Mercurial > hg > mpdl-xml-content
changeset 14:c3c84bdd1fdd
Chinesische Version und XML-Version hinzugef?gt
| author | Klaus Thoden <kthoden@mpiwg-berlin.mpg.de> |
|---|---|
| date | Thu, 02 May 2013 11:38:23 +0200 |
| parents | facea8c79160 |
| children | 616f0379a3a0 |
| files | DESpecs/DESpecs-XML.tex DESpecs/DESpecs_chinese.tex DESpecs/DESpecs_text-XML.tex |
| diffstat | 3 files changed, 3190 insertions(+), 0 deletions(-) [+] |
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--- /dev/null Thu Jan 01 00:00:00 1970 +0000 +++ b/DESpecs/DESpecs-XML.tex Thu May 02 11:38:23 2013 +0200 @@ -0,0 +1,61 @@ +%!TEX TS-program = xelatex +%!TEX encoding = UTF-8 Unicode + +\documentclass[fontsize=11pt, paper=a4, +twoside, % openright, cleardoubleplain, +DIV15, +headings=normal, +parskip=half-, +numbers=noenddot]{scrartcl} + +\usepackage[british]{babel} + +\usepackage{fontspec,xltxtra,xunicode} +\defaultfontfeatures{Mapping=tex-text} + +\setromanfont[Mapping=tex-text]{DejaVu Serif} +\setsansfont[Scale=MatchLowercase,Mapping=tex-text]{Helvetica} +\setmonofont[Scale=1.0]{Courier New} + +\frenchspacing + +\usepackage{graphicx} +\graphicspath{{../../Bilder/western/}} + +\usepackage{longtable} + +\usepackage{philokalia} + +%\usepackage{amsmath} + +\usepackage{yfonts} + + +%%% + +\input{../../abbreviations/abbreviations_2} + +\begin{document} + +\title{XML Data Entry Specs 1.0} +\date{} +\author{} +\maketitle +\vspace{-20mm} + +\begin{center} +%{\fontspec{Helvetica}{\LARGE \textbf{Data Entry Specs 1.0.1}}} \\[5mm] +\large Klaus Thoden + +\normalsize Max Planck Institute for the History of Science, Berlin, Germany + +\today +\end{center} + +\tableofcontents +\newpage + +\input{DESpecs_text} +\input{DESpecs_appendix} + +\end{document}
--- /dev/null Thu Jan 01 00:00:00 1970 +0000 +++ b/DESpecs/DESpecs_chinese.tex Thu May 02 11:38:23 2013 +0200 @@ -0,0 +1,1193 @@ +%!TEX TS-program = xelatex +%!TEX encoding = UTF-8 Unicode + +\documentclass[fontsize=11pt, paper=a4, +DIV15, +headings=normal, +parskip=half-, +numbers=noenddot]{scrartcl} + +\usepackage[british]{babel} + +\usepackage{fontspec,xltxtra,xunicode} +\defaultfontfeatures{Mapping=tex-text} + +\setromanfont[Mapping=tex-text]{DejaVu Serif} +\setsansfont[Scale=MatchLowercase,Mapping=tex-text]{Helvetica} +\setmonofont[Scale=1.0]{Courier New} + +\frenchspacing + +\usepackage{graphicx} +\graphicspath{{../../bilder/chinese/}} + +\usepackage{longtable} + +%%% + +\input{../../abbreviations/abbreviations_2} + +\newcommand{\hash}{{\char"0023}} +\newenvironment{typeChinese}{\begin{alltt}\s\begin{tabular}{@{}l}}{\end{tabular}\end{alltt}} + +\newcommand{\chin}[1]{{\fontspec{Sun-ExtA}{#1}}} +\newcommand{\sunExtA}[1]{{\fontspec{Sun-ExtA}{#1}}} +\newcommand{\sunExtB}[1]{{\fontspec{Sun-ExtB}{#1}}} +\newcommand{\extB}[1]{{\fontspec{Sun-ExtB}{#1}}} + +\newcommand{\mincho}[1]{{\fontspec{MS Mincho}{#1}}} +\newcommand{\hira}[1]{{\fontspec{HiraMinPro-W3}{#1}}} + +% Verkürzung von \bold und \chin: +% schon vorhanden: ch, c, s; b, bf +% noch nicht vorhanden: sun (bringt aber nicht viel) +\newcommand{\f}[1]{\bold{#1}} % f für fett +\newcommand{\z}[1]{\chin{#1}} % z für Zeichen + +%%% + +\begin{document} + +\begin{center} +{\fontspec{Helvetica}{\LARGE \textbf{ +Data Entry Specs for Chinese Text }}} \\[5mm] +\large Wolfgang Schmidle, Martina Siebert, \\[1mm] +Martin Hofmann, Klaus Thoden, Malcolm D. Hyman + +\normalsize Max Planck Institute for the History of Science, Berlin, Germany + +Version 2.1 \\[1mm] +\today +\end{center} + +\tableofcontents + +\newpage + +\section{File Conventions} +\label{section file conventions} + +\begin{mainrule} +Save the text in plain text format (§.txt§) with Unicode §utf-8§ encoding. If the text is saved in more than one file, number the parts, for example §Euclid_part_001.txt§, §Euclid_part_002.txt§, and so on. Create a §zip§ archive of all files. +\end{mainrule} + +\begin{mainrule} +Make use of the complete character repertoire found in Unicode version 5.1. +\end{mainrule} + +\begin{clarification} +This includes characters in the following Unicode blocks when applicable: + +\begin{itemize} +\item CJK Unified Ideographs Extension A (U+3400 -- U+4DFF) +\item CJK Unified Ideographs Extension B (U+20000 -- U+2A6DF) +%\item CJK Compatibility Ideographs Supplement (U+2F800 -- U+2FA1F) +\end{itemize} +At this point, do not make use of the characters in Extension C or D. +\end{clarification} + +\begin{mainrule} +We will also need the list of unknown characters (see \sect{section unknown characters}) and the list of character variants (see \sect{section character variants}). Please send each list in two versions, namely in the original file format (e.g. RTF, DOC, XLS) and as PDF. If the lists are handwritten, scan them and save them as PDF files. +\end{mainrule} + + +\section{General Markup} + +\begin{mainrule} +Type the entire contents of one page, then go on to the next page. Do not mix the contents of different pages. +\end{mainrule} + +\tocspace +\subsection{Page Breaks, Page Numbers and Running Heads} + +\label{section page breaks} + +\begin{mainrule} +Page breaks are marked by §<pb>§. If the page has a page number, type it within the §<pb>§ tag, e.g. §<pb §\z{六}§>§. Type the page number exactly as it appears in the book. If there is a running head on the page, it is marked by §<rh>§ and §</rh>§. Type the running head immediately after the §<pb>§ tag. +\end{mainrule} + +\begin{clarification} +Type the §<pb>§ and §<rh>§ tags before you type any page content. +\end{clarification} + +\begin{mainrule} +The centre section of a traditional printing page (\emph{banxin} \z{版心}) is equivalent to a running head in a western book layout. In this case, repeat §<pb>§ and the running head for each half-page, but add §a§ and §b§ to the page number, e.g. §<pb §\z{三}§a>§ and §<pb §\z{三}§b>§, or §<pb a>§ and §<pb b>§ if there is no page number. +\end{mainrule} + +\begin{clarification} +If the characters of the running head are cut off on the scanned page, type them anyway. Type large spaces in the running head as a single IDEOGRAPHIC SPACE character U+3000. +\end{clarification} + +\begin{note} +In the digitization of the book, the two half-pages may be on the same scan or on two consecutive scans. +\end{note} + +\begin{tabular}{@{}ll} +\parbox[b]{116mm}{ +\htsc{Examples} \\[18mm] +\begin{typeChinese} +\f{<pb} \z{三十二}\f{a><rh>}\z{泰西事物}\f{<}\z{起}\f{V>}\z{原 第十一章}\f{</rh>} \\ +\\ +\f{<pb} \z{十二}\f{a><rh>}\z{事物攷辨卷之六十三 }\f{<sm>}\z{植物}\f{</sm>}\z{ 帶經堂}\f{</rh>} \\ +\\ +\f{<pb} \z{一}\f{a><rh>}\z{閩產}\f{<}\z{錄}\f{V>}\z{異 卷一}\f{<sm>}\z{穀屬}\f{</sm></rh>} \\ +\\ +\f{<pb} \z{一}\f{b><rh>}\z{閩產錄異 卷一}\f{<sm>}\z{穀屬}\f{</sm></rh>} \\[18mm] +\end{typeChinese}} +& +\includegraphics[height=8cm]{chinese_rh_1} \qquad +\includegraphics[height=8cm]{chinese_rh_2} \qquad +\includegraphics[height=8cm]{chinese_rh_3a} \qquad +\includegraphics[height=8cm]{chinese_rh_3b} +\end{tabular} + +\vspace{3mm} +\begin{crossref} +For §<sm>§ see \sect{section chinese small characters}. An example of two complete half-pages with their running heads can be seen in \sect{section chinese paragraphs}. +\end{crossref} + +\begin{note} +For §< V>§ (i.e. marking character variants which are not included in Unicode 5.1) see \sect{section character variants}. +\end{note} + + +\tocspace +\subsection{Text Blocks} + +\begin{mainrule} +Type a return after each line of the printed page. +\end{mainrule} + +\begin{clarification} +Do not insert a space at the end of the line. +\end{clarification} + + + +\subsubsection{Headings} +\label{section chinese headings} + +\begin{mainrule} +Headings are marked by §<h> </h>§. If you can identify a heading as the book title, use §<ti>§ for the whole line. If you can identify a heading as the name of the author, compilator, proofreader etc. (\emph{ti} \z{題}), use §<ti>§ too. If a text has different levels of headings, use §<h 1>§ for all headings on the highest level, §<h 2>§ for all headings on the second highest level, and so on. +\end{mainrule} + +\begin{clarification} +If a heading, book title, author, etc. is indented, do not mark this. Type large spaces in the heading as a single IDEOGRAPHIC SPACE character U+3000. +\end{clarification} + +%\begin{note} +%Typically, a book has at most three different heading levels, i.e. §<h 1>§, §<h 2>§ and §<h 3>§. +%\end{note} + + +%\begin{example} % Text 17-1, p.11; Text 14, p.74 + +\begin{tabular}{@{}ll} +\parbox[b]{131mm}{ +\htsc{Example} \\[3mm] +\begin{typeChinese} +\f{<ti>}\z{閩產}\f{<}\z{錄}\f{V>}\z{異卷一}\f{</ti>} \\ +\f{<stamp>} \\ +\f{<ti>}\z{侯官郭柏}\f{<}\z{蒼}\f{R><}\z{蒹}\f{R>}\z{秋輯}\f{</ti>} \\ +\f{<h 1>}\z{穀屬}\f{</h>} \\ +\f{<h 2>}\z{早占城晚占城}\f{</h>}\z{ }\f{<p>}\z{有赤白二種宋真宗以福建田多高} \\ +\z{仰聞占城稻耐旱遣使求其種得二十石以遺閩農} \\ +\z{今延建邵福甯龍巖種者尚少餘則徧種矣各郡}\f{<}\z{縣}\f{V>} \\ +... \f{</p>} \\ +\f{<h 2>} ... \f{</h>}\z{ }\f{<p>} ... \\ +... \f{</p>} \\[20mm] +\end{typeChinese} +} & +\includegraphics[height=8cm]{text17-1p11} +\end{tabular} + +\vspace{-8mm} +\begin{crossref} +For §<stamp>§ see \sect{section chinese stamps}. For §<p>§ see \sect{section chinese paragraphs}. +\end{crossref} + +\vspace{5mm} +\begin{note} +In the transcription of this example, there are three headings on two different levels (§<h 1>§, §<h 2>§, §<h 2>§). In the example in \sect{section chinese paragraphs} there are two headings, both on level 2 (§<h 2>§, §<h 2>§). §<h 1>§ appears on other pages of the book. +\end{note} + +%\begin{note} +%In this example, the base line for indentation (see \sect{section chinese paragraphs}) would be one character below the printing frame. +%\end{note} + +%(We do not make them mark “Sperrung” in book titles.) + + +\subsubsection{Paragraphs} +\label{section chinese paragraphs} + +\begin{mainrule} +Paragraphs are marked by §<p>§ and §</p>§. Indented paragraphs are marked by one or more §i§, e.g. §<p iii>§ for a paragraph that is indented by three character spaces. Outdented paragraphs are marked by one or more §x§, e.g. §<p x>§. +\end{mainrule} + +\begin{clarification} +Every part of the book has a base line where all unindented paragraphs start. The base lines in the preface or table of contents may be different from the base line in the main text. Mark indentations relative to the base line. The indentation symbols §i§ and §x§ always refer to the first line of the paragraph. The remaining lines of the paragraph may have the same or a different indentation, which is not marked. If a paragraph is preceded by a sub-heading in the same line, as in the example in \sect{section chinese headings}, do not mark the indentation at all. +\end{clarification} + +\begin{clarification} +Make sure that for each §<p>§ there is a corresponding §</p>§ somewhere. If a paragraph starts and ends on different pages, the §<p>§ and §</p>§ tags are on these different pages. +\end{clarification} + +\begin{tabular}{@{}ll} +\parbox[b]{29.5mm}{ +\htsc{Example} \\[80mm] +} & +\includegraphics[height=9cm]{text14p74_neu} \quad +\includegraphics[height=9cm]{text14p73} +\end{tabular} + +\begin{typeChinese} +\f{<pb} \z{三十}\f{a><rh>}\z{泰西事物}\f{<}\z{起}\f{V>}\z{原 }\f{<sm>}\z{第十一章}\f{</sm></rh>} \\ +\z{之水。蒸滊機關之供於實用。以此爲嚆矢。其後十八世}\f{<}\z{紀}\f{R>}\z{之初。}\f{<dl>}\z{古剌斯哥}\f{</dl>}\z{大學教} \\ +\z{授}\f{<sl>}\z{鳥可曼}\f{</sl>}\z{復改良蒸汽機。然}\f{<sl>}\z{沙威利}\f{</sl>}\z{及鳥可曼之機械。乃以火氣之壓力。推水上} \\ +\z{之方法。其蒸氣只不}\f{<}\z{過}\f{RV>}\z{使交互造成眞空耳。故與其謂之蒸氣機。寧謂之空氣機} \\ +\z{也。}\f{</p>} \\ +\f{<p>}\z{眞蒸氣機。至一千七百六十四年。英人}\f{<sl><}\z{滑}\f{V></sl>}\z{始發明之。是完全之蒸氣機也。} \\ +\f{<sl>}\z{滑}\f{</sl>}\z{之蒸氣機。乃低度機也。其後英人}\f{<sl>}\z{他撇}\f{</sl>}\z{復創作高底機。}\f{<sl>}\z{披京}\f{</sl>}\z{改良之。}\f{</p>} \\ +\f{<h 2>}\z{滊船}\f{</h>} \\ +\f{<p>}\z{據前頃所揭。始造滊船者。乃西班牙之海軍士官}\f{<sl>}\z{家勒}\f{</sl>}\z{也。然此事似難}\f{<}\z{置}\f{V>}\z{信。且其} \\ +\z{滊船非供實際之用者。故姑置之不論。滊船之發明者。實乃}\f{<sl>}\z{夫耳頓}\f{</sl>}\z{也。夫耳頓者。} \\ +\z{合衆國人。自一千七百九十七年時。謀策創作滊船之事。至一千八百七年八月} \\ +\z{四日。始以其製成滊船『古力亞門』號。放於}\f{<dl>}\z{哈德孫}\f{</dl>}\z{河上。往復於}\f{<dl>}\z{紐育}\f{</dl>}\z{及}\f{<dl>}\z{亞耳巴} \\ +\z{尼}\f{</dl>}\z{之間。是爲滊船航海之嚆矢。}\f{</p>} \\ +\\ +\f{<pb} \z{三十}\f{b><rh>}\z{泰西事物起原 }\f{<sm>}\z{第十一章}\f{</sm></rh>} \\ +\f{<p i>}\z{英人}\f{<sl>}\z{司民}\f{</sl>}\z{頓。曾於一千七百八十九年。創作滊船。長六十英尺。往復於}\f{<dl>}\z{科斯}\f{</dl>}\z{及} \\ +\f{<dl>}\z{古禮}\f{</dl>}\z{德運河之間。是第三回試驗也。據此觀之。則}\f{<sl>}\z{司民頓}\f{</sl>}\z{之發明本先於}\f{<sl>}\z{夫} \\ +\z{耳}\f{</sl>}\z{頓。但不幸未見十分成功。而司民頓死亡。今載澀江保所譯之『萬國發} \\ +\z{明家列傳』之一節以供參考。}\f{</p>} \\ +\f{<p iii>}\z{據英國發兌之諸書。}\f{<sl>}\z{司民}\f{</sl>}\z{頓。當由}\f{<dl>}\z{科斯}\f{</dl>}\z{河試航於}\f{<sl>}\z{古蘭毋斯}\f{</sl>}\z{之際。一日有} \\ +\z{敏捷}\f{<}\z{伶}\f{V>}\z{俐之外人。來求面會}\f{<sl>}\z{司}\f{</sl>}\z{氏。}\f{<sl>}\z{司民頓}\f{</sl>}\z{爲人温厚不設城壁。應來客之} \\ +\z{扣。而說明其機關之詳細。不圖此外人卽夫}\f{<sl>}\z{耳頓}\f{</sl>}\z{也。夫耳頓得盡叩其端} \\ +\z{委。乃藉之以爲自己發明之端}\f{<}\z{緖}\f{R>}\z{云。此事未知果否。}\f{</p>} \\ +\f{<h 2>}\z{船}\f{</h>} \\ +\f{<p>}\z{創世紀云『諾亞當洪水時以松木爲方舟』。其方舟長三百喬別}\f{<sm>}\z{每喬別}\f{<}\z{約}\f{V>}\z{長}\f{\bs\bs}\z{十八英寸}\f{<sm>}\z{ }\f{<}\z{廣}\f{V>} \\ +\z{五十喬別。高三十喬別。中造房。以瀝靑塗其內外。及有導光牖。又方舟分爲三層。} \\ +\z{曰下牀二樓。三樓。此乃船之最古者也。但獨木船則彼石器時代之人。亦}\sunExtA{既}\z{能造} \\ +\end{typeChinese} + +%\vspace{-2mm} +\begin{crossref} +For §<sm>§ see \sect{section chinese small characters}. For §<sl>§ and §<dl>§ see \sect{section chinese underlinings}. +\end{crossref} + +\vspace{3mm} +\begin{note} +For the marking of character variants (§< V>§, §< R>§, §< RV>§) see \sect{section character variants}. Only the first appearance of each character variant is marked. For instance, \z{起} is marked in the first running head but not in the second one. +% The two half-pages are treated as if they were the beginning of the text. Consequently, \z{起} is marked even though it already appears on earlier pages. +(In addition, every example in the Data Entry Specs is treated as if it was the beginning of a text, i.e. \z{起} is marked on the first half-page even though it already appears on earlier pages of the text.) +\end{note} + + +\tocspace +\subsection{Structured Text} +\label{section structured text} + +\subsubsection{Tables} +\label{section tables} + +\begin{mainrule} +A table is marked by §<tb>§ and §</tb>§. Use §#§ as field separators. Type a return after each row. Do not type horizontal or vertical lines. +\end{mainrule} + +\begin{clarification} +Type the §<tb>§ and §</tb>§ tags on separate lines. Do not mark indentations. The field separators may be lines or large spaces. +\end{clarification} + +\begin{clarification} +If you can identify a single space within a name etc. as a decorative space to make the table layout optically more pleasing, do not type it. +\end{clarification} + +\vspace{3mm} +\begin{tabular}{@{}ll} +\parbox[b]{88mm}{ +\htsc{Example} \\ +\begin{typeChinese} +\f{<p>}\z{今日諸國所用文字之數如左}\f{</p>} \\ +\f{<tb>} \\ +\z{英吉利} \f{\hash} \z{二十六} \\ +\z{法蘭西} \f{\hash} \z{二十三} \\ +\z{西班牙} \f{\hash} \z{二十七} \\ +\z{希臘} \f{\hash} \z{二十四} \\ +\z{斯格拉}\f{<}\z{窩}\f{V>}\z{尼亞} \f{\hash} \z{二十七} \\ +\z{德意志} \f{\hash} \z{二十六} \\ +\z{意大利} \f{\hash} \z{二十} \\ +\z{俄}\f{<}\z{羅}\f{V>}\z{斯} \f{\hash} \z{四十一} \\ +\z{拉丁} \f{\hash} \z{二十三} \\ +\z{希伯流} \f{\hash} \z{二十二} \\ +\z{梵字} \f{\hash} \z{五十} \\ +\f{</tb>} +\end{typeChinese} +} & +\includegraphics[height=6cm]{text14p43} +\end{tabular} + + +\subsubsection{Lists} +\label{section chinese lists} + +%\mehrzeilen[5] + +\begin{mainrule} +A list is marked by §<list>§ and §</list>§. Use §#§ for large spaces, if there are any. +\end{mainrule} + +\begin{clarification} +Type the §<list>§ and §</list>§ tags on separate lines. If the items on consecutive text lines belong to the same list entry, use §#§ at the beginning of the next line. Do not mark indentations. +\end{clarification} + +\begin{clarification} +Unlike in tables, type each single space, i.e. do not omit single spaces even if they seem to be merely decorative. +\end{clarification} + +\begin{tabular}{@{}ll} +\parbox[b]{112mm}{ +\htsc{Example} \\ +\begin{typeChinese} +\f{<list>} \\ +\z{（第一） 意大利語} \f{\hash} \z{西班牙語} \f{\hash} \z{法蘭西語 等} \\ +\f{\hash} \z{同由拉丁語出} \\ +\z{（第二） 俄}\f{<}\z{羅}\f{V>}\z{斯語} \f{\hash} \z{波蘭語} \f{\hash} \z{波希密亞語 等} \\ +\f{\hash} \z{同由斯拉夫語出} \\ +\z{（第三） 威爾斯語} \f{\hash} \z{希臘語} \f{\hash} \z{不列顚語 等} \\ +\f{\hash} \z{同由塞爾語出} \\ +\f{</list>} \\ +\f{<p>}\z{以上屬於亞利安語系}\f{</p>} \\ +\f{<list>} \\ +\z{（第四） 亞刺比亞語} \f{\hash} \z{希伯流語} \f{\hash} \z{叙利亞語 等} \\ +\f{\hash} \z{同由塞美的語出} \\ +\f{</list>} \\[10mm] +\end{typeChinese} +} & +\includegraphics[height=8cm]{text14p32_2} +\end{tabular} + +\begin{crossref} +For an example of a list-like structure without large spaces see \sect{section chinese tocs} (second example). +\end{crossref} + + +\subsubsection{Tables of Contents} +\label{section chinese tocs} + +\mehrzeilen[5] + +\begin{mainrule} +A table of contents is marked by §<toc>§ and §</toc>§. If the table of contents has a table-like structure or a list-like structure with large spaces, use §#§. +\end{mainrule} + +\begin{clarification} +Type the §<toc>§ and §</toc>§ tags on separate lines. A table of contents may look like a table or like a list. +\end{clarification} + +\vspace{3mm} +\begin{tabular}{@{}ll} +\parbox[b]{72mm}{ +\htsc{Examples \\[2mm] \s{a table-like table of contents \\[2mm] a list-like table of contents \\ without large spaces}} \\[5mm] +\begin{typeChinese} +\f{<toc>} \\ +\f{<h>}\z{第一章 天時}\f{</h>} \\ +\z{日月} \f{\hash} \z{日月}\f{<}\z{蝕}\f{R>} \f{\hash} \z{地球} \f{\hash} \z{地球之圓體} \\ +\z{地動說} \f{\hash} \z{遊星} \f{\hash} \z{七曜日} \f{\hash} \z{晝夜} \\ +\z{時間} \f{\hash} \z{年月} \f{\hash} \z{歲首} \f{\hash} \f{<}\z{紀}\f{R>}\z{元} \\ +\z{三時代} \f{\hash} \z{天氣豫報} \\ +\f{<h>}\z{第二章 地理}\f{</h>} \\ +\z{亞美利加} \f{\hash} \z{墺斯土剌利亞} \f{\hash} \z{蘇彛士河} \f{\hash} \z{山} \\ +\z{堤埭} \f{\hash} \z{橋} \f{\hash} \z{周航地球} \f{\hash} \z{大洪水} \\ +... \\ +\f{</toc>} \\[28mm] +\end{typeChinese} +} & \qquad +\parbox[b]{5cm}{ +\includegraphics[height=8.5cm]{text14p5} \\[20mm] } \qquad +\includegraphics[height=11cm]{text17-1p7} +\end{tabular} + +\vspace{-33mm} +\begin{typeChinese} +\f{<toc>} \\ +... \\ +\z{安南稻 米麥 牛尾粟}\f{<sm>}\z{雀粟 鵞掌粟 狗尾}\f{\bs\bs}\z{粟 虎尾粟 }\f{<}\z{黄}\f{V>}\z{粟}\f{</sm>} \\ +\z{黄粢 釣鈎黍}\f{<sm>}\z{馬尾黍 番黍 鴨脚黍}\f{\bs\bs}\z{ 黑黍 長}\f{<}\z{芒}\f{R>}\z{黍 膏黍}\f{</sm>}\z{ 豆}\f{<sm>}\z{白豆}\f{\bs\bs}\z{ 黄} \\ +\z{豆 黑豆 綠豆 豇豆 豌豆 赤小豆 青豆}\f{\bs\bs}\z{ 褐豆 刀豆 虎爪豆 蠏眼豆 皂}\f{<}\z{莢}\f{R>}\z{豆 羊} \\ +... \f{</sm>} \\ +\f{</toc>} \\ +\end{typeChinese} + + +\tocspace +\subsection{Printed Images} + + +\subsubsection{Figures} +\label{section chinese figures} + +\begin{mainrule} +Where a figure occurs in the text, type §<fig>§ on a separate line. If you can identify a caption of the figure, mark it by §<cap> </cap>§. Additional text that describes parts of the figure is marked by §<desc> </desc>§. Use a single §<var> </var>§ tag for variable names and numbers. Finally, type a closing §</fig>§ tag on a separate line. +%Figures are marked by §<fig>§ and §</fig>§ on separate lines. If you can identify a caption of the figure, mark it by §<cap> </cap>§. Additional text that describes parts of the figure is marked by §<desc> </desc>§. +\end{mainrule} + +\begin{clarification} +Type all §<cap>§, §<desc>§ and §<var>§ tags, in this order, on separate lines. A figure may have more than one description. If the same description is repeated in a figure, type it only once. Separate the variable names and numbers in the §<var> </var>§ by spaces. Type §<fig/>§ instead of §<fig>§ and §</fig>§ to mark simple figures without §<cap>§, §<desc>§ or §<var>§ tags. +%Type the caption on a separate line after §<fig>§. A figure may have more than one description. Type each description on a separate line after §<fig>§ and §<cap>§. If the same description is repeated in a figure, type it only once. +\end{clarification} + +\begin{tabular}{@{}ll} +\parbox[b]{8.3cm}{ +\htsc{Examples} \\ +\begin{typeChinese} +\f{<fig>} \\ +\f{<cap>}\z{第九鐵餅正看圖}\f{<sm>}\z{四分之一}\f{</sm>}\f{</cap>} \\ +\f{<desc>}\z{秋}\f{</desc>} \\ +\f{<desc>}\z{收}\f{</desc>} \\ +\f{</fig>} \\ +\f{<fig>} \\ +\f{<cap>}\z{鐵餅剖看圖}\f{</cap>} \\ +\f{<desc>}\z{秋}\f{</desc>} \\ +\f{<desc>}\z{螺帽}\f{</desc>} \\ +\f{<desc>}\z{收}\f{</desc>} \\ +\f{<desc>}\z{螺鍵}\f{</desc>} \\ +\f{</fig>} \\ +\end{typeChinese}} & +\includegraphics[width=8.1cm]{text18-1p24} +\end{tabular} + +\vspace{5mm} +\begin{tabular}{@{}lll} +\parbox[b]{121mm}{ +\begin{typeChinese} +\f{<fig>} \\ +\f{<var>}\z{九} \z{甲} \z{六} \z{乙} \z{十二} \z{丙} \z{八} \z{丁}\f{</var>} \\ +\f{</fig>} \\ +\end{typeChinese}} & +\includegraphics[height=4cm]{Euklid1996_p266} +\end{tabular} + +\begin{tabular}{@{}lll} +\parbox[b]{126.5mm}{ +\begin{typeChinese} +\\ +\f{<pb a><rh>}\z{泰西事物}\f{<}\z{起}\f{V>}\z{原 }\f{<sm>}\z{第三章}\f{</sm></rh>} \\ +... \\ +\f{<fig>} \\ +\f{<desc>}\z{第二大派}\f{</desc>} \\ +\f{<desc>}\z{希伯流語}\f{</desc>} \\ +\f{<desc>}\z{亞刺比亞語}\f{</desc>} \\ +\\ +\f{<pb b><rh>}\z{泰西事物起原 }\f{<sm>}\z{第三章}\f{</sm></rh>} \\ +\f{<desc>}\z{非尼西亞語}\f{</desc>} \\ +\f{</fig>} \\ +... \\ +\end{typeChinese}} & +\includegraphics[height=5cm]{figure_14_33teil2} & +\includegraphics[height=5cm]{figure_14_33teil1} +\end{tabular} + +\begin{tabular}{@{}lll} +\parbox[b]{8.3cm}{ +\begin{typeChinese} +\f{<p>}\z{西洋大彈式十種 凡彈必合銃口徑以爲圓形故不預} \\ +\z{定大小斤數}\f{</p>} \\ +\f{<fig>} \\ +\f{<desc>}\z{圓彈}\f{</desc>} \\ +\f{</fig>} \\ +\f{<fig>} \\ +\f{<desc>}\z{中空}\f{<}\z{迎}\f{R>}\z{風} \\ +\z{其聲如雷}\f{</desc>} \\ +\f{<desc>}\z{響彈}\f{</desc>} \\ +\f{</fig>} \\ +\f{<fig>} \\ +\f{<desc>}\z{中用百鍊鋼條兩頭銼} \\ +\z{尖鑄時先定中}\f{<}\z{線}\f{R>}\z{毋使} \\ +\z{稍偏長短致} \\ +\z{有輕重低昂} \\ +\z{不能直貫}\f{</desc>} \\ +\f{<desc>}\z{遇賊攻} \\ +\z{寨勢如} \\ +\z{拉朽}\f{</desc>} \\ +\f{</fig>} \\ +\f{<fig>} \\ +\f{<desc>}\z{彈形兩分中}\f{<}\z{綰}\f{R>}\z{百鍊} \\ +\z{鋼條不拘長短點放} \\ +\f{<}\z{迸}\f{R>}\z{發橫拉如火龍}\f{</desc>} \\ +\f{<desc>}\z{鍊彈}\f{</desc>} \\ +\f{</fig>} \\ +\f{<fig>} \\ +\f{<desc>}\z{最厚之城用十}\f{<}\z{餘}\f{R>}\z{彈先} \\ +\z{鑿破磚石}\f{<}\z{繼}\f{R>}\z{以員彈推} \\ +\z{倒}\f{</desc>} \\ +\f{<desc>}\z{攻城}\f{</desc>} \\ +\f{</fig>} \\ +\f{<fig>} \\ +\f{<desc>}\z{攻城攻墻一也特中用} \\ +\z{鋼鑿大小厚薄不同耳} \\ +\z{鑄法如前說}\f{</desc>} \\ +\f{<desc>}\z{攻墻}\f{</desc>} \\ +\f{</fig>} \\ +\end{typeChinese} +} & +\parbox[b]{8cm}{ +\includegraphics[height=12cm]{text16p69} +\vspace{14mm} +\\ +} +\end{tabular} + + +\subsubsection{Stamps} +\label{section chinese stamps} + +\begin{mainrule} +Stamps are marked by §<stamp>§. Type the §<stamp>§ tag on a separate line. Do not type the text in the stamp. +\end{mainrule} + +\begin{crossref} +For an example see \sect{section chinese headings}. +\end{crossref} + + +\tocspace +\subsection{Unreadable Text} +\label{section unreadable text} + + +\subsubsection{Characters You are Unsure About} +\label{section characters you are unsure about} + +\begin{mainrule} +If you are not sure about a character, type §<?>§ after it. If you are unsure about a whole paragraph, type §<?>§ directly after the §<p>§ tag, i.e. §<p><?>§. A completely unreadable character is typed as §@§. If many characters are unreadable, use §<gap>§ instead of §@§. +\end{mainrule} + +\begin{clarification} +Use one §@§ for each unreadable character, e.g. §unr@@dable§. If in doubt, use §<gap>§, e.g. §unr<gap>dable§. If you are unsure about a group of characters, for example a whole word, do not type §<?>§ repeatedly for every character, e.g. type §word<?>§ rather than §w<?>o<?>r<?>d<?>§. +\end{clarification} + +\begin{tabular}{@{}ll} +\parbox[b]{129.5mm}{ +\htsc{Examples} \\[8mm] +\begin{typeChinese} +\z{上戊其日祀事禮成}\f{<?>@} \\ +\z{陳尚明率元儒姬紹周}\f{<?>} \\[5mm] +\f{<dl>}\z{古禮}\f{</dl><?>}\z{德}\f{<}\z{運}\f{R>}\z{河之間。} \\[7mm] +\end{typeChinese} +} & +\includegraphics[height=5cm]{unreadable} \quad +\includegraphics[height=5cm]{text14p74_unclear} +\end{tabular} + +\begin{note} +In the second example, the characters are readable but the double line (see \sect{section chinese underlinings}) is badly printed. +\end{note} + +\begin{crossref} +For unknown rather than unreadable characters please refer to \sect{section unknown characters}. +\end{crossref} + + +\subsubsection{Unknown Characters} +\label{section unknown characters} + +\begin{mainrule} +If there is an unknown character in the text, i.e. a character variant which is readable but where you cannot identify the standard character, add it to the numbered list of unknown characters. From then on, type its number whenever it occurs in the text, e.g. §<001>§. +\end{mainrule} + +\begin{clarification} +Before you create a number for an unknown character, first check whether it is already on the list of unknown characters. Assign the number §<001>§ to the first unknown character, §<002>§ to the second unknown character, and so on. Do not assign the same number twice. Use this number to type the unknown character. Always use the same number if the same unknown character occurs again. +\end{clarification} + +\begin{note} +Make sure that for a given text there is a single list containing all unknown characters, and that everyone uses this list. When the text is sent back to us, we will need a copy of this list. (See also \sect{section file conventions}.) +\end{note} + +\begin{tabular}{@{}ll} +\parbox[b]{145.5mm}{ +\htsc{Example \\[2mm] \s{an unknown character}} \\[15mm] +\begin{typeChinese} +\f{<}\z{得}\f{V>}\z{梁}\f{<001>}\z{玉}\f{<}\z{虎}\f{V><}\z{枕}\f{V>} \\[7mm] +\end{typeChinese} +} & \qquad +\includegraphics[height=5cm]{unknown_chinese_character2} +\end{tabular} + +\vspace{3mm} +\begin{crossref} +For unreadable rather than unknown characters please refer to \sect{section characters you are unsure about}. For §< V>§, i.e. if a character variant is not included in Unicode but you can identify the standard character, see \sect{section character variants}. +\end{crossref} + +\vspace{3mm} +\begin{note} +%§<001>§ is actually an unusual version of the variant \z{兾} of the character \z{冀}. If you can identify it as a version of the character variant, mark it as §<§\z{兾}§V>§ instead of §<001>§. If you cannot identify the variant but you can identify the standard character, mark it as §<§\z{冀}§V>§. +§<001>§ is actually an unusual version of the variant \z{兾} of the character \z{冀}. If you can identify the standard character \z{冀}, mark it as §<§\z{冀}§V>§ instead of §<001>§. + +If in addition you can identify it as a version of the character variant \z{兾} (i.e. as a version of a character variant with a separate Unicode codepoint), mark it as §<§\z{兾}§V>§. (This special case is not mentioned in \sect{section character variants}.) +\end{note} + + +\tocspace +\section{Chinese Characters} + +\tocspace +\subsection{General} + +\subsubsection{Punctuation} +\label{section chinese punctuation} + +\begin{mainrule} +Type the punctuation to the right of characters. +\end{mainrule} + +\begin{crossref} +For an example see \sect{section chinese paragraphs}. +\end{crossref} + + +\subsubsection{Spaces} + +\begin{mainrule} +Type spaces in Chinese text as the IDEOGRAPHIC SPACE character U+3000. +\end{mainrule} + +\begin{clarification} +In running heads (§<rh>§, see \sect{section page breaks}) and headings (§<h>§ and §<ti>§, see \sect{section chinese headings}), type large spaces as a single ideographic space character. +In tables and lists (§<tb>§, §<list>§ and §<toc>§, see \sect{section structured text}), use §#§ for large spaces. +\end{clarification} + +\begin{clarification} +If you encounter a large space in a normal paragraph (§<p>§, see the example in \sect{section chinese paragraphs}, third line from the bottom), make sure that none of the cases above apply. If it is indeed a normal paragraph, type the large space as more than one ideographic space, according to its length. +\end{clarification} + +\begin{crossref} +For an example of large spaces that are typed as a single ideographic space character, see \sect{section page breaks}. For an example of large spaces that are typed as §#§, see \sect{section tables}. +\end{crossref} + + +\tocspace +\subsection{Character Variants} +\label{section character variants} + + +\subsubsection{Character Variants and Unicode} +\label{section character variants and unicode} + +\begin{mainrule} +If a character variant is included in Unicode 5.1, type it. Do not normalize the variant. +%The rest of this section applies only to characters which are not included in Unicode. +\end{mainrule} + +\begin{clarification} +For example, if the character variant \z{歴} of the character \z{歷} occurs in the text, type \z{歴} (U+6B74). +%\end{clarification} +% +%\begin{clarification} +Rather than working with the reference glyphs of the Unicode codepoints, you may use the fonts Sun-ExtA and Sun-ExtB normatively. +\end{clarification} + +\vspace{5mm} +\begin{mainrule} +If a character variant is not included in Unicode 5.1, type the standard character instead. In addition, mark it by §< R>§ or §< V>§ if the rules in \sect{section rules for marking character variants} apply. +\end{mainrule} + +\begin{crossref} +If you cannot identify the standard character, treat it as unknown character (see \sect{section unknown characters}). +\end{crossref} + +\begin{clarification} +If a character variant should be marked, add it to the Character Variants List, i.e. add the image and how you have marked it. In addition, mark the first occurrence of the character variant in the text. After its first occurrence, silently normalize it. Begin a new Character Variants List for each text. +\end{clarification} + +\begin{note} +In rare cases, the same text may contain the standard character and one or more different variants of this character. Please make a note in the Character Variants List, e.g. “S + V” or “V1 + V2” or “S + V1 + V2”. Include an image of each variant. In the text, mark the first occurrence of each variant using §< V1>§, §< V2>§, etc. Do not mark the standard character. +\end{note} + +%\vspace{5mm} +\subsubsection{Rules for Marking Character Variants} +\label{section rules for marking character variants} + +This sections contains \textsf{\textbf{Rule S}} for simple differences that need not be marked, \textsf{\textbf{Rule R}} for marking old radicals, and \textsf{\textbf{Rule V}} for other variations. + +\begin{mainrule} +\paragraph{Rule S (silently normalizing simple differences):} If a character variant differs from the standard character only in the following points, type it as the standard character and do not mark the difference. +\end{mainrule} + +\begin{clarification} +In paragraphs with individualized character style (see \sect{section individualized character style}) and in handwritten text (see \sect{section handwritten text}), silently normalize character variants if they are not in Unicode. +\end{clarification} + +%\vspace{2mm} +%\begin{liste}[ 1: \, normalizations (from ISO 10646, slightly modified)] +%\begin{longtable}{@{}l@{ }ll} \\ +%& Description & Examples \\[2mm] +%a) & Differences in rotated strokes/dots & \includegraphics{iso-a} \\ +%b) & \parbox[t]{8cm}{Differences in overshoot