics"/><lb/><figure id="id.003.01.234.1.jpg" xlink:href="003/01/234/1.jpg"/></s></p><pb xlink:href="003/01/235.jpg"/><p type="caption"> <s>PLATE 51. <emph type="italics"/>(Page 173)<emph.end type="italics"/><lb/><figure id="id.003.01.235.1.jpg" xlink:href="003/01/235/1.jpg"/></s></p><pb xlink:href="003/01/236.jpg"/><p type="caption"> <s>PLATE 53. <emph type="italics"/>(Pages 174-75)<emph.end type="italics"/></s></p><figure id="id.003.01.236.1.jpg" xlink:href="003/01/236/1.jpg"/><p type="caption"> <s><emph type="italics"/>Inscription: “To Great Britain, which holds the destinies of Europe in even balance.”<emph.end type="italics"/><pb xlink:href="003/01/237.jpg"/><figure id="id.003.01.237.1.jpg" xlink:href="003/01/237/1.jpg"/></s></p><pb xlink:href="003/01/238.jpg"/><p type="caption"> <s>PLATE 52. <emph type="italics"/>(Pages 174-75)<emph.end type="italics"/><lb/><figure id="id.003.01.238.1.jpg" xlink:href="003/01/238/1.jpg"/><pb xlink:href="003/01/239.jpg" pagenum="175"/>mu&longs;t in Height exceed tho&longs;e which &longs;tand be­<lb/>low them over the Columns, not le&longs;s than a <lb/>&longs;ixth Part, nor more than two ninths. </s> <s>In con­<lb/>venient Places in the Front of the upper Wall <lb/>we may cut In&longs;criptions or Stories in Relieve, <lb/>in &longs;quare or round Pannels. </s> <s>Beneath the Vault <lb/>of the Arch the upper half of the Wall, upon <lb/>which the Arch turns, is extremely proper for <lb/>Stories in Relieve, but the lower Half being <lb/>expo&longs;ed to be &longs;pattered with Dirt, is very un­<lb/>fit for &longs;uch Ornaments. </s> <s>For a Ba&longs;ement to <lb/>the Piers we may make a Plinth not more than <lb/>a Cubit and an Half high, and that its Angle <lb/>may not be broke by the Bru&longs;h of Wheels, we <lb/>may carry it off into a Cima-rever&longs;a, which <lb/>mu&longs;t take up one fourth of the Height of the <lb/>Ba&longs;ement it&longs;elf.</s></p><p type="head"> <s>CHAP. VII.</s></p><p type="head"> <s><emph type="italics"/>Of the adorning Theatres and other Places for publick Shows, and of their <lb/>U&longs;efulne&longs;s.<emph.end type="italics"/></s></p><p type="main"> <s>We come now to Places for publick <lb/>Shows. </s> <s>We are told that <emph type="italics"/>Epimenides,<emph.end type="italics"/><lb/>the &longs;ame that &longs;lept fifty-&longs;even Years in a Cave; <lb/>when the <emph type="italics"/>Athenians<emph.end type="italics"/> were building a Place for <lb/>publick Shows reproved them, telling them, you <lb/>know not how much Mi&longs;chief this Place &longs;hall <lb/>occa&longs;ion; if you did, you would pull it to <lb/>Pieces with your Teeth. </s> <s>Neither dare I pre­<lb/>&longs;ume to find Fault with our Pontiffs, and tho&longs;e <lb/>who&longs;e Bu&longs;ine&longs;s it is to &longs;et good Examples to <lb/>others, for having, with good Cau&longs;e no doubt, <lb/>aboli&longs;hed the U&longs;e of publick Shows. </s> <s>Yet <emph type="italics"/>Mo&longs;es<emph.end type="italics"/><lb/>was commended for ordaining, that all his Peo­<lb/>ple &longs;hould upon certain &longs;olemn Days meet to­<lb/>gether in one Temple, and celebrate publick <lb/>Fe&longs;tivals at &longs;tated Sea&longs;ons. </s> <s>What may we &longs;up­<lb/>po&longs;e his View to have been in this In&longs;titution? <lb/></s> <s>Doubtle&longs;s he hoped the People, by thus meet­<lb/>ing frequently together at publick Fea&longs;ts, might <lb/>grow more humane, and be the clo&longs;er linked <lb/>in Friend&longs;hip one with another. </s> <s>So I imagine <lb/>our Ance&longs;tors in&longs;tituted publick Shows in the <lb/>City, not &longs;o much for the Sake of the Diver&longs;i­<lb/>ons them&longs;elves, as for their U&longs;efulne&longs;s. </s> <s>And <lb/>indeed if we examine the Matter thoroughly, <lb/>we &longs;hall find many Rea&longs;ons to grieve that &longs;o <lb/>excellent and &longs;o u&longs;eful an Entertainment &longs;hould <lb/>have been &longs;o long di&longs;u&longs;ed: For as of the&longs;e <lb/>publick Diver&longs;ions &longs;ome were contrived for the <lb/>Delight and Amu&longs;ement of Peace and Lei&longs;ure, <lb/>others for an Exerci&longs;e of War and Bu&longs;ine&longs;s; <lb/>the one &longs;erved wonderfully to revive and keep <lb/>up the Vigour and Fire of the Mind, and the <lb/>other to improve the Strength and Intrepidity <lb/>of the Heart. </s> <s>It is indeed true that &longs;ome cer­<lb/>tain and con&longs;tant Medium &longs;hould be ob&longs;erved, <lb/>in order to make the&longs;e Entertainments u&longs;eful <lb/>and ornamental to a Country. </s> <s>The <emph type="italics"/>Arcadi­<lb/>ans,<emph.end type="italics"/> we are told, were the fir&longs;t that invented <lb/>publick Games, to civilize and poli&longs;h the Minds <lb/>of their People, who had been too much ac­<lb/>cu&longs;tomed to a hard and &longs;evere Way of Life; <lb/>and <emph type="italics"/>Polybius<emph.end type="italics"/> writes, that tho&longs;e who afterwards <lb/>left off tho&longs;e Entertainments, grew &longs;o barbarous <lb/>and cruel, that they became execrable to all <lb/><emph type="italics"/>Greece.<emph.end type="italics"/></s><s> But indeed the Memory of publick <lb/>Games is extremely ancient, and the Invention <lb/>of them is a&longs;cribed to various Per&longs;ons. <emph type="italics"/>Diony&longs;i­<lb/>us<emph.end type="italics"/> is &longs;aid to have been the fir&longs;t Inventor of <lb/>Dances and Sports, as <emph type="italics"/>Hercules<emph.end type="italics"/> was of the Di­<lb/>ver&longs;ion of the Combate. </s> <s>We read that the <lb/>Olympick Games were invented by the <emph type="italics"/>Æto­<lb/>lians<emph.end type="italics"/> and the <emph type="italics"/>Eleans,<emph.end type="italics"/> after their return from the <lb/>Siege of <emph type="italics"/>Troy.<emph.end type="italics"/></s><s> We are told, that <emph type="italics"/>Diony&longs;ius<emph.end type="italics"/> of <lb/><emph type="italics"/>Lemnos,<emph.end type="italics"/> who was the Inventor of the Chorus <lb/>in Tragedies, was al&longs;o the fir&longs;t that built a <lb/>Place on purpo&longs;e for publick Shows. </s> <s>In <emph type="italics"/>Italy, <lb/>Lucius Mummius,<emph.end type="italics"/> upon Occa&longs;ion of his Tri­<lb/>umph, fir&longs;t introduced theatrical Entertain­<lb/>ments two hundred Years before the Em­<lb/>peror <emph type="italics"/>Nero's<emph.end type="italics"/> Time, and the Actors were <lb/>brought to <emph type="italics"/>Rome<emph.end type="italics"/> from <emph type="italics"/>Etruria.<emph.end type="italics"/></s><s> Hor&longs;e-Races <lb/>were brought from the <emph type="italics"/>Tyrians,<emph.end type="italics"/> and almo&longs;t the <lb/>whole Variety of publick Diver&longs;ions came to <lb/><emph type="italics"/>Italy<emph.end type="italics"/> from <emph type="italics"/>A&longs;ia.<emph.end type="italics"/> I am inclined to believe that <lb/>the ancient Race of Men, that fir&longs;t began to <lb/>cut the Figure of <emph type="italics"/>Janus<emph.end type="italics"/> upon their brazen <lb/>Coins, were content to &longs;tand to &longs;ee the&longs;e Sort <lb/>of Games under &longs;ome Beech or Elm, according <lb/>to tho&longs;e Ver&longs;es of <emph type="italics"/>Ovid,<emph.end type="italics"/> &longs;peaking of <emph type="italics"/>Romulus's<emph.end type="italics"/><lb/>Show.</s></p><p type="main"> <s><emph type="italics"/>His Play-hou&longs;e, not of<emph.end type="italics"/> Parian <emph type="italics"/>Marble made, <lb/>Nor was it &longs;pread with purple Sails for &longs;hade. <lb/></s> <s>The Stage with Ru&longs;hes or with Leaves they &longs;trew'd: <lb/>No Scenes in Pro&longs;pect, no machining God.<emph.end type="italics"/><pb xlink:href="003/01/240.jpg" pagenum="176"/><emph type="italics"/>On Rows of homely Turf they &longs;at to &longs;ee, <lb/>Crown'd with the Wreaths of every common Tree.<emph.end type="italics"/></s></p><p type="main"> <s>DRYDEN'S Tran&longs;lation.</s></p><p type="main"> <s>HOWEVER, we read that <emph type="italics"/>Jolaus,<emph.end type="italics"/> the Son of <lb/><emph type="italics"/>Iphiclus,<emph.end type="italics"/> fir&longs;t contrived Seats for the Spectators <lb/>in <emph type="italics"/>Sardinia,<emph.end type="italics"/> when he received the The&longs;piad <lb/>from <emph type="italics"/>Hercules.<emph.end type="italics"/></s><s> But at fir&longs;t Theatres were <lb/>built only of Wood; and we find that <emph type="italics"/>Pompey<emph.end type="italics"/><lb/>was blamed for having made the Seats fixed <lb/>and not moveable, as they u&longs;ed to be anciently: <lb/>But Diver&longs;ions of this Nature were afterwards <lb/>carried to &longs;uch a Height, that there were no <lb/>le&longs;s than three va&longs;t Theatres within the City of <lb/><emph type="italics"/>Rome,<emph.end type="italics"/> be&longs;ides &longs;everal Amphitheatres, one of <lb/>which was &longs;o large that it would hold above <lb/>two hundred thou&longs;and Per&longs;ons, be&longs;ides the <emph type="italics"/>Cir­<lb/>cus Maximus:<emph.end type="italics"/> All which were built of &longs;quare <lb/>Stone and adorned with Columns of Marble. <lb/></s> <s>Nay, not content with all the&longs;e, they erected <lb/>Theatres, only for temporary Entertainments, <lb/>prodigiou&longs;ly enriched with Marble, Gla&longs;s, and <lb/>great Numbers of Statues. </s> <s>The noble&longs;t Struc­<lb/>ture in tho&longs;e Days, and the mo&longs;t capacious, <lb/>which was at <emph type="italics"/>Placentia,<emph.end type="italics"/> a Town in <emph type="italics"/>Lombardy,<emph.end type="italics"/><lb/>was burnt in the Time of <emph type="italics"/>Octavianus's<emph.end type="italics"/> War. <lb/></s> <s>But we &longs;hall dwell no longer upon this ancient <lb/>Magnificence. </s> <s>Of publick Shows, &longs;ome are <lb/>proper to Peace and Lei&longs;ure, others to War and <lb/>Bu&longs;ine&longs;s. </s> <s>Tho&longs;e proper to Lei&longs;ure, belong to <lb/>the Poets, Mu&longs;icians and Actors: Tho&longs;e pro­<lb/>per to War, are Wre&longs;tling, Boxing, Fencing, <lb/>Shooting, Running, and every Thing el&longs;e re­<lb/>lating to the Exerci&longs;e of Arms. <emph type="italics"/>Plato<emph.end type="italics"/> ordained <lb/>that Shows of this la&longs;t Nature &longs;hould be exhi­<lb/>bited every Year, as highly tending to the <lb/>Welfare and Ornament of a City. </s> <s>The&longs;e Di­<lb/>ver&longs;ions required various Buildings, which there­<lb/>fore have been called by various Names. </s> <s>Tho&longs;e <lb/>de&longs;igned for the U&longs;e of the Poets, Comick, <lb/>Tragick and the like, are called Theatres by <lb/>way of Excellence. </s> <s>The Place where the no­<lb/>ble Youth exerci&longs;ed them&longs;elves in driving Races <lb/>in Chariots with two or four Hor&longs;es, was called <lb/>the <emph type="italics"/>Circus.<emph.end type="italics"/></s><s> That la&longs;tly, where wild Bea&longs;t <lb/>were enclo&longs;ed and baited, was called an Am­<lb/>phitheatre. </s> <s>Almo&longs;t all the Structures for the&longs;e <lb/>different Sorts of Shows were built in Imitation <lb/>of the Figure of an Army drawn up in Order <lb/>of Battle, with its two Horns or Wings pro­<lb/>tending forwards, and con&longs;i&longs;ted of an Area <lb/>wherein the Actors, or Combatants, or Chari­<lb/>ots are to exhibit the Spectacle, and of Rows <lb/>of Seats around for the Spectators to &longs;it on: <lb/>But then they differ as to the Form of the afore­<lb/>&longs;aid Area; for tho&longs;e which have this Area in <lb/>the Shape of a Moon in its Decrea&longs;e are called <lb/>Theatres, but when the Horns are protracted <lb/>a great Way forwards, they are called <emph type="italics"/>Circu&longs;&longs;es,<emph.end type="italics"/><lb/>becau&longs;e in them the Chariots make a Circle <lb/>about the Goal. </s> <s>Some tell us, that the Anci­<lb/>ents u&longs;ed to celebrate Games of this Kind in <lb/>Rings between Rivers and Swords (<emph type="italics"/>interen&longs;es & <lb/>flumina<emph.end type="italics"/>) and that therefore they were called <lb/><emph type="italics"/>Circen&longs;es,<emph.end type="italics"/> and that the Inventor of the&longs;e Di­<lb/>ver&longs;ions was one <emph type="italics"/>Monagus<emph.end type="italics"/> at <emph type="italics"/>Elis<emph.end type="italics"/> in <emph type="italics"/>A&longs;ia.<emph.end type="italics"/></s><s> The <lb/>Area inclo&longs;ed between the Fronts of two Thea­<lb/>tres joined together was called <emph type="italics"/>Cavea,<emph.end type="italics"/> or the <lb/>Pit, and the whole Edifice an Amphitheatre. <lb/></s> <s>The Situation of a Building for publick Shows <lb/>ought particularly to be cho&longs;en in a good Air, <lb/>that the Spectators may not be incommoded <lb/>either by Wind, Sun, or any of the other In­<lb/>conveniences mentioned in the fir&longs;t Book, and <lb/>the Theatre ought in an e&longs;pecial Manner to <lb/>be &longs;heltered from the Sun, becau&longs;e it is in the <lb/>Month of <emph type="italics"/>Augu&longs;t<emph.end type="italics"/> chiefly, as <emph type="italics"/>Horace<emph.end type="italics"/> ob&longs;erves, <lb/>that the People are fond of the Recitals of the <lb/>Poets, and the lighter Recreations: And if the <lb/>Rays of the Sun beat in, and were confined <lb/>within any Part of the Theatre, the exce&longs;&longs;ive <lb/>Heat might be apt to throw the Spectators into <lb/>Di&longs;tempers. </s> <s>The Place ought al&longs;o to be pro­<lb/>per for Sound, and it is very convenient to have <lb/>Porticoes, either adjoining to the Theatre, or <lb/>at an ea&longs;y Di&longs;tance from it, for People to &longs;hel­<lb/>ter them&longs;elves under from &longs;udden Rains and <lb/>Storms. <emph type="italics"/>Plato<emph.end type="italics"/> was for having the Theatre <lb/>within the City, and the <emph type="italics"/>Circus<emph.end type="italics"/> &longs;omewhere out <lb/>of it. </s> <s>The Parts of the ancient Theatres were <lb/>as follows: The Area or open Space in the <lb/>Middle, which was quite uncovered; about <lb/>this Area, the Rows of Seats for the Specta­<lb/>tors, and oppo&longs;ite to them the rai&longs;ed Floor or <lb/>Stage for the Actors, and the Decorations pro­<lb/>per to the Repre&longs;entation, and at the Top of <lb/>all, Colonades and Arches to receive the Actor's <lb/>Voice, and make it more &longs;onorous. </s> <s>But the <lb/><emph type="italics"/>Greek<emph.end type="italics"/> Theatres differed from tho&longs;e of the <emph type="italics"/>Ro­<lb/>mans<emph.end type="italics"/> in this Particular, that the <emph type="italics"/>Greeks<emph.end type="italics"/> brought <lb/>their Choru&longs;es and Actors within the Area, <lb/>and by that Means had Occa&longs;ion for a &longs;maller <lb/>Stage, whereas the <emph type="italics"/>Romans<emph.end type="italics"/> having the whole <lb/>Performance upon the <emph type="italics"/>Pulpitum,<emph.end type="italics"/> or Stage, be­<lb/>yond the Semicircle of the Seats, were obliged <lb/>to make their Stage much larger. </s> <s>In this they <lb/>all agreed, that at fir&longs;t in marking out the Plat­<lb/>form for the Theatre, they made u&longs;e of a Se­<lb/>micircle, only drawing out the Horns &longs;ome­<lb/>what farther than to be exactly &longs;emicircular, <pb xlink:href="003/01/241.jpg" pagenum="177"/>with a Line which &longs;ome made &longs;trait, others <lb/>curve. </s> <s>Tho&longs;e who extended them with Strait­<lb/>lines, drew them out beyond the Semicircle, <lb/>parallel to each other, to the Addition of one <lb/>fourth Part of the Diameter: But tho&longs;e who <lb/>extended them with Curve-lines, fir&longs;t mark'd <lb/>out a compleat Circle, and then taking off one <lb/>fourth Part of its Circumference, the Remain­<lb/>der was left for the Platform of the Theatre. <lb/></s> <s>The Limits of the Area being marked out and <lb/>fixed, the next Work was to rai&longs;e the Seats; <lb/>and the fir&longs;t Thing to be done in order to this, <lb/>was to re&longs;olve how high the Seats &longs;hould be, <lb/>and from their Height to calculate how much <lb/>of the Platform they mu&longs;t take up. </s> <s>Mo&longs;t <lb/>Architects made the Height of the Theatre <lb/>equal to the Area in the Middle, knowing that <lb/>in low Theatres the Voice was &longs;unk and lo&longs;t, <lb/>but made &longs;tronger and clearer in high ones. <lb/></s> <s>Some of the be&longs;t Arti&longs;ts made the Height of <lb/>the Building to be four fifths of the Breadth <lb/>of the Area. </s> <s>Of this whole Height the Seats <lb/>never took up le&longs;s than half, nor more than <lb/>two thirds, and their Breadth was &longs;ometimes <lb/>equal to their Height, and &longs;ometimes only two <lb/>fifths of it. </s> <s>I &longs;hall here de&longs;cribe one of the&longs;e <lb/>Structures which I think the mo&longs;t compleat <lb/>and perfect of any. </s> <s>The outermo&longs;t Founda­<lb/>tions of the Seats, or rather of the Wall again&longs;t <lb/>which the highe&longs;t Seat mu&longs;t terminate, mu&longs;t <lb/>be laid di&longs;tant from the Center of the Semi­<lb/>circle one whole Semidiameter of the Area, <lb/>with the Addition of a third. </s> <s>The fir&longs;t or <lb/>lowe&longs;t Seat mu&longs;t not be upon the very Level <lb/>of the Area, but be rai&longs;ed upon a Wall, which <lb/>in the larger Theatres mu&longs;t be in Height the <lb/>ninth Part of the Semidiameter of the middle <lb/>Area, from the Top of which Wall the Seats <lb/>mu&longs;t take their fir&longs;t Flight: And in the &longs;malle&longs;t <lb/>Theatres, this Wall mu&longs;t never be le&longs;s than <lb/>&longs;even Foot high. </s> <s>The Benches them&longs;elves <lb/>mu&longs;t be a Foot and an half high, and two <lb/>and an half broad. </s> <s>Among the&longs;e Seats, Spaces <lb/>mu&longs;t be left at certain Di&longs;tances for Pa&longs;&longs;ages <lb/>into the middle Area, and for Stairs to go up <lb/>from thence to tho&longs;e Seats, which Stair-ca&longs;es <lb/>and Pa&longs;&longs;ages &longs;hould be with vaulted Roofs, <lb/>and in Number proportionable to the Bigne&longs;s <lb/>of the Theatre. </s> <s>Of the&longs;e Pa&longs;&longs;ages there &longs;hould <lb/>be &longs;even principal ones, all directed exactly to <lb/>the Center of the Area, and perfectly clear <lb/>and open, at equal Di&longs;tances from each other; <lb/>and of the&longs;e &longs;even, one &longs;hould be larger than <lb/>the re&longs;t, an&longs;wering to the middle of the Semi­<lb/>circle, which I call the Ma&longs;ter Entrance, be­<lb/>cau&longs;e it mu&longs;t an&longs;wer to the high Street. </s> <s>An­<lb/>other Pa&longs;&longs;age mu&longs;t be made at the Head of <lb/>the Semicircle on the Right Hand, and &longs;o an­<lb/>other on the Le&longs;t to an&longs;wer it, and between <lb/>the&longs;e and the Ma&longs;ter Entrance four others, two <lb/>on each Side. </s> <s>There may be as many other <lb/>Openings and Pa&longs;&longs;ages as the Compa&longs;s of the <lb/>Theatre requires, and will admit of. </s> <s>The <lb/>Ancients in their great Theatres divided the <lb/>Rows of Seats into three Parts, and each of <lb/>the&longs;e Divi&longs;ions was di&longs;tingui&longs;hed from the other <lb/>by a Seat twice as broad as the others, which <lb/>was a Kind of Landing-place, &longs;eparating the <lb/>higher Seats from the lower; and at the&longs;e <lb/>Landing-places, the Stairs for coming up to <lb/>the &longs;everal Seats terminated. </s> <s>I have ob&longs;erved, <lb/>that the be&longs;t Architects, and the mo&longs;t inge­<lb/>nious Contrivers u&longs;ed at each great Entrance <lb/>to make two different Stairs, one more upright <lb/>and direct, for the Young and the Nimble, <lb/>and another broader and ea&longs;ier, with more fre­<lb/>quent Re&longs;ts, for the Matrons and old People. <lb/></s> <s>This may &longs;uffice as to the Seats. </s> <s>Oppo&longs;ite to <lb/>the Front of the Theatre was rai&longs;ed the Stage <lb/>for the Actors, and every thing belonging to <lb/>the Repre&longs;entation, and here &longs;ate the Nobles <lb/>in peculiar and honourable Seats, &longs;eparate from <lb/>the common People, or perhaps in the middle <lb/>Area in hand&longs;ome Places erected for that Pur­<lb/>po&longs;e. </s> <s>The <emph type="italics"/>Pulpitum<emph.end type="italics"/> or Stage, was made &longs;o <lb/>large as to be fully &longs;ufficient for every thing <lb/>that was to be acted upon it. </s> <s>It came forward <lb/>equal to the Center of the Semicircle, and was <lb/>rai&longs;ed in Height not above five Foot, that the <lb/>Nobles who &longs;ate in the Area might from thence <lb/>ea&longs;ily &longs;ee every Ge&longs;ture of the Actors. </s> <s>But <lb/>when the middle Area was not re&longs;erved for the <lb/>Nobles to &longs;it in, but was allowed to the Actors <lb/>and Mu&longs;icians: Then the Stage was made le&longs;s, <lb/>but rai&longs;ed higher, &longs;ometimes to the Height of <lb/>&longs;ix Cubits. </s> <s>In both Kinds the Stage was adorn­<lb/>ed with Rows of Colonades one over another, <lb/>in Imitation of Hou&longs;es, with their proper Doors <lb/>and Windows, and in Front was one principal <lb/>Door with all the Dre&longs;s of the Door of a <lb/>Temple, to repre&longs;ent a Royal Palace, with <lb/>other Doors on each Side for the Actors to <lb/>make their Entrances and Exits at, according <lb/>to the Nature of the Drama. </s> <s>And as there <lb/>are three Sorts of Poets concerned in theatrical <lb/>Performances, the Tragick, who de&longs;cribe the <lb/>Misfortunes and Di&longs;tre&longs;&longs;es of Princes; the Co­<lb/>mick who repre&longs;ent the Lives and Manners of <lb/>private Per&longs;ons, and the Pa&longs;toral, who &longs;ing the <lb/>Delights of the Country, and the Loves of <pb xlink:href="003/01/242.jpg" pagenum="178"/>Shepherds: There was a Contrivance upon the <lb/>Stage of a Machine which turning upon a Pin, <lb/>in an In&longs;tant changed the Scene to a Palace <lb/>for Tragedy, an ordinary Hou&longs;e for Comedy, <lb/>or a Grove for Pa&longs;toral, as the Nature of the <lb/>Fable required. </s> <s>Such was the Manner of the <lb/>Middle, Area, Seats and Stage, Pa&longs;&longs;ages and <lb/>the like. </s> <s>I have already &longs;aid in this Chapter, <lb/>that one of the principal Parts of the Theatre <lb/>was the Portico, which was de&longs;igned for ren­<lb/>dering the Sound of the Voice &longs;tronger and <lb/>clearer. </s> <s>This was placed upon the highe&longs;t <lb/>Seat, and the Front of its Colonade looked to <lb/>the middle Area of the Theatre. </s> <s>Of this we <lb/>are now to give &longs;ome Account.</s></p><p type="main"> <s>THE Ancients had learnt from the Philo&longs;o­<lb/>phers, that the Air, by the Percu&longs;&longs;ion of the <lb/>Voice, and the Force of Sound, was put into a <lb/>circular Motion, in the &longs;ame Manner as Water <lb/>is when any thing is &longs;uddenly plunged into it, <lb/>and that, as for In&longs;tance, in a Lute, or in a <lb/>Valley, between two Hills, e&longs;pecially if the <lb/>Place be woody, the Sound and Voice are ren­<lb/>dered much more clear and &longs;trong, becau&longs;e the <lb/>&longs;welling Circles of the Air meet with &longs;ome­<lb/>thing which beats back the Rays of the Voice <lb/>that i&longs;&longs;ue from the Center, in the &longs;ame Man­<lb/>ner as a Ball is beat back from a Wall again&longs;t <lb/>which it is thrown, by which means tho&longs;e Cir­<lb/>cles are made clo&longs;er and &longs;tronger: For this <lb/>Rea&longs;on the Ancients built their Theatres cir­<lb/>cular; and that the Voice might meet with no <lb/>Ob&longs;tacle to &longs;top its free A&longs;cent to the very <lb/>highe&longs;t Part of the Theatre, they placed their <lb/>Seats in &longs;uch a Manner, that all the Angles of <lb/>them lay in one exact Line, and upon the <lb/>highe&longs;t Seat, which was no &longs;mall Help, they <lb/>rai&longs;ed Porticoes facing the middle Area of the <lb/>Theatre, the Front of which Porticoes were as <lb/>open and free as po&longs;&longs;ible, but the Back of them <lb/>was entirely &longs;hut up with a continued Wall. <lb/></s> <s>Under this Portico they rai&longs;ed a low Wall, <lb/>which not only &longs;erved for a Pede&longs;tal to the <lb/>Columns, but al&longs;o helped to collect the &longs;welling <lb/>Orbs of the Voice, and to throw it gently into <lb/>the Portico it&longs;elf, where being received into a <lb/>thicker Air, it was not reverberated from thence <lb/>too violently, but returned clear and a little <lb/>more &longs;trengthened. </s> <s>And over all this, as a <lb/>Cieling to the Theatre, both to keep off the <lb/>Weather, and to retain the Voice, they &longs;pread <lb/>a Sail all &longs;trewed over with Stars, which they <lb/>could remove at Plea&longs;ure, and which &longs;haded <lb/>the middle Area, the Seats, and all the Specta­<lb/>tors. </s> <s>The upper Portico was built with a <lb/>great deal of Art; for in order to &longs;upport it, <lb/>there were other Porticoes and Colonades at <lb/>the Back of the Theatre, out to the Street, and <lb/>in the larger Theatres, the&longs;e Porticoes were <lb/>made double, that if any violent Rain or Storm <lb/>obliged the Spectators to fly for Shelter, it <lb/>might not drive in upon them. </s> <s>The&longs;e Porti­<lb/>coes and Colonades, thus placed under the up­<lb/>per Portico, were not like tho&longs;e which we have <lb/>de&longs;cribed for Temples or Ba&longs;iliques, but built <lb/>of &longs;trong Pila&longs;ters, and in Imitation of tri­<lb/>umphal Arches. </s> <s>We &longs;hall fir&longs;t therefore treat <lb/>of the&longs;e under Porticoes, as being built for the <lb/>Sake of that above. </s> <s>The Rule for the Aper­<lb/>tures of the&longs;e Porticoes is, that to every Pa&longs;&longs;age <lb/>into the middle Area of the Theatre, there <lb/>ought to be one of them, and each of the&longs;e <lb/>Apertures &longs;hould be accompanied with others <lb/>in certain Proportions, an&longs;wering exactly one to <lb/>the other in Height, Breadth, De&longs;ign and Or­<lb/>naments. </s> <s>The Breadth of the Area for walk­<lb/>ing in the&longs;e Porticoes, &longs;hould be equal to the <lb/>Aperture between Pila&longs;ter and Pila&longs;ter, and the <lb/>Breadth of each Pila&longs;ter &longs;hould be equal to half <lb/>that Aperture: All which Rules mu&longs;t be ob­<lb/>&longs;erved with the greate&longs;t Care and Exactne&longs;s. <lb/></s> <s>La&longs;tly, again&longs;t the&longs;e Pila&longs;ters we mu&longs;t not &longs;et <lb/>Columns entirely in&longs;ulate, as in triumphal <lb/>Arches, but only three quarter Columns with <lb/>Pede&longs;tals under them, in Height one &longs;ixth of <lb/>the Column it&longs;elf. </s> <s>The other Ornaments mu&longs;t <lb/>be the &longs;ame as tho&longs;e in Temples. </s> <s>The Height <lb/>of the&longs;e three quarter Columns, with their <lb/>whole Entablature, mu&longs;t be equal to half the <lb/>perpendicular Height of the Seats within, &longs;o <lb/>that on the Out&longs;ide there mu&longs;t be two Orders <lb/>of Columns one over the other, the &longs;econd of <lb/>which mu&longs;t be ju&longs;t even with the Top of tho&longs;e <lb/>Seats, and over this we mu&longs;t lay the Pavement <lb/>for the upper Portico, which as we &longs;hewed be­<lb/>fore, mu&longs;t look into the middle Area of the <lb/>Theatre, in Shape re&longs;embling a Hor&longs;e-&longs;hoe. <lb/></s> <s>This Sub&longs;tructure being laid, we are to rai&longs;e <lb/>our upper Portico, the Front and Colonade <lb/>whereof is not to receive its Light from with­<lb/>out, like tho&longs;e before de&longs;cribed, but is to be <lb/>open to the Middle of the Theatre, as we have <lb/>already ob&longs;erved. </s> <s>This Work being rai&longs;ed in <lb/>order to prevent the Voice from being lo&longs;t and <lb/>di&longs;per&longs;ed, may be called the Circumvallation. <lb/></s> <s>Its Height &longs;hould be the whole Height of the <lb/>outer Portico, with the Addition of one half, <lb/>and its Parts are the&longs;e. </s> <s>The low Wall under <lb/>the Columns, which we may call a continued <lb/>Pede&longs;tal. </s> <s>This Wall of the whole Height of <pb xlink:href="003/01/243.jpg" pagenum="179"/>the Circumvallation, from the upper Seat to <lb/>the Top of the Entablature, mu&longs;t in great <lb/>Theatres be allowed never more than a Third, <lb/>and in &longs;mall ones, not le&longs;s than a Fourth. </s> <s>Up­<lb/>on this continued Pede&longs;tal &longs;tand the Columns <lb/>which with their Ba&longs;es and Capitals mu&longs;t be <lb/>equal to half the Height of the whole Circum­<lb/>vallation. </s> <s>Over the&longs;e Columns lies their En­<lb/>tablature, and over all a Plain Wall, &longs;uch as we <lb/>de&longs;cribed in Ba&longs;iliques, which Wall mu&longs;t be <lb/>allowed the &longs;ixth remaining Part of the Height <lb/>of the Circumvallation. </s> <s>The Columns in this <lb/>Circumvallation &longs;hall be in&longs;ulate, rai&longs;ed a&longs;ter <lb/>the &longs;ame Proportions as tho&longs;e in the Ba&longs;iliques, <lb/>and in Number ju&longs;t an&longs;wering to tho&longs;e of the <lb/>three quarter Columns &longs;et again&longs;t the Pila&longs;ters <lb/>of the outward Portico, and they &longs;hall be <lb/>placed exactly in the &longs;ame Rays, by which <lb/>Name I under&longs;tand Lines drawn from the Cen­<lb/>ter of the Theatre to the outward Columns. <lb/></s> <s>In the low Wall, or continued Pede&longs;tal, &longs;et <lb/>under the Columns of the inner Portico, mu&longs;t <lb/>be certain Openings, ju&longs;t over the Pa&longs;&longs;ages be­<lb/>low into the Theatre, which Openings mu&longs;t <lb/>be in the Nature of Niches, wherein, if you <lb/>think fit, you may place a Sort of Va&longs;es of <lb/>Bra&longs;s, hung with their Mouths downwards, <lb/>that the Voice reverberating in them, may be <lb/>returned more &longs;onorous. </s> <s>I &longs;hall not here wa&longs;te <lb/>Time in con&longs;idering tho&longs;e In&longs;tructions in <emph type="italics"/>Vi­<lb/>truvius,<emph.end type="italics"/> which he borrows from the Precepts <lb/>of Compo&longs;ition in Mu&longs;ick, according to the <lb/>Rules of which he is for placing the ju&longs;t men­<lb/>tioned Va&longs;es in Theatres, &longs;o as to corre&longs;pond <lb/>with the differerent Pitches of the &longs;everal <lb/>Voices: A Curio&longs;ity ea&longs;ily talked of, but how <lb/>it is to be executed, let tho&longs;e inform us, who <lb/>know. </s> <s>Thus much I mu&longs;t readily a&longs;&longs;ent to, <lb/>and <emph type="italics"/>Ari&longs;totle<emph.end type="italics"/> him&longs;elf is of the Opinion, that <lb/>hollow Ve&longs;&longs;els of any Sort, and Wells too, are <lb/>of Service in &longs;trengthening the Sound of the <lb/>Voice. </s> <s>But to return to the Portico on the <lb/>In&longs;ide of the Theatre. </s> <s>The back Wall of this <lb/>Portico mu&longs;t be quite clo&longs;e and entire, and &longs;o <lb/>&longs;hut in the whole Circumvallation, that the <lb/>Voice arriving there, may not be lo&longs;t. </s> <s>On the <lb/>Out&longs;ide of the Wall to the Street, we may ap­<lb/>ply Columns as Ornaments, in Number, <lb/>Height, Proportions and Members, exactly an­<lb/>&longs;wering to tho&longs;e in the Porticoes under them, <lb/>in the outward Front of the Theatre. </s> <s>From <lb/>what has been &longs;aid, it is ea&longs;y to collect in what <lb/>Particulars the greater Theatres differ from the <lb/>&longs;maller. </s> <s>In the greater, the outward Portico <lb/>below is double, in the &longs;maller &longs;ingle: In the <lb/>former, there may be three Orders of Columns, <lb/>one over the other; in the latter, not more <lb/>than two. </s> <s>They al&longs;o differ in this, that &longs;ome <lb/>&longs;mall Theatres have no Portico at all on the <lb/>In&longs;ide, but for their Circumvallation, have on­<lb/>ly a plain Wall and a Cornice, which is in­<lb/>tended for the &longs;ame Purpo&longs;e of returning the <lb/>Voice, as the Portico in great Theatres, and <lb/>in &longs;ome of the large&longs;t Theatres, even this in­<lb/>ward Portico is double. </s> <s>La&longs;tly, the outward <lb/>Covering of the Theatre mu&longs;t be well plai&longs;ter­<lb/>ed or coated, and made &longs;o &longs;loping that the <lb/>Water may run into Pipes placed in the Angles <lb/>of the Building, which mu&longs;t carry it off private­<lb/>ly into proper Drains. </s> <s>Upon the upper Cor­<lb/>nice on the Out&longs;ide of the Theatre, Mutules <lb/>and Stays mu&longs;t be contrived to &longs;upport Poles, <lb/>like the Ma&longs;ts of Ships to which to fa&longs;ten the <lb/>Ropes for &longs;preading the Vela or Covering of <lb/>the Theatre upon any extraordinary Repre&longs;en­<lb/>tation. </s> <s>And as we are to rai&longs;e &longs;o great a Pile <lb/>of Building to a ju&longs;t Height, the Wall ought to <lb/>be allowed a due Thickne&longs;s for the &longs;upporting <lb/>&longs;uch a Weight. </s> <s>Let the Thickne&longs;s therefore <lb/>of the outward Wall of the fir&longs;t Colonade be a <lb/>fifteenth Part of the Height of the whole Struc­<lb/>ture. </s> <s>The middle Wall between the two Por­<lb/>ticoes, when the&longs;e are double, mu&longs;t want one <lb/>fourth Part of the Thickne&longs;s of the outward <lb/>one. </s> <s>The next Story rai&longs;ed above this may be <lb/>a twelfth Part thinner than the lower one.</s></p><p type="head"> <s>CHAP. VIII.</s></p><p type="head"> <s><emph type="italics"/>Of the Ornaments of the Amphitheatre, Circus, publick Walks, and Halls, <lb/>and Courts for petty Judges.<emph.end type="italics"/></s></p><p type="main"> <s>Having &longs;aid thus much of Theatres, <lb/>it is nece&longs;&longs;ary to give &longs;ome Account <lb/>of the Circus and Amphitheatre which all owe <lb/>their Original to the Theatre, for the Circus is <lb/>indeed nothing el&longs;e but a Theatre with its <lb/>Horns &longs;tretched further on in Lines equi-di&longs;­<lb/>tant one from the other, only that the Nature <lb/>of this Building does not require Portices; and <pb xlink:href="003/01/244.jpg" pagenum="180"/>the Amphitheatre is formed of two Theatres <lb/>with their Horns joined together, and the <lb/>Rows of Seats continued quite round; and <lb/>the chief Difference between them is, that a <lb/>Theatre is properly an half Amphitheatre, <lb/>with this further Variation too, that the Am­<lb/>phitheatre has its middle Area quite clear from <lb/>any Thing of a Stage or Scenes; but in all <lb/>other re&longs;pects, and particularly in the Seats, <lb/>Porticoes, Entrances and the like, they exactly <lb/><arrow.to.target n="marg43"/><lb/>agree. </s> <s>I am inclined to believe, that the Am­<lb/>phitheatre was at fir&longs;t contrived chiefly for <lb/>Hunting, and that for this Rea&longs;on it was made <lb/>round, to the Intent that the wild Bea&longs;ts <lb/>which were enclo&longs;ed and baited in it, not <lb/>having any Nook or Corner to fly to, might <lb/>be the &longs;ooner obliged to defend them&longs;elves <lb/>again&longs;t their A&longs;&longs;ailants, who were extremely <lb/>bold and dextrous at engaging with the fier­<lb/>ce&longs;t wild Bea&longs;ts. </s> <s>Some armed only with a <lb/>Javelin, would with the Help of that leap <lb/>over a wild Bull that was making at him full <lb/>Speed, and &longs;o elude his Blow. </s> <s>Others having <lb/>put on a Kind of Armour, compo&longs;ed of no­<lb/>thing but thick Thorns and Prickles, would <lb/>&longs;uffer them&longs;elves to be rowled about and <lb/>mumbled by a Bear. </s> <s>Others enclo&longs;ed in a <lb/>Kind of wooden Cage, teazed and provoked a <lb/>Lion, and fome with nothing but a Cloak <lb/>about their left Arm, and a &longs;mall Ax or Mal­<lb/>let in their right Hand would attack him <lb/>openly. </s> <s>In a Word, if any Man had either <lb/>Dexterity to deceive, or Courage and Strength <lb/>to cope with wild Bea&longs;ts, he offered him&longs;elf as <lb/>a Champion, either merely for the Sake of Ho­<lb/>nour, or for Reward. </s> <s>We read too, that both <lb/>in the Theatres and Amphitheatres, the great <lb/>Men u&longs;ed to throw Apples, or let fly little Birds <lb/>among the Mob, for the Plea&longs;ure of &longs;eeing <lb/>them &longs;cramble for them. </s> <s>The middle Area <lb/>of the Amphitheatre, though it is &longs;urrounded <lb/>by two Theatres joined together, yet mu&longs;t not <lb/>be made &longs;olong as two compleat Theatres would <lb/>make it, if their Horns both pretended to meet <lb/>each other: But its Length mu&longs;t bear a cer­<lb/>tain Proportion to its Breadth. </s> <s>Some among <lb/>the Ancients made the Length eight, and the <lb/>Breadth &longs;even Parts, and &longs;ome made the <lb/>Breadth three fourths of the Length. </s> <s>In other <lb/>Particulars it agrees with the Theatre: It mu&longs;t <lb/>have Porticoes on the Out&longs;ide, and one at the <lb/>Top within, over the highe&longs;t Seat, which we <lb/><arrow.to.target n="marg44"/><lb/>have called the Circumvallation. </s> <s>We are next <lb/>to treat of the Circus. </s> <s>Some tell us, that this <lb/>was built in Imitation of the heavenly Bodies; <lb/>for as the Heavens have twelve Hou&longs;es, &longs;o the <lb/>Circus has twelve Gates for Entrance; and as <lb/>there are &longs;even Planets, &longs;o this has &longs;even Goals, <lb/>lying from Ea&longs;t to We&longs;t at a good Di&longs;tance one <lb/>from the other, that through them the con­<lb/>tending Chariots may hold their Cour&longs;e, as the <lb/>Sun and Moon do through the Zodiac; which <lb/>they did four-and-twenty Times, in Imitati­<lb/>on of the four-and-twenty Hours. </s> <s>The Con­<lb/>currents were al&longs;o divided into four Squadrons, <lb/>each of which was di&longs;tingui&longs;hed by its particu­<lb/>lar Colour; the one was cloathed in Green, in <lb/>Repre&longs;entation of the verdant Spring; another <lb/>to denote the flaming Summer in Red; the <lb/>third in White, in Imitation of the pale Au­<lb/>tumn; and the fourth in dusky Brown for the <lb/>gloomy Winter. </s> <s>The middle Area of the Cir­<lb/>cus was neither clear nor open like the Am­<lb/>phitheatre, nor taken up with a Stage like the <lb/>Theatre, but it was divided Lengthways into <lb/>two Cour&longs;es by the Goals or Terms which <lb/>were &longs;et up at proper Di&longs;tances, about which <lb/>the Hor&longs;es or Men performed their Races. </s> <s>Of <lb/>the&longs;e Goals there were three principal ones, <lb/>whereof the Middlemo&longs;t was the chief of all, <lb/>and this was a Pile of Stone tapering up to the <lb/>Top, upon account of which regular Diminu­<lb/>tion, it was called an Obelisk. </s> <s>The other two <lb/>principal Goals were either colo&longs;&longs;al Statues, or <lb/>lofty Piles of Stones in the Nature of Trophies, <lb/>de&longs;igned a&longs;ter the Workman's Fancy, &longs;o as <lb/>they were only great and beauti&longs;ul. </s> <s>Between <lb/>the&longs;e principal Goals were two others on each <lb/>Side, either Columns or Obelisks le&longs;s than the <lb/>former, which made up the Number of Seven. <lb/></s> <s>We read in Hi&longs;torians, that the Circus Maxi­<lb/>mus at <emph type="italics"/>Rome<emph.end type="italics"/> was three Furlongs in Length, <lb/>and one in Breadth. </s> <s>Now indeed it is entire­<lb/>ly de&longs;troyed, and there are not the lea&longs;t Foot­<lb/>&longs;teps remaining by which we can form a Judg­<lb/>ment of its ancient Structure: But by an actual <lb/>Survey of other Works of this Nature I find the <lb/>Manner of them was as follows: The Anci­<lb/>ents u&longs;ed to make the middle Area of the Cir­<lb/>cus in Breadth at lea&longs;t three&longs;core Cubits, or <lb/>ninety Foot, and in Length &longs;even Times that <lb/>Breadth. </s> <s>The Breadth was divided into two <lb/>equal Parts or Cour&longs;es by a Line drawn the <lb/>Length of the Circus, on which Line the Goals <lb/>or Terms were placed according to the follow­<lb/>ing Method: The whole Length being divided <lb/>into &longs;even Parts, one of tho&longs;e Parts was given <lb/>to a Sweep at each End for the Concurrents to <lb/>turn out of the right Cour&longs;e into the left, and <lb/>the Remainder was allowed for the Goals, which <lb/><lb/></s></p><pb xlink:href="003/01/245.jpg"/><p type="margin"> <s><margin.target id="marg43"/>*</s></p><p type="margin"> <s><margin.target id="marg44"/>†</s></p><p type="caption"> <s>PLATE 54. <emph type="italics"/>(Page 180)<emph.end type="italics"/></s></p><figure id="id.003.01.245.1.jpg" xlink:href="003/01/245/1.jpg"/><p type="caption"> <s><emph type="italics"/>“Pianta dell' Anfiteatro” = plan of the amphitheater.<emph.end type="italics"/></s></p><pb xlink:href="003/01/246.jpg"/><p type="caption"> <s>PLATE 56. <emph type="italics"/>(Page 180)<emph.end type="italics"/><lb/><figure id="id.003.01.246.1.jpg" xlink:href="003/01/246/1.jpg"/><pb xlink:href="003/01/247.jpg"/><figure id="id.003.01.247.1.jpg" xlink:href="003/01/247/1.jpg"/></s></p><pb xlink:href="003/01/248.jpg"/><p type="caption"> <s>PLATE 55. <emph type="italics"/>(Page 180)<emph.end type="italics"/><lb/><figure id="id.003.01.248.1.jpg" xlink:href="003/01/248/1.jpg"/></s></p><pb xlink:href="003/01/249.jpg"/><p type="caption"> <s>PLATE 57. <emph type="italics"/>(Page 180)<emph.end type="italics"/><lb/><figure id="id.003.01.249.1.jpg" xlink:href="003/01/249/1.jpg"/></s></p><pb xlink:href="003/01/250.jpg"/><p type="caption"> <s>PLATE 58. <emph type="italics"/>(Page 181)<emph.end type="italics"/><lb/><figure id="id.003.01.250.1.jpg" xlink:href="003/01/250/1.jpg"/><pb xlink:href="003/01/251.jpg" pagenum="181"/>&longs;tanding at equal Di&longs;tances from each other, <lb/>took up the other &longs;ive &longs;evenths of the whole <lb/>Length of the Circus. </s> <s>One Goal was joined to <lb/>the other by a Kind of Brea&longs;t-wall which was <lb/>never le&longs;s than &longs;ix Foot high, to keep the <lb/>Hor&longs;es that were running from cro&longs;&longs;ing out of <lb/>one Cour&longs;e into the other. </s> <s>On each Side of <lb/>the Circus were Seats rai&longs;ed to the Height of <lb/>never more than the fifth, nor le&longs;s than the <lb/>&longs;ixth of the whole Breadth of the middle Area; <lb/>and the&longs;e Seats began from a Ba&longs;ement, as in <lb/>Amphitheatres, that the Spectators might not <lb/>be within reach of any Hurt from the Bea&longs;ts. <lb/></s> <s>Among publick Works we may reckon tho&longs;e <lb/>publick Walks, in which the Youth exerci&longs;e <lb/>them&longs;elves at Tennis, Leaping, or the U&longs;e of <lb/>Arms, and where the old Men walk to take <lb/>the Air, or if they are infirm, are carried about <lb/>for the Recovery of their Health. <emph type="italics"/>Cel&longs;us,<emph.end type="italics"/> the <lb/>Phy&longs;ician, &longs;ays, that Exerci&longs;e is much better <lb/>in the open Air, than under Cover; but that <lb/>they might exerci&longs;e them&longs;elves more commo­<lb/>diou&longs;ly even in the Shade, they added Porti­<lb/>coes which enclo&longs;ed the whole Square. </s> <s>The <lb/>Square it&longs;elf was &longs;ometimes paved with Marble <lb/>and Mo&longs;aick Work, and &longs;ometimes turfed with <lb/>Gra&longs;s, and planted with Myrtles, Juniper, <lb/><arrow.to.target n="marg45"/><lb/>Cypre&longs;s and Cedar Trees. </s> <s>The Porticoes on <lb/>three Sides were &longs;ingle, and &longs;o large, that their <lb/>Proportion was two ninth Parts greater than <lb/>that of the Forum before treated of in this <lb/>Book; but on the fourth Side, which fronted <lb/>the South, the Portico was yet more &longs;pacious, <lb/>and double. </s> <s>In Froat it had <emph type="italics"/>Doric<emph.end type="italics"/> Columns, <lb/>who&longs;e Height was equal to the Breadth of the <lb/>Portico; the Columns behind, which divided <lb/>the inner Portico from the outward, were <lb/>higher than the former one fifth Part, for &longs;up­<lb/>porting the Cover, and giving a Slope to the <lb/>Roof; and for this Rea&longs;on they made them of <lb/>the <emph type="italics"/>Ionic<emph.end type="italics"/> Order, <emph type="italics"/>Ionic<emph.end type="italics"/> Columns being in their <lb/>very Nature taller than the <emph type="italics"/>Doric:<emph.end type="italics"/> Though I <lb/>cannot &longs;ee why the Cieling of the&longs;e Porticoes <lb/>&longs;hould not have been exactly level, which cer­<lb/>tainly mu&longs;t have been more beauti&longs;ul to the <lb/>Eye. </s> <s>In both the&longs;e Colonades, the Diameters <lb/>of the Columns were as follows: In the <emph type="italics"/>Do­<lb/>ric,<emph.end type="italics"/> the lower Diameter of the Shaft was two <lb/>fifteenths of the whole Height, including the <lb/>Ba&longs;e and Capital; but in the <emph type="italics"/>Ionic<emph.end type="italics"/> and <emph type="italics"/>Corin­<lb/>thian,<emph.end type="italics"/> the lower Diameter of the Shaft was <lb/>three &longs;ixteenths of the Length of only the Shaft <lb/>of the Column. </s> <s>In other Re&longs;pects they were <lb/>the &longs;ame as tho&longs;e u&longs;ed in Temples. </s> <s>To the <lb/>back Walls of the&longs;e Porticoes, they added hand­<lb/>&longs;ome Walls or Rooms, where Philo&longs;ophers and <lb/>Men of Knowledge might conver&longs;e and di&longs;­<lb/>pute upon the noble&longs;t Subjects; and of the&longs;e <lb/>Rooms, &longs;ome were proper for Winter, and <lb/>others for Summer. </s> <s>Tho&longs;e which lay any <lb/>thing to the North, were for Summer, as <lb/>tho&longs;e to the South, and which were not ex­<lb/>po&longs;ed to any &longs;harp Winds, were for Winter; <lb/>be&longs;ides that tho&longs;e for Winter were &longs;hut in with <lb/>entire Walls, whereas tho&longs;e for Summer were <lb/>full of Windows, or rather were &longs;eparated only <lb/>by a Colonade, and had an open View to­<lb/>wards the North, with Pro&longs;pects of Sea, Hills, <lb/>Lakes, or &longs;ome other agreeable Landskip, and <lb/>admitted as much Light as po&longs;&longs;ible. </s> <s>The Por­<lb/>ticoes on the Right and Left of the&longs;e Squares, <lb/>had the &longs;ame Sort of back Rooms, &longs;hut in <lb/>from Winds, but open to the Morning and to <lb/>the Evening Sun, which &longs;hone in upon them <lb/>from the middle Area. </s> <s>The Plan of the&longs;e <lb/>retiring Rooms was various, &longs;ometimes they <lb/>were &longs;emicircular, &longs;ometimes rectangular, but <lb/>always in a due Proportion to the Square it&longs;elf, <lb/>and to the Porticoes which encompa&longs;&longs;ed it <lb/>it. </s> <s>The Breadth of the whole Square with its <lb/>Porticoes, was half its Length, and this Breadth <lb/>was divided into eight Parts, &longs;ix whereof were <lb/>given to the open Square, and one to each <lb/>Portico. </s> <s>When the back retiring Rooms were <lb/>&longs;emicircular, their Diameter was two fifths of <lb/>the open Area. </s> <s>In the back Wall of the Por­<lb/>ticoes, were the Apertures for Entrance, and <lb/>for Light into tho&longs;e Rooms. </s> <s>The Height of <lb/>the &longs;emicircular Retirements, in the greate&longs;t <lb/>Proportion, was only equal to their Breadth; <lb/>but in &longs;maller Works, it was one fifth Part <lb/>more. </s> <s>Over the Top of the Roof of the Por­<lb/>tico, Openings were broke for the Admi&longs;&longs;ion <lb/>of a &longs;tronger and more chearful Light into the <lb/>Room. </s> <s>If the&longs;e Withdrawing-rooms were &longs;quare, <lb/>then their Breadth was twice the Breadth of the <lb/>Porticoes, and their Length twice their own <lb/>Breadth. </s> <s>That I call Length which runs along <lb/>with the Portico, &longs;o that upon entering into tho&longs;e <lb/>Rooms from the Right, their Length lies to the <lb/>Left, and entering them from the Left, to the <lb/>Right. </s> <s>Among publick Works, we are al&longs;o to in­<lb/>clude the Portico for the inferior Judges, which <lb/>the Ancients u&longs;ed to build after the following <lb/>Manner: Their Bigne&longs;s was according to the <lb/>Dignity of the City, but rather too large than <lb/>too &longs;mall, and along them was a Row of <lb/>Chamters, contiguous to each other, where <lb/>petty Conte&longs;ts were heard and determined. <lb/></s> <s>Tho&longs;e Works which I have hitherto de&longs;cribed <lb/><pb xlink:href="003/01/252.jpg" pagenum="182"/>&longs;eem to be truly publick, as they are de&longs;igned <lb/>for the U&longs;e of all the People in general, both <lb/>noble and vulgar: But there are &longs;till &longs;ome other <lb/>Works of a publick Nature, which are for the <lb/>U&longs;e only of the principal Citizens, and of the <lb/>Magi&longs;trates; as for In&longs;tance, the Senate-hou&longs;e <lb/>and Council-chambers, whereof we are now <lb/>to give &longs;ome Account.</s></p><p type="margin"> <s><margin.target id="marg45"/>*</s></p><p type="head"> <s>CHAP. IX.</s></p><p type="main"> <s><emph type="italics"/>Of the proper Ornaments for the Senatc-hou&longs;e and Council-chambers, as al&longs;o of <lb/>the adorning the City with Groves, Lakes for Swimming, Libraries, Schools, <lb/>publick Stables, Ar&longs;enals and Mathematical In&longs;truments.<emph.end type="italics"/></s></p><p type="main"> <s><emph type="italics"/>Plato<emph.end type="italics"/> appointed the Council to be held <lb/>in a Temple, and the <emph type="italics"/>Romans<emph.end type="italics"/> had a de­<lb/>termined Place for that Purpo&longs;e, which they <lb/>called their Comitium. </s> <s>At <emph type="italics"/>Ceraunia<emph.end type="italics"/> there <lb/>was a thick Grove, con&longs;ecrated to <emph type="italics"/>Jupi­<lb/>ter,<emph.end type="italics"/> in which the <emph type="italics"/>Greeks<emph.end type="italics"/> u&longs;ed to meet to con­<lb/>&longs;ult about the Affairs of their State, and many <lb/>other Cities u&longs;ed to hold their Councils in the <lb/>Middle of the publick Forum. </s> <s>It was not <lb/>lawful for the <emph type="italics"/>Roman<emph.end type="italics"/> Senate to meet in any <lb/>Place that was not appointed by Augury, and <lb/><arrow.to.target n="marg46"/><lb/>they commonly cho&longs;e &longs;ome Temple. </s> <s>After­<lb/>wards they erected <emph type="italics"/>Curiæ,<emph.end type="italics"/> or Courts for that <lb/>particular Purpo&longs;e, and <emph type="italics"/>Varro<emph.end type="italics"/> tells us, that <lb/>the&longs;e were of two Sorts: One in which the <lb/>Prie&longs;ts con&longs;ulted about religious Matters; the <lb/>other where the Senate regulated &longs;ecular Affairs. <lb/></s> <s>Of the peculiar Properties of each of the&longs;e I can <lb/>find nothing certain; unle&longs;s we may be allow­<lb/>ed to conjecture, that the former had &longs;ome Re­<lb/>&longs;emblance to a Temple, the latter to a Ba&longs;ili­<lb/>que. </s> <s>The Prie&longs;ts Court therefore may have a <lb/>vaulted Roof, and that of the Senators a flat <lb/>one. </s> <s>In both, the Members of the Council are <lb/>to declare their Opinion, by &longs;peaking; and <lb/>therefore Regard is to be had in the&longs;e Edifices <lb/>to the Sound of the Voice. </s> <s>For this Rea&longs;on <lb/>there ought to be &longs;omething to prevent the <lb/>Voice from a&longs;cending too high and being lo&longs;t, <lb/>and e&longs;pecially in vaulted Roofs to prevent it <lb/>from thundering in the Top of the Vault and <lb/>deafening the Hearers: Upon which Account, <lb/>as well for Beauty as for this nece&longs;&longs;ary U&longs;e, the <lb/>Wall ought to be crowned with a Cornice. </s> <s>I <lb/>find from Ob&longs;ervation of the Structures of this <lb/>Sort left by the Ancients, that they u&longs;ed to <lb/>make their Courts &longs;quare. </s> <s>The Height of their <lb/>vaulted Courts was &longs;ix &longs;evenths of the Breadth <lb/>of the Front, and the Roof was a plain Arch. <lb/></s> <s>Ju&longs;t oppo&longs;ite to the Door the Beholder's Eye <lb/>was &longs;truck with the Tribunal, the Sagitta <lb/>whereof was the Third of its Chord: The <lb/>Breadth of the Aperture of the Door, was one <lb/>&longs;eventh of the whole Front. </s> <s>At half the <lb/>Height of the Wall, and one eighth Part of <lb/>that half, projected an Architrave, Freze and <lb/>Cornice upon an Order of Columns, either clo&longs;e <lb/>or thin &longs;et, as the Architect liked be&longs;t, accord­<lb/>ing to the Rules of the Colonades and Porti­<lb/>coes of a Temple. </s> <s>Over the Cornice on the <lb/>right and left Sides, in certain Niches opened <lb/>in the Wall, were Statues and other Figures <lb/>of religious Veneration, but in the Front at the <lb/>&longs;ame Height with tho&longs;e Niches, was a Window <lb/>twice as broad as high, with two little Columns <lb/>in the Middle of it, to &longs;upport the Tran&longs;om. <lb/></s> <s>This was the Structure of the Prie&longs;ts Court. <lb/></s> <s>The Court for the Senators may be as follows: <lb/>The Breadth of the Platform mu&longs;t be two <lb/>thirds of its Length. </s> <s>The Height to the Rafters <lb/>of the Roof mu&longs;t be equal to the Breadth of <lb/>the Platform, with the Addition of one fourth <lb/>Part of that Breadth. </s> <s>The Wall mu&longs;t be crown­<lb/>ed with a Cornice, according to the following <lb/>Rule. </s> <s>Having divided the whole clear Height <lb/>into nine Parts, one of tho&longs;e Parts mu&longs;t be <lb/>given to the &longs;olid Ba&longs;ement, or continued Pe­<lb/>de&longs;tal of the Columns, and again&longs;t this Ba&longs;e­<lb/>ment mu&longs;t be the Seats for the Senators. </s> <s>The <lb/>Remainder mu&longs;t afterwards be divided into <lb/>&longs;even Parts, whereof four mu&longs;t be given to the <lb/>fir&longs;t Row of Columns, over which you mu&longs;t <lb/>rai&longs;e another, both with their proper Ba&longs;es, <lb/>Capitals, Architraves, Frezes and Cornices, in <lb/>the Manner before pre&longs;cribed for a Ba&longs;ilique. <lb/></s> <s>The Intervals between the Columns on each <lb/>Side, mu&longs;t always be in an odd Number, and <lb/>all equal to each other; but in Front, tho&longs;e <lb/>Intervals mu&longs;t be no more than three, the <lb/>Middlemo&longs;t whereof mu&longs;t be one fourth Part <lb/>broader than the other two. </s> <s>In every Interval <lb/>in the upper Row of Columns mu&longs;t be a Win­<lb/>dow, this Sort of Courts requiring as much <lb/>Light as po&longs;&longs;ible, and under each Window mu&longs;t <lb/></s></p><pb xlink:href="003/01/253.jpg"/><p type="margin"> <s><margin.target id="marg46"/>*</s></p><p type="caption"> <s>PLATE 59. <emph type="italics"/>(Page 182)<emph.end type="italics"/><lb/><figure id="id.003.01.253.1.jpg" xlink:href="003/01/253/1.jpg"/></s></p><pb xlink:href="003/01/254.jpg"/><p type="caption"> <s>PLATE 60. <emph type="italics"/>(Page 182)<emph.end type="italics"/><lb/><figure id="id.003.01.254.1.jpg" xlink:href="003/01/254/1.jpg"/></s></p><pb xlink:href="003/01/255.jpg"/><p type="caption"> <s>PLATE 61. <emph type="italics"/>(Page 182)<emph.end type="italics"/><lb/><figure id="id.003.01.255.1.jpg" xlink:href="003/01/255/1.jpg"/></s></p><pb xlink:href="003/01/256.jpg"/><p type="caption"> <s>PLATE 62. <emph type="italics"/>(Page 182)<emph.end type="italics"/><lb/><figure id="id.003.01.256.1.jpg" xlink:href="003/01/256/1.jpg"/><pb xlink:href="003/01/257.jpg" pagenum="183"/>be a Re&longs;t, according to the Rules already given <lb/>for the Ba&longs;ilique, and no Part of the Dre&longs;s of <lb/>the&longs;e Windows mu&longs;t ri&longs;e higher than the Shaft <lb/>of the Columns between which they &longs;tand, <lb/>exclu&longs;ive of their Capitals. </s> <s>The Height of the <lb/>Aperture of the Window being divided into <lb/>cleven Parts, &longs;even mu&longs;t be given to its Breadth. <lb/></s> <s>If you would have no upper Row of Columns <lb/>at all, then you may &longs;upport the upper Cornice <lb/>with Con&longs;oles, in&longs;tead of Capitals, according to <lb/>the Method already given in the De&longs;cription of <lb/>the <emph type="italics"/>Ionic<emph.end type="italics"/> Door. </s> <s>Then each Window will &longs;tand <lb/>between two Con&longs;oles made after the following <lb/>Proportions. </s> <s>The Breadth of the Con&longs;ole mu&longs;t <lb/>be the &longs;ame as the Top of the naked Shaft of <lb/>a Column in the &longs;ame Place ought to be, exclu­<lb/>&longs;ive of the A&longs;tragal and Fillet, and its Length <lb/>equal to the Height of the <emph type="italics"/>Corinthian<emph.end type="italics"/> Capital <lb/>without its Abacus. </s> <s>The Projecture of the <lb/>Con&longs;ole mu&longs;t not exceed that of the Freze of <lb/>its Entablature. </s> <s>The Ancients in a great many <lb/>Places had &longs;everal other Kinds of Structures and <lb/>Inventions which admitted of Ornaments, and <lb/>rendered the City more magnificent. </s> <s>We are <lb/>told, that near the Academy of <emph type="italics"/>Athens<emph.end type="italics"/> there <lb/>was a very fine Grove con&longs;ecrated to the Gods, <lb/>which was cut down by <emph type="italics"/>Sylla<emph.end type="italics"/> in order for the <lb/>ca&longs;ting up an Intrenchment again&longs;t <emph type="italics"/>Athens. <lb/></s> <s>Alexander Severus<emph.end type="italics"/> adorned his own Thermes, <lb/>or Baths, with a plea&longs;ant Grove, and added to <lb/>tho&longs;e of <emph type="italics"/>Antoninus<emph.end type="italics"/> &longs;everal fine Lakes for Swim­<lb/>ming in. </s> <s>The <emph type="italics"/>Agrigentines,<emph.end type="italics"/> upon <emph type="italics"/>Zelo<emph.end type="italics"/>'s Vic­<lb/>tory again&longs;t the <emph type="italics"/>Chalcedonians<emph.end type="italics"/> made &longs;uch a Lake <lb/>&longs;even Furlongs long and twenty Cubits deep, <lb/>from which they rai&longs;ed a con&longs;iderable Income. <lb/></s> <s>We read, that at <emph type="italics"/>Tivoli<emph.end type="italics"/> there was a very famous <lb/>publick Library. <emph type="italics"/>Pi&longs;i&longs;tratus<emph.end type="italics"/> was the fir&longs;t that <lb/>erected &longs;uch a Library at <emph type="italics"/>Aihens,<emph.end type="italics"/> con&longs;i&longs;ting of <lb/>a great Number of Books, which were carried <lb/>away by <emph type="italics"/>Xerxes<emph.end type="italics"/> into <emph type="italics"/>Per&longs;ia,<emph.end type="italics"/> and afterwards <lb/>brought back again to <emph type="italics"/>Athens<emph.end type="italics"/> by <emph type="italics"/>Seleucus.<emph.end type="italics"/></s><s> The <lb/><emph type="italics"/>Ptolomeys<emph.end type="italics"/> King of <emph type="italics"/>Ægypt<emph.end type="italics"/> had a Library con­<lb/>&longs;i&longs;ting of &longs;even hundred thou&longs;and Volumns; <lb/>but why &longs;hould we wonder at &longs;uch a Number <lb/>of Books in a publick Collection, when there <lb/>was no le&longs;s than &longs;ixty-two thou&longs;and Volumns <lb/>in the particular Library of the <emph type="italics"/>Gordians?<emph.end type="italics"/> In <lb/>the Country of <emph type="italics"/>Laodicea,<emph.end type="italics"/> be&longs;ides the Temple <lb/>of <emph type="italics"/>Neme&longs;is,<emph.end type="italics"/> there was a noble Phy&longs;ick School, <lb/>erected by <emph type="italics"/>Zeuxis,<emph.end type="italics"/> which was highly celebrat­<lb/>ed. <emph type="italics"/>Appian<emph.end type="italics"/> tells us, that at <emph type="italics"/>Carthage<emph.end type="italics"/> there <lb/>was a Stable of three hundred Elephants, and <lb/>another of hundred Hor&longs;es, an Ar&longs;enal for two <lb/>hundred and twenty Ships, together with other <lb/>Magazines both of Arms and Provi&longs;ions &longs;uffi­<lb/>cient to &longs;upply a whole Army. </s> <s>At <emph type="italics"/>Thebes,<emph.end type="italics"/><lb/>which was anciently called the City of the Sun, <lb/>we read, that there were no le&longs;s than an hundred <lb/>publick Stables, each big enough to hold two <lb/>hundred Hor&longs;es. </s> <s>In <emph type="italics"/>Cizycus,<emph.end type="italics"/> an I&longs;land of the <lb/><emph type="italics"/>Propontis,<emph.end type="italics"/> there were two Ports, and between <lb/>them an Ar&longs;enal, the Roofs of which would <lb/>give Shelter to two hundred Ve&longs;&longs;els. </s> <s>Upon <lb/>the <emph type="italics"/>Pireum,<emph.end type="italics"/> or Port of <emph type="italics"/>Athens,<emph.end type="italics"/> was a noble <lb/>Station for no le&longs;s than four hundred Ships, <lb/>which was the celebrated Work of <emph type="italics"/>Philo. </s> <s>Di­<lb/>ony&longs;ius,<emph.end type="italics"/> at the Haven of <emph type="italics"/>Syracu&longs;e,<emph.end type="italics"/> made an <lb/>Ar&longs;enal divided into an hundred and &longs;ixty Par­<lb/>titions, each whereof would contain two Ve&longs;­<lb/>&longs;els, together with a Magazine, which in a few <lb/>Days would furni&longs;h above an hundred and <lb/>twenty thou&longs;and Shields, and an incredible <lb/>Number of Swords. </s> <s>At <emph type="italics"/>Sithicus<emph.end type="italics"/> the <emph type="italics"/>Spartans<emph.end type="italics"/><lb/>had an Ar&longs;enal of above an hundred and &longs;ixty <lb/>Furlongs long. </s> <s>Thus we find Variety of Struc­<lb/>tures among various Nations: But as to their <lb/>particular Forms, De&longs;igns and Contrivances, I <lb/>have nothing certain to pre&longs;cribe, except that <lb/>tho&longs;e Parts of them which are for U&longs;e, mu&longs;t be <lb/>borrowed from the Rules of private Edifices, <lb/>and tho&longs;e which are for Ornament and Magni­<lb/>ficence, from tho&longs;e of publick ones. </s> <s>I &longs;hall <lb/>only ob&longs;erve, that the principal Ornament of a <lb/>Library, is the Number and Variety of the <lb/>Books contained in it, and chiefly their being <lb/>collected from among the learned Remains of <lb/>Antiquity. </s> <s>Another great Ornament, are cu­<lb/>rious mathematical In&longs;truments of all Sorts, <lb/>e&longs;pecially if they are like that made by <emph type="italics"/>Po&longs;do­<lb/>nius,<emph.end type="italics"/> in which all the &longs;even Planets performed <lb/>their proper Revolutions by their own Motion; <lb/>or that of <emph type="italics"/>Ari&longs;tarchus,<emph.end type="italics"/> who we are told de­<lb/>&longs;cribed a Plan of the whole World, with all its <lb/>&longs;everal Provinces, upon a Table of Iron, to a <lb/>mo&longs;t curious Exactne&longs;s, and the Bu&longs;ts of the <lb/>ancient Poets, which <emph type="italics"/>Tiberius<emph.end type="italics"/> placed in his Li­<lb/>brary, were certainly a very proper and beau­<lb/>tiful Ornament. </s> <s>I think I have now gone <lb/>through with all the Ornaments that relate to <lb/>publick Edifices. </s> <s>I have treated both of the <lb/>Sacred and of the Profane, of Temples, Ba&longs;ili­<lb/>ques, Porticoes, Sepulchres, Highways, Ha­<lb/>vens, Squares, Bridges, Triumphal Arches, <lb/>Theatres, Circu&longs;&longs;es, Courts, Council-chambers, <lb/>publick Places for Exerci&longs;e, and the like, &longs;o <lb/>that there &longs;eems nothing of this Nature now <lb/>left for me to &longs;peak of, except it be Thermes <lb/>or publick Baths.</s></p><pb xlink:href="003/01/258.jpg" pagenum="184"/><p type="head"> <s>CHAP. X.</s></p><p type="head"> <s><emph type="italics"/>Of Thermes or publick Baths; their Conveniencies and Ornaments.<emph.end type="italics"/><lb/><arrow.to.target n="marg47"/></s></p><p type="margin"> <s><margin.target id="marg47"/>*</s></p><p type="main"> <s>Some have condemned Baths, imagining <lb/>they made Men effeminate, while others <lb/>have had &longs;o great an Opinion of them, that <lb/>they have wa&longs;hed in them &longs;even Times a Day. <lb/></s> <s>The ancient Phy&longs;icians, in order for the Cure <lb/>of various Di&longs;tempers by means of Bathing, <lb/>erected a great Number of Thermes or publick <lb/>Baths in the City of <emph type="italics"/>Rome<emph.end type="italics"/> at an incredible Ex­<lb/>pence. <emph type="italics"/>Heliogabalus<emph.end type="italics"/> particularly built <emph type="italics"/>Thermæ<emph.end type="italics"/><lb/>in a great many Places, but having wa&longs;hed <lb/>once in each, he immediately ordered it to be <lb/>demoli&longs;hed, &longs;corning ever to wa&longs;h twice in the <lb/>&longs;ame Bath. </s> <s>I am not thoroughly determined <lb/>whether this Kind of Structure be of a publick <lb/>or private Nature: And indeed I cannot help <lb/>thinking that it partakes &longs;omewhat of both, <lb/>&longs;ince in many Particulars, it borrows from the <lb/>De&longs;igns of private Edifices, and in many others <lb/>from tho&longs;e of publick ones. </s> <s>A publick Bath <lb/>or Thermæ requiring a very large Area of <lb/>Ground to &longs;tand upon, it is not proper to build <lb/>it in the principal and mo&longs;t frequented Part of <lb/>the City, neither &longs;hould it be placed too far <lb/>out of the Way, becau&longs;e both the chief Citi­<lb/>zens and the Women mu&longs;t re&longs;ort thither to <lb/>wa&longs;h them&longs;elves. </s> <s>The Thermæ it&longs;elf mu&longs;t have <lb/>a large open Space clear round it, which mu&longs;t <lb/>be encompa&longs;&longs;ed with a high Wall, with proper <lb/>Entrances at convenient Places. </s> <s>In the Mid­<lb/>dle of the Therme mu&longs;t be a large &longs;tately Hall, <lb/>which mu&longs;t be as it were the Center of the <lb/>whole Edifice, with Cells all round it after the <lb/>Manner of the <emph type="italics"/>Etrurian<emph.end type="italics"/> Temple, which we <lb/>have already de&longs;cribed. </s> <s>Into this Hall we are <lb/>to enter through a hand&longs;ome Ve&longs;tibule, front­<lb/>ing to the South, from which we pa&longs;s into an­<lb/>other &longs;maller Ve&longs;tibule or Lobby, and &longs;o into <lb/>the great Hall. </s> <s>From the Hall is a large Gate <lb/>fronting to the North, which opens into a large <lb/>open Square, on the Right and Left of which <lb/>are &longs;pacious Porticoes, and immediately behind <lb/>tho&longs;e Porticoes are the cold Baths. </s> <s>Let us once <lb/>more go back into the great Hall. </s> <s>On the <lb/>right Side of this Hall, which lies to the Ea&longs;t, <lb/>is a broad &longs;pacious Lobby, with three Cells on <lb/>each Side of it, lying oppo&longs;ite to each other. <lb/></s> <s>This Lobby carries us into another open Square, <lb/>which I call the Xy&longs;tus, which is encompa&longs;&longs;ed <lb/>with Porticoes on every Side. </s> <s>Of the&longs;e Porti­<lb/>coes, that which fronts you as you come into <lb/>the Square, has a hand&longs;ome Withdrawing­<lb/>room behind it. </s> <s>The Portico who&longs;e Front lies <lb/>to the South has cold Baths behind it, in the <lb/>&longs;ame Manner as in the other Square, with con­<lb/>venient Dre&longs;&longs;ing-rooms adjoining to them: <lb/>And in the oppo&longs;ite Portico are the warm <lb/>Baths, which receive the &longs;outh Sun by Win­<lb/>dows broke out behind the Portico. </s> <s>In con­<lb/>venient Angles in the Porticoes of the Xy&longs;tus <lb/>are the other &longs;maller Ve&longs;tibules, for Pa&longs;&longs;ages <lb/>out into the open Space which encompa&longs;&longs;es the <lb/>whole Thermæ. </s> <s>The&longs;e are the &longs;everal Mem­<lb/>bers of the Thermæ which lie on the right Side <lb/>of the great Hall, and there mu&longs;t be ju&longs;t the <lb/>&longs;ame on the left which lies to the We&longs;t, an­<lb/>&longs;wering to the former: The Lobby with three <lb/>Cells on each Side, the open Square or Xy&longs;tus <lb/>with its Porticoes and Withdrawing-rooms, and <lb/>the &longs;maller Ve&longs;tibules in the Angles of the <lb/>Xy&longs;tus. </s> <s>Let us return once more to that prin­<lb/>cipal Ve&longs;tibule of the whole Structure, which <lb/>I &longs;aid fronted the South; on the right Hand of <lb/>which, upon the Line which runs to the Ea&longs;t <lb/>are three Rooms, and as many on that which <lb/>runs to the We&longs;t; the one for the Women, <lb/>and the other for the Men. </s> <s>In the fir&longs;t Room <lb/>they undre&longs;&longs;ed; in the &longs;econd they anointed <lb/>them&longs;elves, and in the third they wa&longs;hed: And <lb/>&longs;ome for the greater Magnificence, added a <lb/>fourth, for the Friends and Servants of tho&longs;e <lb/>that were bathing to wait for them in. </s> <s>The&longs;e <lb/>Bathing-rooms received the Noon-day Sun at <lb/>very large Windows. </s> <s>Between the&longs;e Rooms <lb/>and tho&longs;e Cells which I told you lay along the <lb/>Side of the inner Lobbies, which lead out of <lb/>the great Hall into the open Square on the Side <lb/>or Xy&longs;tus, another open Area was left, which <lb/>threw Light into the &longs;outh Side of tho&longs;e inner <lb/>Cells that lie along tho&longs;e Lobbies from the great <lb/>Hall. </s> <s>The whole Edifice of the Thermæ, as <lb/>I before ob&longs;erved, was encompa&longs;&longs;ed clear round <lb/>with a broad open Space, which was even &longs;pa­<lb/>cious enough for Races, nor were Goals want­<lb/>ing in proper Places of it for that Purpo&longs;e. </s> <s>In <lb/>the open Space on the &longs;outh Side in which is <lb/>the principal Ve&longs;tibule of the whole Edifice, <lb/></s></p><pb xlink:href="003/01/259.jpg"/><p type="caption"> <s>PLATE 63. <emph type="italics"/>(Pages 184-85)<emph.end type="italics"/><lb/><figure id="id.003.01.259.1.jpg" xlink:href="003/01/259/1.jpg"/><pb xlink:href="003/01/260.jpg"/><figure id="id.003.01.260.1.jpg" xlink:href="003/01/260/1.jpg"/><pb xlink:href="003/01/261.jpg" pagenum="185"/>was a large &longs;emicircular Area verging to the <lb/>South, in which &longs;everal Rows of Seats were <lb/>rai&longs;ed like tho&longs;e in the Theatre, and the Wall <lb/>was rai&longs;ed very high on that Side to keep off <lb/>the &longs;outh Sun. </s> <s>All this open Space quite <lb/>round the whole Thermæ was enclo&longs;ed, like a <lb/>Ca&longs;tle, with a continued Wall, and in this out­<lb/>ward Wall were &longs;everal hand&longs;ome Rooms, <lb/>either quadrangular or &longs;emicircular, which <lb/>looked towards the Thermæ it&longs;elf. </s> <s>In the&longs;e <lb/>Rooms the Citizens at Morning or Evening, or <lb/>any Hour they liked be&longs;t, enjoyed either Sun <lb/>or Shade. </s> <s>Be&longs;ides all the&longs;e, and e&longs;pecially to­<lb/>wards the North, behind the inclo&longs;ing Wall <lb/>were open Piazzas, of moderate Height, longer <lb/>than broad, and drawn upon a curve Plat­<lb/>form. </s> <s>The&longs;e Piazzas were &longs;urrounded by cir­<lb/>cular Porticoes, with a clo&longs;e Wall at their <lb/>Back, &longs;o that very little Sky was to be &longs;een in <lb/>the&longs;e Piazzas, and between the&longs;e Porticoes and <lb/>the main Inclo&longs;ure was a very good Refuge <lb/>from the Heat in Summer, becau&longs;e by means <lb/>of the Narrowne&longs;s of the Piazza it&longs;elf, and the <lb/>Height of the main Wall, the Sun, even in the <lb/>Summer Sol&longs;tice could hardly &longs;trike in upon it. <lb/></s> <s>In the Angles of the main Inclo&longs;ure were Ve&longs;­<lb/>tibules and little Temples in which the Ma­<lb/>trons, having clean&longs;ed and purified them&longs;elves, <lb/>offered Oblations to their Gods. </s> <s>This is a <lb/>brief Account of the &longs;everal Members and Parts <lb/>of the ancient Thermæ or Baths, and the De­<lb/>&longs;igns of the &longs;everal Members were taken either <lb/>from the Structures which we have already de­<lb/>&longs;cribed, or from tho&longs;e which we are &longs;till to <lb/>treat of, according as they had the greate&longs;t Re­<lb/>lation either to publick or to private Edifices; <lb/>and the Platform of mo&longs;t of the ancient <lb/>Edifices of this Sort contained above ten thou­<lb/>&longs;and Foot &longs;quare.</s></p><p type="head"> <s><emph type="italics"/>The End of Book<emph.end type="italics"/> VIII.</s></p><figure id="id.003.01.261.1.jpg" xlink:href="003/01/261/1.jpg"/><pb xlink:href="003/01/262.jpg"/><p type="head"> <s>THE <lb/><emph type="bold"/>ARCHITECTURE<emph.end type="bold"/><lb/>OF <lb/><emph type="bold"/><emph type="italics"/>Leone Bati&longs;ta Alberti.<emph.end type="italics"/><emph.end type="bold"/></s></p><p type="head"> <s>BOOK IX. CHAP. I.</s></p><p type="head"> <s><emph type="italics"/>That particular Regard mu&longs;t be had to Frugality and Par&longs;imony, and of the <lb/>adorning the Palaces or Hou&longs;es of the King and principal Magi&longs;trates.<emph.end type="italics"/></s></p><p type="main"> <s>We are here to remember, that there <lb/>are two Sorts of Hou&longs;es for private <lb/>Men; &longs;ome for the Town and others <lb/>for the Country; and of the&longs;e again <lb/>&longs;ome are intended for Citizens of meaner Rank, <lb/>and others for tho&longs;e of the highe&longs;t Quality. <lb/></s> <s>We are now to treat of the proper Ornaments <lb/>for each of the&longs;e; but fir&longs;t I would premi&longs;e <lb/>&longs;ome few nece&longs;&longs;ary Precautions. </s> <s>We find that <lb/>among the Ancients the Men of the greate&longs;t <lb/>Prudence and Mode&longs;ty were always be&longs;t plea&longs;ed <lb/>with Temperance and Par&longs;imony in all Things, <lb/>both publick and private, and particularly in <lb/>the Affair of Building, judging it nece&longs;&longs;ary to <lb/>prevent and re&longs;train all Extravagance and Pro­<lb/>fu&longs;ion in their Citizens in the&longs;e Points, which <lb/>they did to the utmo&longs;t of their Power both by <lb/>Admonitions and Laws. </s> <s>For this Rea&longs;on <emph type="italics"/>Plato<emph.end type="italics"/><lb/>commends tho&longs;e who, as we have before ob&longs;erv­<lb/>ed, made a Decree, that no Man &longs;hould have in <lb/>his Hou&longs;e any Picture that was finer than tho&longs;e <lb/>which had been &longs;et up in the Temples of their <lb/>Gods by their Forefathers, and that even the <lb/>Temple it&longs;elf &longs;hould be adorned with no other <lb/>Painting but &longs;uch a &longs;ingle Picture as one Painter <lb/>could draw in one &longs;ingle Day. </s> <s>He al&longs;o or­<lb/>dained, that the Statues of the Gods them&longs;elves <lb/>&longs;hould be made only of Wood or Stone, and <lb/>that Iron and Bra&longs;s &longs;hould be left for the U&longs;es <lb/>of War, whereof they were the proper In&longs;tru­<lb/>ments. <emph type="italics"/>Demo&longs;thenes<emph.end type="italics"/> cried up the Manners of <lb/>the ancient <emph type="italics"/>Athenians,<emph.end type="italics"/> much beyond tho&longs;e of <lb/>his Cotemporaries; for he tells us, they left an <lb/>infinite Number of publick Edifices, and e&longs;pe­<lb/>cially of Temples, &longs;o magnificent and richly <lb/>adorned that nothing could exceed them; but <lb/>they were &longs;o mode&longs;t in their private Buildings, <lb/>that the Hou&longs;es of the very noble&longs;t Citizens <lb/>differed very little from tho&longs;e of the meane&longs;t; <lb/>by which means they effected, what is very <lb/>rarely known among Men, to overcome Envy <lb/>by Glory. </s> <s>But the <emph type="italics"/>Spartans<emph.end type="italics"/> condemned even <lb/>the&longs;e, for having embelli&longs;hed their City more <lb/>with the Builder's Skill, than with the Splendor <lb/>of their own Exploits, while they them&longs;elves <lb/>gloried, that they had adorned their own City <lb/>more by their Virtue than by their fine Build­<lb/>ings. </s> <s>Among them it was one of <emph type="italics"/>Lycurgus<emph.end type="italics"/>'s <lb/>Laws, that their Roofs &longs;hould be wrought with <lb/>no nicer Tool than the Ax, and their Doors <lb/>with the Saw. <emph type="italics"/>Age&longs;ilaus,<emph.end type="italics"/> when he beheld <lb/>&longs;quare Rafters in the Hou&longs;es in <emph type="italics"/>A&longs;ia,<emph.end type="italics"/> laughed <lb/>at them; and asked the People, whether if <lb/>they had grown naturally &longs;quare, they would <lb/>not have made them round? </s> <s>And doubtle&longs;s he <lb/>was in the Right; becau&longs;e, according to the <lb/>ancient Mode&longs;ty of his Nation, he was of Opi­<lb/>nion, that the Hou&longs;es of private Per&longs;ons ought <lb/>to be built only for Convenience, and not for <lb/>Beauty or Magnificence. </s> <s>It was a Law in <pb xlink:href="003/01/263.jpg" pagenum="187"/><emph type="italics"/>Germany,<emph.end type="italics"/> in <emph type="italics"/>Cæ&longs;ar<emph.end type="italics"/>'s Time, that no Man &longs;hould <lb/>build too delicately, and e&longs;pecially in the <lb/>Country, to prevent Di&longs;&longs;ention among the <lb/>People from a De&longs;ire of u&longs;urping each other's <lb/>Po&longs;&longs;e&longs;&longs;ions. <emph type="italics"/>Valerious Poplicola<emph.end type="italics"/> having built a <lb/>&longs;tately Hou&longs;e on that which is now the <emph type="italics"/>Monte <lb/>Cavallo<emph.end type="italics"/> at <emph type="italics"/>Rome,<emph.end type="italics"/> pulled it down to avoid Envy, <lb/>and built him&longs;elf another in the Plain; and the <lb/>&longs;ame Mode&longs;ty appeared in every Thing both <lb/>Publick and Private in tho&longs;e ancient Times, <lb/>while the Manners of the <emph type="italics"/>Romans<emph.end type="italics"/> continued <lb/>uncorrupted: But afterwards, when the Em­<lb/>pire was enlarged, the Luxury of Building ran <lb/>&longs;o high in almo&longs;t every Body (except in <emph type="italics"/>Octa­<lb/>vianus,<emph.end type="italics"/> who had &longs;o great a Di&longs;like to &longs;umptu­<lb/>ous Buildings, that he pulled down a Country­<lb/>hou&longs;e only for its being too magnificent) I &longs;ay, <lb/>the Extravagance of Building ran &longs;o high in <lb/>the City of <emph type="italics"/>Rome,<emph.end type="italics"/> that &longs;ome of the <emph type="italics"/>Gordian<emph.end type="italics"/><lb/>Family, among others, built a Hou&longs;e on the <lb/>Road to <emph type="italics"/>Prene&longs;te,<emph.end type="italics"/> with two hundred Columns <lb/>all of the &longs;ame Bigne&longs;s, and upon one Row, <lb/>whereof fifty were of <emph type="italics"/>Numidian,<emph.end type="italics"/> fifty of <emph type="italics"/>Clau­<lb/>dian,<emph.end type="italics"/> fifty of <emph type="italics"/>Samian,<emph.end type="italics"/> and fifty of <emph type="italics"/>Titian<emph.end type="italics"/> Mar­<lb/>ble, as I remember to have read. </s> <s>What a <lb/>Piece of Magnificence was that which we read <lb/>of in <emph type="italics"/>Lucretius,<emph.end type="italics"/> that in &longs;ome Hou&longs;es there were <lb/>Statues of young Men all of Gold, holding <lb/>lighted Torches in their right Hands, to light <lb/>up their Fea&longs;ts at Night? </s> <s>My De&longs;ign in men­<lb/>tioning the&longs;e Things is to confirm by the Com­<lb/>pari&longs;on, what I &longs;aid before, that the Magnifi­<lb/>cence of the Building &longs;hould be adapted to the <lb/>Dignity of the Owner; and if I may offer my <lb/>Opinion, I &longs;hould rather, in private Edifices, <lb/>that the greate&longs;t Men fell rather a little &longs;hort <lb/>in Ornament, than they &longs;hould be condemned <lb/>for Luxury and Profu&longs;ion by the more Di&longs;­<lb/>creet and Frugal. </s> <s>But &longs;ince all agree, that we <lb/>&longs;hould endeavour to leave a Reputation behind <lb/>us, not only for our Wi&longs;dom but our Power <lb/>too; for this Rea&longs;on, as <emph type="italics"/>Thucydides<emph.end type="italics"/> ob&longs;erves, <lb/>we erect great Structures, that our Po&longs;terity <lb/>may &longs;uppo&longs;e us to have been great Per&longs;ons. <lb/></s> <s>When therefore we adorn our Habitations not <lb/>more for Delicacy than to procure Honour to <lb/>our Country and our Families, who can deny <lb/>this to be a Work well becoming the wi&longs;e&longs;t <lb/>Men? </s> <s>Accordingly I would have tho&longs;e Parts <lb/>of the Hou&longs;e which are chiefly in the publick <lb/>View, and which are in a Manner to give the <lb/>fir&longs;t Welcome to every Gue&longs;t, as the Front, the <lb/>Ve&longs;tibule, and the like, be made as hand&longs;ome <lb/>as po&longs;&longs;ible. </s> <s>And, though indeed I think tho&longs;e <lb/>ought to be very much blamed that are guilty <lb/>of too much Exce&longs;s; yet I think tho&longs;e are much <lb/>more to be condemned that lay out a great <lb/>Expence upon a Building capable of no Orna­<lb/>ment, than tho&longs;e that turn both their Thoughts <lb/>and Money upon Ornament principally: Tho' <lb/>I believe, I may venture to &longs;ay, that whoever <lb/>con&longs;iders the true Nature of Ornament in <lb/>Building will be convinced, that it is not Ex­<lb/>pence &longs;o much that is requi&longs;ite,, as Ta&longs;te and <lb/>Contrivance. </s> <s>I think no prudent Man in <lb/>building his private Hou&longs;e &longs;hould willingly <lb/>differ too much from his Neighbours, or rai&longs;e <lb/>their Envy by his too great Expence and O&longs;­<lb/>tentation; neither, on the other Hand, &longs;hould <lb/>he &longs;uffer him&longs;elf to be out-done by any one <lb/>what&longs;oever in the Ingenuity of Contrivance, or <lb/>Elegance of Ta&longs;te, to which the whole Beauty <lb/>of the Compo&longs;ition, and Harmony of the &longs;eve­<lb/>ral Members mu&longs;t be owing, which is indeed <lb/>the highe&longs;t and principal Ornament in all <lb/>Building. </s> <s>But to return to our Subject.</s></p><p type="main"> <s>THE Royal Palace, or in a free City, the <lb/>Hou&longs;e of the Senator or chief Magi&longs;trate ought <lb/>to be the fir&longs;t in Beauty and Magnificence. <lb/></s> <s>Of the Ornaments of tho&longs;e Parts of this Palace <lb/>or Hou&longs;e which bear any Relation to a pub­<lb/>lick Edifice, I have treated already. </s> <s>We are <lb/>now to adorn tho&longs;e Parts which are intended <lb/>only for private U&longs;e. </s> <s>I would have the Ve&longs;ti­<lb/>bule adorned in the mo&longs;t hand&longs;ome and &longs;plen­<lb/>did Manner, according to the Quality of the <lb/>Owner; be&longs;ides which there &longs;hould be &longs;tately <lb/>Porticoes, and hand&longs;ome Courts, with every <lb/>Thing el&longs;e in Imitation of a publick Edifice, <lb/>that tends either to Dignity or Ornament, as far <lb/>as the Nature of the Structure it&longs;elf will bear, <lb/>only u&longs;ing &longs;o much Moderation as to &longs;eem ra­<lb/>ther to aim at Beauty and Gracefulne&longs;s, than <lb/>at any Thing &longs;umptuous: And as we ob&longs;erved <lb/>in the la&longs;t Book, with relation to Works of a <lb/>publick Nature, that &longs;ecular Buildings ought <lb/>to yield in Dignity to the &longs;acred, &longs;o here the <lb/>Edifices of private Per&longs;ons ought to give Way <lb/>in Excellence and Number of Ornaments to <lb/>tho&longs;e of the publick. </s> <s>A private Hou&longs;e ought <lb/>not to have Doors of Bra&longs;s or Ivory, which was <lb/>objected to <emph type="italics"/>Camillus<emph.end type="italics"/> as a Crime, nor Roofs <lb/>fretted with great Quantities of Gold, or inlaid <lb/>with Gla&longs;s, nor &longs;hould every Part be incru&longs;ted <lb/>with <emph type="italics"/>Hymettian<emph.end type="italics"/> or <emph type="italics"/>Parian<emph.end type="italics"/> Marble; &longs;uch Ma­<lb/>terials being proper only in Temples: But the <lb/>Builder's chief Commendation in a private <lb/>Structure, is to u&longs;e moderate Materials elegant­<lb/>ly, and elegant ones moderately. </s> <s>Let him <lb/>be contented with Cypre&longs;s, Larch and Box <pb xlink:href="003/01/264.jpg" pagenum="188"/>Wood; let his Incru&longs;tations or outward Coat <lb/>be adorned with plain Figures in Stuc, or with <lb/>&longs;ome &longs;light Painting, and his Cornices at mo&longs;t <lb/>of common Marble. </s> <s>Not that he mu&longs;t ab&longs;o­<lb/>lutely reject the mo&longs;t precious Materials; but <lb/>he &longs;hould place them only in the mo&longs;t honour­<lb/>able Parts, like Gems in a Crown. </s> <s>But to give <lb/>my Opinion of the whole Matter in one Word, <lb/>I think that a &longs;acred Edifice &longs;hould be adorned <lb/>in &longs;uch a Manner, that it &longs;hould be impo&longs;&longs;ible <lb/>to add any Thing that can conduce either to <lb/>Maje&longs;ty, Beauty or Wonder: Whereas a pri­<lb/>vate Structure &longs;hould be &longs;o contrived, that it <lb/>&longs;hall be impo&longs;&longs;ible to take any Thing from it, <lb/>without le&longs;&longs;ening its Dignity. </s> <s>Other Buildings, <lb/>that is to &longs;ay, the Profane of a publick Nature, <lb/>&longs;hould ob&longs;erve the Medium between the&longs;e two <lb/>Extremes. </s> <s>Buildings of a private Sort &longs;hould <lb/>keep &longs;trictly to the Ornaments proper to them, <lb/>only they may be made u&longs;e of here with &longs;ome­<lb/>what more Freedom. </s> <s>For In&longs;tance, if the Co­<lb/>lumns be of rather a &longs;maller Diameter, or el&longs;e <lb/>more turgid, or if the Diminution of the Top <lb/>of the Shaft be greater than the exact Propor­<lb/>tions for publick Structures, they ought not <lb/>here to be condemned, provided they do not <lb/>look deformed or un&longs;ightly. </s> <s>And whereas in <lb/>publick Works not the lea&longs;t Deviation is allow­<lb/>ed from the exacte&longs;t Laws of Proportion, in <lb/>private Works &longs;uch a Deviation is often hand­<lb/>&longs;ome and commendable. </s> <s>Thus we may ob­<lb/>&longs;erve with what a beautiful Effect &longs;ome of the <lb/>more lively Architects u&longs;ed in the Doors of <lb/>Halls, in&longs;tead of Jambs to place huge Statues <lb/>of Slaves, which &longs;upported the Lintel on their <lb/>Heads; and to make Columns, e&longs;pecially in the <lb/>Porticoes of their Gardens, with Knots in the <lb/>Shafts, in Imitation of Trees that had their <lb/>Branches cut off, or girded round with a Cinc­<lb/>ture of Boughs, or with their whole Shaft <lb/>wreathed and enriched with Leaves, Birds, and <lb/>Channels: or where they would make the <lb/>Work extremely &longs;trong, we find them erect­<lb/>ing &longs;quare Columns, fortified with a half Co­<lb/>lumn on each Side; which in&longs;tead of Capitals <lb/>had either Baskets full of Vine Branches laden <lb/>with Fruit, or the Head of a Palm-tree ri&longs;ing <lb/>up and full of Leaves, or a Knot of Serpents <lb/>wreathed together, or an Eagle with its Wings <lb/>expanded in Token of Plea&longs;ure, or a <emph type="italics"/>Medu&longs;a<emph.end type="italics"/>'s <lb/>Head with the Snakes hi&longs;&longs;ing at each other, or <lb/>any other Fancy of the &longs;ame Kind; to enu­<lb/>merate all which, would be endle&longs;s. </s> <s>But in all <lb/>the&longs;e Liberties the Architect mu&longs;t be as care­<lb/>ful as po&longs;&longs;ible to keep the &longs;everal Parts within <lb/>the Terms of the regular Lines and Angles, and <lb/>not &longs;uffer his Work to want a due Proportion <lb/>in its &longs;everal Members: So that the Beholder <lb/>may immediately find, that his De&longs;ign was to <lb/>be wanton in the&longs;e Particulars, and to indulge a <lb/>Freedom of Invention. </s> <s>And as of the Parlours, <lb/>Pa&longs;&longs;ages and Apartments, &longs;ome are more pub­<lb/>lick, &longs;ome more concealed, and as it were hid­<lb/>den; the former may be allowed &longs;omewhat <lb/>more of the Splendor of a publick Structure, <lb/>but yet &longs;o as not to create Envy; and in the <lb/>latter we may allow our&longs;elves more Liberty in <lb/>departing out of the common Road, and con­<lb/>triving &longs;omething new.</s></p><p type="head"> <s>CHAP. II.</s></p><p type="head"> <s><emph type="italics"/>Of the Adorning of private Hou&longs;es, both in City and Country.<emph.end type="italics"/></s></p><p type="main"> <s>But as of the Hou&longs;es of private Per&longs;ons, <lb/>&longs;ome are in the City, and &longs;ome in the <lb/>Country, we mu&longs;t &longs;ay &longs;omething of the Orna­<lb/>ments proper to each of the&longs;e. </s> <s>Between a <lb/>Hou&longs;e in Town and a Hou&longs;e in the Country, <lb/>there is this further Difference, be&longs;ides what we <lb/>took notice of in the la&longs;t Book, that the Orna­<lb/>ments, for that in Town ought to be much <lb/>more grave than tho&longs;e for a Hou&longs;e in the Coun­<lb/>try, where all the gaye&longs;t and mo&longs;t licentious <lb/>Embelli&longs;hments are allowable. </s> <s>There is an­<lb/>other Difference too between them, which is, <lb/>that in Town you are obliged to moderate <lb/>your&longs;elves in &longs;everal Re&longs;pects according to the <lb/>Privileges of your Neighbour; whereas you have <lb/>much more Liberty in the Country. </s> <s>In Town <lb/>you mu&longs;t not rai&longs;e your Platform or Ba&longs;ement <lb/>too high above your Neighbours, nor let your <lb/>Portico project too far forwards from the Line <lb/>of the adjacent Buildings. </s> <s>The Thickne&longs;s and <lb/>Height of the Walls at <emph type="italics"/>Rome<emph.end type="italics"/> anciently were <lb/>not &longs;uffered to be according to every Man's <lb/>particular Fancy, but by an old Law were all <lb/>to be made according to a certain Standard; <lb/>and <emph type="italics"/>Julius Cæ&longs;ar,<emph.end type="italics"/> upon account of the Mi&longs;­<lb/>chiefs that might happen from bad Foundati­<pb xlink:href="003/01/265.jpg" pagenum="189"/>ons, ordained that no Hou&longs;e &longs;hould be more <lb/>than one Story high: To which Regulations a <lb/>Country-hou&longs;e is not &longs;ubject. </s> <s>It was reckoned <lb/>one of the Glories of <emph type="italics"/>Babylon,<emph.end type="italics"/> that their Hou&longs;es <lb/>had Inhabitants in the fourth Story. <emph type="italics"/>Ælius <lb/>Ari&longs;tides,<emph.end type="italics"/> the Orator, prai&longs;ing <emph type="italics"/>Rome<emph.end type="italics"/> in a pub­<lb/>lick Oration, cried it up as a miraculous Work <lb/>of the <emph type="italics"/>Romans<emph.end type="italics"/> to have built upon great Hou&longs;es <lb/>other Hou&longs;es as great: a hand&longs;ome Piece of <lb/>Flattery; but it &longs;hewed the Numerou&longs;ne&longs;s of <lb/>the People much more than the Magnificence <lb/>of the Buildings them&longs;elves. </s> <s>We are told that <lb/>in Height of Hou&longs;es the City of <emph type="italics"/>Rome<emph.end type="italics"/> was out­<lb/>done by <emph type="italics"/>Tyre,<emph.end type="italics"/> which by that means was former­<lb/>ly very near being wholly de&longs;troyed by Earth­<lb/>quakes. </s> <s>It is one very great Beauty and Con­<lb/>venience in a Building to have no more A&longs;cents <lb/>and De&longs;cents in it than are ab&longs;olutely nece&longs;&longs;ary; <lb/>and it is certainly a very true Saying, that <lb/>Stairs are nothing but Incumbrances to a Hou&longs;e, <lb/>from which Incumbrances I find the Ancients <lb/>were very &longs;tudious to keep clear. </s> <s>But in the <lb/>Country there is no Manner of Nece&longs;&longs;ity for <lb/>&longs;etting one Hou&longs;e thus upon another: For on­<lb/>ly taking a larger Platform we may make <lb/>whatever Conveniencies we think fit upon the <lb/>&longs;ame Floor; which I &longs;hould like extremely <lb/>well in Town too, if it could be had. </s> <s>There <lb/>is another Sort of private Hou&longs;es, in which the <lb/>Dignity of the Town-hou&longs;e, and the Delights <lb/>and Plea&longs;ures of the Country-hou&longs;e are both <lb/>required; of which we &longs;aid nothing in the for­<lb/>mer Books, re&longs;erving it purpo&longs;ely for this very <lb/>Place: And the&longs;e are the Plea&longs;ure-hou&longs;es ju&longs;t <lb/>without the Town, or the Villa's which are by <lb/>no means to be pa&longs;&longs;ed by without &longs;ome Ob&longs;er­<lb/>vations, though I &longs;hall be as brief in them as <lb/>po&longs;&longs;ible. </s> <s>Accordingly I &longs;hall here lay together <lb/>all that I have to &longs;ay of each of the&longs;e three <lb/>Sorts of Structures, and fir&longs;t of the Villa clo&longs;e <lb/>to the Town. </s> <s>The Saying among the Anci­<lb/>ents, Let him that buys a Country-hou&longs;e &longs;ell <lb/>his Hou&longs;e in Town, and let him that has Bu&longs;i­<lb/>ne&longs;s in Town, never think of a Hou&longs;e in the <lb/>Country, &longs;eems to imply, that a Villa near <lb/>Town is extremely convenient. </s> <s>The Phy&longs;ici­<lb/>ans advi&longs;e us to dwell in the cleare&longs;t and open­<lb/>e&longs;t Air that we can find; and there is no room <lb/>to doubt but a Country-hou&longs;e &longs;eated upon an <lb/>Eminence, mu&longs;t of Cour&longs;e be the Be&longs;t: But <lb/>then on the other Hand, the Ma&longs;ter of a Fa­<lb/>mily, upon account of his private Bu&longs;ine&longs;s, or <lb/>the publick Affairs, may be obliged to be often <lb/>in the City; for which Purpo&longs;e a Hou&longs;e in <lb/>Town &longs;eems nece&longs;&longs;ary: But then as the former <lb/>is inconvenient for Bu&longs;ine&longs;s, &longs;o the latter is <lb/>prejudicial to the Health. </s> <s>It is a common <lb/>Thing for the Generals of Armies to remove <lb/>their Camps often, to avoid being incommod­<lb/>ed by ill Smells: What can we think then of a <lb/>great City, where &longs;uch va&longs;t Quantities of Filth, <lb/>and &longs;o long kept, are continually exhaling their <lb/>offen&longs;ive Steams? </s> <s>To reconcile this Dilemma <lb/>therefore, I do not think that of all the Struc­<lb/>tures which are rai&longs;ed for the Conveniency of <lb/>Mankind, there is any &longs;o commodious or &longs;o <lb/>healthy as the Villa; which at the &longs;ame Time <lb/>as it lies in the Way for Bu&longs;ine&longs;s, is not wholly <lb/>de&longs;titute of pure Air. <emph type="italics"/>Cicero<emph.end type="italics"/> de&longs;ired his Friend <lb/><emph type="italics"/>Atticus<emph.end type="italics"/> to build him a Villa in a Place of emi­<lb/>nent Note: But I, for my Part, am not for ha­<lb/>ving it in a Place of &longs;uch Re&longs;ort, that I mu&longs;t <lb/>never venture to appear at my Door without <lb/>being compleatly dre&longs;&longs;ed. </s> <s>I would have it <lb/>afford me the Plea&longs;ure which the old Gentle­<lb/>man in <emph type="italics"/>Terence<emph.end type="italics"/> boa&longs;ts he enjoyed, <emph type="italics"/>of being never <lb/>tired either with the Town or Country. </s> <s>Martial<emph.end type="italics"/><lb/>too gives a very ju&longs;t De&longs;cription of his Way of <lb/>Living in &longs;uch a Villa.</s></p><p type="main"> <s><emph type="italics"/>You tell me, Friend, you much de&longs;ire to know, <lb/>What in my Villa I can find to do? <lb/></s> <s>I eat, drink, &longs;ing, play, bathe, sleep, eat again, <lb/>Or read, or wanton in the Mu&longs;es Train.<emph.end type="italics"/></s></p><p type="main"> <s>THERE is certainly a va&longs;t deal of Satisfaction <lb/>in a convenient Retreat near the Town, where <lb/>a Man is at Liberty to do ju&longs;t what he plea&longs;es. <lb/></s> <s>The great Beauties of &longs;uch a Retreat, are being <lb/>near the City, upon an open airy Road, and <lb/>on a plea&longs;ant Spot of Ground. </s> <s>The greate&longs;t <lb/>Commendation of the Hou&longs;e it&longs;elf is its making <lb/>a chearful Appearance to tho&longs;e that go a little <lb/>Way out of Town to take the Air, as if it <lb/>&longs;eemed to invite every Beholder: And for this <lb/>Rea&longs;on I would have it &longs;tand pretty high, but <lb/>upon &longs;o ea&longs;y an A&longs;cent, that it &longs;hould hardly <lb/>be perceptible to tho&longs;e that go to it, till they <lb/>find them&longs;elves at the Top, and a large Pro­<lb/>&longs;pect opens it&longs;elf to their View. </s> <s>Nor &longs;hould <lb/>there be any Want of plea&longs;ant Landskips, <lb/>flowery Meads, open Champains, &longs;hady Groves, <lb/>or limpid Brooks, or clear Streams and Lakes <lb/>&longs;or &longs;wimming, with all other Delights of the <lb/>&longs;ame Sort, which we before ob&longs;erved to be ne­<lb/>ce&longs;&longs;ary in a Country Retreat, both for Conve­<lb/>nience and Plea&longs;ure. </s> <s>La&longs;tly, what I have al­<lb/>ready &longs;aid conduces extremely to the Plea&longs;ant­<lb/>ne&longs;s of all Buildings, I would have the Front <lb/>and whole Body of the Hou&longs;e perfectly well <pb xlink:href="003/01/266.jpg" pagenum="190"/>lighted, and that it be open to receive a great <lb/>deal of Light and Sun, and a &longs;ufficient Quan­<lb/>tity of whol&longs;ome Air. </s> <s>Let nothing be within <lb/>View that can offend the Eye with a melan­<lb/>choly Shade. </s> <s>Let all Things &longs;mile and &longs;eem <lb/>to welcome the Arrival of your Gue&longs;ts. </s> <s>Let <lb/>tho&longs;e who are already entered be in Doubt <lb/>whether they &longs;hall for Plea&longs;ure continue where <lb/>they are, or pa&longs;s on further to tho&longs;e other Beau­<lb/>ties which tempt them on. </s> <s>Let them be led <lb/>from &longs;quare Rooms into round ones, and again <lb/>from round into &longs;quare, and &longs;o into others <lb/>of mixed Lines, neither all round nor all <lb/>&longs;quare; and let the Pa&longs;&longs;age into the very in­<lb/>nermo&longs;t Apartments be, if po&longs;&longs;ible, without the <lb/>lea&longs;t A&longs;cent or De&longs;cent, but all be upon one <lb/>even Floor, or at lea&longs;t let the A&longs;cents be as <lb/>ea&longs;y as may be.</s></p><p type="head"> <s>CHAP. III.</s></p><p type="head"> <s><emph type="italics"/>That the Parts and Members of a Hou&longs;e are different both in Nature and <lb/>Species, and that they are to be adorned in various Manners.<emph.end type="italics"/></s></p><p type="main"> <s>But as the Members or Parts of a Hou&longs;e <lb/>are very different one from the other both <lb/>in Nature and Species, it may now be proper <lb/>to &longs;ay &longs;omething of each, having indeed pur­<lb/>po&longs;ely re&longs;erved them for this very Place: For <lb/>there are many Parts which it matters very <lb/>little whether you make round or &longs;quare, pro­<lb/>vided they are fit for the Purpo&longs;es to which they <lb/>are intended; but it is not equally indifferent <lb/>what Number they are in, and how they are <lb/>di&longs;po&longs;ed; and it is nece&longs;&longs;ary that &longs;ome &longs;hould <lb/>be larger, as the inner Courts, while &longs;ome re­<lb/>quire a &longs;maller Area, as the Chambers and all <lb/>the private Apartments. </s> <s>Some others mu&longs;t be <lb/>in a Medium between the others, as Eating­<lb/>parlours and the Ve&longs;tibule. </s> <s>We have already <lb/>in another Place given our Thoughts of the <lb/>apt Di&longs;po&longs;ition of each Member of a Hou&longs;e, <lb/>and as to the re&longs;pective Difference of their <lb/>Areas, there is no Occa&longs;ion to &longs;peak here, be­<lb/>cau&longs;e they are infinite both from the different <lb/>Humours of Men, and the different Ways of <lb/>Living in different Places. </s> <s>The Ancients, be­<lb/>fore their Hou&longs;es made either a Portico, or at <lb/>lea&longs;t a Porch, not always with &longs;traight Lines, <lb/>but &longs;ometimes with curve, after the Manner of <lb/>the Theatre. </s> <s>Next to the Portico lay the Ve&longs;­<lb/>tibule, which was almo&longs;t con&longs;tantly circular; <lb/>behind that was the Pa&longs;&longs;age into the inner Court, <lb/>and tho&longs;e other Parts of the Hou&longs;e which we <lb/>have already &longs;poken of in their proper Places, <lb/>whereof to enter upon a fre&longs;h De&longs;cription <lb/>would make us too prolix. </s> <s>The Things that <lb/>we ought not to omit are the&longs;e. </s> <s>Where the <lb/>Area is round it mu&longs;t be proportioned accord­<lb/>ing to the De&longs;ign of the Temple; unle&longs;s there <lb/>be this Difference, that here the Height of the <lb/>Walls mu&longs;t be greater than in the Temple, for <lb/>Rea&longs;ons which you &longs;hall know &longs;hortly. </s> <s>If it <lb/>be quadrangular, then in &longs;ome Particulars it <lb/>will differ from tho&longs;e In&longs;tructions which we <lb/>have given for &longs;acred Edifices, as al&longs;o for pro­<lb/>fane ones of a publick Nature; but yet in <lb/>&longs;ome others it will agree with the Council­<lb/>chambers and Courts. </s> <s>According to the ge­<lb/>neral Cu&longs;tom of the Ancients, the Breadth of <lb/>the Porch was either two thirds of its Length, <lb/>or el&longs;e the Length was one whole Breadth and <lb/>two thirds more, or el&longs;e the Length was one <lb/>whole Breadth with the Addition of two fifths. <lb/></s> <s>To each of the&longs;e Proportions the Ancients &longs;eem <lb/>always to have allowed the Height of the Wall to <lb/>be equal to its whole Length, and one third more. <lb/></s> <s>By taking the actual Dimen&longs;ion of a great many <lb/>Structures, I find that &longs;quare Platforms require <lb/>a different Height of Wall where they are to <lb/>be covered with vaulted Roofs, from what they <lb/>do when their Roof is to be flat: As al&longs;o that <lb/>&longs;ome Difference is to be made between the <lb/>Proportions of a large Building and tho&longs;e of a <lb/>&longs;mall one: Which ari&longs;es from the different In­<lb/>terval that there is from the Beholder's Eye, <lb/>which mu&longs;t in this Ca&longs;e be con&longs;idered as the <lb/>Center, to the extreme Height which it &longs;ur­<lb/>veys: But of tho&longs;e Things we &longs;hall treat el&longs;e­<lb/>where. </s> <s>We mu&longs;t Proportion the Areas of our <lb/>Apartments to our Roof, and our Roof to the <lb/>Length of the Rafters with which it is to be <lb/>covered in. </s> <s>I call that a moderate Roof which <lb/>may be &longs;upported by a Piece of Timber of a <lb/>moderate Length. </s> <s>But be&longs;ides the Proportions <lb/>which I have already treated of, there are &longs;eve­<lb/>ral other proper Dimen&longs;ions and Agreements of <lb/>Lines which I &longs;hall here endeavour to explain <lb/>as clearly and &longs;uccinctly as po&longs;&longs;ible. </s> <s>If the <lb/>Length of the Platform be twice its Breadth; <pb xlink:href="003/01/267.jpg" pagenum="191"/>then, where the Roof is to be flat, the Height <lb/>mu&longs;t be equal to the Breadth; where the Roof <lb/>is to be vaulted, a third Part of that Breadth <lb/>more mu&longs;t be added. </s> <s>This may &longs;erve for mid­<lb/>dling Buildings: In very large ones, if they are <lb/>to have a vaulted Roof, the whole Height mu&longs;t <lb/>be one whole Breadth, with the Addition of <lb/>one fourth Part; but if the Roof is to be flat <lb/>it mu&longs;t be one whole Breadth and two fifths. <lb/></s> <s>If the Length of the Platform be three Times its <lb/>Breadth, and the Roof is to be flat, let the <lb/>Height be one whole Breath and three quarters, <lb/>if the Roof is to be vaulted, let the Height be <lb/>one whole Breadth and an half. </s> <s>If the Length <lb/>of the Platform be four Times its Breadth, and <lb/>the Roof is to be vaulted, let the Height be <lb/>half its Length; and if the Roof is to be flat, <lb/>divide the Breadth into four Parts, and give <lb/>one and three quarters of tho&longs;e Parts to the <lb/>Height. </s> <s>If the Length be five Times the <lb/>Breadth, make the Height the &longs;ame as where <lb/>it is four Times, only with the Addition of <lb/>one &longs;ixth Part of that Height; and if it is &longs;ix <lb/>Times the Breadth, make it as before, adding <lb/>not a &longs;ixth as in the former, but a fifth. </s> <s>If <lb/>the Platform be an exact Square with equal <lb/>Sides, and the Roof is to be vaulted, let the <lb/>Height exceed the Breadth as in the Platform <lb/>of three Breadths; but if the Roof is to be flat, <lb/>it mu&longs;t not exceed &longs;o much, and in the larger <lb/>Platforms, it mu&longs;t not exceed this Breadth <lb/>above one fourth Part. </s> <s>In tho&longs;e Platforms <lb/>where the Length exceeds the Breadth only <lb/>one ninth Part, let the Height be exceeded by <lb/>the Breadth one ninth Part too; but this mu&longs;t <lb/>be only in a flat Roof. </s> <s>When the Length is <lb/>to be one whole Breadth and a third, let the <lb/>Height be one whole Breadth and a &longs;ixth in flat <lb/>Roofs; but in vaulted ones, let the Height be <lb/>one whole Breadth and a &longs;ixth of the Length. <lb/></s> <s>When the Length is one Breadth and an Half, <lb/>let the Height be one Breadth and a &longs;eventh of <lb/>that Breadth, in a flat Roof; but in a vaulted <lb/>one, let the Height be one Breadth, and a <lb/>&longs;eventh of the Length of the Platform. </s> <s>If the <lb/>Platform con&longs;i&longs;t of Lines whereof one is as <lb/>&longs;even, and the other as five, or the Length be <lb/>as five and the Breadth as three, or the like, <lb/>according as the Nece&longs;&longs;ity of the Place, or Va­<lb/>riety of Invention, or the Nature of the Orna­<lb/>ments requires; add tho&longs;e two Lines together, <lb/>and allow one half of the Amount to the <lb/>Height. </s> <s>I mu&longs;t not here omit one Precaution, <lb/>namely, that the Ve&longs;tibule ought never to be <lb/>above twice as long as broad, and the Apart­<lb/>ments never le&longs;s broad than two thirds of their <lb/>Length. </s> <s>The Platforms which are in Length <lb/>three or four Times their Breadth or more, be­<lb/>long only to Porticoes, and even they ought <lb/>never to be above &longs;ix Times their Breadth. </s> <s>In <lb/>the Wall Apertures are to be left both for <lb/>Windows and Doors. </s> <s>If the Window is broke <lb/>in the Wall of the Breadth-line of the Plat­<lb/>form, which in its very Nature is &longs;horter than <lb/>that of the Length, then there mu&longs;t be only a <lb/>&longs;ingle one; and this Window it&longs;elf mu&longs;t either <lb/>be higher than it is broad, or el&longs;e on the con­<lb/>trary broader than it is high, which la&longs;t Sort is <lb/>called a reclining Window. </s> <s>If the Breadth is <lb/>to be like that of the Door, &longs;omewhat le&longs;s than <lb/>the Length; then let the Breadth of the clear <lb/>Opening be not more than a third, nor le&longs;s than <lb/>a fourth Part of the In&longs;ide of the Wall in which <lb/>it is made; and let the Re&longs;t or Bottom of the <lb/>Window be in Height from the Floor not more <lb/>than four ninths of the whole Height, nor le&longs;s <lb/>than two. </s> <s>The Height of the clear Open of <lb/>the Window mu&longs;t be one third more than its <lb/>Breadth; and this is the Proportion, if the Win­<lb/>dow is to be higher than broad; but if the <lb/>Window is to be broader then high, than of <lb/>the whole in&longs;ide Length of the Wall in which <lb/>it is made, you mu&longs;t not allow the Open of the <lb/>Window le&longs;s than one half, nor more than two <lb/>thirds. </s> <s>In the &longs;ame Manner its Height too <lb/>mu&longs;t be made either half its Breadth, or two <lb/>thirds, only it mu&longs;t have two little Columns to <lb/>&longs;upport the Tran&longs;om. </s> <s>If you are to make <lb/>Windows in the longer Side, there mu&longs;t be <lb/>more of them, and they &longs;hould be in an odd <lb/>Number. </s> <s>I find the Ancients were be&longs;t plea&longs;ed <lb/>with three, which were made in the following <lb/>Manner: The whole longe&longs;t Side of the Wall <lb/>mu&longs;t be divided into never more than &longs;even, nor <lb/>le&longs;s than five Parts, of which taking three, in <lb/>each of them make a Window, making the <lb/>Height of the Open one whole Breadth and <lb/>three quarters, or one Breadth and four fifths. <lb/></s> <s>If you would make your Windows more nu­<lb/>merous; as they will then partake of the Na­<lb/>ture of a Portico, you may borrow the Dimen­<lb/>&longs;ions of your Openings from the Rules of the <lb/>Portico it&longs;elf, and e&longs;pecially from that of the <lb/>Theatre, as we laid them down in their proper <lb/>Place. </s> <s>The Doors mu&longs;t be made after the <lb/>Manner of tho&longs;e which we de&longs;cribed for the <lb/>Court and Council-chamber. </s> <s>Let the Dre&longs;s of <lb/>the Windows be <emph type="italics"/>Corinthian;<emph.end type="italics"/> of the principal <lb/>Door, <emph type="italics"/>Ionic;<emph.end type="italics"/> of the Doors of the Halls and <lb/>Chambers, <emph type="italics"/>Doric.