at the stroke initiation and/or termination} & \includegraphics{iso-b} \\ +%c) & \parbox[t]{8cm}{Differences in contact of strokes} & \includegraphics{iso-c} \\ +%d) & \parbox[t]{8cm}{Differences in protrusion at the folded corner of strokes} & \includegraphics{iso-d} \\ +%e) & \parbox[t]{8cm}{Differences in bent strokes} & \includegraphics{iso-e} \\ +%f) & \parbox[t]{8cm}{Differences in folding back at the stroke termination} & \includegraphics{iso-f} \\ +%g) & \parbox[t]{8cm}{Differences in accent at the stroke initiation} & \includegraphics{iso-g} \\ +%h) & \parbox[t]{8cm}{Differences in “rooftop” modification} & \includegraphics{iso-h} \\ +%i) & \parbox[t]{8cm}{Straightforward combinations of the above differences} & \includegraphics{iso-j} \\ +%\end{longtable} +%\end{liste} + +% Version aus 2.0.1: +%\vspace{3mm} +%\begin{liste}[: \, simple differences the need NOT be marked \, (from ISO 10646, slightly modified)] +%\begin{longtable}{@{}l@{ }ll} +%& Description & Examples \\[5mm] +%a) & Differences in rotated strokes/dots & \parbox[m]{8cm}{ \includegraphics{iso-a} } \\[5mm] +%b) & \parbox[m]{8cm}{Differences in overshoot at the stroke initiation and/or termination} & \parbox[m]{8cm}{ \includegraphics{iso-b2} } \\[5mm] +%c) & \parbox[t]{8cm}{Differences in contact of strokes} & \parbox[m]{8cm}{ \includegraphics{iso-c} } \\[5mm] +%d) & \parbox[m]{8cm}{Differences in protrusion at the folded corner of strokes} & \parbox[m]{8cm}{ \includegraphics{iso-d} } \\[5mm] +%e) & \parbox[t]{8cm}{Differences in bent strokes} & \parbox[m]{8cm}{ \includegraphics{iso-e} } \\[5mm] +%f) & \parbox[m]{8cm}{Differences in folding back at the stroke termination} & \parbox[m]{8cm}{ \includegraphics{iso-f} } \\[5mm] +%g) & \parbox[m]{8cm}{Differences in accent at the stroke initiation} & \parbox[m]{8cm}{ \includegraphics{iso-g} } \\[5mm] +%h) & \parbox[t]{8cm}{Differences in “rooftop” modification} & \parbox[m]{8cm}{ \includegraphics{iso-h} } \\[5mm] +%i) & \parbox[m]{8cm}{Straightforward combinations of the above differences} & \parbox[m]{8cm}{ \includegraphics{iso-j} } \\[5mm] +%\end{longtable} +%\end{liste} + + +%& \multicolumn{2}{@{}l}{\parbox[m]{16cm}{Do not mark \includegraphics{chin21zhi} (\z{之}) where the dot at the top touches or even overshoots the horizontal stroke. }} \\[5mm] +%& \multicolumn{2}{@{}l}{\parbox[m]{16cm}{Similarly, do not mark the difference between \includegraphics{chin21zhi} CHI and \z{斥} .}} \\[10mm] +%& \multicolumn{2}{@{}l}{\parbox[m]{16cm}{However, DO mark the difference between \z{亠} and \z{十} and between \z{卜} and \z{十}. Examples: \includegraphics{chin21zhi} HUAI <\z{櫰}V>, \includegraphics{chin21zhi} FEI <\z{肺}V>.}} \\[10mm] + +\vspace{3mm} +\begin{liste}[: \, simple differences \, (with excerpts from ISO 10646)] + +a) Differences in rotated strokes/dots + +\begin{itemize} +\item[‒] Do NOT mark \,\parbox{8cm}{ \includegraphics{iso-a} } + +\item[‒] Do NOT mark +\parbox{9mm}{ \includegraphics{chin21a1} } (\z{之}) +where the dot at the top touches or even overshoots the horizontal stroke. +Similarly, do not mark the difference between +\parbox{8mm}{ \includegraphics{chin21a2} } and \z{斥}. + +\vspace{2mm} +\item[+] DO mark the difference between \z{亠} and \z{十} and between \z{卜} and \z{十}. \\ Examples: \, +\parbox{8mm}{ \includegraphics{chin21a3} } <\z{櫰}V>, +\parbox{10mm}{ \includegraphics{chin21a4} } <\z{肺}V>. +\end{itemize} + +\vspace{5mm} +b) Differences in overshoot at the stroke initiation and/or termination + +\begin{itemize} +\item[‒] Do NOT mark \,\parbox{8cm}{ \includegraphics{iso-b2} } + +\item[‒] Do NOT mark +\parbox{9mm}{ \includegraphics{chin21b1} } (\z{瓦}), +\parbox{8mm}{ \includegraphics{chin21b2} } (\z{耶}), or +\parbox{9mm}{ \includegraphics{chin21b4} } (\z{承}). +Also do not mark +\parbox{9mm}{ \includegraphics{chin21b5} } (\z{皴}), +i.e. the differences in the overshot/non-overshot of the character part \z{夕}. + +\vspace{2mm} +\item[+] DO mark vertical (\z{竪}) and left-slanted (\z{撇}) overshoots. \\ +Examples: \, +\parbox{9mm}{ \includegraphics{chin21b6} } <\z{割}V>, +\parbox{7mm}{ \includegraphics{chin21b7} } <\z{除}V>, +\parbox{10mm}{ \includegraphics{chin21b8} } <\z{楔}V>, +\parbox{10mm}{ \includegraphics{chin21b9} } <\z{鄂}V>, +\parbox{9mm}{ \includegraphics{chin21b10} } <\z{蛇}V>. +\end{itemize} + +\vspace{5mm} +c) Differences in contact of strokes + +\begin{itemize} +\item[‒] Do NOT mark \,\parbox{8cm}{ \includegraphics{iso-c} } + +\item[+] DO mark connections of the vertical strokes of the component \z{日} with a horizontal stroke \z{一} below that look like a change from \z{旦} to \z{且}. \\ +Example: The component \z{昜} in +\parbox{9mm}{ \includegraphics{chin21c1} } <\z{盪}V>. +%\includegraphics{chin21c1test.pdf} <\z{盪}V>. +\end{itemize} + +\vspace{5mm} +d) Differences in protrusion at the folded corner of strokes + +\begin{itemize} +\item[‒] Do NOT mark \,\parbox{8cm}{ \includegraphics{iso-d} } + +\item[‒] Do NOT mark +\parbox{7mm}{ \includegraphics{chin21d1.pdf} } (\z{繩}) or +\parbox{7mm}{ \includegraphics{chin21d2.pdf} } (\z{斲}). + +\item[‒] Do NOT mark the difference between the character components \z{已} (\textit{ji} “self”) and \z{己} (\textit{yi} “already”) unless you are completely sure. + +\item[+] DO mark the difference between \z{巳} +%(\textit{si}, Earthly Branch “snake”) +and \z{已} / \z{己}. \\ +Examples: \, +\parbox{7.5mm}{ \includegraphics{chin21d3.pdf} } <\z{忌}V>, +\parbox{9mm}{ \includegraphics{chin21d4.pdf} } <\z{包}V>. + +\item[+] DO mark the difference between \z{㔾} and \z{巳} and the difference between \z{皿} and \z{罒}. \\ +Examples: \, +\parbox{8mm}{ \includegraphics{chin21d5.pdf} } <\z{卷}V>, +\parbox{7mm}{ \includegraphics{chin21d6.pdf} } <\z{服}V>, +\parbox{7mm}{ \includegraphics{chin21d7.pdf} } <\z{衆}V>. +\end{itemize} + +\vspace{5mm} +e) Differences in bent strokes + +\begin{itemize} +\item[‒] Do NOT mark \,\parbox{8cm}{ \includegraphics{iso-e} } + +\item[+] DO mark the difference between \z{巜} and \z{刂} and the difference between \z{术} and \z{朮}. In general, mark differences in the shape of a stroke if they lead to a different character component. \\ +Examples: \, +\parbox{7mm}{ \includegraphics{chin21e1.pdf} } <\z{俞}V>, +\parbox{8mm}{ \includegraphics{chin21e2.pdf} } <\z{述}V>. +\end{itemize} + +\vspace{5mm} +f) Differences in folding back at the stroke termination + +\begin{itemize} +\item[‒] Do NOT mark \,\parbox{8cm}{ \includegraphics{iso-f} } +\end{itemize} + +\vspace{5mm} +g) Differences in accent at the stroke initiation + +\begin{itemize} +\item[‒] Do NOT mark \,\parbox{8cm}{ \includegraphics{iso-g} } +\end{itemize} + +\vspace{5mm} +h) Differences in “rooftop” modification + +\begin{itemize} +\item[‒] Do NOT mark \,\parbox{8cm}{ \includegraphics{iso-h} } + +\item[‒] Do NOT mark for example +\parbox{7mm}{ \includegraphics{chin21h1.pdf} } (\z{肉}). + +\item[+] DO mark the difference between \z{几} and \z{儿}. \\ +Examples: \, +\parbox{8mm}{ \includegraphics{chin21h2.pdf} } <\z{兜}V>, +\parbox{7mm}{ \includegraphics{chin21h3.pdf} } <\z{虎}V>. +\end{itemize} + +\vspace{5mm} +i) Straightforward combinations of the above differences + +\begin{itemize} +\item[‒] Do NOT mark \,\parbox{8cm}{ \includegraphics{iso-j} } +\end{itemize} + +\end{liste} + +\vspace{3mm} +\begin{note} +The rules a) to i) leave the number of strokes unchanged. Consequently, changes in the number of strokes cannot be silently normalized and must be marked. + +\vspace{2mm} +Note, however, that in some printing styles the strokes \extB{𠄌} (\textit{shuti} \z{竪提}) and \extB{𠃊} (\textit{shuzhe} \z{竪折}) appear to be a combination of two strokes, i.e. “vertical” (\z{丨}) plus “upward-slanted” (\z{㇀}). Do not mark these printing styles. \\ +Examples: \, +\parbox{7mm}{ \includegraphics{chin21n1.pdf} } (\z{裏}), +\parbox{9mm}{ \includegraphics{chin21n2.pdf} } (\z{震}), +\parbox{6.5mm}{ \includegraphics{chin21n3.pdf} } (\z{改}), +\parbox{7mm}{ \includegraphics{chin21n4.pdf} } (\z{粵}), +\parbox{10mm}{ \includegraphics{chin21n5.pdf} } (\z{仰}). +\end{note} + +\begin{mainrule} +\paragraph{Rule R (marking old radicals):} If a character such as \z{絨} (U+7D68) exists in Unicode 5.1 only with the new shape \z{糹} (U+7CF9) of the radical (\emph{bushou} \z{部首}) and not with the old shape \z{糸} (U+7CF8), mark the character variant with the old radical by §< R>§, for example §<§\z{絨}§R>§. Apply this rule only if the difference between the old and the new radical is not covered by rule S. +\end{mainrule} + +\begin{crossref} +Appendix \ref{appendix radicals} contains a list of radicals that need to be marked. +\end{crossref} + +\begin{note} +%The most significant examples of this rule are those where a graphem originally belonging to the sound-part of a character took over a graphical position that normally belongs to a radical while the actual radical of the character is "swallowed" by the sound-part. \\ +%Rule R also applies when a character component has moved from the sound-part of the character to the radical part. \\ +Rule R also applies when a character component from the sound-part of the character has swapped places with the actual radical. \\ +Examples: \, +\parbox{10mm}{ \includegraphics{chin21r1.pdf} } <\z{穫}R>, +\parbox{5mm}{ \includegraphics{chin21r2.pdf} } <\z{墜}R>. +\end{note} + +%\vspace{5mm} +\begin{mainrule} +\paragraph{Rule V (marking other variations):} If the non-radical part of the character variant differs from that of the standard character, mark the character variant with §< V>§. Apply this rule only if the difference is not covered by rule S. +\end{mainrule} + +%\vspace{5mm} +%\begin{tabular}{@{}ll} +%\parbox[b]{134mm}{ +%\htsc{Example \\[2mm] \s{a character variant with an additional stroke}} \\[-2mm] +%\begin{typeChinese} +%\f{<}\z{彈}\f{V>} \\ +%\end{typeChinese} +%} & \qquad +% \includegraphics[height=2cm]{variante} +%\end{tabular} + +%\begin{tabular}{@{}ll} +%\parbox[b]{139.5mm}{ +%\htsc{Example \\[2mm] \s{a character variant not included in Unicode 5.1.0}} \\[15mm] +%\begin{typeChinese} +%\z{郡兩}\f{<}\z{穫}\f{V>}\z{者} \\[7mm] +%\end{typeChinese} +%} & \qquad +%\includegraphics[height=5cm]{text17-1p15_klein} +%\end{tabular} + +\vspace{3mm} +\begin{tabular}{@{}ll} +\parbox[b]{122.5mm}{ +\htsc{Examples} \\[15mm] +\begin{typeChinese} +\f{<}\z{彈}\f{V>} \\[5mm] +\z{郡兩}\f{<}\z{穫}\f{R>}\z{者} \\[5mm] +\end{typeChinese} +} & +\includegraphics[height=1.5cm]{variante} \qquad +\includegraphics[height=5cm]{text17-1p15_klein} +\end{tabular} + +\vspace{2mm} +\begin{clarification} +If both rule R and rule V apply, mark the character variant by §< RV>§; see the example §<§\z{過}§RV>§ in \sect{section chinese paragraphs}. +\end{clarification} + + +\tocspace +\subsection{Type Styles} + +\subsubsection{Small Characters} +\label{section chinese small characters} + +\begin{mainrule} +Strings of small characters are marked by §<sm> </sm>§. Indicate half-column breaks by §\\§. +\end{mainrule} + +\begin{crossref} +For an example see \sect{section chinese tocs} (second example). This examples includes strings of small characters over more than one line of text. +\end{crossref} + + +%\mehrzeilen[3] + +\subsubsection{Underlinings} +\label{section chinese underlinings} + +\begin{mainrule} +A single line next to characters is marked by §<sl> </sl>§. +A double line next to characters is marked by §<dl> </dl>§. +A circled line next to characters is marked by §<cl> </cl>§. +A wavy line next to characters is marked by §<wl> </wl>§. +\end{mainrule} + +\begin{note} +In old texts, the lines are to the right of characters. In modern texts, the lines may also be to the left of characters. The position to the left or right is not encoded. +\end{note} + +\begin{tabular}{@{}ll} +\parbox[b]{139mm}{ +\htsc{Example \\[2mm] \s{underlinings to the left and right}} \\[15mm] +\begin{typeChinese} +\f{<sl>}\z{康熙}\f{</sl><wl>}\z{寶應縣志}\f{</wl>}\z{人物志： 柏叢桂} \\ +\z{有司寢不行。}\f{<cl><sl>}\z{叢桂}\f{</sl>}\z{更相度地形畫圖}\f{</cl>}\z{。} \\[12mm] +\end{typeChinese} +} & \qquad +\includegraphics[height=6cm]{Specs-Bild1_2} +\end{tabular} + +\begin{crossref} +For an example with underlinings to the right of characters see \sect{section chinese paragraphs}. This example includes §<dl>§ for double lines. +\end{crossref} + +\newpage +\subsubsection{Individualized Character Style} +\label{section individualized character style} + +\begin{mainrule} +A paragraph in an individualized character style is marked by §ics§ in the §<p>§ tag, i.e. §<p ics>§. +\end{mainrule} + +\begin{clarification} +If a character variant in a §<p ics>§ paragraph is not in Unicode, resolve it silently, i.e. do not use §< V>§ or §< R>§. However, use §<001>§ if a character is unknown. +\end{clarification} + +\begin{tabular}{@{}ll} +\parbox[b]{138.5mm}{ +\htsc{Example} \\[5mm] +\begin{typeChinese} +\f{<p ics>}\z{光緒十六年} \\ +\z{冬印扵天津} \\ +\z{李鴻章署检}\f{</p>} \\[5mm] +\end{typeChinese} +} & +\includegraphics[height=4cm]{text18-1p2} +\end{tabular} + + +\subsubsection{Handwritten Text} +\label{section handwritten text} + +\begin{mainrule} +%%If a character has been crossed out, mark it by §{ }§. +%%If there is a corrected character next to the crossed-out character, mark this by §{ / }§. +%%If there is a line between two consecutive characters indicating that the order should be reversed, mark this by §{ ~ }§, but type the characters in the order as they appear in the text. +%If a character has been crossed out, mark it by §{ -}§. e.g. §{§\z{四}§-}§. +%If there is a corrected character next to the crossed-out character, mark this by §{ - }§, e.g. §{§\z{四}§-§\z{五}§}§. If one character has been written on top of another character and the original character is no longer readable, mark it by §{- }§, e.g. §{@-§\z{五}§}§. +%If there is a line between two consecutive characters indicating that the order should be reversed, mark this by §{ ~ }§, but type the characters in the order as they appear in the text. +If a character has been crossed out, mark it by §{ /}§, e.g. §{§\z{四}§/}§. If a character has been inserted, mark it by §{ }§, e.g. §{§\z{五}§}§. If the inserted character replaces a crossed-out character, mark this by §{§\z{四}§/§\z{五}§}§, or §{@/§\z{五}§}§ if the crossed-out character is no longer readable. +\end{mainrule} + +\begin{mainrule} +If there is a line between two consecutive characters indicating that the order should be reversed, mark this by §{ ~ }§, but type the characters in the order as they appear in the text. +\end{mainrule} + +\begin{clarification} +If a character variant in handwritten text is not in Unicode, resolve it silently, i.e. do not use §< V>§ or §< R>§. However, use §<001>§ if a character is unknown. +\end{clarification} + +\vspace{3mm} +\begin{tabular}{@{}ll} +\parbox[b]{56mm}{ +\htsc{Examples} \\[6mm] +\begin{typeChinese} +\z{均}\f{\{}\z{的加减号於次均}\f{\}}\z{旁又随錄} \\[5mm] +\z{行內}\f{\{}\z{倒}\f{/}\z{减}\f{\}}\z{去} \\[2mm] +\z{維}\f{\{@/}\z{揚}\f{\}}\z{人家} \\[5mm] +\f{\{}\z{左}\f{\tld}\z{其}\f{\}} \\ +\end{typeChinese} +} & +\includegraphics[height=5cm]{tian_p18} \qquad +\includegraphics[height=5cm]{hd_tian_p23} \,\, +\includegraphics[height=5cm]{yin1_p27} \qquad +\includegraphics[height=5cm]{xing_jing_p39} +\end{tabular} + +%\begin{tabular}{@{}ll} +%\parbox[b]{8cm}{ +%\htsc{Examples} \\[25mm] +%\begin{typeChinese} +%xx\bold{\{}x\bold{\}}xx \\ \\ +%xxxx\{x/x\}\{x/x\}xx \\ \\ +%xx\bold{\tld}xxx \\ +%\end{typeChinese} +%} & \qquad +%\includegraphics[height=6cm]{Specs-Bild2-kt} +%\end{tabular} + +%%Or something like §<del>x</del>§, §<repl>xx</repl>§ and §<rev>xx</re>§? + +\appendix + +\newpage +\section{Old Radicals That Need to be Marked} +\label{appendix radicals} + +\begin{note} +This list is only a guideline and may not be complete. +\end{note} + +An entry such as \hira{⺿} \z{⻀} §(§\z{⺾}§)§ means that if a character has \hira{⺿} or \z{⻀} as the shape of its radical, and the character with this variant radical is not included in Unicode 5.1, type the standard character and add §< R>§. +Example: §<§\z{蒼}§R>§. + +Example of a radical that does not have to be marked: Do not mark the old shape \mincho{爫} of the radical \z{爫} because of point a) in the list in \sect{section rules for marking character variants}. + +\vspace{3mm} +\begin{liste}[: \, old radicals that need to be marked] +\begin{tabular}{@{}l@{ }lll@{ }lll@{ }lll@{ }l} \\ +\z{彑} & §(§\z{彐}§)§ && +\z{糸} & §(§\z{糹}§)§ && +\z{⻞} & §(§\z{⻟}§)§ && +\sunExtB{𦈢} & §(§\z{缶}§)§ \\[2mm] +\sunExtB{𦣞} & §(§\z{臣}§)§ && +\z{襾} & §(§\z{西}§)§ && +\sunExtB{𧢲} & §(§\z{角}§)§ && +\sunExtB{𧰧} & §(§\z{豕}§)§ \\[2mm] +\z{赱} & §(§\z{走}§)§ && +\sunExtB{𨑄𨑃} & §(§\z{辰}§)§ && +\mincho{辶} & §(§\z{辶}§)§ && +\z{采} & §(§\z{釆}§)§ \\[2mm] +\z{镸} & §(§\z{長}§)§ && +\sunExtA{门}\sunExtB{𨳇} & §(§\z{門}§)§ && +\sunExtB{𨸏} & §(§\z{阝}§)§ && +\z{靑} & §(§\z{青}§)§ \\[2mm] +\sunExtA{靣}\sunExtB{𠚑} & §(§\z{面}§)§ && +\z{凬} & §(§\z{風}§)§ && +\sunExtB{𩙱} & §(§\z{飛}§)§ && +\sunExtB{𩙿𩚁} & §(§\z{飠}§)§ \\[2mm] +\sunExtB{𩠐} & §(§\z{首}§)§ && +\sunExtB{𩡧} & §(§\z{馬}§)§ && +\z{髙} & §(§\z{高}§)§ && +\sunExtB{𩵋} & §(§\z{魚}§)§ \\[2mm] +\sunExtB{𠧸} & §(§\z{鹵}§)§ && +\sunExtB{𢉖} & §(§\z{鹿}§)§ && +\z{黃} & §(§\z{黄}§)§ && +\z{黒} & §(§\z{黑}§)§ \\[2mm] +\sunExtB{𪗄} & §(§\z{⿑}§)§ && +\z{歯} & §(§\z{齒}§)§ && +\sunExtB{𪛉𪚦} & §(§\z{⿔}§)§ && +\hira{⺿} \z{⻀} & §(§\z{⺾}§)§ \\ +\end{tabular} +\end{liste} + +\newpage +\section{List of All Tags} +\label{appendix list of all tags} + +\begin{longtable}[l]{@{}llll@{}l@{}} +section & tag & name & tag may contain \\[1mm] +\hline \\ +\ref{section page breaks} & §<pb>§ & page break & page number, a/b \\ +\ref{section page breaks} & §<rh> </rh>§ & running head &\\ +\\ +\ref{section chinese headings} & §<h> </h>§ & heading & level number \\ +\ref{section chinese headings} & §<ti> </ti>§ & \emph{ti} \z{題} &\\ +\ref{section chinese paragraphs} & §<p> </p>§ & paragraph & §i§, §x§, §ics§ \\ +\\ +\ref{section tables} & §<tb> </tb>§ & table &\\ +\ref{section tables} & §#§ & field separator \\ +\ref{section chinese lists} & §<list> </list>§ & list &\\ +\ref{section chinese tocs} & §<toc> </toc>§ & table of contents &\\ +\\ +\ref{section chinese figures} & §<fig> </fig>§ & figure & \\ +\ref{section chinese figures} & §<cap> </cap>§ & figure caption &\\ +\ref{section chinese figures} & §<desc> </desc>§ & figure description &\\ +\ref{section chinese figures} & §<var> </var>§ & figure variables &\\ +\ref{section chinese stamps} & §<stamp> </stamp>§ & stamp & \\ +\\ +\ref{section characters you are unsure about} & §<?>§ & uncertain text & \\ +\ref{section characters you are unsure about} & §@§, §<gap>§ & unreadable text & \\ +\ref{section unknown characters} & §<001>§, etc. & unknown character & \\ +\\ +\hline \\ +\ref{section rules for marking character variants} & §< R>§ & old radical & \\ +\ref{section rules for marking character variants} & §< V>§ & character variant & \\ +\ref{section rules for marking character variants} & §< RV>§ & §< R>§ and §< V>§ & \\ +\\ +\ref{section chinese small characters} & §<sm> </sm>§ & small characters & \\ +\ref{section chinese small characters} & §\\§ & half-column breaks && \\ +\\ +\ref{section chinese underlinings} & §<sl> </sl>§ & single line & \\ +\ref{section chinese underlinings} & §<dl> </dl>§ & double line & \\ +\ref{section chinese underlinings} & §<cl> </cl>§ & circled line & \\ +\ref{section chinese underlinings} & §<wl> </wl>§ & wavy line & \\ +\\ +\ref{section handwritten text} & §{ /}§ & crossed-out character & \\ +\ref{section handwritten text} & §{ }§ & inserted character & \\ +\ref{section handwritten text} & §{ / }§ & character replacement & \\ +\ref{section handwritten text} & §{ ~ }§ & reversed characters & \\ +\\ +\hline \\ +\end{longtable} + +\end{document}
--- /dev/null Thu Jan 01 00:00:00 1970 +0000 +++ b/DESpecs/DESpecs_text-XML.tex Thu May 02 11:38:23 2013 +0200 @@ -0,0 +1,1936 @@ +%!TEX TS-program = xelatex +%!TEX encoding = UTF-8 Unicode +%!TEX root = DESpecs.tex + + +% {quis} --> {quod} + + +\section{File Conventions} +\label{section file conventions} + +\begin{mainruleLessImportant} +Save the text in plain text format (§.txt§) with Unicode §utf-8§ encoding. If the text is saved in more than one file, number the parts, for example §Euclid_part_001.txt§, §Euclid_part_002.txt§, and so on. Create a §zip§ archive from all files. + +We will also need the list of unknown characters (see \sect{section unknown characters}). If the list is handwritten, scan it and save it as PDF file. +\end{mainruleLessImportant} + + +\section{General Markup} + +\tocspace +\subsection{Pages} + +\begin{mainrule} +Type the entire contents of one page, then go on to the next page. Do not mix the contents of different pages. +\end{mainrule} + +\subsubsection{Page Breaks, Page Numbers and Running Heads} +\label{section page breaks} + +\begin{mainrule} +Page breaks are marked by §<pb>§. If the page has a page number, type it within the §<pb>§ tag, e.g. §<pb 6>§. Type the page number exactly as it appears in the book. If there is a running head on the page, it is marked by §<rh>§ and §</rh>§. Type the running head immediately after the §<pb>§ tag. +\end{mainrule} + +\begin{clarification} +Insert a blank line before each §<pb>§ tag. +The position of the page number, e.g. at the top or bottom of the page, will not be encoded. Type the §<pb>§ and §<rh>§ tags before you type any content of the page. Do not type spaces within words. If there is a horizontal line below the running head, do not type it. +\end{clarification} + +\begin{sampleImage}[ 1: \, arabic page number]{montag_mark_pagenumber_runninghead.jpg} +\begin{typeLatin} +\bold{<pb} 2\bold{><rh>}GEOMET. ELEMENT. EVCLIDIS\bold{</rh>} \\ +$unt ӕquales. 16 Et hic quidem punctus, centrum circuli dicitur.\bold{</p>} \\ +\untranscribedText +\end{typeLatin} +\end{sampleImage} + +\begin{crossref} +For §$§ and §æ§ see \sect{section characters to be typed directly}. For ligatures, e.g. {\fontspec[Ligatures=Rare]{Hoefler Text} ct}, see \sect{section latin ligatures}. §</p>§ marks the end of a paragraph (\sect{section paragraphs}). For spaces before and after punctuation marks see \sect{section latin punctuation}. +\end{crossref} + +\begin{note} +The §<p>§ for the beginning of the paragraph is on the previous page. +\end{note} + +\vspace{3mm} +\begin{sampleImage}[ 2: \, roman page number]{montag_roemische_seitenzahl} +\begin{typeLatin} +\bold{<pb} vij\bold{><rh>_}PREFACE\bold{_}.\bold{</rh>} +\end{typeLatin} +\end{sampleImage} + +\begin{crossref} +For §_ _§ see \sect{section italics}. +\end{crossref} + + +\subsubsection{Catchwords and Signatures} +\label{section catchwords and signatures} + +\begin{mainrule} +Do not type catchwords or signatures. +\end{mainrule} + +\begin{clarification} +In most cases, catchwords and signatures are at the bottom of the page. +\end{clarification} + +\begin{sampleImage}{catchword_signature_neu} + +\notTranscribed + +The left rectangle contains the signature (§Ec 2§) and the right rectangle the catchword (§Volo§). +\end{sampleImage} + + +\tocspace +\subsection{Text Blocks} + +\begin{mainrule} +Type a return after each line of the printed page. +\end{mainrule} + +\begin{clarification} +Do not insert a space at the end of the line. +\end{clarification} + +\subsubsection{Headings} +\label{section headings} + +\begin{mainrule} +Headings are marked by §<h>§ and §</h>§. +\end{mainrule} + +\begin{clarification} +All headings are tagged in the same way, regardless of the font size. Do not type spaces within words. If the text is centered, this will not be encoded. +\end{clarification} + +\begin{sampleImageSmall}{width=.7\linewidth}{montag_headings_euclid_233} +\begin{typeLatin} +\bold{<h>}EUCLIDIS \\ +ELEMENTORUM \\ +LIBER DECIMUS.\bold{</h>} +\end{typeLatin} +or alternatively, if you are unsure whether each line is a separate heading: +\begin{typeLatin} +\bold{<h>}EUCLIDIS\bold{</h>} \\ +\bold{<h>}ELEMENTORUM\bold{</h>} \\ +\bold{<h>}LIBER DECIMUS.\bold{</h>} +\end{typeLatin} +\end{sampleImageSmall} + + +\subsubsection{Paragraphs} +\label{section paragraphs} + +\begin{mainrule} +Paragraphs are marked by §<p>§ and §</p>§. +\end{mainrule} + +\begin{clarification} +Make sure that for each §<p>§ there is a corresponding §</p>§ somewhere. If a paragraph starts and ends on different pages, the §<p>§ and §</p>§ tags are on these different pages. +If the first line of the paragraph is indented, this will not be encoded. If the text is centered, this will not be encoded either. +%A change in the font style, for example a line in italics, may indicate a new paragraph. TODO: Probably this rule will not apply very often. Leave it out? Put it somewhere else? (it occurs in the example in \sect{Structural markup general example}) +\end{clarification} + +\begin{sampleImage}{paragraph_benedetti_299} +\begin{typeLatin} +\untranscribedText \bold{</p>} \\ +\bold{<p>}Secunda cau$a e$t, quia quoduis graue corpus, aut per naturam, aut per vim mo- \\ +tum, rectitudinem itineris naturaliter appetat, quod clarè cogno$cere po$$umus, \\ +proijciendo lapides funda, & circunducentes brachium, nam funes tanto maius \\ +pondus acquirunt, & manum tanto magis onerant, quanto velocius voluitur funda, \\ +& incitatur motus, quod ab appetitu naturali in$ito ei corpori per lineã rectam pro- \\ +grediendi procedit. Vnde fit, vt pondus circunferentiæ ip$ius rotæ, tanto facilius cir- \\ +cunuoluatur, & ex $eip$o tanto longiori tempore moueatur, quanto longius di$tat à \\ +centro, cum eius iter tanto minus $it curuum. Hanc igitur ob cau$am, rota, quanto \\ +maior erit, eiu$\bs´q; pondus tanto magis vicinum circunferentiæ, tanto magis durabit \\ +impetus motus a$$umptus.\bold{</p>} \\ +\bold{<p>} \untranscribedText +\end{typeLatin} +\end{sampleImage} + +\begin{crossref} +For §à§ and §ã§ see \sect{section characters to be typed directly}. For §\´q§ see \sect{section other diacritics}. See also the example in \sect{Structural markup general example}. +\end{crossref} + +\begin{note} +Headings (\sect{section headings}) are marked by §<h>§~§</h>§ instead of §<p>§~§</p>§. Block quotations (\sect{section block quotations}) are marked by §<q>§~§</q>§ instead of §<p>§~§</p>§. The §<p>§ and §</p>§ tags should not be used in marginal notes (\sect{section marginal notes}) or footnotes (\sect{section footnotes}). +\end{note} + + +\subsubsection{Block Quotations} +\label{section block quotations} + +\begin{mainrule} +A block quotation is marked by §<q>§ and §</q>§. Do not type repeating quotation symbols. +\end{mainrule} + +\begin{clarification} +The §<q>§ and §</q>§ replace the §<p>§ and §</p>§ tags. +\end{clarification} + +\begin{sampleImage}{quotation_2.jpg} +\begin{typeLatin} +\bold{<p>}Nec non vbi ita inquit.\bold{</p>}\\ +\bold{<q>}Et $i (modo credimus) vnum\\ +I$$e diem $ine Sole ferunt, incendia lumen\\ +Præbebant.\bold{</q>}\\ +\bold{<p>}Quod autem à Patre in$truatur etiam de cur$u annuali,\\ +videbitur vbi ita dicit.\bold{</p>}\\ +\bold{<q>}Nitor in aduer$um, nec me, qui cætera vincit.\\ +Impetus, & rapido contrarius euehor orbi.\bold{</q>} \\ +\bold{<p>}Et vbi ita loquitur.\bold{</p>} +\end{typeLatin} +\end{sampleImage} + +\begin{note} +For inline quotations within a paragraph, type the quotation marks exactly as they appear in the text. +\end{note} + + +\subsubsection{Footers} + +\begin{mainruleLessImportant} +If you can identify a paragraph as a footer, use §<h>§ and §</h>§ instead of §<p>§ and §</p>§. +\end{mainruleLessImportant} + +\begin{crossref} +§<h>§ and §</h>§ is the tag for headings (\sect{section headings}). +\end{crossref} + +\begin{sampleImage}{mkbsp_footer_benedetti.jpg} +\begin{typeLatin} +\bold{<p>} \someText \\ +quem quidem tractatum cum quibu$dam alijs meis $peculationibus in lucem prode\\ +re cupio, $i fieri poterit, antequam ad directionem mei Horo$copi cum corpore\\ +Martis An\li{ae}ret\li{ae} perueniam, qu\li{ae} quidem directio circa annum mille$imum quin-\\ +gente$imum nonage$imum $ecundum eueniet.\bold{</p>}\\ +\bold{<h>}FINIS.\bold{</h>} +\end{typeLatin} + +\end{sampleImage} + +\begin{crossref} +For §{ae}§ see \sect{section latin ligatures}. +\end{crossref} + + +\tocspace +\subsection{Columns} +\label{section columns} + +\begin{mainrule} +Columns are marked by §<col>§ and §</col>§. Assign a number to each column and type it in the §<col>§ tag. +\end{mainrule} + +\begin{clarification} +Type the §<col>§ and §</col>§ tags on separate lines. +\end{clarification} + +\mehrzeilen + +\begin{mainruleLessImportant} + +\begin{tabular}{@{}llll} +\htsc{Example 1: \, a real page} &&& \htsc{Example 2: \, how to type columns} \\ +\includegraphics[scale=0.6]{wholepagecolumns2} && +\multicolumn{2}{l}{\includegraphics[scale=0.63]{three_columns}} \\ +\parbox[t]{4.5cm}{\small \vspace{1mm} +\notTranscribed \\[2mm] +Note that the page number and the running head are not part of a column.} +&&& +\parbox[t]{4cm}{ \vspace{-3mm} +\begin{typeLatin} +\bold{<col 1>} \\ +\bold{<p>}This is one \\ column ...\bold{</p>} \\ +\bold{</col>} \\ +\bold{<col 2>} \\ +\bold{<p>}This is \\ another \\ column.\bold{</p>} \\ +\bold{</col>} \\ +\bold{<col 3>} \\ +\bold{<p>}And there \\ might be \\ yet another \\ column.