<emph.end type="italics"/></s><s> And thus much of the Lines, <lb/>as far as they relate to this pre&longs;ent Purpo&longs;e.</s></p><pb xlink:href="003/01/268.jpg" pagenum="192"/><p type="head"> <s>CHAP. IV.</s></p><p type="head"> <s><emph type="italics"/>With what Paintings, Plants, and Statues, it is proper to adorn the Pave­<lb/>ments, Porticoes, Apartments and Gardens of a private Hou&longs;e.<emph.end type="italics"/></s></p><p type="main"> <s>There are &longs;ome other Ornaments ex­<lb/>tremely proper for a private Hou&longs;e, by <lb/>no means to be omitted in this Place. </s> <s>The <lb/>Ancients &longs;tained the Pavements of their Porti­<lb/>coes with Labyrinths, both &longs;quare and circular, <lb/>in which the Boys u&longs;ed to exerci&longs;e them&longs;elves. <lb/></s> <s>I have my&longs;elf &longs;een Pavements &longs;tained in Imita­<lb/>tion of the Bell-flower-weed, with its Branches <lb/>twining about very beautifully. </s> <s>Other have <lb/>paved their Chambers with a Sort of <emph type="italics"/>Mo&longs;aic<emph.end type="italics"/><lb/>Work of Marble, in Imitation of Carpets, others <lb/>in Imitation of Garlands and Branches of Trees. <lb/></s> <s>It was a very ingenious Invention of <emph type="italics"/>O&longs;is,<emph.end type="italics"/> who <lb/>&longs;trewed the Pavement at <emph type="italics"/>Pergamus<emph.end type="italics"/> with inlaid <lb/>Work, in Imitation of the Fragments that lie <lb/>&longs;cattered about after Meals; an Ornament not <lb/>ill &longs;uited to a Parlour. <emph type="italics"/>Agrippa<emph.end type="italics"/> was very right <lb/>in making his Floors of common baked Earth. <lb/></s> <s>I, for my Part, hate every Thing that &longs;avours <lb/>of Luxury or Profu&longs;ion, and am be&longs;t plea&longs;ed <lb/>with tho&longs;e Ornaments which ari&longs;e principally <lb/>from the Ingenuity and Beauty of the Contri­<lb/>vance. </s> <s>Upon &longs;ide Walls no Sort of Painting <lb/>&longs;hews hand&longs;omer than the Repre&longs;entation of <lb/>Columns in Architecture. <emph type="italics"/>Titius Cæ&longs;ar<emph.end type="italics"/> adorn­<lb/>ed the Walls of the Portico in which he u&longs;ed <lb/>to walk, with a Sort of <emph type="italics"/>Phœnician<emph.end type="italics"/> Stone &longs;o fine­<lb/>ly poli&longs;hed, that it returned the Reflection of <lb/>all the Objects like a Looking-gla&longs;s. <emph type="italics"/>Antoninus <lb/>Caracalla,<emph.end type="italics"/> the Emperor, painted his Portico <lb/>with the memorable Exploits and Triumphs of <lb/>his Father. <emph type="italics"/>Severus<emph.end type="italics"/> did the &longs;ame; but <emph type="italics"/>Aga­<lb/>thocles<emph.end type="italics"/> painted not his Father's Actions, but his <lb/>own. </s> <s>Among the <emph type="italics"/>Per&longs;ians,<emph.end type="italics"/> according to their <lb/>ancient Laws, it was not permitted to paint or <lb/>carve any other Story, but of the wild Bea&longs;ts <lb/>&longs;lain by their Kings. </s> <s>It is certain, the brave <lb/>and memorable Actions of one's Countrymen, <lb/>and their Effigics, are Ornaments extremely <lb/>&longs;uitable both to Porticoes and Halls. <emph type="italics"/>Caius <lb/>Cæ&longs;ar<emph.end type="italics"/> embelli&longs;hed his Portico with the Statues <lb/>of all tho&longs;e that had enlarged the Confines of <lb/>the Republick, and he gained a general Ap­<lb/>probation by &longs;o doing. </s> <s>I am as much plea&longs;ed <lb/>as any body with this Kind of Ornaments; but <lb/>yet I would not have the Wall too much <lb/>crowded with Statues or Hi&longs;tory Pieces. </s> <s>We <lb/>may find by Gems, and e&longs;pecially by Pearls, <lb/>that if they are &longs;et too thick together, they lo&longs;e <lb/>their Beauty. </s> <s>For this Rea&longs;on, in &longs;ome of the <lb/>mo&longs;t convenient and mo&longs;t con&longs;picuous Parts of <lb/>the Wall, I am for making hand&longs;ome Pannels <lb/>of Stone, in which we may place either Sta­<lb/>tues, or Pictures; &longs;uch as <emph type="italics"/>Pompey<emph.end type="italics"/> had carried <lb/>along in his Triumph; Repre&longs;enting his Ex­<lb/>ploits both by Sea and Land in Picture. </s> <s>Or <lb/>rather, I am for having Pictures of &longs;uch Ficti­<lb/>ons of the Poets, as tend to the Promotion of <lb/>good Manners; &longs;uch as that of <emph type="italics"/>Dædalus,<emph.end type="italics"/> who <lb/>painted the Gates of <emph type="italics"/>Cumæ<emph.end type="italics"/> with the Repre­<lb/>&longs;entation of <emph type="italics"/>Icarus<emph.end type="italics"/> flying. </s> <s>And as the Sub­<lb/>jects both of Poetry and Painting are various, <lb/>&longs;ome expre&longs;&longs;ing the memorable Actions of great <lb/>Men; others Repre&longs;enting the Manners of pri­<lb/>vate Per&longs;ons; others de&longs;cribing the Life of <lb/>Ru&longs;ticks: The former, as the mo&longs;t Maje&longs;tick, <lb/>&longs;hould be applied to publick Works, and the <lb/>Buildings of Princes; and the latter, as the <lb/>more chearful, &longs;hould be &longs;et apart for Plea&longs;ure­<lb/>hou&longs;es and Gardens. </s> <s>Our Minds are delight­<lb/>ed in a particular Manner with the Pictures of <lb/>plea&longs;ant Landskips, of Havens, of Fi&longs;hing, <lb/>Hunting, Swimming, Country Sports, of flowery <lb/>Fields and thick Groves. </s> <s>Neither is it foreign <lb/>to our pre&longs;ent Purpo&longs;e ju&longs;t to mention, that <lb/><emph type="italics"/>Octavianus,<emph.end type="italics"/> the Emperor, adorned his Palace <lb/>with the huge Bones of &longs;ome extraordinary <lb/>Animals. </s> <s>The Ancients u&longs;ed to dre&longs;s the <lb/>Walls of their Grottoes and Caverns with all <lb/>Manner of rough Work, with little Chips of <lb/>Pumice, or &longs;oft <emph type="italics"/>Tyburtine<emph.end type="italics"/> Stone, which <emph type="italics"/>Ovid<emph.end type="italics"/><lb/>calls the living Pumice; and &longs;ome I have known <lb/>dawb them over with green Wax, in Imitati­<lb/>on of the mo&longs;&longs;y Slime which we always &longs;ee in <lb/>moi&longs;t Grottoes. </s> <s>I was extremely plea&longs;ed with <lb/>an artificial Grotto which I have &longs;een of this <lb/>Sort, with a clear Spring of Water falling from <lb/>it; the Walls were compo&longs;ed of various Sorts of <lb/>Sea-&longs;hells, lying roughly together, &longs;ome rever&longs;­<lb/>ed, &longs;ome with their Mouths outwards, their <lb/>Colours being &longs;o artfully blended as to form a <lb/>very beautiful Variety. </s> <s>In that Apartment <lb/>which is peculiar to the Ma&longs;ter of the Family <lb/>and his Wife, we &longs;hould take Care that nothing <pb xlink:href="003/01/269.jpg" pagenum="193"/>be painted but the mo&longs;t comely and beautiful <lb/>Faces; which we are told may be of no &longs;mall <lb/>Con&longs;equence to the Conception of the Lady, <lb/>and the Beauty of the Children. </s> <s>Such as are <lb/>tormented with a Fever are not a little refre&longs;h­<lb/>ed by the Sight of Pictures of Springs, Ca&longs;cades <lb/>and Streams of Water, which any one may <lb/>ea&longs;ily experience; for if at any Time you find <lb/>it difficult to compo&longs;e your&longs;elf to re&longs;t in the <lb/>Night, only turn your Imagination upon &longs;uch <lb/>clear Waters as you can remember any where <lb/>to have &longs;een, either of Springs, Lakes or Streams, <lb/>and that burning Drowth of the Mind, which <lb/>kept you waking, &longs;hall pre&longs;ently be moi&longs;tened, <lb/>and a plea&longs;ant Forgetfulne&longs;s &longs;hall creep upon <lb/>you, till you fall into a fine Sleep. </s> <s>To the&longs;e <lb/>Delicacies we mu&longs;t add tho&longs;e of well-di&longs;po&longs;ed <lb/>Gardens and beautiful Trees, together with <lb/>Porticoes in the Garden, where you may enjoy <lb/>either Sun or Shade. </s> <s>To the&longs;e add &longs;ome lit­<lb/>tle plea&longs;ant Meadow, with fine Springs of <lb/>Water bur&longs;ting out in different Places where <lb/>lea&longs;t expected. </s> <s>Let the Walks be terminated <lb/>by Trees that enjoy a perpetual Verdure, and <lb/>particularly on that Side which is be&longs;t &longs;helter­<lb/>ed from Winds, let them be enclo&longs;ed with Box, <lb/>which is pre&longs;ently injured and rotted by &longs;trong <lb/>Winds, and e&longs;pecially by the lea&longs;t Spray from the <lb/>Sea. </s> <s>In open Places, mo&longs;t expo&longs;ed to the Sun, <lb/>&longs;ome &longs;et Myrtles, which will flouri&longs;h extreme­<lb/>ly in the Summer: But <emph type="italics"/>Theophra&longs;tus<emph.end type="italics"/> affirms, <lb/>that the Myrtle, the Laurel, and the Ivy re­<lb/>joyce in the Shade, and therefore directs us to <lb/>plant them thick, that they may mutually <lb/>&longs;helter one another from the Sun by their own <lb/>Shade: Nor let there be wanting Cypre&longs;s­<lb/>trees cloathed with Ivy. </s> <s>Let the Ground al&longs;o <lb/>be here and there thrown into tho&longs;e Figures <lb/>that are mo&longs;t commended in the Platforms of <lb/>Hou&longs;es, Circles, Semicircles, and the like, and <lb/>&longs;urrounded with Laurels, Cedars, Junipers <lb/>with their Branches intermixed, and twining <lb/>one into the other. <emph type="italics"/>Phiteon<emph.end type="italics"/> of <emph type="italics"/>Agrigentum,<emph.end type="italics"/><lb/>though but a private Man, had in his Hou&longs;e <lb/>three hundred Va&longs;es of Stone, each whereof <lb/>would hold an hundred Amphoras, or about <lb/>fifteen of our Hog&longs;heads. </s> <s>Such Va&longs;es are very <lb/>fine Ornaments for Fountains in Gardens. </s> <s>The <lb/>Ancients u&longs;ed to make their Walks into a Kind <lb/>of Arbours by Means of Vines &longs;upported by <lb/>Columns of Marble of the <emph type="italics"/>Corinthian<emph.end type="italics"/> Order, <lb/>which were ten of their own Diameters in <lb/>Height. </s> <s>The Trees ought to be planted in <lb/>Rows exactly even, and an&longs;wering to one an­<lb/>other exactly upon &longs;traight Lines; and the <lb/>Gardens &longs;hould be enriched with rare Plants, <lb/>and &longs;uch as are in mo&longs;t E&longs;teem among the Phy­<lb/>&longs;icians. </s> <s>It was a good agreeable Piece of Flat­<lb/>tery among the ancient Gardeners, to trace <lb/>their Ma&longs;ters Names in Box, or in &longs;weet-&longs;mel­<lb/>ing Herbs, in Parterres. </s> <s>Ro&longs;e-trees, intermix­<lb/>ed with Pomegranates and Cornels, are very <lb/>beautiful in a Hedge: But the Poet &longs;ays,</s></p><p type="main"> <s><emph type="italics"/>Your Hedge of Oak with Plums and Cornel made, <lb/>To yield the Cattle Food, the Ma&longs;ter Shade.<emph.end type="italics"/></s></p><p type="main"> <s>BUT perhaps this may &longs;uit better with a <lb/>Farm intended for Profit, than with a Villa <lb/>calculated chiefly for taking the Air in: And <lb/>indeed what we are told <emph type="italics"/>Democritus<emph.end type="italics"/> very much <lb/>condemned, namely, the inclo&longs;ing a Garden <lb/>with any Sort of Wall, I &longs;hould not blame in <lb/>the Ca&longs;e before us, but am rather of Opinion, <lb/>that it is a very proper Defence again&longs;t Malice <lb/>or Rapine. </s> <s>Nor am I di&longs;plea&longs;ed with the plac­<lb/>ing ridiculous Statues in Gardens, provided they <lb/>have nothing in them ob&longs;cene. </s> <s>Such &longs;hould <lb/>be the Di&longs;po&longs;ition of the Villa. </s> <s>In Hou&longs;es in <lb/>Town, the inner Apartments and Parlours <lb/>&longs;hould not in the lea&longs;t give way, either in <lb/>Chearfulne&longs;s or Beauty, to the Villa; but in <lb/>the more publick Rooms, &longs;uch as the Hall and <lb/>Ve&longs;tibule, you &longs;hould not aim &longs;o much at De­<lb/>licacy, as to forget a decent Gravity. </s> <s>The Por­<lb/>ticoes of the Hou&longs;es of the principal Citizens <lb/>may have a compleat regular Entablature over <lb/>the Columns; but tho&longs;e of lower Degree, <lb/>&longs;hould have only Arches. </s> <s>Vaulted Roofs are <lb/>proper in both. </s> <s>The whole Entablature mu&longs;t <lb/>be in Height one fourth Part of the Shaft. </s> <s>If <lb/>there is to be a &longs;econd Order of Columns over <lb/>the fir&longs;t, let that &longs;econd Order be one fourth <lb/>Part &longs;horter than the lower one; and if there <lb/>is to be a third Order over this, let it be one <lb/>fifth Part &longs;horter than that below it. </s> <s>In each <lb/>of the&longs;e the Pede&longs;tal or Plinth under each Or­<lb/>der of Columns, mu&longs;t be in Height one fourth <lb/>Part of the Column which it &longs;upports; but <lb/>where there is to be only one &longs;ingle Row of <lb/>Columns, the Proportions may be taken from <lb/>tho&longs;e of profane Works of a publick Nature. <lb/></s> <s>A private Hou&longs;e &longs;hould never have &longs;uch a Pe­<lb/>diment as may &longs;eem to rival the Maje&longs;ty of a <lb/>Temple. </s> <s>However, the Front of the Ve&longs;tibule <lb/>may be rai&longs;ed &longs;omewhat above the re&longs;t of the <lb/>Building, and be adorned with a &longs;maller Pedi­<lb/>ment. </s> <s>The re&longs;t of the Front on each Side this <lb/>Pediment may be adorned with a &longs;mall Plinth, <lb/>which may ri&longs;e &longs;omewhat higher at the princi­<pb xlink:href="003/01/270.jpg" pagenum="194"/>pal Angles I cannot be plea&longs;ed with tho&longs;e <lb/>who make Towers and Battlements to a pri­<lb/>vate Hou&longs;e, which belong of right entirely to <lb/>a Fortification, or to the Ca&longs;tle of a Tyrant, <lb/>and are altogether incon&longs;i&longs;tent with the peace­<lb/>able A&longs;pect of a well-governed City or Com­<lb/>monwealth, as they &longs;hew either a Di&longs;tru&longs;t of <lb/>our Countrymen, or a De&longs;ign to u&longs;e Violence <lb/>again&longs;t them. </s> <s>Balconies in the Front of a <lb/>Hou&longs;e are beautiful enough, provided they are <lb/>not too large, heavy, and out of Proportion.</s></p><p type="head"> <s>CHAP. V.</s></p><p type="head"> <s><emph type="italics"/>That the Beauty of all Edifices ari&longs;es principally from three Things, namely, <lb/>the Number, Figure and Collocation of the &longs;everal Members.<emph.end type="italics"/></s></p><p type="main"> <s>I now come once more to tho&longs;e Points which <lb/>I before promi&longs;ed to enquire into, namely, <lb/>wherein it is that Beauty and Ornament, uni­<lb/>ver&longs;ally con&longs;idered, con&longs;i&longs;t, or rather whence <lb/>they ari&longs;e. </s> <s>An Enquiry of the utmo&longs;t Diffi­<lb/>culty; for whatever that Property be which is <lb/>&longs;o gathered and collected from the whole <lb/>Number and Nature of the &longs;everal Parts, or to <lb/>be imparted to each of them according to a <lb/>certain and regular Order, or which mu&longs;t be <lb/>contrived in &longs;uch a Manner as to join and unite <lb/>a certain Number of Parts into one Body or <lb/>Whole, by an orderly and &longs;ure Coherence and <lb/>Agreement of all tho&longs;e Parts: Which Proper­<lb/>ty is what we are here to di&longs;cover; it is cer­<lb/>tain, &longs;uch a Property mu&longs;t have in it&longs;elf &longs;ome­<lb/>thing of the Force and Spirit of all the Parts <lb/>with which it is either united or mixed, other­<lb/>wi&longs;e they mu&longs;t jar and di&longs;agree with each other, <lb/>and by &longs;uch Di&longs;cord de&longs;troy the Uniformity or <lb/>Beauty of the Whole: The Di&longs;covery of which, <lb/>as it is far from being ea&longs;y or obvious in any <lb/>other Ca&longs;e, &longs;o it is particularly difficult and un­<lb/>certain here; the Art of Architecture con&longs;i&longs;t­<lb/>ing of &longs;o many various Parts, and each of tho&longs;e <lb/>Parts requiring &longs;o many various Ornaments as <lb/>you have already &longs;een. </s> <s>However, as it is nece&longs;­<lb/>&longs;ary in the Pro&longs;ecution of our De&longs;ign, we &longs;hall <lb/>u&longs;e the utmo&longs;t of our Abilities in clearing this <lb/>ob&longs;cure Point, not going &longs;o far about as to &longs;hew <lb/>how a compleat Knowledge of a Whole is to <lb/>be gained by examining the &longs;everal Parts di&longs;­<lb/>tinct; but beginning immediately upon what <lb/>is to our pre&longs;ent Purpo&longs;e, by enquiring what <lb/>that Property is which in its Nature makes a <lb/>Thing beautiful. </s> <s>The mo&longs;t expert Arti&longs;ts <lb/>among the Ancients, as we have ob&longs;erved el&longs;e­<lb/>where, were of Opinion, that an Edifice was <lb/>like an Animal, &longs;o that in the Formation of it <lb/>we ought to imitate Nature. </s> <s>Let us therefore <lb/>enquire how it happens that in the Bodies pro­<lb/>duced by Nature her&longs;elf &longs;ome are accounted <lb/>more, others le&longs;s beautiful, or even deformed. <lb/></s> <s>It is manife&longs;t, that in tho&longs;e which are e&longs;teemed <lb/>beautiful, the Parts or Members are not con­<lb/>&longs;tantly all the &longs;ame, &longs;o as not to differ in any <lb/>Re&longs;pect: But we find, that even in tho&longs;e Parts <lb/>wherein they vary mo&longs;t, there is &longs;omething in­<lb/>herent and implanted which though they dif­<lb/>fer extremely from each other, makes each of <lb/>them beautiful. </s> <s>I will make u&longs;e of an Ex­<lb/>ample to illu&longs;trate my Meaning. </s> <s>Some admire <lb/>a Woman for being extremely &longs;lender and fine <lb/>&longs;haped; the young Gentleman in <emph type="italics"/>Terence<emph.end type="italics"/> pre­<lb/>fered a Girl that was plump and fle&longs;hy: You <lb/>perhaps are for a Medium between the&longs;e two <lb/>Extremes, and would neither have her &longs;o thin as <lb/>to &longs;eem wa&longs;ted with Sickne&longs;s, nor &longs;o &longs;trong and <lb/>robu&longs;t as if &longs;he were a Ploughman in Di&longs;gui&longs;e, <lb/>and were fit for Boxing: In &longs;hort, you would <lb/>have her &longs;uch a Beauty as might be formed by <lb/>taking from the fir&longs;t what the &longs;econd might <lb/>&longs;pare. </s> <s>But then becau&longs;e, one of the&longs;e plea&longs;es <lb/>you more than the other, would you therefore <lb/>affirm the other to be not at all hand&longs;ome or <lb/>graceful? </s> <s>By no means; but there may be &longs;ome <lb/>hidden Cau&longs;e why one &longs;hould plca&longs;e you more <lb/>than the other, into which I will not now pre­<lb/>tend to enquire. </s> <s>But the Judgment which you <lb/>make that a Thing is beautiful, does not proceed <lb/>from mere Opinion, but from a &longs;ecret Argu­<lb/>ment and Di&longs;cour&longs;e implanted in the Mind it­<lb/>&longs;elf; which plainly appears to be &longs;o from this, <lb/>that no Man beholds any Thing ugly or de­<lb/>formed, without an immediate Hatred and <lb/>Abhorrence. </s> <s>Whence this Sen&longs;ation of the <lb/>Mind ari&longs;es, and how it is formed, would be a <lb/>Que&longs;tion too &longs;ubtle for this Place: However, <lb/>let us con&longs;ider and examine it from tho&longs;e <lb/>Things which are obvious, and make more <lb/>immediately to the Subject in Hand: For with­<lb/>out Que&longs;tion there is a certain Excellence and <pb xlink:href="003/01/271.jpg" pagenum="195"/>natural Beauty in the Figures and Forms of <lb/>Buildings, which immediately &longs;trike the Mind <lb/>with Plea&longs;ure and Admiration. </s> <s>It is my Opi­<lb/>nion, that Beauty, Maje&longs;ty, Gracefulne&longs;s, and <lb/>the like Charms, con&longs;i&longs;t in tho&longs;e Particulars <lb/>which if you alter or take away, the Whole <lb/>would be made homely and di&longs;agreeable. </s> <s>If <lb/>we are convinced of this, it can be no very te­<lb/>dious Enquiry to con&longs;ider tho&longs;e Things which <lb/>may be taken away, encrea&longs;ed or altered, e&longs;pe­<lb/>cially in Figures and Forms: For every Body <lb/>con&longs;i&longs;ts of certain peculiar Parts, of which if <lb/>you take away any one, or le&longs;&longs;en, or enlarge it, <lb/>or remove it to an improper Place; that which <lb/>before gave the Beauty and Grace to this Body <lb/>will at once be lamed and &longs;poild. </s> <s>From hence <lb/>we may conclude, to avoid Prolixity in this <lb/>Re&longs;earch, that there are three Things princi­<lb/>pally in which the Whole of what we are look­<lb/>ing into con&longs;i&longs;ts: The Number, and that which <lb/>I have called the Fini&longs;hing, and the Collocati­<lb/>on. </s> <s>But there is &longs;till &longs;omething el&longs;e be&longs;ides, <lb/>which ari&longs;es from the Conjunction and Con­<lb/>nection of the&longs;e other Parts, and gives the <lb/>Beauty and Grace to the Whole: Which we <lb/>will call Congruity, which we may con&longs;ider as <lb/>the Original of all that is graceful and hand­<lb/>&longs;ome. </s> <s>The Bu&longs;ine&longs;s and Office of Congruity <lb/>is to put together Members differing from each <lb/>other in their Natures, in &longs;uch a Manner, that <lb/>they may con&longs;pire to form a beautiful Whole: <lb/>So that whenever &longs;uch a Compo&longs;ition offers it­<lb/>&longs;elf to the Mind, either by the Conveyance of <lb/>the Sight, Hearing, or any of the other Sen&longs;es, <lb/>we immediately perceive this Congruity: For <lb/>by Nature we de&longs;ire Things perfect, and ad­<lb/>here to them with Plea&longs;ure when they are of­<lb/>fered to us; nor does this Congruity ari&longs;e &longs;o <lb/>much from the Body in which it is found, or <lb/>any of its Members, as from it&longs;elf, and from <lb/>Nature, &longs;o that its true Seat is in the Mind and <lb/>in Rea&longs;on; and accordingly it has a very large <lb/>Field to exerci&longs;e it&longs;elf and flouri&longs;h in, and runs <lb/>through every Part and Action of Man's Life, <lb/>and every Production of Nature her&longs;elf, which <lb/>are all directed by the Law of Congruity, nor <lb/>does Nature &longs;tudy any Thing more than to <lb/>make all her Works ab&longs;olute and perfect, which <lb/>they could never be without this Congruity, <lb/>&longs;ince they would want that Con&longs;ent of Parts <lb/>which is &longs;o nece&longs;&longs;ary to Perfection. </s> <s>But we <lb/>need not &longs;ay more upon this Point, and if what <lb/>we have here laid down appears to be true, we <lb/>may conclude Beauty to be &longs;uch a Con&longs;ent and <lb/>Agreement of the Parts of a Whole in which it <lb/>is found, as to Number, Fini&longs;hing and Collo­<lb/>cation, as Congruity, that is to &longs;ay, the princi­<lb/>pal Law of Nature requires. </s> <s>This is what Ar­<lb/>chitecture chiefly aims at, and by this &longs;he ob­<lb/>tains her Beauty, Dignity and Value. </s> <s>The <lb/>Ancients knowing from the Nature of Things, <lb/>that the Matter was in Fact as I have here &longs;tat­<lb/>ed it, and being convinced, that if they neglect­<lb/>ed this main Point they &longs;hould never produce <lb/>any Thing great or commendable, did in their <lb/>Works propo&longs;e to them&longs;elves chiefly the Imi­<lb/>tation of Nature, as the greate&longs;t Arti&longs;t at all <lb/>Manner of Compo&longs;itions; and for this Purpo&longs;e <lb/>they laboured, as far as the Indu&longs;try of Man <lb/>could reach, to di&longs;cover the Laws upon which <lb/>&longs;he her&longs;elf acted in the Production of her <lb/>Works, in order to transfer them to the Bu&longs;i­<lb/>ne&longs;s of Architecture. </s> <s>Reflecting therefore up­<lb/>on the Practice of Nature as well with Relati­<lb/>on to an entire Body, as to its &longs;everal Parts, <lb/>they found from the very fir&longs;t Principles of <lb/>Things, that Bodies were not always compo&longs;ed <lb/>of equal Parts or Members; whence it happens, <lb/>that of the Bodies produced by Nature, &longs;ome <lb/>are &longs;maller, &longs;ome larger, and &longs;ome middling: <lb/>And con&longs;idering that one Building differed <lb/>from another, upon account of the End for <lb/>which it was rai&longs;ed, and the Purpo&longs;e which it <lb/>was to &longs;erve, as we have &longs;hewn in the &longs;ore­<lb/>going Books, they found it nece&longs;&longs;ary to make <lb/>them of various Kinds. </s> <s>Thus from an Imi­<lb/>tation of Nature they invented three Manners <lb/>of adorning a Building, and gave them Names <lb/>drawn from their fir&longs;t Inventors. </s> <s>One was <lb/>better contrived for Strength and Duration: <lb/>This they called <emph type="italics"/>Doric;<emph.end type="italics"/> another was more ta­<lb/>per and beautiful, this they named <emph type="italics"/>Corinthian;<emph.end type="italics"/><lb/>another was a Kind of Medium compo&longs;ed from <lb/>the other two, and this they called <emph type="italics"/>Ionic.<emph.end type="italics"/></s><s> Thus <lb/>much related to the whole Body in general. <lb/></s> <s>Then ob&longs;erving, that tho&longs;e three Things which <lb/>we have already mentioned, namely, the Num­<lb/>ber, Fini&longs;hing and Collocation, were what <lb/>chiefly conduced to make the whole beautiful, <lb/>they found how they were to make u&longs;e of this <lb/>from a thorough Examination of the Works of <lb/>Nature, and, as I imagine, upon the following <lb/>Principles. </s> <s>The fir&longs;t Thing they ob&longs;erved, as <lb/>to Number, was that is was of two Sorts, even <lb/>and uneven, and they made u&longs;e of both, but <lb/>in different Occa&longs;ions: For, from the Imita­<lb/>tion of Nature, they never made the Ribs of <lb/>their Structure, that is to &longs;ay, the Columns, <lb/>Angles and the like, in uneven Numbers; as <lb/>you &longs;hall not find any Animal that &longs;tands or <pb xlink:href="003/01/272.jpg" pagenum="196"/>moves upon an odd Number of Feet. </s> <s>On <lb/>the contrary, they made their Apertures al­<lb/>ways in uneven Numbers, as Nature her&longs;elf <lb/>has done in &longs;ome In&longs;tances, for tho' in Ani­<lb/>mals &longs;he has placed an Ear, an Eye, and a <lb/>No&longs;tril on each Side, yet the great Aperture, <lb/>the Mouth, &longs;he has &longs;et &longs;ingly in the Middle. <lb/></s> <s>But among the&longs;e Numbers, whether even or <lb/>uneven, there are &longs;ome which &longs;eem to be <lb/>greater Favourites with Nature than others, <lb/>and more celebrated among learned Men; <lb/>which Architects have borrowed for the Com­<lb/>po&longs;ition of the Members of their Edifices, <lb/>upon Account of their being endued with <lb/>&longs;ome Qualities which make them more valu­<lb/>able than any others.</s></p><p type="main"> <s>THUS all the Philo&longs;ophers affirm, that Na­<lb/>ture her&longs;elf con&longs;i&longs;ts in a ternary Principle; <lb/>and &longs;o the Number five, when we con&longs;ider <lb/>the many Things, and tho&longs;e &longs;o admirable and <lb/>various, which either follow this Number in <lb/>them&longs;elves, or are derived from tho&longs;e Things <lb/>which do, mu&longs;t be allowed to be divine in its <lb/>Nature, and worthily dedicated to the Gods <lb/>of the Arts, and particularly to <emph type="italics"/>Mercury.<emph.end type="italics"/></s><s> It is <lb/>certain, that Almighty God him&longs;elf, the Crea­<lb/>tor of all Things, takes particular Delight in <lb/>the Number Seven, having placed &longs;even Pla­<lb/>nets in the Skies, and having been plea&longs;ed to <lb/>ordain with Regard to Man, the Glory of his <lb/>Creation, that Conception, Growth, Maturity <lb/>and the like, &longs;hould all be reduceable to this <lb/>Number Seven. <emph type="italics"/>Ari&longs;totle<emph.end type="italics"/> &longs;ays, that the An­<lb/>cients never u&longs;ed to give a Child a Name, till <lb/>it was &longs;even Days old, as not thinking it was <lb/>de&longs;tined to Life before; becau&longs;e both the Seed <lb/>in the Womb, and the Child after its Birth, is <lb/>liable to very dangerous Accidents till the &longs;e­<lb/>venth Day is over. </s> <s>Among odd Numbers, <lb/>that of Nine is highly celebrated, in which <lb/>Number that great Arti&longs;t, Nature, made the <lb/>Spheres of Heaven; and the Philo&longs;ophers &longs;ay, <lb/>that Nature in many, and tho&longs;e the greate&longs;t <lb/>Things, is contented with making u&longs;e of the <lb/>ninth Part of a Whole. </s> <s>Thus forty is about <lb/>the Ninth Part of all the Days of the Year, <lb/>according to the Revolution of the Sun, and <lb/><emph type="italics"/>Hippocrates<emph.end type="italics"/> tells us, that in forty Days the <lb/><emph type="italics"/>Foetus<emph.end type="italics"/> is formed in the Womb. </s> <s>Moreover we <lb/>find, that in the Generality of acute Di&longs;tem­<lb/>pers, the Patient recovers at the End of forty <lb/>Days. </s> <s>At the End of the &longs;ame Time Wo­<lb/>men that are with Child of a Male, cea&longs;e their <lb/>Purgations, which, if they are delivered of a <lb/>Boy, after the &longs;ame Term of forty Days, begin <lb/>afre&longs;h. </s> <s>They &longs;ay further, that the Child it&longs;elf <lb/>for forty Days is never &longs;een either to laugh or <lb/>&longs;hed Tears while it is awake; tho' in its Sleep <lb/>it will do both. </s> <s>And thus much of odd <lb/>Numbers.</s></p><p type="main"> <s>As to even Numbers, &longs;ome Philo&longs;ophers <lb/>teach, that the Number four is dedicated to <lb/>the Deity, and for this Rea&longs;on it was u&longs;ed in <lb/>the Taking the mo&longs;t &longs;olemn Oaths, which <lb/>were repeated four Times; and they tell us, <lb/>that even among the mo&longs;t excellent Numbers, <lb/>that of &longs;ix is the mo&longs;t perfect, or con&longs;i&longs;ting of <lb/>all its own entire Parts, for Example:<lb/><arrow.to.target n="table1"/></s></p><table><table.target id="table1"/><row><cell/><cell>1.1.1.1.1.1.</cell><cell>1.2.3.</cell><cell>1.5.</cell><cell>2.2.2.</cell></row><row><cell/><cell>6.</cell><cell>6.</cell><cell>6.</cell><cell>6.</cell></row><row><cell>2.4.</cell><cell>3.3.</cell><cell/><cell/><cell/></row><row><cell>6.</cell><cell>6.</cell><cell/><cell/><cell/></row></table><p type="main"> <s>And it is certain, that the Number eight has <lb/>an extraordinary Power in the Nature of <lb/>Things. </s> <s>Except in <emph type="italics"/>Ægypt,<emph.end type="italics"/> we never find, <lb/>that any Child born in the eighth Month, lives <lb/>long; nay, and even the Mother her&longs;elf who <lb/>is is &longs;o delivered in the eighth Month, when <lb/>the Child is dead, will certainly, we are told, <lb/>die &longs;oon afterwards. </s> <s>If the Father touches <lb/>his Wife in the eighth Month, the Child will <lb/>be full of foul Humours, and its Skin will be <lb/>leprous and Scurfy, and nau&longs;eous to the Sight. <lb/><emph type="italics"/>Ari&longs;totle<emph.end type="italics"/> was of Opinion, that the Number <lb/>ten was the mo&longs;t perfect of all, which was <lb/>probably becau&longs;e its &longs;quare is compo&longs;ed of four <lb/>continued Cubes put together. </s> <s>Upon the&longs;e <lb/>Accounts the Architects have mo&longs;t frequently <lb/>made u&longs;e of the foregoing Numbers; but in <lb/>their Apertures they &longs;eldom have exceeded <lb/>that of ten for an even, or nine for an odd <lb/>Number, e&longs;pecially in Temples. </s> <s>We are now <lb/>to treat of the Fini&longs;hing.</s></p><p type="main"> <s>BY the Fini&longs;hing I under&longs;tand a certain <lb/>mutual Corre&longs;pondence of tho&longs;e &longs;everal Lines, <lb/>by which the Proportions are mea&longs;ured, where­<lb/>of one is the Length, the other the Breadth, <lb/>and the other the Height.</s></p><p type="main"> <s>THE Rule of the&longs;e Proportions is be&longs;t ga­<lb/>thered from tho&longs;e Things in which we find <lb/>Nature herfelf to be mo&longs;t compleat and ad­<lb/>mirable; and indeed I am every Day more <lb/>and more convinced of the Truth of <emph type="italics"/>Pytha­<lb/>goras<emph.end type="italics"/>'s Saying, that Nature is &longs;ure to act con­<lb/>&longs;i&longs;tently, and with a con&longs;tant Analogy in all <lb/>her Operations: From whence I conclude, <pb xlink:href="003/01/273.jpg" pagenum="197"/>that the &longs;ame Numbers, by means of which <lb/>the Agreement of Sounds affects our Ears with <lb/>Delight, are the very &longs;ame which plea&longs;e our <lb/>Eyes and our Mind. </s> <s>We &longs;hall therefore bor­<lb/>row all our Rules for the fini&longs;hing our Pro­<lb/>portions, from the Mu&longs;icians, who are the <lb/>greate&longs;t Ma&longs;ters of this Sort of Numbers, and <lb/>&longs;rom tho&longs;e particular Things wherein Nature <lb/>&longs;hews her&longs;elf mo&longs;t excellent and compleat: <lb/>Not that I &longs;hall look any further into the&longs;e <lb/>Matters than is nece&longs;&longs;ary for the Purpo&longs;e of the <lb/>Architect. </s> <s>We &longs;hall not therefore pretend to <lb/>&longs;ay any thing of Modulation, or the particular <lb/>Rules of any In&longs;trument; but only &longs;peak of <lb/>tho&longs;e Points which are immediately to our Sub­<lb/>ject, which are the&longs;e. </s> <s>We have already ob­<lb/>&longs;erved, that Harmony is an Agreement of &longs;eve­<lb/>ral Tones, delightful to the Ears. </s> <s>Of Tones, <lb/>&longs;ome are deep, &longs;ome more acute. </s> <s>The deeper <lb/>Tones proceed from a longer String; and the <lb/>more acute, from a &longs;horter: And from the mu­<lb/>tual Connection of the&longs;e Tones ari&longs;es all the <lb/>Variety of Harmony. </s> <s>This Harmony the An­<lb/>cients gathered from interchangeable Concords <lb/>of the Tones, by means of certain determinate <lb/>Numbers; the Names of which Concords are <lb/>as follows: <emph type="italics"/>Diapente,<emph.end type="italics"/> or the Fifth, which is <lb/>al&longs;o called <emph type="italics"/>Se&longs;quialtera: Diate&longs;&longs;aron,<emph.end type="italics"/> or the <lb/>Fourth, called al&longs;o, <emph type="italics"/>Se&longs;quitertia: Diapa&longs;on,<emph.end type="italics"/> or <lb/>the Eighth, al&longs;o called the double Tone; <emph type="italics"/>Dia­<lb/>pa&longs;on Diapente,<emph.end type="italics"/> the twelfth or triple Tone, and <lb/><emph type="italics"/>Di&longs;diapa&longs;on,<emph.end type="italics"/> the fifteenth or <emph type="italics"/>Quadruple.<emph.end type="italics"/></s><s> To <lb/>the&longs;e was added the Tonus, which was al&longs;o <lb/>called the <emph type="italics"/>Se&longs;quioctave.<emph.end type="italics"/></s><s> The&longs;e &longs;everal Con­<lb/>cords, compared with the Strings them&longs;elves, <lb/>bore the following Proportions. </s> <s>The <emph type="italics"/>Se&longs;qui­<lb/>altera<emph.end type="italics"/> was &longs;o called, becau&longs;e the String which <lb/>produced it bore the &longs;ame Proportion to that <lb/>to which it is compared, as one and an half <lb/>does to one; which was the Meaning of the <lb/>Word <emph type="italics"/>Se&longs;qui,<emph.end type="italics"/> among the Ancients. </s> <s>In the <emph type="italics"/>Se&longs;­<lb/>quialtera<emph.end type="italics"/> therefore the longer String mu&longs;t be <lb/>allowed three, and the &longs;horter, two.<lb/><arrow.to.target n="table2"/></s></p><table><table.target id="table2"/><row><cell>3 000</cell><cell/></row><row><cell/><cell><emph type="italics"/>Se&longs;quialtera.<emph.end type="italics"/></cell></row><row><cell>2 00</cell><cell/></row></table><p type="main"> <s>THE <emph type="italics"/>Se&longs;quitertia<emph.end type="italics"/> is where the longer String <lb/>contains the &longs;horter one and one third more: <lb/>The longer therefore mu&longs;t be as four, and the <lb/>&longs;horter as three.<lb/><arrow.to.target n="table3"/></s></p><table><table.target id="table3"/><row><cell>4 0000</cell><cell/></row><row><cell/><cell><emph type="italics"/>Se&longs;quitertia<emph.end type="italics"/></cell></row><row><cell>3 000</cell><cell/></row></table><p type="main"> <s>BUT in that Concord which was called <emph type="italics"/>Dia­<lb/>pa&longs;on,<emph.end type="italics"/> the Numbers an&longs;wer to one another in <lb/>a double Proportion, as two to one, or the <lb/>Whole to the Hal&longs;: And in the <emph type="italics"/>Triple,<emph.end type="italics"/> they <lb/>an&longs;wer as three to one, or as the Whole to one <lb/>third of it&longs;elf.<lb/><arrow.to.target n="table4"/></s></p><table><table.target id="table4"/><row><cell>2 00</cell><cell/><cell>300</cell><cell/></row><row><cell/><cell><emph type="italics"/>Diapa&longs;on,<emph.end type="italics"/> or double</cell><cell/><cell><emph type="italics"/>Triple<emph.end type="italics"/></cell></row><row><cell>1 0</cell><cell/><cell>1 0</cell><cell/></row></table><p type="main"> <s>IN the <emph type="italics"/>Quadruple<emph.end type="italics"/> the Proportions are as <lb/>four to one, or as the Whole to its fourth Part.<lb/><arrow.to.target n="table5"/></s></p><table><table.target id="table5"/><row><cell>4 0000</cell><cell/></row><row><cell/><cell><emph type="italics"/>Quadruple<emph.end type="italics"/></cell></row><row><cell>1 0</cell><cell/></row></table><p type="main"> <s>LASTLY, all the&longs;e mu&longs;ical Numbers are as <lb/>follows: One, two, three, four, and the Tone <lb/>before-mentioned, wherein the long String <lb/>compared to the &longs;horter, exceeds it one eighth <lb/>Part of that &longs;horter String.<lb/><arrow.to.target n="table6"/></s></p><table><table.target id="table6"/><row><cell>1. 2. 3. 4.</cell><cell>8 00000000</cell><cell/></row><row><cell/><cell/><cell><emph type="italics"/>Tone<emph.end type="italics"/></cell></row><row><cell>Mu&longs;ical Numbers</cell><cell>9 00000000,0</cell><cell/></row></table><p type="main"> <s>OF all the&longs;e Numbers the Architects made <lb/>very convenient U&longs;e, taking them &longs;ometimes <lb/>two by two, as in planning out their Squares <lb/>and open Areas, wherein only two Proporti­<lb/>ons were to be con&longs;idered, namely, Length <lb/>and Breadth; and &longs;ometimes taking them three <lb/>by three, as in publick Halls, Council-cham­<lb/>bers, and the like; wherein as the Length was <lb/>to bear a Proportion to the Breadth, &longs;o they <lb/>made the Height in a certain harmonious Pro­<lb/>portion to them both.</s></p><p type="head"> <s>CHAP. VI.</s></p><p type="head"> <s><emph type="italics"/>Of the Proportions of Numbers in the Mea&longs;uring of Areas, and the Rules for <lb/>&longs;ome other Proportions drawn neither from natural Bodies, nor from Harmony.<emph.end type="italics"/></s></p><p type="main"> <s>Of the&longs;e Proportions we are now to treat <lb/>more particularly, and fir&longs;t we &longs;hall &longs;ay <lb/>&longs;omething of tho&longs;e Areas where only two are <lb/>u&longs;ed. </s> <s>Of Areas, &longs;ome are &longs;hort, &longs;ome long, <lb/>and &longs;ome between both. </s> <s>The &longs;horte&longs;t of all <lb/>is the perfect Square, every Side whereof is of <pb xlink:href="003/01/274.jpg" pagenum="198"/>equal Length, all corre&longs;ponding with one an­<lb/>other at Right Angles. </s> <s>The neare&longs;t to this is <lb/>the <emph type="italics"/>Se&longs;quialtera,<emph.end type="italics"/> and the <emph type="italics"/>Se&longs;quitertian<emph.end type="italics"/> al&longs;o may <lb/>be reckoned among the &longs;horter Areas. </s> <s>The&longs;e <lb/>three Proportions therefore, which we may al&longs;o <lb/>call &longs;imple, are proper for the &longs;maller Plat­<lb/>forms. </s> <s>There are likewi&longs;e three others, which <lb/>are proper for middling Platforms: The be&longs;t <lb/>of all is the Double, and the next be&longs;t is that <lb/>which is formed of the <emph type="italics"/>Se&longs;quialtera<emph.end type="italics"/> doubled, <lb/>which is produced as follows: Having &longs;et <lb/>down the lea&longs;t Number of the Area, as, for <lb/>In&longs;tance, four, lengthen it to the fir&longs;t <emph type="italics"/>Se&longs;qui­<lb/>altera,<emph.end type="italics"/> which will make &longs;ix, and then add the <lb/><emph type="italics"/>Se&longs;quialtera<emph.end type="italics"/> of this &longs;ix, which will produce <lb/>nine. </s> <s>Thus the Length will exceed the Breadth <lb/>in a double Proportion, and one Tone more.<lb/><arrow.to.target n="table7"/></s></p><table><table.target id="table7"/><row><cell>4 0000</cell><cell/></row><row><cell/><cell><emph type="italics"/>Se&longs;quialtera<emph.end type="italics"/></cell></row><row><cell>6 000000</cell><cell/></row><row><cell>9 000000000</cell><cell><emph type="italics"/>Se&longs;quialtera<emph.end type="italics"/> doubled</cell></row></table><p type="main"> <s>FOR moderate Platforms al&longs;o, we may u&longs;e <lb/>that Proportion which ari&longs;es from the <emph type="italics"/>Se&longs;qui­<lb/>tertian<emph.end type="italics"/> doubled in the &longs;ame Manner as the for­<lb/>mer; wherein the Length and Breadth will <lb/>be as nine and &longs;ixteen.<lb/><arrow.to.target n="table8"/></s></p><table><table.target id="table8"/><row><cell>9 000000000</cell><cell/></row><row><cell/><cell><emph type="italics"/>Se&longs;quitertia<emph.end type="italics"/></cell></row><row><cell>12 000000000000</cell><cell/></row><row><cell>16 0000000000000000</cell><cell><emph type="italics"/>Se&longs;quitertia<emph.end type="italics"/> doubled</cell></row></table><p type="main"> <s>HERE the longer Line contains the &longs;horter <lb/>twice, excluding one Tone of that &longs;horter <lb/>Line. </s> <s>In the longe&longs;t Areas we either add the <lb/><emph type="italics"/>Duple<emph.end type="italics"/> to the <emph type="italics"/>Se&longs;quialtera,<emph.end type="italics"/> which will produce <lb/>the <emph type="italics"/>Triple;<emph.end type="italics"/> or add the <emph type="italics"/>Se&longs;quitertia<emph.end type="italics"/> to the <lb/><emph type="italics"/>Duple,<emph.end type="italics"/> which will make the Proportion as three <lb/>to eight; or la&longs;tly make the Lines corre&longs;pond <lb/>to each other in a <emph type="italics"/>Quadruple<emph.end type="italics"/> Proportion. </s> <s>We <lb/>have now &longs;poke of the &longs;horter Platforms, <lb/>wherein the Numbers an&longs;wer to each other <lb/>equally, as two to three, or three to four, and <lb/>of the Middling, wherein they corre&longs;pond as <lb/>two to four, or as four to nine, or as nine to <lb/>&longs;ixteen: And la&longs;tly of the longe&longs;t, wherein <lb/>the Numbers an&longs;wer in a <emph type="italics"/>Triple<emph.end type="italics"/> or <emph type="italics"/>Quadruple<emph.end type="italics"/><lb/>Proportion, or as three to eight. </s> <s>We may <lb/>join together or compound all the three Lines <lb/>of any Body what&longs;oever, by Means of the&longs;e &longs;e­<lb/>veral Number, which are either innate with <lb/>Harmony it&longs;elf, or produced from other <lb/>Proportions in a certain and regular Me­<lb/>thod. </s> <s>We find in Harmony tho&longs;e Num­<lb/>bers from who&longs;e mutual Relations we may <lb/>form their &longs;everal Proporions, as in the <emph type="italics"/>Duple,<emph.end type="italics"/><lb/>the <emph type="italics"/>Triple<emph.end type="italics"/> and the <emph type="italics"/>Quadruple.<emph.end type="italics"/></s><s> For In­<lb/>&longs;tance, the <emph type="italics"/>Duple<emph.end type="italics"/> is formed of the &longs;imple <emph type="italics"/>Se&longs;­<lb/>quialtera,<emph.end type="italics"/> with the Addition of the <emph type="italics"/>Se&longs;quitertia,<emph.end type="italics"/><lb/>in the following Method. </s> <s>Let the lea&longs;t Num­<lb/>ber of the <emph type="italics"/>Duple<emph.end type="italics"/> be two; the <emph type="italics"/>Se&longs;quialtera<emph.end type="italics"/> of <lb/>this is three, and the <emph type="italics"/>Se&longs;quitertia<emph.end type="italics"/> of this Num­<lb/>ber three is four, which is ju&longs;t the Double of <lb/>two before-mentioned.<lb/><arrow.to.target n="table9"/></s></p><table><table.target id="table9"/><row><cell>00</cell><cell/></row><row><cell>000</cell><cell>The <emph type="italics"/>Se&longs;quialtera<emph.end type="italics"/></cell></row><row><cell>0000</cell><cell>The <emph type="italics"/>Se&longs;quitertia<emph.end type="italics"/> or <emph type="italics"/>Duple<emph.end type="italics"/></cell></row></table><p type="main"> <s>OR el&longs;e the &longs;ame is done in the following <lb/>Manner: Let the &longs;maller Number be, for In­<lb/>&longs;tance, three; I add one to make it a <emph type="italics"/>Se&longs;qui­<lb/>tertia,<emph.end type="italics"/> and it becomes four, to which adding a <lb/><emph type="italics"/>Se&longs;quialtera,<emph.end type="italics"/> it makes it &longs;ix, which, compared <lb/>to three, is ju&longs;t in a double Proportion.<lb/><arrow.to.target n="table10"/></s></p><table><table.target id="table10"/><row><cell/><cell>000</cell><cell/></row><row><cell>The <emph type="italics"/>Duple<emph.end type="italics"/></cell><cell>0000</cell><cell><emph type="italics"/>Se&longs;quitertia<emph.end type="italics"/></cell></row><row><cell/><cell>000000</cell><cell><emph type="italics"/>Se&longs;quialtera<emph.end type="italics"/></cell></row></table><p type="main"> <s>THE <emph type="italics"/>Triple<emph.end type="italics"/> is likewi&longs;e made of the <emph type="italics"/>Duple,<emph.end type="italics"/><lb/>and of the <emph type="italics"/>Se&longs;quialtera<emph.end type="italics"/> joined together: For <lb/>In&longs;tance, let the &longs;maller Number here be two; <lb/>this being doubled, makes four; to which <lb/>adding a <emph type="italics"/>Se&longs;quialtera,<emph.end type="italics"/> it becomes &longs;ix, which is <lb/>the <emph type="italics"/>Triple<emph.end type="italics"/> of two.<lb/><arrow.to.target n="table11"/></s></p><table><table.target id="table11"/><row><cell/><cell>00</cell><cell/></row><row><cell>The <emph type="italics"/>Triple<emph.end type="italics"/></cell><cell>0000</cell><cell>doubled</cell></row><row><cell/><cell>000000</cell><cell><emph type="italics"/>Se&longs;quialtera<emph.end type="italics"/></cell></row></table><p type="main"> <s>OR the &longs;ame Thing is done as follows; <lb/>placing the &longs;ame Number of two for the <lb/>&longs;maller Number, take the <emph type="italics"/>Se&longs;quialtera,<emph.end type="italics"/> and <lb/>you will have three, which being doubled, <lb/>gives &longs;ix, and &longs;o we &longs;hall have the <emph type="italics"/>Triple<emph.end type="italics"/> of <lb/>two.<lb/><arrow.to.target n="table12"/></s></p><table><table.target id="table12"/><row><cell/><cell>00</cell><cell/></row><row><cell>The <emph type="italics"/>Triple<emph.end type="italics"/></cell><cell>000</cell><cell><emph type="italics"/>Se&longs;quialtera<emph.end type="italics"/></cell></row><row><cell/><cell>000000</cell><cell>doubled</cell></row></table><p type="main"> <s>BY Means of the &longs;ame Exten&longs;ions we may <lb/>produce the <emph type="italics"/>Quadruple,<emph.end type="italics"/> by compounding one <lb/><emph type="italics"/>Duple<emph.end type="italics"/> with another, &longs;ince it is indeed nothing <lb/>more than the <emph type="italics"/>Duple<emph.end type="italics"/> doubled, which is al&longs;o <lb/>called <emph type="italics"/>Di&longs;diapa&longs;on,<emph.end type="italics"/> and is performed as follows: <lb/>Let the &longs;maller Number here, for In&longs;tance, be <lb/>two; double this, and it makes the <emph type="italics"/>Diapa&longs;on,<emph.end type="italics"/><lb/>that is to &longs;ay four, which is the <emph type="italics"/>Duple<emph.end type="italics"/> of two, <lb/>and doubling this four, it makes the <emph type="italics"/>Di&longs;diapa­<lb/>&longs;on,<emph.end type="italics"/> which is as eight to two.<lb/><arrow.to.target n="table13"/></s></p><pb xlink:href="003/01/275.jpg"/><table><table.target id="table13"/><row><cell/><cell>00</cell><cell/></row><row><cell>The <emph type="italics"/>Quadruple.<emph.end type="italics"/></cell><cell>0000</cell><cell><emph type="italics"/>Diapa&longs;on.<emph.end type="italics"/></cell></row><row><cell/><cell>00000000</cell><cell><emph type="italics"/>Di&longs;diapa&longs;on.<emph.end type="italics"/></cell></row></table><figure id="id.003.01.275.1.jpg" xlink:href="003/01/275/1.jpg"/><p type="caption"> <s>PLATE 64. <emph type="italics"/>(Page 199)<emph.end type="italics"/></s></p><figure id="id.003.01.275.2.jpg" xlink:href="003/01/275/2.jpg"/><pb xlink:href="003/01/276.jpg" pagenum="199"/><p type="main"> <s>THIS <emph type="italics"/>Quadruple<emph.end type="italics"/> may be al&longs;o formed by <lb/>adding a <emph type="italics"/>Se&longs;quialtera<emph.end type="italics"/> and a <emph type="italics"/>Se&longs;quitertia<emph.end type="italics"/> to the <lb/><emph type="italics"/>Duple;<emph.end type="italics"/> and how this is done, is manife&longs;t by <lb/>what we have &longs;aid above: But for its clearer <lb/>Explanation, we &longs;hall give a further In&longs;tance <lb/>of it here. </s> <s>The Number two, for Example, <lb/>by Means of a <emph type="italics"/>Se&longs;quialtera<emph.end type="italics"/> is made three, which <lb/>by a <emph type="italics"/>Se&longs;quitertia<emph.end type="italics"/> becomes four, which four <lb/>being doubled makes eight.<lb/><arrow.to.target n="table14"/></s></p><table><table.target id="table14"/><row><cell/><cell>00</cell><cell/></row><row><cell/><cell>000</cell><cell><emph type="italics"/>Se&longs;quialtera<emph.end type="italics"/></cell></row><row><cell>The <emph type="italics"/>Quadruple.<emph.end type="italics"/></cell><cell/><cell/></row><row><cell/><cell>0000</cell><cell><emph type="italics"/>Se&longs;quitertia<emph.end type="italics"/></cell></row><row><cell/><cell>00000000</cell><cell>doubled</cell></row></table><p type="main"> <s>OR rather in the following Manner. </s> <s>Let us <lb/>take the Number three; this being doubled <lb/>makes &longs;ix, to which adding another three, we <lb/>have nine, and adding to this a third of it&longs;elf, <lb/>it produces twelve, which an&longs;wers to three in a <lb/><emph type="italics"/>Quadruple<emph.end type="italics"/> Proportion.