\bold{</p>} \\ +\bold{</col>} \\ +\end{typeLatin}} +\end{tabular} + +\end{mainruleLessImportant} + +\begin{note} +If there is no running text in the columns, they may be not be separate columns, but a table (\sect{section tables}). If in doubt, check the example there. +\end{note} + + +\tocspace +\subsection{Tables} +\label{section tables} + +\subsubsection{Nomenclature} +\label{section tables overview} + +%\includegraphics[width=14cm]{bettertable9} +\includegraphics[width=\linewidth]{bettertable9} + +\begin{crossref} +A transcription of this table can be found in \sect{section large vertical table elements}. +\end{crossref} + +\vspace{3mm} +\begin{note} +In the context of tables, the term “column” refers to a vertical division in the table. The usage is different from the usage in \sect{section columns}. To avoid confusion, we will use the terms “table column” and “text column” in this section. +\end{note} + +\subsubsection{Basic Rule} +\label{section tables basic rule} + +\begin{mainrule} +A table is marked by §<tb>§ and §</tb>§. Use §#§ as cell separators. Type a return after each row. Do not type horizontal or vertical lines or large horizontal or vertical braces. +\end{mainrule} + +\begin{clarification} +Type the §<tb>§ and §</tb>§ tags on separate lines. Do not treat the table columns as text columns (\sect{section columns}), i.e. do not type a whole column before you go on to the next column. If the whole table is in italics (\sect{section italics}), indicate this in the §<tb>§ tag, i.e. §<tb it>§. +\end{clarification} + +\begin{sampleImage}{table_benedetti_439_2} + +\begin{typeLatin} +\bold{<tb it>} \\ +\bold{<col 1>} \\ +Pag. \bold{#} Lin. \bold{#} Errata \bold{#} Correcta \\ +3 \bold{#} 29 \bold{#} æqualis \bold{#} æquali \\ +8 \bold{#} 35 \bold{#} maius \bold{#} maior \\ +9 \bold{#} 15 \bold{#} in vnitate $uperficialis, erit ac \bold{#} in vnitate $upreficialis erit, ac \\ +11 \bold{#} 1 \bold{#} proueuiens \bold{#} prouenientem \\ +\someText \\ +\bold{</col>} \\ +\bold{<col 2>} \\ +Pag. \bold{#} Lin. \bold{#} Errata \bold{#} Correcta \\ +158 \bold{#} 26 \bold{#} ver$a \bold{#} ver$am \\ +158 \bold{#} 26 \bold{#} $it \bold{#} $int \\ +162 \bold{#} 22 \bold{#} cindenda \bold{#} $cindenda \\ +163 \bold{#} 7 \bold{#} oppo$itus \bold{#} oppo$itum \\ +\someText \\ +\bold{</col>} \\ +\bold{</tb>} +\end{typeLatin} + +If you are unsure whether the table in the example is divided into two text columns or not, use cell separators instead of §<col>§ tags: + +\begin{typeLatin} +\bold{<tb it>} \\ +Pag. \bold{#} Lin. \bold{#} Errata \bold{#} Correcta \bold{#} Pag. \bold{#} Lin. \bold{#} Errata \bold{#} Correcta \\ +3 \bold{#} 29 \bold{#} æqualis \bold{#} æquali \bold{#} 158 \bold{#} 26 \bold{#} ver$a \bold{#} ver$am \\ +8 \bold{#} 35 \bold{#} maius \bold{#} maior \bold{#} 158 \bold{#} 26 \bold{#} $it \bold{#} $int \\ +\untranscribedText \\ +\bold{</tb>} +\end{typeLatin} + +\end{sampleImage} + +\begin{crossref} +For §it§ see \sect{section italics}. The symbol §#§ is also used to mark large spaces in table-like structures (see \sect{section table-like structures}). +\end{crossref} + + +\subsubsection{Large Horizontal Table Elements} +\label{section large horizontal table elements} + +\begin{mainrule} +Rule 1: In the case of a table element that horizontally spans more than one table cell, repeat the symbol §#§ before the table element for each cell spanned by the element, e.g. §####§ for an element spanning four cells. +\end{mainrule} + +\begin{clarification} +Do not type spaces between the §#§ symbols in this case. This rule applies even if the spanning element is the first element in a table row. +\end{clarification} + +\begin{note} +In all other cases there should be a space before and after each §#§ symbol. +\end{note} + +\vspace{3mm} +\begin{mainrule} +Rule 2: Within table cells, if text is broken into separate lines, do not type a return after the lines. Instead, type §\\§ to separate the lines. +\end{mainrule} + +\vspace{3mm} +\begin{mainruleLessImportant} +Rule 3: If a table element spans the whole table width, type it as header/footer with §<h> </h>§ (without §#§, and do not use §\\§, but new lines). +\end{mainruleLessImportant} + +\begin{sampleImage}{ghetaldi_p79_tabelle} + +\begin{typeLatin} +\bold{<tb>} \\ +\bold{<h>}Tabula ad inueniendam qualitatem \\ +Auri, ex grauitate quam ha- \\ +bet in aere & aqua.\bold{</h>} \\ +Qualitas \bold{\bs\bs} Auri. \bold{#} Grauitas Auri \bold{\bs\bs} in aere. \bold{####} Grauitas ... aqua. \bold{#} Mi$t\~u ... ære. \\ +Part. \bold{#} Lib. \bold{#} Vnc. \bold{#} Scrup. \bold{#} Gran. \bold{#} Num. Fract. \bold{#} Part. \\ +24 \bold{#} 1 \bold{#} 11. \bold{#} 8. \bold{#} 20. \bold{#} 372 \bold{#} 0 \\ +23 \bold{#} 1 \bold{#} 11. \bold{#} 8. \bold{#} 5. \bold{#} 765 \bold{#} 1 \\ +\someText \\ +\bold{</tb>} \\ +\bold{<tb>} \\ +\bold{<h>}Tabella Partis pro \\ +portionalis Deno- \\ +minatorum Auri.\bold{</h>} \\ +Pars proportio \bold{\bs\bs} nalis Auri in \bold{\bs\bs} partibus. 24. \bold{##} Differ\~etia ... aqua. \\ +Part. \bold{#} Gran. \bold{#} Num: Fract. \\ +1 \bold{#} 0. \bold{#} 1088 \\ +2 \bold{#} 1. \bold{#} 409 \\ +\someText \\ +\bold{</tb>} \\ +\end{typeLatin} + +\end{sampleImage} + + +\subsubsection{Large Vertical Table Elements} +\label{section large vertical table elements} + +\begin{mainrule} +Rule 4: If a table element vertically spans more than one cell, type its content in its uppermost cell. Mark each additional cell that belongs to this table element by~§"§. +\end{mainrule} + +\vspace{3mm} +\begin{sampleImageSmall}{width=6cm}{ghetaldi_table} + +\begin{typeLatin} +\bold{<tb>} \\ +Diametri \bold{\bs\bs} magnitu- \bold{\bs\bs} do. \bold{####} Aureæ $pheræ \bold{\bs\bs} grauitas. \\ +\bold{" #} Lib. \bold{#} Vn. \bold{#} Scru. \bold{#} Gra. \\ +\bold{\{} 1/4 \bold{\}} \bold{#} 0 \bold{#} 0 \bold{#} 2 \bold{#} \bold{\{} 29/37 \bold{\}} \\ +\bold{\{} 1/2 \bold{\}} \bold{#} 0 \bold{#} 0 \bold{#} 16 \bold{#} 6 \bold{\{} 10/37 \bold{\}} \\ +\bold{\{} 3/4 \bold{\}} \bold{#} 0 \bold{#} 2 \bold{#} 6 \bold{#} 21 \bold{\{} 6/37 \bold{\}} \\ +1 \bold{#} 0 \bold{#} 5 \bold{#} 10 \bold{#} 2 \bold{\{} 6/37 \bold{\}} \\ +\bold{</tb>} \\ +\end{typeLatin} +\end{sampleImageSmall} + +\vspace{-5mm} +\begin{crossref} +For fractions such as §{1/4}§ see \sect{section fractions}. +\end{crossref} + +\vspace{3mm} +\begin{note} +If the table elements vertically span the whole table and contain running text, they may not be table elements, but text columns (\sect{section columns}). If in doubt, check the example there. +\end{note} + +% Rule about large curly braces? MH: nein + + +\tocspace +\subsection{Table-Like Structures} +\label{section table-like structures} + +\subsubsection{Indexes} +\label{section indexes} + +\begin{mainrule} +An index is marked by §<ind>§ and §</ind>§. Use §#§ for large spaces. Type a return after each row. +\end{mainrule} + +% Ob sie für jede Seite einen getrennten Index machen, sollen sie selbst entscheiden. + + +\begin{sampleImageSmall}[ 1]{width=10cm}{bacon_253} + +\begin{typeLatin} +\bold{<ind it>} \\ +Caterpillars \bold{#} \bold{_}153\bold{_} \\ +Cements that grow hard \bold{#} \bold{_}183\bold{_} \\ +Chalk, a good compo$t, \bold{_}122, 123\bold{_}. Good for \\ +\bold{#} Pa$ture, as well as for Arable \bold{#} \bold{_}ibid\bold{_}. \\ +Chameleons, \bold{_}80\bold{_}. Their nouri$hment, \bold{#} \bold{_}ibid\bold{_}. \\ +\bold{#} A fond Tradition of them \bold{#} \bold{_}ibid\bold{_}. \\ +\bold{</ind>} +\end{typeLatin} +\end{sampleImageSmall} + +\begin{crossref} +Within a structure in italics, the §_ _§ denote single words in upright type (see also \sect{section italics}). +\end{crossref} + +\begin{sampleImage}[ 2]{gallac_91} + +\begin{typeLatin} +\bold{<ind>} \\ +\bold{<col 1>} \\ +\someText \\ +Diligenza $overchia, quale. \bold{#} 49 \\ +Diminuzione di gro$$ezze, come deb- \\ +\bold{#} ba condur$i. \bold{#} 56 \\ +\bold{_}Diocleziano\bold{_}. Sue Terme. \bold{#} 51 \\ +\someText \\ +\bold{</col>} \\ +\bold{<col 2>} \\ +\someText \\ +Errori di que$to genere, cagione di \\ +\bold{#} tutti gli errori. \bold{#} 18. 19 \\ +\bold{#} Provvedimenti dei Romani con- \\ +\bold{#} tro a que$ti errori. \bold{#} 19 \\ +\someText \\ +\bold{</col>} \\ +\bold{</ind>} \\ +\end{typeLatin} +\end{sampleImage} + + +\subsubsection{Tables of Contents} +\label{section tables of contents} + +\begin{mainrule} +A table of contents is marked by §<toc>§ and §</toc>§. Use §#§ for large spaces. Type a return after each row. +\end{mainrule} + +\begin{sampleImageSmall}[ 1]{width=12cm}{zubler_43_2} + +\begin{typeLatin} +\bold{<toc it>} \\ +Cap. 1. \bold{#} De Chorographia generatim: quid $it, & que ad eam In-\\ +\bold{#} $trumenta poti{$s}imùm requi$ita, \bold{#} pag. 1. \\ +II. \bold{#} De In$trumenti fabricâ, \bold{#} 2 \\ +III. \bold{#} De Triangul{is}, omnium dimen$ionum fundamento, \bold{#} 5 \\ +\someText \\ +\bold{</toc>} +\end{typeLatin} +\end{sampleImageSmall} + + +\begin{sampleImage}[ 2]{belidor_683} + +\begin{typeLatin} +\bold{<toc it>} \\ +\bold{_}CH\bold{<sc>}APITRE\bold{</sc>} I.\bold{_} Où l'on en$eigne comme $e fait la pou$$ée des \\ +\bold{#} Voutes, & où l'on raporte quelques principes tirés de la méca- \\ +\bold{#} nique pour en faciliter l'intelligence \bold{#} 2 \\ +\bold{_}C\bold{<sc>}HAP\bold{</sc>}. II. \bold{_}De la maniere de calculer l'épai$$eur des Pié-droits \\ +\bold{#} des Voutes en plain ceintre pour e$tre en équilibre par leur ré- \\ +\bold{#} $i$tance avec la pou$$ée qu'ils ont à $oûtenir. \bold{#} 10 \\ +\bold{</toc>} \\ +\end{typeLatin} +\end{sampleImage} + + +\subsubsection{Large Spaces} + +\begin{mainrule} +If a normal paragraph contains at least one large space, mark the paragraph by §#§ (i.e. §<p #>§) and mark each large space in the paragraph by §#§. +\end{mainrule} + +\begin{clarification} +Before you use §<p #>§, make sure the paragraph is not part of a table, an index or a table of contents. In some texts the spaces after periods (“.”) is slightly larger than normal spaces; do not mark this. +\end{clarification} + +\begin{sampleImageSmall}[ 2]{width=12cm}{Pappus_large_spaces} + +\begin{typeLatin} +\bold{<p #>} \someText \\ +extrema ad axes \bold{#} angulorum@ continent autem hunc propo$itiones \\ +ferè exi$tentes vna multa, & varia theoremata, & linearum, & $uperficie- \\ +rum, & $olidorum omnia $imul vna demon$tratione, & quæ nondum de- \\ +mon$trata $unt, & quæ \bold{#} & in duodecimo libro horum elemento- \\ +\someText \bold{</p>} \\ +\end{typeLatin} +\end{sampleImageSmall} + +%\subsubsection{Other Structures With Leading} +%Introduce a generic tag for leading: §<lead> # </lead>§ or so. +%Alternative: Section “Leading”, where leading is explained, with example. Then: toc's and indexes. +%One (weird) example would be Biancani 1635, p.195. +%Another semi-weird example: modern-style quotations. Alternatively in the block quotation section, or no rule at all. + + +\tocspace +\subsection{Notes} + +\begin{note} +Handwritten notes (\sect{section handwritten notes}) are not transcribed. +\end{note} + +\subsubsection{Marginal Notes} +\label{section marginal notes} + +\begin{mainrule} +A note in the left margin is marked by §<mgl> </mgl>§, and a note in the right margin is marked by §<mgr> </mgr>§. Type the marginal note on separate lines, starting after the line it is closest to. +\end{mainrule} + +\begin{clarification} +Do not mark paragraphs within a marginal note, i.e. do not use §<p> </p>§. +\end{clarification} + +\begin{crossref} +For anchored marginal notes see \sect{section anchored marginal notes}. +\end{crossref} + +\vspace{2mm} +\begin{sampleImage}[ 1: \, marginal notes in the left and right margins]{montag_mark_marginalnote_coimbricenses_232} + +\notTranscribed + +\vspace{2mm} +\end{sampleImage} + +\begin{sampleImage}[ 2: \, transcribing a marginal note]{mkbsp_marginalnote_big_benedetti.jpg} + +\begin{typeLatin} +\bold{<p>} +Si ad aliquã rectã lineã * compare\li{tur} parallelogrãm\bs\tld{}u, defici\bs\tld{}es forma\\ +\bold{<mgr>}παραβληθῆ, \bold{_}ap\bold{_} \\ +\bold{_}ponatur, appli-\bold{_} \\ +\bold{_}cetur\bold{_</mgr>}\\ +quadrata, ip$um cõparat\bs\tld{}u æqu\bs\tld{}u e$t ei quod (cõtine\li{tur}) $ub $egm\bs\tld{}etis\\ +rect\li{ae} line\li{ae}, qu\li{ae} ex ip$a cõparatione $unt facta. +\bold{</p>} +\end{typeLatin} +\end{sampleImage} + + +\subsubsection{Footnotes} +\label{section footnotes} + +\begin{mainrule} +Footnotes are marked by §<fn>§ and §</fn>§. Type the footnote where it appears on the page. Insert the footnote symbol or number in the §<fn>§ tag. The corresponding footnote symbol in the main text is marked by §<n>§. Insert the footnote symbol or number in the §<n>§ tag. +\end{mainrule} + +\begin{clarification} +Ignore the superscript of the footnote symbol. Use §<n>§ in the main text only if you can identify the symbol as a footnote symbol and if there is a corresponding §<fn> </fn>§ tag somewhere. Do not mark paragraphs within a footnote, i.e. do not use §<p> </p>§. Do not type horizontal lines. +\end{clarification} + +\begin{tabelle}[: \, common footnote symbols] +\begin{tabular}{llcccccc} \\ +symbol && * & † & ‡ & \§ & ‖ & ¶ \\[2mm] +Unicode && \xs{U+002A} & \xs{U+2020} & \xs{U+2021} &\xs{U+00A7} & \xs{U+2016} & \xs{U+00B6} \\ +\end{tabular} +\end{tabelle} + +\vspace{2mm} +\begin{sampleImage}{montag_footnote2_euclid_264} +\begin{typeLatin} +\bold{<col 1>} \\ +\bold{<h><n} *\bold{>} LEMMA.\bold{</h>}\\ +\bold{<p>}Si fuerint tres rectæ lineæ in ratione aliqua,\\ +erit ut prima ad tertiam ita rectangulum conten-\bold{</col>}\\ +\bold{<col 2>} \\ +\bold{<h>}* ΛΗΜΜΑ.\bold{</h>} \\ +\bold{<p>}Εὰν ὦ\li{στι} τρ\li{εῖ}ς εὐθ\li{εῖ}\li{αι} \li{ἐν} λόγῳ \li{τι}νὶ, ἔ\li{σται} ὡς \\ +ἡ \li{πρ}ώ\li{τη} \li{πρ}ὸς τ\li{ὴν} τ\li{ρί}\li{την} \li{οὕ}τως \li{τὸ} \li{ὑπὸ} τῆς\bold{</col>}\\ +\bold{<fn} *\bold{>}Lemma hoc non agno$cunt \bold{_}Codd. MSS.\bold{_</fn>} +\end{typeLatin} +\end{sampleImage} + +\begin{crossref} +For Greek ligatures see \sect{section greek ligatures}. +\end{crossref} + +\begin{note} +If the footnote continues on the next page, close the first part with §</fn>§ before you go on to the next page. Mark the second part on the next page with new §<fn> </fn>§ tags. +\end{note} + + +\subsubsection{Anchored Marginal Notes} +\label{section anchored marginal notes} + +\begin{mainruleLessImportant} +An anchored marginal note is marked by §<mgl> </mgl>§ or §<mgr> </mgr>§ according to its position and typed on separate lines starting after the line it is closest to (just like a normal marginal note). In addition, the anchor is treated like a footnote symbol, i.e. it is marked by §<n>§ in the main text and it is typed inside the §<mgl>§ or §<mgr>§ tag. +\end{mainruleLessImportant} + +\begin{sampleImage}{montag_mark_anchor_marg_} % Euclid of Clavius 1607, p.795 +\begin{typeLatin} +\bold{<p it>} \someText \\ +circumferentiam datæ rectæ A, æqualem e$$e. Cùm enim $it, vt E,\\ +ad A, ita B D, ad F G; hoc est, \bold{<n} \bold{_}a\bold{_}\bold{>} ita tota diameter circuli B C, ad\\ +\bold{<mgr} a\bold{>}15.\\ +\bold{_}quinti\bold{_}.\bold{</mgr>}\\ +totam diametrum circuli F H: Sit autem vt diameter ad diametrum,\\ +ita circumferentia B C, ad circumferentiam F H, vt Pappus demon- \\ +\someText \bold{</p>} +\end{typeLatin} +\end{sampleImage} + + + +\refstepcounter{subsubsection} +\label{section anchored comments} + + + + +\tocspace +\subsection{Printed Images} + +\begin{note} +Treat handwritten figures in the same way as handwritten notes (\sect{section handwritten notes}), i.e. simply mark them by §<hd>§. +\end{note} + + +\subsubsection{Figures} +\label{section figures} + +\begin{mainrule} +Where a figure occurs in the text, type §<fig>§ on a separate line. If you can identify a caption of the figure, mark it by §<cap> </cap>§. Additional text that describes parts of the figure is marked by §<desc> </desc>§. Use a single §<var> </var>§ tag for variable names and numbers. Type a closing §</fig>§ tag on a separate line after all §<cap>§, §<desc>§ and §<var>§ tags. +\end{mainrule} + +\begin{clarification} +Type all §<cap>§, §<desc>§ and §<var>§ tags, in this order, on separate lines. +%Type the caption on a separate line after <fig>. +A figure may have more than one description. +%Type each description on a separate line after <fig> and <cap>. +If the same description is repeated in a figure, type it only once. +%If the caption or a description is vertical, ignore this and type it as normal horizontal text. +Separate the variable names and numbers in the §<var> </var>§ by spaces. +%If there are variable names or numbers in the figure, type them all in a single §<var> </var>§ tag. +Type §<fig/>§ instead of §<fig>§ and §</fig>§ to mark simple figures without §<cap>§, §<desc>§ or §<var>§ tags. +\end{clarification} + +%(The rule that a caption may be typed above or below the §<fig>§ tag has disappeared.) + +%(§</fig>§ makes sense only if there is at least one §<cap>§, §<desc>§ or §<var>§, so it would sometimes be used and sometimes not. Is this really a good idea? Check if there was any confusion with complex figures!) + +\vspace{2mm} +\begin{sampleImageSmall}[ 1: \, a simple figure without caption, descriptions or variables]{width=7cm}{fig_sans_3} +\begin{typeLatin} +\bold{<p>} \someText \\ +montre que vous placeriéz en cette façon \\ +$ur une boule.