<lb/><arrow.to.target n="table15"/></s></p><table><table.target id="table15"/><row><cell/><cell>000</cell><cell/></row><row><cell/><cell>000000</cell><cell>doubled</cell></row><row><cell>The <emph type="italics"/>Quadruple<emph.end type="italics"/></cell><cell/><cell/></row><row><cell/><cell>000000000</cell><cell>a third added</cell></row><row><cell/><cell>000000000000</cell><cell>a third added</cell></row></table><p type="main"> <s>THE Architects make u&longs;e of all the &longs;everal <lb/>Proportions here &longs;et down, not confu&longs;edly and <lb/>indi&longs;tinctly, but in &longs;uch Manner as to be con­<lb/>&longs;tantly and every way agreeable to Harmony: <lb/>As, for In&longs;tance, in the Elevation of a Room <lb/>which is twice as long as broad, they make <lb/>u&longs;e, not of tho&longs;e Numbers which compo&longs;e the <lb/>Triple, but of tho&longs;e only which form the <lb/>Duple; and the &longs;ame in a Room who&longs;e Length <lb/>is three Times its Breadth, employing only its <lb/>own proper Proportions, and no foreign ones, <lb/>that is to &longs;ay, taking &longs;uch of the triple Pro­<lb/>gre&longs;&longs;ions above &longs;et down, as is mo&longs;t agreeable <lb/>to the Circum&longs;tances of their Structure. </s> <s>There <lb/>are &longs;ome other natural Proportions for the U&longs;e <lb/>of Structures, which are not borrowed from <lb/>Numbers, but from the Roots and Powers of <lb/>Squares. </s> <s>The Roots are the Sides of &longs;quare <lb/>Numbers: The Powers are the Areas of tho&longs;e <lb/>Squares: The Multiplication of the Areas <lb/>produce the Cubes. </s> <s>The fir&longs;t of all Cubes, <lb/>who&longs;e Root is one, is con&longs;ecrated to the Deity, <lb/>becau&longs;e, as it is derived from One, So it is <lb/>One every Way; to which we may add, that <lb/>it is the mo&longs;t &longs;table and con&longs;tant of all Fi­<lb/>gures, and the very Ba&longs;is of all the re&longs;t. </s> <s>But <lb/>if, as &longs;ome affirm, the Unite be no Number, <lb/>but only the Source of all others, we may then <lb/>&longs;uppo&longs;e the fir&longs;t Number to be the Number <lb/>two. </s> <s>Taking this Number two for the Root, <lb/>the Areas will be four, which being rai&longs;ed up <lb/>to a Height equal to its Root, will produce a <lb/>Cube of eight; and from this Cube we may <lb/>gather the Rules for our Proportions; for here <lb/>in the fir&longs;t Place, we may con&longs;ider the Side of <lb/>the Cube, which is called the Cube Root, <lb/>who&longs;e Area will in Numbers be &longs;our, and the <lb/>compleat or entire Cube be as eight. </s> <s>In the <lb/>next Place we may con&longs;ider the Line drawn <lb/>from one Angle of the Cube to that which is <lb/>directly oppo&longs;ite to it, &longs;o as to divide the Area <lb/>of the Square into two equal Parts, and this is <lb/>called the Diagonal. </s> <s>What this amounts to <lb/>in Numbers is not known: Only it appears <lb/>to be the Root of an Area, which is as Eight <lb/>on every Side; be&longs;ides which it is the Diago­<lb/>nal of a Cube which is on every Side, as twelve, <lb/><arrow.to.target n="marg48"/><lb/><emph type="italics"/>Fig.<emph.end type="italics"/> 1.</s></p><p type="margin"> <s><margin.target id="marg48"/>*</s></p><p type="main"> <s>LASTLY, In a Triangle who&longs;e two &longs;horte&longs;t <lb/>Sides form a Right Angle, and one of them <lb/>the Root of an Area, which is every Way as <lb/>four, and the other of one, which is as twelve, <lb/>the long&longs;t Side &longs;ubtended oppo&longs;ite to that <lb/>Right Angle, will be the Root of an Area, <lb/>will be the Root of an Area, which is as &longs;ix­<lb/><arrow.to.target n="marg49"/><lb/>teen <emph type="italics"/>Fig.<emph.end type="italics"/> 2.</s></p><p type="margin"> <s><margin.target id="marg49"/>*</s></p><p type="main"> <s>THESE &longs;everal Rules which we have here <lb/>&longs;et down for the determining of Proportions, <lb/>are the natural and proper Relations of Num­<lb/>bers and Quantities, and the general Method <lb/>for the Practice of them all is, that the &longs;horte&longs;t <lb/>Line be taken for the Breadth of the Area, <lb/>the longe&longs;t for the Length, and the middle <lb/>Line for the Height, tho' &longs;ometimes &longs;or the <lb/>Convenience of the Structure, they are inter­<lb/>changed. </s> <s>We are now to &longs;ay &longs;omething of <lb/>the Rules of tho&longs;e Proportions, which are not <lb/>derived from Harmony or the natural Pro­<lb/>portions of Bodies, but are borrowed el&longs;ewhere <lb/>for determining the three Relations of an <lb/>Apartment; and in order to this we are to <lb/>ob&longs;erve, that there are very u&longs;eful Con&longs;idera­<lb/>tions in Practice to be drawn from the Mu&longs;i­<lb/>cians, Geometers, and even the Arithmeticians, <lb/>of each of which we are now to &longs;peak. </s> <s>The&longs;e <lb/>the Philo&longs;ophers call <emph type="italics"/>Mediocrates,<emph.end type="italics"/> or <emph type="italics"/>Means,<emph.end type="italics"/><lb/>and the Rules for them are many and various; <lb/>but there are three particularly which are the <lb/>mo&longs;t e&longs;teemed; of all which the Purpo&longs;e is, <lb/>that the two Extreams being given, the middle <lb/>Mean or Number may corre&longs;pond with them <lb/>in a certain detemined Manner, or to u&longs;e <lb/>&longs;uch an Expre&longs;&longs;ion, with a regular Affinity. <lb/></s> <s>Our Bu&longs;ine&longs;s, in this Enquiry, is to con&longs;ider <lb/>three Terms, whereof the two mo&longs;t remote <lb/>are one the greate&longs;t, and the other the lea&longs;t; <lb/>the third or mean Number mu&longs;t an&longs;wer to <lb/><pb xlink:href="003/01/277.jpg" pagenum="200"/>the&longs;e other two in a ju&longs;t Relation or proporti­<lb/>onate Interval, which Interval is the equal re­<lb/>lative Di&longs;tance which this Number &longs;tands from <lb/>the other two. </s> <s>Of the three Methods mo&longs;t <lb/>approved by the Philo&longs;ophers for finding this <lb/>Mean, that which is called the arithmetical is <lb/>the mo&longs;t ea&longs;y, and is as follows. </s> <s>Taking the <lb/>two extreme Numbers, as for In&longs;tance, eight <lb/>for the greate&longs;t, and four for the lea&longs;t, you add <lb/>them together, which produce twelve, which <lb/>twelve being divided in two equal Parts, gives <lb/>us &longs;ix.<lb/><arrow.to.target n="table16"/></s></p><table><table.target id="table16"/><row><cell>8</cell><cell/><cell>4</cell></row><row><cell/><cell>12</cell><cell/></row><row><cell/><cell>6</cell><cell/></row></table><p type="main"> <s>THIS Number &longs;ix the Arithmeticians &longs;ay, is <lb/>the Mean, which &longs;tanding between four and <lb/>eight, is at an equal Di&longs;tance from each of <lb/>them.<lb/><arrow.to.target n="table17"/></s></p><table><table.target id="table17"/><row><cell>8.</cell><cell>6.</cell><cell>4.</cell></row></table><p type="main"> <s>THE next Mean is that which is called the <lb/>Geometrical, and is taken thus. </s> <s>Let the &longs;mall­<lb/>e&longs;t Number, for Example, four, be multiplied <lb/>by the greate&longs;t, which we &longs;hall &longs;uppo&longs;e to be <lb/>nine; the Multiplication will produce 36: <lb/>The Root of which Sum as it is called, or the <lb/>Number of its Side being multiplied by it&longs;elf <lb/>mu&longs;t al&longs;o produce 36. The Root therefore <lb/>will be &longs;ix, which multiplied by it&longs;elf is 36, <lb/>and this Number &longs;ix, is the Mean.<lb/><arrow.to.target n="table18"/></s></p><table><table.target id="table18"/><row><cell>4 Times 9</cell><cell>36</cell></row><row><cell>6 Times 6</cell><cell>36</cell></row></table><p type="main"> <s>THIS geometrical Mean is very difficult to <lb/>find by Numbers, but it is very clear by Lines; <lb/>but of tho&longs;e it is not my Bu&longs;ine&longs;s to &longs;peak <lb/>here. </s> <s>The third Mean, which is called the <lb/>Mu&longs;ical, is &longs;omewhat more difficult to work <lb/>than the Arithmetical; but, however, may be <lb/>very well performed by Numbers. </s> <s>In this the <lb/>Proportion between the lea&longs;t Term and the <lb/>greate&longs;t, mu&longs;t be the &longs;ame as the Di&longs;tance be­<lb/>tween the lea&longs;t and the Mean, and between the <lb/>Mean and the greate&longs;t, as in the following Ex­<lb/>ample. </s> <s>Of the two given Numbers, let the <lb/>lea&longs;t be thirty, and the greate&longs;t &longs;ixty, which is <lb/>ju&longs;t the Double of the other. </s> <s>I take &longs;uch <lb/>Numbers as cannot be le&longs;s to be double, and <lb/>the&longs;e are one, for the lea&longs;t, and two, for the <lb/>greate&longs;t, which added together make three. </s> <s>I <lb/>then divide the whole Interval which was be­<lb/>tween the greate&longs;t Number, which was &longs;ixty, <lb/>and the lea&longs;t, which was thirty, into three <lb/>Parts, each of which Parts therefore will be <lb/>ten, and one of the&longs;e three Parts I add to the <lb/>lea&longs;t Number, which will make it forty; and <lb/>this will be the mu&longs;ical Mean de&longs;ired.<lb/><arrow.to.target n="table19"/></s></p><table><table.target id="table19"/><row><cell>30</cell><cell/><cell>60</cell></row><row><cell>1</cell><cell/><cell>2</cell></row><row><cell/><cell>3</cell><cell/></row><row><cell>3</cell><cell/><cell>30</cell></row><row><cell/><cell/><cell>10</cell></row><row><cell/><cell>30</cell><cell/></row><row><cell/><cell>10</cell><cell/></row><row><cell>30</cell><cell>40</cell><cell>60</cell></row></table><p type="main"> <s>AND this mean Number forty will be di&longs;­<lb/>tant from the greate&longs;t Number ju&longs;t double the <lb/>Interval which the Number of the Mean is <lb/>di&longs;tant from the lea&longs;t Number; and the Con­<lb/>dition was, that the greate&longs;t Number &longs;hould <lb/>bear that Portion to the lea&longs;t. </s> <s>By the Help of <lb/>the&longs;e Mediocrites the Architects have di&longs;cover­<lb/>ed many excellent Things, as well with Rela­<lb/>tion to the whole Structure, as to its &longs;everal <lb/>Parts; which we have not Time here to par­<lb/>ticularize. </s> <s>But the mo&longs;t common U&longs;e they <lb/>have made of the&longs;e Mediocrities, has been how­<lb/>ever for their Elevations.</s></p><p type="head"> <s>CHAP. VII.</s></p><p type="head"> <s><emph type="italics"/>Of the Invention of Columns, their Dimen&longs;ions and Collocation.<emph.end type="italics"/></s></p><p type="main"> <s>It will not be unplea&longs;ant to con&longs;ider &longs;ome <lb/>further Particulars relating to the three <lb/>Sorts of Columns which the Ancients invent­<lb/>ed, in three different Points of Time: And it <lb/>is not at all improbable, that they borrowed the <lb/>Proportions of their Columns from that of the <lb/>Members of the human Body. </s> <s>Thus they <lb/>found that from one Side of a Man to the <lb/>other was a &longs;ixth Part of his Height, and that <lb/>from the Navel to the Reins was a tenth. </s> <s>From <lb/>this Ob&longs;ervation the Interpreters of our &longs;acred <lb/>Books, are of Opinion, that <emph type="italics"/>Noah<emph.end type="italics"/>'s Ark for <lb/>the Flood was built according to the Propor­<lb/>tions of the human Body. </s> <s>By the &longs;ame Pro­<lb/>portions we may rea&longs;onably conjecture, that the <lb/>Ancients erected their Columns, making the <lb/>Height in &longs;ome &longs;ix Times, and in others ten <lb/>Times, the Diameter of the Bottom of the <pb xlink:href="003/01/278.jpg" pagenum="201"/>Sha&longs;t. </s> <s>But from that natural In&longs;tinct or Sen&longs;e <lb/>in the Mind by which, as we have already ob­<lb/>&longs;erved, we judge of Beauty and Gracefulne&longs;s, <lb/>they found, that one of the&longs;e was too thick and <lb/>the other too &longs;light; for which Rea&longs;on they <lb/>altered them both, rightly &longs;uppo&longs;ing that the <lb/>Truth mu&longs;t lie in &longs;ome Medium between the&longs;e <lb/>two vitious Extremes. </s> <s>Accordingly, with the <lb/>Help of the Rules of the Arithmeticians, they <lb/>joined their two Numbers together, and divid­<lb/>ed the Total in half, and then they found that <lb/>the mean Number between &longs;ix and ten was <lb/>eight: Whereupon they made the Height of <lb/>their Column eight Times the Diameter of the <lb/>Bottom of the Shaft; and this they called the <lb/><emph type="italics"/>Ionic.<emph.end type="italics"/></s><s> They al&longs;o formed their <emph type="italics"/>Doric<emph.end type="italics"/> Column, <lb/>which is proper for Buildings of greater Solidi­<lb/>ty, by the &longs;ame Rules. </s> <s>For Example, they <lb/>joined the &longs;maller Number before-mentioned, <lb/>which was &longs;ix, with the <emph type="italics"/>Ionic<emph.end type="italics"/> mean, which was <lb/>eight, whereof the Total was fourteen; this <lb/>Total they divided into two equal Parts, and <lb/>this gave them the Number &longs;even, which they <lb/>took for their <emph type="italics"/>Doric<emph.end type="italics"/> Column, making its Length <lb/>&longs;even Times the Diameter of the Bottom of the <lb/>Shaft. </s> <s>La&longs;tly, they made their thinne&longs;t Order, <lb/>which they called the <emph type="italics"/>Corinthian,<emph.end type="italics"/> from the <emph type="italics"/>Ionic<emph.end type="italics"/><lb/>mean Number joined to the greate&longs;t of the for­<lb/>mer Numbers, and &longs;o taking the Half as <lb/>before; for the <emph type="italics"/>Ionic<emph.end type="italics"/> mean Number was eight, <lb/>and the greate&longs;t Number was ten, which add­<lb/>ed together made eighteen, the Half whereof <lb/>was nine, whence they made the Height of <lb/>their <emph type="italics"/>Corinthian<emph.end type="italics"/> Column nine Times the Dia­<lb/>meter of the Bottom of its Shaft, as they did <lb/>the <emph type="italics"/>Ionic<emph.end type="italics"/> eight, and the <emph type="italics"/>Doric<emph.end type="italics"/> &longs;even: Of which <lb/>we need &longs;ay no more in this Place. </s> <s>We are <lb/>now to &longs;ay &longs;omething of the Collocation, which <lb/>relates to the Situation of the &longs;everal Parts; <lb/>and this is much ea&longs;ier to conceive where it is <lb/>ill done, than it is to lay down exact Rules for <lb/>the doing it: Becau&longs;e indeed it is chiefly to be <lb/>referred to the natural Judgment which we <lb/>have formerly ob&longs;erved to be innate in the <lb/>Mind of Man, though it may in &longs;ome Mea­<lb/>&longs;ure be derived from the foregoing Rules for <lb/>the Fini&longs;hing. </s> <s>However, we &longs;hall ju&longs;t men­<lb/>tion a few general Remarks upon this Head. <lb/></s> <s>The very &longs;malle&longs;t Parts or Members of the <lb/>Work, if they are &longs;et in their right Places, add <lb/>to the Beauty of the whole; if they are placed <lb/>in mean or improper Situations, though excel­<lb/>lent in them&longs;elves, they become mean. </s> <s>We <lb/>&longs;ee the very &longs;ame Thing in the Works of Na­<lb/>ture: As for In&longs;tance, if a Dog had one Ear <lb/>like that of an A&longs;s, or if a Man had one Foot <lb/>bigger than the other, or one Hand very large, <lb/>and the other very &longs;mall, we &longs;hould immedi­<lb/>ately pronounce &longs;uch a one deformed; or to <lb/>&longs;ee even an Hor&longs;e with one Eye grey, and the <lb/>other black, is very offen&longs;ive: So agreeable it <lb/>is to Nature, that the Members on the right <lb/>Side &longs;hould exactly an&longs;wer the left: Wherefore <lb/>the very fir&longs;t Thing we are to take Care of <lb/>mu&longs;t be, that every Part, even the mo&longs;t Incon­<lb/>&longs;iderable, lie duly to the Level and Plum-line, <lb/>and be di&longs;po&longs;ed with an exact Corre&longs;pondence <lb/>as to the Number, Form and Appearance; &longs;o <lb/>that the Right may an&longs;wer to the Left, the <lb/>High to the Low, the Similar to the Similar, &longs;o <lb/>as to form a corre&longs;pondent Ornament in that <lb/>Body whereof they are Parts. </s> <s>Even Statues, <lb/>Pictures, or any other Ornaments of that Sort <lb/>with which we embelli&longs;h our Work, mu&longs;t be &longs;o <lb/>di&longs;po&longs;ed as to &longs;eem to have &longs;prung up naturally <lb/>in their propere&longs;t Places, and to be Twins. </s> <s>The <lb/>Ancients were &longs;o punctual in this mutual Cor­<lb/>re&longs;pondence of the Parts, that even in fixing <lb/>up their Scantlings of Marble, they u&longs;ed to <lb/>make them an&longs;wer each other exactly to a <lb/>Size, Quality, Angles, Situation and Colour: <lb/>And e&longs;pecially in tho&longs;e mo&longs;t beautiful Orna­<lb/>ments, Statues, wherein the Ancients were &longs;uch <lb/>great Ma&longs;ters, and in which I &longs;o much admire <lb/>the Excellence of Art, they were careful in fix­<lb/>ing them up, as well on Pediments of their <lb/>Temples, as el&longs;ewhere, that tho&longs;e on one Side <lb/>&longs;hould not differ from tho&longs;e on the other, in <lb/>the &longs;malle&longs;t Particular either of De&longs;ign or Ma­<lb/>terial. </s> <s>We &longs;ee Statues of two or four Hor&longs;es, <lb/>and of their Drivers and Lookers on &longs;o exact­<lb/>ly like to each other, that Art in them may be <lb/>&longs;aid to have exceeded Nature, in who&longs;e Works <lb/>we hardly ever &longs;ee one Feature &longs;o exactly like <lb/>the other. </s> <s>Thus we have &longs;hewn what is Beauty, <lb/>and wherein it con&longs;i&longs;ts, and with what Num­<lb/>bers and Fini&longs;hing the Ancients u&longs;ed to erect <lb/>their Structures.</s></p><pb xlink:href="003/01/279.jpg" pagenum="202"/><p type="head"> <s>CHAP. VIII.</s></p><p type="head"> <s><emph type="italics"/>Some &longs;hort, but general Ob&longs;ervations which may be looked upon as Laws in the <lb/>Bu&longs;ine&longs;s of Building and Ornament.<emph.end type="italics"/></s></p><p type="main"> <s>I shall here put together &longs;ome &longs;hort and ge­<lb/>neral Admonitions, which are ab&longs;olutely <lb/>nece&longs;&longs;ary to be ob&longs;erved as &longs;o many Laws, as <lb/>well in Point of Ornament or Embelli&longs;hment, <lb/>as in all the other Parts of Architecture. </s> <s>And <lb/>this may &longs;erve to acquit us of the Promi&longs;e <lb/>which we made of taking a &longs;hort Review of <lb/>the whole Work by Way of Epilogue. </s> <s>Fir&longs;t <lb/>therefore, as we laid it down for a Rule at the <lb/>Beginning, that all Errors which any Ways de­<lb/>form the Structure were to be avoided princi­<lb/>pally: We will now &longs;peak in the fir&longs;t Place of <lb/>&longs;uch Errors, and e&longs;pecially of the greate&longs;t. </s> <s>Er­<lb/>rors ari&longs;e either from the Judgement, and lie <lb/>either in the De&longs;ign or Election; or from the <lb/>Hand, and lie in the Workmen's Execution. <lb/></s> <s>The Errors of the Judgment are both in Time <lb/>and in their Nature of much the greate&longs;t Im­<lb/>portance, and when committed, le&longs;s capable of <lb/>being remedied. </s> <s>With the&longs;e therefore we &longs;hall <lb/>begin. </s> <s>The fir&longs;t Error is to chu&longs;e for your <lb/>Structure a Region which is unhealthy, not <lb/>peaceable, barren, unfortunate, melancholy, or <lb/>afflicted with Calamities, either apparent or <lb/>concealed. </s> <s>The next Errors to this are chu&longs;­<lb/>ing a Platform not proper or convenient; add­<lb/>ing one Member to another, without con&longs;tant <lb/>Regard to the Accommodation of the Inhabi­<lb/>tants, and not providing fit and &longs;uitable Con­<lb/>veniencies for every Rank and Degree of them, <lb/>as well Ma&longs;ters as Servants, Citizens as Ru&longs;­<lb/>ticks, Inmates as Vi&longs;itants: Making your Build­<lb/>ing either too large and &longs;pacious, or too &longs;mall <lb/>and narrow; too open and naked, or too much <lb/>&longs;hut in and confined; too much crowded, or <lb/>too rambling with too many Apartments, or <lb/>too few: If there be a Want of Rooms where <lb/>you may &longs;ecure your&longs;elf again&longs;t exce&longs;&longs;ive Heats, <lb/>or exce&longs;&longs;ive Colds, of Places where you may <lb/>exerci&longs;e and divert your&longs;elf when you are in <lb/>Health, and of others where you may be &longs;uf­<lb/>ficiently &longs;heltered again&longs;t any Inclemency of <lb/>Air when you are &longs;ick: To which add the <lb/>Structures not being &longs;ufficiently &longs;trong, and as <lb/>we may &longs;ay, fortified to be &longs;afe again&longs;t any &longs;ud­<lb/>den Attack: If the Wall be either &longs;o &longs;light as <lb/>not to be &longs;ufficiently &longs;trong to &longs;upport it&longs;elf <lb/>and the Roof, or much thicker than Nece&longs;&longs;ity <lb/>requires, if the different Roofs be&longs;patter each <lb/>other with their Waters, or throw them again&longs;t <lb/>any Part of the Wall, or near the Entrances: <lb/>If they be either too low, or too high: If your <lb/>Windows be too wide, and admit unwhole­<lb/>&longs;ome Winds, noxious Dews, or too much burn­<lb/>ing Sun; or, on the other Hand, if they be &longs;o <lb/>narrow as to occa&longs;ion a melancholy Gloom: <lb/>If they break into any of the Ribs of the Build­<lb/>ing: If the Pa&longs;&longs;ages are any Ways ob&longs;tructed, <lb/>or lead us to any Object that is offen&longs;ive: Or, <lb/>in &longs;hort, if any of tho&longs;e other In&longs;tructions are <lb/>neglected, which we have given in the preced­<lb/>ing Books. </s> <s>Among the Errors in Ornament, <lb/>the Principal, in Architecture as in Nature, is <lb/>making any Thing prepo&longs;terous, maimed, ex­<lb/>ce&longs;&longs;ive, or any other Ways un&longs;ightly: For if <lb/>the&longs;e Things are reckoned defective and mon­<lb/>&longs;trous in Nature her&longs;elf, what mu&longs;t we &longs;ay of <lb/>an Architect that throws the Parts of his Struc­<lb/>tures into &longs;uch improper Forms? </s> <s>And as the <lb/>Parts whereof tho&longs;e Forms con&longs;i&longs;t, are Lines, <lb/>Angles, Exten&longs;ion, and the like, it is certainly <lb/>true, that there can be no Error or Deformity <lb/>more ab&longs;urd and &longs;hocking, than the mixing <lb/>together either Angles or Lines, or Superficies <lb/>which are not in Number, Size and Situation <lb/>equal to each other, and which are not blended <lb/>together with the greate&longs;t Care and Accuracy. <lb/></s> <s>And indeed who can avoid blaming a Man ex­<lb/>tremely, that without being forced to it by any <lb/>Manner of Nece&longs;&longs;ity, draws his Wall crooked <lb/>and askew, winding this way and that like a <lb/>Worm crawling upon the Ground, without <lb/>any Rule or Method, with one Side long, and <lb/>another &longs;hort, without any Equality of Angles, <lb/>or the lea&longs;t Connection with Regard to each <lb/>other; making his Platform with an obtu&longs;e <lb/>Angle on one Side, and an acute one on the <lb/>other, and doing every Thing with Confu&longs;ion, <lb/>Ab&longs;urdity and at a Venture: It is another <lb/>great Error to have rai&longs;ed your Structure in <lb/>&longs;uch a Manner, that, though indeed with Re­<lb/>lation to its Platform, it is not ami&longs;s, yet, not­<lb/>with&longs;tanding it may be in very great Want of <lb/>Ornament, it may be utterly incapable of any <pb xlink:href="003/01/280.jpg" pagenum="203"/>Sort of Embelli&longs;hment as if all you con&longs;ulted <lb/>in rai&longs;ing your Wall, was to &longs;u&longs;tain the Roof, <lb/>not leaving any Space where you can after­<lb/>wards conveniently or di&longs;tinctly add either the <lb/>Dignity of Columns, the Embelli&longs;hment of Sta­<lb/>tues, the Maje&longs;ty of Picture, or the Delicacy <lb/>of any Incru&longs;tation. </s> <s>An Error of much the <lb/>&longs;ame Nature as this is, the Building with &longs;o <lb/>little Con&longs;ideration, that though the &longs;ame Ex­<lb/>pence might make our Structure beautiful and <lb/>graceful, yet we neglect the Pains and Con­<lb/>trivance of effecting it: For it is undeniable <lb/>that there may be in the mere Form or Figure <lb/>of a Building, an innate Excellence and Beau­<lb/>ty, which &longs;trikes and delights the Mind, and <lb/>is immediately perceived where it is, as much <lb/>as it is mi&longs;&longs;ed where it is not; for, indeed, the <lb/>Eye is naturally a Judge and Lover of Beauty <lb/>and Gracefulne&longs;s, and is very critical and hard <lb/>to plea&longs;e in it; neither can I give any Account <lb/>why it &longs;hould always happen, that we &longs;hould <lb/>be much more offended at what is wanting, <lb/>than ready to commend what is done well; <lb/>for &longs;till we are continually thinking what fur­<lb/>ther might be added to make the Object &longs;till <lb/>more &longs;plendid, and are naturally di&longs;plea&longs;ed if <lb/>any thing is omitted, which the mo&longs;t accurate, <lb/>ingenious, and diligent Arti&longs;t might po&longs;&longs;ibly <lb/>have procured: So that indeed we are often at <lb/>a Lo&longs;s to &longs;ay what it is offends us, unle&longs;s it be <lb/>that there is not wherewithal fully to &longs;atisfy our <lb/>immoderate De&longs;ire of Perfection. </s> <s>This being <lb/>the true State of the Ca&longs;e, we &longs;hould certainly <lb/>endeavour, as much as in us lies, by the great­<lb/>e&longs;t Study and Care, to make whatever Struc­<lb/>ture we rai&longs;e as hand&longs;ome, and as compleatly <lb/>adorned as po&longs;&longs;ibly, e&longs;pecially if it be &longs;uch a <lb/>one as every body expects to &longs;ee in the utmo&longs;t <lb/>Perfection, as, for In&longs;tance, a publick Structure, <lb/>and particularly a &longs;acred one, which no Man <lb/>can bear to &longs;ee naked of Ornament. </s> <s>It is an­<lb/>other Error to apply the Ornaments peculiar to <lb/>a publick Structure, to a private one; or, on <lb/>the other Hand, tho&longs;e peculiar to private Edi­<lb/>fices to one of a publick Nature: E&longs;pecially if <lb/>&longs;uch Ornaments are any thing petty, or not <lb/>durable, as, for In&longs;tance, to di&longs;h up a publick <lb/>Structure with &longs;light or paultry Painting; for <lb/>every Thing u&longs;ed about a publick Edifice ought, <lb/>if po&longs;&longs;ible, to be eternal. </s> <s>It is another gro&longs;s <lb/>Error, which we &longs;ee &longs;ome ridiculous People <lb/>run into, who e'er they have well begun their <lb/>Building, fall to painting it, and decking it with <lb/>Statues and other Embelli&longs;hments without <lb/>Number; all which are &longs;ure to be &longs;poiled and <lb/>demoli&longs;hed before the Building is fini&longs;hed. <lb/></s> <s>We &longs;hould erect our Building naked, and let <lb/>it be quite compleated before we begin to <lb/>dre&longs;s it with Ornaments, which &longs;hould always <lb/>be our la&longs;t Work, being be&longs;t done at lea&longs;ure, <lb/>when we can do it without any Impediment, <lb/>and can take the Advantage of &longs;uch Opportu­<lb/>nities as may offer for that Purpo&longs;e. </s> <s>I would <lb/>have the Ornaments which you affix to your <lb/>Structure, to be the Work of various Hands, <lb/>and tho&longs;e moderate Ma&longs;ters; but if you can <lb/>procure any rare Pieces of greater Excellence <lb/>and Perfection, Statues and Pictuaes like tho&longs;e <lb/>of a <emph type="italics"/>Phidias<emph.end type="italics"/> or a <emph type="italics"/>Zeuxis,<emph.end type="italics"/> let them be fixed only <lb/>in Places of peculiar Dignity and Honour. </s> <s>I <lb/>cannot commend <emph type="italics"/>Dejoces<emph.end type="italics"/> the King of <emph type="italics"/>Media,<emph.end type="italics"/><lb/>who encompa&longs;&longs;ed his City of <emph type="italics"/>Ecbatana<emph.end type="italics"/> with <lb/>&longs;even Walls, and made each of them of diffe­<lb/>rent Colours, one Purple, another Blue, another <lb/>gilt with Silver, and one even with Gold; nor can <lb/>I help blaming <emph type="italics"/>Caligula,<emph.end type="italics"/> who made his Stable <lb/>of Marble, and the Manger of Ivory. </s> <s>All that <lb/><emph type="italics"/>Nero<emph.end type="italics"/> built was covered with Gold and enriched <lb/>with Gems. <emph type="italics"/>Heliogabalus<emph.end type="italics"/> was &longs;till more ex­<lb/>travagantly profu&longs;e, for he paved his Apart­<lb/>ments with Gold, and grieved that he could <lb/>not do it with Amber. </s> <s>Contempt is the be&longs;t <lb/>Reward for the&longs;e wild Prodigals who are o&longs;­<lb/>tentatious of &longs;uch Vain-glories, or rather Fol­<lb/>lies, and who are thus profu&longs;e of the Labours <lb/>and Sweat of Mankind, about Things which <lb/>are of no Manner of U&longs;e or Advantage to the <lb/>main Structure, nor capable of rai&longs;ing the lea&longs;t <lb/>Admiration either for Ingenuity or Contrivance.</s></p><p type="main"> <s>I THEREFORE over and over again advi&longs;e you <lb/>to avoid the&longs;e Errors; and before you begin <lb/>your Work, thoroughly con&longs;ider the whole <lb/>De&longs;ign your &longs;elf, and take the Advice of Men <lb/>of Skill upon it; be &longs;ure to have a compleat <lb/>Model of the Whole, by which examine every <lb/>minute Part of your future Structure eight, <lb/>nine, ten Times over, and again, after different <lb/>Intermi&longs;&longs;ions of Times; till there be not the <lb/>lea&longs;t Member from the Foundation to the <lb/>Roof of your whole Building, within or without, <lb/>great or &longs;mall, but what you have throughly <lb/>and long weighed and con&longs;idered, and deter­<lb/>mined of what Materials it &longs;hall be made, <lb/>where placed, in what Order and Proportions, <lb/>and to what it &longs;hall an&longs;wer and bear Relation.</s></p><pb xlink:href="003/01/281.jpg" pagenum="204"/><p type="head"> <s>CHAP. IX.</s></p><p type="head"> <s><emph type="italics"/>The Bu&longs;ine&longs;s and Duty of a good Architect, and wherein the Excellence of the <lb/>Ornaments con&longs;i&longs;ts.<emph.end type="italics"/></s></p><p type="main"> <s>A Prudent Architect will proceed in the <lb/>Method which we have been ju&longs;t laying <lb/>down. </s> <s>He will never &longs;et about his Work without <lb/>proper Caution and Advice. </s> <s>He will &longs;tudy the <lb/>Nature and Strength of the Soil where he is to <lb/>build, and ob&longs;erve, as well from a Survey of <lb/>Structures in the Neighbourhood, as from the <lb/>Practice and U&longs;e of the Inhabitants, what Ma­<lb/>terials, what Sort of Stone, Sand, Lime or <lb/>Timber, whether found on the Place, or <lb/>brought from other Parts, will be&longs;t &longs;tand again&longs;t <lb/>the Injuries of the Weather. </s> <s>He will &longs;et <lb/>out the exact Breadth and Depth of the Foun­<lb/>dations, and of the Ba&longs;ement of the whole <lb/>Wall, and take an Account of every Thing <lb/>that is nece&longs;&longs;ary for the Building, whether for <lb/>the outward Coat or the filling up, for the Li­<lb/>gatures, the Ribs, or the Apertures, the Roof, <lb/>the Incru&longs;tation, for Pavements abroad, or <lb/>Floors within; he will direct which Way, <lb/>and by what Method every thing &longs;uperfluous, <lb/>noxious or offen&longs;ive &longs;hall be carried off by <lb/>Drains for conveying away the rain Water, <lb/>and keeping the Foundations dry, and by pro­<lb/>per Defences again&longs;t any moi&longs;t Vapours, or <lb/>even again&longs;t any unexpected Floods or Vio­<lb/>lence from Winds or Storms. </s> <s>In a Word, <lb/>he will give Directions for every &longs;ingle Part, <lb/>and not &longs;uffer any thing to e&longs;cape his Notice <lb/>and Decree. </s> <s>And tho' all the&longs;e Particulars &longs;eem <lb/>chiefly to relate to Convenience and Stability, <lb/>yet they carry this along with them, that if <lb/>neglected they de&longs;troy all the Beauty and Or­<lb/>nament of the Edifice. </s> <s>Now the Rules which <lb/>give the Ornaments them&longs;elves their main Ex­<lb/>cellence, are as follows. </s> <s>Fir&longs;t all your Orna­<lb/>ments mu&longs;t be exactly regular, and perfectly <lb/>di&longs;tinct, and without Confu&longs;ion: Your Em­<lb/>belli&longs;hments mu&longs;t not be too much crowded <lb/>together or &longs;cattered as it were under Foot, or <lb/>thrown on in Heaps, but &longs;o aptly and neatly <lb/>di&longs;tributed, that whoever &longs;hould go about to <lb/>alter their Situation, &longs;hould be &longs;en&longs;ible that <lb/>he de&longs;troyed the whole Beauty and Delicacy <lb/>of the Work. </s> <s>There is no Part what&longs;oever <lb/>but what the Arti&longs;t ought to adorn; but there <lb/>is no Occa&longs;ion that all &longs;hould be adorned <lb/>equally, or that every thing &longs;hould be enriched <lb/>with equal Expence; for indeed I would not <lb/>have the Merit of the Work con&longs;i&longs;t &longs;o much <lb/>in Plenty as in Variety. </s> <s>Let the Builder fix <lb/>his riche&longs;t Ornaments in the principal Places; <lb/>tho&longs;e of a middling Sort, in Places of le&longs;s Note, <lb/>and the meane&longs;t in the meane&longs;t. </s> <s>And here <lb/>he &longs;hould be particularly careful, not to mix <lb/>what is rich with any thing trifling, nothing <lb/>little with what is great, nor to &longs;et any thing <lb/>too large or high in narrow or clo&longs;e Places; <lb/>tho' things which are not equal to each other <lb/>in Dignity, nor alike even in Species, may very <lb/>well be placed together, &longs;o it be done artfully <lb/>and ingeniou&longs;ly, and in &longs;uch a Manner, that <lb/>as the one appears &longs;olemn and maje&longs;tick, the <lb/>other may &longs;hew chearful and plea&longs;ant, and that <lb/>they may not only unite their different Beau­<lb/>ties for the Embelli&longs;hment of the Structure, <lb/>but al&longs;o &longs;eem as if the one without the other <lb/>had been imperfect; nor may it be ami&longs;s in <lb/>&longs;ome certain Places to intermix &longs;omewhat even <lb/>of a coar&longs;e Sort, that what is noble may re­<lb/>ceive a yet further Addition from the Com­<lb/>pari&longs;on: Always be &longs;ure never to make a Con­<lb/>fu&longs;ion of the Orders, which will happen if you <lb/>mix the <emph type="italics"/>Doric<emph.end type="italics"/> Members with the <emph type="italics"/>Corinthian,<emph.end type="italics"/><lb/>as I ob&longs;erved before, or the <emph type="italics"/>Corinthian<emph.end type="italics"/> with <lb/>the <emph type="italics"/>Ionic,<emph.end type="italics"/> or the like. </s> <s>Let every Order have <lb/>its own regular Members, and tho&longs;e all in their <lb/>proper Places, that nothing may appear per­<lb/>plexed or broken. </s> <s>Let &longs;uch Ornaments as are <lb/>proper to the Middle be placed in the Middle, <lb/>and let tho&longs;e which are at equal Di&longs;tances on <lb/>each Side, be proportioned exactly alike. </s> <s>In <lb/>&longs;hort, let every thing be mea&longs;ured, and put to­<lb/>gether with the greate&longs;t Exactne&longs;s of Lines and <lb/>Angles, that the Beholder's Eye may have a <lb/>clear and di&longs;tinct View along the Cornices, be­<lb/>tween the Columns on the In&longs;ide and without, <lb/>receiving every Moment fre&longs;h Delight from the <lb/>Variety he meets with, in&longs;omuch, that after the <lb/>mo&longs;t careful and even repeated Views, he &longs;hall <lb/>not be able to depart without once more turn­<lb/>ing back to take another Look, nor, upon the <lb/>mo&longs;t critical Examination, be able in any Part <lb/>of the whole Structure to find one Thing un­<pb xlink:href="003/01/282.jpg" pagenum="205"/>equal, incongruous, out of Proportion, or not <lb/>conducive to the general Beauty of the Whole. <lb/></s> <s>All the&longs;e Particulars you mu&longs;t provide for by <lb/>means of your Model; and from thence too <lb/>you &longs;hould before-hand con&longs;ider not only what <lb/>the Building is that you are to erect, but al&longs;o <lb/>get together all the Materials you &longs;hall want <lb/>for the Execution, that when you have begun <lb/>your Work you may not be at a Lo&longs;s, or <lb/>change or &longs;uper&longs;ede your De&longs;ign: but having <lb/>before-hand made Provi&longs;ion of every Thing that <lb/>you &longs;hall want, you may be able to keep your <lb/>Workmen con&longs;tantly &longs;upplied with all their Ma­<lb/>terials. </s> <s>The&longs;e are the Things which the Archi­<lb/>tect is to take care of with the greate&longs;t Dili­<lb/>gence and Judgement. </s> <s>The Errors which <lb/>may happen in the manual Execution of the <lb/>Work, need not be repeated here; but only <lb/>the Workmen &longs;hould be well looked after, to <lb/>&longs;ee that they work exactly by their Square, <lb/>Level and Plumb-line; that they do their <lb/>Bu&longs;ine&longs;s at the proper Sea&longs;ons, take proper Sea­<lb/>&longs;ons to let their Work re&longs;t, and at proper Sea­<lb/>&longs;ons go to it again; that they u&longs;e good Stuff, <lb/>&longs;ound, unmixed, &longs;olid, &longs;trong, and &longs;uitable to <lb/>the Work, and that they u&longs;e it in proper Places, <lb/>and fini&longs;h every Thing according to their Mo­<lb/>del.</s></p><p type="head"> <s>CHAP. X.</s></p><p type="head"> <s><emph type="italics"/>What it is that an Architect ought principally to con&longs;ider, and what Sciences <lb/>he ought to be acquainted with.<emph.end type="italics"/></s></p><p type="main"> <s>But to the Intent that the Architect may <lb/>come off worthily and honourably in <lb/>preparing, ordering and accompli&longs;hing all <lb/>the&longs;e Things, there are &longs;ome nece&longs;&longs;ary Ad­<lb/>monitions, which he &longs;hould by no means ne­<lb/>glect. </s> <s>And fir&longs;t he ought to con&longs;ider well <lb/>what Weight he is going to take upon his <lb/>Shoulders, what it is that he profe&longs;&longs;es, what <lb/>Manner of Man he would be thought, how <lb/>great a Bu&longs;ine&longs;s he undertakes, how much Ap­<lb/>plau&longs;e, Profit, Favour and Fame among Po&longs;­<lb/>terity he will gain when he executes his Work <lb/>as he ought, and on the contrary, if he goes <lb/>about any thing ignorantly, unadvi&longs;edly, or in­<lb/>con&longs;iderately, to how much Di&longs;grace, to how <lb/>much Indignation he expo&longs;es him&longs;elf, what a <lb/>clear, manife&longs;t and everla&longs;ting Te&longs;timony he <lb/>gives Mankind of his Folly and Indi&longs;cretion. <lb/></s> <s>Doubtle&longs;s Architecture is a very noble Science, <lb/>not fit for every Head. </s> <s>He ought to be a Man <lb/>of a fine Genius, of a great Application, of the <lb/>be&longs;t Education, of thorough Experience, and <lb/>e&longs;pecially of &longs;trong Sen&longs;e and &longs;ound Judge­<lb/>ment, that pre&longs;umes to declare him&longs;elf an <lb/>Architect. </s> <s>It is the Bu&longs;ine&longs;s of Architecture, <lb/>and indeed its highe&longs;t Prai&longs;e, to judge rightly <lb/>what is fit and decent: For though Building is <lb/>a Matter of Nece&longs;&longs;ity, yet convenient Building <lb/>is both of Nece&longs;&longs;ity and Utility too: But to <lb/>build in &longs;uch a Manner, that the Generous &longs;hall <lb/>commend you, and the Frugal not blame you, <lb/>is the Work only of a prudent, wi&longs;e and learn­<lb/>ed Architect. </s> <s>To run up any thing that is <lb/>immediately nece&longs;&longs;ary for any particular Pur­<lb/>po&longs;e, and about which there is no doubt of <lb/>what Sort it &longs;hould be, or of the Ability of <lb/>the Owner to afford it, is not &longs;o much the <lb/>Bu&longs;ine&longs;s of an Architect, as of a common <lb/>Workman: But to rai&longs;e an Edifice which is to <lb/>be compleat in every Part, and to con&longs;ider and <lb/>provide before-hand every Thing nece&longs;&longs;ary for <lb/>&longs;uch a Work, is the Bu&longs;ine&longs;s only of that ex­<lb/>ten&longs;ive Genius which I have de&longs;cribed above: <lb/>For indeed his Invention mu&longs;t be owing to his <lb/>Wit, his Knowledge, to Experience, his Choice <lb/>to Judgment, his Compo&longs;ition to Study, and <lb/>the Completion of his Work to his Perfection <lb/>in his Art; of all which Qualifications I take <lb/>the Foundation to be Prudence and mature <lb/>Deliberation. </s> <s>As to the other Virtues, Hu­<lb/>manity, Benevolence, Mode&longs;ty, Probity; I do <lb/>not require them more in the Architect, than <lb/>I do in every other Man, let him profe&longs;s what <lb/>Art he will: For indeed without them I do <lb/>not think any one worthy to be deemed a Man: <lb/>But above all Things he &longs;hould avoid Levity, <lb/>Ob&longs;tinacy, O&longs;tentation, Intemperance, and all <lb/>tho&longs;e other Vices which may lo&longs;e him the good <lb/>Will of his Fellow-Citizens, and make him <lb/>odious to the World. </s> <s>La&longs;tly, in the Study of <lb/>his Art I would have him follow the Example <lb/>of tho&longs;e that apply them&longs;elves to Letters: For <lb/>no Man thinks him&longs;elf &longs;ufficiently learned in <lb/>any Science, unle&longs;s he has read and examined <lb/>all the Authors, as well bad as good that have <lb/>wrote in that Science which he is pur&longs;uing. </s> <s>In <pb xlink:href="003/01/283.jpg" pagenum="206"/>the &longs;ame Manner I would have the Architect <lb/>diligently con&longs;ider all the Buildings that have <lb/>any tolerable Reputation; and not only &longs;o, but <lb/>take them down in Lines and Numbers, nay, <lb/>make De&longs;igns and Models of them, and by <lb/>means of tho&longs;e, con&longs;ider and examine the Or­<lb/>der, Situation, Sort and Number of every Part <lb/>which others have employed, e&longs;pecially &longs;uch as <lb/>have done any thing very great and excellent, <lb/>whom we may rea&longs;onably &longs;uppo&longs;e to have <lb/>been Men of very great Note, when they were <lb/>intru&longs;ted with the Direction of &longs;o great an Ex­<lb/>pence. </s> <s>Not that I would have him admire a <lb/>Structure merely for being huge, and imagine <lb/>that to be a &longs;ufficient Beauty; but let him <lb/>principally enquire in every Building what <lb/>there is particularly artful and excellent for <lb/>Contrivance or Invention, and gain a Habit of <lb/>being plea&longs;ed with nothing but what is really <lb/>elegant and prai&longs;e-worthy for the De&longs;ign: And <lb/>where-ever he finds any thing noble, let him <lb/>make u&longs;e of it, or imitate it in his own Per­<lb/>formances; and when he &longs;ees any thing well <lb/>done, that is capable of being &longs;till further im­<lb/>proved and made delicate, let him &longs;tudy to <lb/>bring it to Perfection in his own Works; and <lb/>when he meets with any De&longs;ign that is only <lb/>not ab&longs;olutely bad, let him try in his own <lb/>Things to work it if po&longs;&longs;ible into &longs;omething <lb/>excellent. </s> <s>Thus by a continued and nice Ex­<lb/>amination of the be&longs;t Productions, &longs;till con­<lb/>&longs;idering what Improvements might be made in <lb/>every thing that he &longs;ees, he may &longs;o exerci&longs;e <lb/>and &longs;harpen his own Invention, as to collect <lb/>into his own Works not only all the Beauties <lb/>which are di&longs;per&longs;ed up and down in tho&longs;e of <lb/>other Men, but even tho&longs;e which lie in a Man­<lb/>ner concealed in the mo&longs;t hidden Rece&longs;&longs;es of <lb/>Nature, to his own immortal Reputation. </s> <s>Not <lb/>&longs;atisfied with this, he &longs;hould al&longs;o have an Am­<lb/>bition to produce &longs;omething admirable, which <lb/>may be entirely of his own Invention; like him, <lb/>for In&longs;tance, who built a Temple without u&longs;ing <lb/>one iron Tool in it; or him that brought the <lb/><emph type="italics"/>Colo&longs;&longs;us<emph.end type="italics"/> to <emph type="italics"/>Rome,<emph.end type="italics"/> &longs;u&longs;pended all the Way up­<lb/>right, in which Work we may ju&longs;t mention <lb/>that he employed no le&longs;s than four-and-twenty <lb/>Elephants; or like an Arti&longs;t that in only &longs;eem­<lb/>ingly working a common Quarry of Stone, <lb/>&longs;hould cut it out into a Labyrinth, a Temple, <lb/>or &longs;ome other u&longs;eful Structure, to the Surpri&longs;e <lb/>of all Mankind. </s> <s>We are told that <emph type="italics"/>Nero<emph.end type="italics"/> u&longs;ed <lb/>to employ miraculous Architects, who never <lb/>thought of any Invention, but what it was al­<lb/>mo&longs;t impo&longs;&longs;ible for the Skill of Man to reduce <lb/>to practice. </s> <s>Such Geniu&longs;&longs;es I can by no mean <lb/>approve of; for, indeed, I would have the <lb/>Architect always appear to have con&longs;ulted Ne­<lb/>ce&longs;&longs;ity and Convenience in the fir&longs;t Place, even <lb/>tho' at the very &longs;ame Time his principal Care <lb/>has been Ornament. </s> <s>If he can make a hand­<lb/>&longs;ome Mixture of the noble Orders of the An­<lb/>cients, with any of the new Inventions of the <lb/>Moderns, he may de&longs;erve Commendation. </s> <s>In <lb/>this Manner he &longs;hould be continually improv­<lb/>ing his Genius by U&longs;e and Exerci&longs;e in &longs;uch <lb/>Things as may conduce to make him Excel­<lb/>lent in this Science; and indeed, he &longs;hould <lb/>think it becomes him to have not only that <lb/>Knowledge, without which he would not real­<lb/>ly be what he profe&longs;&longs;ed him&longs;elf; but he &longs;hould <lb/>al&longs;o adorn his Mind with &longs;uch a Tincture of <lb/>all the liberal Arts, as may be of Service to <lb/>make him more ready and ingenious at his own, <lb/>and that he may never be at a Lo&longs;s for any <lb/>Helps in it which Learning can furni&longs;h him <lb/>with. </s> <s>In &longs;hort, he ought &longs;till to be per&longs;ever­<lb/>ing in his Study and Application, till he finds <lb/>him&longs;elf equal to tho&longs;e great Men, who&longs;e Prai&longs;es <lb/>are capable of no further Addition: Nor let <lb/>him ever be &longs;atisfied with him&longs;elf, if there <lb/>is that Thing any where that can po&longs;&longs;ibly be <lb/>of U&longs;e to him, and that can be obtained either <lb/>by Diligence or Thought, which he is not <lb/>thoroughly Ma&longs;ter of, till he is arrived at the <lb/>Summit of Perfection in the Art which he <lb/>profe&longs;&longs;es. </s> <s>The Arts which are u&longs;eful, and in­<lb/>deed ab&longs;olutely nece&longs;&longs;ary to the Architect, are <lb/>Painting and Mathematicks. </s> <s>I do not require <lb/>him to be deeply learned in the re&longs;t; for I <lb/>think it ridiculous, like a certain Author, to <lb/>expect that an Architect &longs;hould be a profound <lb/>Lawyer, in order to know the Right of con­<lb/>veying Water or placing Limits between Neigh­<lb/>bours, and to avoid falling into Controver&longs;ies <lb/>and Law&longs;uits as in Building is often the Ca&longs;e: <lb/>Nor need he be a perfect A&longs;tronomer, to know <lb/>that Libraries ought to be &longs;ituated to the <lb/>North, and Stoves to the South; nor a very <lb/>great Mu&longs;ician, to place the Va&longs;es of Copper <lb/>or Bra&longs;s in a Theatre for a&longs;&longs;i&longs;ting the Voice: <lb/>Neither do I require that he &longs;hould be an Ora­<lb/>tor, in order to be able to di&longs;play to any Per­<lb/>&longs;on that would employ him, the Services which <lb/>he is capable of doing him; for Knowledge, <lb/>Experience and perfect Ma&longs;tery in what he is <lb/>to &longs;peak of, will never fail to help him to <lb/>Words to explain his Sen&longs;e &longs;ufficiently, which <lb/>indeed is the fir&longs;t and main End of Eloquence. <lb/></s> <s>Not that I would have him Tongue-tied, or &longs;o <pb xlink:href="003/01/284.jpg" pagenum="207"/>deficient in his Ears, as to have no Ta&longs;te for <lb/>Harmony: It may &longs;uffice if he does not build <lb/>a private Man's Hou&longs;e upon the publick <lb/>Ground, or upon another Man's: If he does <lb/>not annoy the Neighbours, either by his Lights, <lb/>his Spou s, his Gutters, his Drains, or by ob­<lb/>&longs;tructing their Pa&longs;&longs;age contrary to Law: If he <lb/>knows the &longs;everal Winds that blows from the <lb/>different Points of the Compa&longs;s, and their <lb/>Names; in all which Sciences there is no Harm <lb/>indeed in his being more expert; but Painting <lb/>and Mathematicks are what he can no more be <lb/>without, than a Poet can be without the <lb/>Knowledge of Feet and Syllables; neither do <lb/>I know whether it be enough for him to be only <lb/>moderately tinctured with them. </s> <s>This I can &longs;ay of <lb/>my&longs;elf, that I have often &longs;tarted in my Mind Ideas <lb/>of Buildings, which have given me wonderful <lb/>Delight: Wherein when I have come to re­<lb/>duce them into Lines, I have found in tho&longs;e <lb/>very Parts which mo&longs;t plea&longs;ed me, many gro&longs;s <lb/>Errors that required great Correction; and up­<lb/>on a &longs;econd Review of &longs;uch a Draught, and <lb/>mea&longs;uring every Part by Numbers, I have been <lb/>&longs;en&longs;ible and a&longs;hamed of my own Inaccuracy. <lb/></s> <s>La&longs;tly, when I have made my Draught into a <lb/>Model, and then proceeded to examine the &longs;e­<lb/>veral Parts over again, I have &longs;ometimes found <lb/>my&longs;elf mi&longs;taken, even in my Numbers. </s> <s>Not <lb/>that I expected my Architect to be a <emph type="italics"/>Zeuxis<emph.end type="italics"/> in <lb/>Painting, nor a <emph type="italics"/>Nicomachus<emph.end type="italics"/> at Numbers, nor an <lb/><emph type="italics"/>Archimedes<emph.end type="italics"/> in the Knowledge of Lines and <lb/>Angles: It may &longs;erve his Purpo&longs;e if he is a <lb/>thorough Ma&longs;ter of tho&longs;e Elements of Painting <lb/>which I have wrote; and if he is skilled in &longs;o <lb/>much practical Mathematicks, and in &longs;uch a <lb/>Knowledge of mixed Lines, Angles and Num­<lb/>bers, as is nece&longs;&longs;ary for the Mea&longs;uring of <lb/>Weights, Superficies and Solids, which Part of <lb/>Geometry the <emph type="italics"/>Greeks<emph.end type="italics"/> call <emph type="italics"/>Podi&longs;mata<emph.end type="italics"/> and <emph type="italics"/>Em­<lb/>boda.<emph.end type="italics"/></s><s> With the&longs;e Arts, joined to Study and <lb/>Application, the Architect may be &longs;ure to ob­<lb/>tain Favour and Riches, and to deliver his <lb/>Name with Reputation down to Po&longs;terity.</s></p><p type="head"> <s>CHAP. XI.</s></p><p type="head"> <s><emph type="italics"/>To what Sort of Per&longs;ons the Architect ought to offer his Service.