\bold{</p>} \\ +\bold{<fig/>} \\ +\bold{<p>}Sous cette \bold{_}cornée\bold{_}, e$t \bold{_}l'iris\bold{_}, autre membrane, \\ +\someText \bold{<p>} \\ +\end{typeLatin} +\end{sampleImageSmall} + +\vspace{2mm} +\begin{sampleImageSmall}[ 2: \, a figure with a caption]{width=12cm}{montag_imagewcaption} +\begin{typeLatin} +\bold{<p>} \someText \\ +$e$quipedem, circumagito, ut altera pars æquè cale$cat ab igni.\bold{</p>}\\ +\bold{<fig>} \\ +\bold{<cap it>}Paruus Vncus ferreus.\bold{</cap>}\\ +\bold{</fig>} \\ +\bold{<p>}Præterea $i quando mi$tura $atis plumbi non habuerit, addito cum forci \\ +\someText \bold{</p>} +\end{typeLatin} +\end{sampleImageSmall} + +\begin{sampleImage}[ 3: \, figures with variables]{imageleftandright_4} +\begin{typeLatin} +\bold{<h it>_}E\bold{_}uclid. ex \bold{_}Z\bold{_}amb. \bold{_}T\bold{_}heorema \bold{_}68\bold{_}. \bold{_}P\bold{_}ropo$itio \bold{_}92\bold{_}.\bold{</h>} \\ +\bold{<p>}Si areola comprehen$a fuerit $ub rationali & apotome $ecunda\\ +\bold{<mgr>}92\bold{</mgr>}\\ +quæ areolam pote$t, mediæ apotome e$t prima.\bold{</p>} \\ +\bold{<fig>} \\ +\bold{<var>}λ @ ο @ ν @ σ ξ χ @ τ μ\bold{</var>} \\ +\bold{</fig>} \\ +\bold{<p it>_}THEON\bold{_} ex \bold{_}Z\bold{_}ãb. \bold{_}A\bold{_}reola nãq; α β, \\ +\bold{<fig>}\\ +\bold{<var>}α @ @ ζ @ γ @ @ @ @\bold{</var>} \\ +\bold{</fig>} \\ +cõpreh\bs\tld{}edatur $ub ratiõali α γ, \& \bold{_}2\bold{_} a- \\ +potome α δ. \bold{_}D\bold{_}ico \li{quod} quæ α β, areolam\\ +pote$t, mediæ apotome e$t prima. \bold{_}E\bold{_}$to\\ +enim (\li{per} 79 decimi) ip$i α δ cõgru\bs\tld{}es δ\\ +\someText \bold{</p>}\\ +\end{typeLatin} +\end{sampleImage} + +\begin{sampleImageSmall}[ 4: \, figure with descriptions and variables]{width=8cm}{voltaire_156} +\begin{typeLatin} +\bold{<fig>} \\ +\bold{<desc it>}Violet\bold{</desc>} \\ +\bold{<desc it>}Pourpre\bold{</desc>} \\ +\bold{<desc it>}Bleu\bold{</desc>} \\ +\bold{<desc it>}Verd\bold{</desc>} \\ +\bold{<desc it>}Jaune\bold{</desc>} \\ +\bold{<desc it>}Orange\bold{</desc>} \\ +\bold{<desc it>}Rouge\bold{</desc>} \\ +\bold{<var>}A B C\bold{</var>} \\ +\bold{</fig>} \\ +\end{typeLatin} +\end{sampleImageSmall} + + +\subsubsection{Drop Caps} +\label{section drop caps} + +\begin{mainrule} +Type a drop cap as an ordinary capital letter. +\end{mainrule} + +\begin{clarification} +Do not use a §<fig>§ tag (\sect{section figures}) for ornamental drop caps. +\end{clarification} + +\vspace{2mm} +\begin{sampleImage}[ 1: \, a simple drop cap]{montag_mark_dropcap_unorna} +\begin{typeLatin} +\bold{<p>}FErunt Ari$tipp\bs~u tempe$tate maris ad incognita littora delatum, cum in are-\\ +na vidi$$et qua$dã figuras geometricas delineatas exultant\bs\tld{}e l\li{ae}titia dixi$$e: Hæc\\ +\someText \bold{</p>} +\end{typeLatin} +\end{sampleImage} + +\begin{sampleImage}[ 2: \, an ornamental drop cap]{montag_mark_dropcap_orna} + +\begin{typeLatin} +\bold{<p>}LV\bold{<sc>}MEN\bold{</sc>} Lunæ etiam $i $it lumen reflexum Solis ab ip$a Luna, ab ea tamen\\ +non ita reflectitur, vt à $uperficie polita $peculi, c\bs\tld{}u eius luminis tantã quã\\ +titatem $uper ip$um corpus lunare videamus, & eo modo terminatã quo\\ +con$picimus. per $e lumen, cau$a oculi e$t effectum, per accidens autem\\ +puta quod vis. Terra deinde nunquam lunari lumine (quãuis $olaris reflexio exi$tat)\\ +\someText \bold{</p>} +\end{typeLatin} +\end{sampleImage} + +\vspace{-2mm} + +\begin{crossref} +§<sc>§ marks small caps; see \sect{section small caps}. See also the example in \sect{Structural markup general example}. +\end{crossref} + + +\tocspace +\subsection{Handwritten Notes} +\label{section handwritten notes} + +\begin{mainrule} +Handwritten notes are marked by §<hd>§. Do not type the note itself. +\end{mainrule} + +\begin{clarification} +Type §<hd>§ on a separate line, after the line of the main text the note is closest to. +\end{clarification} + +\begin{sampleImage}[ 1: \, a handwritten note]{bsp_handwrittenmargin_2} + +\begin{typeLatin} +\bold{<p>} \someText +h. $upponendo igitur in puncto. g. pondus, aut virtutem mouentem unius libræ, & in\\ +h. duarum librarum, ab$\li{que} dubio hæ duæ uirtutes in huiu$modi di$tantijs à centro\\ +\li{ae}quales inuic\bs\tld{}e er\bs\tld{}ut, ob rationes prioribus capitibus iam allatas, & $tatera orizontalis\\ +\bold{<hd>}\\ +manebit. Vnde clarum erit, \li{quod} quæuis etiam exigua virtus adiuncta ip$i. g. mouebit\\ +$tateram extra orizontalem $itum. Nunc $i puncto. i. ex æquo medio inter. g. et. K. +\someText \bold{</p>} +\end{typeLatin} +\end{sampleImage} + +\begin{sampleImage}[ 2: \, a handwritten note with a drawing]{mkbsp_handdrawing_euclid_515.jpg} +\begin{typeLatin} +\bold{<p>} \someText \\ +ctè iuncta ad obtu$um angul\bs\tld{}u, à perp\bs\tld{}ediculari extrà depreh\bs\tld{}editur.\bold{</p>}\\ +\bold{<hd>} +\end{typeLatin} + +\end{sampleImage} + +\begin{crossref} +Example 2 contains a signature and a catchword (\sect{section catchwords and signatures}), which are ignored. +\end{crossref} + + +\tocspace +\subsection{Unreadable Text} +\label{section unreadable text} + +\subsubsection{Characters You are Unsure About} +\label{section characters you are unsure about} + +\begin{mainrule} +If you are not sure about a character, type §<?>§ after it. If you are unsure about a whole paragraph, type §<?>§ directly after the §<p>§ tag, i.e. §<p><?>§. A completely unreadable character is typed as §@§. If it is unclear how many characters are unreadable, use §<gap>§ instead of §@§. +\end{mainrule} + +\begin{clarification} +Use one §@§ for each unreadable character, e.g. §unr@@dable§. If in doubt, use §<gap>§, e.g. §unr<gap>dable§. If you are unsure about a group of characters, for example a whole word, do not type §<?>§ repeatedly for every character, e.g. type §word<?>§ rather than §w<?>o<?>r<?>d<?>§. +\end{clarification} + +\vspace{2mm} +\begin{sampleImage}[ 1: \, a stain]{bsp_gaptag_circumcised} +\begin{typeLatin} +\bold{<p>} \someText +d & f ad quadratum f, ergo di$iunctim erit quadratum \bold{@} ad\\ +quadratum f, ergo b ad e $icut d ad f, item per æquam pro-\\ +\someText \bold{</p>} +\end{typeLatin} + +\end{sampleImage} + +\begin{sampleImage}[ 2: \, a paper crease]{mkbsp_helptag.jpg} + +\begin{typeLatin} +\bold{<p>} \someText +fe$$ore: cui acceptum feras quicquid hîc aut ad Gr\li{ae}cum exem\bold{<?>}plar, aut alio-\\ +qui doctè re$titutum uideris. Adiecimus Phænomena, S\bold{@}ecularia, Pro-\\ +theoriam Marini, & Data, argumentorum $imilitudine ind\bold{<?>}ucti. Quum\li{\bs´que} +\someText \bold{</p>} +\end{typeLatin} +\end{sampleImage} + +\begin{crossref} +For unknown rather than unreadable characters please refer to \sect{section unknown characters}. +\end{crossref} + + +\subsubsection{Unknown Characters} +\label{section unknown characters} + +\begin{mainrule} +If there is an unknown character in the text, add it to the numbered list of unknown characters. From then on, type its number whenever it occurs in the text, e.g. §<001>§. +\end{mainrule} + +\begin{clarification} +Before you create a number for an unknown character, first check whether \\ +(1)~it is a known ligature (Latin: \sect{section latin ligatures}, Greek: \sect{section greek ligatures}), \\ +(2)~it is a known symbol (appendix \ref{appendix list of all symbols}), \\ +(3)~it is in the list of characters to be typed directly (\sect{section characters to be typed directly}), \\ +(4)~there is a standard for typing it (\sect{section other diacritics}), or \\ +(5)~it is already on the list of unknown characters. + \end{clarification} + +\begin{clarification} +If the character is indeed unknown: Assign the number §<001>§ to the first unknown character, §<002>§ to the second unknown character, and so on. Do not assign the same number twice. Use this number to type the unknown character. Always use the same number if the same unknown character occurs again. +\end{clarification} + +\begin{note} +Make sure that for a given text there is a single list containing all unknown characters, and that everyone uses this list. When the text is sent back to us, we will need a copy of this list. (See also \sect{section file conventions}.) +\end{note} + +\begin{crossref} +For unreadable rather than unknown characters please refer to \sect{section characters you are unsure about}. +\end{crossref} + +\subsubsection{Obvious Mistakes in the Text} +\label{section obvious mistakes} + +\begin{mainrule} +If you have reason to believe that there is a mistake in the text, use §<!>§. +\end{mainrule} + +\begin{clarification} +Do not silently correct the mistake. +\end{clarification} + +\vspace{3mm} +\begin{example}[: \, wrong numbering of anchored marginal notes] + +\vspace{-5mm} +\begin{typeLatin} +\bold{<mgl} a\bold{>} ... \bold{</mgl>} \\ +\bold{<mgl} b\bold{>} ... \bold{</mgl>} \\ +\bold{<mgl} c\bold{>} ... \bold{</mgl>} \\ +\bold{<mgl} e\bold{><!>} ... \bold{</mgl>} \\ +\end{typeLatin} +\end{example} + + +\section{Latin Alphabet} + +\tocspace +\subsection{General} +\label{section latin general} + +\subsubsection{Punctuation} +\label{section latin punctuation} + +\begin{mainrule} +Type a space after the punctuation marks § . , : ; ! ?§ \quad +Type a space before the opening brackets § ( [ § and after the closing brackets § ) ] §. +\end{mainrule} + +\begin{clarification} +Ignore superfluous and missing spaces before and after punctuation marks and brackets. +\end{clarification} + +\vspace{2mm} +\begin{sampleImage}[ 1: \, normal punctuation marks]{montag_punctuation} +\begin{typeLatin} +\bold{<p>}Exempli gratia, $umemus quadratum. \bold{_}3\bold{_}. $cilicet 9. quod in $ummam cum qua-\\ +drato. 4. colligemus, nempè. 1\bold{_}6\bold{_}. erit\bs'q; quadratum. 25. & ita quadratum. 6. hoc e$t.\\ +\bold{_}36\bold{_}. collectum cum quadrato. 8. nempè. \bold{_}6\bold{_}4. efficiet quadratum. 100. ita etiam qua-\\ +dratum. \bold{_}9\bold{_}. hoc e$t. 81. coniunctum quadrato. 12. nempè. 144. producet quadra- \\ +\someText \bold{</p>} +\end{typeLatin} +\end{sampleImage} + +\begin{sampleImage}[ 2: \, unusual punctuation marks]{punktuation_2} +\begin{typeLatin} +\bold{<p>} \someText +$cindendus pannus uel tela: num id $ine cultro uel forfice faciet? num con-\\ +$uet ullam ue$tem $ine acu? ne populus quidem tran$marinus pennarum\\ +contextu corporis tegumentum faciet $ine \li{ij}$dem in$trumentis, nec pel-\\ +\someText \bold{</p>} +\end{typeLatin} +\end{sampleImage} + + +\subsubsection{Hyphens} +\label{section hyphens} + +\begin{mainrule} +If the line ends with a hyphen, type it. +\end{mainrule} + +\begin{clarification} +Hyphens at the end of a line can have different shapes. Always type a normal hyphen § - § regardless of its actual shape in the text. %Do not insert a space at the end of the line. +\end{clarification} + +\vspace{2mm} +\begin{sampleImage}[ 1: \, normal hyphen]{hyphen_normal} +\begin{typeLatin} +Oportet autem arcum in maiore circulo datum non e$- +\end{typeLatin} +\end{sampleImage} + +\begin{sampleImage}[ 2: \, slanted hyphen]{montag_hyphen_single_slanted} +\begin{typeLatin} +æqualia. 4 Et $i ab inæqualibus æqualia demas, quæ relinquun- +\end{typeLatin} +\end{sampleImage} + +\begin{sampleImage}[ 3: \, slanted double hyphen]{hyphen_doppelt_schraeg} +\begin{typeLatin} +RENSIS CLARISSIMI PHILOSOPHI, MATHEMA- +\end{typeLatin} +\end{sampleImage} + +\subsubsection{Dashes} +\label{section dashes} + +\begin{mainrule} +Type the en dash – and the em dash — directly as Unicode characters. +\end{mainrule} + +\begin{clarification} +The en dash – (U+2013) is longer than the normal hyphen. The em dash — (U+2014) is longer than the hyphen and the en dash. +\end{clarification} + +\tocspace +\subsection{Characters} + +\subsubsection{Characters to be Typed Directly} +\label{section characters to be typed directly} + +\begin{mainrule} +If a character with diacritics can be easily typed and encoded as a single Unicode character, type it directly. +\end{mainrule} + +\mehrzeilen[-2] + +\vspace{2mm} +\begin{liste}[: \, characters that can be typed directly] + +\vspace{-4mm} +\begin{longtable}[l]{c@{ }lc@{ }lc@{ }lc@{ }lc@{ }lc@{ }l} +\multicolumn{12}{l}{\s Characters with acute accent} \\[2mm] +á & \xs{(U+00E1)} & é & \xs{(U+00E9)} & í & \xs{(U+00ED)} & ó & \xs{(U+00F3)} & ú & \xs{(U+00FA)} && \\ +Á & \xs{(U+00C1)} & É & \xs{(U+00C9)} & Í & \xs{(U+00CD)} & Ó & \xs{(U+00D3)} & Ú & \xs{(U+00DA)} && \\ +\\ +\multicolumn{12}{l}{\s Characters with grave accent} \\[2mm] +à & \xs{(U+00E0)} & è & \xs{(U+00E8)} & ì & \xs{(U+00EC)} & ò & \xs{(U+00F2)} & ù & \xs{(U+00F9)} && \\ +À & \xs{(U+00C0)} & È & \xs{(U+00C8)} & Ì & \xs{(U+00CC)} & Ò & \xs{(U+00D2)} & Ù & \xs{(U+00D9)} && \\ +\\ +\multicolumn{12}{l}{\s Characters with circumflex accent} \\[2mm] +â & \xs{(U+00E2)} & ê & \xs{(U+00EA)} & î & \xs{(U+00EE)} & ô & \xs{(U+00F4)} & û & \xs{(U+00FB)} && \\ + & \xs{(U+00C2)} & Ê & \xs{(U+00DA)} & Î & \xs{(U+00CE)} & Ô & \xs{(U+00D4)} & Û & \xs{(U+00DB)} && \\ +\\ +\multicolumn{12}{l}{\s Characters with umlaut/diaeresis} \\[2mm] +ä & \xs{(U+00E4)} & ë & \xs{(U+00EB)} & ï & \xs{(U+00EF)} & ö & \xs{(U+00F6)} & ü & \xs{(U+00FC)} & ÿ & \xs{(U+00FF)} \\ +Ä & \xs{(U+00C4)} & Ë & \xs{(U+00CB)} & Ï & \xs{(U+00CF)} & Ö & \xs{(U+00D6)} & Ü & \xs{(U+00DC)} & Ÿ & \xs{(U+0178)} \\ +\\ +\multicolumn{12}{l}{\s Characters with tilde} \\[2mm] +ã & \xs{(U+00E3)} & õ & \xs{(U+00F5)} & ñ & \xs{(U+00F1)} &&& \\ +à & \xs{(U+00C3)} & Õ & \xs{(U+00D5)} & Ñ & \xs{(U+00D1)} &&& \\ +\\ +\multicolumn{12}{l}{\s Characters with cedilla} \\[2mm] +ç & \xs{(U+00C7)} &&&&& \\ +Ç & \xs{(U+00E7)} \\ +\\ +\multicolumn{12}{l}{\s Common ligatures} \\[2mm] +æ & \xs{(U+00C6)} & œ & \xs{(U+0153)} \\ +Æ & \xs{(U+00E6)} & Œ & \xs{(U+0152)} \\ +\end{longtable} +\end{liste} + +\begin{note} +Type the character ſ (i.e. long s) as §$§. +\end{note} + +\begin{note} +The small letter i sometimes occurs without the dot above. Type it as a normal §i§. +\end{note} + +\vspace{2mm} +\begin{sampleImageSmall}[: \, long s, dotless i]{height=8mm}{dotlessi_euclidclavius_13} +\begin{typeLatin} +o$tendit \\ +\end{typeLatin} +\end{sampleImageSmall} + +\vspace{-3mm} +\begin{crossref} +For the ligature §$t§ see \sect{section latin ligatures}. +\end{crossref} + +\subsubsection{Other Diacritics} +\label{section other diacritics} + +\begin{mainrule} +If a character cannot be typed directly but is a combination of a known character and a known diacritic, type \bs\,, then the diacritic, then the character. +\end{mainrule} + +\begin{clarification} +Use this method only if the character is not in the list in \sect{section characters to be typed directly}. +\end{clarification} + +\begin{tabelle}[: \, how to type diacritics] + +\begin{tabular}{@{}ccc@{ }ccc@{}ccccc@{}} +&& circum- & umlaut/ && &&& dot\\ +acute & grave & flex & diaeresis & tilde & cedilla &&& above & macron & breve \\[1mm] +\hline &&&& &&&& \\ +\'q & \`q & \^q & \"q & \~q & {\fontspec{Helvetica}{\c{e}}} &&& {\fontspec{Helvetica}{\.a}} & q̄ & ĕ \\[2mm] +§\'q§ & §\`q§ & §\^q§ & §\"q§ & §\~q§ & §\,e§ &&& §\.a§ & §\=q§ & §\-e§ \\ \\ +\end{tabular} +\end{tabelle} + +\begin{example} + +\includegraphics[height=8mm]{aeqtildeles} + +\vspace{-3mm} +\begin{typeLatin} +æ\bs~qles +\end{typeLatin} + +\end{example} + +\begin{note} +\k{e} (e with ogonek) and \r{q} (q with ring) are treated as ligatures; see \sect{section latin ligatures}. +\end{note} + + +\tocspace +\subsection{Type Styles} + +\subsubsection{Italics} +\label{section italics} + +\begin{mainrule} +Use underscores §_ _§ to mark the beginning and end of words or whole lines in italics. Encode only up to a few lines of text this way, enclosing each line in underscores. A whole paragraph in italics is marked by §it§ in the §<p>§ tag, i.e. §<p it>§. Also, be careful not to include punctuation marks. +\end{mainrule} + +\begin{clarification} +This applies not only to paragraphs (\sect{section paragraphs}), but also to tables (\sect{section tables}), i.e. §<tb it>§, and pages (\sect{section page breaks}), i.e. §<pb it>§. If you use §it§, do not mark the lines with additional §_ _§ to indicate italics. However, within a §<p it>§ paragraph you can use §_ _§ to mark single words in upright type (see §_THEON_§ in example 2 in \sect{section figures}). +\end{clarification} + +\begin{sampleImageSmall}[ 1: \, a single word in italics]{scale=0.25}{montag_kursiv2} +\begin{typeLatin} +C\bold{<sc>}AMPANI\bold{</sc>} \bold{_}annotatio\bold{_}. Habito minimo, $i cura e$t +\end{typeLatin} +\end{sampleImageSmall} + +\begin{sampleImage}[ 2: \, a phrase in italics, including a line break]{italics_intwolines} +\begin{typeLatin} +\bold{<p>} \someText\\ +bus, figuris vtar geometricis, ita enim in .2. libr. fecit Euclides, qui mo-\\ +dus, eo magis mihi arridet, quo minus e$t ab$tractus, \bold{_}quoniam oportet in-\bold{_}\\ +\bold{_}telligentem phanta$mata $peculari\bold{_}, cum pr\li{ae}terea per$picuum $it, di$cretum\\ +omne, ex continui diui$ione aliquo modo oriri, $iue actu, $iue potentia.\\ +\someText \bold{</p>} +\end{typeLatin} +\end{sampleImage} + + +\subsubsection{Bold Face} +\label{section bold face} + +\begin{mainruleLessImportant} +Use §<bf> </bf>§ to mark bold face. +\end{mainruleLessImportant} + +\begin{example} + +\vspace{-4mm} +This is a \textbf{bold} statement. + +\begin{typeLatin} +This is a \bold{<bf>}bold\bold{</bf>} statement. +\end{typeLatin} +\end{example} + +\subsubsection{Small Caps} +\label{section small caps} + +\begin{mainrule} +If you can identify capital letters as small caps, use §<sc> </sc>§. +\end{mainrule} + +\vspace{3mm} +\begin{sampleImageSmall}{scale=0.2}{small_caps_euclid_515} + +\begin{typeLatin} +\bold{<p>}C\bold{<sc>}AMPANVS\bold{</sc>}. Sit datus trigonus\\ +a: cui nos uolumus æquum quadra-\\ +tum de$cribere. De$ignabo $uperfici\bs\tld{}e \\ +\someText \bold{</p>} \\ +\end{typeLatin} + +\end{sampleImageSmall} + +%\mehrzeilen + +\subsubsection{Subscript and Superscript} +\label{section subscript and superscript} + +\begin{mainrule} +Use §<_>§ and §</_>§ for subscript. Use §<^>§ and §</^>§ for superscript. +\end{mainrule} + +\begin{example}[ 1: \, subscript] + +\vspace{-4mm} +Assume that a$_1$ is negative. +\begin{typeLatin} +Assume that a\bold{<_>}1\bold{</_>} is negative. +\end{typeLatin} +\end{example} + +\begin{example}[ 2: \, superscript] + +\vspace{-4mm} +The square x$^2$ is always non-negative. +\begin{typeLatin} +The square x\bold{<^>}2\bold{</^>} is always non-negative. +\end{typeLatin} +\end{example} + +\begin{note} +Please be sure to distinguish between subscript and superscript. +\end{note} + +\begin{note} +Numbers or other symbols in superscript may indicate a footnote (\sect{section footnotes}). Check whether there is a corresponding footnote somewhere. +\end{note} + +\subsubsection{Underlines and Overlines} +\label{section underlines and overlines} + +\begin{mainrule} +Underlines, i.e. lines below characters or words, are marked by §<ul> </ul>§. +Overlines, i.e. lines above characters or words, are marked by §<ol> </ol>§. +\end{mainrule} + +% Examples (from the Formax questions: Cavalieri 1653: Special instruction was to use §{ 00 / }§ (p.0157) and §{ / 1 }§ (p.0354); now we tell them to use §<ol>§ and §<ul>§. But would this really be a good idea in a situation as in Cavalieri? The idea of overlines and underlines is that the letters look normal and there is simply a line added above or below the letters. In Cavalieri, however, the lines make the characters move up or down. $\to$ still a Special Instruction, and not a good example here.) + +\vspace{3mm} +\begin{example}[ 1: \, underlines] + +\vspace{-4mm} +In this sentence, \underline{two words} are underlined. + +\vspace{-3mm} +\begin{typeLatin} +In this sentence, \bold{<ul>}two words\bold{</ul>} are underlined. \\ +\end{typeLatin} +\end{example} + +\begin{sampleImageSmall}[ 2: \, overlines]{height=8mm}{overlines} + +\begin{typeLatin} +\bold{<ol>}D E\bold{</ol><^>}3\bold{</^>} ad \bold{<ol>}A C\bold{</ol><^>}3\bold{</^>}, ita Cohærentia \\ +\end{typeLatin} +\end{sampleImageSmall} + +\begin{crossref} +In mathematical formulas, an overline may also indicate a root (see \sect{section roots}). +\end{crossref} + + +\subsubsection{Text in Red} +\label{section text in red} + +\begin{mainruleLessImportant} +Text in red is marked by §<red>§ and §</red>§. +\end{mainruleLessImportant} + +\vspace{3mm} +\begin{sampleImageSmall}{width=12cm}{red_euclid_5enhanced} + +\begin{typeLatin} +\bold{<h it><red>}OMNES PERSPICVIS DEMONSTRA-\bold{</red>} \\ +tionibus, accurati$que $choli\li{is} illu$trati: nunc quartò editi, \\ +ac multarum rerum acce\li{$s}ione post primam \\ +editionem locupletati.\bold{</h>} \\ +\end{typeLatin} +\end{sampleImageSmall} + +\subsubsection{Vertical Text} + +\begin{mainrule} +Type vertical text as you would type horizontal text. The vertical text is not explicitly marked as such. +\end{mainrule} + +\begin{crossref} +For an example of vertical text see the example in \sect{section large horizontal table elements}. +\end{crossref} + + +\tocspace +\subsection{Latin Ligatures} +\label{section latin ligatures} + +\begin{mainrule} +Resolve easy ligatures silently. Resolve difficult ligatures too, but type §{§ and §}§ around them. +\end{mainrule} + +\begin{crossref} +Do not resolve æ and œ (see \sect{section characters to be typed directly}). +\end{crossref} + +\vspace{2mm} +\begin{liste}[ 1: \, easy ligatures] + +\begin{tabular}{@{}lccccccccccc} +upright & \lig{ff} & \lig{fi} & \lig{fl} & \lig{ffi} & \lig{ffl} & \lig{ſſ} & \lig{ſi} & \lig{ſſi} & \lig{ſt} & \lig{st} & {\fontspec[Ligatures=Rare]{Hoefler Text} \Large ct} \\[2mm] % siehe fontspec.pdf, Abschnitt "Ligatures" +italics & \lig{\textit{ff}} & \lig{\textit{fi}} & \lig{\textit{fl}} & \lig{\textit{ffi}} & \lig{\textit{ffl}} & \lig{\textit{ſſ}} & \lig{\textit{ſi}} & \lig{\textit{ſſi}} & \lig{\textit{ſt}} & \lig{\textit{st}} & {\fontspec[Ligatures=Rare]{Hoefler Text} \Large \textit{ct}} \\[2mm] % siehe fontspec.pdf, Abschnitt "Ligatures" +& §ff§ & §fi§ & §fl§ & §ffi§ & §ffl§ & §$$§ & §$i§ & §$$i§ & §$t§ & §st§ & §ct§ \\ \\ +\end{tabular} +\end{liste} + +\begin{liste}[ 2: \, difficult letter ligatures] +\begin{tabular}{lllllllllll} +\\ +\includegraphics[height=8mm]{ij_ligatur} & §{ij}§ && +\includegraphics[height=8mm]{is_ligature} & §{is}§ && +%\includegraphics[height=8mm]{ss_ligature} & +{\Large ß} & \textit{\Large ß} & §{$s}§ +\\ \\ +\end{tabular} +\end{liste} + +%\newpage + +\begin{liste}[ 3: \, difficult complex ligatures] +\begin{longtable}[l]{lllllllllll} +\includegraphics[height=8mm]{eogonek} & §{ae}§ \\ \\ +\includegraphics[height=8mm]{colnr} & §{con}§ +\\ \\ +\includegraphics[height=8mm]{q3} & §{que}§ +& +\includegraphics[height=8mm]{q3tilde} & §{quam}§ +&& +\includegraphics[height=8mm]{qmitslash} & §{quis}§ +&& +\includegraphics[height=8mm]{qmitkreis} & §{quo}§ +\\ \\ +\includegraphics[height=8mm]{p_stroke} & §{per}§ +\\ \\ +\includegraphics[height=8mm]{p} & §{pro}§ +\\ \\ +\includegraphics[height=8mm]{longs_p_slash} & §{secundu}§ +\\ \\ +\includegraphics[height=8mm]{t_with_curly_bar} & §{tur}§ +\end{longtable} +\end{liste} + +\begin{example}[ 1: \, words containing easy ligatures] + +\includegraphics[height=8mm]{neulig_fi} \quad +\includegraphics[height=8mm]{neulig_st} \quad +\includegraphics[height=8mm]{neulig_ct} + +\vspace{-3mm} +\begin{typeLatin} +$cientificè \bold{_}stater\bold{_} effectibus +\end{typeLatin} + +\includegraphics[height=8mm]{bsp_ligst_benedetti_13} \quad +\includegraphics[height=8mm]{neulig_longsi} \quad +\includegraphics[height=8mm]{bsp_ligss_benedetti_13} \quad +\includegraphics[height=8mm]{neulig_longssi} + +\vspace{-3mm} +\begin{typeLatin} +po$teris occa$ione e$$e Sereni$$imo +\end{typeLatin} + +\end{example} + +\begin{example}[ 2: \, words containing difficult ligatures] + +\includegraphics[height=8mm]{accessione} + +\vspace{-3mm} +\begin{typeLatin} +\bold{_}acce\li{$s}ione\bold{_} +\end{typeLatin} + +\includegraphics[height=8mm]{neulig_que} \quad +\includegraphics[height=8mm]{duoque} \quad +\includegraphics[height=8mm]{neulig_quod} \quad +\includegraphics[height=8mm]{queogonek} \quad +\includegraphics[height=8mm]{continuo} \quad +\includegraphics[height=8mm]{probo} \quad +\includegraphics[height=8mm]{longsm_secundum} + +\vspace{-3mm} +\begin{typeLatin} +utriu$\li{que} duo'\li{que} \li{quo}d qu\li{ae} \li{con}tinuo \li{pro}bo \li{secundu}m +\end{typeLatin} + +\end{example} + + +\tocspace +\subsection{Additional Rules for Specific Languages} + +\subsubsection{German} + +\begin{mainrule} +In German text, type the characters ä, ö, ü and ß directly as Unicode characters. +\end{mainrule} + +\vspace{3mm} +\begin{tabelle}[: \, German characters] + +\vspace{-1mm} +\begin{tabular}{@{}lccclc} +small letters \hspace{8mm} & ä & ö & ü && ß \\[2mm] +Unicode & \xs{U+00E4} & \xs{U+00F6} & \xs{U+00FC} && \xs{U+00DF} \\[4mm] +capital letters \hspace{8mm} & Ä & Ö & Ü \\[2mm] +Unicode & \xs{U+00C4} & \xs{U+00D6} & \xs{U+00DC} \\[3mm] +\end{tabular} +\end{tabelle} + +\begin{note} +The umlauts ä, ö, and ü are already supposed to be typed directly; see the list in \sect{section characters to be typed directly}. Only the character ß is new here. In non-German text you can still type it as §{$s}§, see \sect{section latin ligatures}. +\end{note} + +\begin{crossref} +For German text in Fraktur see \sect{section fraktur}. +\end{crossref} + + +\section{Greek Alphabet} + +\tocspace +\subsection{Characters} + +\begin{mainrule} +Type Greek characters directly as Unicode characters. +\end{mainrule} + +\begin{clarification} +Type characters with diacritics as precomposed characters from the Unicode Greek Extended block, i.e. §ἀ§ as the Unicode character U+1F00, etc. +\end{clarification} + + +\tocspace +\subsection{Punctuation} +\label{section greek punctuation} + +\begin{mainrule} +The rules for Latin punctuation apply. In addition, type the mid-dot §·§ directly. +\end{mainrule} + +\begin{clarification} +The mid-dot §·§ (Greek ano teleia) has the Unicode codepoint U+0387. +\end{clarification} + +\begin{crossref} +For the Latin punctuation see \sect{section latin punctuation}. +\end{crossref} + + +\tocspace +\subsection{Greek Ligatures} +\label{section greek ligatures} + +\begin{mainrule} +Resolve letter variations silently. Resolve all ligatures and type §{§ and §}§ around them. If a ligature contains some diacritics, type them. +\end{mainrule} + +\begin{clarification} +The acute accent above §ι§, e.g. in §{τί}§, may be vertical; in this case type it as an acute accent. In some ligatures the accent is not above the correct character; type the accent above the vowel (§α§, §ε§, §η§, §ι§, §ο§, §υ§, §ω§), e.g. §{μέν}§. In two-letter ligatures of two vowels, type the accent above the second letter, e.g. §{οὕ}§. In some ligatures the accent is not clearly visible; if the resolved version in the list contains an accent, type it. In Greek texts, the circumflex has two shapes (circumflex~§^§ and tilde~§~§); always type it as normal circumflex. Type the end-sigma §ς§ directly, i.e. do not treat it as a letter variation. +\end{clarification} + +\newcommand{\phlk}[1]{\textphlk{\LARGE #1}} +\newcommand{\phlktbl}[1]{\textphlk{\LARGE #1} & §\{#1\}§} + +\vspace{3mm} +\begin{liste}[ 1: \, letter variations] + +\vspace{-3mm} +\begin{tabular}{ccccc} +{\Large ϐ} && {\Large ϖ} && {\fontspec{Rgreekl2} \large õ} \\[2mm] % U+03D0, U+03D6 +§β§ && §π§ && §τ§ \\[2mm] +\end{tabular} +\end{liste} + +\begin{liste}[ 2: \, two-letter ligatures] + +\phlk{αι} \includegraphics[height=6mm]{ai} §{αι}§ \quad +\phlk{ἀν} §{ἀν}§ \quad +\phlk{αύ} §{αύ}§ \\ + +\includegraphics[height=6mm]{gE} §{γη}§ \quad +\includegraphics[height=6mm]{gr} §{γρ}§ \quad +\includegraphics[height=6mm]{gO} §{γω}§ \\ + +\includegraphics[height=6mm]{di_A} §{δί}§ \quad +\includegraphics[height=6mm]{do} §{δο}§ \quad +\includegraphics[height=6mm]{dr} §{δρ}§ \\ + +\phlk{ει} \includegraphics[height=6mm]{ei} §{ει}§ \quad +\phlk{εῖ} \, {\fontspec{Rgreekl2} \Large Ƭ} §{εῖ}§ \quad +\phlk{εν} §{εν}§ \quad +\phlk{ευ} \includegraphics[height=6mm]{eu} §{ευ}§ \\ + +\phlk{ην} §{ην}§ \quad +\includegraphics[height=6mm]{En_G} §{ὴν}§ \\ + +\includegraphics[height=6mm]{tha} §{θα}§ \quad +\includegraphics[height=6mm]{the} §{θε}§ \\ + +\includegraphics[height=6mm]{ko} §{κο}§ \\ + +\phlk{λλ} \includegraphics[height=6mm]{ll} §{λλ}§ \\ + +\includegraphics[height=6mm]{mo} §{μο}§ \\ + +\includegraphics[height=6mm]{pa} §{πα}§ \quad +\includegraphics[height=6mm]{po} §{πο}§ \quad +\includegraphics[height=6mm]{p-} §{πτ}§ \\ + +%\phlk{έξ} \phlk{ἒξ} §{όξ}§ \quad +\phlk{όξ} \phlk{ὄξ} §{όξ}§ \quad +\phlk{ου} \includegraphics[height=6mm]{ou} §{ου}§ \\ + +\phlk{ρί} \includegraphics[height=6mm]{ri} §{ρι}§ \\ + +\phlk{σθ} §{σθ}§ \quad +\includegraphics[height=6mm]{si} §{σι}§ \quad +\includegraphics[height=6mm]{sk} §{σκ}§ \quad +\phlk{σσ} §{σσ}§ \quad +\phlk{στ} \includegraphics[height=6mm]{st} §{στ}§ \quad +\phlk{σχ} §{σχ}§ \\ + +\includegraphics[height=6mm]{ta} §{τα}§ \quad +\includegraphics[height=6mm]{te} §{τε}§ \quad +\includegraphics[height=6mm]{ti} §{τι}§ \quad +\includegraphics[height=6mm]{ti_A} §{τί}§ \quad +\includegraphics[height=6mm]{to} §{το}§ \quad +\includegraphics[height=6mm]{tr} §{τρ}§ \\ + +\phlk{υν} \includegraphics[height=6mm]{un} §{υν}§ \\ + +\phlk{χρ} \includegraphics[height=6mm]{chr} §{χρ}§ \\ + +\includegraphics[height=6mm]{psi} §{ψι}§ \\ + +\end{liste} + + +\begin{note} +Some two-letter ligatures have different shapes within a word and as a separate word, e.g. §{εν}§ as a two-letter ligature (table 2) and §{ἐν}§ as a word ligature (table 4). +\end{note} + + +\begin{liste}[ 3: \, ligatures of three or more letters] + +\includegraphics[height=6mm]{men} §{μεν}§ \quad +\includegraphics[height=6mm]{men_A} §{μέν}§ \\ + +\includegraphics[height=6mm]{pro} §{προ}§ \\ + +\phlk{στί} \includegraphics[height=6mm]{sti} §{στι}§ \quad +\includegraphics[height=6mm]{sto} §{στο}§ \\ + +\end{liste} + + +\begin{liste}[ 4: \, word ligatures] + +\includegraphics[height=6mm]{apo_SL_G} §{ἀπὸ}§ \\ + +\phlk{γάρ} §{γὰρ}§ \\ + +\phlk{δια} \includegraphics[height=6mm]{dia_G} §{διὰ}§ \\ + +\includegraphics[height=6mm]{en_SL} §{ἐν}§ \quad +\includegraphics[height=6mm]{epi_SL_G} §{ἐπὶ}§ \\ + +\phlk{καὶ} \includegraphics[height=6mm]{kai_G} \, +\phlk{κι} \includegraphics[height=6mm]{and} §{καὶ}§ \quad +\phlk{κατὰ} §{κατὰ}§ \\ + +\phlk{μετὰ} \includegraphics[height=6mm]{meta_G} §{μετὰ}§ \\ + +\includegraphics[height=6mm]{tEn_G} §{τὴν}§ \quad +\phlk{τῶν} \includegraphics[height=6mm]{tOn_C} §{τῶν}§ \\ + +\includegraphics[height=6mm]{upo_SA_G} §{ὑπὸ}§ \\ + +\end{liste} + + +\begin{sampleImage}{greek_text_with_ligatures} +\begin{typeGreek} +\bold{<h>}Πάππ\li{ου} τ\li{οῦ} Αλεξαν\li{δρ}έως Σ\li{υν}α\li{γω}\li{γῆ}ς \\ +ἕβ\li{δο}\li{μο}ν.