<emph.end type="italics"/></s></p><p type="main"> <s>There is one Thing that I mu&longs;t not <lb/>omit here, which relates per&longs;onally to <lb/>the Architect. </s> <s>It is, that you &longs;hould not im­<lb/>mediately run and offer your Service to every <lb/>Man that gives out he is going to build; a <lb/>Fault which the incon&longs;iderate and vain-glori­<lb/>ous are too apt to be guilty of. </s> <s>I know not <lb/>whether you ought not to wait till you are <lb/>more than once importuned to be concerned. <lb/></s> <s>Certainly they ought to repo&longs;e a free and vo­<lb/>luntary Confidence in you, that want to make <lb/>u&longs;e of your Labours and Advice. </s> <s>Why &longs;hould <lb/>I offer tho&longs;e Inventions which have co&longs;t me &longs;o <lb/>much Study and Pains, to gain perhaps no <lb/>other Recompence, but the Confidence of a <lb/>few Per&longs;ons of no Ta&longs;te or Skill? </s> <s>If by my <lb/>Advice in the Execution of your intended <lb/>Work, I either &longs;ave you from an unnece&longs;&longs;ary <lb/>Expence, or procure you &longs;ome great Conveni­<lb/>ence or Plea&longs;ure; &longs;urely &longs;uch a Service de­<lb/>&longs;erves a &longs;uitable Recompence. </s> <s>For this Rea­<lb/>&longs;on a prudent Man &longs;hould take care to main­<lb/>tain his Reputation; and certainly it is enough <lb/>if you give hone&longs;t Advice, and correct Draughts <lb/>to &longs;uch as apply them&longs;elves to you. </s> <s>If after­<lb/>wards you undertake to &longs;upervi&longs;e and com­<lb/>pleat the Work, you will find it very difficult <lb/>to avoid being made an&longs;werable for all the <lb/>Faults and Mi&longs;takes committed either by the <lb/>Ignorance or Negligence of other Men: Upon <lb/>which Account you mu&longs;t take care to have <lb/>the A&longs;&longs;i&longs;tance of hone&longs;t, diligent, and &longs;evere <lb/>Over&longs;eers to look after the Workmen under <lb/>you. </s> <s>I would al&longs;o have you, if po&longs;&longs;ible, con­<lb/>cern your&longs;elf for none but Per&longs;ons of the highe&longs;t <lb/>Rank and Quality, and tho&longs;e too &longs;uch as are <lb/>truly Lovers of the&longs;e Arts: Becau&longs;e your Work <lb/>lo&longs;es of its Dignity by being done for mean <lb/>Per&longs;ons. </s> <s>Do you not &longs;ee what Weight the <lb/>Authority of great Men is to advance the Re­<lb/>putation of tho&longs;e who are employed by them? <lb/></s> <s>And, indeed, I in&longs;i&longs;t the more upon this Piece <lb/>of Advice, not only becau&longs;e the World has <lb/>generally a higher Opinion of the Ta&longs;te and <lb/>Judgment of great Men, than for the mo&longs;t <lb/>Part they de&longs;erve, but al&longs;o becau&longs;e I would <lb/>have the Architect always readily and plen­<lb/>tifully &longs;upplied with every thing that is ne­<lb/>ce&longs;&longs;ary for compleating his Edifice; which <lb/>tho&longs;e of lower Degree are commonly not &longs;o <lb/>able, and therefore not &longs;o willing to do: to <lb/>which add, what we find very frequent In&longs;tances <lb/>of, that where the De&longs;ign and Invention has <lb/>been perfectly equal in two different Works, <pb xlink:href="003/01/285.jpg" pagenum="208"/>one has been much more e&longs;teemed than the <lb/>other, for the Sake of the Superiority of the <lb/>Materials. </s> <s>La&longs;tly, I advi&longs;e you not to be &longs;o <lb/>far carried away by the De&longs;ire of Glory, as <lb/>ra&longs;hly to attempt any thing entirely new and <lb/>unu&longs;ual: Therefore be &longs;ure to examine and <lb/>con&longs;ider thoroughly what you are going to un­<lb/>dertake, even in its minute&longs;t Parts; and re­<lb/>member how difficult it is to find Workmen <lb/>that &longs;hall exactly execute any extraordinary <lb/>Idea which you may form, and with how much <lb/>Grudging and Unwillingne&longs;s People will &longs;pend <lb/>their Money in making Trial of your Fancies. <lb/></s> <s>La&longs;tly, beware of that very common Fault, by <lb/>means of which there are &longs;o few great Struc­<lb/>tures but what have &longs;ome unpardonable Ble­<lb/>mi&longs;hes. </s> <s>We always find People very ready to <lb/>criticize, and fond of being thought Coun&longs;el­<lb/>lors and Directors. </s> <s>Now as, by rea&longs;on of the <lb/>Shortne&longs;s of Man's Life, few great Works are <lb/>compleated by the fir&longs;t Undertaker, we that <lb/>&longs;ucceed him, either out of Envy or Officiou&longs;­<lb/>ne&longs;s, are vain of making &longs;ome Alteration in his <lb/>original De&longs;ign. </s> <s>By this means what was well <lb/>begun is &longs;poiled in the fini&longs;hing. </s> <s>For this Rea­<lb/>&longs;on I think we &longs;hould adhere to the original <lb/>De&longs;ign of the Inventor, who we are to &longs;uppo&longs;e <lb/>had maturely weighed and con&longs;idered it. </s> <s>It is <lb/>po&longs;&longs;ible he might have &longs;ome wi&longs;e Inducement <lb/>to do what he did, which upon a more dili­<lb/>gent and attentive Examination, you may at <lb/>length di&longs;cover your&longs;elf. </s> <s>If however you do <lb/>make any Alteration, never do it without the <lb/>Advice, or rather ab&longs;olute Direction of the mo&longs;t <lb/>approved and experienced Ma&longs;ters: By which <lb/>means you will both provide for the Nece&longs;&longs;i­<lb/>ties of the Structure, and &longs;ecure your&longs;elf again&longs;t <lb/>the Malice of envious Tongues. </s> <s>We have now <lb/>treated of publick Buildings, and of private; of <lb/>&longs;acred, and of profane; of tho&longs;e which relate <lb/>to Dignity, and tho&longs;e of Plea&longs;ure. </s> <s>What re­<lb/>mains is to &longs;hew how any Defects in an Edi­<lb/>fice, which have ari&longs;en either from Ignorance <lb/>or Negligence, from the Violence of Men or <lb/>Times, or from unfortunate and unfore&longs;een <lb/>Accidents, may be repaired and amended: <lb/>Still hoping that the&longs;e Arts will meet with the <lb/>Favour and Protection of the Learned.</s></p><p type="head"> <s><emph type="italics"/>The End of Book<emph.end type="italics"/> IX.<lb/><figure id="id.003.01.285.1.jpg" xlink:href="003/01/285/1.jpg"/></s></p><pb xlink:href="003/01/286.jpg"/><figure id="id.003.01.286.1.jpg" xlink:href="003/01/286/1.jpg"/><p type="head"> <s>THE <lb/><emph type="bold"/>ARCHITECTURE<emph.end type="bold"/><lb/>OF <lb/><emph type="bold"/><emph type="italics"/>Leone Bati&longs;ta Alberti.<emph.end type="italics"/><emph.end type="bold"/></s></p><p type="head"> <s>BOOK X. CHAP. I.</s></p><p type="main"> <s><emph type="italics"/>Of the Defects in Buildings, whence they proceed, and their different Sorts; <lb/>which of them can be corrected by the Architect, and which cannot; and the <lb/>various Cau&longs;es of a bad Air.<emph.end type="italics"/></s></p><p type="main"> <s>Since in the Remainder of this <lb/>Work we are to treat of the correct­<lb/>ing the &longs;everal Defects in Building, <lb/>it is nece&longs;&longs;ary fir&longs;t to con&longs;ider what <lb/>tho&longs;e Defects are which are capable of Emen­<lb/>dation by the Hand of Man: As the Phy&longs;ici­<lb/>ans think that the Knowledge of the Patient's <lb/>Di&longs;temper, is the greate&longs;t Step towards his <lb/>Cure. </s> <s>Of the Defects in Buildings, as well <lb/>publick as private, &longs;ome are innate and owing <lb/>to the Architect, and others proceed from fo­<lb/>reign Cau&longs;es: And again, of the&longs;e &longs;ome are <lb/>capable of being repaired by Art and Contri­<lb/>vance, and others will not po&longs;&longs;ibly admit of <lb/>any Remedy. </s> <s>What tho&longs;e are which are owing <lb/>to the Architect, we have pointed out &longs;o plain­<lb/>ly in the la&longs;t Book, that a Repetition of them <lb/>here is not nece&longs;&longs;ary, having there &longs;hewn that <lb/>&longs;ome are the Errors of the Mind, &longs;ome of the <lb/>Hand; that tho&longs;e of the Mind are an injudici­<lb/>ous Election, an inconvenient Compartition, <lb/>an improper Di&longs;tribution, or confu&longs;ed Pro­<lb/>portions; whereas tho&longs;e of the Hand are an <lb/>inaccurate or incon&longs;iderate Preparation, Col­<lb/>lection, Working, and putting together the <lb/>Materials: Faults which the Negligent and <lb/>Unadvi&longs;ed ea&longs;ily fall into. </s> <s>But the Defects <lb/>which proceed from foreign Cau&longs;es are &longs;carcely <lb/>to be numbered for their Multiplicity and Va­<lb/>riety: Of which Cau&longs;es the fir&longs;t is that which <lb/>is &longs;aid to overcome all Things, Time, who&longs;e <lb/>Violence is no le&longs;s deceitful than it is power­<lb/>ful, nor can any Sort of Bodies elude that great <lb/>Law of Nature, of Feeling the Decays of old <lb/>Age; in&longs;omuch that &longs;ome are of Opinion, the <lb/>very Heavens them&longs;elves are corruptible only <lb/>for this Rea&longs;on, becau&longs;e they are Bodies. </s> <s>We <lb/>all know the Power of the Sun, of Damps, of <lb/>Fro&longs;ts and of Storms. </s> <s>Battered by the&longs;e En­<lb/>gines, we &longs;ee the harde&longs;t Flints &longs;hiver and fall <lb/>to Pieces, and huge Pieces of Rock broken <lb/>down from the Mountains, with Parts of the <lb/>Hill it&longs;elf along with them. </s> <s>To the&longs;e add the <lb/>Violence or Negligence of Men. </s> <s>I call Heaven <lb/>to Witne&longs;s, that I am often filled with the <lb/>highe&longs;t Indignation when I &longs;ee Buildings de­<lb/>moli&longs;hed and going to Ruin by the Carele&longs;s­<lb/>ne&longs;s, not to &longs;ay abominable Avarice of the <lb/>Owners, Buildings who&longs;e Maje&longs;ty has &longs;aved <lb/>them from the Fury of the mo&longs;t barbarous and <lb/>enraged Enemies, and which Time him&longs;elf, <lb/>that perver&longs;e and ob&longs;tinate De&longs;troyer, &longs;eems to <lb/>have de&longs;tined to Eternity. </s> <s>To the&longs;e again add <lb/>the &longs;udden Accidents of Fire, Lightening, <lb/>Earthquakes, Inundations, and tho&longs;e many &longs;ur­<lb/>prizing, unheard of and incredible Phænomena <lb/>which the miraculous Power of Nature &longs;o fre­<lb/>quently produces, and which are capable of <pb xlink:href="003/01/287.jpg" pagenum="210"/>over-turning the be&longs;t fini&longs;hed Structure of the <lb/>wi&longs;e&longs;t Architect. <emph type="italics"/>Plato<emph.end type="italics"/> &longs;ays, that the whole <lb/><emph type="italics"/>Atlantick<emph.end type="italics"/> I&longs;land, which was not le&longs;s than <emph type="italics"/>Epi­<lb/>rus,<emph.end type="italics"/> vani&longs;hed away at once into Smoke. </s> <s>Hi&longs;­<lb/>tory informs us, that the Cities of <emph type="italics"/>Helice<emph.end type="italics"/> and <lb/><emph type="italics"/>Bura<emph.end type="italics"/> were both &longs;wallowed up, one by the Sea <lb/>and the other by an Earthquake: That the <lb/>Lake <emph type="italics"/>Tritonis<emph.end type="italics"/> di&longs;appeared in an In&longs;tant, and <lb/>on the contrary, that of <emph type="italics"/>Stymphalis<emph.end type="italics"/> in <emph type="italics"/>Argos,<emph.end type="italics"/><lb/>appeared as &longs;uddenly: That at <emph type="italics"/>Teramene<emph.end type="italics"/> an <lb/>I&longs;land &longs;tarted up at once, with hot Springs in <lb/>it; and that between the two I&longs;lands of <emph type="italics"/>The­<lb/>ra&longs;ia<emph.end type="italics"/> and <emph type="italics"/>Thera<emph.end type="italics"/> a Flame bur&longs;t out of the Sea, <lb/>which made it foam and boil four whole Days <lb/>&longs;ucce&longs;&longs;ively, and at la&longs;t appeared an I&longs;land <lb/>twelve Furlongs in Length, wherein the <emph type="italics"/>Rho­<lb/>dians<emph.end type="italics"/> built a Temple to <emph type="italics"/>Neptune<emph.end type="italics"/> their Protec­<lb/>tor. </s> <s>In other Places we are told of &longs;uch nu­<lb/>merous Swarms of Mice, that they bred an <lb/>Infection, and that the <emph type="italics"/>Spaniards<emph.end type="italics"/> &longs;ent Amba&longs;­<lb/>&longs;adors to the <emph type="italics"/>Roman<emph.end type="italics"/> Senate to implore their <lb/>A&longs;&longs;i&longs;tance again&longs;t infinite Numbers of Hares <lb/>which eat up their Country; and many other <lb/>wonderful Accidents of the &longs;ame Nature, <lb/>whereof we have made a Collection in our lit­<lb/>tle Treati&longs;e, entitled <emph type="italics"/>Theogenius.<emph.end type="italics"/></s><s> But all the <lb/>Defects which proceed from foreign Cau&longs;es are <lb/>not uncapable of being corrected: Neither <lb/>will tho&longs;e which are owing to the Architect, <lb/>always admit of Amendment; for where every <lb/>thing is wrong and out of Order, no Improve­<lb/>ment is practicable. </s> <s>Where the Building can­<lb/>not be any ways altered for the better, but by <lb/>changing almo&longs;t every Line and Angle, it is <lb/>much better to pull the Whole quite down, and <lb/>begin upon a new Foundation. </s> <s>But that is not <lb/>our Bu&longs;ine&longs;s now: We are here to &longs;hew what <lb/>may be amended or improved by Art. </s> <s>And <lb/>fir&longs;t we &longs;hall &longs;peak of Buildings of a publick <lb/>Nature. </s> <s>Of the&longs;e the greate&longs;t and mo&longs;t im­<lb/>portant is the City, or rather, if we may &longs;o <lb/>call it, the Region of the City. </s> <s>The Region <lb/>wherein an incon&longs;iderable Architect has placed <lb/>his City, may perhaps have tho&longs;e Defects <lb/>which will admit of Amendment. </s> <s>Either it <lb/>may be un&longs;ecure again&longs;t &longs;udden Incur&longs;ions of <lb/>Enemies, or it may &longs;tand in a bad unhealthy <lb/>Air, or it may not be well &longs;upplied with all <lb/>Nece&longs;&longs;aries. </s> <s>Of the&longs;e therefore we &longs;hall now <lb/>treat. </s> <s>The Way from <emph type="italics"/>Lydia<emph.end type="italics"/> into <emph type="italics"/>Cilicia<emph.end type="italics"/> lies <lb/>through a narrow Pa&longs;s cut by Nature among <lb/>the Hills, in &longs;uch a Manner that you would <lb/>think &longs;he de&longs;igned it as a Gate to that Pro­<lb/>vince. </s> <s>At <emph type="italics"/>Thermopylæ,<emph.end type="italics"/> now called the <emph type="italics"/>Bocca <lb/>de Lupo,<emph.end type="italics"/> is a Pa&longs;s which three armed Men may <lb/>defend, being a broken Way interrupted by <lb/>numberle&longs;s Rills of Water on every Side, which <lb/>ri&longs;e from the very Root of the Mountain. <lb/></s> <s>Much like this are the broken Rocks in the <lb/>Mark of <emph type="italics"/>Ancona,<emph.end type="italics"/> called by the Vulgar <emph type="italics"/>Fo&longs;&longs;o <lb/>ombrone,<emph.end type="italics"/> and many others in other Places. </s> <s>But <lb/>&longs;uch Pa&longs;&longs;es, &longs;o fortified by Nature, are not to <lb/>be found every where: However, they &longs;eem in <lb/>a great Mea&longs;ure, to be capable of being imitat­<lb/>ed by Art; and accordingly we find it to have <lb/>been very often prudently done by the Anci­<lb/>ents, who in order to &longs;ecure their Country from <lb/>the Inroads of their Enemies, u&longs;ed the follow­<lb/>ing Methods, which we &longs;hall briefly gather <lb/>from as many of the great Works of the old <lb/>Heroes, as may &longs;erve to illu&longs;trate our pre&longs;ent <lb/>Subject. <emph type="italics"/>Artaxerxes<emph.end type="italics"/> near the River <emph type="italics"/>Euphrates,<emph.end type="italics"/><lb/>cut a Trench between him&longs;elf and the Enemy, <lb/>three&longs;core Foot broad, and ten Miles long. </s> <s>The <lb/><emph type="italics"/>Cæ&longs;ars<emph.end type="italics"/> (and particularly <emph type="italics"/>Adrian<emph.end type="italics"/>) built a Wall <lb/>acro&longs;s <emph type="italics"/>Britain<emph.end type="italics"/> fore&longs;core Miles in Length, by <lb/>which they divided the Lands of the <emph type="italics"/>Barbari­<lb/>ans<emph.end type="italics"/> from tho&longs;e of the <emph type="italics"/>Romans. </s> <s>Antoninus Pius<emph.end type="italics"/><lb/>made another of Turf acro&longs;s the &longs;ame I&longs;land. <lb/></s> <s>After him <emph type="italics"/>Severus<emph.end type="italics"/> threw up a Trench an <lb/>hundred and twenty-two Miles long, which <lb/>divided the I&longs;land clear from Sea to Sea. <emph type="italics"/>An­<lb/>tiochus Soter<emph.end type="italics"/> encompa&longs;&longs;ed <emph type="italics"/>Margiana<emph.end type="italics"/> a Province <lb/>of <emph type="italics"/>India,<emph.end type="italics"/> where he built <emph type="italics"/>Antiochia,<emph.end type="italics"/> with a <lb/>Wall fifteen hundred Furlongs in Length; and <lb/><emph type="italics"/>Seo&longs;o&longs;is<emph.end type="italics"/> carried a Wall of the &longs;ame Length from <lb/>the Borders of <emph type="italics"/>Ægypt<emph.end type="italics"/> towards <emph type="italics"/>Arabia,<emph.end type="italics"/> thro' <lb/>a De&longs;art quite from the City of the Sun, which <lb/>was called <emph type="italics"/>Thebes.<emph.end type="italics"/></s><s> The <emph type="italics"/>Neritones,<emph.end type="italics"/> who&longs;e Coun­<lb/>try formerly joined to <emph type="italics"/>Leucadia,<emph.end type="italics"/> cutting away <lb/>the Neck of Land, and letting in the Sea, <lb/>made it an I&longs;land: On the contrary, the <emph type="italics"/>Chal­<lb/>cidians<emph.end type="italics"/> and the <emph type="italics"/>Boeotians<emph.end type="italics"/> rai&longs;ed a Dike over the <lb/>Straits, called the <emph type="italics"/>Euripus,<emph.end type="italics"/> to join <emph type="italics"/>Euboia<emph.end type="italics"/> to <lb/><emph type="italics"/>Boeotia,<emph.end type="italics"/> that they might be able to &longs;uccour each <lb/>other. <emph type="italics"/>Alexander<emph.end type="italics"/> the Great built &longs;ix Towns <lb/>near the River <emph type="italics"/>Oxus,<emph.end type="italics"/> not &longs;ar di&longs;tant from each <lb/>other, that upon any &longs;udden Attack from the <lb/>Enemy, they might have A&longs;&longs;i&longs;tance at Hand. <lb/></s> <s>The Ancients frequently made u&longs;e of little Re­<lb/>doubts, which they called <emph type="italics"/>Tyr&longs;es,<emph.end type="italics"/> fortified with <lb/>very high Ramparts, like Ca&longs;tles, to put a Stop <lb/>to Incur&longs;ions from their Enemies. </s> <s>The <emph type="italics"/>Per­<lb/>&longs;ians<emph.end type="italics"/> &longs;topt up the <emph type="italics"/>Tygris<emph.end type="italics"/> with Sluices, that none <lb/>of the Enemy's Ve&longs;&longs;els might get up the River: <lb/>But <emph type="italics"/>Alexander<emph.end type="italics"/> took them away and opened <lb/>the Stream, alledging that it was a mean and <lb/>cowardly Defence, and exhorting them rather <lb/>to tru&longs;t to their own Valour for their Securi­<lb/>ty. </s> <s>Some have overflowed their Country and <pb xlink:href="003/01/288.jpg" pagenum="211"/>made it a perfect Mar&longs;h, like <emph type="italics"/>Arabia,<emph.end type="italics"/> which <lb/>by means of a Number of Lakes and Bogs oc­<lb/>ca&longs;ioned by the River <emph type="italics"/>Euphrates,<emph.end type="italics"/> was not to <lb/>be approached by an Enemy. </s> <s>Thus by &longs;uch <lb/>Fortifications they both &longs;ecured their own <lb/>Country again&longs;t the Attacks of an Enemy, and <lb/>at the &longs;ame Time made their Enemy's Coun­<lb/>try weaker and more defencele&longs;s. </s> <s>What are <lb/>the Cau&longs;es which make the Air unhealthy, we <lb/>have already &longs;hewn &longs;ufficiently at Length in <lb/>the proper Place. </s> <s>We may only ob&longs;erve here <lb/>in general, that for the mo&longs;t Part tho&longs;e Cau&longs;es <lb/>are either the too great Power of the Sun, or <lb/>too much Shade; &longs;ome infectious Winds from <lb/>neighbouring Parts, or pe&longs;tilent Vapours from <lb/>the Soil it&longs;elf, or el&longs;e &longs;omething in the very <lb/>Climate it&longs;elf that is noxious. </s> <s>To mend the <lb/>Air when it is unhealthy or corrupted, is a <lb/>Work &longs;carce thought po&longs;&longs;ible to be done by any <lb/>human Contrivance; unle&longs;s by appea&longs;ing the <lb/>Wrath of Heaven by Prayers and Supplications, <lb/>which, like the Nail driven by the Con&longs;ul, have <lb/>&longs;ometimes, as we read, put a Stop to the mo&longs;t <lb/>de&longs;tructive Contagions. </s> <s>Again&longs;t the Inconve­<lb/>niencies of the Sun or Wind to the Inhabitants <lb/>of &longs;ome little Town or Villa, perhaps &longs;ome <lb/>Remedy may be found: But to alter the Cli­<lb/>mate of a whole Region or Province, is a Task <lb/>too great; not that I deny the Po&longs;&longs;ibility of <lb/>amending a great many of tho&longs;e Defects which <lb/>proceed from the Air, by curing the Earth of <lb/>exhaling noxious Vapours. </s> <s>In order to &longs;hew <lb/>how this may be done, it is not nece&longs;&longs;ary that <lb/>I &longs;hould here &longs;pend Time in debating whether <lb/>it is by means of the Power of the Sun, or by <lb/>&longs;ome natural inward Heat, that the Earth emits <lb/>tho&longs;e two Vapours, of which one mounting up <lb/>into the Air is conden&longs;ed by the Cold, into <lb/>Rain and Snow; and the other, which is a dry <lb/>Vapour, is &longs;uppo&longs;ed to be the Cau&longs;e of Winds: <lb/>It is enough that we are a&longs;&longs;ured, that both the&longs;e <lb/>ari&longs;e out of the Earth; and as we find that <lb/>tho&longs;e Steams which proceed from the Bodies <lb/>of Animals, partake of the Nature of the Bodies <lb/>from which they ari&longs;e, pe&longs;tiferous from pe&longs;ti­<lb/>lentious Bodies, and &longs;weet from whole&longs;ome and <lb/>cleanly ones, and that &longs;ometimes where the <lb/>Sweat or Vapour is not bad in it&longs;elf, it is ren­<lb/>dered offen&longs;ive by the Na&longs;tine&longs;s of the Gar­<lb/>ment through which it pa&longs;&longs;es; &longs;o it is with the <lb/>Earth: For when the Ground is neither well <lb/>covered with Water, nor perfectly dry, but lies <lb/>like a Mar&longs;h or Bog, it mu&longs;t for &longs;everal Rea­<lb/>&longs;ons emit noxious and unwhole&longs;ome Vapours. <lb/></s> <s>Thus we find, that where the Sea is deep, the <lb/>Water is cold, and warm where it is &longs;hallow; <lb/>the Rea&longs;on of which, we are told, is becau&longs;e <lb/>the Rays of the Sun cannot &longs;trike to the Bot­<lb/>tom of a deep Water: As if you plunge a red­<lb/>hot Iron into Oil, if the Oil be but a &longs;mall <lb/>Quantity, it will rai&longs;e a &longs;trong thick Smoke, <lb/>but if there is Oil enough to cover it quite over, <lb/>it will pre&longs;ently quench the Iron, and make <lb/>no Smoke at all. </s> <s>But to proceed briefly with <lb/>the Subject which we have begun to take <lb/>in Hand. <emph type="italics"/>Servius<emph.end type="italics"/> tells us, that a Mar&longs;h near <lb/>a certain Town being almo&longs;t dried up, and a <lb/>Plague &longs;ucceeding, the Inhabitants went for <lb/>Coun&longs;el to <emph type="italics"/>Apollo,<emph.end type="italics"/> who commanded them to <lb/>dry it up entirely. </s> <s>Near <emph type="italics"/>Tempe,<emph.end type="italics"/> there was a <lb/>large &longs;tanding Lake, which <emph type="italics"/>Hercules<emph.end type="italics"/> made dry <lb/>Ground, by cutting a Trench to let out the <lb/>Water, and he is &longs;aid to have burnt the Ser­<lb/>pent <emph type="italics"/>Hydra<emph.end type="italics"/> in a Place from whence frequent <lb/>Eruptions of Water u&longs;ed to ravage the neigh­<lb/>bouring City; by which means the &longs;uperfluous <lb/>Moi&longs;ture being con&longs;umed, and the Soil render­<lb/>ed firm and dry, tho&longs;e over-abounding Chan­<lb/>nels of Water were entirely &longs;topt. </s> <s>In ancient <lb/>Times the <emph type="italics"/>Nile<emph.end type="italics"/> having once &longs;welled higher <lb/>than u&longs;ual, when the Waters went off, be&longs;ides <lb/>the Mud, they left a great Number of different <lb/>Animals, which as the Ground became dry, <lb/>rotted and infected the Air with a dreadful <lb/>Plague. <emph type="italics"/>Strabo<emph.end type="italics"/> &longs;ays, that the City <emph type="italics"/>Mazaca,<emph.end type="italics"/><lb/>near the Hill <emph type="italics"/>Argæus,<emph.end type="italics"/> abounds in good Wa­<lb/>ter; but if in Summer it has not a Way made <lb/>for it to run off, it renders the Air unwhole­<lb/>&longs;ome and infectious. </s> <s>Moreover, towards the <lb/>northern Parts of <emph type="italics"/>Africa,<emph.end type="italics"/> and al&longs;o in <emph type="italics"/>Æthiopia,<emph.end type="italics"/><lb/>it never Rains; &longs;o that the Lakes are often <lb/>dried up, and left like Bogs of Mud, abounding <lb/>with infinite Numbers of Animals that breed <lb/>by Corruption, and particularly with great <lb/>Swarms of Locu&longs;ts. </s> <s>Again&longs;t the&longs;e Inconveni­<lb/>encies, both the Remedies u&longs;ed by <emph type="italics"/>Hercules<emph.end type="italics"/> are <lb/>very proper, namely, cutting a Trench that the <lb/>Water may not &longs;tagnate and make a Bog, and <lb/>then laying the Ground open to the Sun, <lb/>which I take to be the Fire u&longs;ed by <emph type="italics"/>Hercules<emph.end type="italics"/><lb/>for burning the <emph type="italics"/>Hydra.<emph.end type="italics"/></s><s> It may al&longs;o be of Ser­<lb/>vice to fill up the Place with Stones, Earth or <lb/>Sand: And in what Manner you may fill up a <lb/>&longs;tanding Water with River-&longs;and, we &longs;hall &longs;hew <lb/>in the proper Place. <emph type="italics"/>Strabo<emph.end type="italics"/> &longs;ays, that in his <lb/>Time the Country about the City of <emph type="italics"/>Ravenna,<emph.end type="italics"/><lb/>being continually overflowed by the Sea, u&longs;ed <lb/>to be incommoded with noi&longs;ome Vapours, <lb/>which yet did not make the Air unwhole&longs;ome, <lb/>and it &longs;eems &longs;trange how this &longs;hould happen, <pb xlink:href="003/01/289.jpg" pagenum="212"/>unle&longs;s it be as it is at <emph type="italics"/>Venice,<emph.end type="italics"/> that the Lakes <lb/>being kept in con&longs;tant Agitation by the Winds <lb/>and Tides, never &longs;ub&longs;ide, and &longs;o cannot cor­<lb/>rupt. </s> <s>The Country of <emph type="italics"/>Alexandria<emph.end type="italics"/> is &longs;aid to <lb/>have been much of the &longs;ame Nature; but the <lb/>con&longs;tant overflowing of the <emph type="italics"/>Nile<emph.end type="italics"/> in Summer, <lb/>cured it of that Defect. </s> <s>Thus we are in­<lb/>&longs;tructed by Nature what is proper to be done, <lb/>and that where the Ground is mar&longs;hy, we <lb/>ought either to dry it up entirely, or el&longs;e to <lb/>bring a con&longs;tant Supply of running Water into <lb/>it, either from &longs;ome Stream or River, or from <lb/>the Sea; or la&longs;tly, to dig it &longs;o deep as to come <lb/>to &longs;ome living Spring. </s> <s>Of which we &longs;hall &longs;ay <lb/>no more in this Place.</s></p><p type="head"> <s>CHAP. II.</s></p><p type="head"> <s><emph type="italics"/>That Water is the mo&longs;t nece&longs;&longs;ary Thing of all, and of its various Sorts.<emph.end type="italics"/></s></p><p type="main"> <s>We are now to take care that nothing <lb/>be wanting, which may be nece&longs;&longs;ary <lb/>for our U&longs;e. </s> <s>What Things are nece&longs;&longs;ary I <lb/>&longs;hall not wa&longs;te much Time in recounting, be­<lb/>cau&longs;e they are manife&longs;t, as Food, Raiment, <lb/>Shelter, and, above all Things, Water. <emph type="italics"/>Thales<emph.end type="italics"/><lb/>the <emph type="italics"/>Mile&longs;ian<emph.end type="italics"/> affirmed, that Water was the fir&longs;t <lb/>Principle of all Things, and even of Commu­<lb/>nities among Men. <emph type="italics"/>Ari&longs;tobulus<emph.end type="italics"/> &longs;ays, that he <lb/>&longs;aw above a thou&longs;and Towns left quite de&longs;art, <lb/>becau&longs;e the River <emph type="italics"/>Indus<emph.end type="italics"/> had turned his Cour&longs;e <lb/>another Way. </s> <s>I own it to be my Opinion, <lb/>that Water is to Animals the Source of natural <lb/>Heat and the Nouri&longs;her of Life; not to men­<lb/>tion its Con&longs;equence to Plants, and to every <lb/>Thing el&longs;e which is intended for the U&longs;e of <lb/>Mankind; to all which I imagine it to be &longs;o <lb/>ab&longs;olutely nece&longs;&longs;ary, that, without Water, no­<lb/>thing which grows or is nouri&longs;hed in the Earth <lb/>would be capable even of exi&longs;ting. </s> <s>In the <lb/>Country, along the River <emph type="italics"/>Euphrates,<emph.end type="italics"/> the People <lb/>do not &longs;uffer their Cattle to feed as long as <lb/>they would, for fear of their growing too fat <lb/>in Pa&longs;tures too luxurious, occa&longs;ioned, as is &longs;up­<lb/>po&longs;ed, by the Exuberance of Moi&longs;ture: And <lb/>&longs;ome believe, that &longs;uch huge Bodies as Whales <lb/>are produced in the Sea, becau&longs;e of the great <lb/>Abundance of Nouri&longs;hment which is afforded <lb/>by Water. <emph type="italics"/>Xenophon<emph.end type="italics"/> tells us, that the Kings <lb/>of <emph type="italics"/>Sparta<emph.end type="italics"/> were allowed, by way of Dignity, <lb/>to have a Lake of Water before the Doors of <lb/>their Hou&longs;es. </s> <s>Water is u&longs;ed by us in the Ce­<lb/>remonies of our Nuptials, Sacrifices, and almo&longs;t <lb/>all other &longs;acred Rites, according to the Prac­<lb/>tice of our Fore-fathers; all which &longs;hews what <lb/>a high E&longs;teem ancient Times had of Water. <lb/></s> <s>But indeed who can deny the great U&longs;e and <lb/>Service which it is of to Mankind, in&longs;omuch <lb/>that it is always thought to be deficient, where <lb/>there is not a very large Abundance of it for all <lb/>Manner of Occa&longs;ions. </s> <s>With this great Ne­<lb/>ce&longs;&longs;ary therefore, we &longs;hall here begin, &longs;ince, <lb/>according to the old Saying, we want it whe­<lb/>ther &longs;ick or well. </s> <s>The <emph type="italics"/>Me&longs;&longs;agetœ,<emph.end type="italics"/> a Nation <lb/>of <emph type="italics"/>Scythia,<emph.end type="italics"/> made their Country abound in Wa­<lb/>ter by opening the River <emph type="italics"/>Aragus<emph.end type="italics"/> in &longs;everal <lb/>Places. </s> <s>The <emph type="italics"/>Tygris<emph.end type="italics"/> and <emph type="italics"/>Euphrates<emph.end type="italics"/> were brought <lb/>by Labour to <emph type="italics"/>Babylon,<emph.end type="italics"/> which was built origi­<lb/>nally in a dry Place. </s> <s>Queen <emph type="italics"/>Semiramis<emph.end type="italics"/> cut a <lb/>Pa&longs;&longs;age through a high Hill for the Space of <lb/>five-and-twenty Furlongs to make Way for a <lb/>Canal, fifteen Foot broad, by which &longs;he brought <lb/>Water to the City of <emph type="italics"/>Ecbatana.<emph.end type="italics"/></s><s> An <emph type="italics"/>Arabian<emph.end type="italics"/><lb/>King brought Water from the <emph type="italics"/>Chorus,<emph.end type="italics"/> a River <lb/>of <emph type="italics"/>Arabia,<emph.end type="italics"/> into that droughty De&longs;art where he <lb/>waited for <emph type="italics"/>Camby&longs;es,<emph.end type="italics"/> in an Aqueduct made of <lb/>the Hides of Bulls, if we may believe every <lb/>thing that we read in <emph type="italics"/>Herodotus.<emph.end type="italics"/></s><s> In the Coun­<lb/>try of the <emph type="italics"/>Samians,<emph.end type="italics"/> among other &longs;urprizing <lb/>Works, the mo&longs;t extraordinary of all was a <lb/>Trench &longs;eventy Furlongs in Length, made <lb/>through a Mountain which was an hundred <lb/>and fifty Paces high. <emph type="italics"/>Megareus<emph.end type="italics"/>'s Conduct was <lb/>al&longs;o mightily admired, which brought the <lb/>Water of a Spring to the City in a Frame <lb/>twenty Foot high. </s> <s>But in my Judgment the <lb/>ancient City of <emph type="italics"/>Rome<emph.end type="italics"/> far excelled all the Cities <lb/>in the World in the Grandeur and Contrivance <lb/>of her Aqueducts, and the great Plenty of <lb/>Water conveyed in them. </s> <s>But you are not <lb/>every where &longs;ure to find Springs or Rivers from <lb/>whence Water can be brought. <emph type="italics"/>Alexander,<emph.end type="italics"/><lb/>to &longs;upply his Fleet with Water, dug a Number <lb/>of Wells along the Sea Shore of <emph type="italics"/>Per&longs;ia. </s> <s>Ap­<lb/>pian<emph.end type="italics"/> tells us, that <emph type="italics"/>Hannibal,<emph.end type="italics"/> when he was clo&longs;e <lb/>pre&longs;&longs;ed by <emph type="italics"/>Scipio,<emph.end type="italics"/> near the Town of <emph type="italics"/>Cilla,<emph.end type="italics"/> not <lb/>being able to find Water in the Field where he <lb/>was encamped, provided for the Nece&longs;&longs;ities of <lb/>his Troops by digging Wells. </s> <s>Be&longs;ides, it is <lb/>not all Waters which you find, that are good <lb/>and proper for the U&longs;e of Men; for be&longs;ides <lb/>that, &longs;ome are hot, &longs;ome cold, &longs;ome &longs;weet, <pb xlink:href="003/01/290.jpg" pagenum="213"/>&longs;ome &longs;harp, &longs;ome bitter, &longs;ome perfectly clear, <lb/>others muddy, vi&longs;cous, oily, tinctured with <lb/>Pitch, or of a petri&longs;ying Quality; &longs;ome run­<lb/>ning partly clear, and partly foul, and &longs;ome­<lb/>times in the &longs;ame Place part &longs;weet, and part <lb/>&longs;alt or bitter: There are al&longs;o &longs;everal other Par­<lb/>ticulars, well worth Note, which make Wa­<lb/>ters very different from one another, as well in <lb/>Nature as in Effect, and of no &longs;mall Con&longs;e­<lb/>quence to the Pre&longs;ervation or Prejudice of the <lb/>Health. </s> <s>And here let us be allowed ju&longs;t to <lb/>mention &longs;ome miraculous Properties of Water, <lb/>by Way of Amu&longs;ement. </s> <s>The River <emph type="italics"/>Ar&longs;ione<emph.end type="italics"/><lb/>in <emph type="italics"/>Armenia,<emph.end type="italics"/> rots the Cloaths which are wa&longs;h­<lb/>ed in it. </s> <s>The Water of <emph type="italics"/>Diana<emph.end type="italics"/>'s Fountain, <lb/>near <emph type="italics"/>Camerinum,<emph.end type="italics"/> will mix with nothing Male. <lb/></s> <s>At <emph type="italics"/>Debri,<emph.end type="italics"/> a Town of the <emph type="italics"/>Garamanthes,<emph.end type="italics"/> is a <lb/>Spring which is cold in the Day, and warm in <lb/>the Night. </s> <s>The <emph type="italics"/>Helbe&longs;us,<emph.end type="italics"/> a River in the Coun­<lb/>try of the <emph type="italics"/>Sege&longs;tani<emph.end type="italics"/> in <emph type="italics"/>Sicily,<emph.end type="italics"/> in the Middle of <lb/>its Cour&longs;e grows of a &longs;udden hot. </s> <s>There is a <lb/>&longs;acred Well in <emph type="italics"/>Epirus,<emph.end type="italics"/> which extingui&longs;hes any <lb/>Thing which is put into it burning, and lights <lb/>that which is extingui&longs;hed. </s> <s>In <emph type="italics"/>Eleu&longs;ina<emph.end type="italics"/> near <lb/><emph type="italics"/>Athens,<emph.end type="italics"/> is a Spring which leaps and rejoices at <lb/>the Sound of a Flute. </s> <s>Foreign Animals that <lb/>drink at the River <emph type="italics"/>Indus,<emph.end type="italics"/> change their Colour: <lb/>And upon the Shore of the <emph type="italics"/>Red Sea<emph.end type="italics"/> there is a <lb/>Spring, at which if Sheep drink, their Wool <lb/>pre&longs;ently turns Black. </s> <s>At <emph type="italics"/>Laodicea<emph.end type="italics"/> in <emph type="italics"/>A&longs;ia,<emph.end type="italics"/><lb/>there are Springs, near which all the fourfoot­<lb/>ed Animals that are conceived are of a yellow <lb/>Hue. </s> <s>In the Country of <emph type="italics"/>Gadara,<emph.end type="italics"/> is a Water, <lb/>of which if the Cattle drink, they lo&longs;e their <lb/>Hair and Nails. </s> <s>Near the <emph type="italics"/>Hyrcanian<emph.end type="italics"/> Sea, is a <lb/>Lake, wherein all that bathe grow &longs;cabby, and <lb/>can be cured with nothing but Oil. </s> <s>At <emph type="italics"/>Su&longs;a,<emph.end type="italics"/><lb/>is a Water which makes the Teeth fall out of <lb/>the Head. </s> <s>Near the Lake <emph type="italics"/>Zelonium,<emph.end type="italics"/> is a Spring <lb/>which makes Women barren, and another <lb/>which makes them fruitful. </s> <s>In the I&longs;land of <lb/><emph type="italics"/>Chies,<emph.end type="italics"/> there is one which makes tho&longs;e that <lb/>drink of it fooli&longs;h: And in &longs;ome other Place, <lb/>which I do not now recollect, is one which <lb/>not only upon drinking, but upon the bare <lb/>Ta&longs;ting makes the Per&longs;on die laughing, and <lb/>there is another wherein only Batheing is im­<lb/>mediate Death. </s> <s>And near <emph type="italics"/>Nonacris<emph.end type="italics"/> in <emph type="italics"/>Arca­<lb/>dia,<emph.end type="italics"/> is a Water perfectly clear to the View, but <lb/>of &longs;o poi&longs;onous a Quality, that it cannot be <lb/>contained in any Metal what&longs;oever. </s> <s>On the <lb/>contrary, there are others which are admirable <lb/>for re&longs;toring the Health, &longs;uch as the Waters of <lb/><emph type="italics"/>Pozzuolo, Siena, Volterra, Bologna,<emph.end type="italics"/> and many <lb/>others of great Fame all over <emph type="italics"/>Italy.<emph.end type="italics"/></s><s> But it is <lb/>yet more extraordinary which we are told of <lb/>a Water in <emph type="italics"/>Cor&longs;ica,<emph.end type="italics"/> namely, that it will recon­<lb/>&longs;olidate broken Bones, and prevent the Effect <lb/>of the mo&longs;t dangerous Poi&longs;ons. </s> <s>In other Places <lb/>there are Waters which mend the Wit and even <lb/>in&longs;pire Divination. </s> <s>In <emph type="italics"/>Cor&longs;ica,<emph.end type="italics"/> al&longs;o there is <lb/>another Spring very good for the Eyes, which <lb/>if a Thief dares to deny a Theft with an Oath, <lb/>and to wa&longs;h his Eyes with its Water, imme­<lb/>diately makes him blind. </s> <s>Of the&longs;e we have <lb/>&longs;aid enough. </s> <s>La&longs;tly, in &longs;ome Places no Wa­<lb/>ter at all is to be found, neither good nor bad. <lb/></s> <s>To remedy this, it was the Cu&longs;tom all over the <lb/>Country of <emph type="italics"/>Apulia<emph.end type="italics"/> to receive and pre&longs;erve the <lb/>Rain-water in Ci&longs;terns.</s></p><p type="head"> <s>CHAP. III.</s></p><p type="head"> <s><emph type="italics"/>Four Things to be con&longs;idered with Relation to Water; al&longs;o whence it is engender­<lb/>ed or ari&longs;es, and its Cour&longs;e.<emph.end type="italics"/></s></p><p type="main"> <s>There are four Things therefore which <lb/>are to our Purpo&longs;e with Relation to <lb/>Water; namely, the finding, the conveying, <lb/>the chu&longs;ing, and the pre&longs;erving. </s> <s>Of the&longs;e we <lb/>are to treat: But we may fir&longs;t premi&longs;e &longs;ome <lb/>few Things concerning the Nature of Water in <lb/>general. </s> <s>I am of Opinion that Water cannot <lb/>be contained in any Thing but a Ve&longs;&longs;el, and <lb/>therefore I agree with tho&longs;e, who upon that <lb/>Account, affirm the Sea it&longs;elf to be nothing <lb/>but a Ve&longs;&longs;el of va&longs;t Capacity, and Rivers to be <lb/>great oblong Ve&longs;&longs;els too. </s> <s>But there is this <lb/>Difference between the Waters of the Sea and <lb/>tho&longs;e of Rivers, that the&longs;e latter have a Cur­<lb/>rent and Motion by their own Nature, whereas <lb/>the former would ea&longs;ily &longs;ub&longs;ide and be at Re&longs;t, <lb/>if they were not put in Agitation by the Force of <lb/>the Winds. </s> <s>I &longs;hall not here di&longs;cu&longs;s tho&longs;e philo­<lb/>&longs;ophical Que&longs;tions, whether all Waters make <lb/>their Way to the Sea, as to a Place of Re&longs;t, and <lb/>whether the regular Flux and Reflux of the <lb/>Ocean be owing to the Impul&longs;e of the Moon: <lb/>Tho&longs;e Points not being to our Purpo&longs;e: but <lb/>we mu&longs;t not omit to take Notice of what we <pb xlink:href="003/01/291.jpg" pagenum="214"/>&longs;ee with our Eyes, that Water naturally tends <lb/>downwards; that it cannot &longs;uffer the Air to <lb/>be any where beneath it; that it hates all Mix­<lb/>ture with any Body that is either lighter or <lb/>heavier than it&longs;elf; that it loves to fill up every <lb/>Concavity into which it runs; that the more <lb/>you endeavour to force it, the more ob&longs;tinate­<lb/>ly it &longs;trives again&longs;t you, nor is ever &longs;atisfied till <lb/>it obtains the Re&longs;t which it de&longs;ires, and that <lb/>when it is got to its Place of Repo&longs;e, it is con­<lb/>tented only with it&longs;elf, and de&longs;pi&longs;es all other <lb/>Mixtures; la&longs;tly, that its Surface is always an <lb/>exact Level. </s> <s>There is another Enquiry relat­<lb/>ing to Water, which I remember to have read <lb/>in <emph type="italics"/>Plutarch;<emph.end type="italics"/> namely, whether upon digging a <lb/>Hole in the Earth, the Water &longs;prings up like <lb/>Blood out of a Wound; or whether it di&longs;tills <lb/>out like Milk engendering by Degrees in the <lb/>Brea&longs;t of a Nur&longs;e. </s> <s>Some are of Opinion, that <lb/>perpetual Springs do not run from any full <lb/>Ve&longs;&longs;el from whence they have their &longs;upply, <lb/>but that in the Places from whence they flow, <lb/>the Water is continually engendering of Air, <lb/>and not of all Sorts of Air, but only of &longs;uch as <lb/>is mo&longs;t apt to be formed into Vapour, and that <lb/>the Earth, and e&longs;pecially the Hills, are like <lb/>Spunges, full of Pores, through which the Air <lb/>is &longs;ucked in and conden&longs;ed and &longs;o turned into <lb/>Water by the Cold: For Proof of which they <lb/>alledge, that the greate&longs;t Rivers &longs;pring from <lb/>the greate&longs;t Hills. </s> <s>Others do not agree with <lb/>this Opinion, ob&longs;erving that &longs;everal Rivers, and <lb/>particularly the <emph type="italics"/>Pyramus,<emph.end type="italics"/> one of no &longs;mall Note, <lb/>being navigable, does not take its Ri&longs;e from <lb/>any Hill, but from the Middle of a Plain. </s> <s>For <lb/>this Rea&longs;on, he who &longs;uppo&longs;es that the Ground <lb/>imbibes the Moi&longs;ture of the Rain, which by <lb/>its Weight and Subtilty penetrates through the <lb/>Veins and &longs;o di&longs;tills into the Cavities of the <lb/>Earth, may perhaps be not much mi&longs;taken in <lb/>his Conjecture: For we may ob&longs;erve, that tho&longs;e <lb/>Countries which have lea&longs;t Rain, have the <lb/>greate&longs;t Scarcity of Springs. <emph type="italics"/>Libya<emph.end type="italics"/> is &longs;aid to <lb/>have been &longs;o called <emph type="italics"/>qua&longs;i Lipygia,<emph.end type="italics"/> as wanting <lb/>Rain, by which means it is &longs;cantily &longs;upplied <lb/>with Water. </s> <s>And, indeed, who can deny, <lb/>that where it Rains much, there is the greate&longs;t <lb/>Plenty of it? </s> <s>It is al&longs;o to our pre&longs;ent Purpo&longs;e <lb/>to ob&longs;erve, that a Man who digs a Well never <lb/>meets with Water, till he has &longs;unk it to the <lb/>Level of the next River. </s> <s>At <emph type="italics"/>Vol&longs;conio,<emph.end type="italics"/> a Town <lb/>&longs;tanding upon a Hill in <emph type="italics"/>Tu&longs;cany,<emph.end type="italics"/> they dug a <lb/>Well no le&longs;s then two hundred and twenty <lb/>Foot deep before they came to any Vein of <lb/>Water, not meeting with any till they came <lb/>to the Level of the Springs which ri&longs;e from the <lb/>Side of the Hill; and you will generally find <lb/>the &longs;ame Ob&longs;ervation hold good of all Wells <lb/>dug upon Hills. </s> <s>We find by Experiment that <lb/>a Spunge will grow wet by the Humidity of <lb/>the Air, upon which I have made a Pair of <lb/>Scales to determine the Heavine&longs;s or Dryne&longs;s <lb/>of the Air and Winds. </s> <s>I cannot indeed deny <lb/>that the Moi&longs;ture of the nocturnal Air is at­<lb/>tracted from the Superficies of the Earth, and <lb/>&longs;o con&longs;equently may return again into its Pores, <lb/>and be ea&longs;ily converted once more into Hu­<lb/>mour; but I cannot pretend to determine any <lb/>thing certain with Relation to this Que&longs;tion, <lb/>finding &longs;o much Variety among Authors upon <lb/>the Subject, and &longs;o many different Con&longs;iderati­<lb/>ons offering them&longs;elves to the Mind when we <lb/>think upon it. </s> <s>Thus it is certain that in many <lb/>Places, either by &longs;ome Earthquake, or even <lb/>from no apparent Cau&longs;e, Springs have bur&longs;t out <lb/>of a &longs;udden, and continued a great While, and <lb/>again, that others have failed in different Sea­<lb/>&longs;ons, &longs;ome growing dry in Summer, others in <lb/>Winter, and that tho&longs;e which have dried up <lb/>have afterwards again afforded great Plenty of <lb/>Water: Nay, and that Springs of fre&longs;h Wa­<lb/>ter not only ari&longs;e from the Earth, but have <lb/>been found even in the Middle of the Sea; and <lb/>it has been affirmed, that Water al&longs;o i&longs;&longs;ues from <lb/>the Plants them&longs;elves. </s> <s>In one of tho&longs;e I&longs;lands <lb/>which are called Fortunate, we are told there <lb/>grows a Sort of Cane as high as a Tree, &longs;ome <lb/>black, &longs;ome white; from the black comes a <lb/>bitter Juice, and from the white di&longs;tills a fine <lb/>clear Water, very beautiful to the Eye and good <lb/>to drink. <emph type="italics"/>Strabo,<emph.end type="italics"/> a very grave Author, &longs;ays <lb/>that in the Mountains of <emph type="italics"/>Armenia,<emph.end type="italics"/> they find a <lb/>Sort of Worms bred in the Snow, which are <lb/>full of a Water excellent to drink. </s> <s>At <emph type="italics"/>Fiezole<emph.end type="italics"/><lb/>and <emph type="italics"/>Urbino,<emph.end type="italics"/> though both Towns &longs;tanding up­<lb/>on Hills, there is Plenty of Water to be had <lb/>for the lea&longs;t digging, which is becau&longs;e tho&longs;e <lb/>Hills are formed of a &longs;tony Soil mixed with a <lb/>Chalk. </s> <s>We are told further, that there are <lb/>certain Clods of Earth which within their <lb/>Coats contain a Quantity of the fine&longs;t Water. <lb/></s> <s>Amid&longs;t all this wonderful Variety, the Know­<lb/>ledge of the Nature of Springs cannot be other­<lb/>wi&longs;e than extremely difficult and ob&longs;cure.</s></p><pb xlink:href="003/01/292.jpg" pagenum="215"/><p type="head"> <s>CHAP. IV.</s></p><p type="head"> <s><emph type="italics"/>By what Marks to find any hidden Water.<emph.end type="italics"/></s></p><p type="main"> <s>Let us now return to our Subject. </s> <s>Hid­<lb/>den Waters are to be found out by cer­<lb/>tain Marks. </s> <s>The&longs;e Marks are the Form and <lb/>Face of the Spot of Ground, and the Nature <lb/>of the Soil where you are to &longs;earch for the <lb/>Water, and &longs;ome other Methods di&longs;covered by <lb/>the Indu&longs;try and Diligence of Men. </s> <s>Accord­<lb/>ing to the ordinary Cour&longs;e of Nature, a Place <lb/>which is &longs;unk down into a Hollow, or into a <lb/>Sort of concave Pit, &longs;eems to be a Kind of Ve&longs;­<lb/>&longs;el ready prepared for the retaining of Water. <lb/></s> <s>In tho&longs;e Places where the Sun has much Pow­<lb/>er, all Humidity is &longs;o much dried up by the <lb/>Force of his Rays, that few or no Veins of <lb/>Water are to be found; or if any are di&longs;co­<lb/>vered in a very open Place, they are heavy, <lb/>thick and bracki&longs;h. </s> <s>On the north Side of <lb/>Hills, and where-ever there is a very thick <lb/>Shade, you may very &longs;oon meet with Water. <lb/></s> <s>Hills who&longs;e Tops are u&longs;ed to be long covered <lb/>with Snow, afford great Plenty of Springs. </s> <s>I <lb/>have ob&longs;erved, that Hills which have a flat <lb/>Meadow at the Top, never want Water; and <lb/>you will find almo&longs;t all Rivers have their Ri&longs;e <lb/>from &longs;ome &longs;uch Place. </s> <s>I have al&longs;o ob&longs;erved, <lb/>that their Springs &longs;eldom flow from any other <lb/>Spot of Ground, but where the Soil beneath or <lb/>about them is &longs;ound and firm, with either an <lb/>even Slope over them, or &longs;oft loo&longs;e Earth: So <lb/>that if you con&longs;ider the Matter, you will be of <lb/>Opinion with me, that the Water which has <lb/>been gathered there, runs out as from the Side <lb/>of a broken Ba&longs;on. </s> <s>Hence it happens that the <lb/>clo&longs;e&longs;t Soil has the lea&longs;t Water, and what there <lb/>is, lies very near the Surface: But the loo&longs;e&longs;t <lb/>Earth has the mo&longs;t Humidity; but then the <lb/>Water generally lies pretty deep. <emph type="italics"/>Pliny<emph.end type="italics"/> writes, <lb/>that in &longs;ome Places, upon cutting down the <lb/>Woods, Springs bur&longs;t out: And <emph type="italics"/>Tacitus<emph.end type="italics"/> &longs;ays, <lb/>that when <emph type="italics"/>Mo&longs;es<emph.end type="italics"/> journeyed through the De­<lb/>&longs;art, and his Followers were fainting with <lb/>Thir&longs;t, he di&longs;covered Springs of Water, only <lb/>by taking Notice where there were fre&longs;h Spots <lb/>of Gra&longs;s. <emph type="italics"/>Æmilius,<emph.end type="italics"/> when his Army &longs;uffered a <lb/>Dearth of Water near Mount <emph type="italics"/>Olympus,<emph.end type="italics"/> found <lb/>out a Supply by the fre&longs;h Verdure of the <lb/>Woods. </s> <s>Some Soldiers who were in que&longs;t of <lb/>Water were directed to &longs;ome little Veins by a <lb/>young Girl in the <emph type="italics"/>Via Collatina,<emph.end type="italics"/> where, upon <lb/>digging they found a very plentiful Spring, over <lb/>which they built a little Chapel, and in it left <lb/>the Memory of the Accident de&longs;cribed in Paint­<lb/>ing. </s> <s>If the Earth ea&longs;ily gives Way to the <lb/>Tread, or cleaves to the Foot, it &longs;hews that <lb/>there is Water under it. </s> <s>One of the mo&longs;t cer­<lb/>tain Marks of concealed Water, is the Growth <lb/>and Flouri&longs;hing of tho&longs;e Plants which love <lb/>Water, or are u&longs;ed to be produced by it, &longs;uch <lb/>as Willows, Ru&longs;hes, Withes, Ivy, or any others <lb/>which without Plenty of Moi&longs;ture could never <lb/>have attained the Perfection in which we find <lb/>them. <emph type="italics"/>Columella<emph.end type="italics"/> tells us, that the Ground <lb/>which produces Vines very thick of Leaves, <lb/>and e&longs;pecially that which bears Dwar&longs;-elder, <lb/>Trefoil and wild Plumbs is a good Soil, and <lb/>does not want Veins of &longs;weet Water. </s> <s>More­<lb/>over great Quantities of Frogs, Earth-worms, <lb/>with Gnats and other &longs;mall Flies &longs;warming <lb/>together in the Air, are Tokens of Water con­<lb/>cealed beneath. </s> <s>The Methods for finding <lb/>Water invented by the Diligence of Men are <lb/>as follows: The curious Searchers into Nature <lb/>have ob&longs;erved, that the Earth, and e&longs;pecially <lb/>the Hills, con&longs;i&longs;t of different Coats or Layers, <lb/>&longs;ome clo&longs;er, &longs;ome loo&longs;er, and others thinner; <lb/>and they have found, that the Hills were com­<lb/>po&longs;ed of the&longs;e Coates placed one above the <lb/>other, in &longs;uch a Manner that towards the Sur­<lb/>face or out&longs;ide the&longs;e Layers or Coats, and their <lb/>&longs;everal Junctures lie level from the Right to <lb/>Left: But on the In&longs;ide, towards the Center <lb/>of the Hill the Layers incline downwards in an <lb/>oblique Line, with all their upper Superficies <lb/>inclining equally, but then the &longs;ame Line does <lb/>not continue on, quite to the Center of the <lb/>Hill, for, &longs;uppo&longs;e at the Di&longs;tance of every <lb/>hundred Foot the Line is broken off by a Kind <lb/>of tran&longs;ver&longs;e Step, which makes a Di&longs;continu­<lb/>ance in the Layer; and &longs;o with the&longs;e Breaks <lb/>and Slopes the Coats run from each Side to the <lb/>Center of the Hill. </s> <s>From an Ob&longs;ervation of <lb/>the&longs;e Particulars, Men of acute Under&longs;tanding <lb/>&longs;oon perceived that the Waters were either en­<lb/>gendered, or rather that the Rains gathered <lb/>between the&longs;e Strata, and in the Junctures of <lb/>the &longs;everal Coats, by which means the Middle <lb/>of the Hill mu&longs;t needs have Water in it. <lb/></s> <s>Hence they concluded that in order to come at <pb xlink:href="003/01/293.jpg" pagenum="216"/>that conccaled Water, they mu&longs;t pierce into <lb/>the Body of the Hill, and e&longs;pecially in one of <lb/>tho&longs;e Parts where the Lines or Junctures of the <lb/>&longs;everal Strata met together, which was likely <lb/>to be the mo&longs;t proper Place for what they <lb/>wanted, becau&longs;e the Mu&longs;eles of the Hill meet­<lb/>ing together mu&longs;t in all Probability form a na­<lb/>tural Re&longs;ervoir. </s> <s>Be&longs;ides the &longs;everal Coats <lb/>them&longs;elves &longs;eemed to be of different Natures, <lb/>&longs;ome likely to imbibe, others to retain the Wa­<lb/>ter. </s> <s>Thus the reddi&longs;h Stone is hardly ever <lb/>without Water; but then it is apt to deceive <lb/>you, for it often runs out through the Veins <lb/>with which that Stone abounds. </s> <s>The moi&longs;t and <lb/>living Flint which lies about the Roots of the <lb/>Hill, broken and very &longs;harp, &longs;oon affords Wa­<lb/>ter. </s> <s>The light Soil too gives you an ea&longs;y Op­<lb/>portunity of finding Plenty of Water; but then <lb/>it is of a bad Savour. </s> <s>But the Male-&longs;and and <lb/>the hard Grit are &longs;ure to afford the be&longs;t of <lb/>Water, and with the lea&longs;t Danger of being ex­<lb/>hau&longs;ted. </s> <s>It is quite the contrary with Chalk, <lb/>which being too clo&longs;e, yields no Water; but <lb/>it is very good for retaining that which di&longs;tills <lb/>into it. </s> <s>In common Sand we find but very <lb/>&longs;mall Veins, and tho&longs;e foul, and apt to have a <lb/>Sediment. </s> <s>From white Clay we have but <lb/>&longs;mall Veins, but tho&longs;e &longs;weeter than any other. <lb/></s> <s>The &longs;oft Stone yields a very cold Water; the <lb/>black Earth a very clear one. </s> <s>In Gravel, if it <lb/>is loo&longs;e, we cannot dig with any very great <lb/>Hope; but if it grows clo&longs;er as we come deeper, <lb/>there is no Danger of finding Water, and when <lb/>found, in either of them, there is no doubt of <lb/>its being well ta&longs;ted. </s> <s>It is al&longs;o certain, that by <lb/>the Help of Art there is no great Difficulty in <lb/>finding out the Spot under which the Vein lies: <lb/><arrow.to.target n="marg50"/><lb/>And the Method by which we are taught to <lb/>do it, is as follows. </s> <s>In the Morning extremely <lb/>early, when the Air is perfectly clear and &longs;erene, <lb/>lay your&longs;elf flat with your Chin re&longs;ting upon <lb/>the Ground: Then take a careful Survey of <lb/>the Country all round you, and where-ever <lb/>you &longs;ee a Vapour ri&longs;ing out of the Earth, and <lb/>curling up into the Air like a Man's Breath in <lb/>a clear Fro&longs;t, there you may be pretty certain <lb/>of finding Water. </s> <s>But in order to be &longs;till <lb/>more &longs;ure of it, dig a Pit four Cubits deep and <lb/>as many broad, and in this Pit, about the Time <lb/>of Sun-&longs;et, put either an carthen Pot ju&longs;t fre&longs;h <lb/>taken out of the Furnace, or a &longs;mall Quantity <lb/>of unwa&longs;hed Wool, or an earthen Pot unbak­<lb/>ed, or a bra&longs;s Pot with the Mouth downwards <lb/>and rubbed over with Oil; then make up the <lb/>Mouth of the Pit with Boards and cover it <lb/>with Earth: If next Morning the baked Pot <lb/>be much heavier than it was over Night; if <lb/>the Wool be moi&longs;tened; if the unbaked Pot be <lb/>wet; if the bra&longs;s Pot have Drops hanging up­<lb/>on it, and if a Lamp left in the &longs;ame Pit have <lb/>not con&longs;umed much Oil, or if upon making a <lb/>Fire in it, the Earth emits a good deal of <lb/>Smoke, you may be very &longs;ure that there are <lb/>Veins of Water concealed. </s> <s>In what Sea&longs;on it <lb/>is be&longs;t to make the&longs;e Trials has not been &longs;o <lb/>clearly declared; but in &longs;ome Writers I find <lb/>the following Ob&longs;ervations. </s> <s>In the Dog-days, <lb/>not only the Earth, but al&longs;o the Bodies of Ani­<lb/>mals are very full of Humidity: Whence it <lb/>happens, that in this Sea&longs;on the Trees grow <lb/>very moi&longs;t under the Bark with Exce&longs;s of Hu­<lb/>mour; about this Time al&longs;o Men are very &longs;ub­<lb/>ject to Fluxes of the Belly, and through exce&longs;­<lb/>&longs;ive Humectation, fall into frequent Fevers; <lb/>and the Waters &longs;pring out more abundantly at <lb/>this Time of the Year, than any other. <emph type="italics"/>Theo­<lb/>phra&longs;tus<emph.end type="italics"/> thinks the Rea&longs;on of this to be, that <lb/>about this Time we have generally &longs;outherly <lb/>Winds, which in their Nature are moi&longs;t and <lb/>cloudy. <emph type="italics"/>Ari&longs;totle<emph.end type="italics"/> affirms, that in this Sea&longs;on <lb/>the Ground is forced to emit Vapours by means <lb/>of the natural Fire which lies mixed in the <lb/>Bowels of the Earth. </s> <s>If this be true, tho&longs;e <lb/>Times mu&longs;t be be&longs;t for the above-mentioned <lb/>Trials, when tho&longs;e Fires are mo&longs;t potent, or <lb/>lea&longs;t oppre&longs;&longs;ed with Exuberance of Humour, <lb/>as al&longs;o when the Earth is not too much burnt <lb/>up and too dry. </s> <s>The Sea&longs;on therefore which <lb/>I would recommend for this Purpo&longs;e, &longs;hould <lb/>be the Spring in dry Places, and Autumn in <lb/>Places of more Shade. </s> <s>When your Hopes of <lb/>not being di&longs;appointed are confirmed in the <lb/>Manner before &longs;hewn, you may begin to dig.