\bold{</h>} \\ +\bold{<p>}Πε\li{ρι}έχ\li{ει} δὲ λήμμα\li{τα} τ\li{οῦ} ἀναλυο\li{μέν}\li{ου} \li{τό}\li{πο}υ.\bold{</p>} \\ +\bold{<p>}Ο καλ\li{ού}\li{μεν}ος ἀναλυό\li{μεν}ος, Ερμόδωρε \li{τέ}κνον, \\ +κα\li{τὰ} σύ\li{λλ}η\li{ψι}ν ἰ\li{δί}α \li{τί}ς ἐ\li{στι}ν ὕλη \li{πα}ρε\li{σκ}\li{ευ}ασ\li{μέν}η, \\ +\li{μετὰ} τ\li{ὴν} \li{τῶν} \li{κο}ινῶν \li{στο}ιχ\li{εί}ων \li{πο}ίη\li{σι}ν, \li{το}ῖς β\li{ου}λομένοις \\ +\someText \bold{</p>} +\end{typeGreek} +\end{sampleImage} + + +\section{Fraktur} +\label{section fraktur} + +\tocspace +\subsection{Alphabet} +\label{section fraktur alphabet} + +%(Note: This font ist Walden's recreation of Breitkopf Fraktur. As soon as I can use it with XeTeX, I will add a second Fraktur/Schwabacher font, probably Unger Fraktur. Variations: slimmer letters, umlaut with normal dots (ö) or lines (ő), proper capital umlauts (Breitkopf uses Ae where the letters are closer than normal A and e, etc.), capital J. Letter variation z with and without closed circle. Or is a second font unnecessary? An alternative would be to include real examples in different Fraktur fonts, for instance in the “alphabet” subsection, or even Special Instructions for \emph{each} text in Fraktur, which only shows a few lines of text plus transcription.) + +\begin{mainrule} +Mark single words or lines in Fraktur by §<fr> </fr>§. Mark paragraphs in Fraktur by §<p fr>§. Mark whole pages in Fraktur by §<pb fr>§. If the whole book is in Fraktur or mostly in Fraktur, simply type §<fr>§ at the beginning of the text before the first §<pb>§ tag. Type letters in Fraktur as normal roman characters. +\end{mainrule} + +\vspace{2mm} +\begin{tabelle}[: \, Fraktur alphabet] +\begin{tabular}{@{}lc@{ }c@{ }c@{ }c@{ }c@{ }c@{ }c@{ }c@{ }c@{ }c@{ }c@{ }c@{ }c@{ }c@{ }c@{ }c@{ }c@{ }c@{ }c@{ }c@{ }c@{ }c@{ }c@{ }c@{ }c@{ }c} \\ +small letters & \fraktur{a} & \fraktur{b} & \fraktur{c} & \fraktur{d} & \fraktur{e} & \fraktur{f} & \fraktur{g} & \fraktur{h} & \fraktur{i} & \fraktur{j} & \fraktur{k} & \fraktur{l} & \fraktur{m} & \fraktur{n} & \fraktur{o} & \fraktur{p} & \fraktur{q} & \fraktur{r} & \fraktur{s <} & \fraktur{t} & \fraktur{u} & \fraktur{v} & \fraktur{w} & \fraktur{x} & \fraktur{y} & \fraktur{z} \\[2mm] + & §a§ & §b§ & §c§ & §d§ & §e§ & §f§ & §g§ & §h§ & §i§ & §j§ & §k§ & §l§ & §m§ & §n§ & §o§ & §p§ & §q§ & §r§ & §$§ §s§ & §t§ & §u§ & §v§ & §w§ & §x§ & §y§ & §z§ \\ + \\ +capital letters & \fraktur{A} & \fraktur{B} & \fraktur{C} & \fraktur{D} & \fraktur{E} & \fraktur{F} & \fraktur{G} & \fraktur{H} & \fraktur{I} & \fraktur{J} & \fraktur{K} & \fraktur{L} & \fraktur{M} & \fraktur{N} & \fraktur{O} & \fraktur{P} & \fraktur{Q} & \fraktur{R} & \fraktur{S} & \fraktur{T} & \fraktur{U} & \fraktur{V} & \fraktur{W} & \fraktur{X} & \fraktur{Y} & \fraktur{Z} \\[2mm] + & §A§ & §B§ & §C§ & §D§ & §E§ & §F§ & §G§ & §H§ & §I§ & §J§ & §K§ & §L§ & §M§ & §N§ & §O§ & §P§ & §Q§ & §R§ & §S§ & §T§ & §U§ & §V§ & §W§ & §X§ & §Y§ & §Z§ \\ %KT: fraktur J eingefügt + \\ +\end{tabular} +\end{tabelle} + +\begin{tabular}{@{}lccclc} +umlaut \hspace{8mm} & \fraktur{ä} & \fraktur{ö} & \fraktur{ü} & \hspace{30mm} sharp s & \fraktur{ß} \\[2mm] +& §ä§ & §ö§ & §ü§ && §ß§ \\[1mm] +& \xs{U+00E4} & \xs{U+00F6} & \xs{U+00FC} && \xs{U+00DF} \\ \\ +\end{tabular} + +\begin{note} +Umlaut may also be indicated by two dots above the letter as in normal roman font: \,\textswab{\Large "a "o "u}. +\end{note} + +\begin{crossref} +If a paragraph in Fraktur contains single words in roman characters, they are marked by §<rom> </rom>§ (see \sect{section words in roman characters}) +\end{crossref} + + +\tocspace +\subsection{Ligatures} + +\begin{mainrule} +Resolve common Fraktur ligatures silently. +\end{mainrule} + +\vspace{3mm} +\begin{tabelle}[: \, common Fraktur ligatures] +\begin{tabular}{@{}lccccccccccc} \\ +separate & \fraktur{ff} & \fraktur{fi} & \fraktur{fl} & \fraktur{ft} & \fraktur{ss} & \fraktur{sf} & \fraktur{si} & \fraktur{st} & \fraktur{ch} & \fraktur{ck} & \fraktur{tz} \\[2mm] +ligatures & \fraktur{\tld} & \fraktur{[} & \fraktur{\{} & \fraktur{\_} & \fraktur{\%} & \fraktur{]} & \fraktur{\}} & \fraktur{|} & \fraktur{\#} & \fraktur{\$} & \fraktur{@} \\[2mm] + & §ff§ & §fi§ & §fl§ & §ft§ & §$$§ & §$f§ & §$i§ & §$t§ & §ch§ & §ck§ & §tz§ \\ \\ +\end{tabular} +\end{tabelle} + +%(Lichtenberg 1803: additional ligature ll would be a Special Instruction) + +%(Does it make sense at all to list additional ligatures, e.g. §{der}§? In the book where it is used it is very common, although the normal §der§ is also used. But I have seen it only in this one book yet. Better as a Special Instruction?) + + +\tocspace +\subsection{Punctuation and Hyphens} + +\begin{mainrule} +The rules for punctuation, hyphens and dashes in \sect{section latin general} apply. +\end{mainrule} + +\begin{clarification} +The most common hyphen symbol in Fraktur is \fraktur{=}. It is also used in composite words. Do not type a space before or after the hyphen. +\end{clarification} + + +\vspace{3mm} +\begin{example} + +\vspace{-3mm} +\fraktur{Prie|er {\huge =} Despotie} \qquad \fraktur{.\, ,\, :\, ;\, !\, ?\, ( )} +\begin{typeLatin} +Prie$ter-De$potie . , : ; ! ? ( ) +\end{typeLatin} + +\end{example} + +\tocspace +\subsection{Example Transcriptions of Text in Fraktur} + +\begin{sampleImageSmall}[ 1]{width=12cm}{bernstein1216_672} +\begin{typeLatin} +\bold{<p fr>}Newton hat aber noch mehr entdeckt. Er hat durch Rech- \\ +nungen nachgewie$en, daß man genau aus der Umlaufszeit \\ +eines Planeten bewei$en kann, wie $tark die Anziehungskraft \\ +der Sonne auf ihn wirkt. I$t nämlich die Anziehungskraft \\ +$tark, $o wird $ein Umlauf $chnell $ein; i$t die Anziehungs- \\ +kraft $chwach, $o wird ein Planet lang$amer um die Sonne \\ +laufen.\bold{</p>} \\ +\end{typeLatin} +\end{sampleImageSmall} + +%\mehrzeilen + +\begin{sampleImageSmall}[ 2]{width=12cm}{adams_29} +\begin{typeLatin} +\bold{<p fr>}Der innere we$entliche Unter$chied zwi$chen elektri- \\ +$chen und nicht-elektri$chen Körpern gehört zu den noch \\ +unentdeckten Geheimni$$en der Natur. Nur $oviel i$t \\ +ausgemacht, daß das leitende Vermögen der Körper eini- \\ +germaßen von der Wärme abhängt, oder durch die$elbe \\ +verändert wird. Glas, Harz und viele andere elektrische \\ +Körper werden durch die Hitze in Leiter verwandlet; da \\ +hingegen die Kälte, wenn nur keine Feuchtigkeit dabey \\ +i$t, alle elektri$che Sub$tanzen noch $tärker elektri$ch \\ +macht.\bold{</p>} \\ +\end{typeLatin} +\end{sampleImageSmall} + +\begin{sampleImage}[ 3]{cardano_226} +\begin{typeLatin} +\bold{<p fr>}Die weil aber nitt geleich volget wann $ie geberen/ daß $ie auch einerley \\ +thier $eyend/ als in den ro$$en vnd e$$len be$chicht/ wöllen wir l\li{uo}gen ob die \\ +$o gehoren $eind/ etwas verletzet werden/ wie die maul thier. dañ $ie werden \\ +auß zweyerley arten geboren. Wölche aber wider geberen/ die $eind auß ge \\ +leicher art geboren/ als auß einem hund vnd fuchs. Wir mü$$end auch die \\ +be$ondere würckungen ergründen/ als wann ein hund ein be$ondere nei- \\ +gung z\li{uo} dem menschen/ daß roß hatt $ein be$onder ge$chrey/ der pfauw ri- \\ +chtet $ein $chwantz auff in ein ring/ der men$ch i$t allein mitt vernunfft be- \\ +gabt.\bold{</p>} +\end{typeLatin} +\end{sampleImage} + +\begin{note} +The last example has a few peculiarities: There is a letter variation of the letter r in “gehoren” in the third line. The text contains both \textswab{\Large *u} and \textswab{\Large "u}, which are both transcribed as §ü§, whereas the “u with o above” is transcribed as §{uo}§. The slash “§/§” stands for the comma, thus there is a space after §/§ but no space before §/§ in the transcription. +\end{note} + + +%\tocspace +%\subsection{Type Styles} + +\tocspace +\subsection{Sperrung} +\label{section sperrung} + +\begin{mainrule} +Words or groups of words in Sperrung, i.e. words with extra space between each letter, are marked by §<sp> </sp>§. +\end{mainrule} + +\begin{clarification} +Do not type the spaces in the words in Sperrung. +\end{clarification} + +\vspace{3mm} +\begin{sampleImageSmall}{width=12cm}{sperrung} +\begin{typeLatin} +\bold{<p fr>}Das Mei$terwerk, das der Men$ch mit zur Welt bringt, \\ +i$t das \bold{<sp>}Auge\bold{</sp>}; das Kun$twerk, das er dem Auge ähnlich her- \\ +vorbringt, i$t die \bold{<sp>}Kamera-Obscura\bold{</sp>}. Wir wollen $ie nun \\ +beide näher kennen lernen, um $ie vergleichend neben einander \\ +$tellen zu können.\bold{<p fr>} +\end{typeLatin} +\end{sampleImageSmall} + +\tocspace +\subsection{Words in Roman Characters} +\label{section words in roman characters} + +\begin{mainrule} +Within a paragraph or whole page in Fraktur, single words in roman characters are marked by §<rom> </rom>§. A whole paragraph in roman characters is marked by §<p rom>§. +\end{mainrule} + +\begin{clarification} +Words in Greek are not explicitly marked. +\end{clarification} + +\vspace{3mm} +\begin{sampleImageSmall}{width=8cm}{rom_tag_3} +\begin{typeLatin} +\bold{<p fr>}Blume der Wie$en-Salbei \bold{<rom>}(Salvia \\ +pratensis)\bold{</rom>} $chwach vergrößert.\bold{</p>} \\ +\end{typeLatin} +\end{sampleImageSmall} + + +\section{Mathematics} + +\tocspace +\subsection{Mathematical Symbols} +\label{section mathematical symbols} + +\begin{mainrule} +Type common mathematical symbol directly as Unicode characters. +\end{mainrule} + +\begin{tabelle}[: \, common mathematical symbols] +\begin{tabular}{@{}lc@{\, }c@{\, }c@{\, }c@{\, }c@{\, }c@{\, }c@{\, }c@{\, }c@{\, }c} \\ +symbol & ′ & ″ & ± & \unicode{∴} & ° & ∞ & · & ÷ & √ & Ŗ \\[2mm] +Unicode & \xs{U+2032} & \xs{U+2033} & \xs{U+00B1} & \xs{U+2234} & \xs{U+00B0} & \xs{U+221E} & \xs{U+00F7} & \xs{U+00B7} & \xs{U+221A} & \xs{U+0156} \\[2mm] +\end{tabular} +\end{tabelle} + +\begin{note} +Type the Greek punctuation mark §·§ directly as Unicode character U+0387 (see \sect{section greek punctuation}). +\end{note} + +\tocspace +\subsection{Fractions} +\label{section fractions} + +\begin{mainrule} +Type fractions in one line. Use § { / } § to mark beginning, fraction line and ending. +\end{mainrule} + +\begin{sampleImageSmall}{height=15mm}{fraction} + +\begin{typeMath} +à 3 \{1417203/9999999\}. +\end{typeMath} + +If you are unsure whether this is a single fraction $\frac{1417203}{9999999}$, type it as separate fractions: + +\begin{typeMath} +à 3 \{1/9\} \{4/9\} \{1/9\} \{7/9\} \{2/9\} \{0/9\} \{3/9\}. +\end{typeMath} + +\end{sampleImageSmall} + + +\tocspace +\subsection{Roots} +\label{section roots} + +\begin{mainrule} +Roots are marked by §√{ }§. If there is a number or letter above the root symbol, type it in square brackets after after the §√§, e.g. §√[3]§. +\end{mainrule} + +\begin{clarification} +The root symbol §√§ has the Unicode codepoint U+221A. +\end{clarification} + +\begin{clarification} +Roots consist of a root symbol followed by an overlined mathematical term. The overline may or may not be connected to the root symbol. +If the overline is missing, type only the root symbol without §{ }§. +If there is no root symbol but you can still identify the overline as a root, insert §√§. If you are not sure whether the overline is part of a root, do not insert §√§ and use §<ol> </ol>§ for the overline (see \sect{section underlines and overlines}). +\end{clarification} + +%\newpage +\vspace{3mm} +\begin{tabelle}[: \, how to type a root] + +\vspace{-1mm} +\begin{tabular}{@{}cc@{\qquad}l@{\qquad}l} +root symbol & overline & & \\[2mm] +yes & yes & §√{ }§ & (see example 1) \\[1mm] +yes & no & §√§ & (see example 2) \\[1mm] +no & yes & §√{ }§ or § <ol> </ol>§ & (see example 3) \\ +\end{tabular} +\end{tabelle} + +\vspace{7mm} +\begin{sampleImageSmall}[ 1: \, root symbol with unconnected overline]{width=10cm}{root_huygens2_218} +\begin{typeLatin} +√\bold{\{_}mm\bold{_} - \bold{_}o x\bold{_} + \bold{\{_}ppxx\bold{_} / \bold{_}gg\bold{_\} \}}, ut oportebat. \\ +\end{typeLatin} +\end{sampleImageSmall} + +\vspace{3mm} +\begin{sampleImageSmall}[ 2: \, root symbol without overline]{width=5cm}{root_belidor_p161} +\begin{typeLatin} +MP = y = \bold{\{} √ bb; \bold{/} 2 \bold{\}} \\ +\end{typeLatin} +\end{sampleImageSmall} + +%\begin{note} +%If the overline is missing, type only the root symbol without §{ }§. +%\end{note} + +\vspace{3mm} +\begin{sampleImage}[ 3: \, overline without and with root symbol]{root_musschen_625} +\begin{typeLatin} +\bold{<p>} \someText +cetur AD aut DB, \bold{_}r\bold{_}. BG $it = \bold{_}x\bold{_}. eritque FG\bold{<^>}q\bold{</^>} = 2 \bold{_}r x\bold{_} - \bold{_}x x\bold{_}, unde \\ +Cubus FG = √\bold{\{}2 \bold{_}rx\bold{_} - \bold{_}xx\bold{_}\bold{\}} \bold{<001>} √\bold{\{}2 \bold{_}rx\bold{_} - \bold{_}xx\bold{_}.\bold{\}} & Cubus AD = \bold{_}r\bold{_<^>}3\bold{</^>}. qua- \\ +re Cohærentia ba$eos ADC e$t ad eam ba$eos FGE uti \bold{_}r\bold{_}\bold{<^>}3\bold{</^>} ad \\ +\someText \bold{</p>} +\end{typeLatin} +\end{sampleImage} + +\begin{note} +If you are not sure whether the first overline is part of a root, type §<ol>2 _rx_ - _xx_</ol>§. +\end{note} + +\vspace{3mm} +\begin{sampleImageSmall}[ 4: \, third root]{width=5cm}{root3_bernoulli_216} +\begin{typeLatin} +D √[3] \bold{_}s\bold{_} - \bold{_}d\bold{_} ad D - \bold{_}d\bold{_} +\end{typeLatin} +\end{sampleImageSmall} + + + +\section{Miscellaneous Symbols} + +\begin{mainrule} +Type common symbols directly as Unicode characters. +\end{mainrule} + +\tocspace +\subsection{Astronomy and Astrology} +\label{section astronomy} + +%\vspace{3mm} +\begin{tabelle}[ 1: \, planet symbols] + +\vspace{-7mm} +\begin{tabular}{@{}lc@{\, }c@{\, }c@{\, }c@{\, }c@{\, }c@{\, }c@{\, }c@{\, }c@{\, }c} \\ +symbol & \unicode{☿} & \unicode{♀} & \unicode{♁} & \unicode{♂} & \unicode{♃} & \unicode{♄} \\[2mm] +Unicode & \xs{U+263F} & \xs{U+2640} & \xs{U+2641} & \xs{U+2642} & \xs{U+2643} & \xs{U+2644} \\[2mm] +\end{tabular} +\end{tabelle} + +\vspace{3mm} +\begin{tabelle}[ 2: \, zodiac symbols] + +\vspace{-7mm} +\begin{tabular}{@{}lc@{\, }c@{\, }c@{\, }c@{\, }c@{\, }c} \\ +symbol & \unicode{♈} & \unicode{♉} & \unicode{♊} & \unicode{♋} & \unicode{♌} & \unicode{♍} \\[2mm] +Unicode & \xs{U+2648} & \xs{U+2649} & \xs{U+264A} & \xs{U+264B} & \xs{U+264C} & \xs{U+264D} \\[4mm] +symbol & \unicode{♎} & \unicode{♏} & \unicode{♐} & \unicode{♑} & \unicode{♒} & \unicode{♓} \\[2mm] +Unicode & \xs{U+264E} & \xs{U+264F} & \xs{U+2650} & \xs{U+2651} & \xs{U+2652} & \xs{U+2653} \\[2mm] +\end{tabular} +\end{tabelle} + +\tocspace +\subsection{Technical Symbols} +\label{section technical symbols} + +%\vspace{3mm} +\begin{tabelle}[: \, technical symbols] + +\vspace{-7mm} +\begin{tabular}{@{}lc@{\, }c@{\, }c@{\, }c@{\, }c@{\, }c@{\, }c@{\, }c@{\, }c@{\, }c} \\ +symbol & \unicode{℞} \\[2mm] +Unicode & \xs{U+211E} \\[2mm] +\end{tabular} +\end{tabelle} + +