</s></p><p type="margin"> <s><margin.target id="marg50"/>*</s></p><p type="head"> <s>CHAP. V.</s></p><p type="head"> <s><emph type="italics"/>Of the digging and walling of Walls and Conduits.<emph.end type="italics"/></s></p><p type="main"> <s>The Work of Digging is performed in <lb/>two Manners; for either we dig a Well <lb/>perpendicularly down, or we dig a Conduit <lb/>horizontally. </s> <s>The Workmen in digging are <lb/>&longs;ometimes expo&longs;ed to Danger, either from un­<lb/>whole&longs;ome Vapours, or from the falling in of <lb/></s></p><pb xlink:href="003/01/294.jpg"/><p type="caption"> <s>PLATE 65. <emph type="italics"/>(Page 216)<emph.end type="italics"/><lb/><figure id="id.003.01.294.1.jpg" xlink:href="003/01/294/1.jpg"/><pb xlink:href="003/01/295.jpg" pagenum="217"/>the Sides of the Pit. </s> <s>The Ancients u&longs;ed to &longs;end <lb/>their Slaves, upon their being convicted of &longs;ome <lb/>Crime, to dig in their Mines, where the noi­<lb/>&longs;ome Air &longs;oon di&longs;patched them. </s> <s>Again&longs;t &longs;uch <lb/>Vapours we are taught to &longs;ecure our&longs;elves, by <lb/>keeping the Air in continual Motion, and by <lb/>the Burning of Lamps, to the Intent, that if <lb/>the Vapour be very &longs;ubtile, it may be con&longs;u­<lb/>med by the Flame, or if it be more gro&longs;s, the <lb/>Workmen may know when to get out of Harm's <lb/>Way, becau&longs;e &longs;uch a heavy Vapour will give <lb/>them Notice by extingui&longs;hing the Light. </s> <s>But <lb/>if the&longs;e Damps multiply upon you, and con­<lb/>tinue for any Time, we are advi&longs;ed to dig Vents <lb/>on each Side, to give the Vapour a free Pa&longs;&longs;age <lb/>to exhau&longs;t it&longs;elf. </s> <s>To prevent the falling in <lb/>of the Sides, work your Well in the following <lb/>Manner. </s> <s>Upon the Level of the Ground where <lb/>you re&longs;olve to make your Well, lay a circular <lb/>Cour&longs;e of Work, either of Marble, or &longs;ome <lb/>other &longs;tout Material, of the Diameter which <lb/>you intend for the Breadth of your Well. </s> <s>This <lb/>will be the Ba&longs;is or Foundation of your whole <lb/>Work. </s> <s>Upon this build the Sides of your Well <lb/>to the Height of three Cubits, and let it &longs;tand <lb/>till it is thoroughly dry. </s> <s>When this is dry, go <lb/>to digging your Well, and remove the Earth <lb/>from the In&longs;ide of it; by which means, as you <lb/>dig away the Earth, the Sides already rai&longs;ed <lb/>will &longs;ink by Degrees, and make their own Way <lb/>downwards; and thus adding to the Sides as <lb/>you go deeper, you may &longs;ink your Work to <lb/>what Depth you plea&longs;e. </s> <s>Some are for Build­<lb/>ing the Sides of the Well without Mortar, that <lb/>the Veins of Water may not be &longs;topt from <lb/>getting through them. </s> <s>Others are for inclo­<lb/>&longs;ing it with no le&longs;s than three different Walls, <lb/>that the Water ri&longs;ing all up from the Bottom, <lb/>may be the clearer. </s> <s>But the main Point is <lb/>the Nature of the Place where you dig; <lb/>for as the Earth con&longs;i&longs;ts of different Strata <lb/>placed one above the other, it &longs;ometimes hap­<lb/>pens, that the Rain-water, &longs;oaking thro' the up­<lb/>per &longs;oft Coat, lodges in the fir&longs;t hard Bed; <lb/>and this never being pure, is un&longs;it for U&longs;e: <lb/>At other Times, on the contrary, it happens, <lb/>that after you have actually found Water, up­<lb/>on digging deeper, it &longs;lips away and is lo&longs;t. <lb/></s> <s>The Rea&longs;on of this is, that you have dug thro' <lb/>the Bottom of the Ve&longs;&longs;el which contained it. <lb/></s> <s>Upon this Account I very much approve of <lb/>tho&longs;e who make their Well in the following <lb/>Manner. </s> <s>They encompa&longs;s the Sides of the <lb/>Well, which is ready dug, with two Circles of <lb/>Wood or Plank, as if they were making a great <lb/>Tub, leaving the Space of about a Cubit be­<lb/>tween the two Circles. </s> <s>This Inter&longs;pace be­<lb/>tween the Planks, they &longs;ill up with coar&longs;e <lb/>Gravel, or rather with broken Fragments of <lb/>Flint or Marble, &longs;wimming in Mortar, and <lb/>then leave this Work to dry and harden for <lb/>&longs;ix Months. </s> <s>This forms &longs;o entire a Ve&longs;&longs;el, <lb/>that the Water can get in no other Way but <lb/>by bubbling up from the Bottom, by which <lb/>Means it mu&longs;t be thoroughly purged and be <lb/>perfectly clear and light. </s> <s>If you are to make <lb/>an horizontal Conduit under Ground, let the <lb/>Diggers ob&longs;erve the before-mentioned Precau­<lb/>tions again&longs;t noxious Vapours; and in order <lb/>to keep the Ground from falling down upon <lb/>them, let them make u&longs;e of Props, and after­<lb/>wards &longs;upport it with a regular Arch. </s> <s>The Con­<lb/>duit &longs;hould have frequent Vents, &longs;ome perpendi­<lb/>cular, others oblique, not only for the exhaling <lb/>of unwhole&longs;ome Vapours, but chiefly for the <lb/>more convenient bringing out the Earth as it <lb/>is dug, and any Ob&longs;truction which may get in. <lb/></s> <s>When we are digging for Water, if we do <lb/>not, the lower we go, meet with moi&longs;ter <lb/>Clods of Earth, and if our Tools do not find <lb/>more and more ea&longs;y Entrance, we &longs;hall cer­<lb/>tainly be di&longs;appointed of our Hopes of &longs;inding <lb/>what we dig for.</s></p><p type="head"> <s>CHAP. VI.</s></p><p type="head"> <s><emph type="italics"/>Of the U&longs;es of Water; which is be&longs;t and mo&longs;t whole&longs;ome; and the contrary.<emph.end type="italics"/></s></p><p type="main"> <s>When Water is found, it ought not <lb/>to be ra&longs;hly applied to the U&longs;es of <lb/>Men. </s> <s>But as the City requires a very great <lb/>Plenty of Water, not only for drinking, but <lb/>al&longs;o for wa&longs;hing, for &longs;upplying the Gardens, <lb/>for Tanners, and Fullers; for the Drains, and <lb/>for extingui&longs;hing &longs;udden Fires: The be&longs;t is to <lb/>be cho&longs;en for drinking, and the others are to <lb/>be allotted to the other U&longs;es, according as <lb/>they are found to be re&longs;pectively proper for <lb/>them. <emph type="italics"/>Theophra&longs;tus<emph.end type="italics"/> was of Opinion, that the <lb/>colder the Water, the more &longs;erviceable to <lb/>Plants; and it is certain, that the foul and <lb/>muddy, e&longs;pecially if it takes its Thickne&longs;s <pb xlink:href="003/01/296.jpg" pagenum="218"/>from a fruitful Soil, enriches the Ground. <lb/></s> <s>Hor&longs;es do not love a very clear Water, but <lb/>grow fat with any that is mo&longs;&longs;y and warm. <lb/></s> <s>The harde&longs;t is be&longs;t for Fullers. </s> <s>The Phy&longs;icians <lb/>&longs;ay, that the Nece&longs;&longs;ity of Water to the Health <lb/>and Life of Man is of two Sorts; one for <lb/>quenching the Thir&longs;t, and the other, to &longs;erve <lb/>as a Vehicle to carry the Nutriment extracted <lb/>from the Food into the Veins, that being there <lb/>purified and dige&longs;ted it may &longs;upply the Mem­<lb/>bers with their proper Juices. </s> <s>Thir&longs;t they tell <lb/>us is an Appetite of Moi&longs;ture, and chiefly of a <lb/>cold one; and therefore they think that cold <lb/>Water, e&longs;pecially after Meals, fortifies the Sto­<lb/>mach of tho&longs;e that are in good Health; but if <lb/>it be exce&longs;&longs;ively cold it will throw the mo&longs;t ro­<lb/>bu&longs;t into a Numbne&longs;s, occa&longs;ion Gripes in the <lb/>Bowels, &longs;hake the Nerves, and by its Rawne&longs;s <lb/>extingui&longs;h the dige&longs;tive Faculty of the Sto­<lb/>mach. </s> <s>The Water of the River <emph type="italics"/>Oxus<emph.end type="italics"/> being <lb/>always turbid, is very unwhole&longs;ome to drink. <lb/></s> <s>The Inhabitants of <emph type="italics"/>Rome,<emph.end type="italics"/> from the frequent <lb/>Changes of the Air, and the nocturnal Vapours <lb/>which ari&longs;e from the River, as al&longs;o from the <lb/>Winds which commonly blow in the After­<lb/>noon, are very &longs;ubject to dangerous Fevers; <lb/>for the&longs;e Winds generally blow very cold about <lb/>three o' Clock in Summer, at which Time <lb/>Mens Bodies are extreamly heated, and even <lb/>contract the very Veins. </s> <s>But in my Opinion <lb/>the&longs;e Fevers, and indeed mo&longs;t of the wor&longs;t <lb/>Di&longs;tempers there proceed, in a great Mea&longs;ure, <lb/>from the Water of the <emph type="italics"/>Tyber,<emph.end type="italics"/> which is com­<lb/>monly drank when it is foul; to which Pur­<lb/>po&longs;e it may not be ami&longs;s to ob&longs;erve, that the <lb/>ancient Phy&longs;icians, for the Cure of the&longs;e <emph type="italics"/>Ro­<lb/>man<emph.end type="italics"/> Fevers, order the U&longs;e of the Juice of <lb/>Squills and of Inci&longs;ives. </s> <s>But to return. </s> <s>We <lb/>are upon the Search of the be&longs;t Water. <emph type="italics"/>Cel&longs;us<emph.end type="italics"/><lb/>the Phy&longs;ician, &longs;ays of Waters, that of all the <lb/>different Sorts the Rain-water is the lighte&longs;t; <lb/>the &longs;econd is that of the Spring; in the third <lb/>Place is the River-water; in the fourth, that <lb/>of a Well; in the fifth and la&longs;t, that which <lb/>di&longs;&longs;olves from Snow or Ice. </s> <s>The Lake-water <lb/>is heavier than any of the&longs;e, and that of a Mar&longs;h <lb/>is the wor&longs;t of all. </s> <s>The <emph type="italics"/>Mazaca,<emph.end type="italics"/> which &longs;tands <lb/>under the Hill <emph type="italics"/>Argæus,<emph.end type="italics"/> abounds with good <lb/>Water; but having no Way to run off in <lb/>Summer, it grows unwhole&longs;ome and pe&longs;tifer­<lb/>ous. </s> <s>The Definition which the be&longs;t Philo&longs;o­<lb/>phers give us of Water, is, that it is naturally <lb/>a Body &longs;imple and unmixed, whereof Coldne&longs;s <lb/>and Humidity are two Properties. </s> <s>We may <lb/>therefore conclude that to be the be&longs;t, which <lb/>deviates the lea&longs;t from its own Nature; be­<lb/>cau&longs;e, if it be not perfectly pure, and entirely <lb/>free from Mixture, Ta&longs;te, or Smell, it will cer­<lb/>tainly very much endanger the Health, by <lb/>loading the inward Pa&longs;&longs;ages of the Lungs, <lb/>choaking up the Veins, and clogging the Spirits, <lb/>the Mini&longs;ters of Life, For this Rea&longs;on we <lb/>are told that the Rain-water, as it con&longs;i&longs;ts of the <lb/>lighte&longs;t Vapours, is the be&longs;t of all, provided it <lb/>be not of &longs;uch a Sort as ea&longs;ily corrupts and &longs;tinks, <lb/>which when it grows foul is very apt to harden <lb/>the Belly. </s> <s>Some believe that the Occa&longs;ion of <lb/>this is, that it falls from Clouds formed of a <lb/>Mixture of too many different Vapours com­<lb/>pounded together, drawn, for In&longs;tance, from <lb/>the Sea, which is the great Receptacle of all <lb/>the different Sorts of Springs; becau&longs;e indeed <lb/>nothing can be more liable to Corruption, than <lb/>a confu&longs;ed Medley of Things in their Nature <lb/>di&longs;&longs;imilar. </s> <s>Thus the Juice of different Sorts of <lb/>Grapes mixed together, will never keep.</s></p><p type="main"> <s>IT was an ancient Law among the <emph type="italics"/>Hebrews,<emph.end type="italics"/><lb/>that no Man &longs;hould &longs;ow any Seed but what was <lb/>pick'd and unmixed; it being their Notion, <lb/>that Nature totally abhorred a Medley of differ­<lb/>ent Particles. </s> <s>Tho&longs;e who follow <emph type="italics"/>Ari&longs;totle,<emph.end type="italics"/><lb/>thinking that the Vapours which are extracted <lb/>from the Earth, when they are rai&longs;ed up to the <lb/>cold Region of the Air, are by the Cold com­<lb/>pre&longs;&longs;ed into Clouds, and afterwards di&longs;&longs;olve in <lb/>Rain, are of quite a different Opinion. </s> <s>Thus <lb/><emph type="italics"/>Theophra&longs;tus<emph.end type="italics"/> &longs;ays, that cultivated and Garden <lb/>Fruits fall more ca&longs;ily into Di&longs;tempers than <lb/>wild ones, which being of a tough Contexture <lb/>never tamed, more vigorou&longs;ly re&longs;i&longs;t any Injury <lb/>from without; whereas the other being made <lb/>tender by Culture, have not the &longs;ame hardy <lb/>Con&longs;titution. </s> <s>The &longs;ame he tells us will hold <lb/>good as to Waters, and the more tender we <lb/>make them (to u&longs;e his own Words) the more <lb/>liable they will be to &longs;uffer Alteration. </s> <s>For <lb/>this Rea&longs;on &longs;ome &longs;ay, that Water which has been <lb/>boyled and &longs;often'd by the Fire will &longs;oone&longs;t <lb/>grow cold, and &longs;o be &longs;oone&longs;t made hot again. <lb/></s> <s>Thus much of Rain-water. </s> <s>Next to this the <lb/>Spring-water is certainly the be&longs;t. </s> <s>Tho&longs;e who <lb/>prefer the River to the Spring, &longs;ay, what el&longs;e is <lb/>a River, but an Abundance and Concour&longs;e of <lb/>many different Springs united together, and <lb/>maturated by the Sun, Winds and Motion? </s> <s>So <lb/>they tell us too, that a Well is nothing but a <lb/>Spring lying very deep: from whence they in­<lb/>fer, if we will allow the Rays of the Sun to be <lb/>of any Service to Water, that it is no hard mat­<lb/>ter to judge which of the&longs;e Springs mu&longs;t be the <pb xlink:href="003/01/297.jpg" pagenum="219"/>mo&longs;t undige&longs;ted: unle&longs;s we will &longs;uppo&longs;e, that <lb/>there is a fiery Spirit in the Bowels of the earth, <lb/>by which &longs;ubterrancous Waters are concocted. <lb/><emph type="italics"/>Ari&longs;lotle<emph.end type="italics"/> &longs;ays that the Water in Wells grows <lb/>warm in the Summer in the Afternoon. </s> <s>Ac­<lb/>cordingly &longs;ome will have it that Well-water <lb/>&longs;eems cold in Summer, only by compari&longs;on with <lb/>the hot Air which &longs;urrounds us. </s> <s>Accordingly <lb/>we find, contrary to the old received Opinion, <lb/>that Water ju&longs;t fre&longs;h drawn, does not bedew <lb/>the Gla&longs;s into which it is put, if the Gla&longs;s be <lb/>perfectly clean and not grea&longs;y. </s> <s>But as of the <lb/>fir&longs;t Principles whereof all Things con&longs;i&longs;t, e&longs;­<lb/>pecially according to the <emph type="italics"/>Pythagorean<emph.end type="italics"/> Notion, <lb/>there are two which may be called male, which <lb/>are Heat and Cold; and it being the Property <lb/>of Heat to penetrate, di&longs;&longs;olve, break, attract and <lb/>&longs;uck up all Moi&longs;ture, as it is that of Cold to <lb/>compre&longs;s, contract, harden and con&longs;olidate: <lb/>both the&longs;e have in a great Mea&longs;ure the &longs;ame <lb/>Effects, and particularly upon Water, provided <lb/>they are exce&longs;&longs;ive and of too long Continuance; <lb/>becau&longs;e they both equally con&longs;ume the more <lb/>&longs;ubtile Parts, which occa&longs;ions exactly the &longs;ame <lb/>adu&longs;t Dryne&longs;s. </s> <s>Thus we &longs;ay, that Plants are <lb/>burnt up, not only by extreme Heat but al&longs;o by <lb/>extreme Cold; becau&longs;e when the more tender <lb/>Parts of the Sub&longs;tance of the Wood are con­<lb/>&longs;umed and dried up either by Fro&longs;t or Sun, <lb/>we &longs;ee the Tree look ru&longs;ty and chapt as by <lb/>Fire. </s> <s>From the &longs;ame Cau&longs;es Water grows <lb/>vi&longs;cous by the Sun's Heat, and looks as if it <lb/>were full of A&longs;hes in extreme Fro&longs;t. </s> <s>But there <lb/>is another Difference even among Waters al­<lb/>lowed to be good; for particularly as to Rain­<lb/>water, it is of great Importance in what Sea­<lb/>&longs;on of the Year, at what Time of the Day, <lb/>and in what Winds you collect it, as al&longs;o in <lb/>what Place you pre&longs;erve it, and what Time it <lb/>has been kept. </s> <s>The Rain which falls after <lb/>the Middle of Winter is thought to afford the <lb/>heavie&longs;t Water; and that which is collected in <lb/>the Winter is &longs;aid to be &longs;weeter than that col­<lb/>lected in the Summer. </s> <s>The fir&longs;t Rains after <lb/>the Dog-days are bitter and unwhole&longs;ome, be­<lb/>ing corrupted with a Mixture of &longs;ome of the <lb/>adu&longs;t Particles of the Earth, and we are told <lb/>that the Earth it&longs;elf has a bitter &longs;avour at that <lb/>Time of the Year, from being burnt up by the <lb/>Heat of the Sun. </s> <s>Hence we are advi&longs;ed, that <lb/>the Rain-water gathered from the Hou&longs;e-top, <lb/>is better than that which is collected in the <lb/>Ground; and of that which is gathered from <lb/>the Hou&longs;e-top, the mo&longs;t whole&longs;ome is &longs;aid to <lb/>be that which is got after the Roof has been <lb/>well wa&longs;hed by the fir&longs;t Rain. </s> <s>The <emph type="italics"/>African<emph.end type="italics"/><lb/>Phy&longs;icians tell us, that the Rain which falls in <lb/>Summer, e&longs;pecially when it thunders, is not <lb/>pure, and is unwhol&longs;ome from its Saltne&longs;s. <lb/><emph type="italics"/>Theophra&longs;tus<emph.end type="italics"/> thinks, that the Night Rains are <lb/>better than tho&longs;e in the Day. </s> <s>Hence that <lb/>is accounted the mo&longs;t whole&longs;ome which falls <lb/>in a North Wind. <emph type="italics"/>Columella<emph.end type="italics"/> is of Opinion, <lb/>that Rain water would not be bad if it were <lb/>carried through carthen Pipes into covered <lb/>Ci&longs;terns, becau&longs;e it ca&longs;ily corrupts when it <lb/>&longs;tands uncovered to the Sun, and &longs;oon &longs;poils, <lb/>if it is kept in any Ve&longs;&longs;el made of Wood. <lb/></s> <s>Springs al&longs;o are very different from one ano­<lb/>ther. <emph type="italics"/>Hippocrates<emph.end type="italics"/> judged tho&longs;e which ri&longs;e <lb/>from the Roots of Hills to be the be&longs;t. </s> <s>The <lb/>Opinion of the Ancients concerning Springs was <lb/>as follows. </s> <s>They thought the very be&longs;t of all <lb/>were tho&longs;e which lay either to the North, or <lb/>fronting the Sun-ri&longs;e about the Equinox; and <lb/>the wor&longs;t they &longs;uppo&longs;ed to be tho&longs;e which lay <lb/>to the South. </s> <s>The next be&longs;t they thought <lb/>were tho&longs;e which fronted the Sun-ri&longs;e in Win­<lb/>ter, nor did they di&longs;approve of tho&longs;e on the <lb/>We&longs;t Side of the Hill, which generally is very <lb/>moi&longs;t with a great Abundance of light Dew, <lb/>and con&longs;equently mu&longs;t afford a very &longs;weet <lb/>Water, becau&longs;e the Dew does not fall but in <lb/>quiet, clear Places, and where there is a tem­<lb/>perate Air. <emph type="italics"/>Theophra&longs;tus<emph.end type="italics"/> thinks that Water <lb/>gets a Ta&longs;te from the Earth, as in Fruits, Vines, <lb/>and other Trees, which all have a Savour of <lb/>the Earth from which they draw their Juices, <lb/>and from whatever happens to lie near their <lb/>Roots. </s> <s>The Ancients u&longs;ed to &longs;ay, that there <lb/>were as many different Sorts of Wines, as there <lb/>were of different Soils wherein the Vineyards <lb/>were planted. </s> <s>Thus <emph type="italics"/>Pliny<emph.end type="italics"/> tells us, that the <lb/>Wines of <emph type="italics"/>Padua<emph.end type="italics"/> ta&longs;ted of the Willows to which <lb/>the Inhabitants of that Country u&longs;ed to bind <lb/>their Vines. <emph type="italics"/>Cato<emph.end type="italics"/> teaches to medicate the Vines <lb/>with the Herb <emph type="italics"/>Hellebore,<emph.end type="italics"/> by laying Bundles of <lb/>it at the Roots, at the &longs;ame Time that you <lb/>open them, in order to make them loo&longs;en the <lb/>Belly without Danger. </s> <s>For the&longs;e Rea&longs;ons the <lb/>Ancients thought, that the Water which i&longs;&longs;ued <lb/>out of the living Rock, was better than that <lb/>which ro&longs;e from the Ground. </s> <s>But the be&longs;t of <lb/>all was thought to be that which di&longs;tilled from <lb/>&longs;uch an Earth, which being put into a Ba&longs;on <lb/>with Water, and &longs;tirr'd together with it, would <lb/>the &longs;oone&longs;t &longs;ub&longs;ide and leave the Water the <lb/>lea&longs;t tainted either in Colour, Smell, or Ta&longs;te. <lb/></s> <s>For the &longs;ame Rea&longs;ons <emph type="italics"/>Columella<emph.end type="italics"/> was of Opinion, <lb/>that Water which ran down &longs;tony Precipices <pb xlink:href="003/01/298.jpg" pagenum="220"/>mu&longs;t be the be&longs;t, being le&longs;s likely to be &longs;poil'd <lb/>by any foreign Mixture. </s> <s>But it is not every <lb/>Water which runs among Stones that is to be <lb/>approved of, becau&longs;e if it runs in a deep Bed <lb/>under a dark Shade, it will be too crude; and <lb/>on the contrary, if its Channel be too open, I <lb/>&longs;hould be inclined to &longs;ub&longs;eribe to <emph type="italics"/>Ari&longs;tole's<emph.end type="italics"/><lb/>Opinion, that the too great Heat of the Sun <lb/>con&longs;uming the more &longs;ubtle Parts, would make <lb/>it vi&longs;cous. </s> <s>Authors prefer the <emph type="italics"/>Nile<emph.end type="italics"/> to all other <lb/>Rivers, becau&longs;e it de&longs;cends with a very exten­<lb/>&longs;ive Cour&longs;e; becau&longs;e it cuts through the fine&longs;t <lb/>Sorts of Soil which are not either infected with <lb/>Corruption by Damps, nor tainted with Con­<lb/>tagion by being burnt up; becau&longs;e it flows <lb/>towards the North: And la&longs;tly, becau&longs;e its <lb/>Channel is always full and clear. </s> <s>And indeed <lb/>it cannot be denied, that Waters which have <lb/>the longe&longs;t and the gentle&longs;t Current, are the <lb/>lea&longs;t crude, and are mo&longs;t refined and purged <lb/>by their ea&longs;y Motion, leaving all the Weight <lb/>of their Sediment behind them in their long <lb/>Cour&longs;e. </s> <s>Moreover, all the Ancients agree in <lb/>this, that Waters not only receive a Tincture, <lb/>as we ob&longs;erved before, from the Ground in <lb/>which they lie as in their Mother's Lap, but <lb/>al&longs;o borrow &longs;omewhat from the Soils thro' <lb/>which they flow, and from the Juices of the <lb/>different Plants which they wa&longs;h; not merely <lb/>becau&longs;e they lick tho&longs;e Plants in their Cour&longs;e, <lb/>but rather becau&longs;e any pe&longs;tiferous Plant will <lb/>taint them with the Mixture of the Steams of <lb/>the unwhol&longs;ome Soil in which they grow. </s> <s>This <lb/>is the Rea&longs;on that unwhol&longs;ome Plants are &longs;aid <lb/>to yield unwhole&longs;ome Water. </s> <s>You &longs;hall &longs;ome­<lb/>times ob&longs;erve the Rain it&longs;elf to have an ill <lb/>Smell, and perhaps a bitter Ta&longs;te. </s> <s>This we <lb/>are told proceeds from the Infection of the <lb/>Place from whence the Steam or Vapour fir&longs;t <lb/>aro&longs;e. </s> <s>Thus it is affirmed, that the Juices of <lb/>the Earth, when &longs;ufficiently maturated and <lb/>concocted by Nature, produce every Thing <lb/>&longs;weet, and on the contrary, when they are <lb/>crude and undige&longs;ted, they make every Thing <lb/>bitter with which they mix. </s> <s>Tho&longs;e Waters <lb/>which run towards the North may perhaps be <lb/>&longs;uppo&longs;ed to be the mo&longs;t u&longs;eful, becau&longs;e they <lb/>are the colde&longs;t, as flying from the Rays of the <lb/>Sun, and being rather vi&longs;ited than &longs;corched <lb/>by him; and tho&longs;e which flow towards the <lb/>South the contrary, as throwing them&longs;elves <lb/>into the very Mouth of the Flame. <emph type="italics"/>Ari&longs;totle<emph.end type="italics"/><lb/>taught, that the fiery Spirit which was mixed <lb/>up by Nature in all Bodies, was repelled by <lb/>the Coldne&longs;s of the North Wind, and confined <lb/>within, from evaporating, and that this gave <lb/>the Water its due Concoction: And it is cer­<lb/>tain, that this Spirit is exhau&longs;ted and di&longs;&longs;ipated <lb/>by the Heat of the Sun. <emph type="italics"/>Servius,<emph.end type="italics"/> upon the <lb/>Authority of experienced Per&longs;ons, &longs;ays, that <lb/>Wells and Springs which lie under a Roof, do <lb/>not emit any Vapour: That light &longs;ubtle Breath <lb/>ri&longs;ing from the Well, not being able to penetrate <lb/>or make its Way through the den&longs;e and gro&longs;s <lb/>Air which the Roof compre&longs;&longs;es together over it; <lb/>whereas, when it lies under the clear and open <lb/>Sky, it has free Play, and extends and purges <lb/>it&longs;elf without Ob&longs;truction: For which Rea&longs;on, <lb/>Wells under the open Air are accounted more <lb/>whole&longs;ome than tho&longs;e under Cover. </s> <s>In other <lb/>re&longs;pects, all the &longs;ame Properties are to be wi&longs;hed <lb/>for in a Well that are required in a Spring; <lb/>for both &longs;eem to have a very near Relation to <lb/>each other, and hardly differ in any Thing but <lb/>in Point of Current; though you &longs;hall very <lb/>frequently meet even with Wells which run <lb/>with a very large Vein of Water; and we are <lb/>told, that no Water can po&longs;&longs;ibly be perpetual <lb/>which is ab&longs;olutely without Motion; and <lb/>Water without Motion, let it lie in what Soil <lb/>it will, cannot be whole&longs;ome. </s> <s>If a great deal of <lb/>Water is continually and con&longs;tantly drawn out <lb/>of a Well, that Well may be looked upon ra­<lb/>ther as a deep Spring; and on the other hand, <lb/>if a Spring does not run over its Sides, but <lb/>&longs;tands quiet and &longs;till, it may be accounted a <lb/>&longs;hallow Well rather than a Spring. </s> <s>Some are <lb/>of Opinion, that no Water can be perpetual, <lb/>or of very long Duration, which does does not <lb/>move with the ri&longs;ing and falling of the next <lb/>River of Torrent; and I believe the &longs;ame. <lb/></s> <s>The ancient Lawyers made this Di&longs;tinction <lb/>between a Lake and a Mar&longs;h, that the Lake <lb/>has a perpetual Water, whereas that of the <lb/>Mar&longs;h is only temporary, and what it gathers <lb/>in the Winter. </s> <s>Lakes are of three Sorts. </s> <s>One, <lb/>if we may &longs;o call it, &longs;tationary, content with <lb/>its own Waters, always keeping within its Bed, <lb/>and never overflowing. </s> <s>The &longs;econd, which is <lb/>as it were the Father of the River, di&longs;charges its <lb/>Waters at &longs;ome Pa&longs;&longs;age; and the la&longs;t receives <lb/>&longs;ome Stream from abroad, and &longs;ends it out <lb/>again into &longs;ome River. </s> <s>The fir&longs;t partakes <lb/>&longs;omewhat of the Nature of a Mar&longs;h: the &longs;econd <lb/>is a direct Spring: and the third, if I mi&longs;take <lb/>not, is only a River &longs;preading out into Breadth <lb/>in that particular Place. </s> <s>We need not there­<lb/>fore upon this Occa&longs;ion repeat what we have <lb/>already &longs;aid of the Spring and the River. </s> <s>We <lb/>may only add, that all Water that is covered <pb xlink:href="003/01/299.jpg" pagenum="221"/>with a Shade, is colder and clearer, but more <lb/>undige&longs;ted, than tho&longs;e warmed by the Sun; <lb/>and, on the contrary, Waters too much heated <lb/>by the Sun, are bracki&longs;h and vi&longs;cous. </s> <s>The <lb/>being deep is of Service to either Sort, becau&longs;e <lb/>it prevents the latter from being made too hot, <lb/>and the former from being too ea&longs;ily affected <lb/>by Fro&longs;t. </s> <s>La&longs;tly it is thought that even the <lb/>Mar&longs;h is not always to be de&longs;pi&longs;ed: becau&longs;e <lb/>where-ever Eels are found, the Water is reckoned <lb/>to be not very bad. </s> <s>Of all Mar&longs;h-water that <lb/>is accounted the very wor&longs;t which breeds Hor&longs;e­<lb/>leeches, which is &longs;o ab&longs;olutely without Moti­<lb/>on that it contracts a Scurf on the Top, which <lb/>has an offen&longs;ive Smell, which is of a black or <lb/>livid Colour, which being put into a Ve&longs;&longs;el will <lb/>continue &longs;oul a great while, which is heavy and <lb/>clammy with a mo&longs;&longs;y Slime, and which being <lb/>u&longs;ed in wa&longs;hing your Hands, they are a long <lb/>Time before they dry. </s> <s>But as a &longs;hort Summary <lb/>of what has been &longs;aid of Water, it &longs;hould be ex­<lb/>tremely light, clear, thin and tran&longs;parent, to <lb/>which mu&longs;t be added tho&longs;e Particulars which <lb/>we have &longs;lightly touched in the fir&longs;t Book. <lb/></s> <s>La&longs;tly it will be a &longs;trong Confirmation to you <lb/>of the Goodne&longs;s of your Water, if you find that <lb/>the Cattle which have wa&longs;hed and drank in it <lb/>for &longs;everal Months together, are in good Con­<lb/>dition and perfectly healthy; and you have a <lb/>&longs;ure Way to judge whether they are &longs;ound or <lb/>not by in&longs;pecting their Livers; for what is <lb/>noxious injures with Time, and the Injury <lb/>which is late&longs;t felt is of the wor&longs;t Con&longs;equence.</s></p><p type="head"> <s>CHAP. VII.</s></p><p type="head"> <s><emph type="italics"/>Of the Method of conveying Water and accommodating it to the U&longs;es of Men.<emph.end type="italics"/></s></p><p type="main"> <s>Having found Water and approved <lb/>it to be good, the next Work is to convey <lb/>it artfully and accommodate it properly to the <lb/>U&longs;es of Men. </s> <s>There are two Ways of convey­<lb/>ing Water, either by a Trench or Canal, or by <lb/>Pipes or Conduits. </s> <s>In either of the&longs;e Methods, <lb/>the Water will not move, unle&longs;s the Place to <lb/>which you would convey it be lower than that <lb/>from which it is to be brought. </s> <s>But then there <lb/>is this Difference, that the Water which is brought <lb/>by a Canal mu&longs;t de&longs;cend all the Way with a <lb/>continued Slope, whereas that which is conveyed <lb/>in Pipes may a&longs;cend in &longs;ome Part of the Way. <lb/></s> <s>Of the&longs;e two Methods we are now to treat. <lb/></s> <s>But fir&longs;t we mu&longs;t premi&longs;e &longs;ome Things for the <lb/>clearer Explication of our Subject. </s> <s>The <lb/>Searchers into Nature tell us, that the Earth is <lb/>Spherical, tho' in many Places it ri&longs;es into <lb/>Hills, and in many others &longs;inks into Seas: but <lb/>in &longs;o va&longs;t a Globe this Roughne&longs;s is not per­<lb/>ceptible; as in an Egg, which tho' it is far <lb/>from being of a &longs;mooth Superficies, yet its lit­<lb/>tle Inequalities bearing but an incon&longs;iderable <lb/>Proportion to its whole Circumference, they <lb/>are &longs;carce ob&longs;erved. <emph type="italics"/>Erato&longs;thenes<emph.end type="italics"/> tells us, that <lb/>the Compa&longs;s of this great Globe is two hun­<lb/>dred and fifty two thou&longs;and Furlongs, or about <lb/>thirty one thou&longs;and five hundred Miles, and <lb/>that there is no Hill &longs;o high or Water &longs;o deep <lb/>as to be above fifteen thou&longs;and Cubits perpen­<lb/>dicular; not even Mount <emph type="italics"/>Cauca&longs;us,<emph.end type="italics"/> who&longs;e Top <lb/>enjoys the Sun three Hours in the Night. <lb/></s> <s>There is a prodigious high Mountain in <emph type="italics"/>Ar­<lb/>cadia<emph.end type="italics"/> called <emph type="italics"/>Cyllene;<emph.end type="italics"/> and yet tho&longs;e who have <lb/>mea&longs;ured its perpendicular, affirm, that it does <lb/>not exceed twenty Furlongs. </s> <s>Even the Sea it­<lb/>&longs;elf is thought to be no more upon this Globe <lb/>of Earth, than the Summer's Dew is upon the <lb/>Body of an Apple. </s> <s>Some have wittily &longs;aid, <lb/>that the Creator of the World made u&longs;e of the <lb/>Concavity of the Sea as of a Seal with the Im­<lb/>pre&longs;&longs;ion whereof he &longs;tampt the Hills. </s> <s>What <lb/>the Geometers teach us upon this Head is very <lb/>much to our pre&longs;ent Purpo&longs;e. </s> <s>They &longs;ay, that <lb/>if a &longs;traight Line touching the Globe of the <lb/>Earth at one End were to be drawn on exactly <lb/>horizontal a Mile in Length, the Space be­<lb/>tween the other End and the Surface of the <lb/>Globe would not be above ten Inches. </s> <s>For <lb/>this Rea&longs;on Water will never move on in a <lb/>Canal, but &longs;tand &longs;till like a Lake, unle&longs;s every <lb/>eight Furlongs the Trench has a Slope of one <lb/>whole Foot from the Place where the Water <lb/>was fir&longs;t found and its Bed cut; which Place <lb/>the ancient Lawyers called Incile, from the In­<lb/>ci&longs;ion which is made either in the Rock or <lb/>Bank for conveying the Water: But if in this <lb/>Space of eight Furlongs it had a Slope of more <lb/>than &longs;ix Foot, it is &longs;uppo&longs;ed that the Rapidity <lb/>of its Current would make it inconvenient for <lb/>Boats. </s> <s>In order to find whether the Trench <lb/>which is to convey the Water be lower than <pb xlink:href="003/01/300.jpg" pagenum="222"/>this Incile or Sluice or no, and what the Slope <lb/>is, certain Rules and In&longs;truments have been <lb/>invented, which are of excellent U&longs;e. </s> <s>Ignorant <lb/>Workmen try their Slope by laying a Ball in <lb/>the Trench, and if this Ball rowls forwards <lb/>they think the Slope is right for their Water. <lb/></s> <s>The In&longs;truments of dexterous Arti&longs;ts are the <lb/>Square, Level, Plumb-line, and, in a Word, all <lb/>&longs;uch as are terminated with a right Angle. <lb/></s> <s>This Art is a little more ab&longs;tru&longs;e; but how­<lb/>ever I &longs;hall open no more of it than is nece&longs;­<lb/><arrow.to.target n="marg51"/><lb/>&longs;ary for the Purpo&longs;e in Hand. </s> <s>The Practice <lb/>is performed by means of the Sight and of the <lb/>Object, which we &longs;hall call the Points. </s> <s>If the <lb/>Place through which we are to convey our <lb/>Water be an even Plain, there are two Ways of <lb/>directing our Sight: For we mu&longs;t &longs;et up cer­<lb/>tain Marks or Objects, which we may place <lb/>either nearer or at a greater Di&longs;tance from <lb/>each other. </s> <s>The nearer the Points of the Sight <lb/>and the Mark or Object are to each other, the <lb/>le&longs;s the &longs;traight Line of the Direction of the <lb/>Sight will depart from the Superficies of the <lb/>Globe; the further tho&longs;e Points are from each <lb/>other, the lower the Superficies of the Globe <lb/>will fall from the Level of the Sight. </s> <s>In both <lb/>the&longs;e you mu&longs;t ob&longs;erve to allow ten Inches <lb/>&longs;lope for every Mile of Di&longs;tance. </s> <s>But if you <lb/>have not a clear Plain, and &longs;ome Hill interferes, <lb/>then again you have two Ways of Proceeding: <lb/>One by taking the Height from the Incile or <lb/>Sluice, on the one Side, and the Height of the <lb/>Slope from the Head on the other. </s> <s>The Head <lb/>I call that appointed Place to which you would <lb/>bring the Water, in order to let it run from <lb/>thence free, or to appropriate it to &longs;ome particular <lb/>U&longs;es. </s> <s>We find the&longs;e Heights by taking different <lb/>Steps of Mea&longs;urement. </s> <s>I call them Steps be­<lb/>cau&longs;e they are like tho&longs;e Steps by which we <lb/>a&longs;cend to a Temple. </s> <s>One Line of the&longs;e Steps <lb/>is the Ray of Sight which goes from the Be­<lb/>holder's Eye along the &longs;ame Level with his Eye; <lb/>which is made by the Square, the Level and the <lb/>Plumb-line; and the other Line is that which <lb/>falls from the Beholder's Eye down to his Feet, <lb/>in a Perpendicular. </s> <s>By means of the&longs;e Steps <lb/>you note how much one Line exceeds the <lb/>other, by ca&longs;ting up the Amount of their Per­<lb/>pendiculars, and &longs;o find which is the Highe&longs;t, <lb/>that which ri&longs;es from the Sluice to the Top of <lb/>the Eminence, or that which ri&longs;es from the <lb/>Head. </s> <s>The other Method, is by drawing one <lb/>Line from the Sluice to the Top of the Hill <lb/>which interferes, and another Lime from thence <lb/>to the Head, and by computing the Proporti­<lb/>ons of their Angles, according to the Rules of <lb/>Geometry. </s> <s>But this Method is di&longs;&longs;icult in <lb/>Practice, and not extremely &longs;ure, becau&longs;e in a <lb/>large Di&longs;tance the lea&longs;t Error occa&longs;ioned by <lb/>the Eye of the Mea&longs;urer is of very great Con&longs;e­<lb/>quence. </s> <s>But there are &longs;ome Things which <lb/>&longs;eem to bear &longs;ome Relation to this Method, as <lb/>we &longs;hall &longs;hew by and by, which, if we have <lb/>occa&longs;ion to cut a Pa&longs;&longs;age through a Hill to <lb/>bring Water to a Town, may be of great U&longs;e <lb/>for obtaining the right Directions. </s> <s>The Prac­<lb/>tice is as follows: On the Summit of the Hill, <lb/>in a Place where you can have a View both of <lb/>the Sluice on one Side and of the Head on the <lb/>other, having laid the Ground exactly level, de­<lb/>&longs;cribe a Circle ten Foot in Diameter. </s> <s>This <lb/>Circle we &longs;hall call the Horizon. </s> <s>In the Cen­<lb/>ter of the Circle &longs;tick up a Pike exactly per­<lb/>pendicular. </s> <s>Having made this Preparation, the <lb/>Arti&longs;t goes round the Out&longs;ide of the Circle, in <lb/>order to find in what Part of its Circumference <lb/>his Eye being directed to one of the Points of <lb/>the Water which is to be conveyed, touches <lb/>the lower Part of the Pike which &longs;tands in the <lb/>Center. </s> <s>Having found out and marked this <lb/>exact Place in the Circumference of his Hori­<lb/>zon, he draws a Line for this Direction from <lb/>that Mark quite to the oppo&longs;ite Side of his Cir­<lb/>cle. </s> <s>Thus this Line will be the Diameter of <lb/>that Circle, as it will pa&longs;s through the Center, <lb/>and cut through both Sides of the Circumfe­<lb/>rence. </s> <s>If this Line, upon taking oppo&longs;ite Views <lb/>leads the Eye on one Side directly to the <lb/>Sluice, and on the other directly to the Head <lb/>of our Water, it affords us a &longs;traight Direction <lb/>for our Channel. </s> <s>But if the two Lines of Di­<lb/>rection do not happen to meet in this Manner, <lb/>and the Diameter which leads to the Sluice, <lb/>falls on one Part of the Circumference, and <lb/>that which leads to the Head, on another; <lb/>then from the mutual Inter&longs;ection of the&longs;e <lb/>Lines at the Pike in the Center of the Circle, <lb/>we &longs;hall find the Difference between the two <lb/>Directions. </s> <s>I u&longs;e the Help of &longs;uch a Circle to <lb/>make Platforms and draw Maps of Towns and <lb/>Provinces, as al&longs;o for the digging &longs;ubterraneous <lb/>Conduits, and that with very good Effect. </s> <s>But <lb/>of that in another Place. </s> <s>Whatever Canal we <lb/>make, whether for bringing only a &longs;maller <lb/>Quantity of Water for Drinking, or a larger <lb/>for Navigation, we may follow the Directions <lb/>which we have here taught. </s> <s>But the Prepa­<lb/>ration of our Canal mu&longs;t not be the &longs;ame for <lb/>a large Quantity of Water, as for a &longs;mall. </s> <s>We <lb/>&longs;hall fir&longs;t go on with the Subject which we <lb/></s></p><pb xlink:href="003/01/301.jpg"/><p type="margin"> <s><margin.target id="marg51"/>*</s></p><p type="caption"> <s>PLATE 66. <emph type="italics"/>(Page 222)<emph.end type="italics"/><lb/><figure id="id.003.01.301.1.jpg" xlink:href="003/01/301/1.jpg"/></s></p><pb xlink:href="003/01/302.jpg"/><p type="caption"> <s>PLATE 67. <emph type="italics"/>(Page 222)<emph.end type="italics"/><lb/><figure id="id.003.01.302.1.jpg" xlink:href="003/01/302/1.jpg"/><pb xlink:href="003/01/303.jpg" pagenum="223"/>have begun concerning Water only for Drink­<lb/>ing, and proceed afterwards to Canals for Na­<lb/>vigation. </s> <s>Canals are either worked up with <lb/>Ma&longs;onry, or el&longs;e are only Trenches dug. </s> <s>Tren­<lb/>ches are of two Sorts, cut either through an <lb/>open Country, or through the Bowels of a Hill, <lb/>which is called a Mine or &longs;ubterraneous Con­<lb/>duit. </s> <s>In both the&longs;e, when you meet with either <lb/>Stone, Chalk, or compact Earth that does not <lb/>imbibe the Water, you will have no Occa&longs;ion <lb/>for Ma&longs;onry; but where the Bottom or Sides of <lb/>the Canal are not &longs;ound, then you mu&longs;t fortify <lb/>them. </s> <s>If you are obliged to carry your Canal <lb/>through the Heart of a Hill, you mu&longs;t ob&longs;erve <lb/>the Rules above laid down. </s> <s>In &longs;ubterraneous <lb/>Conduits, at the Di&longs;tance of every hundred <lb/>Foot, you &longs;hould open Ventiges like Wells for­<lb/>tified according as the Nature of the Earth <lb/>through which you dig requires. </s> <s>I have &longs;een <lb/>&longs;uch Ventiges in the Country of the <emph type="italics"/>Mar&longs;i<emph.end type="italics"/> near <lb/><emph type="italics"/>Rome,<emph.end type="italics"/> where the Water falls into the ancient <lb/>Lake <emph type="italics"/>Fucinus<emph.end type="italics"/> (now called the <emph type="italics"/>Pie di Luco<emph.end type="italics"/>) <lb/>built very finely with burnt Brick, and of an <lb/>incredible Depth. 'Till the four hundred and <lb/>forty-fir&longs;t year after the building of the City, <lb/>there was no &longs;uch thing as an Aqueduct built <lb/>at <emph type="italics"/>Rome;<emph.end type="italics"/> but afterwards tho&longs;e Works were <lb/>brought to &longs;uch a Pitch, that whole Rivers <lb/>were conveyed to it through the Air, and we <lb/>are told, that there were &longs;o many of them, that <lb/>every &longs;ingle Hou&longs;e was abundantly &longs;upplied <lb/>with Water. </s> <s>At fir&longs;t they began with &longs;ubter­<lb/>raneous Conduits; which indeed had a great <lb/>many Conveniencies. </s> <s>This hidden Work was <lb/>le&longs;s &longs;ubject to Injuries and being expo&longs;ed neither <lb/>to the Severity of Fro&longs;ts, nor to the &longs;corching <lb/>Dog-day Sun brought the Water fre&longs;her and <lb/>cooler, nor could ea&longs;ily be de&longs;troyed or turned <lb/>away by Enemies that might happen to make <lb/>Inroads into the Country. </s> <s>The&longs;e Works were <lb/>afterwards brought to &longs;uch a Magnificence, <lb/>that in order to have high Jets of Water in their <lb/>Gardens and in their Bathes, they built vault­<lb/>ed Aqueducts, in &longs;ome Places above an hundred <lb/>and twenty Foot high, and carried on for above <lb/>three&longs;core Miles together. </s> <s>From the&longs;e too they <lb/>reaped Conveniencies. </s> <s>In &longs;everal Places, and <lb/>particularly beyond the <emph type="italics"/>Tyber,<emph.end type="italics"/> the Water of <lb/>the&longs;e Aqueducts &longs;erved to grind their Corn, <lb/>and upon their being de&longs;troyed by the Enemy, <lb/>they were forced to make Mills for that Pur­<lb/>po&longs;e in Ships. </s> <s>To this add, that by means of <lb/>this Plenty of Water the City was kept cleaner <lb/>and the Air made fre&longs;her and more whole&longs;ome. <lb/></s> <s>The Architects al&longs;o added &longs;ome ingenious In­<lb/>ventions to &longs;hew the Hours of the Day to the <lb/>great Recreation of the Beholders, by the Con­<lb/>trivance of &longs;ome little moving Statues of Bra&longs;s, <lb/>placed in the Front of the Head of the Aque­<lb/>duct, which repre&longs;ented the publick Games and <lb/>the Ceremony of the Triumph. </s> <s>At the &longs;ame <lb/>Time, the Sound of mu&longs;ical In&longs;truments and <lb/>&longs;weet Voices was heard, which were cau&longs;ed by <lb/>the Motion of the Water. </s> <s>The&longs;e Aqueducts <lb/>were covered in with an Arch of a good Thick­<lb/>ne&longs;s, to prevent the Water from being heated <lb/>by the Sun; and this Vault was plai&longs;tered on <lb/>the In&longs;ide with &longs;uch a Compo&longs;ition as we have <lb/>formerly in this Book recommended for Floors, <lb/>to the Thickne&longs;s of at lea&longs;t &longs;ix Inches. </s> <s>The <lb/>Parts of the ancient Aqueduct were the&longs;e. <lb/></s> <s>Joining to the Incile was the <emph type="italics"/>Septum;<emph.end type="italics"/> along <lb/>the Cour&longs;e of the Conduit were the <emph type="italics"/>Ca&longs;tella;<emph.end type="italics"/><lb/>where any higher Ground interfered the <emph type="italics"/>Specus<emph.end type="italics"/><lb/>was dug; la&longs;tly, to the Head was annexed the <lb/><emph type="italics"/>Calix.<emph.end type="italics"/></s><s> An ancient Lawyer gives us the fol­<lb/>lowing De&longs;cription of the&longs;e &longs;everal Parts. </s> <s>An <lb/>Aqueduct is a Conduit for conveying Water to <lb/>a certain Place by means of a gentle Slope. <lb/></s> <s>The <emph type="italics"/>Septum<emph.end type="italics"/> is a Flood-gate or Water-&longs;top <lb/>made at the Sluice for letting the Water into <lb/>the Aqueduct. </s> <s>The <emph type="italics"/>Ca&longs;tella<emph.end type="italics"/> are Water-hou&longs;es <lb/>or Conduit-heads for the Reception of the <lb/>publick Water. </s> <s>The <emph type="italics"/>Specus<emph.end type="italics"/> is a Kind of Mill­<lb/>dam dug in the Earth. </s> <s>The <emph type="italics"/>Calix<emph.end type="italics"/> is the End <lb/>or Mouth of the Aqueduct, which di&longs;charges <lb/>the Water. </s> <s>All the&longs;e mu&longs;t be made of very <lb/>&longs;tout Work, the Bottom as &longs;trong as po&longs;&longs;ible, <lb/>the Plai&longs;tering tight and by no means &longs;ubject <lb/>to crack. </s> <s>The Mouth of the Sluice mu&longs;t be <lb/>&longs;topt with a Flood-gate, with which you may <lb/>&longs;hut out the Water when it happens to be tur­<lb/>bid, and by means whereof you may have an <lb/>Opportunity to mend any Part of the Aque­<lb/>duct which is decayed, without being prevent­<lb/>ed by the Water; and this Flood-gate mu&longs;t <lb/>have a Grate of Bra&longs;s to it, that Water may <lb/>flow into the Aqueduct clearer and more re­<lb/>fined, leaving behind it the Leaves, Boughs <lb/>and other Tra&longs;h that fall into it. </s> <s>At every <lb/>hundred Cubits mu&longs;t be either a Conduit-head, <lb/>or a Mill-dam twenty Foot broad, thirty long, <lb/>and fifteen deep below the Bottom of the Chan­<lb/>nel; and the&longs;e are made to the Intent that <lb/>tho&longs;e Waters which either fall into the Aque­<lb/>duct from the Earth, or are thrown into it too <lb/>violently, may have a Place to &longs;ub&longs;ide below <lb/>the other Stream, which by that means will <lb/>have room to flow on more refined and clear. <lb/></s> <s>The Mouth of the Aqueduct for di&longs;charging <pb xlink:href="003/01/304.jpg" pagenum="224"/>the Water, mu&longs;t vary according to the Quan­<lb/>tity of the Stream, and the Situation of the <lb/>Pipe by which it makes it di&longs;charge. </s> <s>The <lb/>greater and more rapid the Stream is from <lb/>whence the Water is brought, the more direct <lb/>Way it is brought, and the more it has been <lb/>confined, the more the Mouth of the Conduit <lb/>mu&longs;t be enlarged. </s> <s>If the di&longs;charging Pipe be <lb/>placed direct to the Stream and Level, it will <lb/>maintain an equal Di&longs;charge. </s> <s>It has been <lb/>found by Experience, that this Pipe is wa&longs;ted <lb/>away by the continual Spray of the Water, <lb/>and that no Metals &longs;tand it &longs;o well as Gold. <lb/></s> <s>Thus much of Conduits and Aqueducts. </s> <s>Wa­<lb/>ter may al&longs;o be brought in leaden Pipes, or ra­<lb/>ther in earthen ones, becau&longs;e the Phy&longs;icians <lb/>tell us, that tho&longs;e of Lead occa&longs;ion an Exco­<lb/>riation of the Bowels, and &longs;o too will Bra&longs;s.</s></p><p type="main"> <s>THE Learned tell us, that whatever we <lb/>either drink or eat, is be&longs;t pre&longs;erved in Ve&longs;&longs;els <lb/>of baked Earth, which the lea&longs;t alters their <lb/>Ta&longs;te; alledging that the Earth is the natural <lb/>Place of Repo&longs;e, as well of Water as of every <lb/>Thing el&longs;e which is produced by the Earth. <lb/></s> <s>Wooden Pipes give Water in Time an ill Co­<lb/>lour, and an unplea&longs;ant Ta&longs;te. </s> <s>Whatever Ma­<lb/>terial they are made of, the Pipes ought to be <lb/>as &longs;trong as po&longs;&longs;ible. </s> <s>Ve&longs;&longs;els of Bra&longs;s are apt <lb/>to give the Epilep&longs;y, Canker, and &longs;o breed Di&longs;­<lb/>orders in the Liver and Spleen. </s> <s>The Sides of <lb/>the Pipes mu&longs;t be in Thickne&longs;s at lea&longs;t one <lb/>fourth Part of the Diameter of the Hollow, <lb/>and the Joints of the Bricks of which they are <lb/>made be morti&longs;ed into one another, and ce­<lb/>mented with un&longs;laked Lime mixed with <lb/>Oil; they &longs;hould al&longs;o be fortified all round <lb/>with &longs;trong Brick Work, and &longs;trengthened <lb/>a good Weight of Work over them, e&longs;pecially <lb/>where you bring the Water about winding, or <lb/>where after a De&longs;cent it is to ri&longs;e upwards <lb/>again, or where the Pipe upon a &longs;hort Turn <lb/>is &longs;traitened and made narrower. </s> <s>For the <lb/>Weight and continual Pre&longs;&longs;ure of the Water, <lb/>with the Force and Impetuo&longs;ity of its Cur­<lb/>rent, would ea&longs;ily carry away or break the <lb/>Bricks. </s> <s>Experienced Workmen, in order to <lb/>guard again&longs;t this Danger, and e&longs;pecially about <lb/>the Windings, made u&longs;e of a living Stone, <lb/>and particularly of the red Sort, bored through <lb/>for the Purpo&longs;e. </s> <s>I have &longs;een Pieces of Marble <lb/>above twelve Foot long bored through from <lb/>one End to the other with a Bore of four <lb/>Inches Diameter, which by plain Marks in the <lb/>Stone it&longs;elf appeared to have been made <lb/>with an In&longs;trument of Bra&longs;s turned with a <lb/>Wheel and with Sand. </s> <s>In order to prevent <lb/>the Effects of this Impetuo&longs;ity, you may <lb/>&longs;lacken the Current of the Water, by making <lb/>it run winding, not indeed with a &longs;harp Elbow, <lb/>but with an ea&longs;y Sweep, turning &longs;ometimes to <lb/>the Right, &longs;ometimes to the Left, &longs;ometimes <lb/>ri&longs;ing, &longs;ometimes de&longs;cending with a frequent <lb/>Variety. </s> <s>To this you may add &longs;omewhat in <lb/>the Nature of a Conduit-head or Mill-dam, in <lb/>order for the Water to purify there, and al&longs;o if <lb/>any Defect &longs;hould happen, that you may the <lb/>more ea&longs;ily come to &longs;ee how and where it <lb/>mu&longs;t be repaired. </s> <s>But the&longs;e Heads &longs;hould not <lb/>be placed in the Bottom of the Sweep of a <lb/>Valley, nor where the Water is forced upwards, <lb/>but where it keeps on its Cour&longs;e more equally <lb/>and gently. </s> <s>If you are obliged to carry your <lb/>Conduit-pipes through a Lake or Mar&longs;h, you <lb/>may do it with a very &longs;mall Expence, in the <lb/>following Manner. </s> <s>Provide &longs;ome good Tim­<lb/>bers of Scarlet Oak, and in them Lengthways <lb/>cut a Gutter in Breadth and Depth in Propor­<lb/>tion to your Pipes, which you mu&longs;t lay into <lb/>this Gutter well cemented with Mortar, and <lb/>bound down with good Cramps of Bra&longs;s. </s> <s>Then <lb/>having laid the&longs;e Timbers upon a Float acro&longs;s <lb/>the Lake, &longs;a&longs;ten the Ends of them together as <lb/>follows. </s> <s>You mu&longs;t have Pipes of Lead of the <lb/>&longs;ame Diameter as tho&longs;e upon your Timbers, <lb/>and of &longs;uch a Length as to allow for bend­<lb/>ing as much as may be nece&longs;&longs;ary. </s> <s>The&longs;e <lb/>leaden Pipes, you mu&longs;t in&longs;ert into your earthen <lb/>ones, and cement their Joints with Lime <lb/>&longs;lacked with Oil, and fortified with Plates of <lb/>Bra&longs;s. </s> <s>Thus join the Ends of the Timber to­<lb/>gether, as they hang over your Float, till you <lb/>bring them from one Shore quite to the other, <lb/>and their Heads re&longs;t upon the dry Ground on <lb/>each Side. </s> <s>Then withdraw your Float, and <lb/>having &longs;ecured the whole Work with good <lb/>Ropes, where the Lake is deepe&longs;t, let it go <lb/>down by little and little to the Bottom, as <lb/>equally as po&longs;&longs;ible, all the re&longs;t &longs;inking by pro­<lb/>per Degrees along with it, by which Means <lb/>the leaden Pipe will bend according to the <lb/>Occa&longs;ion, and the whole will place it&longs;elf con­<lb/>veniently at the Bottom of the Lake. </s> <s>When <lb/>the Conduit is prepared in this Manner with <lb/>the fir&longs;t Water which you &longs;end into it throw <lb/>in &longs;ome A&longs;hes, that if any of the Joints &longs;hould <lb/>happen not to be perfectly clo&longs;e, they may &longs;top <lb/>them up, and help to cement them. </s> <s>You <lb/>&longs;hould al&longs;o let in the Water by gentle Degrees, <lb/>le&longs;t ru&longs;hing in too precipitately, it &longs;hould <lb/>&longs;truggle with the Wind which is in the Pipe. <pb xlink:href="003/01/305.jpg" pagenum="225"/>It is incredible the Violence and Impetuo&longs;ity <lb/>of Nature when the Wind in &longs;uch a Pipe is re­<lb/>&longs;trained and compre&longs;&longs;ed too clo&longs;e. </s> <s>I have read <lb/>in the Works of the Phy&longs;icians, that the Bone of <lb/>a Man's Leg has been broken by the &longs;udden <lb/>Irruption of a Vapour &longs;o confined. </s> <s>The Ar­<lb/>ti&longs;ts in Hydraulics can force Water to leap up <lb/>out of a Ve&longs;&longs;el, by confining a Quantity of Air <lb/>between two Waters.</s></p><p type="head"> <s>CHAP. VIII.</s></p><p type="head"> <s><emph type="italics"/>Of Ci&longs;terns, their U&longs;es and Conveniencies.<emph.end type="italics"/></s></p><p type="main"> <s>I now come to &longs;peak of Ci&longs;terns. </s> <s>A Ci&longs;tern <lb/>is a large Ve&longs;&longs;el for holding Water, not <lb/>unlike the Water-hou&longs;e or Conduit-head. </s> <s>Its <lb/>Bottom and Sides therefore mu&longs;t be perfectly <lb/>&longs;trong and well compacted. </s> <s>There are two <lb/>Sorts, one for containing Water for Drinking, <lb/>and the other for pre&longs;erving it for other U&longs;es, <lb/>as particularly again&longs;t &longs;udden Fires. </s> <s>The fir&longs;t <lb/>we &longs;hall call a Drinking-ci&longs;tern, the other a <lb/>Re&longs;ervoir. </s> <s>The Drinking-ci&longs;tern out to pre­<lb/>&longs;erve its Water in the greate&longs;t Purity; becau&longs;e <lb/>when it is impure it is the Cau&longs;e of a great many <lb/>Inconveniencies. </s> <s>In both we are to take care <lb/>that the Water is properly admitted, pre&longs;erved <lb/>and di&longs;pen&longs;ed. </s> <s>Water is brought into the Ci&longs;­<lb/>tern by Pipes from the River or Spring, and <lb/>&longs;ometimes Rain-water from the Hou&longs;e-top or <lb/>from the Ground. </s> <s>I was extremely plea&longs;ed <lb/>with the Invention of an Architect, who in a <lb/>large bare Rock on the Summit of a Hill cut <lb/>a round Ba&longs;on ten Foot deep, which received <lb/>all the Rain-water which ran into it from that <lb/>naked Rock. </s> <s>Then in the Plain under the <lb/>Hill he erected a Water-hou&longs;e, open on every <lb/>Side, and built of Brick and Mortar, thirty <lb/>Foot high, forty long and forty broad. </s> <s>Into <lb/>this Water-hou&longs;e he brought the Rain-water <lb/>from the upper Re&longs;ervoir by a &longs;ubterraneous <lb/>Conduit of brick Pipe; that Re&longs;ervoir lying <lb/>much higher than the Top of the Water-hou&longs;e. <lb/></s> <s>If you &longs;trew the Bottom of your Ci&longs;tern with <lb/>good round Pebbles, or large Gravel from the <lb/>River very well wa&longs;hed, or rather fill it with it <lb/>to a certain Height, &longs;uppo&longs;e of three Foot, it <lb/>will make your Water clear, cool and pure; <lb/>and the Higher you make this Strewing, your <lb/>Water will be the more limpid. </s> <s>The Water <lb/>&longs;ometimes runs out at the Joints and Cracks <lb/>of the Ci&longs;tern if it is ill made; and &longs;ometimes <lb/>the Water is &longs;poiled by Filth. </s> <s>And indeed it <lb/>is no ea&longs;y Matter to keep Water impri&longs;oned, <lb/>unle&longs;s the Re&longs;ervoir be &longs;trongly built, and even <lb/>of good &longs;quare Stone. </s> <s>It is al&longs;o particularly <lb/>nece&longs;&longs;ary, that the Work &longs;hould be perfectly <lb/>dry before you let the Water into it, which <lb/>pre&longs;&longs;ing hard upon it with its Weight, and <lb/>Sweating through it by means of its Humidi­<lb/>ty, if it can but make a &longs;mall Crack, will be <lb/>continually working its Way till it has opened <lb/>it&longs;elf a large Pa&longs;&longs;age. </s> <s>The Ancients guarded <lb/>again&longs;t this Inconvenience, and e&longs;pecially in <lb/>the Corners of their Re&longs;ervoirs, by &longs;everal Coats <lb/>of &longs;trong Plai&longs;tering, and &longs;ometimes by Incru&longs;­<lb/>tations of Marbles. </s> <s>But nothing better pre­<lb/>vents this oozing out of the Water, than Chalk <lb/>clo&longs;e rammed in between the Wall of the Ci&longs;­<lb/>tern and the Side of the Trench in which it is <lb/>made. </s> <s>We order the Chalk which we u&longs;e for <lb/>this Purpo&longs;e to be thoroughly dried and beat <lb/>into Powder. </s> <s>Some think, that if you fill a <lb/>Gla&longs;s Ve&longs;&longs;el with Salt, and &longs;top it up clo&longs;e <lb/>with a Plai&longs;ter of Mortar tempered with Oil, <lb/>that no Water may get in, and then hang it <lb/>down in the Middle of the Ci&longs;tern, it will pre­<lb/>vent the Water from corrupting, let it be kept <lb/>ever &longs;o long. </s> <s>Some add Quick-&longs;ilver to the <lb/>Compo&longs;ition. </s> <s>Others &longs;ay, that if you take a <lb/>new earthen Ve&longs;&longs;el full of &longs;harp Vinegar, &longs;topt <lb/>up as above, and &longs;et it in the Water, it will en­<lb/>tirely clear it from all Slime. </s> <s>They tell us too, <lb/>that either a Ciftern or a Well are purified by <lb/>putting &longs;ome &longs;mall Fi&longs;h into them, thinking <lb/>that the Fi&longs;h feed upon the Slime of the Wa­<lb/>ter and of the Earth. </s> <s>We are told of an old <lb/>Saying of <emph type="italics"/>Epigenes,<emph.end type="italics"/> that Water which has been <lb/>once corrupted, will in Time recover and pu­<lb/>rify it&longs;elf, and after that never &longs;poil any more. <lb/></s> <s>Water which is beginning to corrupt, if it is <lb/>&longs;tirred about, and poured often out of one Ve&longs;­<lb/>&longs;el into another, will lo&longs;e its ill Smell, which <lb/>will al&longs;o hold good of Wine and Oil that is <lb/>mothery. <emph type="italics"/>Jo&longs;ephus<emph.end type="italics"/> relates, that when <emph type="italics"/>Mo&longs;es<emph.end type="italics"/><lb/>came to a dry Place, where there was only one <lb/>Spring of Water, and that foul and bitter, he <lb/>commanded the Soldiers to draw it; and upon <lb/>their beating and &longs;tirring it about heartily, it <lb/>became drinkable. </s> <s>It is certain that Water <lb/>may be purified by boiling and &longs;training; and <pb xlink:href="003/01/306.jpg" pagenum="226"/>we are told that Water which is nitrous and <lb/>bitter, by throwing Barley-flower into it may <lb/>be &longs;o &longs;weetened, as to be fit to drink in two <lb/>Hours Time. </s> <s>But in order to refine the Wa­<lb/>ter of your Drinking-ci&longs;terns more effectually, <lb/>make a little Well clo&longs;e to your Ci&longs;tern enclo&longs;­<lb/>ed with its own proper Wall, and its Bottom a <lb/>&longs;mall matter lower than the Bottom of the Ci&longs;­<lb/>tern. </s> <s>This Well on the Side next the Ci&longs;tern <lb/>mu&longs;t have &longs;ome &longs;mall Openings filled up either <lb/>with Spunge or with Pumice-&longs;tone, that the <lb/>Water which gets out of the Ci&longs;tern into the <lb/>Well may be thoroughly &longs;trained and leave all <lb/>its coar&longs;e Mixture behind it. </s> <s>In the Territory <lb/>of <emph type="italics"/>Tarragona<emph.end type="italics"/> in <emph type="italics"/>Spain,<emph.end type="italics"/> is found a white Pu­<lb/>mice-&longs;tone very full of &longs;mall Pores, through <lb/>which Water is pre&longs;ently &longs;trained to the great­<lb/>e&longs;t Clearne&longs;s. </s> <s>It will al&longs;o come out extreme­<lb/>ly limpid if you fill up the Aperture, through <lb/>which the Water mu&longs;t pa&longs;s, with a Pot bored <lb/>full of Holes on every Side, and filled with <lb/>River-&longs;and, in order for the Water to make its <lb/>Way through this fine Strainer. </s> <s>At <emph type="italics"/>Bologna,<emph.end type="italics"/><lb/>they have a &longs;oft &longs;andy Stone of a yellow Colour, <lb/>through which the Water di&longs;tills Drop by <lb/>Drop till it is wonderfully refined. </s> <s>Some <lb/>make Bread of Sea-water; than which nothing <lb/>can be more unwhole&longs;ome. </s> <s>But yet tho&longs;e <lb/>Strainers which we have mentioned are &longs;o ef­<lb/>fectual that they will make even Sea-water <lb/>whole&longs;ome and &longs;weet. <emph type="italics"/>Solinus<emph.end type="italics"/> &longs;ays, that if <lb/>Sea-water is pa&longs;&longs;ed through a white Clay it <lb/>will become &longs;weet; and we find by Experience <lb/>that when it has been often &longs;trained through <lb/>a fine Sand, it lo&longs;es its Saltne&longs;s. </s> <s>If you &longs;ink <lb/>an earthen Pot clo&longs;e &longs;topped, into the Sea, it <lb/>will be filled with fre&longs;h Water. </s> <s>Nor is it fo­<lb/>reign to our Purpo&longs;e what we are told, that <lb/>when the Water of the <emph type="italics"/>Nile<emph.end type="italics"/> is taken up into <lb/>any Ve&longs;&longs;el proves foul, if you rub the Ve&longs;&longs;el <lb/>ju&longs;t about the Edge of the Water with an Al­<lb/>mond, it will pre&longs;ently make it clear. </s> <s>When <lb/>your Conduit Pipes begin to be &longs;topt with <lb/>Slime or Dirt, take a Gall-nut, or a Ball made <lb/>of the Bark of Cork, tied to a long thin Pack­<lb/>thread. </s> <s>When the Current of the Water has <lb/>carried this Ball to the other End of the Pipe, <lb/>tie to the Pack-thread another &longs;tronger Cord <lb/>with a Wi&longs;p of Broom fa&longs;tened to it, which <lb/>being drawn backwards and forwards in the <lb/>Pipe, will clear away the Dirt that &longs;topt it up.</s></p><p type="head"> <s>CHAP. IX.</s></p><p type="head"> <s><emph type="italics"/>Of planting a Vineyard in a Meadow, or a Wood in a Mar&longs;h; and how we <lb/>may amend a Region which is mole&longs;ted with too much Water.<emph.end type="italics"/></s></p><p type="main"> <s>I now proceed to other Conveniencies. </s> <s>We <lb/>ob&longs;erved that Food and Rayment was to <lb/>provided for the Inhabitants. </s> <s>With the&longs;e we <lb/>are to be &longs;upplied by Agriculture, an Art <lb/>which it is not our Bu&longs;ine&longs;s to treat of here. <lb/></s> <s>Yet there are &longs;ome Ca&longs;es wherein the Archi­<lb/>tect may be of Service to the Husbandman: <lb/>As particularly when a Piece of Ground being <lb/>either too dry or too wet, is not in a good <lb/>Condition for Tillage. </s> <s>A Vineyard may be <lb/>planted in a moi&longs;t Meadow in the following <lb/>Manner: Dig Trenches running from Ea&longs;t to <lb/>We&longs;t in &longs;traight Lines, at equal Di&longs;tances from <lb/>each other, and as deep as may be, each nine <lb/>Foot broad and fifteen Foot di&longs;tant from one <lb/>another, and throw up the Earth which you <lb/>dig out of the Trenches on the Intervals be­<lb/>tween them, in &longs;uch a Manner, that the Slope <lb/>may lie open to the Mid-day Sun: and the&longs;e lit­<lb/>tle artificial Hills will be very proper for Vines <lb/>and very fruitful. </s> <s>On the contrary, upon a dry <lb/>Hill you may make a Meadow by the following <lb/>Method: Dig a long &longs;quare Trench in the <lb/>upper Part of the Hill, with its Sides all equally <lb/>high and exactly level. </s> <s>Into this Trench bring <lb/>Water from the next Springs above it, which <lb/>running over on the lower Side will equally and <lb/>continually water the Ground beneath. </s> <s>In the <lb/>Country of <emph type="italics"/>Verona,<emph.end type="italics"/> a Soil full of round Stones, <lb/>very naked and barren, the Inhabitants in &longs;ome <lb/>Places, by continual watering it, have rai&longs;ed <lb/>very fine Gra&longs;s and &longs;o turned it into a beautiful <lb/>Meadow. </s> <s>If you de&longs;ire to have a Wood grow <lb/>in a Mar&longs;h, turn up the Ground with the <lb/>Plough, and entirely grub up all Brambles, <lb/>and then &longs;ow it with Acorns about the Time <lb/>of Sun-ri&longs;e. </s> <s>This Plantation will grow up in­<lb/>to a thick Wood, and the Trees will draw to <lb/>them&longs;elves mo&longs;t of the &longs;uperfluous Moi&longs;ture: <lb/>And the &longs;preading of the Roots together with <lb/>the falling of the Leaves and Sprigs, will rai&longs;e <lb/>the Ground higher. </s> <s>Afterwards if you bring <pb xlink:href="003/01/307.jpg" pagenum="227"/>down &longs;ome Land-flood upon it, which may <lb/>&longs;ub&longs;ide there, it will make a Cru&longs;t over the <lb/>whole. </s> <s>But of this in another Place. </s> <s>If the <lb/>Region is &longs;ubject to Inundations, as <emph type="italics"/>Lombardy<emph.end type="italics"/><lb/>along the Banks of the <emph type="italics"/>Po; Venice,<emph.end type="italics"/> and &longs;ome <lb/>other Place; in that Ca&longs;e, &longs;everal Particulars <lb/>are to be con&longs;idered: For the Water is trouble­<lb/>&longs;ome either from its over-abundance, or from <lb/>its Motion, or from both the&longs;e. </s> <s>Upon the&longs;e <lb/>we &longs;hall make &longs;ome brief Ob&longs;ervations. </s> <s>The <lb/>Emperor <emph type="italics"/>Claudius<emph.end type="italics"/> bored through a Hill near <lb/>the Lake <emph type="italics"/>Fucinus,<emph.end type="italics"/> and &longs;o carried away the &longs;u­<lb/>perfluous Water into the River; and perhaps it <lb/>was for the &longs;ame Rea&longs;on, that <emph type="italics"/>M. Curius<emph.end type="italics"/> open­<lb/>ed a Way for the Lake <emph type="italics"/>Velinus<emph.end type="italics"/> to di&longs;charge it­<lb/>&longs;elf into the Sea. </s> <s>Thus we &longs;ee the Lake <emph type="italics"/>Ne­<lb/>moren&longs;is,<emph.end type="italics"/> carried into the Lake <emph type="italics"/>Laurentina<emph.end type="italics"/><lb/>through a Hill bored on purpo&longs;e; to which <lb/>we owe tho&longs;e plea&longs;ant Gardens and that fruit­<lb/>ful Grove which lie below the Former of tho&longs;e <lb/>Lakes.</s></p><p type="main"> <s><emph type="italics"/>Cæ&longs;ar<emph.end type="italics"/> had Thoughts of cutting a Number <lb/>of Trenches near <emph type="italics"/>Herda<emph.end type="italics"/> in <emph type="italics"/>Spain,<emph.end type="italics"/> in order to <lb/>di&longs;charge &longs;ome Part of the Water of the River <lb/><emph type="italics"/>Sicoris.<emph.end type="italics"/></s><s> The <emph type="italics"/>Erymanthus,<emph.end type="italics"/> a River of <emph type="italics"/>Arcadia,<emph.end type="italics"/><lb/>very full of Windings, is almo&longs;t exhau&longs;ted by <lb/>the Inhabitants in watering their Lands, by <lb/>which means his Remains fall into the Sea with­<lb/>out &longs;o much as pre&longs;erving his Name. <emph type="italics"/>Cyrus<emph.end type="italics"/><lb/>cut the <emph type="italics"/>Ganges<emph.end type="italics"/> into a va&longs;t Number of Canals, <lb/><emph type="italics"/>Eutropius<emph.end type="italics"/> &longs;ays, no le&longs;s than four hundred and <lb/>&longs;ixty, by which he &longs;o &longs;unk that River, that it <lb/>might ea&longs;ily be forded, and &longs;ometimes even dri­<lb/>&longs;hod. </s> <s>Near the Tomb of King <emph type="italics"/>Halyattes,<emph.end type="italics"/> in <lb/>the Country of the <emph type="italics"/>Sardes,<emph.end type="italics"/> built chiefly by the <lb/>female Slaves, is the Lake <emph type="italics"/>Coloe,<emph.end type="italics"/> dug by Art <lb/>on purpo&longs;e to receive Inundations. <emph type="italics"/>Myris<emph.end type="italics"/> dug <lb/>a Lake in <emph type="italics"/>Me&longs;opotamia<emph.end type="italics"/> above the City, three <lb/>hundred and forty Furlongs in Circumference, <lb/>and three&longs;core Cubits deep, to receive the <emph type="italics"/>Nile<emph.end type="italics"/><lb/>whenever it ro&longs;e higher than u&longs;ual. </s> <s>Be&longs;ides <lb/>the &longs;trong Banks made for keeping in the <emph type="italics"/>Eu­<lb/>phrates,<emph.end type="italics"/> that it might not overflow and wa&longs;h <lb/>away the Hou&longs;es, &longs;ome Lakes were al&longs;o dug, <lb/>together with &longs;ome va&longs;t hollow Caves, that the <lb/>&longs;tanding Water in tho&longs;e might receive and <lb/>break the Fury of Inundations. </s> <s>Thus much <lb/>may &longs;uffice of Waters which are apt to over­<lb/>flow, or to do Mi&longs;chief by the Impetuo&longs;ity of <lb/>their Motion. </s> <s>If any thing is wanting to this <lb/>Head, we &longs;hall in&longs;ert it immediately, when we <lb/>come to &longs;peak of Rivers and the Sea.</s></p><p type="head"> <s>CHAP. X.</s></p><p type="head"> <s><emph type="italics"/>Of Roads; of Pa&longs;&longs;ages by Water, and of artificial Banks to Rivers.<emph.end type="italics"/></s></p><p type="main"> <s>The next Bu&longs;ine&longs;s is to get as conveni­<lb/>ently as is po&longs;&longs;ible from abroad, tho&longs;e <lb/>Nece&longs;&longs;aries which we cannot be &longs;upplied with <lb/>at home. </s> <s>To this Purpo&longs;e are Roads and <lb/>Highways, which are to be made &longs;uch, that <lb/>whatever is wanting may be ea&longs;ily brought, in <lb/>its proper Sea&longs;on. </s> <s>There are two Sorts of <lb/>Highways, one by Land, the other by Water, <lb/>as we hinted in the formar Part of this Work. <lb/></s> <s>Care is to be taken that the Highway by Land <lb/>is not too deep, nor too much broke by Car­<lb/>riages; and be&longs;ides tho&longs;e Cau&longs;eways which we <lb/>have &longs;poken of formerly, we &longs;hould be &longs;ure to <lb/>let them be open to a good deal of Sun and to <lb/>a free Air, and that they be not covered with <lb/>too much Shade. </s> <s>In our Days, near the Wood <lb/>by <emph type="italics"/>Ravenna,<emph.end type="italics"/> the Road which u&longs;ed to be very <lb/>bad, has been made extremely convenient by <lb/>cutting down the Trees, and admitting the <lb/>Sun to it. </s> <s>We may generally ob&longs;erve little <lb/>Puddles under Trees which &longs;tand by the Side <lb/>of the Road, occa&longs;ioned by the Tread of Cat­<lb/>tle, and the Shade preventing the Ground <lb/>from drying &longs;o fa&longs;t as it otherwi&longs;e would do, <lb/>&longs;o that the Rain always &longs;ettles and lies there. <lb/></s> <s>Highways (if we may &longs;o call them) by Water <lb/>are of two Sorts: One which may be corrected <lb/>and forced; as Rivers or Canals; the other <lb/>which cannot; as the Sea. </s> <s>We may venture <lb/>to &longs;ay, that there happen the &longs;ame Faults in a <lb/>River as we find in a &longs;maller Ve&longs;&longs;el for con­<lb/>taining Water; that is, that perhaps either the <lb/>Sides, or the Bottom are defective or not &longs;ound <lb/>and convenient. </s> <s>For as a large Quantity of <lb/>Water is nece&longs;&longs;ary for the carrying of Ships, if <lb/>it is not contained in &longs;tout Banks, it may break <lb/>its Way through them and drown all the Coun­<lb/>try, and &longs;o even &longs;poil the Highways on Shore. <lb/></s> <s>If the Bottom be very &longs;teep, how can we ima­<lb/>gine that a Ship can make its Way up again&longs;t <lb/>the Rapidity of the Stream? </s> <s>and if it ri&longs;es in­<lb/>to Shelves, it will &longs;poil the Navigation. </s> <s>Upon <lb/>bringing the famous Obelisk from <emph type="italics"/>Ægypt<emph.end type="italics"/> to <lb/><emph type="italics"/>Rome,<emph.end type="italics"/> it was found that the <emph type="italics"/>Tyber<emph.end type="italics"/> was a more <lb/>convenient River for Navigation than the <emph type="italics"/>Nile.<emph.end type="italics"/><lb/>The latter indeed was much broader, but the <pb xlink:href="003/01/308.jpg" pagenum="228"/>former was of a more convenient Depth: For <lb/>it is not &longs;o much a great Plenty as a good Depth <lb/>of Water that is nece&longs;&longs;ary for Navigation. <lb/></s> <s>Though a hand&longs;ome Breadth is very conveni­<lb/>ent too, becau&longs;e by that means the Streams <lb/>comes &longs;lower again&longs;t the Banks. </s> <s>A River <lb/>that has not a &longs;ound Bottom, will &longs;carce <lb/>have &longs;trong Banks; and &longs;carce any Bottom <lb/>can be called &longs;ound, which has not &longs;uch a <lb/>Strength as we have formerly required in the <lb/>Foundations of Buildings, namely, to be &longs;o &longs;olid <lb/>as in a Manner to defy even Tools of Iron. <lb/></s> <s>Thus the Bottom will be uncertain if the Banks <lb/>are chalky, or if the River runs along a flat <lb/>Plain, or if the Soil is covered with loo&longs;e round <lb/>Stones. </s> <s>When the Banks of a River are un­<lb/>firm, its Channel will be &longs;topt up with Shelves, <lb/>Ruins, broken Trunks of Trees, and &longs;oft <lb/>Stones. </s> <s>The weake&longs;t Sides of all, and the mo&longs;t <lb/>variable, are tho&longs;e thrown up by &longs;ome &longs;udden <lb/>Inundation. </s> <s>From this Weakne&longs;s of the Sides <lb/>follows what is &longs;aid of the <emph type="italics"/>Meander<emph.end type="italics"/> and the <lb/><emph type="italics"/>Euphrates,<emph.end type="italics"/> the former of which we are told, <lb/>u&longs;ed ea&longs;ily to cut through his &longs;oft Banks and <lb/>be daily running into new Windings, and the <lb/><emph type="italics"/>Euphrates<emph.end type="italics"/> on the other Hand was continually <lb/>&longs;topping up the Canals, through which he was <lb/>conveyed, with the Ruins of his Shore. </s> <s>The&longs;e <lb/>Defects in the natural Banks the Ancients u&longs;ed <lb/>to remedy with artificial ones; the Rules for <lb/>which are much the &longs;ame with tho&longs;e for <lb/>other Kinds of Structures; for we are to con­<lb/>&longs;ider well with what Lines we erect it, and with <lb/>what Kind of Work. </s> <s>If the artificial Bank is <lb/>built in a parallel Line with the Current of the <lb/>River, the Force of the Stream will never bear <lb/>again&longs;t it: But if it is built &longs;o as to &longs;tand <lb/>again&longs;t the Current, if it is not very &longs;trong it <lb/>will be overthrown by it; or if it be too low <lb/>the Water will overflow it. </s> <s>If &longs;uch a Bank be <lb/>not overthrown, it will be continually growing <lb/>higher and higher at the Bottom, becau&longs;e there <lb/>every Thing which the Stream brings along <lb/>with it will &longs;top, till at la&longs;t having made a Hill <lb/>again&longs;t it which it can remove no further, it <lb/>will be apt to turn its Cour&longs;e another Way. </s> <s>If <lb/>the Force of the Water throws down the Bank, <lb/>then it will have tho&longs;e Effects natural to it, <lb/>which we ob&longs;erved before, by filling all the <lb/>Hollows, driving out the Air, and &longs;weeping <lb/>away every Thing that it meets in its Pa&longs;&longs;age: <lb/>But &longs;till leaving behind it by Degrees as it <lb/>&longs;lackens the Violence of its own Cour&longs;e, &longs;uch <lb/>heavy Things as are not ea&longs;ily carried far. <lb/></s> <s>Thus in the Mouth of the Breach which the <lb/>River makes in its Banks, the Inundation will <lb/>leave a Shelf of coar&longs;e Sand of a con&longs;iderable <lb/>Height; but as it goes further it will only co­<lb/>ver the Ground with a &longs;mall Slime. </s> <s>If the <lb/>River does not immediately break down its <lb/>Bank, but only overflows the Top of it, <lb/>the Violence with which it falls upon the <lb/>Ground on the other Side of it will wa&longs;h away <lb/>the Earth, till by Degrees it undermines and <lb/>brings down the whole Bank it&longs;elf. </s> <s>If the Cur­<lb/>rent neither is parallel with the Bank, nor &longs;ets <lb/>again&longs;t it directly, but only &longs;trikes it oblique­<lb/>ly, it will bear no le&longs;s, in Proportion to the <lb/>Angle of its Obliquity, again&longs;t the Sides to <lb/>which it is thrown off, than again&longs;t that which <lb/>it meets with fir&longs;t. </s> <s>And indeed this Flexion <lb/>will give it &longs;omewhat of the Nature of a Bank <lb/>that fronts the Current directly; &longs;o that it will <lb/>be liable to the very &longs;ame Injuries as the latter. <lb/></s> <s>Thus the Bank will be wa&longs;hed away &longs;o much <lb/>the &longs;ooner, as the Eddies of the Water will be <lb/>more vehement and furious, foaming, and in a <lb/>Manner boiling with Violence: For the&longs;e <lb/>Whirls and Eddies in a River &longs;eem to have <lb/>&longs;omewhat of the Nature and Force of a Screw, <lb/>which no Strength or Solidity can long re&longs;i&longs;t. <lb/></s> <s>We may ob&longs;erve as well under Stone Bridges, <lb/>how deep the Channel is dug by the Fall of the <lb/>Water; as in tho&longs;e Part of the River where after <lb/>having been &longs;ome Time confined within nar­<lb/>rower Banks, it finds a broader Channel to ex­<lb/>tend it&longs;elf in, with what Fury it breaks out, <lb/>rowling into Variety of Eddies, and tearing <lb/>away every Thing that it meets with, either <lb/>from the Banks or from the Bottom. </s> <s>I dare <lb/>venture to affirm, that <emph type="italics"/>Hadrian<emph.end type="italics"/>'s Bridge at <lb/><emph type="italics"/>Rome,<emph.end type="italics"/> is one of the &longs;toute&longs;t Pieces of Work <lb/>that perhaps ever was performed; and yet the <lb/>Fury of the Water has &longs;o decay'd it, that I <lb/>dread its De&longs;truction: For the Land-floods <lb/>every Year load its Piers with Boughs and <lb/>Trunks of Trees which they bring down <lb/>along with them, and in a great Mea&longs;ure &longs;top <lb/>up the Arches. </s> <s>This makes the Water ri&longs;e &longs;till <lb/>higher, and then it falls down percipitately in­<lb/>to wild Eddies, which undermine the Back of <lb/>the Piers and endanger the whole Structure. <lb/></s> <s>Thus much of the Banks: Let us now &longs;ay <lb/>&longs;omething of the Bottom of the River. <emph type="italics"/>He­<lb/>rodotus<emph.end type="italics"/> relates, that <emph type="italics"/>Nitocris,<emph.end type="italics"/> King of the <emph type="italics"/>A&longs;&longs;y­<lb/>rians,<emph.end type="italics"/> &longs;lackened the Cour&longs;e of the River <emph type="italics"/>Eu­<lb/>phrates<emph.end type="italics"/> near <emph type="italics"/>Me&longs;opotamia,<emph.end type="italics"/> which before was <lb/>too impetuous, by making its Channel wind <lb/>about more than it u&longs;ed to do. </s> <s>It is al&longs;o rea­<lb/>&longs;onable to &longs;uppo&longs;e that the Water which has <pb xlink:href="003/01/309.jpg" pagenum="229"/>the &longs;lowe&longs;t Current will be the mo&longs;t la&longs;ting: <lb/>Which may be &longs;omewhat illu&longs;trated by the <lb/>Compari&longs;on of a Man that de&longs;cends from a <lb/>&longs;teep Hill, and who comes down not direct <lb/>and as fa&longs;t as he can, but fetching different <lb/>Compa&longs;&longs;es about the Sides, &longs;ometimes to the <lb/>right Hand, and &longs;ometimes to the Left. </s> <s>The <lb/>Rapidity of the Stream proceeds from the Steep­<lb/>ne&longs;s of the Channel. </s> <s>A Current either too <lb/>&longs;wift or too &longs;low, is inconvenient. </s> <s>The for­<lb/>mer demoli&longs;hes the Banks; the latter produ­<lb/>ces Weeds, and is ea&longs;ily frozen. </s> <s>Making the <lb/>River narrower may perhaps force the Water <lb/>to ri&longs;e higher, and another Way to make it <lb/>deeper is digging the Channel, lower. </s> <s>Deep­<lb/>ening the Channel, removing Impediments, <lb/>and clearing the River are all done by the <lb/>&longs;ame Methods and for the &longs;ame Purpo&longs;es, <lb/>whereof we &longs;hall &longs;peak pre&longs;ently: But deepen­<lb/>ing the Bottom of a River will be in vain, un­<lb/>le&longs;s we go on to do it quite away to the Sea, <lb/>in order to give the Stream its due Slope all <lb/>the Way.</s></p><p type="head"> <s>CHAP. XI.</s></p><p type="head"> <s><emph type="italics"/>Of Canals; how they are to be kept well &longs;upplied with Water, and the U&longs;es <lb/>of them not ob&longs;tructed.<emph.end type="italics"/></s></p><p type="main"> <s>We now proceed to &longs;peak of Canals. <lb/></s> <s>What we are to provide for in the&longs;e, <lb/>is that they be well &longs;upplied with Water, and <lb/>that the U&longs;es for which they are intended be <lb/>not ob&longs;tructed. </s> <s>There are two Ways of prevent­<lb/>ing their failing. </s> <s>The fir&longs;t is to have a large <lb/>Quantity of Water con&longs;tantly running into them <lb/>from &longs;ome other Stream; the &longs;econd is to con­<lb/>trive that they keep what does come into them <lb/>as long as can be. </s> <s>The Water is to be brought <lb/>into Canals in the manner above &longs;et down: and <lb/>our Diligence mu&longs;t prevent their U&longs;es from be­<lb/>ing ob&longs;tructed, by often cleaning them, and <lb/>removing whatever Incumbrances may be <lb/>brought into them. </s> <s>A Canal is &longs;aid to be a <lb/>&longs;leeping River; and it &longs;hould therefore have <lb/>all the &longs;ame Properties which a River has, and <lb/>e&longs;pecially its Bottom and Sides &longs;hould be per­<lb/>fectly &longs;ound, that the Water may neither be <lb/>&longs;ucked up, nor run out at any Cracks. </s> <s>It <lb/>&longs;hould be more deep than broad, as well for the <lb/>better carrying off all Sorts of Ve&longs;&longs;els, as that it <lb/>may be le&longs;s exhau&longs;ted by the Sun and breed the <lb/>fewer Weeds. </s> <s>A great many Canals were cut <lb/>from the <emph type="italics"/>Euphrates<emph.end type="italics"/> to the <emph type="italics"/>Tygris,<emph.end type="italics"/> becau&longs;e the <lb/>Channel of the former lay higher than that of <lb/>the Latter. <emph type="italics"/>Lombardy<emph.end type="italics"/> lying between the <emph type="italics"/>Po<emph.end type="italics"/><lb/>and the <emph type="italics"/>Adige,<emph.end type="italics"/> is every where navigable by <lb/>Canals; an Advantage which it gains by ly­<lb/>ing all upon a Flat. <emph type="italics"/>Diodorus<emph.end type="italics"/> tells us, that <lb/>when <emph type="italics"/>Ptolomey<emph.end type="italics"/> went out of the Mouth of the <lb/><emph type="italics"/>Nile,<emph.end type="italics"/> he opened a Canal on Purpo&longs;e, and had <lb/>it &longs;topp'd up as &longs;oon as he was got through it. <lb/></s> <s>The Remedies for the &longs;everal Faults of either <lb/>Canals or Rivers are confining, clearing and <lb/>&longs;topping them. </s> <s>Rivers are confined by arti­<lb/>ficial Banks. </s> <s>The Line of &longs;uch Banks &longs;hould <lb/>not re&longs;train the River at once, but by degrees, <lb/>by means of an ea&longs;y Slope. </s> <s>When you would <lb/>&longs;et it at Liberty again from a narrow Channel <lb/>into a wider Breadth, you mu&longs;t ob&longs;erve the <lb/>&longs;ame Method, not let it out at once, but gently, <lb/>le&longs;t upon too &longs;udden an Enlargment it does <lb/>Mi&longs;chief by Eddies and Whirlpools. </s> <s>The River <lb/><emph type="italics"/>Melas<emph.end type="italics"/> u&longs;ed of old to run into the <emph type="italics"/>Euphrates;<emph.end type="italics"/><lb/>but King <emph type="italics"/>Artanatrix,<emph.end type="italics"/> perhaps out of a De&longs;ire <lb/>to make his Name famous, &longs;topp'd it up and <lb/>over&longs;lowed the Country all round: but &longs;oon <lb/>afterwards the Waters return'd with &longs;uch Ed­<lb/>dies and &longs;o much Fury that they tore up all <lb/>that re&longs;i&longs;ted them, wa&longs;hed away a great many <lb/>E&longs;tates, and laid Wa&longs;te a great Part of <emph type="italics"/>Phrygia<emph.end type="italics"/><lb/>and <emph type="italics"/>Galatia.<emph.end type="italics"/></s><s> The <emph type="italics"/>Roman Senate<emph.end type="italics"/> fined the <lb/>King for this audacious Attempt, in thirty Ta­<lb/>lents. </s> <s>Nor is it foreign to our Purpo&longs;e ju&longs;t to <lb/>mention what we read of <emph type="italics"/>Iphicrates<emph.end type="italics"/> the <emph type="italics"/>A­<lb/>thenian,<emph.end type="italics"/> that when he was be&longs;ieging <emph type="italics"/>Stymphalus<emph.end type="italics"/><lb/>in <emph type="italics"/>Arcadia<emph.end type="italics"/> he attempted with a va&longs;t Quantity <lb/>of Spunge to &longs;top up the River <emph type="italics"/>Era&longs;inus<emph.end type="italics"/> which <lb/>enters into the Hill and ri&longs;es up again in the <lb/>Country of <emph type="italics"/>Arges;<emph.end type="italics"/> but by the Admonition of <lb/><emph type="italics"/>Jupiter<emph.end type="italics"/> he laid a&longs;ide the De&longs;ign. </s> <s>I advi&longs;e <lb/>therefore, that your artificial Bank be made as <lb/>&longs;trong as po&longs;&longs;ible. </s> <s>This Strength mu&longs;t be <lb/>owing to the Solidity of your Materials, your <lb/>Method of putting them together, and the <lb/>Breadth of the whole Work. </s> <s>Where it is ne­<lb/>ce&longs;&longs;ary that the Water &longs;hould run over this <lb/>Bank, do not let the Out&longs;ide of it be a Per­<lb/>pendicular, but fall in an ea&longs;y Slope, that the <lb/>Water may run down it ea&longs;ily and not form <lb/>any Eddies. </s> <s>If in its Fall it begins to dig up <pb xlink:href="003/01/310.jpg" pagenum="230"/>the Bank, fill up the Holes immediately, not <lb/>with trifling Materials, but with large, &longs;olid, <lb/>&longs;quare Stone. </s> <s>It may al&longs;o be of Service to <lb/>lay Bundles of Bru&longs;hwood underneath the Fall <lb/>of the Water, to break its Force before it <lb/>comes to the Bottom. </s> <s>We &longs;ee that the <emph type="italics"/>Tyber<emph.end type="italics"/> at <lb/><emph type="italics"/>Rome<emph.end type="italics"/> is for the mo&longs;t Part confined with &longs;olid <lb/>Ma&longs;onry. <emph type="italics"/>Semiramis,<emph.end type="italics"/> not contented with a <lb/>&longs;trong Bank of Brick, covered it with a Coat <lb/>of Plai&longs;ter made of Bitumen, no le&longs;s than four <lb/>Cubits in Thickne&longs;s, with Walls for many Fur­<lb/>longs together equally high with tho&longs;e of the <lb/>City. </s> <s>But the&longs;e are Royal Works. </s> <s>For us, <lb/>we may be contented with a Bank of Earth, <lb/>like that of <emph type="italics"/>Nitocris<emph.end type="italics"/> in <emph type="italics"/>A&longs;&longs;yria,<emph.end type="italics"/> which was of <lb/>Mud, or like tho&longs;e Banks in <emph type="italics"/>France<emph.end type="italics"/> which con­<lb/>fine &longs;ome very great Rivers, in &longs;uch a Manner <lb/>that they &longs;eem to hang in the Air, the Water <lb/>in &longs;ome Places being above the Level of the <lb/>Tops of the Cottages: and we may be &longs;atisfied <lb/>if we can have our Bridges of Stone. </s> <s>Some <lb/>commend the Gra&longs;s Turfs cut out of a Meadow <lb/>for making up of Banks: and I think they <lb/>will do very well, becau&longs;e the interweaving of <lb/>their Roots will fortify the Work, provided <lb/>they be rammed very clo&longs;e together: for the <lb/>whole Bank, and e&longs;pecially that Part of it <lb/>which is wa&longs;hed by the Water, ought to be <lb/>&longs;o &longs;olid as not to be penetrated or di&longs;united. <lb/></s> <s>Some interlace Rods of Ozier in the Bank; <lb/>and this makes a very firm Bank, but then it <lb/>will la&longs;t but for a Time, for as &longs;uch Rods ea&longs;ily <lb/>rot, little Rills of Water will penetrate into the <lb/>Places of the Twigs which are decayed, and <lb/>working their Way onwards, will be apt to <lb/>enlarge their Pa&longs;&longs;age till the whole River may <lb/>break through in great Streams. </s> <s>There will <lb/>not indeed be &longs;o much Danger of this if we <lb/>take the Oziers when they are green. </s> <s>Others <lb/>plant Willows, Elder, Poplars and &longs;uch other <lb/>Trees as love the Water along the Shores in <lb/>clo&longs;e Rows. </s> <s>This has &longs;ome Advantages; but <lb/>then it is attended with the &longs;ame Inconveni­<lb/>ence which we ju&longs;t now mentioned; for when <lb/>the Roots decay, the Water will work its Way <lb/>into their Cavities. </s> <s>Others (which I am very <lb/>well plea&longs;ed with) plant the Shore with all <lb/>Manner of Shrubs that flouri&longs;h in the Water, <lb/>and &longs;trike out more Root than Branches, &longs;uch <lb/>as Lavender, Bulru&longs;h, Reeds, and e&longs;pecially <lb/>Withes; the la&longs;t of which pu&longs;hes out a great <lb/>deal of Root, and pierces down into the Earth <lb/>with very long Fibres, which are continually <lb/>making new Shoots, while at the &longs;ame Time <lb/>its Head is but &longs;mall, is very pliant, and does <lb/>not re&longs;i&longs;t the Stream; and which adds to the <lb/>Advantage, this Plant, out of its particular Love <lb/>to Water, advances on continually even into <lb/>the Current. </s> <s>But where the Bank runs on <lb/>parallel with the &longs;trong Current of the River, <lb/>the Shore ought to be entirely naked and clear, <lb/>that nothing may di&longs;turb or enrage the Stream, <lb/>but that it may run on peaceably. </s> <s>Where the <lb/>Bank winding about &longs;tands again&longs;t the Set of <lb/>the Current, that it may make the &longs;touter Re­<lb/>&longs;i&longs;tance, let it be fortified with good Plank. <lb/></s> <s>But if the whole Force of the River is to be <lb/>with&longs;tood and oppo&longs;ed; then, in the Summer, <lb/>when the Water is lowe&longs;t, and the Shore is <lb/>left dry, make Hurdles bound about &longs;trong <lb/>Stakes of a good Length, and fa&longs;tened to them <lb/>very tight with &longs;tout Braces; lay the&longs;e Hur­<lb/>dles with the Heads of the Stakes again&longs;t the <lb/>Current of the Stream, and drive Piles through <lb/>them, by Holes made in them before-hand for <lb/>that Purpo&longs;e, as deep as the Nature of the Bot­<lb/>tom will permit. </s> <s>When this is knit together, <lb/>join other Beams to them cro&longs;&longs;ways, and fill up <lb/>this Frame with large Stones cemented toge­<lb/>ther with Mortar; or where the Expence of <lb/>Mortar cannot be afforded, you may knit them <lb/>together by throwing Bavins of Juniper in a­<lb/>mong&longs;t them. </s> <s>This great Weight will pre­<lb/>vent the Water from &longs;tirring the Frame; and <lb/>if any Eddies &longs;hould get within it, they will <lb/>do rather Good than Harm, for by endeavour­<lb/>ing to work downwards they will make the <lb/>whole Weight of Stone &longs;ink &longs;till lower, and <lb/>&longs;o &longs;trengthen the Foundation &longs;till more. </s> <s>But <lb/>if the River always keeps at &longs;uch a Height, <lb/>that there is no Opportunity to make &longs;uch a <lb/>Frame, then we mu&longs;t make u&longs;e of tho&longs;e Me­<lb/>thods which we formerly taught for erecting <lb/>the Piers of a Bridge.</s></p><p type="head"> <s>CHAP. XII.</s></p><p type="head"> <s><emph type="italics"/>Of the Sea Wall; of &longs;trengthening the Port; and of Locks for confining the <lb/>Water of a River.<emph.end type="italics"/></s></p><p type="main"> <s>The Sea-&longs;hore al&longs;o is to be fortified with <lb/>artificial Banks, but not in the &longs;ame <lb/>Manner as the River, who&longs;e Streams does Mif­<lb/>chief in a different Manner from the Waves of <lb/>the Sea. </s> <s>We are told, that the Sea in its own <lb/>Nature is quiet and peaceable, but it is agi­<pb xlink:href="003/01/311.jpg" pagenum="231"/>tated and drove about by the Winds, which <lb/>pu&longs;h on the Waves in great Rows to the Shore, <lb/>where if they meet with Oppo&longs;ition, e&longs;pecially <lb/>from any hard rugged Body they beat again&longs;t <lb/>them with their whole Strength, and being <lb/>da&longs;hed back again they break, and falling from <lb/>on high with continual Repetition dig up and <lb/>demoli&longs;h whatever re&longs;i&longs;ts their Fury. </s> <s>A full <lb/>Proof of this is the great Depth of Water <lb/>which we con&longs;tantly find under high Rocks <lb/>by the Sea-&longs;ide. </s> <s>But when the Shore runs off <lb/>with an ea&longs;y De&longs;cent, the raging Sea not find­<lb/>ing any Thing to exert its Force again&longs;t, grows <lb/>quiet, and falls back le&longs;s furious upon it&longs;elf; <lb/>and if it has brought any Sand along with it, <lb/>leaves it there; by which Means we &longs;ee &longs;uch <lb/>Shores growing higher and higher into the Sea <lb/>every Day. </s> <s>But when the Sea meets with a <lb/>Promontory, and afterwards with a Bay, the <lb/>Current runs impetuou&longs;ly along the Shore, and <lb/>turns back again upon it&longs;elf; which is the Rea­<lb/>&longs;on that in &longs;uch Places we frequently meet with <lb/>deep Channels cut under the Shore. </s> <s>Others <lb/>maintain, that the Sea hath a Breath and Re&longs;­<lb/>piration of its own, and pretend to ob&longs;erve, <lb/>that no Man ever dies naturally but when the <lb/>Tide is going off, whence they would infer, that <lb/>our Life has &longs;ome Connection and Relation <lb/>with the Motion and Life of the Sea: but this <lb/>is not worth Dwelling upon. </s> <s>It is certain, that <lb/>the Tides ri&longs;e and fall variou&longs;ly in different <lb/>Places. </s> <s>The <emph type="italics"/>Negropont<emph.end type="italics"/> has no le&longs;s than &longs;ix <lb/>Tides every Day. </s> <s>At <emph type="italics"/>Con&longs;tantinople<emph.end type="italics"/> it has no <lb/>other Change but by flowing into the <emph type="italics"/>Pontus.<emph.end type="italics"/><lb/>In the <emph type="italics"/>Propontis<emph.end type="italics"/> the Sea naturally throws upon <lb/>the Shore every Thing that is brought down <lb/>into it by the Rivers: becau&longs;e every Thing <lb/>which is put into an unnatural Agitation re&longs;ts <lb/>of Cour&longs;e where-ever it finds a Place which is <lb/>not di&longs;turbed. </s> <s>But as upon almo&longs;t all Shores <lb/>we &longs;ee Heaps of Sand or Stones thrown up, it <lb/>may not be a mi&longs;s ju&longs;t to mention the Conjec­<lb/>tures of the Philo&longs;ophers upon this Occa&longs;ion. <lb/></s> <s>I have &longs;aid el&longs;ewhere, that Sand is form'd of <lb/>Mud dried by the Sun, and &longs;eparated by the <lb/>Heat into very minute Particles. </s> <s>Stones are <lb/>&longs;uppo&longs;ed to be engendered by the Sea-water; <lb/>&longs;or they tell us, that by Means of the Sun's <lb/>Heat and of Motion, the Water grows warm, <lb/>dries, and its lighter Parts evaporating hardens <lb/>into a Con&longs;i&longs;tence, which grows to have &longs;o <lb/>much Solidity, that if the Sea is but a little <lb/>while at re&longs;t, it by degrees contracts a &longs;limy <lb/>Cru&longs;t, of a bituminous Nature; this Cru&longs;t in <lb/>Time is afterwards broken, and by new Motion <lb/>and Colli&longs;ion the new-made Sub&longs;tance becomes <lb/>globular, and grows &longs;omewhat like a Spunge: <lb/>The&longs;e globular Spunges are carried to the Shore, <lb/>where by their Slimine&longs;s they lick up the <lb/>Sand which is put into Agitation, which again <lb/>is dried and concocted by the Heat of the <lb/>Sun, and by the Salts, till by Length of Time <lb/>it hardens into Stone. </s> <s>This is the Conjecture <lb/>of the Philo&longs;ophers. </s> <s>We frequently &longs;ee the <lb/>Shore grow higher and higher towards the <lb/>Mouth of Rivers, e&longs;pecially if they flow through <lb/>loo&longs;e Grounds, and are much &longs;ubject to Land­<lb/>floods; for &longs;uch Rivers throw up va&longs;t Quan­<lb/>tities of Sand and Stones before their Mouths <lb/>into the Sea, and &longs;o lengthen out the Shore. <lb/></s> <s>This manife&longs;tly appears from the <emph type="italics"/>Danube,<emph.end type="italics"/> the <lb/><emph type="italics"/>Pha&longs;is<emph.end type="italics"/> in <emph type="italics"/>Colchis,<emph.end type="italics"/> and others, and e&longs;pecially in <lb/>the <emph type="italics"/>Nile.<emph.end type="italics"/></s><s> The Ancients called <emph type="italics"/>Ægypt<emph.end type="italics"/> the <lb/><emph type="italics"/>Nile<emph.end type="italics"/>'s Hou&longs;e, and tell us, that it was formerly <lb/>covered by the Sea quite as far as the <emph type="italics"/>Pelu&longs;ian<emph.end type="italics"/><lb/>Mar&longs;hes. </s> <s>So it is related, that a great Part of <lb/><emph type="italics"/>Cilicia<emph.end type="italics"/> was added to it by the River. <emph type="italics"/>Ari&longs;totle<emph.end type="italics"/><lb/>&longs;ays, that all Things are in perpetual Motion, <lb/>and that in length of Time the Sea and the <lb/>Hills will change Places with one another. <lb/></s> <s>Hence the Saying of the Poet:</s></p><p type="main"> <s><emph type="italics"/>All that the Earth in her dark Womb conceals, <lb/>Time &longs;hall dig up and drag to open Light.<emph.end type="italics"/></s></p><p type="main"> <s>BUT to return. </s> <s>The Waves have this par­<lb/>ticular Property, that when they meet with any <lb/>Bank which re&longs;i&longs;ts them, they da&longs;h again&longs;t it <lb/>with the more Fury; and being beaten back, <lb/>according to the Height they fall from, the <lb/>more Sand they root up. </s> <s>This appears from <lb/>the great Depth of the Sea under the Rocks, a­<lb/>gain&longs;t which they beat with much more Vio­<lb/>lence, than they fall upon a &longs;oft and &longs;loping <lb/>Sand. </s> <s>This being the Ca&longs;e, it requires great <lb/>Diligence and the mo&longs;t careful Contrivance to <lb/>re&longs;train the Rage and Strength of the Sea, <lb/>which will many Times defeat all our Art and <lb/>Ability, and is not ea&longs;ily &longs;ubdued by the Pow­<lb/>er of Man. </s> <s>However, the Sort of Work which <lb/>we formerly recommended for the Foundati­<lb/>ons of a Bridge may be of &longs;ome Service in this <lb/>Ca&longs;e. </s> <s>But if it is nece&longs;&longs;ary for us to carry <lb/>out a Pier into the Sea in order to fortify a <lb/>Port, we mu&longs;t begin our Work upon the dry <lb/>Ground, and &longs;o by Additions work it forwards <lb/>into the Sea. </s> <s>Our fir&longs;t and greate&longs;t Care mu&longs;t <lb/>be to chu&longs;e a firm Soil for this Structure; and <lb/>where-ever you rai&longs;e it, rai&longs;e it up with a <lb/>Slope of the lighte&longs;t Stones that can be got, in <pb xlink:href="003/01/312.jpg" pagenum="232"/>order to break the Fury of the Waves, that <lb/>not finding any Thing to beat again&longs;t <lb/>with their whole Strength, they may fall back <lb/>gently and not with too violent a Precipitation. <lb/></s> <s>Thus the Wave which is upon Return will <lb/>meet that which is coming on, and deaden its <lb/>Force. </s> <s>The Mouths of Rivers &longs;eem to be of <lb/>the &longs;ame Nature with the Port, as they afford <lb/>Shelter to Ve&longs;&longs;els again&longs;t Storms. </s> <s>They ought <lb/>therefore to be fortified and made narrower to <lb/>exclude the Fury of the Sea. <emph type="italics"/>Propertius<emph.end type="italics"/> &longs;ays,</s></p><p type="main"> <s><emph type="italics"/>Re&longs;olve to conquer or be o'ercome, <lb/>This is the Wheel of Love<emph.end type="italics"/> —</s></p><p type="main"> <s>IT is the &longs;ame in this Ca&longs;e; for the Mouths <lb/>of Rivers by the ince&longs;&longs;ant Attacks of the Sea <lb/>are either overcome and filled up with Sand; <lb/>or el&longs;e by a con&longs;tant and ob&longs;tinate Re&longs;i&longs;tance, <lb/>they conquer and keep their Pa&longs;&longs;ages clear. <lb/></s> <s>For this Rea&longs;on it is an admirable Method to <lb/>open the River a double Di&longs;charge into the <lb/>Sea by two different Branches, if you have but <lb/>Water enough to &longs;upply them; not only that <lb/>Ships may be able to get in at one of them, <lb/>though the Wind be contrary for the other; <lb/>but al&longs;o that if one of them be &longs;topt up, either <lb/>by &longs;ome Storm at Sea, or by &longs;ome &longs;trong <lb/>Wind blowing into it, in &longs;uch a Manner that <lb/>the Land-floods would be driven back again <lb/>into the Country, they may have another Pa&longs;&longs;­<lb/>age open to di&longs;charge them&longs;elves into the Sea. <lb/></s> <s>But of this enough. </s> <s>The next Point is how <lb/>to clean a River. <emph type="italics"/>Cæ&longs;ar<emph.end type="italics"/> took a great deal of <lb/>Care about cleaning the <emph type="italics"/>Tyber,<emph.end type="italics"/> which was &longs;topt <lb/>up with Rubbi&longs;h, and there are va&longs;t Heaps of <lb/>the Stuff that was taken out &longs;till to be &longs;een not <lb/>far from the River, as well within the City as <lb/>without. </s> <s>By what Methods he got &longs;o much <lb/>Rubbi&longs;h out of &longs;o &longs;wift a River, I do not re­<lb/>member to have read: But I &longs;uppo&longs;e he made <lb/>u&longs;e of Frames to &longs;hut out the River and then <lb/>emptying the Water out of them, he might <lb/>ea&longs;ily take out the Rubbi&longs;h. </s> <s>The&longs;e Frames <lb/>are made in the following Manner: Prepare <lb/>&longs;ome &longs;trong Timbers cut &longs;quare, with Grooves <lb/>cut in the Sides of them from Top to Bottom <lb/>four Inches deep, and in Breadth equal to the <lb/>Thickne&longs;s of the Planks which you intend to <lb/>u&longs;e in this Work; and prepare your Planks al­<lb/>&longs;o of equal Length and Thickne&longs;s with one <lb/>another. </s> <s>Having got the&longs;e Things ready, <lb/>drive down your Timbers &longs;o as they may &longs;tand <lb/>perpendicular, at Di&longs;tances from each other <lb/>equal to the Length of your Planks. </s> <s>When <lb/>your Timbers are well fixed, let your Planks <lb/>into the Grooves and drive them down to the <lb/>Bottom. </s> <s>Our Workmen call the&longs;e Frames <lb/>Cataracts. </s> <s>Go on in the &longs;ame Manner to fill <lb/>up the Spaces between the Timbers with Planks <lb/>and drive them as clo&longs;e together as po&longs;&longs;ible. <lb/></s> <s>Then go to work immediately with your <lb/>Pumps, Syphons, Buckets and all your other <lb/>Implements for emptying out the Water, put­<lb/>ting on as many Hands as you can, and labour­<lb/>ing without Intermi&longs;&longs;ion till you have thrown <lb/>out all the Water within your Inclo&longs;ure. </s> <s>If it <lb/>leaks in any Part, &longs;top up the Crack with any <lb/>old Rags: And thus the Bu&longs;ine&longs;s may be done. <lb/></s> <s>Between this Frame and that which we men­<lb/>tioned as nece&longs;&longs;ary in the Building of Bridges, <lb/>there is this Difference; that the latter mu&longs;t be <lb/>&longs;table and la&longs;ting, being to &longs;tand not only till <lb/>the Piers are built, but even till the Super­<lb/>&longs;tructure is &longs;ettled; whereas this is only tem­<lb/>porary, and as &longs;oon as the Dirt is got out to be <lb/>pre&longs;ently removed to another Place. </s> <s>But I <lb/>advi&longs;e you, whether you clean your River by <lb/>the Help of this Frame, or by turning the <lb/>Cour&longs;e of the Water, that you do not pretend <lb/>to &longs;trive again&longs;t the whole Force of the Stream <lb/>at a Time in any one Place, but go on Step by <lb/>Step and by Degrees. </s> <s>All Works rai&longs;ed again&longs;t <lb/>the Violence of Waters, if they are made in <lb/>the Form of Arches, with their Backs turned <lb/>again&longs;t the Weight of the Water, they will be <lb/>able to make the &longs;touter Re&longs;i&longs;tance. </s> <s>You may <lb/>level a Torrent or Water-fall by laying a Bar­<lb/>rier acro&longs;s the Stream in &longs;uch a Manner that the <lb/>Water is obliged to ri&longs;e a good deal higher <lb/>than u&longs;ual: For the Water running over from <lb/>the Top of this Barrier, will dig up the Ridge <lb/>in the Channel by its fall; and then even the <lb/>Channel above the Torrent, quite to the Spring <lb/>will be levelled in Proportion to the lower <lb/>Part of the Channel; for the Water in its De­<lb/>&longs;cent will be continually moving and carrying <lb/>away the Earth. </s> <s>You may clean your Chan­<lb/>nel by turning Oxen into it in the following <lb/>Manner: Stop it up that the Water may &longs;well; <lb/>then drive your Cattle about in it &longs;o that they <lb/>may di&longs;turb all the Mud, and then opening the <lb/>Stream that the Water may pour in rapidly, it <lb/>will wa&longs;h and carry away all the Dirt. </s> <s>If any <lb/>thing lies buried and fixed in the Stream &longs;o as <lb/>to &longs;poil the Navigation, be&longs;ides the common <lb/>Machines u&longs;ed by Workmen for removing &longs;uch <lb/>Ob&longs;tructions, it is a very good Method to load <lb/>a Barge deep, and to it fa&longs;ten with Ropes the <lb/>Impediment which you would pull up: Then <pb xlink:href="003/01/313.jpg" pagenum="233"/>unload the Barge, which by that Means ri&longs;ing <lb/>higher in the Water, will pull up what is tyed <lb/>to it. </s> <s>It will be a Help to the Operation, if <lb/>you keep the Ve&longs;&longs;el &longs;tirring about by moving <lb/>the Rudder backwards and forwards while you <lb/>are unloading it; to &longs;hew the U&longs;e of which, <lb/>I &longs;hall ju&longs;t mention, that in the Country of <lb/><emph type="italics"/>Præne&longs;te<emph.end type="italics"/> I have &longs;een a moi&longs;t Sort of Clay into <lb/>which if you run a Stick or a Sword but the <lb/>Depth of a &longs;ingle Cubit, it was not by the <lb/>Force of a Man's Arm to be got out again by <lb/>pulling; but if as you pulled you wriggled <lb/>your Arm backwards and forwards as Men do <lb/>that are turning a Skrew, it would ea&longs;ily come <lb/>forth. </s> <s>At <emph type="italics"/>Genoa<emph.end type="italics"/> there was a Rock lying un­<lb/>der the Surface of the Water &longs;o as to &longs;top up <lb/>the Entrance into the Port. </s> <s>A Man was found <lb/>in our Age, endued with &longs;urprizing Qualifica­<lb/>tions both of Art and Nature, who broke it <lb/>away, and laid the Pa&longs;&longs;age very wide. </s> <s>It is <lb/>&longs;aid, that this Man u&longs;ed to &longs;tay under Water <lb/>many Hours together, without ever coming <lb/>up to take Breath. </s> <s>You may take up the Mud <lb/>from the Bottom by means of an Oy&longs;ter-net <lb/>covered with Tarpawlins; for as you draw it <lb/>along it will fill it&longs;elf. </s> <s>You may al&longs;o fetch it <lb/>up from the Bottom, where the Sea is &longs;hallow, <lb/>with the following Contrivance. </s> <s>You mu&longs;t <lb/>have two Smacks, like tho&longs;e of Fi&longs;hermen; in <lb/>the Stern of one of the&longs;e you mu&longs;t have an <lb/>Axis upon which a very long Pole mu&longs;t &longs;wing <lb/>like the Beam of a Balance; to that End of <lb/>the Pole which lies out from the Stern mu&longs;t <lb/>be fa&longs;ten'd a Shovel three Foot broad and &longs;ix <lb/>long. </s> <s>By lowering down this Shovel to the <lb/>Bottom you &longs;coop up the Mud, and &longs;o throw <lb/>it into the other Smack which lies by for that <lb/>Purpo&longs;e. </s> <s>From the&longs;e Principles many other <lb/>Engines yet more u&longs;eful may be contrived; <lb/>but to &longs;peak of them here would be too tedi­<lb/>ous. </s> <s>And thus much may &longs;uffice for cleaning <lb/>any Channel. </s> <s>The Locks in a River are made <lb/>either by Sluices or Flood-gates. </s> <s>For either of <lb/>the&longs;e the Sides mu&longs;t be made full as &longs;trong as <lb/>the Piers of a Bridge. </s> <s>We may draw up the <lb/>heavie&longs;t Sluice without Danger to our Men, by <lb/>applying to the Spindle or Windle&longs;s which is <lb/>to draw up the Sluice Wheels notch'd with <lb/>Teeth like the Wheels in a Clock, which mu&longs;t <lb/>take hold of the Teeth of the other Spindle <lb/>which is to be put in Motion by them. </s> <s>But <lb/>the mo&longs;t convenient of all is the Flood-gate, <lb/>which in the Middle has a Spindle that turns <lb/>upon a perpendicular Axis; to this Spindle is <lb/>fa&longs;tened a broad &longs;quare Valve, like the &longs;quare <lb/>Sail of a Barge which may be ea&longs;ily turned <lb/>about to which Side of the Ve&longs;&longs;el the Ma&longs;ter <lb/>plea&longs;es; but the two Sides of this Valve &longs;hall <lb/>not be exactly equal to one another in Breadth, <lb/>but let one be above three Inches narrower <lb/>than the other; by which means it may be <lb/>opened by a Child, and will &longs;hut again of <lb/>it&longs;elf; becau&longs;e the Weight of the broader Side <lb/>will exceed that of the Narrower. </s> <s>To <lb/>each Lock you ought to make two Stops, <lb/>cutting the River in two Places, and leaving <lb/>a Space between them equal to the Length of <lb/>a Ve&longs;&longs;el, to the Intent, that if the Ve&longs;&longs;el is to <lb/>a&longs;cend, when it comes to the Stop the lower <lb/>Sluice may be &longs;hut the upper one opened; or <lb/>if it be to de&longs;cend, the upper one may be &longs;hut <lb/>and the lower opened; for by this means the <lb/>Ve&longs;&longs;el will run down with the lower Part of <lb/>the Stream, while the re&longs;t of the Water is <lb/>&longs;topp'd by the upper Sluice. </s> <s>There is one <lb/>Thing which I mu&longs;t not omit concerning <lb/>publick Ways, that I may have no Occa&longs;ion <lb/>for Repetition; namely, that the Streets of a <lb/>Town ought never to be heaped up with any <lb/>Sort of Rubbi&longs;h, as it is grown a bad Cu&longs;tom <lb/>to do under the Notion of mending them, <lb/>which &longs;hould rather be done by removing and <lb/>carrying away all the Superfluities; le&longs;t the <lb/>Hou&longs;es come in Time to be buried, and the <lb/>Level of the Town to be &longs;unk under Rub­<lb/>bi&longs;h.</s></p><p type="head"> <s>CHAP. XIII.</s></p><p type="head"> <s><emph type="italics"/>Of the Remedies for &longs;ome other Inconveniencies.<emph.end type="italics"/></s></p><p type="main"> <s>I shall now proceed to the Remedies for &longs;ome <lb/>other Inconveniencies of &longs;maller Moment; <lb/>in which I &longs;hall be as brief as po&longs;&longs;ible. </s> <s>In <lb/>&longs;ome Places, upon bringing Water to them, <lb/>the Country has been made warmer; in others, <lb/>colder. </s> <s>Near <emph type="italics"/>Lari&longs;&longs;a<emph.end type="italics"/> in <emph type="italics"/>The&longs;&longs;aly<emph.end type="italics"/> there was a <lb/>Field covered with a &longs;tanding Water, which <lb/>made the Air heavy and hot. </s> <s>Upon carrying <lb/>off this Water, and laying the Field dry, the <lb/>Country became cooler. </s> <s>The contrary hap­<pb xlink:href="003/01/314.jpg" pagenum="234"/>pened at <emph type="italics"/>Philippi,<emph.end type="italics"/> where, as we are informed <lb/>by <emph type="italics"/>Theophra&longs;tus,<emph.end type="italics"/> upon drawing off the Water <lb/>and drying up a Lake, the Country was made <lb/>warmer. </s> <s>The Cau&longs;e of the&longs;e Alterations is <lb/>&longs;uppo&longs;ed to have lain in the Purity or Gro&longs;&longs;­<lb/>ne&longs;s of the Air; for a thick Air is more dif­<lb/>ficultly moved, and longer retains either the <lb/>Heat or the Cold than a thin one, which is <lb/>&longs;oon apt to be frozen with Cold, or on a Change <lb/>of Weather, to be warmed again with the Sun's <lb/>Heat. </s> <s>A Country which lies uncultivated and <lb/>neglected is &longs;aid to afford a thick and unhealthy <lb/>Air; and in Places &longs;o much covered with <lb/>Wood, that neither Sun nor Wind can ea&longs;ily <lb/>get through, the Air is generally crude. </s> <s>The <lb/>Caves about the Lake <emph type="italics"/>Avernus<emph.end type="italics"/> were &longs;o &longs;ur­<lb/>rounded with thick Woods that the Sulphur <lb/>which exhaled from them u&longs;ed to kill the Birds <lb/>which flew over them: But <emph type="italics"/>Cæ&longs;ar,<emph.end type="italics"/> by cutting <lb/>down tho&longs;e Woods, made that pe&longs;tilential Spot <lb/>of Ground very healthy. </s> <s>At <emph type="italics"/>Leghorn<emph.end type="italics"/> a Sea-port <lb/>Town in <emph type="italics"/>Tu&longs;cany,<emph.end type="italics"/> the Inhabitants u&longs;ed always <lb/>to be afflicted with &longs;evere Fevers in the Dog­<lb/>days: By banking off the Sea with a <lb/>good Wall, the Town was freed from tho&longs;e <lb/>Di&longs;tempers; but afterwards, when they let the <lb/>Water again into their Ditches, for the better <lb/>Fortification of the Place, their Fevers return'd. <lb/><emph type="italics"/>Varro<emph.end type="italics"/> writes, that when his Camp lay in the <lb/>I&longs;land of <emph type="italics"/>Coroyra<emph.end type="italics"/> (now <emph type="italics"/>Corfu<emph.end type="italics"/>) and his Soldiers <lb/>died apace of Pe&longs;tilence; by keeping all the <lb/>Windows towards the South clo&longs;e &longs;hut, he <lb/>pre&longs;erved his Army. </s> <s>At <emph type="italics"/>Murano,<emph.end type="italics"/> a famous <lb/>Town belonging to the <emph type="italics"/>Venetians,<emph.end type="italics"/> they are <lb/>very &longs;eldom touched with the Plague, though, <lb/>their neighbouring Metropolis, <emph type="italics"/>Venice,<emph.end type="italics"/> is &longs;re­<lb/>quently and &longs;everely afflicted with it. </s> <s>The <lb/>Rea&longs;on of this is &longs;uppo&longs;ed to be the great <lb/>Number of Gla&longs;s-hou&longs;es there; for it is very <lb/>certain that the Air is wonderfully purged by <lb/>Fire. </s> <s>And for a Proof that all Manner of <lb/>Poi&longs;ons hate the Fire, it is ob&longs;erved, that the <lb/>dead Bodies of poi&longs;onous Animals do not breed <lb/>Worms, like others; becau&longs;e it is the Nature <lb/>of Poi&longs;on to de&longs;troy and totally to extingui&longs;h <lb/>the Principles of Life: But if &longs;uch Bodies are <lb/>touched by Lightening they will engender <lb/>Worms, becau&longs;e then their Poi&longs;on is de&longs;troyed <lb/>by Fire; for Worms are bred in the dead Bo­<lb/>dies of Animals from no other Cau&longs;e than a <lb/>certain fiery Power in Nature working upon a <lb/>Humidity which is apt to be put in Motion by <lb/>a Heat which it is the Property of Poi&longs;on to <lb/>extingui&longs;h, where it prevails, as it is it&longs;elf ex­<lb/>tingui&longs;hed by it, where that Heat is the mo&longs;t <lb/>powerful. </s> <s>If you root out poi&longs;onous Herbs, <lb/>and e&longs;pecially Squills, the good Plants will <lb/>draw to them&longs;elves the bad Nouri&longs;hment which <lb/>they u&longs;ed to imbibe from the Earth, by which <lb/>means our Food will be corrupted. </s> <s>It may be <lb/>of Service to &longs;helter your Hou&longs;e from unwhole­<lb/>&longs;ome Winds by a Grove and e&longs;pecially of Ap­<lb/>ple-trees; for it is of a good deal of Con&longs;e­<lb/>quence out of the Shade of what Leaves you <lb/>receive you Air. </s> <s>Pitch-trees are faid to be <lb/>very good for Phthy&longs;ical Folks, or for tho&longs;e <lb/>who are recovering their Health &longs;lowly after <lb/>long Sickne&longs;s. </s> <s>It is contrary with Trees which <lb/>have a bitter Leaf, for they yield an unwhole­<lb/>&longs;ome Air. </s> <s>Thus where-ever the Country is <lb/>low, clo&longs;e and ma&longs;hy, it will be of Service to <lb/>lay it quite open to the Sun and Air; becau&longs;e <lb/>the Damps and noxious Animals which ari&longs;e <lb/>from &longs;uch Places will be pre&longs;ently de&longs;troyed <lb/>by Dryne&longs;s and Winds. </s> <s>At <emph type="italics"/>Alexandria<emph.end type="italics"/> is a <lb/>publick Place to which the Filth and Rubbi&longs;h <lb/>of the Town is carried, and it is now grown <lb/>up to &longs;uch a Hill, that it &longs;erves as a Land-mark <lb/>to Mariners to find their Way into the Port. <lb/></s> <s>How much more convenient would it not be <lb/>to fill up low hollow Places with &longs;uch Stuff? <lb/></s> <s>Thus at <emph type="italics"/>Venice,<emph.end type="italics"/> (for which I highly applaud <lb/>them) they have in my Time filled up &longs;everal <lb/>of their Mar&longs;hes with the Rubbi&longs;h of the Town. <lb/><emph type="italics"/>Herodotus<emph.end type="italics"/> tells us, that the People who live a­<lb/>mong the Mar&longs;hes in <emph type="italics"/>Ægypt,<emph.end type="italics"/> in order to avoid <lb/>the Gnats, lie a Nights in very high Towers. <lb/></s> <s>At <emph type="italics"/>Ferrara<emph.end type="italics"/> by the <emph type="italics"/>Po<emph.end type="italics"/> few or no Gnats appear <lb/>within the City; but out of Town, to tho&longs;e <lb/>who are not u&longs;ed to them, they are execrable. <lb/></s> <s>It is &longs;uppo&longs;ed that they are driven from the <lb/>Town by the great Quantity of Smoke and <lb/>Fire. </s> <s>Flies do not haunt Places which are <lb/>cold or expo&longs;ed to much Wind, and e&longs;pecial­<lb/>ly where the Windows are very high. </s> <s>Some <lb/>&longs;ay that Flies will not enter where the Tail of <lb/>a Wolf is buried, and that a Squill hung up <lb/>will al&longs;o drive away venomous Animals. </s> <s>The <lb/>Ancients made u&longs;e of a great many Defences <lb/>again&longs;t the violent Heats; among which I am <lb/>very well plea&longs;ed with their Crypts or &longs;ubter­<lb/>raneous Porticoes, Vaults, which received Light <lb/>no where but from the Top. </s> <s>They were al&longs;o <lb/>fond of Halls with large Windows turned away <lb/>from the South, open to a cool Air, and &longs;had­<lb/>ed by &longs;ome neighbouring Edifice. <emph type="italics"/>Metellus,<emph.end type="italics"/><lb/>the Son of <emph type="italics"/>Octavia, Augu&longs;tus<emph.end type="italics"/>'s Si&longs;ter, made an <lb/>Awning over the Forum with Sails, that <lb/>the People might follow their Cau&longs;es without <lb/>prejudicing their Healths. </s> <s>But Air is more <pb xlink:href="003/01/315.jpg" pagenum="235"/>effectual to cooling any Place than Shade, as you <lb/>may find by hanging a Sail upright before that <lb/>Place to keep out the Air. <emph type="italics"/>Pliny<emph.end type="italics"/> tells us, that they <lb/>u&longs;ed to make Places in their Hou&longs;es on pur­<lb/>po&longs;e for Shade; but in what Manner they <lb/>were contrived he does not de&longs;cribe. </s> <s>What­<lb/>ever they were, Nature mu&longs;t be the be&longs;t Pat­<lb/>tern to imitate. </s> <s>We find, that when we gape <lb/>with our Mouths wide open, our Breath i&longs;&longs;ues <lb/>out warm; but when we blow with our Lips <lb/>pretty clo&longs;e together, the Air comes out cool. <lb/></s> <s>Thus in an Edifice, when the Air comes <lb/>through a very wide Aperture, e&longs;pecially if the <lb/>Sun lies upon that Aperture, it is warm; but <lb/>if it pa&longs;&longs;es through a &longs;traiter and more &longs;hady <lb/>Pa&longs;&longs;age, it comes quicker and cooler. </s> <s>If warm <lb/>Water be carryed in a Tube through cold Water, <lb/>it will be refrigerated. </s> <s>The &longs;ame will hold <lb/>good of Air. </s> <s>It is a Que&longs;tion what is the <lb/>Rea&longs;on that tho&longs;e that walk in the Sun do not <lb/>tan &longs;o &longs;oon as tho&longs;e that &longs;it in it; but the <lb/>An&longs;wer is ea&longs;y: For by our Motion the Air <lb/>too is moved, whereby the Sun's Rays are <lb/>thrown a&longs;ide. </s> <s>Moreover, in order to make <lb/>the Shade the Cooler, we may add Roof to <lb/>Roof, and Wall to Wall, and the greater Space <lb/>that is left between the&longs;e, the Cooler, will be <lb/>our Shade and the more impenetrable to the <lb/>Heat; for this Interval between has almo&longs;t the <lb/>&longs;ame Effect for this Purpo&longs;e as a Wall of the <lb/>&longs;ame Thickne&longs;s would have; and in one Re­<lb/>&longs;pect it is better, becau&longs;e a Wall would retain <lb/>either the Heat of the Sun or the Cold that had <lb/>once penetrated it much longer; whereas <lb/>the&longs;e double Walls will pre&longs;erve an equal Tem­<lb/>perature of the Air. </s> <s>In Places where the Sun <lb/>is exce&longs;&longs;ively &longs;corching, a Wall built of Pumice <lb/>Stone will admit the lea&longs;t Heat and retain it <lb/>the lea&longs;t Time. </s> <s>If the Doors to the private <lb/>Apartments are double, that is to &longs;ay, if there <lb/>be two Doors, one opening inwards and the <lb/>other outwards, with a Space of about two Foot <lb/>between them, what is &longs;aid within cannot be <lb/>over-heard by tho&longs;e who are without.</s></p><p type="head"> <s>CHAP. XIV.</s></p><p type="head"> <s><emph type="italics"/>Some more minute Particulars relating to the U&longs;e of Fire.<emph.end type="italics"/></s></p><p type="main"> <s>If we build in a very cold Place, we &longs;hall <lb/>be obliged to make u&longs;e of Fire, which is <lb/>done &longs;everal Ways, but the mo&longs;t convenient of <lb/>all is to have it in an open Place, where we can <lb/>&longs;ee it &longs;hine while we feel its Warmth; for <lb/>when it is enclo&longs;ed, as in Stoves, the Smoke is <lb/>apt to affect the Eyes and injure the Sight. <lb/></s> <s>To this add, that the very Sight of the Flame <lb/>and Light of a Brick Fire, is a chearful Com­<lb/>panion to the old Men that are chatting to­<lb/>gether in the Chimney Corner. </s> <s>But then up <lb/>towards the Middle of the Funnel of the <lb/>Chimney there ought to be a tran&longs;ver&longs;e Iron <lb/>Door, which you may &longs;hut when all the Smoke <lb/>is exhau&longs;ted, and the Fire burns perfectly <lb/>bright, and &longs;o &longs;top up the Tunnel, in order to <lb/>prevent any Wind from getting down that <lb/>Way into the Room. </s> <s>Walls built of Flint or <lb/>Marble are both cold and damp; for by their <lb/>Chilne&longs;s they compre&longs;s the Air into Moi&longs;ture. <lb/></s> <s>Soft Stone and Brick are more convenient, when <lb/>they are thoroughly dried. </s> <s>Tho&longs;e who venture <lb/>to &longs;leep between Walls that are new and wet, <lb/>e&longs;pecially if the Cieling be arched, are &longs;ure to <lb/>catch &longs;ome very dangerous Illne&longs;s, Pains, <lb/>Fevers, or Rheums. </s> <s>Some by that Folly have <lb/>lo&longs;t their Eye-&longs;ight, others the U&longs;e of their <lb/>Limbs, &longs;ome their Sen&longs;es. </s> <s>In order that they <lb/>may dry the &longs;ooner, the Windows and Doors <lb/>&longs;hould be left open to give the Winds a <lb/>thorough Pa&longs;&longs;age. </s> <s>The be&longs;t Walls for the <lb/>Health of the Inhabitants are tho&longs;e built of <lb/>Brick not burnt but dried in the Sun two Years <lb/>before. </s> <s>Incru&longs;tations of Stuc thicken the Air <lb/>and make it unwhol&longs;ome and prejudicial to <lb/>the Lungs and Brain. </s> <s>If you wain&longs;cot your <lb/>Walls with Fir or even Poplar, it will make the <lb/>Hou&longs;e the whol&longs;omer, warmer in Winter, and <lb/>not very hot in Summer; but then you will <lb/>be troubled with Mice and Bugs. </s> <s>This you <lb/>may prevent by &longs;tuffing the Inter&longs;pace with <lb/>Reeds, or &longs;topping up all the Holes and Re­<lb/>treats of tho&longs;e Vermin with Chalk and Hair <lb/>tempered together with Lees of Oil: for all <lb/>Sorts of Oil are mortal Enemies to tho&longs;e <lb/>Vermin which breed of Corruption.</s></p><pb xlink:href="003/01/316.jpg" pagenum="236"/><p type="head"> <s>CHAP. XV.</s></p><p type="head"> <s><emph type="italics"/>By what Methods to de&longs;troy or drive away Serpents, Gnats, Bugs, Flies, Mice, <lb/>Fleas, Moths, and the like trouble&longs;ome Vermin.<emph.end type="italics"/></s></p><p type="main"> <s>Since we are fallen upon this Subject, I <lb/>&longs;hall venture to &longs;et down &longs;ome Things <lb/>which we find in very grave Authors. </s> <s>It <lb/>were certainly to be wi&longs;hed, that a Building <lb/>could be free from all Manner of Inconvenien­<lb/>cies. </s> <s>The Inhabitants of Mount <emph type="italics"/>Ætna<emph.end type="italics"/> in&longs;ti­<lb/>tuted a Sacrifice to <emph type="italics"/>Hercules,<emph.end type="italics"/> becau&longs;e he de­<lb/>livered them from the Gnats; as did al&longs;o the <lb/><emph type="italics"/>Mile&longs;ians<emph.end type="italics"/> for clearing their Vineyards from the <lb/>Caterpillars. </s> <s>The <emph type="italics"/>Æolians<emph.end type="italics"/> &longs;acrificed to <emph type="italics"/>Apollo<emph.end type="italics"/><lb/>for de&longs;troying their Swarms of Mice. </s> <s>The&longs;e <lb/>were doubtle&longs;s great Benefits; but by what <lb/>Means they were done, has not been recorded. <lb/></s> <s>However, in &longs;ome Authors I find what follows: <lb/>The <emph type="italics"/>A&longs;&longs;yrians<emph.end type="italics"/> by means of a burnt Liver, to­<lb/>gether with an Onion and a Squill hanging <lb/>over the Tran&longs;om of the Door, drove away all <lb/>poi&longs;onous Animals. <emph type="italics"/>Ari&longs;totle<emph.end type="italics"/> &longs;ays, that Ser­<lb/>pents may be driven from a Hou&longs;e by the <lb/>Smell of Rue, and that by laying &longs;ome Fle&longs;h <lb/>in a Pot you will draw great Numbers of <lb/>Wa&longs;ps into it, where you may &longs;hut them in, <lb/>and that by laying Sulphur and Ba&longs;tard-mar­<lb/>joram upon the Holes of Ants-ne&longs;ts, you may <lb/>exterminate the Ants, <emph type="italics"/>Sabinus Tyro<emph.end type="italics"/> wrote to <lb/><emph type="italics"/>Mæcenas,<emph.end type="italics"/> that if their Holes were &longs;topt up <lb/>with Sea-mud, or A&longs;hes, it would de&longs;troy <lb/>them. <emph type="italics"/>Pliny<emph.end type="italics"/> &longs;ays, that the Herb Wart-wort <lb/>will effectually do it. </s> <s>Others think that pour­<lb/>ing in Water where unbaked Brick has been <lb/>&longs;teept, is a great Enemy to them. </s> <s>The Anci­<lb/>ents affirm, that Nature has made mortal En­<lb/>mities between certain Animals and certain <lb/>Things, in&longs;omuch, that the one is &longs;ure De­<lb/>&longs;truction to the other. </s> <s>Hence the Wea&longs;el flies <lb/>from the Smell of a roa&longs;ted Cat, and Serpents <lb/>from that of a Leopard. </s> <s>Thus they tell us, <lb/>that when a Leech &longs;ticks the mo&longs;t ob&longs;tinately <lb/>to a Man's Fle&longs;h, if you apply a Bug to its <lb/>Head, it will immediately quit its Hold, and <lb/>fall off languid; as, on the other hand, the <lb/>Smoke of a burning Leech will drive the Bug <lb/>out of his mo&longs;t private lurking Places. <emph type="italics"/>Solinus<emph.end type="italics"/><lb/>&longs;ays, that &longs;trewing a Place with &longs;ome of the <lb/>Du&longs;t of the I&longs;le of <emph type="italics"/>Thanet,<emph.end type="italics"/> in <emph type="italics"/>Britain,<emph.end type="italics"/> will <lb/>pre&longs;ently drive away Serpents: And Hi&longs;torians <lb/>relate, that the &longs;ame may be done by the <lb/>Earth of &longs;everal other Places, and particularly <lb/>of the I&longs;land <emph type="italics"/>Ebu&longs;us.<emph.end type="italics"/></s><s> The Earth of the I&longs;land <lb/><emph type="italics"/>Galeon<emph.end type="italics"/> belonging to the <emph type="italics"/>Garamanthes<emph.end type="italics"/> kills <lb/>both Serpents and Scorpions. <emph type="italics"/>Strabo<emph.end type="italics"/> &longs;ays, that <lb/>the <emph type="italics"/>Africans,<emph.end type="italics"/> when they went to re&longs;t, u&longs;ed to <lb/>rub the Feet of their Beds with Garlick, to <lb/>keep off the Scorpions. <emph type="italics"/>Sa&longs;ernas<emph.end type="italics"/> tells us how <lb/>to kill Bugs, in the following Words. </s> <s>Boil a <lb/>wild Cucumber in Water; then pour it where­<lb/>ever you think fit; they will never come near <lb/>the Place; or el&longs;e rub your Bed&longs;tead with an <lb/>Ox's Gall mixed with Vinegar. </s> <s>Others direct <lb/>us to fill up all the Cracks with Lees of Wine. <lb/></s> <s>The Root of the Holm-oak, &longs;ays <emph type="italics"/>Pliny,<emph.end type="italics"/> is an <lb/>Enemy to Scorpions, and the A&longs;h too is excel­<lb/>lent again&longs;t &longs;uch noxious Animals and e&longs;pecially <lb/>Serpents; which al&longs;o will never retire under <lb/>Fern. </s> <s>Serpents are likewi&longs;e driven away by <lb/>the Burning of a Woman's Hair or of a Goat's <lb/>Horn, or of that of a Stag, or of the Sawdu&longs;t of <lb/>Cedar, or of &longs;ome Drops of <emph type="italics"/>Galbanum,<emph.end type="italics"/> or of <lb/>O&longs;ier, green Ivy or Juniper; and tho&longs;e who <lb/>are rubbed with Juniper-&longs;eed are perfectly &longs;e­<lb/>cure from Hurt by Serpents. </s> <s>The Smell of <lb/>the Herb <emph type="italics"/>Haxus<emph.end type="italics"/> inebriates A&longs;pics, and lays <lb/>them &longs;o fa&longs;t a&longs;leep that they are quite be­<lb/>numbed. </s> <s>Again&longs;t Canker-worms we are di­<lb/>rected only to &longs;tick the Skeleton of a Mare's <lb/>Head upon a Po&longs;t in the Garden. </s> <s>The Palm­<lb/>tree is an Enemy to Bats. </s> <s>Where-ever you <lb/>&longs;prinkle Water wherein Elder-flowers have been <lb/>boiled, you will kill all the Flies; but this is <lb/>&longs;ooner done with Hellebore, e&longs;pecially with <lb/>the black Sort. </s> <s>Burying a Dog's Tooth, to­<lb/>gether with his Tail and Feet in the Hill, will <lb/>they &longs;ay rid you of Flies. </s> <s>The <emph type="italics"/>Tarantula<emph.end type="italics"/><lb/>cannot endure the Smell of Saffron. </s> <s>The <lb/>Smoke of burning Hops will kill the Gnats. <lb/></s> <s>Mice are killed by the Smell of Wolf-bane, <lb/>though it be at a Di&longs;tance. </s> <s>So both Mice <lb/>and Bugs are de&longs;troyed by the Smoke of <lb/>Vitriol. </s> <s>Fleas, if you &longs;prinkle the Place with <lb/>a Decoction of Coloquintida or of the Caltrop­<lb/>thi&longs;tle, will all vani&longs;h. </s> <s>If you &longs;prinkle a Place <lb/>with Goat's-blood, they will march to it in <lb/>whole Swarms; but they are driven away by <lb/>the Smell of Colewort, and yet more effectu­<pb xlink:href="003/01/317.jpg" pagenum="237"/>ally by that of Oleander. </s> <s>Broad flat Ve&longs;&longs;els <lb/>full of Water &longs;et about the Floor are dangerous <lb/>Traps for Fleas that take their Leaps too da­<lb/>ringly. </s> <s>Moths are driven away by Worm­<lb/>wood, Ani&longs;e-&longs;eed, or the Smell of the Herb <lb/>Savin: Nay we are told, that Cloaths are &longs;afe <lb/>from them &longs;o long as they hang upon Ropes. </s> <s>But <lb/>upon this Subject we have dwelt long enough, <lb/>and perhaps longer than a very grave Reader <lb/>may like; but he will pardon it, if he con­<lb/>&longs;iders, that what we have &longs;aid may be of &longs;ome <lb/>Service for ridding a Situation of Inconvenien­<lb/>cies, and that all is little enough again&longs;t the <lb/>ince&longs;&longs;ant Plague of the&longs;e intolerable Vermin.</s></p><p type="head"> <s>CHAP. XVI.</s></p><p type="head"> <s><emph type="italics"/>Of making a Room either warmer or cooler, as al&longs;o of amending Defects in <lb/>the Walls.<emph.end type="italics"/></s></p><p type="main"> <s>I now return to my Subject. </s> <s>It is a <lb/>wonderful Thing, that if you cover a Wall <lb/>with Hangings woven of Wool it will make <lb/>the Room warmer, and if they are of Flax, <lb/>colder. </s> <s>If the Platform be damp, dig Pits <lb/>and Drains under it, and fill them up either <lb/>with Pumice-&longs;tone or Gravel, to prevent the <lb/>Water from rotting in them. </s> <s>Then &longs;trew <lb/>the Ground with Coal to the Height of one <lb/>Foot, and cover that with Sand or rather <lb/>with Tiles, and over all this lay your Floor. <lb/></s> <s>It will be all to no Purpo&longs;e if there is Room <lb/>for the Air to pa&longs;s under the fir&longs;t Pavement <lb/>or Floor. </s> <s>But again&longs;t the Heat of the Sun in <lb/>Summer, and the Severity of the Cold in Win­<lb/>ter, it will be of very great Service, if the Soil <lb/>thereabouts in general is not damp but dry. <lb/></s> <s>Under the Area of your Parlour dig away the <lb/>Earth to the Depth of twelve Foot, and then <lb/>floor it with nothing but naked Boards; the <lb/>Space beneath which is floored only with Plai­<lb/>&longs;ter will make the Air in your Parlour much <lb/>cooler than you would imagine, in&longs;omuch that <lb/>you &longs;hall find it make your Feet cold even <lb/>when your Shoes are on, nothing being over <lb/>the &longs;ubterraneous Pavement but plain Boards. <lb/></s> <s>The Ceiling of this Parlour &longs;hould be arched; <lb/>and then you will be &longs;urprized how warm it <lb/>will be in Winter and how cold in Summer. <lb/></s> <s>If you are troubled with the Inconvenience <lb/>which the Satyri&longs;t complains of the Noi&longs;e of <lb/>Carriages pa&longs;&longs;ing through a narrow Street, to­<lb/>gether with that of the rough Language of <lb/>their bruiti&longs;h Drivers, &longs;o dreadful to the poor <lb/>Man in his &longs;ick Bed; <emph type="italics"/>Pliny<emph.end type="italics"/> the younger tells <lb/>us, in one of his Epi&longs;tles, how to prevent this <lb/>Di&longs;turbance, in the following Words. </s> <s>Next <lb/>to this Room lies the Chamber of Night and <lb/>of Repo&longs;e, in which was never heard the Voice <lb/>of Servants, nor the hollow Murmur of the Sea, <lb/>nor the Crack of Tempe&longs;t, nor can you here <lb/>perceive the Gleam of Lightening, nor even <lb/>the Light of the Sun, unle&longs;s you open the <lb/>Windows, &longs;o retired is the Place. </s> <s>The Rea&longs;on <lb/>is, that there is a Lobby between this Cham­<lb/>ber and the Garden, in which intermediate <lb/>Space all the Sounds are lo&longs;t, let us now come <lb/>to the Walls. </s> <s>The Defects in the&longs;e are as fol­<lb/>lows; either they &longs;cale off, or they crack, or <lb/>the Ribs give Way, or they lean from their <lb/>Perpendicular. </s> <s>The Cau&longs;es of the&longs;e Defects <lb/>are various, and &longs;o are their Remedies. </s> <s>Some <lb/>of the Cau&longs;es indeed are manife&longs;t, others more <lb/>concealed, &longs;o that often we know not what <lb/>Remedies to apply, till we have &longs;everely felt <lb/>the Mi&longs;chief. </s> <s>Others are not in the lea&longs;t ob­<lb/>&longs;cure; but then perhaps the Negligence of <lb/>Men makes them inclined to hope that they <lb/>may not do &longs;o much Hurt as they certainly <lb/>will do. </s> <s>The manife&longs;t Cau&longs;es of Defects in <lb/>the Wall are, when it is too thin, when it is <lb/>not well knit together, when it is full of im­<lb/>proper dangerous Apertures, or la&longs;tly, when it <lb/>is not &longs;ufficiently &longs;trengthened with Ribs <lb/>again&longs;t the Violence of Storms. </s> <s>Tho&longs;e Cau&longs;es <lb/>which happen unexpected or unfore&longs;een, are <lb/>Earthquakes, Lightening, the Incon&longs;tancy of <lb/>the Foundation, and indeed of Nature it&longs;elf. <lb/></s> <s>But in &longs;hort, the greate&longs;t Injury to all Parts <lb/>of a Building is the Negligence and Heedle&longs;&longs;­<lb/>ne&longs;s of Men. </s> <s>A certain Author &longs;ays, that a <lb/>Weed is a &longs;ecret Battering-ram again&longs;t a Wall; <lb/>nor is it to be believed what va&longs;t Stones I have <lb/>my&longs;elf &longs;een removed and pu&longs;hed out of their <lb/>Places by the Force, or indeed by the Wedge <lb/>of a little Root that grew between the Joints; <lb/>which if you had only pulled out while it was <lb/>young, the Work would have been pre&longs;erved <lb/>from that Injury. </s> <s>I greatly commend the <lb/>Ancients, who kept a Number of People in <pb xlink:href="003/01/318.jpg" pagenum="238"/>Pay, only to pre&longs;erve and look after the pub­<lb/>lick Buildings. <emph type="italics"/>Agrippa<emph.end type="italics"/> left Pay for two hun­<lb/>dred and fifty for this Purpo&longs;e, and <emph type="italics"/>Cæ&longs;ar<emph.end type="italics"/> for <lb/>no le&longs;s than four hundred and &longs;ixty; and they <lb/>dedicated the next fifteen Feet to the Structure <lb/>to lie quite clear by their Aqueducts, that their <lb/>Sides or Arches might not breed any Weeds <lb/>to demoli&longs;h them. </s> <s>The &longs;ame &longs;eems to have <lb/>been done even by private Per&longs;ons, with re­<lb/>lation to tho&longs;e Edifices which they were de­<lb/>&longs;irous to have eternal; for we find, that the <lb/>In&longs;cription upon their Sepulchres generally <lb/>mentioned how many Foot of Ground was <lb/>con&longs;ecrated to Religion in that Structure; <lb/>&longs;ometimes it was fifteen, &longs;ometimes twenty. <lb/></s> <s>But not to fall into a Repetition of the&longs;e Things, <lb/>the Ancients thought, that you might entirely <lb/>de&longs;troy a Tree even after it was pretty well <lb/>grown, if in &longs;ome Part of the Dog-days you <lb/>cut it down to the Height of one Foot, and <lb/>boring a Hole through the Heart, pour into it <lb/>Oil of Vitriol mixed with Powder of Brim&longs;tone, <lb/>or el&longs;e &longs;prinkling it plentifully with a Decoc­<lb/>tion of burnt Bean-&longs;hells. <emph type="italics"/>Columella<emph.end type="italics"/> &longs;ays, that <lb/>you may de&longs;troy a Wood with the Flower of <lb/>Hops &longs;teept one Day in Juice of Hemlock, <lb/>&longs;trewed about the Roots. <emph type="italics"/>Solinus<emph.end type="italics"/> &longs;ays, that a <lb/>Tree touched with the Men&longs;trua will lo&longs;e its <lb/>Leaves, and &longs;ome affirm, that it will even kill <lb/>the Tree. <emph type="italics"/>Pliny<emph.end type="italics"/> &longs;ays, that a Tree may be <lb/>killed by touching the Root with a wild Car­<lb/>rot. </s> <s>But to return to the Defects of a Wall. <lb/></s> <s>If a Wall be thinner than it ought to be, we <lb/>mu&longs;t either apply a new Wall to the old one, <lb/>in &longs;uch a Manner that they may make but <lb/>one; or, to avoid the Expence of this, we <lb/>may only &longs;trengthen it with Ribs, that is to <lb/>&longs;ay, with Pila&longs;ters or Columns. </s> <s>A new Wall <lb/>may be &longs;uperinduced to an old one, as follows. <lb/></s> <s>In &longs;everal Parts of the old Wall fix &longs;trong <lb/>Catches made of the &longs;ounde&longs;t Stone, &longs;ticking <lb/>out in &longs;uch a Manner as to enter into the Wall <lb/>which you are going to join to the other, and <lb/>to be in the Nature of Bands between the two <lb/>Walls; and your Wall in this Ca&longs;e &longs;hould al­<lb/>ways be built of &longs;quare Stone. </s> <s>You may for­<lb/>tify an old Wall with a new Pila&longs;ter, in the <lb/>following Manner. </s> <s>Fir&longs;t mark out its future <lb/>Breadth upon the Wall with red Oker. </s> <s>Then <lb/>open a Break in the Bottom of the Wall quite <lb/>down below the Foundation, in Breadth &longs;ome <lb/>&longs;mall Matter more than your Pila&longs;ter, but not <lb/>very high. </s> <s>Then immediately fill up this Break <lb/>with &longs;quare Stone worked together &longs;trong and <lb/>even. </s> <s>By this Means that Part of the Wall <lb/>which is between the red Marks will be &longs;hored <lb/>up by the Thickne&longs;s of the Pila&longs;ter, and &longs;o the <lb/>whole will be made &longs;tronger. </s> <s>Then in the <lb/>&longs;ame Manner that you have laid the Bottom of <lb/>this Pila&longs;ter you mu&longs;t go on to work up the <lb/>Body of it quite to the Top. </s> <s>Thus much of <lb/>a Wall that is too thin. </s> <s>Where the Wall has <lb/>not made good Bond, we mu&longs;t u&longs;e Cramps or <lb/>Spars of Iron, or rather of Bra&longs;s; but you <lb/>mu&longs;t take great Care that you do not weaken <lb/>the Ribs by boring the Holes from them. </s> <s>If <lb/>the Weight of any crumbling Earth pu&longs;hes <lb/>again&longs;t &longs;ome Part of the Wall, and threatens <lb/>Injury to it by its Humidity, dig a Trench <lb/>along the Wall as broad as you find it nece&longs;­<lb/>&longs;ary, and in this Trench build &longs;ome Arches to <lb/>&longs;upport the Weight of the Earth which is <lb/>falling in, with a Current or Drain through <lb/>the&longs;e Arches for the Humidity to purge off <lb/>by; ot el&longs;e lay &longs;ome Girders along the Ground <lb/>with the Heads &longs;etting again&longs;t the Wall which <lb/>is &longs;hoved out by the Weight of the Earth, and <lb/>let the Heads of the&longs;e Girders into Summers, <lb/>which you may cover over with new Earth. <lb/></s> <s>This will &longs;trengthen the Foundation, becau&longs;e <lb/>this new Earth will con&longs;olidate, and grow <lb/>compact, before the Strength of the Girders <lb/>will give Way.</s></p><p type="head"> <s>CHAP. XVII.</s></p><p type="head"> <s><emph type="italics"/>Of &longs;ome Defects which cannot be provided again&longs;t, but which may be repaired <lb/>after they have happened.<emph.end type="italics"/></s></p><p type="main"> <s>I now proceed to tho&longs;e Defects which can­<lb/>not be fore&longs;een, but which when they have <lb/>happened may be repaired. </s> <s>Cracks in the <lb/>Wall and Inclination from the Perpendicular, <lb/>are &longs;ometimes occa&longs;ioned by the Arches over it, <lb/>which pu&longs;h out the Wall, or becau&longs;e it is not <lb/>&longs;ufficiently &longs;trong to bear the Weight which is <lb/>laid upon it. </s> <s>But the greate&longs;t Defects of this <lb/>Sort almo&longs;t con&longs;tantly proceed from &longs;ome Faults <lb/>in the Foundation; however we may ea&longs;ily <pb xlink:href="003/01/319.jpg" pagenum="239"/>di&longs;cover whether they are from thence, or from <lb/>&longs;ome other Cau&longs;e by certain Symptoms. </s> <s>Thus <lb/>to begin with Cracks in the Wall; to which &longs;o­<lb/>ever Side the Crack runs in its A&longs;cent, on that <lb/>Side you may be &longs;ure the Cau&longs;e of the Defect <lb/>lies &longs;omewhere in the Foundation. </s> <s>If it does <lb/>not verge to either Side, but runs up in a direct <lb/>Line, and grows wider at the Top, then let us <lb/>take a careful View of the Cour&longs;es of Stone­<lb/>work on each Side; for on which ever Side <lb/>they &longs;ink from their Level, on that Side we <lb/>may be &longs;ure the Foundation has failed. </s> <s>But <lb/>if the upper Part of the Wall is entire, and <lb/>there are Cracks in &longs;everal Places towards the <lb/>Bottom, which in their A&longs;cent run together <lb/>clo&longs;e at Top; then we may be &longs;atisfied that <lb/>the Corners of the Building &longs;tand firm, and <lb/>that the Defect is &longs;omewhere about the Mid­<lb/>dle in the Foundation. </s> <s>If there is but one <lb/>Crack of this Sort, the higher up it goes, the <lb/>the more it &longs;hews the Corners to have given <lb/>Way. </s> <s>In order to &longs;trengthen the Foundations <lb/>in any of the&longs;e Ca&longs;es, according to the Magni­<lb/>tude of the Structure and the Solidity of the <lb/>Ground, dig a narrow Pit near the Wall, but <lb/>&longs;o deep as to come to a firm Soil, and there <lb/>breaking through the Bottom of the Wall, <lb/>immediately work up to it with &longs;quare Stone, <lb/>and then leave it to &longs;ettle. </s> <s>When that is &longs;et­<lb/>tled, dig another Pit in another Part, and un­<lb/>derprop it in the &longs;ame Manner, and in the &longs;ame <lb/>Manner give it Time to &longs;ettle. </s> <s>By this Means <lb/>you will make a Kind of new Foundation to <lb/>the whole Wall. </s> <s>But if even by digging you <lb/>cannot come at any firm Ground, then make <lb/>Holes in certain Places not too near the Cor­<lb/>ners, but pretty clo&longs;e to the Foundation of the <lb/>Wall, on both Sides, that is to &longs;ay, as well un­<lb/>der the Roof as under the open Air, and into <lb/>tho&longs;e Holes drive Piles as clo&longs;e as they will &longs;tick, <lb/>and over them lay the &longs;toute&longs;t Summers you <lb/>can get lengthways, with the Sides of the Wall. <lb/></s> <s>Then acro&longs;s the&longs;e Summers lay the &longs;tronge&longs;t <lb/>Girders running under the Bottom of the <lb/>Foundation, which mu&longs;t re&longs;t with their whole <lb/>Weight upon the&longs;e Girders, as it were upon a <lb/>Bridge. </s> <s>In all the&longs;e Reparations great Care <lb/>mu&longs;t be taken that no Part of the new Work <lb/>be too weak to &longs;upport the Weight which is to <lb/>bear upon it, and that for ever &longs;o long <lb/>Time: becau&longs;e the whole Pile bearing towards <lb/>that weaker Part, would immediately fall to <lb/>Ruins. </s> <s>But where the Foundation has given <lb/>Way &longs;omewhere about the Middle of the Wall, <lb/>and the upper Part does not appear to be af­<lb/>fected by the Crack, then upon the Face of <lb/>the Wall mark out with your Oker an Arch <lb/>as large as the Ca&longs;e requires, or, in other Words, <lb/>&longs;o big as to take in all that Part of the Wall <lb/>which is &longs;unk. </s> <s>Then beginning at one End <lb/>of this Arch, break into the Wall with an <lb/>Opening not bigger than one Stone of your in­<lb/>tended Arch will fill up; which Stones in an <lb/>Arch we formerly called Wedges, and im­<lb/>mediately in&longs;ert one of the&longs;e Wedges in &longs;uch a <lb/>Manner that its Lines may exactly an&longs;wer to <lb/>the Center to which you have de&longs;cribed your <lb/>Arch. </s> <s>Then make another Break clo&longs;e above <lb/>it, and fill it up with another &longs;uch Wedge; <lb/>and &longs;o continuing the Work &longs;ucce&longs;&longs;ively, <lb/>compleat your whole Arch: and thus you <lb/>may fortify you Wall without Danger. </s> <s>If a <lb/>Column or any other of the Ribs of the Building <lb/>is weakened, you may re&longs;tore it in the following <lb/>Manner. </s> <s>Underprop the Architrave with a <lb/>&longs;trong Arch of Tile and Plai&longs;ter beat together, <lb/>as al&longs;o with Piers of Plai&longs;ter rais'd for this <lb/>Purpo&longs;e, in &longs;uch a Manner that this new Arch <lb/>may quite fill up the old Intercolumnation, or <lb/>Aperture between the Ribs: and let this un­<lb/>derproping be run up as fa&longs;t as po&longs;&longs;ible, and <lb/>without the lea&longs;t Intermi&longs;&longs;ion. </s> <s>It is the Nature <lb/>of Plai&longs;ter to &longs;well as it dries: &longs;o that this new <lb/>Work, though quite fre&longs;h, will be able to take <lb/>upon it&longs;elf and &longs;u&longs;tain the Weight of the old <lb/>Wall Vault. </s> <s>Then, having before got ready <lb/>all your Materials, take out the defective <lb/>Column, and &longs;upply its Place with a &longs;ound <lb/>one. </s> <s>If you chu&longs;e rather to re&longs;t the old Wall <lb/>upon Timbers, then under&longs;hore it with Levers <lb/>made of &longs;trong Beams, and load the longer <lb/>Ends of tho&longs;e Levers with Baskets filled with <lb/>Sand, which will rai&longs;e up the Weight by de­<lb/>grees equally and without any Shocks. </s> <s>If the <lb/>Wall is &longs;werved from its Perpendicular, fix <lb/>Planks or Timbers upright again&longs;t it, and <lb/>again&longs;t each of the&longs;e &longs;et a &longs;trong Timber by <lb/>Way of Shore, with its Foot &longs;tretching at &longs;ome <lb/>Di&longs;tance from the Wall. </s> <s>Then either with <lb/>Levers or with Wedges, drive forwards the Feet <lb/>of the Shores by degrees, &longs;o as they may pre&longs;s <lb/>again&longs;t the Wall, and &longs;o by di&longs;tributing this <lb/>Force equally in all Parts, you will rai&longs;e the <lb/>Wall again to its perpendicular. </s> <s>If this <lb/>cannot be done, prop it up with Shores of <lb/>Timber fixed well in the Ground, with their <lb/>Ends well daubed over with Pitch and Oil to <lb/>prevent their being corroded by the Touch of <lb/>Mortar; then erect Buttre&longs;&longs;es of &longs;quare Stone, <lb/>built &longs;o as to enclo&longs;e tho&longs;e Shores of Timber. <pb xlink:href="003/01/320.jpg" pagenum="240"/>Perhaps a Colo&longs;&longs;us or &longs;ome &longs;mall Church is <lb/>&longs;unk to one Side in its whole Foundation. </s> <s>In <lb/>this Ca&longs;e, you mu&longs;t either rai&longs;e that Part which <lb/>is &longs;unk, or take away that Part which is too <lb/>high; both very bold Attempts. </s> <s>The fir&longs;t <lb/>Thing you are to do, is to bind and fa&longs;ten to­<lb/>gether, as &longs;trongly as po&longs;&longs;ible, the Foundation <lb/>and tho&longs;e Parts which will be in Danger of <lb/>being &longs;eparated by Motion, with good Timbers <lb/>and the &longs;tronge&longs;t Braces. </s> <s>There are no bet­<lb/>ter Sort of Braces than &longs;trong Hoops of Iron <lb/>with Wedges drove in between them to keep <lb/>them tight. </s> <s>Then we rai&longs;e up the Side of the <lb/>Wall which is &longs;unk with &longs;trong Timbers put <lb/>under it a&longs;ter the Manner of Levers, as above. <lb/></s> <s>If you would rather rectify the Fault by taking <lb/>away from the Side which is too high, you <lb/>may do it in the following Manner: Dig away <lb/>the Ground about the Middle of that Side <lb/>quite below the Foundation, in the Bottom of <lb/>which you mu&longs;t there open a Break, not very <lb/>wide, but high enough for you to make it good <lb/>with &longs;trong &longs;quare Stone. </s> <s>In making good <lb/>this Break you mu&longs;t not work it up quite to <lb/>the re&longs;t of the Building, but leave &longs;ome Inches <lb/>&longs;pace between the new Work and the Old; <lb/>and this Space you mu&longs;t fill up with Wedges <lb/>of the toughe&longs;t Oak drove in at very &longs;mall Di&longs;­<lb/>tances from each other. </s> <s>In this Manner you <lb/>mu&longs;t go on to &longs;hore up all that Side which you <lb/>want to let down lower. </s> <s>When the whole <lb/>Weight is thus &longs;upported, knock out the <lb/>Wedges by degrees, as gently and cautiou&longs;ly as <lb/>po&longs;&longs;ible, till the Wall is &longs;unk to its ju&longs;t Perpen­<lb/>dicular. </s> <s>Then fill up the Spaces between the <lb/>Wedges which are left, with other Wedges of <lb/>the &longs;tronge&longs;t Stone that can be got. </s> <s>In the <lb/>great Ba&longs;ilique of St. <emph type="italics"/>Peter<emph.end type="italics"/> at <emph type="italics"/>Rome,<emph.end type="italics"/> &longs;ome Parts <lb/>of the Wall which were over the Columns <lb/>being &longs;werved from their Uprights, &longs;o as to <lb/>threaten even the Fall of the whole Roof; I <lb/>contrived how the Defect might be remedied <lb/>as follows. </s> <s>Every one of tho&longs;e Parts of the <lb/>Wall which had given Way, let it re&longs;t upon <lb/>what Column it would, I determined &longs;hould <lb/>be taken clear out, and made good again with <lb/>&longs;quare Stone which &longs;hould be worked true to <lb/>its Perpendicular, only leaving in the old Wall <lb/>&longs;trong Catches of Stone to unite the additional <lb/>Work to the former. </s> <s>La&longs;tly, I would have <lb/>&longs;upported the Beam under which tho&longs;e uneven <lb/>Parts of the Wall were to be taken out, by <lb/>means of Engines, called <emph type="italics"/>Capra<emph.end type="italics"/>'s, erected <lb/>upon the Roof, &longs;etting the Feet of tho&longs;e En­<lb/>gines upon the &longs;tronge&longs;t Parts of the Roof and <lb/>of the Wall. </s> <s>This I would have done at dif­<lb/>ferent Times over the &longs;everal Columns where <lb/>the&longs;e Defects appear. </s> <s>The <emph type="italics"/>Capra<emph.end type="italics"/> is a naval <lb/>Engine con&longs;i&longs;ting of three Timbers, the Heads <lb/>of which meet and are &longs;trongly braced or <lb/>bound together, and the Feet &longs;tretch out to a <lb/>Triangle. </s> <s>This Engine, with the Addition of <lb/>Pullies and a Cap&longs;tern is very u&longs;eful for rai&longs;ing <lb/>great Weights. </s> <s>If you are to lay a new Coat <lb/>over an old Wall or an old plai&longs;tered Floor, firft <lb/>wa&longs;h it well with clean Water, and then with <lb/>a Bru&longs;h whiten it over with Whiting di&longs;&longs;olved <lb/>and mixed with marble Du&longs;t; and this will <lb/>prepare it for holding the new Coat of Plai&longs;ter <lb/>or Stuc. </s> <s>If a Pavement which is expo&longs;ed to <lb/>the open Air has any Cracks in it, you may <lb/>&longs;top them up with A&longs;hes &longs;ifted fine, and tem­<lb/>pered Oil, e&longs;pecially of Lin&longs;eed. </s> <s>But the be&longs;t <lb/>Material for this Sort of Reparation is Chalk <lb/>mixed with quick Lime well beat together and <lb/>thoroughly burnt in the Kiln, and then &longs;laked <lb/>immediately with Oil; taking Care before you <lb/>fill up the Cracks with it to clean them from <lb/>all manner of Du&longs;t, which you may do with <lb/>Feathers, or by blowing it out with Bellows. <lb/></s> <s>Nor let us under this Article of Amendments, <lb/>quite forget all Ornament. </s> <s>If any Wall looks <lb/>unhand&longs;ome from being too high, embelli&longs;h it <lb/>either by fa&longs;tening on a Cornice of Stuc-work, <lb/>or by Painting it like Pannels, in order to divide <lb/>its Height into more decent Proportions. </s> <s>If <lb/>a Wall be too long, adorn it with Columns <lb/>reaching from the Top to the Bottom, not &longs;et <lb/>too clo&longs;e to each other, which will be a kind of <lb/>Re&longs;ting-places to the Eye, and make the ex­<lb/>ce&longs;&longs;ive Length appear le&longs;s offen&longs;ive. </s> <s>There is <lb/>another Thing not foreign to our pre&longs;ent Pur­<lb/>po&longs;e. </s> <s>Many Parts of a Building, from being <lb/>either placed too low or encompa&longs;&longs;ed with <lb/>Walls not high enough, &longs;eem le&longs;s, and more <lb/>contracted than they really are; whereas when <lb/>they are either rai&longs;ed upon a higher Platfom, <lb/>or have &longs;ome Addition made to the Height of <lb/>their Walls, they &longs;eem at a Di&longs;tance much <lb/>larger than they did before. </s> <s>It is al&longs;o certain, <lb/>that a hand&longs;ome Di&longs;po&longs;ition of the Apertures, <lb/>and placing the Door and Windows gracefully, <lb/>gives all the Aparments a greater Share both <lb/>of Dignity and Elegance than is to be imagined.</s></p><p type="head"> <s><emph type="italics"/>The End of Book X.<emph.end type="italics"/><lb/></s></p> </chap> </body> <back/> </text></archimedes>